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Sample records for m2 radiopharmaceutical 18ffp-tztp

  1. An improved radiosynthesis of the muscarinic M2 radiopharmaceutical, [18F]FP-TZTP

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Oosten, Erik M. van; Wilson, Alan A.; Stephenson, Karin A.; Mamo, David C.; Pollock, Bruce G.; Mulsant, Benoit H.; Yudin, Andrei K.; Houle, Sylvain; Vasdev, Neil

    2009-01-01

    The radioligand 3-(4-(3-[ 18 F]fluoropropylthio)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)-1-methyl-1,2,5, 6-tetrahydropyridine ([ 18 F]FP-TZTP) is an agonist with specificity towards subtype 2 of muscarinic acetylcholine (M2) receptors. It is currently the only radiotracer available for imaging M2 receptors in human subjects with positron emission tomography. The present study reports on an improved method for the synthesis of [ 18 F]FP-TZTP, automated using a GE TRACERlab TM FX FN radiosynthesis module. A key facet was the use of a new precursor, 3-(4-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-ylthio) propyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate. The precursor was fluorinated via nucleophilic displacement of the tosyloxy group by potassium cryptand [ 18 F]fluoride (K[ 18 F]/K 222 ) in CH 3 CN at 80 deg. C for 5 min, and purified by HPLC. Formulated [ 18 F]FP-TZTP was prepared in an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 29±4%, with a specific activity of 138±41 GBq/μmol (3732±1109 mCi/μmol) at the end of synthesis (35 min; n=3). This methodology offers higher yields, faster synthesis times, an optimized precursor, and simpler automation than previously reported

  2. An improved radiosynthesis of the muscarinic M2 radiopharmaceutical, [{sup 18}F]FP-TZTP

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Oosten, Erik M. van [Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 (Canada); PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 (Canada); Wilson, Alan A.; Stephenson, Karin A. [PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 (Canada); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 (Canada); Mamo, David C. [PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 (Canada); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 (Canada); Geriatric Mental Health Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4 (Canada); Pollock, Bruce G.; Mulsant, Benoit H. [Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 (Canada); Geriatric Mental Health Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4 (Canada); Yudin, Andrei K. [Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 (Canada); Houle, Sylvain [PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 (Canada); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 (Canada); Vasdev, Neil [PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 (Canada); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 (Canada)], E-mail: neil.vasdev@camhpet.ca

    2009-04-15

    The radioligand 3-(4-(3-[{sup 18}F]fluoropropylthio)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)-1-methyl-1,2,5, 6-tetrahydropyridine ([{sup 18}F]FP-TZTP) is an agonist with specificity towards subtype 2 of muscarinic acetylcholine (M2) receptors. It is currently the only radiotracer available for imaging M2 receptors in human subjects with positron emission tomography. The present study reports on an improved method for the synthesis of [{sup 18}F]FP-TZTP, automated using a GE TRACERlab{sup TM} FX{sub FN} radiosynthesis module. A key facet was the use of a new precursor, 3-(4-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-ylthio) propyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate. The precursor was fluorinated via nucleophilic displacement of the tosyloxy group by potassium cryptand [{sup 18}F]fluoride (K[{sup 18}F]/K{sub 222}) in CH{sub 3}CN at 80 deg. C for 5 min, and purified by HPLC. Formulated [{sup 18}F]FP-TZTP was prepared in an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 29{+-}4%, with a specific activity of 138{+-}41 GBq/{mu}mol (3732{+-}1109 mCi/{mu}mol) at the end of synthesis (35 min; n=3). This methodology offers higher yields, faster synthesis times, an optimized precursor, and simpler automation than previously reported.

  3. Why does the agonist [18F]FP-TZTP bind preferentially to the M2 muscarinic receptor?

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ravasi, L.; Kiesewetter, D.O.; Shimoji, K.; Lucignani, G.; Eckelman, W.C.

    2006-01-01

    Preferential binding of FP-TZTP at the M 2 receptor in vivo led to investigation of [ 18 F]FP-TZTP as a potential PET tracer for Alzheimer's disease, in which a substantial reduction of M 2 receptors has been observed in autopsy studies. We hereby investigated in vitro the FP-TZTP behavior to further elucidate the properties of FP-TZTP that lead to its M 2 selectivity. Chinese hamster ovarian cells expressing the five subtypes of human muscarinic receptor as well as the wild type were harvested in culture to assess equilibrium binding. Specific binding was calculated by subtraction of non-specific binding from total binding. Internal specific binding was calculated by subtraction of external specific binding from the total specific binding. Saturation assays were also performed to calculate B max , K i , and IC 50 . In addition, equilibrium binding and dissociation kinetic studies were performed on rat brain tissue. Selected regions of interest were drawn on the digital autoradiograms and [ 18 F]FP-TZTP off-rates were determined by measurement of the rate of release into a buffer solution of [ 18 F]FP-TZTP from slide-bound cells that had been preincubated with [ 18 F]FP-TZTP. At equilibrium in vitro, M 2 subtype selectivity of [ 18 F]FP-TZTP was not evident. We demonstrated that ATP-dependent mechanisms are not responsible for FP-TZTP M 2 selectivity. In vitro off-rate studies from rat brain tissue showed that the off-rate of FP-TZTP varied with the percentage of M 2 subtype in the tissue region. The slower dissociation kinetics of FP-TZTP from M 2 receptors compared with the four other muscarinic receptor subtypes may be a factor in its M 2 selectivity. (orig.)

  4. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of different analogs of 11C-labeled TZTP for imaging muscarinic M2 receptors with PET

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Reid, Alicia E.; Ding Yushin; Eckelman, William C.; Logan, Jean; Alexoff, David; Shea, Colleen; Xu Youwen; Fowler, Joanna S.

    2008-01-01

    Introduction: The only radiotracer available for the selective imaging of muscarinic M2 receptors in vivo is 3-(3-{3-[ 18 F]fluoropropyl)thio}-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl) -1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine) ([ 18 F]FP-TZTP). We have prepared and labeled 3-(3-(3-fluoropropylthio)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl) -1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridne (FP-TZTP, 3) and two other TZTP derivatives with 11 C at the methylpyridine moiety to explore the potential of using 11 C-labeled FP-TZTP for positron emission tomography imaging of M2 receptors and to compare the effect of small structural changes on tracer pharmacokinetics (PK) in brain and peripheral organs. Methods: 11 C-radiolabeled FP-TZTP, 3-(3-propylthio)-TZTP (6) and 3,3,3-(3-(3-trifluoropropyl)-TZTP (10) were prepared, and log D, plasma protein binding (PPB), affinity constants, time-activity curves (TACs), area under the curve (AUC) for arterial plasma, distribution volumes (DV) and pharmacological blockade in baboons were compared. Results: Values for log D, PPB and affinity constants were similar for 3, 6 and 10. The fraction of parent radiotracer in the plasma was higher and the AUC lower for 10 than for 3 and 6. TACs for brain regions were similar for 3 and 6, which showed PK similar to the 18 F tracer, while 10 showed slower uptake and little clearance over 90 min. DVs for 3 and 6 were similar to the 18 F tracer but higher for 10. Uptake of the three tracers was significantly reduced by coinjection of unlabeled 3 and 6. Conclusion: Small structural variations on the TZTP structure greatly altered the PK in brain and behavior in blood with little change in the log D, PPB or affinity. The study suggests that 11 C-radiolabeled 3 will be a suitable alternative to [ 18 F]FP-TZTP for translational studies in humans

  5. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of different analogs of {sup 11}C-labeled TZTP for imaging muscarinic M2 receptors with PET

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reid, Alicia E. [Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 (United States)], E-mail: areid@bnl.gov; Ding Yushin [Radiology Department, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 (United States); Eckelman, William C. [Molecular Tracer LLC, Bethesda, MD 20892 (United States); Logan, Jean; Alexoff, David; Shea, Colleen; Xu Youwen; Fowler, Joanna S. [Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 (United States)

    2008-04-15

    Introduction: The only radiotracer available for the selective imaging of muscarinic M2 receptors in vivo is 3-(3-{l_brace}3-[{sup 18}F]fluoropropyl)thio{r_brace}-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl) -1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine) ([{sup 18}F]FP-TZTP). We have prepared and labeled 3-(3-(3-fluoropropylthio)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl) -1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridne (FP-TZTP, 3) and two other TZTP derivatives with {sup 11}C at the methylpyridine moiety to explore the potential of using {sup 11}C-labeled FP-TZTP for positron emission tomography imaging of M2 receptors and to compare the effect of small structural changes on tracer pharmacokinetics (PK) in brain and peripheral organs. Methods: {sup 11}C-radiolabeled FP-TZTP, 3-(3-propylthio)-TZTP (6) and 3,3,3-(3-(3-trifluoropropyl)-TZTP (10) were prepared, and log D, plasma protein binding (PPB), affinity constants, time-activity curves (TACs), area under the curve (AUC) for arterial plasma, distribution volumes (DV) and pharmacological blockade in baboons were compared. Results: Values for log D, PPB and affinity constants were similar for 3, 6 and 10. The fraction of parent radiotracer in the plasma was higher and the AUC lower for 10 than for 3 and 6. TACs for brain regions were similar for 3 and 6, which showed PK similar to the {sup 18}F tracer, while 10 showed slower uptake and little clearance over 90 min. DVs for 3 and 6 were similar to the {sup 18}F tracer but higher for 10. Uptake of the three tracers was significantly reduced by coinjection of unlabeled 3 and 6. Conclusion: Small structural variations on the TZTP structure greatly altered the PK in brain and behavior in blood with little change in the log D, PPB or affinity. The study suggests that {sup 11}C-radiolabeled 3 will be a suitable alternative to [{sup 18}F]FP-TZTP for translational studies in humans.

  6. 18F based radiopharmaceuticals and automation of synthesis. New 18F radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Garg, P.K.; Garg, S.

    2007-01-01

    Fluorine-18 is one of the most commonly used positron emitting isotopes for clinical and research needs with a physical half-life of 110 min. PET isotopes deposit higher radiation absorbed dose than nuclear medicine isotopes. Because of their relatively short half-life, larger quantities of these isotopes are used at the start of synthesis. Therefore, increased shielding and remote automated synthesis are essential for their safe handling. Unlike other radiopharmaceuticals, it is not practical to produce PET radiopharmaceuticals at a central location for subsequent distribution to clinical and research facilities around the country. This limitation compels various academic and research facilities to manufacture their own PET radiopharmaceuticals for in-house use. For multiple reasons, 18 F fluorodeoxyglucose ([ 18 F]FDG) is one of the most commonly used radiopharmaceuticals. The synthesis of [ 18 F]FDG has been optimized and automated, thus allowing independent laboratories to produce this radiopharmaceutical safely. Nonetheless, these laboratories should acquire resources and expertise to fulfil ever increasing regulatory requirements for the safe production and usage of PET radiopharmaceuticals. In addition to [ 18 F]FDG, a wide array of new and novel radiotracers is being developed to explore various biological processes. This paper emphasizes the fact that it is possible to accomplish research and fulfil clinical needs within an academic setting with modest resources. A careful assessment of the need for due diligence in radiation safety issues is very important for the longevity of any PET research endeavour. (author)

  7. F-18 Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2001-12-01

    This document includes 8 presentations delivered at the symposium. The topics discussed include: optimization of accelerator production of 18 F- and 18 F 2 -fluorodeoxyglucose; radiopharmaceuticals synthesis, synthesis modules, pharmacopoeia and GLP; quality control; radiation safety of production and application; PET imaging in human medicine. Each presentation has been indexed separately

  8. Radiation and chemical stability of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose radiopharmaceutical

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Buriova, M.

    2004-07-01

    Qualitative and quantitative analytical technique of low-molecular components of chemical and radiation-chemical decomposition of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose, 2-[ 18 F]FDG radiopharmaceutical was developed for its extended QC by HPLC with mass-spectrometric electro-spray ionisation detector (ESI MS). The analysis constituted from the LC on silica gel NH 2 bonded column combined with MS, UV-VIS, refraction index and radiometric detectors, and TLC on silica gel and high-performance TLC (HPTLC) on silica gel NH 2 bonded as at the LC column. Condition of analysis, the composition of mobile phase at HPLC and the regime of ESI MS were optimised on the maximal intensity of the signals of analytes, which were predicted for commercial 2-[ 18 F]FDG and its decomposition products. A modern LC/MS system was demonstrated to be suitable not only for identification of unknown analytes, but also for complex analysis of solutes except [ 18 F]F - . This was advantageous for the 2-[ 18 F]FDG autoradiolysis assessment about which no data were published. For comparative purposes, were used a classic TLC on silica gel with mobile phase acetonitrile: water at 95:5 v/v, and HPTLC on NH 2 modified silica gel like the LC column. Mobile phase was identical as by LC/MS method (acetonitrile: 4 mM aqueous solution of ammonium formate 80:20 v/v). Retention times of reference samples: fluorodeoxyglucose, glucose, mannose, arabinose, deoxyglucose, gluconic and glucuronic acids at HPLC were established. Equal composition of the inlet sample and mobile phase was found important to avoid increased background of the MS detector and asymmetry of the chromatographic peaks. Reference substance detectability was investigated for various detectors. Characteristic ions were established for the analytes under consideration. Optimal performance of the ESI MS detector was discovered in negative ions mode or single ion monitoring (SIM) regime. The most intensive signal was observed for all analyte

  9. Radiation and chemical stability of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose radiopharmaceutical. Author-review of thesis

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Buriova, M.

    2004-07-01

    A qualitative and quantitative analytical technique of low-molecular components of chemical and radiation-chemical decomposition of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose, 2-[ 18 F]FDG radiopharmaceutical was developed for its extended quality control by HPLC with mass-spectrometric electro-spray ionisation detector (ESI MS). The analysis constituted from the liquid chromatography on silica gel NH 2 bonded column combined with mass-spectrometric, UV-VIS, refraction index and radiometric detectors. A modern LC/MS system (Agilent 1100) was demonstrated to be suitable not only for identification of unknown analytes, but also for complex analysis of solutes except [ 18 F]F - . This was advantageous for the 2-[ 18 F]FDG autoradiolysis assessment about which no data were published. For comparative purposes, were used a classic thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel with mobile phase acetonitril: water at 95:5 v/v, and HPTLC on NH 2 modified silica gel like the LC column. Mobile phase was identical as by LC/MS method (acetonitril: 4 mM aqueous solution of ammonium formate 80:20 v/v). Retention times of reference samples: fluorodeoxyglucose, glucose, mannose, arabinose, deoxyglucose, gluconic and glucuronic acids at HPLC were established. Optimal performance of the ESI MS detector was discovered in negative ions mode or single ion monitoring (SIM) regime. The most intensive signal was observed for all analyte molecules association with formate anion HCOO - and also for negative ions of deprotonised molecules. All acids appeared in the form of their lactones. FDG and Glc exhibited tendency for formation of a mixed associate charged by HCOO - anion. On the amine bond silica gel HPTLC column, FDG is poorly separated from fluoride, which even in presence of Kryptofix 2.2.2 remains on the start like on the silica gel layer. At LC-MS Kryptofix provides a very well measurable signals of associates with NH 4+ a H + ions in positive mode of ESI MS. Concentration of ( 19 F

  10. Determination of residual Kryptofix 2.2.2 levels in [18F]-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for human use

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Scott, Peter J.H.; Kilbourn, Michael R.

    2007-01-01

    4,7,13,16,21,24-Hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (Kryptofix 2.2.2) is used in the routine preparation of [ 18 F]-labeled tracers employed in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Confirming the absence of Kryptofix in radiopharmaceuticals is a quality control criterion required before they can be released for human use. Analysis of Kryptofix levels using the iodoplatinate spot-test can be complicated by false-positive results due to nitrogen containing tracers and/or false-negative results caused by added stabilizers. To overcome this issue, we have developed a universal TLC method for the rapid and reliable determination of Kryptofix levels in the wide range of fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals we prepare, including complex multi-component formulations

  11. Post-target produced [{sup 18}F]F{sub 2} in the production of PET radiopharmaceuticals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Forsback, Sarita; Solin, Olof [Turku PET Centre, Turku (Finland). Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Lab. and Accelerator Lab.

    2015-06-01

    Electrophilic radiofluorination was successfully carried out in the early years of PET radiochemistry due to its ease and fast reaction speed. However, at the present, the use of electrophilic methods is limited due to low specific activity (SA). Post-target produced [{sup 18}F]F{sub 2} has significantly higher SA compared to other electrophilic approaches, and it has been used in the production of clinical PET radiopharmaceuticals at the Turku PET Centre for years. Here, we summarize the synthesis and use of these radiopharmaceuticals, namely [{sup 18}F]FDOPA, [{sup 18}F] CFT, [{sup 18}F]EF5 and [{sup 18}F]FBPA.

  12. Production of PET radiopharmaceutical 18F-FDG using synthesizer automatic module

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Purwoko; Chairuman; Adang Hardi Gunawan; Yayan Tahyan; Eny Lestari; Sri Aguswarini Lestiyowati; Karyadi; Sri Bagiawati

    2010-01-01

    Radiopharmaceutical 2-( 18 F)Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose or 18 F(FDG) is an important PET (Positron Emission Tomography) radiopharmaceutical for tumour imaging. In the PET technique glucose metabolism in tumour tissues can be determined quantitatively and used for diagnosis staging and monitoring of treatment tumour or cancer disease in medical oncology. The production of 2-( 18 F)Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose 18 F-FDG using compact automated system module TRACERlab MX has been carried out. The modular setup of the apparatus permits reliable for routine synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals 18 F-FDG based on kriptofix mediated nucleophilic fluorination to mannose triflate precursor. Radiochemical yield of 18 F-FDG was 53.895 % (decay time uncorrected) in 40 minutes. The product showed that the colorless and clear solution at pH:6, sterile and pirogen free, kriptofix impurities was low and radiochemical purity was 99.595%. (author)

  13. Fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals beyond [18F]FDG for use in oncology and neurosciences

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Coenen, H.H.; Elsinga, P.H.; Iwata, R.; Kilbourn, M.R.; Pillai, M.R.A.; Rajan, M.G.R.; Wagner, H.N.; Zaknun, J.J.

    2010-01-01

    Positron emission tomography (PET) is a rapidly expanding clinical modality worldwide thanks to the availability of compact medical cyclotrons and automated chemistry for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. There is an armamentarium of fluorine-18 ( 18 F) tracers that can be used for PET studies in the fields of oncology and neurosciences. However, most of the 18 F-tracers other than 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) are in less than optimum human use and there is considerable scope to bring potentially useful 18 F-tracers to clinical investigation stage. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) convened a consultants' group meeting to review the current status of 18 F-based radiotracers and to suggest means for accelerating their use for diagnostic applications. The consultants reviewed the developments including the synthetic approaches for the preparation of 18 F-tracers for oncology and neurosciences. A selection of three groups of 18 F-tracers that are useful either in oncology or in neurosciences was done based on well-defined criteria such as application, lack of toxicity, availability of precursors and ease of synthesis. Based on the recommendations of the consultants' group meeting, IAEA started a coordinated research project on 'Development of 18 F radiopharmaceuticals (beyond [ 18 F]FDG) for use in oncology and neurosciences' in which 14 countries are participating in a 3-year collaborative program. The outcomes of the coordinated research project are expected to catalyze the wider application of several more 18 F-radiopharmaceuticals beyond FDG for diagnostic applications in oncology and neurosciences.

  14. 78 FR 62350 - FFP Qualified Hydro 14, LLC; Western Minnesota Municipal Power Agency; Notice Announcing...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-10-18

    .... 14491-000] FFP Qualified Hydro 14, LLC; Western Minnesota Municipal Power Agency; Notice Announcing... applications were filed by FFP Qualified Hydro 14, LLC for Project No. 13579-002 and Western Minnesota... regular business day. See 18 CFR 385.2001(a)(2) (2013). On October 21, 2013, at 10:00 a.m. (Eastern Time...

  15. Inhibition of viability of microorganisms in [18F]-labeled radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jörg, G.; Fosselmann, M.; Leis, W.; Oberdorfer, F.; Fehsenfeld, Ch.

    2017-01-01

    Introduction: Good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant production of radiopharmaceuticals for parenteral application requires great efforts in maintenance of clean room infrastructure and equipment in order to reliably guarantee the constant hygienic quality of the product (sterility). Terminal sterilization of the product is not always possible due to short half-life or due to thermal instability of the compound. The typical method for sterilization in these cases is sterile filtration prior to dispensing (distribution of product solution from bulk to patient vials). Therefore, aseptic processing techniques have to be in place in order to ensure sterility. Still, there remains some risk of microbial contamination of the product, and hence a risk for the patient to suffer from infection. Due to the short half-life of the labeling radionuclides, this aspect is aggravated by only retrospectively possible testing for sterility. This work investigated the potential of [ 18 F]-radiation to intrinsically inactivate microorganisms (MO) that might have slipped through the aseptic process. Methods: Defined numbers of viable cells of different bacterial strains and molds were incubated with defined amounts of [ 18 F]-activity. After decay of radiation the number of surviving viable cells was determined, D 10 -values were calculated and evaluated. Results: The MOs tested exhibit a broad range of [ 18 F]-radiation susceptibility, D 10 -values range from a sensitive 114 MBq/mL (46 Gy) to a durable 2,048 MBq/mL (790 Gy). Conclusion: The intrinsic [ 18 F]-radiation in radiopharmaceuticals is no safe measure to generally ensure sterility of the product solution in terms of “autosterilization”, because of dependence on various parameters. Advances in knowledge and implications for patient care: This work presents for the first time experimental data on the influence of [ 18 F]-radiation on MOs. The results suggest, that aseptic processing techniques are essential and that

  16. Preparation and stability of the 99m Tc-HNE2 radiopharmaceutical

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Estrada T, J.

    2002-01-01

    A radiopharmaceutical is all substance containing a radioactive atom inside of its structure and what because of its pharmaceutical form, quantity and quality of radiation can be administered in the human beings with diagnostic or therapeutic aims. With the purpose to developing effective radiopharmaceuticals it is necessary to pick carefully the appropriate radionuclide in combination with the In vivo localization and the pharmacon kinetic properties of the carrier molecule. The peptides are designed by the nature to stimulate, regulate or inhibit numerous life functions, they act mainly as information transmitters and activity coordinators of several tissues in the body; it has been found that such substances are present in cells and in the body fluids in quantities extremely small, therefore the peptides have been considered as ideal agents for therapeutic applications. Elastase of human neutrophylls is a 29 kDa protease which is produced in high levels inside the neutrophyll and it is released as response for an inflammatory stimulus in infection/inflammation places. Once it liberated is quickly inhibited by the anti elastase α tripsine (HNE-2) peptide. Therefore, the neutrophylls elastase is considered as a target to obtain In vivo images of inflammatory/infectious processes by the intravenous application of 99m Tc-HNE-2. The objective of this work was to develop a labelling method with 99m Tc for the inhibitor peptide of the human neutrophyll elastase (HNE-2). Likewise, for evaluating its In vivo and In vitro stabilities. The methodology which was followed as first step to conjugate the (HNE-2) peptide with the bi chelating agents HYNIC and DTPA capable to chelate the 99m Tc metal. Therefore the attachment reactions to the peptide were realized starting from the NHS and HYNIC and the DTPA anhydride in buffer of 0.1 M, pH= 9.0/DMF (10:1) bicarbonates with a molar relation peptide/bi chelating agent 1:5. For the purification of the conjugate the solid phase

  17. Fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals beyond [F-18]FDG for use in oncology and neurosciences

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Coenen, H. H.; Elsinga, P. H.; Iwata, R.; Kilbourn, M. R.; Pillai, M. R. A.; Rajan, M. G. R.; Wagner, H. N.; Zaknun, J. J.

    2010-01-01

    Positron emission tomography (PET) is a rapidly expanding clinical modality worldwide thanks to the availability of compact medical cyclotrons and automated chemistry for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. There is an armamentarium of fluorine-18 (F-18) tracers that can be used for PET studies

  18. Radiation decomposition of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Billinghurst, M.W.; Rempel, S.; Westendorf, B.A.

    1979-01-01

    Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals are shown to be subject to autoradiation-induced decomposition, which results in increasing abundance of pertechnetate in the preparation. This autodecomposition is catalyzed by the presence of oxygen, although the removal of oxygen does not prevent its occurrence. The initial appearance of pertechnetate in the radiopharmaceutical is shown to be a function of the amount of radioactivity, the quantity of stannous ion used, and the ratio of /sup 99m/Tc to total technetium in the preparation

  19. Synthesis and labeling 5'-O-(4-4'-dimetoxytrityl) -2,3-anhidrothymidine for preparation of radiopharmaceutical [18F]FLT

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Purwoko; Maskur; Chaeruman; Sugiarto, Yono

    2013-01-01

    It is has been known that the compound of 3'-deoxy-3,-( 18 F] Fluorothymidine or ( 18 F] FLT is a thymidine derivative radiopharmaceutical used for cancer detection based on DNA metabolism. Synthesis and labeling of 5'-0-(4,4 '-dimetoxytrityl) -2,3' anhidrothymidine precursor for preparation of the radiopharmaceutical [ 18 F]FL T was carried out. The precursor was synthesized in similar manner and procedure literature and it have been obtained a crystalline product with total yield of 32,4 %. The chemical purity of the product which determined by HPLC was found to be more than 95%. Characterization of the product was done by observing the results of the LC / MS and 1 H-NMR test, the resulted data were found to be very closed to those reported in the literature. Labeling of the precursor was done by nucleophilic fluorination reactions using 18 Fluoride at 160 °C for 15 minutes with kryptofix 2.2.2 catalyst followed hydrolysis using HCI at 100 °C for 10 minutes and then neutralized with NaOH. Purification [ 18 F]FLT was performed by single cartridge Alumina-N as a substitute HPLC methods. The results have been obtained a label compound [ 18 F]FLT with high purity as a bulk for preparation of the radiopharmaceutical [ 18 F]FLT. The label compound of [ 18 F]FLT undergone a quality test which included a clarity, pH and a radiochemical purity. The results of quality control on four batches of [ 18 F]FLT showed that these products were colorless clear solution with pH between 6.0-7.5, and radiochemical purity 97.93 ± 1,48% and showed that the label compounds have been obtained [ 18 F]FLT-free particles form a clear solution with a pH between 6,0 - 7,5, radiochemical purity of 97.93 ± 1,48 %, radiochemical yields 8.18 ± 1.54% (decay uncorrected) and processing time 73 ± 4 minutes. (author)

  20. Radiopharmaceuticals to 99mTc

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Leon Cabana, Alba

    1994-01-01

    Studies about 99m Tc had demonstrated that have favorable properties for support diagnostic proceedings in nuclear medicine. This physical and chemical properties used for obtain another radiopharmaceuticals have been employed through re actives kits labelled with Tc 99m . A brief description was given about 99m utilities in diagnostic techniques such as endothelium reticular system,renal and hepatic studies,bone scintillators,cardiac diagnostic and cerebral perfusion

  1. The radiopharmaceuticals labelled with technetium-99m and the radiopharmacy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bodenant, V.

    1998-01-01

    In less than fifty years, the place of nuclear medicine is become primordial. Among all the radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine, the technetium-99m is the most used because of its physico-chemical properties and its great availability with the molybdenum-99m - technetium-99m generator. Since 1992, the radiopharmaceuticals, the packages, the generators are included in the pharmaceutic monopole. They are now under the reliability of the radio-pharmacist. This thesis has for object to introduce these different radiopharmaceuticals labelled with technetium-99m and to show the primordial place of the radio-pharmacist in a service of nuclear medicine. (N.C.)

  2. Radiolabeling of human platelets using four radiopharmaceuticals with Tc-99m

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Portillo L, M.C.; Godoy, C.

    1991-01-01

    The present investigation work has been done in an evaluation of four different radiopharmaceuticals with Tin II (Glucoheptonate, Pyrophosphate, Citrate and DTPA), with the purpose of determining which one of the four would be obtained a higher rate of radiolabeling of platelets with Tc-99m. In order to evaluate the four radiopharmaceuticals it was procede to the separation and labeling of the human platelets. It was worked with samples of blood from five pacients, and the platelets from each one of them were labeled with the radiopharmaceuticals-Tc-99m. Then was observed a significant difference among the four radiopharmaceuticals studied, with a reliable level of 0.05 being the Glucoheptonate-Tc-99m the best to label platelets, obtaining with the same 50.23% of labeling efficiency, while for DTPA, Pyrophosphate and Citrate, It was obtained 33.42%, 29.82% and |2.62% respectively. Also, it was studied the biodistribution of the labeled platelets, using Glucoheptonate-Tc-99m as a radiopharamceutical. The biodistribution was studied in white mice at different times and it was founded that the place of biodistribution of the labeled platelets is given in greater percentage in the liver, spleen, lungs and kydneis. (Author)

  3. Influence of Storage Temperature on Radiochemical Purity of 99mTc-Radiopharmaceuticals.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Uccelli, Licia; Boschi, Alessandra; Martini, Petra; Cittanti, Corrado; Bertelli, Stefania; Bortolotti, Doretta; Govoni, Elena; Lodi, Luca; Romani, Simona; Zaccaria, Samanta; Zappaterra, Elisa; Farina, Donatella; Rizzo, Carlotta; Giganti, Melchiore; Bartolomei, Mirco

    2018-03-15

    The influence of effective room temperature on the radiochemical purity of 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals was reported. This study was born from the observation that in the isolators used for the preparation of the 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals the temperatures can be higher than those reported in the commercial illustrative leaflets of the kits. This is due, in particular, to the small size of the work area, the presence of instruments for heating, the continuous activation of air filtration, in addition to the fact that the environment of the isolator used for the 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals preparation and storage is completely isolated and not conditioned. A total of 244 99m Tc-radiopharmaceutical preparations (seven different types) have been tested and the radiochemical purity was checked at the end of preparation and until the expiry time. Moreover, we found that the mean temperature into the isolator was significantly higher than 25 °C, the temperature, in general, required for the preparation and storage of 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals. Results confirmed the radiochemical stability of radiopharmaceutical products. However, as required in the field of quality assurance, the impact that different conditions than those required by the manufacturer on the radiopharmaceuticals quality have to be verified before human administration.

  4. Development, preparation and control of sup(99m)Tc or sup(113m)In labelled stannous hydroxide radiopharmaceuticals. Part of a coordinated programme on radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alvarez Cervera, J.

    1975-01-01

    The preparation of different sup(99m)Tc and sup(113m)In radiopharmaceuticals using stannous chloride was investigated. Chemical and radiochemical procedures for the quality control of these preparations were studied. Toxicity and biological controls of the preparation were carried out. Procedures for the preparation and control of the following radiopharmaceuticals have been standardized by the authors; albumin macroaggregates labelled with sup(99m)Tc, sup(113m)In and other isotopes for lung scanning; albumin microspheres labelled with sup(99m)Tc for lung scanning; sup(99m)Tc or sup(113m)In-labelled stannous hydroxide colloid for liver scanning; sup(99m)Tc-stannous phytate for liver scanning; sup(99m)Tc-Sn-dextrose, a new radiopharmaceutical which has been proposed by the authors and is now used in Mexico for renal and cerebral scanning and sup(99m)Tc-Sn pyrophosphate and diphosphonate for bone scanning

  5. Radiopharmaceuticals in China. Current status and prospects

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jia, Hong-Mei; Liu, Bo-Li [Beijing Normal Univ. (China). Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals

    2014-04-01

    The review provides an overview of the current status of radiopharmaceuticals in China for in vivo clinical use and also describes some important advances in the past three decades. Development of the diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals as well as basic research on radiopharmaceutical chemistry are being introduced. The radiotracers developed in China include: (1) Brain perfusion imaging agents and CNS radiotracers for β-amyloid plaques, σ{sub 1} receptors, and dopamine D{sub 2} or D{sub 4} receptors; (2) {sup 99m}Tc- and {sup 18}F-labeled myocardial perfusion imaging agents; (3) tumor imaging agents including integrin-targeting radiotracer, novel sentinel lymph node imaging agents, hypoxia imaging agents, {sup 99m}Tc-labeled glucose derivatives, σ{sub 2} receptor imaging agents, folate receptor imaging agents, and potential radiotracers for imaging of human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression; (4) Potential infection imaging agents; (5) Potential asialoglycoprotein receptor imaging agents; (6) Other imaging agents. Moreover, some prospects of research and development of radiopharmaceuticals in the near future are discussed. (orig.)

  6. Optimization of the production process of a lyophilized formulation for radiopharmaceutical obtaining 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]2

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sanchez R, S.

    2013-01-01

    In this work was optimized the production process of a lyophilized pharmaceutical formulation for the preparation of radiopharmaceutical 99m Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)] 2 , the union specifies to the integrin s α v β 3 was demonstrated to be used in the nuclear medicine cabinets in the obtaining of scan images for the opportune detection of breast cancer. The good lyophilized pharmaceutical formulation for the preparation of radiopharmaceutical 99m Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)] 2 was established like: HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)] 2 - 25 μg; Stannous chloride (SnCl 2 ) 20 μg; Ethylenediamine diacetic acid (EDDA) 10 mg; N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl glycin (Tricine) 20 mg; Mannitol 50 mg. The results of radiochemical purity of the sterile formulation and free of bacterial endotoxins for the three validation lots prepared under protocols of good manufacturing practices were 97.62 ± 1.48%, 96.54 ± 1.89%, and 97.66 ± 0.57%, for what the production procedure complies the predefined specifications. The radiopharmaceutical 99m Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 prepared from the lyophilized pharmaceutical formulation showed to be stable during a period 24 hours, for what can be used in the centers of molecular nuclear medicine. Images in vivo were obtained of the integrin s over-expression α v β 3 from the radiopharmaceutical 99m Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 obtained of the lyophilized and optimized pharmaceutical formulation. The lyophilized pharmaceutical formulation (HYNIC-RGD-Sn) showed stability during 12 months, due to this factor, is requested before the COFEPRIS the radiopharmaceutical expiration for this same period (accession number 123300401A0155). (Author)

  7. Synthesis and formulation of 99m Tc-ECD radiopharmaceutical

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ocampo G, B.E.

    1998-01-01

    Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty which uses radioactive compounds (radionuclides) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. 99m Tc is the more common radionuclide used in many studies in nuclear medicine because its advantages: it has a photopeak of 140 KeV and a half-life of 6 hours; it can be eluted from a Molybdenum 99 generator, so radiopharmaceuticals can be prepared on site. Ethyl cysteine dimer (ECD) labelled with reduced Technetium 99m has been purposed recently as a promising radiopharmaceutical for brain perfusion imaging 99m Tc-ECD is a lipophilic neutral complex which cross the brain blood barrier and show high brain uptake. The objective of this work was synthesize and to design a freeze dried formulation for the instant preparation of 99m Tc-ECD complex useful for brain perfusion imaging. We obtained a freeze dried stable formulation for the preparation of 99m Tc-ECD kit with a radiochemical purity higher than 90 %, which fulfills with the quality control of radiopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, we developed analytic techniques for the determination of the different chemical compounds into the lyophilized kit. (Author)

  8. HPLC-MS technique in radiopharmaceutical research (the quality control of 18F-2-fluorodeoxyglucose as an example)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Macasek, F.

    2001-01-01

    Application of radiopharmaceuticals puts increasing demands on their quality control, considering the short half-times, high specific activities (auto-radiolytic effects), and general quality (chemical purity, apyrogenity and sterility) of pharmacy. Mostly, the radioanalytical control consists of application of several separation and instrumental analytical techniques. In this paper, perspective of the hyphenated HPLC and MS techniques is demonstrated on the example of one of the most spread radiopharmaceutical, 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (further as FDG). In this work, a liquid chromatography/refractive index detector/radiometric detector/mass spectrometric detector combination (HPLC/RID/RAD/MSD) was used for development of a complex routine technique. Optimization of HPLC/MS analysis was performed investigating the electrospray ionization (ESI) analytical signal of mass spectrometer as a function of various eluent composition (see this book, p. 39). Some results, illustrating the glucose and FDG ESI-MS, and also composition of FDG after autoradiolysis, which were obtained either by a TOF Mariner (Perkin Elmer) mass-spectrometer and Agilent 1100 HPLC-MS equipment with quadrupole MS detector are discussed. They give evidence of admixtures and radiolytic formation of deoxyglucose, deoxychloroglucose, erythrose, erytritol, gluconic acid, lactose, raffinose, saccharic acid, sorbitol/[ 19 F]FDG, xylitol, and also univalent ions of C 6 H 10 O 7 F.H 2 O and C 6 H 12 O 8 compounds. The results indicate that the emerging demands on radiopharmaceuticals quality control can be fulfilled in-time only by the radio-HPLC technique developed by the help of a tandem mass-spectrometric detector. (authors)

  9. First Human Use of a Radiopharmaceutical Prepared by Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Radiofluorination: Proof of Concept with the Tau Imaging Agent [18F]T807

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Steven H. Liang

    2014-10-01

    Full Text Available Despite extensive preclinical imaging with radiotracers developed by continuous-flow microfluidics, a positron emission tomographic (PET radiopharmaceutical has not been reported for human imaging studies by this technology. The goal of this study was to validate the synthesis of the tau radiopharmaceutical 7-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole ([18F]T807 and perform first-in-human PET scanning enabled by microfluidic flow chemistry. [18F]T807 was synthesized by our modified one-step method and adapted to suit a commercial microfluidic flow chemistry module. For this proof of concept, the flow system was integrated to a GE Tracerlab FXFN unit for high-performance liquid chromatography purification and formulation. Three consecutive productions of [18F]T807 were conducted to validate this radiopharmaceutical. Uncorrected radiochemical yields of 17 ± 1% of crude [18F]T807 (≈ 500 mCi, radiochemical purity 95% were obtained from the microfluidic device. The crude material was then purified, and > 100 mCi of the final product was obtained in an overall uncorrected radiochemical yield of 5 ± 1% (n = 3, relative to starting [18F]fluoride (end of bombardment, with high radiochemical purity (≥ 99% and high specific activities (6 Ci/μmol in 100 minutes. A clinical research study was carried out with [18F]T807, representing the first reported human imaging study with a radiopharmaceutical prepared by this technology.

  10. Radiopharmaceutical research: trends and novel concepts

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wuest, F.

    2005-01-01

    The efficiency of nuclear medicine in diagnosis, therapy and medicinal research strongly depends on the progress to develop novel suitable radiopharmaceuticals. The selection, preparation, and preclinical evaluation of new radiopharmaceuticals is addressed by the field of radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The rapid developments in the field of biotechnology in the post-genome era combined with the recent advances in the instrumentation of SPECT and PET have directed radiopharmaceutical research into a complex chemical science. Current radiopharmaceutical research comprises novel developments of coordination chemistry with [ 99m Tc]technetium pharmaceuticals, the development of non-standard PET radionuclides and the synthesis of 11 C- and 18 F-labelled radiopharmaceuticals at high specific radioactivity. Further developments deal with an increasing alignment to radiotherapeutics and the implementation of PET into the process of drug development and evaluation. (orig.)

  11. Production And Quality Control Of Radiopharmaceutical 18F-FDG

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dinh Thi Bich Lieu; Nguyen Van Si; Vu Van Tien

    2011-01-01

    18 F-FDG is a radiopharmaceutical for imaging diagnosis with PET/CT in Nuclear Medicine. Criteria of injection pharmaceuticals are the highest standards. So, quality assurance and quality control must be followed very strictly. The selection of the procedure for 18 F-FDG has based on several criteria: high chemical efficiency, short synthesis time, toxic component free and etc. The quality control of 18 F-FDG consist many fields such as: nuclear physic (nuclear purity), radiochemistry (radionuclear purity, radiochemical purity), chemistry (chemical purity), radiation measurement (half life), microbiology (pyrogen, endotoxin), etc. which is following USP, BP or EP. (author)

  12. Biological evaluation of 99m Tc-N-(3-bromo-trimethyl-acetanilide)-iminodiacetic acid (99mTc mebrofenin) as hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hamada, E.S.

    1994-01-01

    Technetium-99 m-N-(3-bromo-2,4,6-trimethyl acetanilide) iminodiacetic acid ( 99m Tc-Mebrofenin) has been described as having optimal properties as hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical. This paper describes the synthesis, radiopharmaceutical preparation and biological distribution of new labeled compound. The biodistribution study of 99m Tc-Mebrofenin- was carried out in normal mice. The specificity for hepatobiliary excretion blood clearance and cumulative biliary excretion were evaluated in normal and cirrhotic rats. (author). 5 refs, 3 figs, 3 tabs

  13. Development and Successful Validation of Simple and Fast TLC Spot Tests for Determination of Kryptofix® 2.2.2 and Tetrabutylammonium in 18F-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Matthias Kuntzsch

    2014-05-01

    Full Text Available Kryptofix® 2.2.2 (Kry or tetrabutylammonium (TBA are commonly used as phase transfer catalysts in 18F-radiopharmaceutical productions for positron emission tomography (PET. Due to their toxicity, quality control has to be performed before administration of the tracer to assure that limit concentration of residual reagent is not reached. Here, we describe the successful development and pharmaceutical validation (for specificity, accuracy and detection limit of a simplified color spot test on TLC plates. We were able to prove its applicability as a general, time and resources saving, easy to handle and reliable method in daily routine analyzing 18F-tracer formulations for Kry (in [18F]FDG or [18F]FECh or TBA contaminations (in [18F]FLT with special regard to complex matrix compositions.

  14. Lung radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gonzalez, B.M.

    1994-01-01

    Indication or main clinical use of Lung radiopharmaceuticals is presented and clasification of radiopharmaceuticals as ventilation and perfusion studies. Perfusion radiopharmaceuticals, main controls for administration quality acceptance. Clearence after blood administration and main clinical applications. Ventilation radiopharmaceuticals, gases and aerosols, characteristics of a ideal radioaerosol, techniques of good inhalation procedure, clinical applications. Comparison of several radiopharmaceuticals reflering to retention time as 50% administered dose, percent administered dose at 6 hours post inhalation, blood activity at 30 and 60 minutes post inhalation, initial lung absorbed dose, cumulated activity.Kinetic description of two radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTcDTPA and 99mTc-PYP

  15. Radiopharmacokinetic data for 99mTc-ABP - A new radiopharmaceutical for bone scanning: Comparison with 99mTc-MDP

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Murphy, Consuelo Arteaga de; Melendez-Alafort, Laura; Montoya-Molina, Carlos E.; Sepulveda-Mendez, Jesus

    1997-01-01

    Technetium-99m-labeled alendronate is a new radiopharmaceutical for bone scanning developed under strict quality control at the INNSZ. The purpose of this work was to compare the radiopharmacokinetic data and the dosimetry of 99m Tc-ABP and 99m Tc-MDP in 10 volunteers, after it was tested in laboratory animals. 99m Tc-ABP has shorter mean residence time (MRT) and t (1(2)) β; is less protein bound; has a higher renal clearance; smaller Vdss, and similar bone uptake at 1 and 2 h. 99m Tc-ABP gives less radiation exposure to the patient with a 740 MBq dose, and the quality of the bone scan is excellent. 99m Tc-ABP is a better radiopharmaceutical than 99m Tc-MDP for bone scanning

  16. Stannous ion quantitation in sup(99m)Tc-radiopharmaceutical kits

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chervu, L.R.; Vallabhajosyula, B.; Mani, J.; Chun, S.B.; Blaufox, M.D.

    1982-01-01

    A simple and inexpensive method for the estimation of stannous ion, Sn(II), in radiopharmaceutical kits is described. The method used is a potentiometric titration of Sn(II) in 1 N HCl medium, using potassium iodate as the oxidizing agent in an atmosphere of nitrogen. The apparatus includes a pH meter, a platinum electrode, and a simple titration cell. Several commonly used radiopharmaceutical kits were analyzed for their Sn(II) content using this method. These studies indicate that the procedure can be used, as a routine quantitative test for the Sn(II) content of various sup(99m)Tc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. (orig.)

  17. Evaluation of the internalization kinetics of the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-N2S2-Tat(49-57)Lys3-Bn with diagnostic purposes, using comet assay

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Luna G, M. A.

    2011-01-01

    Gastrin-rea leasing peptide receptors (GRP-r) are over expressed in breast and prostate cancer cells. Bombesin (Bn) binds specifically and strongly to GRP-r and this is the base for to label the Bn with radionuclides by gamma rays. Tat (49-57) is a peptide that across the cell membrane easily so that, when it is conjugated to different proteins, it can works as a Trojan horse, facilitating the drug internalization to the cells. The radiopharmaceutical 99m Tc-N 2 S 2 -Tat(49-57)-Lys 3 -Bn was prepared for diagnosis and therapy at early stage of breast cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the role of Tat in the internalization kinetics of radiopharmaceuticals measured by DNA damage induced by means of comet assay. Human lymphocytes were treated with the following protocols: a) Tat-Bn, b) 99m Tc-Bn, or c) 99m Tc-N 2 S 2 -Tat(49-57)-Lys 3 -Bn, also an untreated group was conformed. The internalization was evaluated at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min after exposure with three repetitions each one, and for radiopharmaceuticals with 2.9, 6.6, 9.0 and 14.8 MBq activities. DNA damage was scored in 100 cells per time and treatment, as tail length and tail moment. A Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis with p≤ 0.05 was applied for comparison between treatments. The results showed that the damage caused by 99m Tc-N 2 S 2 -Tat(49-57)-Lys 3 -Bn is significantly higher than that caused by 99m Tc-Bn and Tat-Bn, showing that Tat favors the internalization of the radiopharmaceutical. (Author)

  18. HPLC-MS technique for radiopharmaceuticals analysis and quality control

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Macasek, F.; Buriova, E.; Bruder, P.; Vera-Ruiz, H.

    2003-01-01

    Potentialities of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detector (MSD) were investigated with the objective of quality control of radiopharmaceuticals; 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) being an example. Screening of suitable MSD analytical lines is presented. Mass-spectrometric monitoring of acetonitrile-aqueous ammonium formate eluant by negatively charged FDG.HCO 2 - ions enables isotope analysis (specific activity) of the radiopharmaceutical at m/z 227 and 226. Kryptofix 222 provides an intense MSD signal of the positive ion associated with NH 4 + at m/z 394. Expired FDG injection samples contain decomposition products from which at least one labelled by 18 F and characterised by signal of negative ions at m/z 207 does not correspond to FDG fragments but to C5 decomposition products. A glucose chromatographic peak, characterised by m/z 225 negative ion is accompanied by a tail of a component giving a signal of m/z 227, which can belong to [ 18 O]glucose; isobaric sorbitol signals were excluded but FDG-glucose association occurs in the co-elution of separation of model mixtures. The latter can actually lead to a convoluted chromatographic peak, but the absence of 18 F makes this inconsistent. Quantification and validation of the FDG component analysis is under way. (author)

  19. Locoregional injection of F-18 radiopharmaceuticals suppresses tumor xenograft growth in rats

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wong, C -L [The Univ. of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Texas (United States)

    2004-07-01

    The energetic positrons (0.633 Mev) from F-18 dissipate kinetic energies before annihilation to produce two 0.511 Mev photons which also contribute to the radiation absorbed dose to the surroundings. In living organism, the contribution from the positron itself to the surrounding tissues (up to 2 mm) is larger than from the 2 photons. Apoptosis has been reported in rat tumors after systemic injection of F-18 FDG although no growth retardation was noted. This study is designed to exploit the pharmacokinetic advantages of locoregional injection of positron emitters in the suppression of tumor growth in rats. Methods: Groups of Fisher 344 adult female rats were inoculated with rat mammary tumors (100,000 cells) intramuscularly (IM) in the thigh. Locoregional injection with F-18 NaF or F-18 FDG was accomplished in days 3 or 7 with single doses of increasing strengths (0.2 to 3 mCi). Tumor growth rates were noted and compared to control (sham injection with saline). The locoregional distribution and clearance of F-18 were estimated from serial tomograms using a Concord MicroPET (R4) after intramuscular injection of 0.1-0.2 mCi of F-18 NaF or F-18 FDG in groups of triplicate rats. Results: A dose-related pattern of tumor suppression is noted with F-18 FDG, whether treatment occurs in day 3 or 7 after inoculation. Additional experiment of injection of 5 mci of F-18 FDG at day 14 also suppressed the growth of a well-formed tumor. Tumor suppression by F-18 NaF is less obvious and only occurs with high dose (2 mCi). MicroPET images demonstrate that F-18 FDG is retained in the injection site while F-18 NaF dissipates rapidly. Conclusion: Locoregional injection of positron-emitters may be sufficient to suppress tumor growth. The mechanism is likely related to the pharmacokinetic profile of the compound within the tissue. Discussion: Locoregional application of radionuclides may provide feasible alternatives to slow tumor growth or prevent tumor recurrence. The use of

  20. Molecular design of 99Tcm labelled radiopharmaceuticals. Pt.2

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wang Xuebin; Chu Jinfeng

    2003-01-01

    The structure-activity relationship of 99 Tc m labelled radiopharmaceuticals and the correlative contents of computer aided drug design are introduced. Of them, quantitative structure-activity relationship and its application to design 99 Tc m labelled radiopharmaceuticals are narrated on emphases

  1. New radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Payoux, P.; Esquerre, J.P.; Alonso, M.; Tafani, M.

    2008-01-01

    With the development of positron emission tomography, the significant increase in prescriptions of [ 18 F]F.D.G. has underlined the interest for molecular imaging in many pathologies. Facing the demand of 'new' radiopharmaceuticals (frequently clinically validated in the last century) for more and more specific diagnosis, the nuclear physician is confronted with a sparse offer of the radiopharmaceutical companies and a particularly complicated radiopharmaceutical legislation. This paper briefly reports on the radiopharmaceutical statutes encountered in France nowadays; it emphasizes that is essential to deeply modify the conditions to obtain a marketing authorization for radiopharmaceuticals if we want to propose to our patients the kind of right they have to expect from nuclear medicine. (authors)

  2. A Study on the Quality Control of 18F-FDG Radiopharmaceutical

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kim, Ssang Tae; Yong, Chul Soon; Han, Eun Ok

    2010-01-01

    The types of test items which were recorded in this test report of quality control domestic 18 F-FDG radiopharmaceutical which consisted of 13 different types: appearance, half-life, radioactive heterokaryosis, radiochemical Confirmation (measure of Rf value), radiochemical Purity, Ethanol, Acetonitrile, Kryptofix, Aluminium, pH, Endotoxin, aseptic test, and radioactivity·ml-1. The record was fully recorded in 'appearance', 'radioactive heterokaryosis', 'pH', 'Endotoxin', and 'aseptic test'. In 'half-life', 'radiochemical Confirmation (measure of Rf value), 'radiochemical Purity', 'Ethanol', 'Acetonitrile', 'Kryptofix', 'Aluminium', 'radioactivity·ml-1', there were differences in records of each manufacturing business on radioactive medicine and medical supplies. The result of the test showed all 13 items of quality control test were 100% suitable on the basis of recorded data. There were more radiopharmaceutical made in the laboratory than in hospitals and businesses and in for result of suitability test, the laboratory showed higher suitability than did the hospitals or businesses. Domestically, there are differences of the test report items in the safety of radiopharmaceutical of each facility, and since it is not standardized, supplements are needed. To submit standardized test reports of quality guarantee in radiopharmaceutical, GMP of U.S. and CE Mark of Europe should be referred as well as receiving advice from professionals to standardize as suitable domestic standard

  3. Radiopharmaceuticals for neurotransmitter imaging

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Oh, Seung Jun [Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)

    2007-04-15

    Neurotransmitter imaging with radiopharmaceuticals plays major role for understanding of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease and depression. Radiopharmaceuticals for neurotransmitter imaging can be divided to dopamine transporter imaging radiopharmaceuticals and serotonin transporter imaging radiopharmaceuticals. Many kinds of new dopamine transporter imaging radiopharmaceuticals has a tropane ring and they showed different biological properties according to the substituted functional group on tropane ring. After the first clinical trials with [{sup 123}I] {beta} -CIT, alkyl chain substituent introduced to tropane ring amine to decrease time for imaging acquisition and to increase selectivity. From these results, [{sup 123}I]PE2I, [18F]FE-CNT, [{sup 123}I]FP-CIT and [{sup 18}F]FP-CIT were developed and they showed high uptake on the dopamine transporter rich regions and fast peak uptake equilibrium time within 4 hours after injection. [{sup 11}C]McN 5652 was developed for serotonin transporter imaging but this compound showed slow kinetics and high background radioactivity. To overcome these problems, new diarylsulfide backbone derivatives such as ADAM, ODAM, AFM, and DASB were developed. In these candidates, [{sup 11}C]AFM and [{sup 11}C]DASB showed high binding affinity to serotonin transporter and fast in vivo kinetics. This paper gives an overview of current status on dopamine and serotonin transporter imaging radiopharmaceuticals and the development of new lead compounds as potential radiopharmaceuticals by medicinal chemistry.

  4. 77 FR 12280 - FFP Missouri 17, LLC BOST2 Hydroelectric, LLC; Notice Announcing Filing Priority for Preliminary...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-02-29

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project Nos. 13824-000, 13826-000] FFP Missouri 17, LLC BOST2 Hydroelectric, LLC; Notice Announcing Filing Priority for Preliminary Permit... Hydroelectric, LLC, Project No. 13826-000. 2. FFP Missouri 17, LLC, Project No. 13824-000. Dated: February 22...

  5. Analytical methods for determination of radiochemical and radionuclidic purity of radiopharmaceuticals containing sup(99m)Tc and sup(113m)In. Part of a coordinated programme on radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Galatzeanu, I.

    1974-01-01

    The obtained results on radiochemical and radionuclidic purities determination of sup(99m)Tc and sup(113m)In-radiopharmaceuticals proved to be a good tool for small hospital units and laboratories in satisfying their duty to improve the quality control. The complicated behaviour of technetium in aqueous solutions during the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, needs further research work to elucidate the mechanisms of interaction of reduced species with media and their disproportionation

  6. Preparation and quality control of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Samuels, D.L.

    1978-11-01

    Appropriate procedures for the production and quality control of technetium-99m based radiopharmaceuticals in hospital radiopharmacy consistent with the recently published Australian Code of Good Manufacturing Practice are discussed

  7. A method for skin hand exposure by positrons during handling of 18F-FDG radiopharmaceutical

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fueloep, M.; Hudzietzova, J.; Foltinova, L.

    2014-01-01

    By handling with radiopharmaceutical local irradiation of skin on hands of nearly 20% workers in nuclear medicine is likely to reach more than the legal dose limit for the skin. During syringe preparation and administration of positron radiopharmaceutical 18 F-FDG to patients there are operations that can lead to hand irradiation by positrons. At present, there is insufficient data available about the positron exposure of the hands, which would serve as a basis for the optimization of procedures, including the preparation and administration of positron radiopharmaceuticals. This deficiency impedes the improvement of protective shielding of relevant tools against positrons and the availability of more accurate specifications of the distribution of local exposure of the skin of hands. Presented method of positron dose evaluation is based on pair of TLDs MCP-7 and MCP-Ns with different detection sensitivity to positrons and photons. Detection sensitivities of TLD MCP-Ns and MCP-7 were calculated by Monte Carlo code MCNPX 2.7 in units of skin dose equivalent Hp(0,07).Experimentally has been verified decreasing of skin dose by about factor 5 if positron source 18 F-FDG in syringe, or infusion tube is shielded by a simple additional local shielding from 1 mm polyethylene foil. (authors)

  8. Technetium-99m-labeled N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid (/sup 99m/Tc HIDA): a new radiopharmaceutical for hepatobiliary imaging studies

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ryan, J.; Cooper, M.; Loberg, M.; Harvey, E.; Sikorski, S.

    1977-01-01

    An easily formulated, stable kit preparation of technetium-99m HIDA, suitable for use in humans, was developed and tested in mice and dogs. The tracer was cleared rapidly from the blood and excreted predominantly by the liver in both species. In dogs, the hepatobiliary clearance of Tc-99m HIDA was significantly greater than that of C-14 HIDA and Sn-113 HIDA. The LD 50 for HIDA in mice, 168 mg/kg, exceeded the average human dose by a factor of 1000 on a per-weight basis. Blood clearance curves for Tc-99m HIDA in 12 normal subjects were biexponential with half-times of 4.6 +- 1.0 min and 31.5 +- 7.0 min, and cumulative 90-min urine samples contained 14.2 +- 1.8% of the injected dose. Images in normal subjects and nonjaundiced patients showed rapid concentration of tracer by the liver and activity was present within the biliary system in 10 to 20 min. In jaundiced patients, the tracer blood clearance was delayed and urinary excretion increased, but intestinal activity, indicating biliary patency, was imaged in those patients without complete focal obstruction of the common duct. Technetium-99m HIDA is a nontoxic radiopharmaceutical useful for clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans

  9. (18)F-labeled positron emission tomographic radiopharmaceuticals in oncology: an overview of radiochemistry and mechanisms of tumor localization.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vallabhajosula, Shankar

    2007-11-01

    Molecular imaging is the visualization, characterization, and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in a living system. At present, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is one the most rapidly growing areas of medical imaging, with many applications in the clinical management of patients with cancer. Although [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/CT imaging provides high specificity and sensitivity in several kinds of cancer and has many applications, it is important to recognize that FDG is not a "specific" radiotracer for imaging malignant disease. Highly "tumor-specific" and "tumor cell signal-specific" PET radiopharmaceuticals are essential to meet the growing demand of radioisotope-based molecular imaging technology. In the last 15 years, many alternative PET tracers have been proposed and evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies to characterize the tumor biology more appropriately. The potential clinical utility of several (18)F-labeled radiotracers (eg, fluoride, FDOPA, FLT, FMISO, FES, and FCH) is being reviewed by several investigators in this issue. An overview of design and development of (18)F-labeled PET radiopharmaceuticals, radiochemistry, and mechanism(s) of tumor cell uptake and localization of radiotracers are presented here. The approval of clinical indications for FDG-PET in the year 2000 by the Food and Drug Administration, based on a review of literature, was a major breakthrough to the rapid incorporation of PET into nuclear medicine practice, particularly in oncology. Approval of a radiopharmaceutical typically involves submission of a "New Drug Application" by a manufacturer or a company clearly documenting 2 major aspects of the drug: (1) manufacturing of PET drug using current good manufacturing practices and (2) the safety and effectiveness of a drug with specific indications. The potential routine clinical utility of (18)F-labeled PET radiopharmaceuticals depends also on

  10. Preparation and stability of the {sup 99m} Tc-HNE{sub 2} radiopharmaceutical; Preparacion y estabilidad del radiofarmaco {sup 99m} TC-HNE{sub 2}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Estrada T, J

    2002-07-01

    A radiopharmaceutical is all substance containing a radioactive atom inside of its structure and what because of its pharmaceutical form, quantity and quality of radiation can be administered in the human beings with diagnostic or therapeutic aims. With the purpose to developing effective radiopharmaceuticals it is necessary to pick carefully the appropriate radionuclide in combination with the In vivo localization and the pharmacon kinetic properties of the carrier molecule. The peptides are designed by the nature to stimulate, regulate or inhibit numerous life functions, they act mainly as information transmitters and activity coordinators of several tissues in the body; it has been found that such substances are present in cells and in the body fluids in quantities extremely small, therefore the peptides have been considered as ideal agents for therapeutic applications. Elastase of human neutrophylls is a 29 kDa protease which is produced in high levels inside the neutrophyll and it is released as response for an inflammatory stimulus in infection/inflammation places. Once it liberated is quickly inhibited by the anti elastase {alpha} tripsine (HNE-2) peptide. Therefore, the neutrophylls elastase is considered as a target to obtain In vivo images of inflammatory/infectious processes by the intravenous application of {sup 99m} Tc-HNE-2. The objective of this work was to develop a labelling method with {sup 99m} Tc for the inhibitor peptide of the human neutrophyll elastase (HNE-2). Likewise, for evaluating its In vivo and In vitro stabilities. The methodology which was followed as first step to conjugate the (HNE-2) peptide with the bi chelating agents HYNIC and DTPA capable to chelate the {sup 99m} Tc metal. Therefore the attachment reactions to the peptide were realized starting from the NHS and HYNIC and the DTPA anhydride in buffer of 0.1 M, pH= 9.0/DMF (10:1) bicarbonates with a molar relation peptide/bi chelating agent 1:5. For the purification of the

  11. The radiopharmaceuticals labelled with technetium-99m and the radiopharmacy; Les radiopharmaceutiques marques au technetium-99m et la radiopharmacie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bodenant, V

    1998-10-01

    In less than fifty years, the place of nuclear medicine is become primordial. Among all the radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine, the technetium-99m is the most used because of its physico-chemical properties and its great availability with the molybdenum-99m - technetium-99m generator. Since 1992, the radiopharmaceuticals, the packages, the generators are included in the pharmaceutic monopole. They are now under the reliability of the radio-pharmacist. This thesis has for object to introduce these different radiopharmaceuticals labelled with technetium-99m and to show the primordial place of the radio-pharmacist in a service of nuclear medicine. (N.C.)

  12. Stability study of 2-[18F]Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (18FDG) stored at room temperature by physicochemical and microbiological assays

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ferreira, Soraya Z.; Silva, Juliana B. da; Waquil, Samira S.; Correia, Ricardo F.

    2009-01-01

    The most widely used radiopharmaceutical in the expanding medical imaging technology of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ( 18 FDG). The increasing demand for 18 FDG requires reliable production in large amounts. The synthesis of 18 FDG is based on a nucleophilic substitution of the triflate-leaving group from the precursor, mannose triflate, in the presence of Crypt and 2.2.2, as a phase-transfer agent. After labeling, the removal of the acetyl protecting groups from resulting 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-1,3,4,6-tetra-Oacetyl- D-glucose is performed by alkaline hydrolysis, followed by purification and final filtration (0.22 μm). It was reported that 18 FDG decomposes in vitro, resulting in the degradation of the radiochemical purity with time. The aim of this study was to evaluate physicochemical and microbiological stability of 18 FDG, stored at room temperature (15-30 deg C), at different time intervals. It was investigated how the quality of this radiopharmaceutical varies with time under the influence of environmental factors. 18 FDG pH, radionuclidic identity and purity, radiochemical identity and purity, chemical purity, residual solvents, bacterial endotoxins and sterility were evaluated according to the United States Pharmacopeia 31 th edition analytical methods and acceptance criteria. The results suggest that 18 FDG has physicochemical and microbiological stability up to 10 hours after the end of synthesis, under experimental conditions. (author)

  13. To the radiotoxicity of {sup 99m}Tc radiopharmaceuticals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ftacnikova, S [Inst. of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, 83301 Bratislava (Slovakia)

    1996-12-31

    In this paper the radiotoxicity and RBE values of Auger electrons for {sup 99m}Tc radiopharmaceuticals were discussed. Expression for the expected RBE for {sup 99m}Tc compounds is given. For the Auger electrons emitted in the decay of {sup 99m}Tc the RBE(Auger) = 10 and a value of 20 for the radiation weighing factor were recommended. (J.K.) 4 refs.

  14. Study to master "1"8F-FDG radiopharmaceutical production process by Korean Cyclotron KOTRONS 13 MeV at Hanoi Irradiation Center

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nguyen Quang Anh; Tran Manh Thang; Dam Thi Tam; Mai Van Vinh

    2016-01-01

    A PET Cyclotron center is built in Hanoi Irradiation Center (HIC), VINATOM and expectation put in operation in the middle of 2016. Three main processes in "1"8F-FDG synthesis general process of Samyoung Unitech synthesizer module were studied as: effect of time to water removal process, effect of time to nucleophilic substitution reaction, and effect of temperature and time to hydrolysis process. The optimum parameters are collected and re-installed for "1"8F-FDG synthesizer module to achieve highest yield. The human resource was trained basic to advanced theoretical and practical training programs of 18F-FDG Radiopharmaceutical Production by Vietnamese and Korean senior experts in HICs facility for this project. After training courses, the human resource is able to produce and quality control "1"8F-FDG Radiopharmaceutical in different modules and quality control systems such as GE-MX (GE), Synthera (IBA), and Samyoung Unitech (SYU). "1"8F-FDG Radiopharmaceutical was produced in HIC achieves British Pharmacopeia (BP) standards and tested in animals. Animal PET/CT scanner images show clearly distribution of FDG according to physiological characters. Besides, this project were establishing "1"8F-FDG Radiopharmaceutical Production Process by cyclotron KOTRONS13 and Samyoung Unitech synthesizer module and Quality Assurance, Quality Control Process attain BP standards at Hanoi Irradiation Center; and establishing the training documents for practical production human resource training, "1"8F-FDG radiopharmaceutical Quality Assurance Process, Quality Control Process which attain BP standards. (author)

  15. Lung radiopharmaceuticals; Radioformacos pulmonares

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez, B M [Instituto Nacional de Pediatroa (Mexico)

    1994-12-31

    Indication or main clinical use of Lung radiopharmaceuticals is presented and clasification of radiopharmaceuticals as ventilation and perfusion studies. Perfusion radiopharmaceuticals, main controls for administration quality acceptance. Clearence after blood administration and main clinical applications. Ventilation radiopharmaceuticals, gases and aerosols, characteristics of a ideal radioaerosol, techniques of good inhalation procedure, clinical applications. Comparison of several radiopharmaceuticals reflering to retention time as 50% administered dose, percent administered dose at 6 hours post inhalation, blood activity at 30 and 60 minutes post inhalation, initial lung absorbed dose, cumulated activity.Kinetic description of two radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTcDTPA and 99mTc-PYP.

  16. Preparation of sup(113m)In-labelled compounds of radiopharmaceutical interest. Part of a coordinated programme on radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Servian, J.; Robles, A.

    1975-06-01

    Techniques for the preparation and control of already known and new sup(113m)In-radiopharmaceuticals were investigated. New rapid procedures for the control and preparation of a number of radiopharmaceuticals were developed and standardized. After biological distribution studies and clinical tests, new techniques for the preparation of the following indium-113 radiopharmaceuticals were adopted: a) Indium - labelled colloids of: S, Al(OH) 3 , Fe(OH) 3 and AlPO 4 for liver and spleen scintigraphy. b) Indium labelled chelates using the ligands EDTA, DTPA, TTHA (Triethylene-tetramine-hexaacetic acid) and DHPTA (Diamino-hydroxy-propane-tetraacetic acid) for brain scintigraphy. c) Indium labelled Fe(OH) 3 macroaggregates and microspheres for lung scintigraphy. d) Several complexes of sup(113m)In with different ligands (fluoride, tartrate, pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, trimetaphosphate, EHDP (or ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate), ethylendiamine-pyrophosphate were synthesized and its potential use as bone-scanning agents were evaluated. It was found that the complexes with tartrate, tripolyphosphate and EHDP show appreciable skeletal uptake (bone/muscle ratio are 9.0, 5.5, and 4.7 respectively), although they are inferior to the sup(99m)Tc bone-scanning agents. e) A new simple technique is proposed for the preparation of highly concentrated sup(113m)In solutions. The technique is based on the precipitation of In(OH) 3 , millipore filtration and redissolution in a small volume of 0.05 N HCl

  17. Quality control in 99m technetium radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Leon Cabana, Alba

    1994-01-01

    This work means about the quality control in Tc radiopharmaceuticals preparation at hospitalary levels. Several steps must be used in a Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, such as proceeding,radiopharmaceuticals kits preparation, and dispensation materials,glasses,stopper,physical aspects,identification,ph control,storage,and reactif kits

  18. Alternative chromatographic system for the quality control of lipophilic technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals such as [99mTc(MIBI6]+

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    D.P. Faria

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Knowledge of the radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals is mandatory and can be evaluated by several methods and techniques. Planar chromatography is the technique normally employed in nuclear medicine since it is simple, rapid and usually of low cost. There is no standard system for the chromatographic technique, but price, separation efficiency and short time for execution must be considered. We have studied an alternative system using common chromatographic stationary phase and alcohol or alcohol:chloroform mixtures as the mobile phase, using the lipophilic radiopharmaceutical [99mTc(MIBI6]+ as a model. Whatman 1 modified phase paper and absolute ethanol, Whatman 1 paper and methanol:chloroform (25:75, Whatman 3MM paper and ethanol:chloroform (25:75, and the more expensive ITLC-SG and 1-propanol:chloroform (10:90 were suitable systems for the direct determination of radiochemical purity of [99mTc(MIBI6]+ since impurities such as 99mTc-reduced-hydrolyzed (RH, 99mTcO4 - and [99mTc(cysteine2]- complex were completely separated from the radiopharmaceutical, which moved toward the front of chromatographic systems while impurities were retained at the origin. The time required for analysis was 4 to 15 min, which is appropriate for nuclear medicine routines.

  19. Determination of Sn in 99mTc Radiopharmaceutical Kits by Polarographic Methods

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Castro, M.; Cruz, J.; Sanchez, M.

    2009-01-01

    Kits of 99 m Tc radiopharmaceuticals are used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis of different diseases. Sn (II) is one of the essential components in their formulations, which is used for reduction 99 m Tc-pertechnetate in cold kits for on-site preparation 99 m Tc-pertechnetate radiopharmaceuticals. Usually, these cold kits contain different additives (complexing agents, antioxidants, buffers, etc.) and the amount of Sn (II) varies from kit to kit. The determination of Sn in these products is essential in assessing their quality. We report here the development of a new polarographic method for the determination of Sn (II) and total Sn in representative radiopharmaceuticals kits (for the content of Sn and chemical composition) produced at the Center of Isotopes of Cuba (CENTIS). These methods were validated by analysis of variance and recovery techniques. From the results of the validation, the characteristic functions of uncertainties and fits are considered for the established methods, which give the necessary evidences to demonstrate the usefulness of these methods according to the current trends in Analytical Chemistry. This work provides practical results of great importance for CENTIS. After the speciation of Sn in the MAG3 radiopharmaceuticals kit is inferred that the production process is affected by uncontrolled factors that influence in the product stability, which demonstrates the necessity for analytical tools for the characterization of products and processes. (Author) 57 refs.

  20. A Study on the Quality Control of {sup 18}F-FDG Radiopharmaceutical

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kim, Ssang Tae [CareCamp Inc., Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Yong, Chul Soon [Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan (Korea, Republic of); Han, Eun Ok [Daegu Health College, Daegu (Korea, Republic of)

    2010-12-15

    The types of test items which were recorded in this test report of quality control domestic {sup 18}F-FDG radiopharmaceutical which consisted of 13 different types: appearance, half-life, radioactive heterokaryosis, radiochemical Confirmation (measure of Rf value), radiochemical Purity, Ethanol, Acetonitrile, Kryptofix, Aluminium, pH, Endotoxin, aseptic test, and radioactivity·ml-1. The record was fully recorded in 'appearance', 'radioactive heterokaryosis', 'pH', 'Endotoxin', and 'aseptic test'. In 'half-life', 'radiochemical Confirmation (measure of Rf value), 'radiochemical Purity', 'Ethanol', 'Acetonitrile', 'Kryptofix', 'Aluminium', 'radioactivity·ml-1', there were differences in records of each manufacturing business on radioactive medicine and medical supplies. The result of the test showed all 13 items of quality control test were 100% suitable on the basis of recorded data. There were more radiopharmaceutical made in the laboratory than in hospitals and businesses and in for result of suitability test, the laboratory showed higher suitability than did the hospitals or businesses. Domestically, there are differences of the test report items in the safety of radiopharmaceutical of each facility, and since it is not standardized, supplements are needed. To submit standardized test reports of quality guarantee in radiopharmaceutical, GMP of U.S. and CE Mark of Europe should be referred as well as receiving advice from professionals to standardize as suitable domestic standard.

  1. Click synthesis of PET radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Xu Mei; Kuang Chunxiang

    2009-01-01

    Increasing attention has been focused on synthesis radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET). The recent years witnessed applications of click chemistry to PET radiopharmaceutical synthesis,because of its distinctive advantages including high speed,yield and stereospecificity under mild conditions. Synthesis of 18 F-labeled and 11 C-labeled radiopharmaceuticals and intermediates via click chemistry are reviewed. The future trend of click chemistry for the synthesis of PET radiopharmaceutical is prospected. (authors)

  2. Radiochemical purity and in vitro stability of Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vucina, J.

    2001-01-01

    The increased contents of long lived 99 Tc, oxygen and cupric ions could affect the labeling yield of eight radiopharmaceuticals. Oxygen and in leaser extend copper were found to affect the radiochemical purity of the preparations. In vitro stability of radiopharmaceuticals, examined on 99m Tc(Sn)-pyrosphoshate solutions, was extended when ascorbic acid was added as the chemical stabilizer. The quantity of 5x10 -7 mol/dm 3 of ascorbic acid was found to be sufficient to keep the content of 99m Tc-pertechnetate below 1 % six hours after labeling even in the cases when 99m Tc was present in high radioactive concentrations (740-814 GBq/dm 3 ). The results led to the development of the kits in which ascorbic or gentisic acid are the standards component in the kit composition (author)

  3. Radiopharmaceuticals and applications; Preparacoes radiofarmaceuticas e suas aplicacoes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Oliveira, Rita [Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto (Portugal). Fac. de Ciencias da Saude; Santos, Delfim; Ferreira, Domingos; Coelho, Pedro [Universidade do Porto (Portugal). Fac. da Farmacia; Veiga, Francisco, E-mail: fveiga@ci.uc.pt [Universidade de Coimbra (Portugal). Fac. de Farmacia

    2006-04-15

    Radiopharmaceuticals are substances without pharmacological activity that are used in Nuclear Medicine for diagnosis and therapy for several diseases. Diagnosis radiopharmaceuticals generally emit {gamma} radiation or positrons ({beta}+), because their decay originates penetrating electromagnetic radiation that can cross the tissues and be externally detected. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals must include in their composition ionized particles emission nucleus ({alpha}, {beta}{sup -} or Auger electrons), since their action is based in selective tissue destruction. There are two main methods for image acquisition: SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography) that uses {gamma} emission radionuclides ({sup 99m}Tc, {sup 123}I, {sup 67}Ga, {sup 201}Tl) and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) that uses positron emission radionuclides like {sup 11}C, {sup 13}N, {sup 15}O, {sup 18}F. Radiopharmaceuticals can be classified into perfusion radiopharmaceuticals (first generation) or specific radiopharmaceuticals (second generation). Perfusion radiopharmaceuticals are transported in the blood e reach the target organ in the direct proportion of the blood stream. Specific radiopharmaceuticals contain a biologically active molecule that binds to cellular receptors that must remain biospecific after binding to the radiopharmaceutical. For this type of radiopharmaceuticals, tissue or organ uptake is determined by the biomolecule capacity of recognizing receptors in those biological structures. Radiopharmaceuticals are produced ready to use, in cold kits or in autologal preparations. According to the preparation type there is a different quality control procedure. Most of the radiopharmaceuticals used nowadays are of the perfusion type. Research focus in the development of specific radiopharmaceuticals that can provide information, at the molecular level, of biochemical alterations associated to different pathologies. (author)

  4. Stannous ion determination in99mTc - radiopharmaceutical kits

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Almeida, M.A.T.M. de; Silva, C.P.G. da.

    1989-10-01

    Two simple and selective methods for determination of stannous ion in radiopharmaceutical kits are proposed. One of this permits the estimation of stannic ion. The first method used is a potentiometric tiration of Sn +2 in HCl medium using KIO 3 solution under nitrogen gas and a redox platinum electrode. The second method consist of a compleximetric tiration of tin (Sn +2 and Sn +4 ) using EDTA standart solution at pH 5.5-5.6 without use of nitrogen gas. The employed procedures indicates that both the methods can be used for routine quantitative determination of tin in most labeled radiopharmaceuticals. (author) [pt

  5. Quantitative HPLC determination of [99mTc]-pertechnetate in radiopharmaceuticals and biological samples: Pt. 1

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tianze Zhou; Hirth, W.W.; Heineman, W.R.; Deutsch, Edward

    1988-01-01

    Techniques have been developed which allow HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) to be used for the quantitative determination of [ 99m Tc]pertechnetate in radiopharmaceuticals and biological samples. An instrumental technique accounts for 99m Tc species which do not elute from the HPLC column, while a chemical technique obviates interferences caused by Sn(II). These two techniques are incorporated into an anion exchange HPLC procedure which is applied to the determination of [ 99m Tc]pertechnetate in 99m Tc-diphosphonate radiopharmaceuticals and biological samples. (author)

  6. Demand of radiopharmaceutical Fluoride 18-FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) in the Sao Paulo State metropolitan area

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sato, Renato C.; Zouain, Desiree M.

    2005-01-01

    This research presents partial results from the development of a Masters Dissertation for the Post-Graduation in Nuclear Technology Program - IPEN/USP, aiming to study the demand of radiopharmaceutical Fluoride 18-FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) in the Sao Paulo State metropolitan area, as a subsidiary for the establishment of distribution strategy within the State. This study presented the results of a bibliographic review as well as the market evolution for FDG in Sao Paulo. Studies pointed to a tendency of an increase in the international and national nuclear medicine market; while the United States of America participate in 47% of the world profit, South America shares only 2.5% of the global market. This market will tend to grow in 2006 to 2020 up to 776% for diagnosis and 760% for therapy. Partial results are presented in this study from researching medical centers that use PET in the city of Sao Paulo, as well as companies that commercialize the equipment and the manufacturer center. There is an increase of sales for IPEN's Fluoride 18-FDG and its representation on the total radiopharmaceutical profit surpassed 5.3% in 2003 to 8.2% in 2004. The dissemination of this technology in Brazil is lately being discussed especially due to the acquisition price of the equipment as well as the viability of the resources (Fluoride 18- FDG; implementation strategies of regional cyclotron accelerators) and the question of remuneration of the PET produced exams for health care plans and national health care system (SUS). IPEN is developing yet another study to grasp possible demand for this product in the Southern and Southeastern regions, allowing better view of the necessity of the supplement, and in study the implementation of a new cyclotron in the institute dedicated for the production of Fluoride 18-FDG. (author)

  7. The quality of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals - a basic requirement in the diagnostic nuclear medicine

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ivanova, S.; Popsavova, H.; Kostadinova, I.

    2011-01-01

    Development and application of new high quality radiopharmaceuticals (RP) are of a great significance for the development in nuclear medicine. The high quality of the radiopharmaceuticals has a major influence on the accuracy of nuclear medical examinations. Therefore, a good knowledge and application if various control methods, is essential. Radiochemical impurities affect the quality of RP most significantly and they can appear at every stage of the preparation. The aim of this review is to present the literature information concerning the quality of the most commonly used radiopharmaceuticals, labeled with 99m Tc, and all requirements for them, i.e. radiochemical, radionuclide and chemical purity. This is well-known fact that metastable isotope of Technetium is golden standard for diagnostics in nuclear medicine. Research shows that about 80% of approx. 25 million nuclear medical studies a year are performed with this radionuclide. According to the European Pharmacopoeia and to the leaflets provided with the kits, radiochemical purity must exceed 95%. The main radiochemical impurities in 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals are free pertechnetate ( 99m TcO 4 - ), whose presence causes accumulation of RP in the thyroid gland, stomach, gastrointestinal tract, or the salivary glands, leading to a wrong diagnosis, and reduced hydrolyzed technetium, which causes visualization of the reticulo-endothelial system. This paper contains information about the authors' experience with analyses of the radiochemical purity of the two most commonly used radiopharmaceuticals in Bulgaria - for bone and renal scintigraphy (MDA and DTPA). An Instant Thin-Layer Chromatography (ITLC) is used for this purpose. It is concluded that the high quality of the applied 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals can be guaranteed only with both selection of renowned manufactures, recognized by EU, and a routine daily control of the labeling and generator eluate, meeting all requirements of the manufacturer and

  8. Routine production of 18F using 16.5 MeV cyclotron for synthesis of 2-(18F)fluro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Abd Jalil Abd Hamid; Soni, P.S.; Rajan, M.G.R.

    2006-01-01

    A medium energy cyclotron with maximum of 75 mA beam current is capable of producing most common Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radionuclides in sufficient quantities. The cyclotron has two targets for production of Flourine-18. One is high yield target system (HYT) (1.2 mL) and the other is HYT Generation II (Gen-II) (2.2 mL) and capable of producing 110 and 170 GBq respectively. Enriched 18 O water (>95%) is used for the routine production of Flourine-18 using the 18 O(p,n) 18 F nuclear reaction and irradiated under helium gas pressurized at 59-65 kPa at a beam current of 35 mA - 55 mA for 20-67 minutes. The [ 18 F]fluoride ion produced are used for the synthesis of 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-[ 18 F]FDG). Various factors that may effect the production of PET radionuclides and one such factor includes the silver target body often introduce impurity such as silver oxides in form of black particles that can impede the (ID 0.75 mm) delivery line. Such contaminants would reduce the quantity of the available useful radioisotopes, and hinder the subsequent radiopharmaceutical processes. Used of HYT and HYT Gen-II for the routine production of 18 F- in few ten GBq quantities were reported

  9. Effect of experimental conditions on the stability of Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vucina, J.

    2002-01-01

    The stability of three 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals in dependence on the experimental conditions and on the presence of some chemical stabiliser was tested. Examined were dimercapto succinate (DMS), pyrophosphate (PyP) and 2,3-dicarboxypropane-1,1-diphosphonate (DPD). The reliability and applicability of the preparation of the three radiopharmaceuticals from the inactive (technetium-cold) kit solutions were tested. Each kit was dissolved in saline (0.9% NaCl). The storage conditions of the inactive kit solutions before labelling were determined. The main problem is the stability of the reductant stannous ions which is very difficult to predict. Ascorbic or gentisic acid was added in order to stabilise the labelled radiopharmaceuticals and ensure their good quality. The best results were obtained by keeping the samples at -20 deg C. Although either stabiliser can be used, much lower concentrations of ascorbic acid are sufficient for an effective protection. Its concentrations of 12-60 μg/ml of the kit stabilise DMS and PyP for about 7-8 days. The solution of DPD was stable even without any stabiliser, presumably dut to the chemical nature of this complex. In routine practice, however, the procedure requires caution, and the staff should be very experienced in radiopharmacy procedures

  10. Active and passive vectorization of technetium99m and 188rhenium radiopharmaceuticals for medical imaging and radiotherapy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lepareur, N.

    2003-11-01

    Research for new molecules for nuclear medicine is a field in constant development. Over the past few years, development of new radiopharmaceuticals for radiotherapy has renewed interest for rhenium chemistry. Indeed, its two isotopes 186 Re and 188 Re, owing to their ideal properties and their similitude with 99m Tc, which is widely used as a radiotracer for diagnostic imaging, seem very promising for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals. In the first part of this manuscript, the synthesis of rhenium and technetium-99 complexes, [M(RPhCS3)2(RPhCS2)] (M = Re, Tc), is described. The preparation of technetium 99m based radiopharmaceuticals, analogues to the pondered complexes, is also described. The stability/reactivity of these complexes has been studied by exchange reactions with potential ligands, specially dithiocarbamates, and also by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The reactivity of the complexes towards dithiocarbamates leads to the possibility to bind biomolecules to the metallic core, via the dithiocarbamate moiety. This method represents a potential alternative to current ones using the so-called bifunctional approach. In the second part of this manuscript, a new kit formulation for the 188 Re labeling of lipiodol is described, using a complex analogous to those described in the previous part. The labeled oil is a potential cure for hepatocellular carcinoma. The in vitro and in vivo stability of this 188 Re-SSS lipiodol and of its analogue 99m Tc-SSS lipiodol has been studied, and also their in vivo behavior in healthy pigs. This study has shown the quasi-exclusive hepatic fixation of the radiopharmaceutical, and has proven its good stability. Its selectivity for tumors remains to be shown before trying it on humans. (author)

  11. In vitro study of tumor seeking radiopharmaceutical uptake by human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 after paclitaxel treatment

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Choi, Joon Young; Choi, Yong; Choe, Yearn Seong; Lee, Kyung Han; Kim, Byung Tae

    2007-01-01

    This study was designed to investigate the cellular uptake of various tumor imaging radiopharmaceuticals in human breast cancer cells before and after paclitaxel exposure considering viable cell number. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose, C-11-methionine. TI-201, Tc-99m-MIBI, and Tc-99m-tetrofosmin were used to evaluate the cellular uptake in MCF-7 cells. MCF-7 cells were cultured in multi-well plates. Wells were divided into DMSO exposure control group, and paclitaxel exposure group. The exposure durations of paclitaxel with 10 nM or 100 nM were 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. Viable cell fraction was reduced as the concentration and exposure time of paclitaxel increased. After 10 nM paclitaxel exposure, the cellular uptake of all 5 radiopharmaceuticals was not reduced significantly, irrespective of exposure time and viable cell fraction. After 100 nM paclitaxel exposure, the cellular uptake of all 5 radiopharmaceuticals was enhanced significantly irrespective of viable cell fraction. The peak uptake was observed in experimental groups with paclitaxel exposure for 6 to 48 h according the type of radiopharmaceutical. When the cellular uptake was adjusted for the viable cell fraction and cell count, the peak cellular uptake was observed in experimental groups with paclitaxel exposure for 48 h, irrespective of the type of radiopharmaceutical. The cellular uptake of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose, C-11-methionine, TI-201, Tc-99m-MIBI, and Tc-99m-tetrofosmin did not reflect viable cell number in MCF-7 cells after paclitaxel exposure for up to 48 h

  12. Synthesis and formulation of {sup 99m} Tc-ECD radiopharmaceutical; Sintesis y formulacion del radiofarmaco {sup 99m} Tc-ECD

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ocampo G, B E

    1998-06-01

    Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty which uses radioactive compounds (radionuclides) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. {sup 99m} Tc is the more common radionuclide used in many studies in nuclear medicine because its advantages: it has a photopeak of 140 KeV and a half-life of 6 hours; it can be eluted from a Molybdenum 99 generator, so radiopharmaceuticals can be prepared on site. Ethyl cysteine dimer (ECD) labelled with reduced Technetium 99m has been purposed recently as a promising radiopharmaceutical for brain perfusion imaging {sup 99m} Tc-ECD is a lipophilic neutral complex which cross the brain blood barrier and show high brain uptake. The objective of this work was synthesize and to design a freeze dried formulation for the instant preparation of {sup 99m} Tc-ECD complex useful for brain perfusion imaging. We obtained a freeze dried stable formulation for the preparation of {sup 99m} Tc-ECD kit with a radiochemical purity higher than 90 %, which fulfills with the quality control of radiopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, we developed analytic techniques for the determination of the different chemical compounds into the lyophilized kit. (Author).

  13. Interaction between some disinfectants and Tcsup(99m)-radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Verbruggen, A.; Cleynhens, B.; Hoogmartens, M.; De Roo, M.

    1985-01-01

    Contamination of Tcsup(99m) sulphur colloid with small amounts of iodinated antiseptics has been described to result in the formation of free pertechnetate and excessive blood-pool activity upon injection. As far as we know similar or other interactions have not been reported for disinfectants that are effective by another mechanism than oxidizing activity. The present study has been set up to investigate the effect of small amounts of a wide variety of commonly available antiseptics on the radiochemical and biological behaviour of different Tcsup(99m) labelled radiopharmaceuticals. (Auth.)

  14. Physicochemical and Biological Analysis of 99mTc-Glutathione Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    ME- Sriyani; N- Zainuddin

    2013-01-01

    99m Tc-glutathion ( 99m Tc-GSH) radiopharmaceutical is available in the GSH lyophilized-kit in which ready to use directly after adding 99m Tc radionuclide. In nuclear medicine, 99m Tc-GSH diagnostic kit is a radiopharmaceutical commonly utilized for cancer diagnoses using imaging method. This paper described the physicochemical and biological characteristics as well as the quality of 99m Tc-GSH diagnostic kit prepared from the GSH lyophilized-kit. The radiochemical purity was determined with thin layer chromatography (TLC) method, performed on a TLC-SG stationary phase with a mobile phase of a dried acetone and 0,9% of NaCl solution. Studies on the effect of volume and radioactivity of Na 99m TcO 4 solution to the radiochemical purity of 99m Tc-GSH were carried out. The sterility of GSH-lyophilized kit and toxicity of 99m Tc-GSH were also investigated. The stability test on GSH lyophilized kit and 99m Tc-GSH in several storage conditions, as well as the plasma stability of 99m Tc-GSH was performed. The analysis result showed that the GSH lyophilized-kit was sterile; the 99m Tc-GSH was non toxic with 99.54 ± 0.01% of radiochemical purity and remained stable 5 hours either at room temperature or 4℃. The volume more than 4 mL of Na 99m TcO 4 solution on the labeling of GSH could decreased the 99m Tc-GSH radiochemical purity, while the radioactivity more than 20 mCi in 7 mL of volume extended the incubation time. In-vitro stability test of 99m Tc-GSH in plasma showed that in the two hours of storage, the radiochemical purity decreased to 51.84 ± 2.52%, and until 5 hours of storage it did not change significantly. From the result, it can be concluded that the GSH lyophilized-kit was remained stable after 13 month of storage either at room temperature or 4℃ with 99% of 99m Tc-GSH radiochemical purity. (author)

  15. Study of the production of the radiopharmaceutical 18F-FLT in automated system: contribution for process validation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zanette, Camila

    2013-01-01

    Radiopharmaceutical 18 F-FLT is a thymidine nucleoside analogue and a promising tumor proliferation marker for PET images. The synthesis of this radiopharmaceutical is not simple, and often has low yields. This radiopharmaceutical has already been studied for some years; however, there is no production, nor are there clinical studies in Brazil. The study of the production process and its compliance with the guidelines of Good Manufacturing Practices (ANVISA) are of extreme importance. This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of this radiopharmaceutical, evaluate methods of quality control that will be used in future production routines, perform cytotoxicity studies, biodistribution studies and PET imaging in animals, thereby contributing to the development and elaboration of the process validation protocol and to the establishment of analytical methods to be used during production routines. Initially, we studied the synthesis and production of 18 F-FLT, with the evaluation of three different temperatures of radiolabeling to check the behavior of the radiochemical yield and stability of the nal product. Studies of analytical methodology comprised the analysis of radionuclide identification, determination of chromatographic profiles, radiochemical purity, residual solvents, and pH. In vitro studies of internalization and cytotoxicity were also carried out. In in vivo studies, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution in healthy animals and in animals with tumor models, in addition to PET/CT images in animals with melanomas. The final product had high radiochemical purity and was stable for up to 10 hours after the synthesis, but got a relatively low radiochemical yield, as described in the literature. The tested analytical methods proved suitable for use in the quality control of 18 F-FLT. In in vitro studies, 18 F-FLT showed a significant percentage of binding to tumor cells, and the nonradiolabeled molecule was not considered toxic for these studied

  16. PET radiochemistry: synthesis of 2-[{sup 18} F]-fluorine-2-deoxy-D-glucose; Radioquimica PET: sintesis de 2-[{sup 18} F]-fluor-2-desoxi-D-glucosa

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lopez D, F A; Flores M, A; Zarate M, A; Romo, E [Unidad PET-Ciclotron, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    The present work describes the method for the synthesis of the 2-[{sup 18}F]-fluorine-2-deoxy-D-glucose, the radiopharmaceutical of more use in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis of cancer at world level. (Author)

  17. Quantification of the whole-body distribution of PET radiopharmaceuticals, applied to 3-N-([18F]fluoroethyl)spiperone

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Herzog, H.; Kuwert, T.; Langen, K.J.; Feinendegen, L.E.; Coenen, H.H.

    1990-01-01

    Using a multi slice whole body PET scanner PC4096-15WB, diagnostic measurements of the cerebral distribution of the D 2 receptor ligand 3-N-([ 18 F]fluoroethyl)spiperone were extended to quantify the biodistribution of this PET radiopharmaceutical. As a rotating line source was used for measured attenuation correction, transmission scans could be combined with emission scans even after injection of the tracer. Only 1% of the total administered dose (TAD) was found in the whole brain at 180 min, but the striatum and pituitary were still excellently delineated. Urinary bladder, gall bladder, and liver were the organs with the highest TAD ranging from 6% to 25%. The gall bladder is the critical organ with an absorbed dose of about 200 mGy/kBq followed by the urinary bladder and liver with 83 and 66 mGy/kBq, respectively. In the rest of the body radioactivity was evenly distributed. The total body dose was found to be 11.9 mGy/kBq. (orig.)

  18. Alternative chromatographic system for the quality control of lipophilic technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals such as [{sup 99m}Tc(MIBI){sub 6}]{sup +}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Faria, D.P.; Buchpiguel, C.A.; Marques, F.L.N., E-mail: danielefaria1@gmail.com [Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil). Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Radiologia. Servico de Medicina Nuclear

    2015-10-15

    Knowledge of the radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals is mandatory and can be evaluated by several methods and techniques. Planar chromatography is the technique normally employed in nuclear medicine since it is simple, rapid and usually of low cost. There is no standard system for the chromatographic technique, but price, separation efficiency and short time for execution must be considered. We have studied an alternative system using common chromatographic stationary phase and alcohol or alcohol:chloroform mixtures as the mobile phase, using the lipophilic radiopharmaceutical [{sup 99m}Tc(MIBI){sub 6}]{sup +} as a model. Whatman 1 modified phase paper and absolute ethanol, Whatman 1 paper and methanol: chloroform (25:75), Whatman 3MM paper and ethanol:chloroform (25:75), and the more expensive ITLC-SG and 1-propanol: chloroform (10:90) were suitable systems for the direct determination of radiochemical purity of [{sup 99m}Tc(MIBI){sub 6}]{sup +} since impurities such as {sup 99m}Tc-reduced-hydrolyzed (RH), {sup 99m}TcO4{sup -} and [{sup 99m}Tc(cysteine){sub 2}]{sup -} complex were completely separated from the radiopharmaceutical, which moved toward the front of chromatographic systems while impurities were retained at the origin. The time required for analysis was 4 to 15 min, which is appropriate for nuclear medicine routines. (author)

  19. Consequences of radiopharmaceutical extravasation and therapeutic interventions: a systematic review

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pol, Jochem van der; Voeoe, Stefan [Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Postbox 5800, Maastricht (Netherlands); Bucerius, Jan; Mottaghy, Felix M. [Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Postbox 5800, Maastricht (Netherlands); University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aachen (Germany)

    2017-07-15

    Radiopharmaceutical extravasation can potentially lead to severe soft tissue damage, but little is known about incidence, medical consequences, possible interventions, and effectiveness of these. The aims of this study are to estimate the incidence of extravasation of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, to evaluate medical consequences, and to evaluate medical treatment applied subsequently to those incidents. A sensitive and elaborate literature search was performed in Embase and PubMed using the keywords ''misadministration'', ''extravasation'', ''paravascular infiltration'', combined with ''tracer'', ''radionuclide'', ''radiopharmaceutical'', and a list of keywords referring to clinically used tracers (i.e. ''Technetium-99m'', ''Yttrium-90''). Reported data on radiopharmaceutical extravasation and applied interventions was extracted and summarised. Thirty-seven publications reported 3016 cases of diagnostic radiopharmaceutical extravasation, of which three cases reported symptoms after extravasation. Eight publications reported 10 cases of therapeutic tracer extravasation. The most severe symptom was ulceration. Thirty-four different intervention and prevention strategies were performed or proposed in literature. Extravasation of diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals is common. {sup 99m}Tc, {sup 123}I, {sup 18}F, and {sup 68}Ga labelled tracers do not require specific intervention. Extravasation of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals can give severe soft tissue lesions. Although not evidence based, surgical intervention should be considered. Furthermore, dispersive intervention, dosimetry and follow up is advised. Pharmaceutical intervention has no place yet in the immediate care of radiopharmaceutical extravasation. (orig.)

  20. Technetium-99m-labeled N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid (/sup 99m/Tc HIDA): a new radiopharmaceutical for hepatobiliary imaging studies. [/sup 14/C, /sup 113/Sn

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ryan, J.; Cooper, M.; Loberg, M.; Harvey, E.; Sikorski, S.

    1977-10-01

    An easily formulated, stable kit preparation of technetium-99m HIDA, suitable for use in humans, was developed and tested in mice and dogs. The tracer was cleared rapidly from the blood and excreted predominantly by the liver in both species. In dogs, the hepatobiliary clearance of Tc-99m HIDA was significantly greater than that of C-14 HIDA and Sn-113 HIDA. The LD/sub 50/ for HIDA in mice, 168 mg/kg, exceeded the average human dose by a factor of 1000 on a per-weight basis. Blood clearance curves for Tc-99m HIDA in 12 normal subjects were biexponential with half-times of 4.6 +- 1.0 min and 31.5 +- 7.0 min, and cumulative 90-min urine samples contained 14.2 +- 1.8% of the injected dose. Images in normal subjects and nonjaundiced patients showed rapid concentration of tracer by the liver and activity was present within the biliary system in 10 to 20 min. In jaundiced patients, the tracer blood clearance was delayed and urinary excretion increased, but intestinal activity, indicating biliary patency, was imaged in those patients without complete focal obstruction of the common duct. Technetium-99m HIDA is a nontoxic radiopharmaceutical useful for clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.

  1. Radiolabeling of Ceftriaxone with 99mTc as a Targeting Radiopharmaceutical for Staphylococcus Aureus Detection in Mouse Model

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fazli, A.; Saluti, M.; Ahmadi, Gh.; Mirshojaei, F.; Mazidi, M.; Heydari, Z.

    2012-01-01

    Bacterial infection is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. Nuclear medicine has an important role in helping the diagnosis of deep-seated infections by developing more specific radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to evaluate 99mTc-labeling ceftriaxone as a new radiopharmaceutical for Staphylococcus aureus infection imaging in nuclear medicine. Radiolabeling of ceftriaxone was carried out by adding 370 MBq of 99mTc to 10 mg of ceftriaxone in the presence of 50 μg of SnCl 2 .2H 2 O at pH=5. The radiochemical purity and stability tests at room temperature and human blood serum were evaluated with ITLC. Intramuscular infection was induced by injection of Staphylococcus aureus into the left thigh muscle of the mice. The biodistribution of 99mTc-ceftriaxone was studied in normal and infected mice at various times post-injection. Radiochemical purity of the product was 94.5±5.4% with a good stability at room temperature and human serum, 80.6% and 71.2% after 24 h, respectively. The biodistribution studies showed the localization of 99mTc-ceftriaxone at the site of infection with high sensitivity without any significant accumulation in vital organs. Due to the ease of 99mTc-ceftriaxone conjugation method, high labeling efficiency, and high uptake in the infected muscle, it may provide a promising candidate as a targeting radiopharmaceutical for imaging infectious foci due to Staphylococcus aureus in nuclear medicine.

  2. Internal dosimetry of technetium-99m-labelled radiopharmaceuticals used in clinical nuclear medicine

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Roedler, H D [Freie Univ. Berlin (Germany, F.R.). Klinikum Steglitz

    1977-01-01

    For radiopharmaceuticals labelled with /sup 99m/Tc, which is the most common short-lived radionuclide used in nuclear medicine, the possible dose reduction in comparison to other radionuclides for equal administered activities is deduced from the formalism of absorbed dose calculation and compared to the actually achieved decrease of absorbed dose for the most important radiopharmaceuticals. Absorbed doses per ..mu..Ci of administered activity are tabulated for the gonads, red bone marrow, and critical organs of the adult human, the newborn, and the child of 1, 5, 10, and 15 years.

  3. Optimization of the production process of a lyophilized formulation for radiopharmaceutical obtaining {sup 99m}Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]{sub 2}; Optimizacion del proceso de fabricacion de una formulacion liofilizada para la obtencion del radiofarmaco {sup 99m}Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]{sub 2}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sanchez R, S.

    2013-07-01

    In this work was optimized the production process of a lyophilized pharmaceutical formulation for the preparation of radiopharmaceutical {sup 99m}Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]{sub 2}, the union specifies to the integrin s α{sub v}β{sub 3} was demonstrated to be used in the nuclear medicine cabinets in the obtaining of scan images for the opportune detection of breast cancer. The good lyophilized pharmaceutical formulation for the preparation of radiopharmaceutical {sup 99m}Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]{sub 2} was established like: HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]{sub 2} - 25 μg; Stannous chloride (SnCl{sub 2}) 20 μg; Ethylenediamine diacetic acid (EDDA) 10 mg; N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl glycin (Tricine) 20 mg; Mannitol 50 mg. The results of radiochemical purity of the sterile formulation and free of bacterial endotoxins for the three validation lots prepared under protocols of good manufacturing practices were 97.62 ± 1.48%, 96.54 ± 1.89%, and 97.66 ± 0.57%, for what the production procedure complies the predefined specifications. The radiopharmaceutical {sup 99m}Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 prepared from the lyophilized pharmaceutical formulation showed to be stable during a period 24 hours, for what can be used in the centers of molecular nuclear medicine. Images in vivo were obtained of the integrin s over-expression α{sub v}β{sub 3} from the radiopharmaceutical {sup 99m}Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 obtained of the lyophilized and optimized pharmaceutical formulation. The lyophilized pharmaceutical formulation (HYNIC-RGD-Sn) showed stability during 12 months, due to this factor, is requested before the COFEPRIS the radiopharmaceutical expiration for this same period (accession number 123300401A0155). (Author)

  4. The quality control of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals produced at the AAEC Research Establishment

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Farrington, K.J.

    1983-08-01

    The methods of quality control used for technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals produced at the AAEC Research Establishment are described for both non-fission and fission derived sources of sodium pertechnetate, technetium-99m labelled radipopharmaceuticals, and reagent kits produced for technetium-99m labelling

  5. PET radiochemistry: synthesis of 2-[18 F]-fluorine-2-deoxy-D-glucose

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lopez D, F.A.; Flores M, A.; Zarate M, A.; Romo, E.

    2005-01-01

    The present work describes the method for the synthesis of the 2-[ 18 F]-fluorine-2-deoxy-D-glucose, the radiopharmaceutical of more use in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis of cancer at world level. (Author)

  6. Analysis of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals by high-performance liquid chromatography

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Muto, Toshio

    1990-01-01

    High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equiped with on line radiometric and optical detectors (i.e. radio-HPLC) have been applied to the radiochemical analysis of commonly-used 99m Tc-radio pharma ceuticals with a view point to check the radiochemical purities of the compounds. Chromatographic conditions were determined by examination of the types of column, mobile phase and pH. An aqueous size-exclusion (Shim-pack Diol-300) and reversed-phase column (Zorbax-ODS) were found to be suitable for 99m Tc-HSA and the other 99m Tc-agents, respectively. The analysis of low molecular weight 99m Tc-agents (e.g. 99m Tc-DTPA, 99m Tc-DMSA, 99m Tc-pyrophosphate, 99m Tc-phytic acid, 99m Tc-MDS, 99m Tc-HMDP) were done by reversed-phaseion pairing chromatography using a optimized mobile phase consisted on a mixture of 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 2 mM TBA (tetra nbutyl) ammonium hydroxide) in 30 % methanol. The mobile phases for analysis of medium molecular weight 99m Tc-HSA were consisted of a mixture of 50 mM phosphate buffer (ph 7.0) in 30 % methanol, and a mixtures of 1 % SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfonate) in Tris buffer (pH. 7.0), respectively. It was apparent from the radio-chromatograms obtained from these chromatographic conditions, that impurity of 99m TcO 4 was observed in 99m Tc-pyrophosphate, 99m Tc-phytic acid, 99m Tc-MDP, 99m Tc-HMDP, and impurities of 99m Tc-labeled species and 99m TcO 4 , were observed in 99m Tc-HIDA, 99m Tc-HIDA, 99m Tc-HSA. The radiochemical impurities of the 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals were ranged between 90 and 100 %. From these results, radio-HPLC has been shown to be suitable method for analysis of 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals, with rapidity and excellent precision. (author)

  7. Determination of radiochemical yield of 99mTc radiopharmaceutical preparations using gamma counter and linear radiochromatography scanner

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Martins, Patricia de A.; Moura, Rebeca G.; Shiki, Andressa M.; Fukumori, Neuza T.O.; Matsuda, Margareth M.N.

    2013-01-01

    The radiochemical purity (RCP) evaluation is a prerequisite for radiopharmaceuticals before the administration in patients. RCP is defined as the proportion of the total radioactivity in the product that is present in the specified chemical form. The most widely used techniques for RCP determination in radiopharmaceutical preparations are thin layer chromatography (TLC-Al), instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC-SG) and paper chromatography (PC). These techniques combined with radioactivity detection are one of the most important tools in the RCP of the radiopharmaceutical compounds. Several methods are used for the determination of the spatial distribution of radioactivity on the strips. The aim of this study was to compare two methods for radioactivity measurement in the determination of RCP in 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals using gamma counter and linear radiochromatography scanner. Lyophilized radiopharmaceuticals were labeled with 99m Tc. The analysis was carried out using TLC-Al and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC-Cellulose) sheets, ITLC-SG and 3MM Whatman PC. The radioactivity distribution was determined by counting each strip during 1 minute in a radiochromatography TLC scanner. For comparison, the strips were cut into small pieces and each one was separately measured in a gamma-counter during 0.20 minutes in 70-210 KeV 99m Tc window. USP 36 and FDA specify that not less than 90% of the total radioactivity must be in the spot corresponding to 99m Tc labeled compound. In conclusion, the procedure for RCP determination of ALBUMINA-TEC, DEX500-TEC, ECD-TEC, MACRO-TEC and MIBI-TEC can be faster using radiochromatography. (author)

  8. Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1981-01-01

    The catalogue offers a wide-spread product range which meets the requirements of the international trend of in vivo application of radiopharmaceuticals. It includes: (1) conditions of sale and delivery, (2) delivery schedule for radiopharmaceuticals, (3) technical information, (4) product specifications, and (5) the complete delivery programme

  9. Kinetic model for the dosimetry of radiopharmaceuticals contaminated by Mo-99

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shearer, D.R.; Pezzullo, J.C.

    1986-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals tagged with Tc-99m may become contaminated with breakthrough products from the Mo-99/Tc-99m generator. If a fraction of the contaminant becomes bound to the radiopharmaceutical, the dose to the radiopharmaceutical target organ from the contaminant must be considered. The dose to the contaminant target organ may then be calculated as the sum of the doses from a) the initially unbound contaminant, and b) the contaminant later released by degradation of the radiopharmaceutical. This paper presents a model which takes the above processes into account. The model is illustrated with clinical data derived from Mo-99 contaminated radiopharmaceuticals. 5 references, 2 figures, 6 tables

  10. Radiopharmaceuticals For Detection Of Inflammation And Infection

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nurlaila, Z.

    2002-01-01

    Feeling of pain in the body could be caused by reaction of inflantation and infection as well. One of the methods could be used to detect the reaction is nuclear technique using radiopharmaceutical as radiotracer. Some radiopharmaceuticals having specific accunulation mechanism to diagnose the presence of inflamations and infections with satisfactory results. Among those radiophannaceuticals are technetium-99m-hexamethylpropileneamine-white blood cell ( 99m Tc-HMPAO-WBC), indium-111-oxine-white blood cell ( 111 In-oksin-WBC). technetium-99m-immunoglobuline G ( 99m Tc-lgG) and technetium-99m-infecton ( 99m Tc-infecton). In visualization using this method. the information of a serial previous medical treatment of the patient should be known, because cer1ain medicament, could influence the biological characteristic of radiopharmaceuticals and hence. a missed diagnosis could be resulted. This review discusses several radiopharmaceuticals for inflamation and infection, diagnoses their accumulation, mechanism in the body. Besides, the radiopharmaceuticals interaction with several drugs are also reviewed

  11. Evaluation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Toxicity Induced by the Radiopharmaceutical 99mTechnetium-Methylenediphosphonic Acid and by Stannous Chloride in Wistar Rats

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Adriano Caldeira-de-Araujo

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available Radiopharmaceuticals are employed in patient diagnostics and disease treatments. Concerning the diagnosis aspect, technetium-99m (99mTc is utilized to label radiopharmaceuticals for single photon computed emission tomography (SPECT due to its physical and chemical characteristics. 99mTc fixation on pharmaceuticals depends on a reducing agent, stannous chloride (SnCl2 being the most widely-utilized. The genotoxic, clastogenic and anegenic properties of the 99mTc-MDP(methylene diphosphonate used for bone SPECT and SnCl2 were evaluated in Wistar rat blood cells using the Comet assay and micronucleus test. The experimental approach was to endovenously administer NaCl 0.9% (negative control, cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg b.w. (positive control, SnCl2 500 μg/mL or 99mTc-MDP to animals and blood samples taken immediately before the injection, 3, and 24 h after (in the Comet assay and 36 h after, for micronucleus test. The data showed that both SnCl2 and 99mTc-MDP-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA strand breaks in rat total blood cells, suggesting genotoxic potential. The 99mTc-MDP was not able to induce a significant DNA strand breaks increase in in vivo assays. Taken together, the data presented here points to the formation of a complex between SnCl2 in the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-MDP, responsible for the decrease in cell damage, compared to both isolated chemical agents. These findings are important for the practice of nuclear medicine.

  12. Drug interaction with radiopharmaceuticals: effect on the labeling of red blood cells with technetium-99m and on the bioavailability of radiopharmaceuticals

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Luisa Gomes

    2002-09-01

    Full Text Available The evidence that natural and synthetic drugs can affect radiolabeling or bioavailability of radiopharmaceuticals in setting of nuclear medicine clinic is already known. However, this drug interaction with radiopharmaceuticals (DIR is not completely understood. Several authors have described the effect of drugs on the labeling of blood elements with technetium-99m (99mTc and on the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals. When the DIR is known, if desirable or undesirable, the natural consequence is a correct diagnosis. However, when it is unknown, it is undesirable and the consequences are the possibility of misdiagnosis and/or the repetition of the examination with an increase of radiation dose to the patient. The possible explanation to the appearance of DIR are (a radiopharmaceutical modification, (b alteration of the labeling efficiency of the radiopharmaceutical, (c modification of the target, (d modification of no target and/or the (e alteration of the binding of the radiopharmaceutical on the blood proteins. The effect of drugs on the labeling of blood elements with 99mTc might be explained by (i a direct inhibition (chelating action of the stannous and pertechnetate ions, (ii damage induced in the plasma membrane, (iii competition of the cited ions for the same binding sites, (iv possible generation of reactive oxygen species that could oxidize the stannous ion and/or (v direct oxidation of the stannous ion. In conclusion, the development of biological models to study the DIR is highly relevant.A evidência de que drogas naturais ou sintéticas podem afetar a radiomarcação ou a biodisponibilidade de radiofármacos nos procedimentos de medicina nuclear já é bem conhecida. Entretanto, essa interação de droga com radiofármacos (IDR não está completamente compreendida. Vários autores têm descrito o efeito de drogas na marcação de elementos sanguíneos com tecnécio-99m (99mTce na biodistribuição de radiofármacos. Quando a

  13. Yields of nuclear reactions for the production of radiopharmaceuticals 18F, 43K, 67Ga, 111In and 123I with charged particles

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bem, P.; Burjan, V.; Schaferlingova, W.; Vincour, J.; Kopecky, P.

    1977-02-01

    Experimental results are given of reaction yields in the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals ( 18 F, 43 K, 67 Ga, 111 In, 123 I) using common cyclotron beams, i.e., proton beams, deuteron beams, 3 He and alpha particles in an energy range of up to several MeV/nucleon. A detailed analysis is made of the choice of suitable target materials for the production of the above radiopharmaceuticals with regard to the economical use of the accelerator and of the purity of the radiopharmaceuticals prepared. (I.W.)

  14. Logistics for evaluation of doses received by IOE due to handling 18FDG-radiopharmaceutical during processing (IEN/CNEN) and in radiodiagnostic (clinical)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Santos, Osvaldir P. dos; Silva, Joao Carlos P.; Silva, Luiz Carlos Reina P.; Cortines, Geraldo, E-mail: osvaldir@ien.gov.br, E-mail: jcarlos@ien.gov.br, E-mail: reina@ien.gov.br, E-mail: gcortines@ien.gov.br [Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear (IEN/CNEN-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)

    2013-07-01

    The objective of this study is to propose an improvement in radiological practices involving production, transportation and application of radiopharmaceutical {sup 18}F, by tracking the radiation doses received by occupationally exposed individuals (OEI) that develop production practices, transportation and application of some patients in hospitals and clinics in Rio de Janeiro, the radiopharmaceutical {sup 18}FDG. In light of the results and observations of how these practices are developed, it's necessary to evaluate and suggest a logistics to minimize the doses received by OEI during these practices, seeking improvements in the actions and procedures for radiological protection. In practice the production of the radiopharmaceutical, the study focuses on the time of withdrawal of {sup 18}FDG cell processing, where the technician is exposed to higher dose rates. At this stage, we take to accomplish, yet two other reviews: the first is the placement of electronic dosimeters inside and outside the lead apron, whose objective is to assess the attenuation capacity of the apron. This last procedure refers to the use of a phantom cylindrical containing TLD 700 dosimeter in order to evaluate, using a mathematical model (MCNP), the doses ends (hand) of the technician, the process of removing the radiopharmaceutical of the cell and to compare the dosimetric dose recorded in the ring. Regarding the transport of {sup 18}FDG, we take into account the doses recorded in the cabin of the vehicle and the doses recorded in the dosimeter of the carrier. Finally, the doses received by health professionals who handle {sup 18}FDG are analyzed, since its withdrawal from the packing until administration to the patient. (author)

  15. Radiopharmaceuticals in positron emission tomography: Radioisotope productions and radiolabelling procedures at the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tochon-Danguy, H.J.; Sachinidis, J.I.; Chan, J.G.; Cook, M.

    1997-01-01

    Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a technique that utilizes positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals to map the physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology of the human body. Positron-emitting radioisotopes produced in a medical cyclotron are incorporated into compounds that are biologically active in the body. A scanner measures radioactivity emitted from a patient's body and provides cross-sectional images of the distribution of these radiolabelled compounds in the body. It is the purpose of this paper to review the variety of PET radiopharmaceuticals currently produced at the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre in Melbourne. Radioisotope production, radiolabelling of molecules and quality control of radiopharmaceuticals will be discussed. A few examples of their clinical applications will be shown as well. During the last five years we achieved a reliable routine production of various radiopharmaceuticals labelled with the four most important positron-emitters: oxygen-15 (t, 1/2 =2min), nitrogen-13 (t 1/2 = 10 min), carbon-11 (t 1/2 =20 min) and fluorine-18 (t 1/2 = 110 min). These radiopharmaceuticals include [ 15 O]oxygen, [ 15 O]carbon monoxide, [ 15 O]carbon dioxide, [ 15 O]water, [ 13 N]ammonia, [ 11 C]flumazenil, [ 11 C]SCH23390, [ 18 F]fluoromisonidazole and [ 18 F]fluoro-deoxy-glucose ([ 18 F]FDG). In addition, since the half life of [ 18 F] is almost two hours, regional distribution can be done, and the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre is currently supplying [ 18 F]FDG in routine to other hospitals. Future new radiopharmaceuticals development include a [ 18 F]thymidine analog to measure cell proliferation and a [ 11 C]pyrroloisoquinoline to visualize serotonergic neuron abnormalities. (authors)

  16. A new efficient method for the preparation of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals containing the Tc≡N multiple bond

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pasqualini, R.; Comazzi, V.; Bellande, E.; Duatti, A.; Marchi, A.

    1992-01-01

    An improved method for the preparation of 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals containing the Tc≡N multiple bond, in sterile and apyrogen conditions, is described. This method is based on the reaction of [ 99m Tc] pertechnetate with ligands derived from S-methyl dithiocarbazate [H 2 N-N(R)-C(=S)SCH 3 (R = H, CH 3 )] in the presence of HC1 and tertiary phosphines. It was found that these derivatives can behave both as sources of nitride nitrogen ions (N 3- ) and as coordinating ligands. The reaction leads to the formation of intermediate technetium-nitrido complexes in high yield. These intermediate species can be used as suitable prereduced substrates for the preparation of technetium-nitrido radiopharmaceuticals through simple substitution reactions with appropriate exchanging ligands. (Author)

  17. Radiopharmaceuticals in Czechoslovakia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hron, M.; Kronrad, L.; Svoboda, K.; Melichar, F.

    1986-01-01

    The history is briefly described of the production of radiopharmaceuticals in Czechoslovakia for nuclear medicine purposes. 131 I-labelled orthoiodohippurate and rose Bengal were first produced. Currently, 99m Tc is the most frequently requested radionuclide for radiopharmaceutical labelling. The preparation of 99m Tc is described in detail, a flow chart is shown and the network of 99m Tc distribution to hospitals outlined. In addition of 99m Tc and 131 I, UJV Rez produces other radionuclides for nuclear medicine, such as 113m In, 67 Ga, 35 S, 32 P, 203 Hg, 85 Sr. The methods are being developed of the production of 201 Tl, 125 I and 131 I-labelled bromosulfophthalein. (E.S.)

  18. Placental transfer of selected radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wegst, A.V.

    1992-01-01

    This paper reviews animal experiments carried out to determine the transfer of radiopharmaceuticals from mother to fetus. Animal data are compared to any human data available. The radiopharmaceuticals included in the discussion are Tc-99m pertechnetate, Tc-99m DTPA, Ga-67 citrate and Tl-201 chloride. (6 tab., 5 refs.)

  19. International symposium on trends in radiopharmaceuticals (ISTR-2005). Book of extended synopses

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2005-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals, along with imaging instrumentation, are the pillars that support the edifice of clinical nuclear medicine and the former is the major driver enabling investigations of molecular phenomena for better understanding of human disease and developing effective treatments. The growth of nuclear medicine has been intimately linked to availability of new radioisotopes and the discovery of new radiopharmaceuticals. The field of radiopharmaceuticals has witnessed continuous evolution thanks to the immense contributions of scientists from diverse disciplines such as radiochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology. Several milestones can be cited in the trajectory of this growth, which include continuing development of a plethora of 99 mTc radiopharmaceuticals, automated synthesis of 18 F labelled compounds, labelled peptides for accurate mapping of metastasis and the advances in radionuclide therapy. The International Symposium on Trends in Radiopharmaceuticals, ISTR-2005, under the auspices of International Atomic Energy Agency, will provide scientists and professionals working in the field of radiopharmaceuticals and related sciences an opportunity to review the exciting developments in the field. The International Atomic Energy Agency has been organizing such Symposia on Radiopharmaceuticals since 1973 and the last one was held in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1998

  20. International symposium on trends in radiopharmaceuticals (ISTR-2005). Book of extended synopses

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2005-07-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals, along with imaging instrumentation, are the pillars that support the edifice of clinical nuclear medicine and the former is the major driver enabling investigations of molecular phenomena for better understanding of human disease and developing effective treatments. The growth of nuclear medicine has been intimately linked to availability of new radioisotopes and the discovery of new radiopharmaceuticals. The field of radiopharmaceuticals has witnessed continuous evolution thanks to the immense contributions of scientists from diverse disciplines such as radiochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology. Several milestones can be cited in the trajectory of this growth, which include continuing development of a plethora of {sup 99}mTc radiopharmaceuticals, automated synthesis of {sup 18}F labelled compounds, labelled peptides for accurate mapping of metastasis and the advances in radionuclide therapy. The International Symposium on Trends in Radiopharmaceuticals, ISTR-2005, under the auspices of International Atomic Energy Agency, will provide scientists and professionals working in the field of radiopharmaceuticals and related sciences an opportunity to review the exciting developments in the field. The International Atomic Energy Agency has been organizing such Symposia on Radiopharmaceuticals since 1973 and the last one was held in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1998.

  1. Radionuclide production and radiopharmaceutical chemistry with BNL cyclotrons

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lambrecht, R.M.; Wolf, A.P.

    1985-01-01

    The Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) radiopharmaceutical chemistry program focuses on production and utilization of radionuclides having a half-life of > 2 hr. However, a major portion of the BNL program is devoted to short-lived radionuclides, such as 11 C and 18 F. Activities encompassed in the program are classified into seven areas: cyclotron parameters, radiochemistry, design and rapid synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals and labeled compounds, radiotracer evaluation in animals, studies in humans, technology transfer, and several other areas

  2. Results of quality control studies of technetium 99m labelled radiopharmaceuticals prepared from kits (1980-81)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1983-01-01

    This report summarized the results of quality control studies of Tc 99m labelled human serum albumin, macroaggregated albumin, bone imaging and reticuloendothelial system imaging radiopharmaceuticals prepared from commercially available kits. It includes all analyses performed from January 1980 to December 1981 by the radiopharmaceutical quality control section of the Radiation Protection Bureau. These results were obtained by the application of various in vitro and animal (mouse) biodistribution studies

  3. Radiopharmaceuticals in positron emission tomography: Radioisotope productions and radiolabelling procedures at the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tochon-Danguy, H.J.; Sachinidis, J.I.; Chan, J.G.; Cook, M. [Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Melbourne, VIC (Australia). Centre for Positron Emission Tomography

    1997-10-01

    Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a technique that utilizes positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals to map the physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology of the human body. Positron-emitting radioisotopes produced in a medical cyclotron are incorporated into compounds that are biologically active in the body. A scanner measures radioactivity emitted from a patient`s body and provides cross-sectional images of the distribution of these radiolabelled compounds in the body. It is the purpose of this paper to review the variety of PET radiopharmaceuticals currently produced at the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre in Melbourne. Radioisotope production, radiolabelling of molecules and quality control of radiopharmaceuticals will be discussed. A few examples of their clinical applications will be shown as well. During the last five years we achieved a reliable routine production of various radiopharmaceuticals labelled with the four most important positron-emitters: oxygen-15 (t,{sub 1/2}=2min), nitrogen-13 (t{sub 1/2}= 10 min), carbon-11 (t{sub 1/2}=20 min) and fluorine-18 (t{sub 1/2}= 110 min). These radiopharmaceuticals include [{sup 15}O]oxygen, [{sup 15}O]carbon monoxide, [{sup 15}O]carbon dioxide, [{sup 15}O]water, [{sup 13}N]ammonia, [{sup 11}C]flumazenil, [{sup 11}C]SCH23390, [{sup 18}F]fluoromisonidazole and [{sup 18}F]fluoro-deoxy-glucose ([{sup 18}F]FDG). In addition, since the half life of [{sup 18}F] is almost two hours, regional distribution can be done, and the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre is currently supplying [{sup 18}F]FDG in routine to other hospitals. Future new radiopharmaceuticals development include a [{sup 18}F]thymidine analog to measure cell proliferation and a [{sup 11}C]pyrroloisoquinoline to visualize serotonergic neuron abnormalities. (authors) 23 refs., 2 tabs.

  4. Radiochemical stability of radiopharmaceutical preparations

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Martins, Patricia de A.; Silva, Jose L. da; Ramos, Marcelo P.S.; Oliveira, Ideli M. de; Felgueiras, Carlos F.; Herrerias, Rosana; Zapparoli Junior, Carlos L.; Mengatti, Jair; Fukumori, Neuza T.O.; Matsuda, Margareth M.N.

    2011-01-01

    The 'in vitro' stability studies of the radiopharmaceutical preparations are an essential requirement for routine practice in nuclear medicine and are an important parameter for evaluating the quality, safety and efficacy required for the sanitary registration of pharmaceutical products. Several countries have published guidelines for the evaluation of pharmaceutical stability. In Brazil, the stability studies should be conducted according to the Guide for Conducting Stability Studies published in the Resolution-RE n. 1, of 29th July 2005. There are also for radiopharmaceutical products, two specific resolutions: RDC-63 regulates the Good Manufacturing Practices for Radiopharmaceuticals and RDC-64 provides the Registration of Radiopharmaceuticals, both published on the 18th December 2009. The radiopharmaceutical stability is defined as the time during which the radioisotope can be safely used for the intended purpose. The radiochemical stability can be affected by a variety of factors, including storage temperature, amount of radioactivity, radioactive concentration, presence or absence of antioxidants or other stabilizing agents. The radiochemical stability studies must be established under controlled conditions determined by the effective use of the product. The aim of this work was to evaluate the radiochemical stability of labeled molecules with 131 I, 123 I, 153 Sm, 18 F, 51 Cr, 177 Lu and 111 In as well as 67 Ga and 201 Tl radiopharmaceuticals. Radiochemical purity was evaluated after production and in the validity period, with the maximum activity and in the recommended storage conditions. The analyses were carried out by thin-layer silica gel plate, paper chromatography and gel chromatography. The experimental results showed to be in accordance with the specified limits for all the analysed products. (author)

  5. Evaluation of the internalization kinetics of the radiopharmaceutical {sup 99m}Tc-N{sub 2}S{sub 2}-Tat(49-57)Lys{sup 3}-Bn with diagnostic purposes, using comet assay; Evaluacion de la cinetica de internalizacion del radiofarmaco {sup 99m}Tc-N{sub 2}S{sub 2}-TAT(49-57)Lys{sup 3}-BN con fines diagnosticos, empleando ensayo cometa

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Luna G, M. A.

    2011-07-01

    Gastrin-rea leasing peptide receptors (GRP-r) are over expressed in breast and prostate cancer cells. Bombesin (Bn) binds specifically and strongly to GRP-r and this is the base for to label the Bn with radionuclides by gamma rays. Tat (49-57) is a peptide that across the cell membrane easily so that, when it is conjugated to different proteins, it can works as a Trojan horse, facilitating the drug internalization to the cells. The radiopharmaceutical {sup 99m}Tc-N{sub 2}S{sub 2}-Tat(49-57)-Lys{sup 3}-Bn was prepared for diagnosis and therapy at early stage of breast cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the role of Tat in the internalization kinetics of radiopharmaceuticals measured by DNA damage induced by means of comet assay. Human lymphocytes were treated with the following protocols: a) Tat-Bn, b) {sup 99m}Tc-Bn, or c) {sup 99m}Tc-N{sub 2}S{sub 2}-Tat(49-57)-Lys{sup 3}-Bn, also an untreated group was conformed. The internalization was evaluated at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min after exposure with three repetitions each one, and for radiopharmaceuticals with 2.9, 6.6, 9.0 and 14.8 MBq activities. DNA damage was scored in 100 cells per time and treatment, as tail length and tail moment. A Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis with p{<=} 0.05 was applied for comparison between treatments. The results showed that the damage caused by {sup 99m}Tc-N{sub 2}S{sub 2}-Tat(49-57)-Lys{sup 3}-Bn is significantly higher than that caused by {sup 99m}Tc-Bn and Tat-Bn, showing that Tat favors the internalization of the radiopharmaceutical. (Author)

  6. Study of the demand for radiopharmaceutical 18F-FDG in the metropolitan regions of Sao Paulo and adjacent areas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sato, Renato Cesar

    2006-01-01

    Nuclear Medicine in Brazil and worldwide has developed distinction with diagnosis techniques that allow metabolic research of the disease, changing in a significant fashion the patient's outcome. This innovative technology leads expectations from specific fields up to society itself. This research studied the use of 18 F-FDG radiopharmaceutical in the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo and adjacent areas, as well as the recent trade structure and the difficulties that should be overcome with the increase of the 18 F-FDG demand. This research counted on the analysis of the international radiopharmaceutical trade and the main changes that have been happening in this area in Brazil during the past few years. Interviews were performed with professionals within the area of nuclear medicine and data has been collected through questionnaire sent to the consuming centers of the radiopharmaceutical in the region covered in this research. The interviews expressed the opinions of the interviewees concerning transformations in this field and future tendencies and the information obtained from the survey was the basis of complementation of the use of radiopharmaceutical on equipment such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Positron Emission Tomography I Computer Tomography (PET/CT). The major use of 18 F-FDG has been used for oncology diagnosis with equipment such as PET and PEC/CT. This use shall grow in the next years, maybe expanding to other specialties such as neurology and cardiology. Although nowadays restricted to the cities of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, there is a possibility of expansion to other diagnosis modalities in other states of the country that are starting to structure the production of the radioisotope. The recent change in the constitution permitting the production and commerce of short half-life radioisotopes also contributes to the increase the interest of private funding of this sector in which

  7. Thermodynamic structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean during pre-INDOEX and INDOEX-FFP campaigns

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. V. Ramana

    2004-09-01

    Full Text Available Spatial and temporal variability of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL height for the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX study period are examined using the data collected through Cross-chained LORAN (Long-Range Aid to Navigation Atmospheric Sounding System (CLASS launchings during the Northern Hemispheric winter monsoon period. This paper reports the results of the analyses of the data collected during the pre-INDOEX (1997 and the INDOEX-First Field Phase (FFP; 1998 in the latitude range 14°N to 20°S over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Mixed layer heights are derived from thermodynamic profiles and they indicated the variability of heights ranging from 400m to 1100m during daytime depending upon the location. Mixed layer heights over the Indian Ocean are slightly higher during the INDOEX-FFP than the pre-INDOEX due to anomalous conditions prevailing during the INDOEX-FFP. The trade wind inversion height varied from 2.3km to 4.5km during the pre-INDOEX and from 0.4km to 2.5km during the INDOEX-FFP. Elevated plumes of polluted air (lofted aerosol plumes above the marine boundary layer are observed from thermodynamic profiles of the lower troposphere during the INDOEX-FFP. These elevated plumes are examined using 5-day back trajectory analysis and show that one group of air mass travelled a long way from Saudi Arabia and Iran/Iraq through India before reaching the location of measurement, while the other air mass originates from India and the Bay of Bengal.

  8. Technical artifacts in chromatographic analysis of Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kowalsky, R.J.; Creekmore, J.R.

    1982-01-01

    Technical artifacts produced during chromatographic analysis of technetium radiopharmaceuticals were investigated. Such artifacts are, we found, caused by improper spotting and drying techniques; these in turn produce spuriously high impurities in Tc-99m complexes of DTPA, MDP, PPi, and GH. The ITLC-SG/acetone system produces considerable streaking of Tc-complex if the applied spot is large and not dried before development. This results in activity in the solvent front portion of the chromatographic strip indicating falsely high levels of pertechnetate impurity. Proper drying of the applied spot eliminates the artifact. The ITLC-SG/saline system yields falsely high, hydrolyzed-reduced technetium impurities if the spot is allowed to enter the solvent during development. Correct spot placement and size eliminate this problem. Strips that are allowed to dry in room air for several minutes may indicate considerable pertechnetate impurity on the chromatogram; yet this may not actually be present in the radiopharmaceutical vial. Drying spots rapidly with hot air or in a nitrogen atmosphere before development eliminates this problem

  9. A rapid and efficient preparation of [{sup 123}I]radiopharmaceuticals using a small HPLC Rocket[reg] column

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Katsifis, Andrew [Radiopharmaceuticals Division R and D, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology, Organisation, Menai, NSW 2234, Sydney (Australia)]. E-mail: akx@ansto.gov.au; Papazian, Vahan [Radiopharmaceuticals Division R and D, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology, Organisation, Menai, NSW 2234, Sydney (Australia); Jackson, Timothy [Radiopharmaceuticals Division R and D, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology, Organisation, Menai, NSW 2234, Sydney (Australia); Loc' h, Christian [Radiopharmaceuticals Division R and D, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology, Organisation, Menai, NSW 2234, Sydney (Australia)

    2006-01-01

    A simplified method for the rapid and efficient preparation of [{sup 123}I]radiopharmaceuticals is described. Three radiopharmaceuticals, [{sup 123}I]{beta}-CIT, [{sup 123}I]MIBG and [{sup 123}I]clioquinol, were synthesised and purified as model compounds. The radiotracers were labelled with iodine-123 using electrophilic oxidative conditions and purified by a compact semi-preparative reverse phase column (C-18, 3 {mu}m, 7x53 mm, Alltima Rocket[reg, Alltech] using aqueous-ethanol as HPLC solvents that were directly used for radiopharmaceutical formulation. The radiochemical purity of the radioiodinated tracers as assessed by analytical HPLC was higher than 99% with specific activity higher than 3 GBq/nmol. The total preparation time of a radiotracer ranged from 40 to 60 min and, starting from 3.7 GBq of iodine-123, more than 2.5 GBq of formulated radiopharmaceuticals were available for clinical investigations.

  10. Radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear cardiology

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Leon Cabana, Alba

    1994-01-01

    One of the diagnostic technique periodically used in Nuclear Medicine is the angiographic studi e, employee for detect cardiovascular diseases. The radiopharmaceutical more used in the angiographic ones is 99mTc. Between thetopics described in the present work it find: myocardial infarction, radiopharmaceuticals classification for cardiac studies, labelled proceedings, cardiovascular diseases

  11. Determination of radiochemical yield of {sup 99m}Tc radiopharmaceutical preparations using gamma counter and linear radiochromatography scanner

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martins, Patricia de A.; Moura, Rebeca G.; Shiki, Andressa M.; Fukumori, Neuza T.O.; Matsuda, Margareth M.N., E-mail: patyosborne@yahoo.com [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)

    2013-07-01

    The radiochemical purity (RCP) evaluation is a prerequisite for radiopharmaceuticals before the administration in patients. RCP is defined as the proportion of the total radioactivity in the product that is present in the specified chemical form. The most widely used techniques for RCP determination in radiopharmaceutical preparations are thin layer chromatography (TLC-Al), instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC-SG) and paper chromatography (PC). These techniques combined with radioactivity detection are one of the most important tools in the RCP of the radiopharmaceutical compounds. Several methods are used for the determination of the spatial distribution of radioactivity on the strips. The aim of this study was to compare two methods for radioactivity measurement in the determination of RCP in {sup 99m}Tc radiopharmaceuticals using gamma counter and linear radiochromatography scanner. Lyophilized radiopharmaceuticals were labeled with {sup 99m}Tc. The analysis was carried out using TLC-Al and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC-Cellulose) sheets, ITLC-SG and 3MM Whatman PC. The radioactivity distribution was determined by counting each strip during 1 minute in a radiochromatography TLC scanner. For comparison, the strips were cut into small pieces and each one was separately measured in a gamma-counter during 0.20 minutes in 70-210 KeV {sup 99m}Tc window. USP 36 and FDA specify that not less than 90% of the total radioactivity must be in the spot corresponding to {sup 99m}Tc labeled compound. In conclusion, the procedure for RCP determination of ALBUMINA-TEC, DEX500-TEC, ECD-TEC, MACRO-TEC and MIBI-TEC can be faster using radiochromatography. (author)

  12. 77 FR 9231 - FFP Missouri 17, LLC; BOST2 Hydroelectric, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-02-16

    .... 13826-000] FFP Missouri 17, LLC; BOST2 Hydroelectric, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing... of the Commission, or her designee, will conduct a random drawing to determine the filing priority of... applications as provided in section 4.37 of its regulations.\\2\\ The priority established by this drawing will...

  13. HPLC-MS technique for radiopharmaceuticals research and control

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Macasek, F.; Bruder, P.; Buriova, E.

    2002-01-01

    A liquid chromatography/refractive index detector/radiometric detector/ mass spectrometric detector combination (Agilent 1100 HPLC/RAD/DAD/RID/MSD system) is used as a complex technique for quality assessment of radiopharmaceuticals such as 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG). Optimisation of HPLC/MS analysis was performed investigating the electrospray ionisation (ESI) analytical signal of the mass spectrometer as a function of solvent composition. The anion-exchange eluents applied as specified by the pharmacopoeia are not suitable for ESI detection due to high ion concentrations. Therefore, solutions of glucose in methanol/water and acetonitrile/water solutions of various semi-volatile electrolytes (ammonium chloride, formic acid, ammonium formate) were analysed by flow injection analysis (FIA) and chromatographically. The best analytical response was obtained with acetonitrile : 0.25% ammonium formate = 80:20 solutions. The most intense MSD signals of FDG in ammonium formate were obtained for the following complex ions: (i) positive ions: fdg.NH 4 + , fdg.Na + and (fdg 2 -CH 3 O).Na + (m/z = 200, 205 and 344); (ii) negative ions: fdg.Cl - and fdg.HCOO - (m/z= 217 and 227). The HPLC-MS analysis with Zorbax C-18 and Asahipak-NH2P50 columns gave evidence of admixtures and radiolytic formation of deoxyglucose, deoxychloro-glucose, erythrose, erythritol, gluconic acid, lactose, raffinose, saccharic acid, sorbitol/[ 19 F]FDG, sorbitol/[ 19 F]FDG, xylitol, and other compounds. However, radiometric analysis of expired samples of [ 18 F]FDG gave evidence of a very high radiation stability of its water-ethanol solutions at the point of output of radioactive products. Remarkable is the exceedingly high complexity of the mass spectra of FDG as compared to glucose. Therefore, further research concerns the influence of sodium chloride, linearity of signal response, impurities (mannitol, mannose etc.) interference, and robustness of the MS analysis, with special attention

  14. HPLC-MS technique for radiopharmaceuticals research and control

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Macasek, F; Bruder, P [Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava (Slovakia); Buriova, E [Cyclotron Centre of the Slovak Republic, Slovak Office of Standards, Metrology and Testing, Bratislava (Slovakia)

    2002-03-01

    A liquid chromatography/refractive index detector/radiometric detector/ mass spectrometric detector combination (Agilent 1100 HPLC/RAD/DAD/RID/MSD system) is used as a complex technique for quality assessment of radiopharmaceuticals such as 2-deoxy-2-[{sup 18}F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG). Optimisation of HPLC/MS analysis was performed investigating the electrospray ionisation (ESI) analytical signal of the mass spectrometer as a function of solvent composition. The anion-exchange eluents applied as specified by the pharmacopoeia are not suitable for ESI detection due to high ion concentrations. Therefore, solutions of glucose in methanol/water and acetonitrile/water solutions of various semi-volatile electrolytes (ammonium chloride, formic acid, ammonium formate) were analysed by flow injection analysis (FIA) and chromatographically. The best analytical response was obtained with acetonitrile : 0.25% ammonium formate = 80:20 solutions. The most intense MSD signals of FDG in ammonium formate were obtained for the following complex ions: (i) positive ions: fdg.NH{sub 4}{sup +}, fdg.Na{sup +} and (fdg{sub 2}-CH{sub 3}O).Na{sup +} (m/z = 200, 205 and 344); (ii) negative ions: fdg.Cl{sup -} and fdg.HCOO{sup -} (m/z= 217 and 227). The HPLC-MS analysis with Zorbax C-18 and Asahipak-NH2P50 columns gave evidence of admixtures and radiolytic formation of deoxyglucose, deoxychloro-glucose, erythrose, erythritol, gluconic acid, lactose, raffinose, saccharic acid, sorbitol/[{sup 19}F]FDG, sorbitol/[{sup 19}F]FDG, xylitol, and other compounds. However, radiometric analysis of expired samples of [{sup 18}F]FDG gave evidence of a very high radiation stability of its water-ethanol solutions at the point of output of radioactive products. Remarkable is the exceedingly high complexity of the mass spectra of FDG as compared to glucose. Therefore, further research concerns the influence of sodium chloride, linearity of signal response, impurities (mannitol, mannose etc.) interference, and

  15. Radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis. Final report

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1994-03-01

    In the period 1969-1986, this project was directed to the evolution of target-specific labeled chemicals useful for nuclear medical imaging, especially radioactive indicators suited to tracing adrenal functions and localizing tumors in the neuroendocrine system. Since 1986, this project research has focused on the chemistry of positron emission tomography (PET) ligands. This project has involved the evaluation of methods for radiochemical syntheses with fluorine-18, as well as the development and preliminary evaluation of new radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography. In the radiochemistry area, the ability to predict fluorine-18 labeling yields for aromatic substitution reactions through the use of carbon-13 NMR analysis was studied. Radiochemical yields can be predicted for some structurally analogous aromatic compounds, but this correlation could not be generally applied to aromatic substrates for this reaction, particularly with changes in ring substituents or leaving groups. Importantly, certain aryl ring substituents, particularly methyl groups, appeared to have a negative effect on fluorination reactions. These observations are important in the future design of syntheses of complicated organic radiopharmaceuticals. In the radiopharmaceutical area, this project has supported the development of a new class of radiopharmaceuticals based on the monoamine vesicular uptake systems. The new radioligands, based on the tetrabenazine structure, offer a new approach to the quantification of monoaminergic neurons in the brain. Preliminary primate imaging studies support further development of these radioligands for PET studies in humans. If successful, such radiopharmaceuticals will find application in studies of the causes and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson`s disease.

  16. In vitro effect of cyclophosphamide on the binding of radiopharmaceuticals (99m Tc O4- and 99m Tc-MDP) to blood elements

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ripoll-Hamer, E.; Paula, E.F. de; Bernardo Filho, M.; Freitas, L.C.; Fonseca, L.M.; Gutfilen, B.

    1995-01-01

    Using an in vitro model, it was evaluated the effect of cyclophosphamide on percent radioactivity of 99m Tc O - 4 and methylene diphosphonic acid ( 99m Tc-MDP) bound to isolated blood elements. Blood samples were incubated with the two radiopharmaceuticals, plasma and blood cells were separated and precipitated, and soluble and insoluble fractions were separated. To evaluate the effect of cyclophosphamide, blood was incubated with this drug 1 h prior to the addition of the radiopharmaceuticals. The fraction of 99m Tc O - 4 radioactivity was slightly higher in plasma (61.2 to 53.8%) than in blood cells (38.8 to 46.2%) up to 6 h. The amount of 99m Tc - MDP radioactivity was higher in plasma (91.1 to 87.2%) than in blood cells (8.9 to 12.8%) up to 24 h. The binding of 99m Tc O - 4 to the insoluble fraction of plasma (4.9 to 6.1%) was low. But a small blockade (9.8 to 4.8%) was observed at 24 h. From 3 h on, cyclophosphamide slightly inhibited 99m Tc O - 4 binding to blood cells (23.1 to 16.6%) and increased it at 24 h (31.2 to 14.3%). The effect of cyclophosphamide was strongest at 24 h, with decreased radioactivity binding to the insoluble fraction of plasma (47.6 to 27.0%) and blood cells (51.2 to 23.2%). The fact that cyclophosphamide can bind to plasma proteins and/or cross the cell membrane explains in part the results obtained. (author). 20 refs., 2 tabs

  17. In vitro stability of 99Tcsup(m) bone scan preparations from different manufacturers measured by various radiopharmaceutical parameters

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pauwels, E.K.J.; Feitsma, R.I.J.

    1984-01-01

    The stability of 99 Tcsup(m)-labelled kit preparations of the bone seeking agents methylene diphosphonate (MDP), hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HDP) and dicarboxypropane diphosphonate (DPD) was investigated. This was done by determining amounts of free 99 Tcsup(m) pertechnetate under various experimental conditions. The radiopharmaceuticals were made with 100 and 300 mCi 99 Tcsup(m) eluents and kept under the moderate condition of occasional inverting or continuous rolling. Analysis took place 5 min, 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after preparation. In general free 99 Tcsup(m) pertechnetate concentrations were less when 100 mCi 99 Tcsup(m) eluent was used than with 300 mCi amounts. The level of impurity was also lower in occasionally inverted vials than in continuously rolled vials. Unexpected concentrations of free 99 Tcsup(m) pertechnetate (max. about 30%) were found in some commercial preparations. Only in one MDP and one HDP preparation did the average free 99 Tcsup(m) pertechnetate concentration stay within tolerable limits under all experimental conditions. The study demonstrates that careful quality control is needed and that only freshly prepared bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals should be applied, especially when 99 Tcsup(m) eluents of about 300 mCi are used for kit preparation. (author)

  18. Fungal Fermented Protein (FFP : Alternative Ingredient to be Used in Muscovy Duck Diets

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Usaneeporn Soipeth

    2016-02-01

    Full Text Available Fungal fermented protein (FFP was the alternative feedstuff from Aspergillus niger and can be an interesting choice in poultry diets because these product was containing 20.49 % of crude protein and high leucine (0.58 %, phenylalanine (0.58 % and lysine (0.38 % and contained no aflatoxin. The experiments were performed using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications employing eight 1-day-old, mixed sex muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata per experimental unit. The control birds were fed with a basal diet whereas the test birds were fed with FFP at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 % of diet. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The feed intake of the starter showed no significant difference while the grower and finisher had higher feed intake with higher levels of FFP. In contrast, the high level of FFP yielded the lower final body weight and body weight gain, resulting in the high feed conversion ratio (4.38. For the performance of overall period, the ducks fed with 20 % FFP had higher average daily gain (29.40 g/b/d, body weight gain (2,471 g/b and feed conversion ratio (3.63. No deaths were found in any pens and the ducks remained in good health.

  19. Quality controls of radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gomez de Castiglia, S.I.; Fraga de Suarez, A.H.; Mitta, A.E.A.

    1981-01-01

    Chromatographic quality controls for Tc-99m; In-113m; I-131; Tl-201 and Ga-67 radiopharmaceuticals are described. Moreover, a chromatographic system which allows to separate different radiopharmaceuticals from In-113m is pointed out. (author) [es

  20. Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxamamide-based tetradentate ligands as a new class of thiol-free chelating molecules for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Xu, L C; Nakayama, M; Harada, K; Nakayama, H; Tomiguchi, S; Kojima, A; Takahashi, M; Arano, Y

    1998-04-01

    Both N,N'-ethylene bis(benzohydroxamamide) [(C2(BHam)2)] and N,N'-propylene bis(benzohydroxamamide) [(C3(BHam)2)] were designed as new thiol-free chelating molecules for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. Synthetic procedures using oxadiazoline intermediates were developed for C2(BHam)2 and C3(BHam)2. Both C2(BHam)2 and C3(BHam)2 formed 99mTc complexes with high yields over a wide pH range (pH 3-12) at room temperature. Complexation yields of over 95% were achieved at ligand concentrations as low as 2.5 x 10(-6) M. Reversed-phase HPLC analyses indicated that both C2(BHam)2 and C3(BHam)2 formed 99mTc complexes as single species with stabilities much higher than those of 99mTc-BHam. Selective complex formation of 99mTc with the two ligands was observed in the presence of human IgG. No decomposition with low protein binding were demonstrated when the two 99mTc complexes were incubated in murine plasma. Although further structural studies are required, these findings implied that the Ham-based tetradentate ligands would serve as new chelating molecules for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals.

  1. Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxamamide-based tetradentate ligands as a new class of thiol-free chelating molecules for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Xu Lecun; Nakayama, Morio; Harada, Kumiko; Nakayama, Hitoshi; Tomiguchi, Seiji; Kojima, Akihiro; Takahashi, Mutsumasa; Arano, Yasushi

    1998-01-01

    Both N,N'-ethylene bis(benzohydroxamamide) [(C 2 (BHam) 2 )] and N,N'-propylene bis(benzohydroxamamide) [(C 3 (BHam) 2 )] were designed as new thiol-free chelating molecules for 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals. Synthetic procedures using oxadiazoline intermediates were developed for C 2 (BHam) 2 and C 3 (BHam) 2 . Both C 2 (BHam) 2 and C 3 (BHam) 2 formed 99m Tc complexes with high yields over a wide pH range (pH 3-12) at room temperature. Complexation yields of over 95% were achieved at ligand concentrations as low as 2.5 x 10 -6 M. Reversed-phase HPLC analyses indicated that both C 2 (BHam) 2 and C 3 (BHam) 2 formed 99m Tc complexes as single species with stabilities much higher than those of 99m Tc-BHam. Selective complex formation of 99m Tc with the two ligands was observed in the presence of human IgG. No decomposition with low protein binding were demonstrated when the two 99m Tc complexes were incubated in murine plasma. Although further structural studies are required, these findings implied that the Ham-based tetradentate ligands would serve as new chelating molecules for 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals

  2. 77 FR 9230 - Lock+ Hydro Friends Fund XLV; FFP Project 2, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-02-16

    ...+ Hydro Friends Fund XLV; FFP Project 2, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing The Commission... her designee, will conduct a random drawing to determine the filing priority of the applicants... section 4.37 of its regulations.\\2\\ The priority established by this drawing will be used to determine...

  3. Radiopharmaceuticals - current state and trends

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Muenze, R.

    1981-07-01

    The current state as well as the tendencies of modern radiopharmaceutical development and application is reviewed. After an evaluation of the fundamental preconditions of decay characteristics and pharmaceutical properties the problems concerning sup(99m)Tc-radiopharmaceuticals, metabolizable compounds and the use of specific biological interactions are discussed. (author)

  4. Synthesis, quality control and dosimetry of the radiopharmaceutical 18F-sodium fluoride produced at the Center for Development of Nuclear Technology - CDTN

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Silveira, Marina Bicalho; Soares, Marcella Araugio; Valente, Eduardo Sarmento; Waquil, Samira Soares; Santos, Raquel Gouvea dos; Silva, Juliana Batista da, E-mail: silvajb@cdtn.br [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Serv. de Aplicacao das Radiacoes na Saude; Ferreira, Andrea Vidal [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Serv. de Reator e Irradiacoes

    2010-07-15

    {sup 18}F-Sodium fluoride (Na{sup 18}F) is a radiopharmaceutical used for diagnosis in nuclear medicine by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Bone scintigraphy is normally performed using {sup 99m}Tc- MDP. However, {sup 18}F PET scans promise high quality imaging with increased resolution and improved sensitivity and specificity. In order to make available a tool for more specific studies of tumors and non oncological diseases of bone tissue, the UPPR/CDTN team undertook the production and quality control of Na{sup 18}F injectable solution with the physical-chemical, microbiological and biological characteristics recommended in the U.S. Pharmacopeia. Na{sup 18}F radiochemical purity was 96.7 {+-} 1.3 %, with Rf= 0.026 {+-} 0.006. The product presented a pH of 5.3 {+-} 0.6, half life of 109.0 {+-} 0.8 minutes, endotoxin limit < 5.0 EU.mL{sup -1} and no microbial contaminants. The biodistribution of Na{sup 18}F was similar to that described in the literature, with a clearance of 0.19 mL.min{sup -1} and distribution volume of 18.76 mL. The highest bone concentration (5.0 {+-} 0.5 %ID.g{sup -1}) was observed 20 minutes after injection. Na{sup 18}F produced at the UPPR presented all the quality assurance requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopeia and can be safely used for clinical bone imaging. (author)

  5. Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Theobald, A.E.

    1989-01-01

    This book is a review of the latest developments in radiopharmaceuticals. It covers the development of radiopharmaceutical compounds, the theory and practice of their synthesis, and examples of their application. Also covers safe handling of radiopharmaceuticals, legislation affecting their use, radiation monitoring, radiochromatography, and computer techniques

  6. In-house cyclotron production of high-purity Tc-99m and Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Martini, Petra; Boschi, Alessandra; Cicoria, Gianfranco; Zagni, Federico; Corazza, Andrea; Uccelli, Licia; Pasquali, Micòl; Pupillo, Gaia; Marengo, Mario; Loriggiola, Massimo; Skliarova, Hanna; Mou, Liliana; Cisternino, Sara; Carturan, Sara; Melendez-Alafort, Laura; Uzunov, Nikolay M; Bello, Michele; Alvarez, Carlos Rossi; Esposito, Juan; Duatti, Adriano

    2018-05-30

    In the last years, the technology for producing the important medical radionuclide technetium-99m by cyclotrons has become sufficiently mature to justify its introduction as an alternative source of the starting precursor [ 99m Tc][TcO 4 ] - ubiquitously employed for the production of 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals in hospitals. These technologies make use almost exclusively of the nuclear reaction 100 Mo(p,2n) 99m Tc that allows direct production of Tc-99m. In this study, it is conjectured that this alternative production route will not replace the current supply chain based on the distribution of 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generators, but could become a convenient emergency source of Tc-99m only for in-house hospitals equipped with a conventional, low-energy, medical cyclotron. On this ground, an outline of the essential steps that should be implemented for setting up a hospital radiopharmacy aimed at the occasional production of Tc-99m by a small cyclotron is discussed. These include (1) target production, (2) irradiation conditions, (3) separation/purification procedures, (4) terminal sterilization, (5) quality control, and (6) Mo-100 recovery. To address these issues, a comprehensive technology for cyclotron-production of Tc-99m, developed at the Legnaro National Laboratories of the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), will be used as a reference example. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Radiopharmaceuticals for cerebral studies

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Leon Cabana, Alba

    1994-01-01

    For obtain good brain scintillation images in nuclear medicine must be used several radiopharmaceuticals. Cerebral studies give a tumors visual image as well as brain anomalities detection and are helpful in the diagnostic diseases . Are described in this work: a cerebrum radiopharmaceuticals classification,labelled compounds proceeding and Tc 99m good properties in for your fast caption, post administration and blood purification for renal way

  8. The first experience of using {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-based radiopharmaceutical for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in cervical cancer patients

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sinilkin, I. G.; Chernov, V. I.; Medvedeva, A. A.; Zelchan, R. V.; Chernyshova, A. L. [Tomsk Cancer Research Institute, Kooperativny Street 5, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Lyapunov, A. Yu., E-mail: Lyapunov1720.90@mail.ru [Tomsk Cancer Research Institute, Kooperativny Street 5, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Kolomiets, L. A. [Tomsk Cancer Research Institute, Kooperativny Street 5, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Siberian State Medical University, Moskovsky Trakt 2, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation)

    2016-08-02

    The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of using {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-based radiopharmaceutical, a novel molecular imaging agent for sentinel lymph node detection in patients with invasive cervical cancer. The study included 23 cervical cancer patients (T1aNxMx-T2bNxMx) treated at the Tomsk Cancer Research Institute. In the 18 hours before surgery, 80 MBq of the {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} in peritumoral injected, followed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the pelvis and intraoperative SLN identification. Twenty-seven SLNs were detected by SPECT, and 34 SLNs were identified by intraoperative gamma probe. The total number of identified SLNs per patient ranged from 1 to 3 (the mean number of SLNs was 1.4 per patient). The most common site for SLN detection was the external iliac region (57.2%), followed by the internal iliac (14%), obturator (14%), presacral and retrosacral regions (14%), and the parametrial region (1%). Sensitivity in detecting SLNs was 100% for intraoperative SLN identification and 79% for SPECT image.

  9. Standardization of 123I and 18F for providing traceability of activity meters performed in the Radiopharmaceutical Production Service of the Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, RJ, Brazil

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Andrade, E.A.L.; Delgado, J.U.; Iwahara, A.; Contic, C.C.

    2013-01-01

    The commercialization and use of radiopharmaceuticals in Brazil are regulated by Sanitary Vigilance National Agency which requiring Good Manufacturing Practices certification for all segments within the Nuclear Medicine. Quality Assurance Programmes should implement the standard requirements to ensure that radiopharmaceuticals have requirements quality to proving its efficiency. Several aspects should be controlled, and one of them is the traceability of the Radionuclides Activity Measurement in radiopharmaceuticals doses. This paper aims to provide traceability to dose calibrators (well type ionization chambers) used for 123 I and 18 F activity measurements in Radiopharmaceuticals Production Service placed in Institute of Nuclear Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. (author)

  10. In search of scar seeking radiopharmaceuticals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Salehi, N.; Lawlor, J.M.; Lichtenstein, M.; Allaway, M.; Barencevic, A. [Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (Australia). Department of Nuclear Medicine]|[University of Melbourne, VIC (Australia)

    1998-03-01

    Full text: Sensitive detection of acute peri-osseous scar tissue should be valuable for detection of partial ligamentous, tears and other common rheumatological conditions including back pain and ligamentous scars. Our aim was to investigate acute scar uptake of {sup 99m}Tc(V)-DMSA (dimercapto-succinic-acid), {sup 99m}Tc-DMAD (di- methyl-aminodiphosphonate) compared to {sup 99m}Tc-MDP (methylen-diphosphonate), the standard bone-scanning radiopharmaceutical. New Zealand white rabbits were anaesthetised and had 5-7cm of their mid-line abdominal wall surgically incised. At 24, 48, 72, 96 and 240 hours post surgery, 74 MBq (2 mCi) of the above radiopharmaceuticals were injected intravenously and scintigraphy performed 2.5 hours later. Relative count rate in scar is tabulated. In conclusion, the increased activity in the acute surgical site and lesser bone uptake confirmed that Tc (V)-DMSA and Tc-DMAD are superior to Tc- MDP for detection of new scar tissue in the region of bone. 1 tab.

  11. 42 CFR 447.257 - FFP: Conditions relating to institutional reimbursement.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false FFP: Conditions relating to institutional reimbursement. 447.257 Section 447.257 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF...: Conditions relating to institutional reimbursement. FFP is not available for a State's expenditures for...

  12. Preparation of the radiopharmaceutical 99m Tc-HYNIC-[Lys3]-BN

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Conde S, E.

    2007-01-01

    In accordance with their design, the radiopharmaceuticals can be divided in three generations. The radiopharmaceuticals of third generation are used in nuclear medicine to obtain images of specific molecular targets, and they are only in their capacity to detect in vivo such specific biochemical places as receivers and enzymes. The receivers of regulator peptides are over expressed in numerous carcinogenic cells. Those receivers have been used as molecular targets of radiolabelled peptides to locate cancerous tumors. The small peptide bombesin (BN, 14 amino acids) it was isolated of the frog skin and it belongs to a wide neuropeptides group with many biological functions. The equivalent human is the liberator peptide of the gastrin (GRP, 27 amino acids) and his receivers (r-GRP) that are on expressed in the membranes of the tumor cells. The receiving subtype 2 of bombesin (receiving GRP) it is on expressed in several human tumors including breast, prostate, lung cells and pancreatic cancer. Some radiopharmaceuticals similar of BN has been developed that were prepared to be used in nuclear medicine for the detection of wicked tumors and to evidence prostate cancers, breast and of lymphatic nodules. A technique was developed to allow the conjugation of HYNIC-[Lys3]-BN that allowed to obtain this product with a high purity. The identity was determined by HPLC chromatography. It was necessary the validation of the method and the HPLC system, to assure that the results were reliable. Linearity, specificity, accuracy and precision parameters were analyzed, that are those required by the Mexican pharmacopoeia for chromatographic methods. With this conjugated a formulation for lyophilized kits were analyzed, with the purpose of obtaining a radiochemical purity, after the labelled one with 99m Tc, bigger to 95%; the components used in the nucleus-equipment should favor the conjugation of the 99m Tc by means of a ligands exchange between the tricine and the

  13. Developments in radioisotope production and labelling of radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lambrecht, R.M.

    1998-01-01

    Recent developments in both reactor and accelerator production of radioisotopes finding applications in nuclear medicine and in biomedical research are summarised. The priorities for the production of 48 different cyclotron radioisotopes; and for 42 reactor produced radioisotopes finding biomedical applications are identified. Each includes 5 generator systems. The rapid expansion of cyclotron based radioisotope production and automated synthesis of short-lived radiopharmaceuticals with the position-emitting radionuclides continues to gain momentum. Recent feasibility studies of the cyclotron production of 186 Re, 99m Tc and of 99 Mo are cited as examples of motivation to develop accelerator alternatives to use of nuclear reactors for medical radioisotope production. Examples of SPET and PET radiopharmaceuticals labelled with 131 I, 123 I, 124 I, 18 F, and with therapeutic radionuclides are highlighted. (author)

  14. Development of methodologies for internal exposure assessment due to the radiopharmaceutical 18FDG

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lacerda, Isabelle Viviane Batista de

    2013-01-01

    The production of 18 F has increased in the last decade. It is produced basically for the synthesis of 18 F- fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 FDG), the main radiopharmaceutical used in PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scans. The growth in the frequency of these tests resulted in rise of the number of occupationally exposed individuals (OEI) to the radionuclide 18 F as 18 FDG, increasing thereby the probability of its accidental incorporation. This study aimed to implement optimized techniques for assessing internal exposures of individuals occupationally exposed through both in vivo and in vitro bioassay methods during production and handling of 18 FDG at the Divisao de Producao de Radiofarmacos (DIPRA), Centro Regional de Ciencias Nucleares do Nordeste (CRCN-NE/CNEN). The in vivo monitoring was conducted at the Laboratorio de Dosimetria Interna, Divisao de Laboratorios Tecnico-Cientificos (DILAB). For this bioassay method, measurements were done with a 3x3' NaI(Tl) scintillation detector coupled to Genie 2000 software. The calibration of the system was performed with a brain phantom containing a standard liquid source of 22 Na to simulate a contaminated individual. The calibration of the HPGe coaxial detector for in vitro monitoring was performed at the Laboratorio de Medidas de Atividade de Radionuclideos (DIPRA/CRCN-NE/CNEN) with a standard source of 22 Na. Base on the calibration factors, it was possible to determine the minimum detectable activities (MDA) for the systems by using direct measurements and simulation of uncontaminated urine. Then, through the biokinetic models published by ICRP 106 and edited by the AIDE software (version 6.0), it was possible to estimate the minimum detectable effective dose (MDED), which evaluates the detection sensitivity of the techniques developed. The MDED was estimated for in vivo and in vitro measurements performed 2.4 hours after the occurrence of incorporation by ingestion, since this is the period of higher retention fraction

  15. 6. Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Schiller, P.; Havranek, E.; Majer, J.

    1981-01-01

    Radionuclides commonly used in medicine are surveyed and their nuclear characteristics are presented. The methods are given of their preparation, most frequent use and detection. The list is given of radiopharmaceuticals included in the Czechoslovak Pharmacopoeia CsL 3 , ie., sodium chromate( 51 Cr), sodium iodide( 131 I), hippuran( 131 I), sodium phosphate( 32 P), colloidal gold( 198 Au), rose bengal sodium salt( 131 I), and sodium pertechnetate(sup(99m)Tc) injections. Characteristics, chemical preparation, identification tests, packaging, storage, application and dosage are shown for each preparation. Also listed are important unofficial radiopharmaceuticals, their main characteristics and data on their preparation and application. (B.S.)

  16. One of the problems of radiation protection in nuclear medicine: hand skin irradiation of the of workers in selected activities with radiopharmaceutical 18F-FDG

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hudzietzova, J.; Sabol, J.; Fueloep, M.

    2014-01-01

    The paper deals with the evaluation of local irradiation of hand skin of the personnel of selected PET department on the basis of experimental measurements with TLD. Activities were considered during manipulation with a radiopharmaceutical 18 F-labeled radionuclide (radiopharmaceutical preparation and application). The paper also discussed the effects on the size of the local hand skin irradiation including the possibilities of reducing them. (authors)

  17. Radiopharmaceuticals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hunt, F C; Wilson, J G

    1980-03-13

    The claim describes a reducing metal complex of a compound in a suitable form for labelling with technetium-99m for radiopharmaceutical purposes, the compound being a complex derived from an indene heterocycle structure. The indene heterocycle structure is selected from the group consisting of iminodiacetic acid derivates of benzimidazole, benzthiazole and benzoxazole.

  18. Recent advances in radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Smith, S.

    2000-01-01

    Full text: Radiopharmaceuticals in Nuclear Medicine may be divided into diagnostic and therapeutic agents. The diagnostic area is perceived to be mature, while the therapeutic side of nuclear medicine is still evolving. There are over 100 diagnostic radiopharmaceutical products available, the greatest number applied in cardiology followed by oncology and neurology. The greatest success in therapeutic nuclear medicine has been achieved in thyroid cancer, hyperthyroidism and bone pain palliation. Those in the field believe the future of nuclear medicine resides in the growth potential of the emerging therapeutic market, hence much of the recent research has been focussed in the development of therapeutic agents for targeting cancers. Radiopharmaceuticals under development or in clinical trials involve the use of radionuclides such as Y-90, Pd-103, Ir-192, Re-188, I-131, Sm-153, Sn-114, Sr-90, Cu-64 and In-111. Advances in cyclotron and camera technology as well as automation has enhanced and widened the potential use of positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals such as F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). However the relationship between FDG uptake and glucose consumption in normal and diseased tissue is still to be defined. Many challenges remain for the nuclear medicine community to apply new knowledge of human biochemistry in the development of new radiopharmaceuticals. A better understanding of effects of radiation and its role in the design of therapeutic agents is undoubtedly pivotal for advancing therapeutic Nuclear Medicine into the future

  19. The Chemistry of Re-188 Radiopharmaceuticals: Could Re-188 Play the Same Role in Therapy as Tc-99m in Diagnostics?

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Duatti, A.

    2009-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals incorporating the β-emitting radionuclide Re-188 are still attracting much interest for their potential application in nuclear medicine as therapeutic agents. There are many advantages of employing this class of radioactive compounds as briefly summarized in the following. (1) Re-188 emits a high-energy β- particle (2.1 MeV) that can be efficiently used to deliver high-dose radiation to the target. (2) Re-188 concomitantly emits a 155-keV γ photon that can be conveniently employed to obtain good-quality SPECT images of the biodistribution of Re-188 radiopharmaceuticals and, ultimately, following in vivo the course of the therapy. (3) Re-188 has a relatively short half-life (17 hours) that may allow multiple treatments of the same patient's disease. (4) Re-188 is a radiometal belonging to the same group of Tc-99m in the transition metal series of the Periodic Table, and shares with its cogener similar (though not identical) chemical properties that could be useful for designing a broad class of Re-188 radiopharmaceuticals having the same biodistribution properties of the corresponding Tc-99m analogues. (5) Similarly to Tc-99m, the radionuclide Re-188 is produced in high-specific activity through the 188 W/ 188 Re transportable generator system. A first challenge encountered in the attempt to develop efficient labeling procedures for Re-188 was related to the low radiochemical yield usually observed in tracer-level preparations of Re-188 radiopharmaceuticals starting from generator-produced [ 188 ReO 4 ]-. This drawback is commonly associated with the low value of the standard reduction potential of the tetraoxo anion as compared to the corresponding Tc-99m pertechnetate anion. In recent years, we reported a simple and efficient procedure for overcoming this problem based on a general chemical principle called 'expansion of the coordination sphere' and involving the addition to the reaction vial of an ancillary ligand (usually, chelating hard

  20. 42 CFR 495.320 - FFP for payments to Medicaid providers.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false FFP for payments to Medicaid providers. 495.320 Section 495.320 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN... INCENTIVE PROGRAM Requirements Specific to the Medicaid Program § 495.320 FFP for payments to Medicaid...

  1. 42 CFR 455.304 - Condition for Federal financial participation (FFP).

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Condition for Federal financial participation (FFP... financial participation (FFP). (a) General rule. (1) The State must submit an independent certified audit to... developed cost reporting tool during an audit year, that tool must be used for the Medicaid State plan rate...

  2. Radiopharmaceuticals for thyroid imaging: a review

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nishiyama, H.

    1979-01-01

    A review of radiopharmaceuticals which have been used for thyroid imaging was made with special emphasis on palpable thyroid nodules. An attempt was made to evaluate cold nodules derived from imaging methods using radioiodine or Tc-99m pertechnetate, followed by a successive application of another radiopharmaceutical. An attempt was also made to understand the patho-physiology of various thyroid disorders. The latter was based on the accumulated cases with discordant images between radioiodine and Tc-99m pertechnetate, and also on the iodine content within the gland by means of fluorescent techniques. Better radiopharmaceuticals are anxiously awaited in order to realize the distinction between benign and malignant thyroid disorders at the preoperative decision-making stage

  3. labelling and quality control of some 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals of expected biological activity

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Abdallah, A.B.I.

    2009-01-01

    this thesis addresses the labelling and quality control of some 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals which could be used for infection imaging. this study focuses on the labelling of sarafloxation, gatifloxation and cefepine with technetium-99m and biological evaluation of these labeled complexes and biodistribution in both normal and inflamed mice. the thesis is organized into two chapters: chapter I :labelling of some antibiotics chapter II :biological evaluation.

  4. The hospital preparation of radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    The subject is covered in sections: introduction; preparation ((general - sterilization), production areas (laboratories), working methods for injections, working methods for oral preparations and iodination procedures); analytical testing (general, standards common to injections and oral preparations, standards for injections, standards for oral preparations); reliable methods of preparing sup(99m)Tc-radiopharmaceuticals and 51 Cr-red cells; commercial radiopharmaceutical kits. (U.K.)

  5. Radiolysis of 2-[{sup 18}F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([{sup 18}F]FDG) and the role of ethanol and radioactive concentration

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jacobson, Mark S. [Division of Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (United States)], E-mail: jacobson.mark17@mayo.edu; Dankwart, Heather R. [Division of Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (United States); Mahoney, Douglas W. [Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (United States)

    2009-06-15

    Radiolysis is the process by which radioactively labeled compounds degrade. Many positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals produced with high radioactive concentrations and specific activities exhibit low radiochemical purity because of radiolysis. Little data exist that describe the radiolytic decomposition of 2-[{sup 18}F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([{sup 18}F]FDG). The objective of our study was to profile the degradation of [{sup 18}F]FDG at various radioactive concentrations by measuring radiochemical purity at different time intervals and to study the effects of ethanol, a well-known reductant stabilizer of [{sup 18}F]FDG preparations.

  6. Hospitable radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gonzalez, M.B.

    1994-01-01

    Two types of hospitalary radiopharmaceutical was given in Nuclear Medicine: the centralized and hospitalary radiopharmaceuticals. The good practice in the use, instrumentation and quality control of radiopharmaceuticals are used in nuclear medicine for diagnostic and therapy diseases

  7. Quality assessment of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine services at Northeast states, Brazil

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Andrade, Wellington Gomes de

    2012-01-01

    The radiopharmaceuticals are used in the field nuclear medicine services (NMS) as tracer in the diagnoses and treatment of many diseases. Radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine and usually have a minimum of pharmacological effect. The procedures for labelling Radiopharmaceuticals should be observed in order to minimize risks to patients, employees and individuals from the public, and to be administered in humans, must be sterile and free of pyrogens and possess elements all measures of quality controls required a conventional drug. The 'Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (ANVISA)' in its 'Resolucao de Diretoria Colegiada' (RDC) No. 38 of June 4 th 2008, decided that the NMS must perform quality control in the generators eluate and radiopharmaceuticals according to recommendations of manufacturers and scientific evidence accepted by ANVISA. Thus, this study proposes to evaluate the quality of the generator 99M o- 99m Tc eluate and radiopharmaceuticals labeled with 99m Tc used in most NMS of some states in the Northeast, in relation to radionuclide, chemical, radiochemical purity and pH and promote the inclusion of procedure for quality control of radiopharmaceuticals in routine NMS. The results show that 90% radionuclidic purity, 98.2% purity chemical and radiochemical purity of 46% and 100% of the eluates are in agreement with international pharmacopoeias; already radiopharmaceuticals showed 82.6% purity and all radiochemical pH values are also in accordance with international pharmacopoeias. Even with so many positive results, staff the majority of MNS was not able to perform the quality control of the eluates and radiopharmaceuticals. Showing the importance of implementing of quality control programs of the eluates and radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine. (author)

  8. Radiochemistry in nuclear medicine. Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Samochocka, K.

    1999-01-01

    Radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals play a kay role in nuclear medicine, both in diagnostics and therapy. Incorporation of radionuclides into biomolecules, and syntheses of radiolabelled compounds of high biological selectivity are a task for radiochemists working in the multidisciplinary field of radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The most commonly used radionuclide, 99m Tc, owes this popularity to its both nearly ideal nuclear properties in respect to medical imaging, and availability from inexpensive radionuclide generators. Also numerous other radionuclides are widely used for medical imaging and therapy. Labelling of biomolecules with radioiodine and various positron emitters is getting increasingly important. This review describes some chemical and radiochemical problems we meet while synthesizing and using 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals and radioiodine-labelled biomolecules. Also represented are the recent developments in the design and use of the second generation radiopharmaceuticals based on bifunctional radiochelates. Several principal routes of fast chemical synthesis concerning incorporation of short-lived positron emitters into biomolecules are outlined as well. The search for chemical structures of high biological selectivity, which would be activated by slow neutrons, is related to the method of Neutron Capture Therapy, an interesting option in nuclear medicine. (author)

  9. Radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals catalogue

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2002-01-01

    The Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission (CCHEN) presents its radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals 2002 catalogue. In it we found physical characteristics of 9 different reactor produced radioisotopes ( Tc-99m, I-131, Sm-153, Ir-192, P-32, Na-24, K-42, Cu-64, Rb-86 ), 7 radiopharmaceuticals ( MDP, DTPA, DMSA, Disida, Phitate, S-Coloid, Red Blood Cells In-Vivo, Red Blood Cells In-Vitro) and 4 labelled compounds ( DMSA-Tc99m, DTPA-Tc99m, MIBG-I131, EDTMP-Sm153 ). In the near future the number of items will be increased with new reactor and cyclotron products. Our production system will be certified by ISO 9000 on March 2003. CCHEN is interested in being a national and an international supplier of these products (RS)

  10. Determination of Sn in 99{sup m}Tc Radiopharmaceutical Kits by Polarographic Methods; Determinacion de Estano en Radiofarmacos de 99{sup m}Tc mediante Metodos Polarograficos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Castro, M; Cruz, J; Sanchez, M

    2009-07-01

    Kits of 99{sup m}Tc radiopharmaceuticals are used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis of different diseases. Sn (II) is one of the essential components in their formulations, which is used for reduction 99{sup m}Tc-pertechnetate in cold kits for on-site preparation 99{sup m}Tc-pertechnetate radiopharmaceuticals. Usually, these cold kits contain different additives (complexing agents, antioxidants, buffers, etc.) and the amount of Sn (II) varies from kit to kit. The determination of Sn in these products is essential in assessing their quality. We report here the development of a new polarographic method for the determination of Sn (II) and total Sn in representative radiopharmaceuticals kits (for the content of Sn and chemical composition) produced at the Center of Isotopes of Cuba (CENTIS). These methods were validated by analysis of variance and recovery techniques. From the results of the validation, the characteristic functions of uncertainties and fits are considered for the established methods, which give the necessary evidences to demonstrate the usefulness of these methods according to the current trends in Analytical Chemistry. This work provides practical results of great importance for CENTIS. After the speciation of Sn in the MAG3 radiopharmaceuticals kit is inferred that the production process is affected by uncontrolled factors that influence in the product stability, which demonstrates the necessity for analytical tools for the characterization of products and processes. (Author) 57 refs.

  11. In vivo and in vitro study of the 99mTc-DMSA radiopharmaceutical connection to blood elements

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Freitas, Rosimeire de S.; Gomes, Maria L.; Mattos, Deise M.M.; Moreno, Silvana R.F.; Dire, Glaucio F.; Lima, Elaine A.; Lima-Filho, Guilherme L.; Aleixo, Luiz Claudio; Bernardo-Filho, Mario; Instituto Nacional do Cancer, Rio de Janeiro

    2002-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals are widely used in nuclear medicine. The comprehension of their uptake mechanism in target organs, as well as their clearance may depend on the elucidation of their biochemical characteristics, for instance, their binding to blood elements. The reported precipitating studies of blood with radiopharmaceuticals have shown that the results can not be easily compared. Then, we decide evaluate of the binding proteins on the blood elements using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to determine the radioactivity of the dimercaptosuccinic acid with technetium-99m (99mTc-DMSA) present in precipitating plasma (P) and blood cells (BC). Depending on the TCA concentration we have determined different values in the insoluble fractions of the plasma when the in vivo and in vitro evaluations were carried out. (author)

  12. 45 CFR 95.631 - Cost identification for purpose of FFP claims.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... INSURANCE PROGRAMS) Automatic Data Processing Equipment and Services-Conditions for Federal Financial Participation (FFP) Federal Financial Participation in Costs of Adp Acquisitions § 95.631 Cost identification... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Cost identification for purpose of FFP claims. 95...

  13. Method for preparing 99mTc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial scintigraphy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Seifert, S.; Syhre, R.; Muenze, R.

    1987-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals which preferably concentrate in myocardial tissue are prepared, in particular technetium compounds with the reducing ligand molecule DMPE. A method is introduced to convert pertechnetate in one step into the proposed compound by means of a saline, slow-oxidizing and lyophilized form of the reducing ligand DMPE, preferably DMPE x 2HCl

  14. Permeability of gloves used in nuclear medicine departments to [(99m)Tc]-pertechnetate and [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose: radiation protection considerations.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ridone, S; Matheoud, R; Valzano, S; Di Martino, R; Vigna, L; Brambilla, M

    2013-09-01

    In order to evaluate the safety of the individual protection devices, the permeability of four different types of disposable gloves, commonly used in hospitals, was tested in relation to [(99m)Tc]-pertechnetate and to [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]-FDG). From these radiopharmaceutical solutions, a drop was deposited on the external surface of the glove which was opened and stretched with the external surface placed upward. The smear test technique permitted to evaluate the activity onto the inner surface of the glove at different times. The smear tests were measured in a well sodium iodide detector calibrated in efficiency for (99m)Tc and (18)F. The permeability was tested on ten samples of each type of gloves and was expressed as the ratio of the activity onto the inner surface at each time interval to the activity deposited on the external surface of the glove. For each type of gloves and for each sampling time, mean value, standard deviation and percentage coefficient of variation of permeability were evaluated. One type of gloves showed a low resistance to permeation of both radiopharmaceuticals, while another one only to pertechnetate. The other gloves were good performers. The results of this study suggest to test permeability for gloves used for handling radiopharmaceuticals, before their adoption in the clinical routine. This practice will provide a more careful service of radiation protection for nuclear medicine department staff. Copyright © 2013 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  15. Influence of iron deficiency in the radiopharmaceutical behavior of red blood cells labeled with 99mTc(99mTC-RBC)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Calmanovici, G.; Salgueiro, M.J.; Pernas, L.; Collia, N.; Leonardi, N.; Zubillaga, M.

    2005-01-01

    Full text: Red blood cells (RBCs) labeled with 99m Tc are commonly used in the evaluation of cardiac function, gastrointestinal tract bleeding, red blood cell volume or splenic sequestration. Generally stannous ion is used as reducing agent. A proposed mechanism is that once the stannous ion (Sn) and the pertechnetate ( 99m Tc) reach the interior of the RBC, the radionuclide is mainly house in the β-chain of hemoglobin. The aim of this study was to determine if hemoglobin content reduction, an indicator of iron deficiency anemia, could affect the efficiency of RBC labeling and the biological distribution of this radiopharmaceutical. We studied 30 rats fed for 3 weeks after weaning with diets with iron contents of 6.5 ppm (group A), 18 ppm (group B) and 100 ppm (control). For all groups, the labeling yields were always higher than 97%; the percentage of radioactivity was mostly founded in blood with almost negligible radioactivity the rest of the studied organs. We can conclude that the decrease in hemoglobin content, an indicator of iron deficiency anemia, does not interfere neither in the labeling nor in the biodistribution of red blood cells labeled with 99m Tc. (author)

  16. The paediatric flat foot proforma (p-FFP: improved and abridged following a reproducibility study

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nicholson Hollie

    2009-08-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Concern about a child's flat foot posture is a common reason for frequent clinical consultations for an array of health care and medical professionals. The recently developed paediatric flatfoot clinical-care pathway (FFP has provided an evidence based approach to diagnosis and management. The intra and inter-rater/measurer reliability of the FFP has been investigated in this study. Methods From a study population of 140 children aged seven to 10 years, a sample with flat feet was identified by screening with the Foot posture index (FPI-6. Subjects who scored ≥ 6 on the FPI-6 for both feet became the study's flat foot sample. A same subject, repeated measure research design was used for this study which examined the reliability of the FFP in 31 children aged seven to 10 years, as rated by three examiners. Results Approximately half of the items of the FFP showed less-than-desirable inter-rater reliability, arbitrarily set at the conventional 0.7 level (intra-class correlations. Removal of the unreliable items has produced a shorter; more relevant instrument designated the paediatric flat foot proforma (p-FFP. Conclusion The p-FFP is a reliable instrument for the assessment and resulting treatment actions for children with flat feet. Findings indicate that the simplified p-FFP is a reproducible instrument for the clinical assessment of flat foot in mid-childhood.

  17. Synthesis, chemical controls and radiopharmaceuticals of 'mebrofenin-Tc-99m'

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Arguelles, Maria; Canellas, Carlos; Arciprete, Carlos; Mitta, Aldo; Gros, Eduardo; Ceriani, Juan; Caneda, Graciela

    1988-01-01

    The chemical and radiopharmacological studies carried out with 'mebrofenin-Tc-99m' and its use in human beings is presented. The purpose of this work was to determine the potential use of this radiopharmaceutical in humans, who were carriers of different clinic and pathological diseases. 'Mebrofenin-Tc-99mc' was synthesized by the method of Callery modified (in its second stage) so as to raise the yield from 70 % to 90 %. Plasma kinetics was determined by extracorporal circulation in wistar rats and hepatic and renal circulation were determined in all the results analized in a processor and thus plasmatic half lives and maximum uptake times were obtained. (Author) [es

  18. The optimization of 18F-nucleophilic fluorination reaction and its application in synthesis of VMAT2 imaging tracer: [18F]AV-133

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Liu Yajing; Zhu Lin; Karl, P.; Qu Wenchao

    2010-01-01

    Objective: The nucleophilic introduction of n.c.a. [ 18 F]F- into alkanes by nucleophilic reaction is the main method of preparing 18 F-labelled radiopharmaceuticals, and the efficient and rapid reaction is important in 18 F-labelled radiopharmaceuticals. Method: Using 2-(3-substitute propoxy)naphthalene as model compound, the optimal reaction condition was achieved by comparing the different [ 18 F]fluorination condition: 1)different leaving groups (-OTs, -I, -Br and -Cl), 2) different [ 18 F]fluorination catalysts (Kryptofix222/K 2 CO 3 and TBAHCO 3 ), 3) different reaction solvent (ACN, DMSO and DMF), 4) [ 18 F]fluorination temperature (40, 50 and 60 degree C) and 5) reaction time. The radiochemical yields were analyzed by TLC and HPLC. VMAT2 imaging tracer [ 18 F]AV-133 was synthesized under the optimal conditions. Results: From the experiment results, the reation activity was the highest when using -OTs as the leaving group, followed by -I and -Br, -Clunder the [ 18 F]fluorination condition of using K222/K 2 CO 3 as catalyst and ACN as solvent. And also, the radiochemical yield raised as the reaction time and temperature increased. The higher temperature, the shorter time to reach the equilibrium. When changing the solvent from ACN to DMSO, the radiochemical yields were increased. On the contrary, the radiochemical yields were decreasing by using DMF. Comparing the catalyst K222/K 2 CO 3 with TBAHCO 3 , the [ 18 F] fluorination of -OTs gave a higher radiochemical yield in the presence of K222/K 2 CO 3 . So the optimized [ 18 F]fluorination reaction condition was that choosing -OTs as the leaving group, the [ 18 F]fluorination reaction was efficient and gave higher radiochemical yield catalyzed by K222/K 2 CO 3 in DMSO at high temperature. [ 18 F]fluorination of AV-244 was found to provide the VMAT2 imaging tracer [ 18 F]AV-133 in 80 ± 2% radiochemical yield after reaction at 120 degree C for 3 min under optimized conditions. Conclusion: We have described an

  19. Radiopharmaceutical development of a freeze-dried kit formulation for the preparation of [99mTc-EDDA-HYNIC-D-Phe1, Tyr3]-octreotide, a somatostatin analog for tumor diagnosis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Guggenberg, Elisabeth Von; Mikolajczak, Renata; Janota, Barbara; Riccabona, Georg; Decristoforo, Clemens

    2004-10-01

    [(99m)Tc-EDDA-HYNIC-D-Phe(1),Tyr(3)]-Octreotide ((99m)Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC) is a promising new radiopharmaceutical with the potential to replace [(111)In-DTPA-D-Phe(1)]-Octreotide ((111)In-DTPA-OCT) as the radiopharmaceutical for somatostatin receptor scintigraphy due to the advantage of improved image quality, lower radiation dose for the patient, and daily availability. Here we describe the development of a freeze-dried kit formulation based on the Tricine/EDDA exchange labeling approach for the preparation of this radiopharmaceutical in a clinical setting. Three parameters were of major importance to achieve a suitable formulation with a radiochemical purity (RCP) >90%: addition of bulking agent, the pH of the freeze-drying solution, and the content of stannous chloride. The final formulation consisted of 20 mg Tricine, 10 mg EDDA, 50 mg Mannitol, 20 microg SnCl(2). 2H(2)O, and 20 microg [HYNIC-D-Phe(1), Tyr(3)]-Octreotide (HYNIC-TOC). Radiolabeling was performed by addition of 0.2 M Na(2)HPO(4) to adjust the pH to 6-7, followed by 0.5-2 GBq (99m)Tc sodium pertechnetate, in a total volume of 2 mL and incubation for 10 min in a boiling water bath. Mean RCP values of 10 batches showed values >90% over a storage period of up to 1 year, a high stability up to 24 h of the final preparation, and retained biological activity. The developed kit formulation forms the basis for further clinical evaluation of this promising new radiopharmaceutical. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association

  20. Study of the properties of sup(99m)Tc-DTPA-ferroascorbinate and sup(99m)Tc-dextrose as radiopharmaceuticals for renal scintiscanning

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Salambashev, L.; Konstantinov, P.; Ketskarova, S.; Kovacheva, S.; Babeva, S.

    1979-01-01

    Description is made of an own method for labelling of the complex DTPA-ferroascorbinate and dextrose with sup(99m)Tc for the purpose of renal scintiscanning. Experimental investigations on rabbits were carried out, and afterwards conventional scintiscanning and follow-up of the intake into the renal parenchyma by means of gamma camera were performed on 15 patients. The observations revealed that sup(99m)Tc-DTPA-ferroascorbinate was more rapidly excreted (40 min to 2 h following the intravenous administration). For this reason it is more convenient for gamma camera examination, while sup(99m)Tc-dextrose is fixing more lastingly in the parenchyma and respons to all requirements with respect to radiopharmaceuticals for conventional renal scintiscanning. (author)

  1. Tumor affinity of technetium-99m labeled radiopharmaceuticals. II. Sup(99m)Tc-Sn-diphosphonate (sup(99m)Tc-EHDP), sup(99m)Tc-Sn-dimercaptosuccinic acid (sup(99m)Tc-DMSA), sup(99m)Tc-Sn-diethyl stilbestrol diphosphate (sup(99m)Tc-DSDP)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Itoh, K; Kobayashi, S; Hisada, K; Tonami, N [Kanazawa Univ. (Japan). School of Medicine; Ando, A

    1976-10-01

    The authors have examined the tumor affinity of various sup(99m)Tc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals to Ehrlich's tumor for the purpose of delineating human malignant neoplasm positively. The biologic distributions of sup(99m)Tc-Sn-diphosphonate (sup(99m)Tc-EHDP), sup(99m)Tc-Sn-dimercaptosuccinic acid (sup(99m)Tc-DMSA) and sup(99m)Tc-Sn-diethyl stilbestrol diphosphate (sup(99m)Tc-DSDP, sup(99m)Tc-Honvan) are included as the second report on the tumor affinity of Ehrlich-bearing mice. Tumor concentration of sup(99m)Tc-EHDP was lowest and the positive delineation of implanted tumor with sup(99m)Tc-EHDP was poorest in sequential images, though active accumulation in some soft tissues malignant neoplasms, breast cancer, and thyroid cancer, has been reported. Tumor concentration and the tumor-to-blood ratio of sup(99m)Tc-DMSA were not so high, contrary to our expectation that /sup 197/Hg-DMSA might show high tumor concentration and high tumor-to-blood ratio the same as /sup 197/Hg chlormerodrin of the renal scanning radiopharmaceuticals. Tumor concentration of sup(99m)Tc-DSDP was highest. The tumor-to-blood concentration ratio was lower than that of the above mentioned radiopharmaceuticals but the tumor-to-liver ratio and/or tumor-to-lung ratio was over 1.0 at the earlier time. Biologic distribution of sup(99m)Tc-DSDP was similar to that of /sup 32/P labeled DSDP. It is presumed that sup(99m)Tc is labeled at the phosphate ester of DSDP which is dephospholytated immediately by phospholylase in vivo following intravenous injection. Although it is not known precisely it may be assumed that the mechanism of accumulating sup(99m)Tc-DSDP in Ehrlich's tumor is related to the phospholylase activity in neoplasms.

  2. Robotic production of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose: a routine method of synthesis using tetrabutylammonium [18F]fluoride

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Brodack, J.W.; Dence, C.S.; Kilbourn, M.R.; Welch, M.J.

    1988-01-01

    Using existing robotic hardware and software programs developed for the synthesis of several positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging, the additional automated synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose (2-[ 18 F]FDG) has been incorporated into our Zymate Laboratory Automation System. The robotic synthesis of 2-[ 18 F]FDG took less than one week to implement, including the organization of software subroutines and construction of an additional heating station. The end of synthesis yield (12-17%) and radiochemical purity (96-99%) for the robotic preparation of 2-[ 18 F]FDG is similar to that of the manual synthesis. This automated method uses anhydrous tetrabutylammonium [ 18 F]fluoride as the reactive fluoride source in the labeling step. The procedure is a modification of the synthesis reported by Hamacher et al. [Hamacher et al. (1986) J. Nucl. Med. 27, 235]. (author)

  3. Recent developments in 99mTc and 123I-radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT imaging

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kulkarni, P.V.

    1991-01-01

    Availability of 123 I of high radionuclidic purity has encouraged the development of 123 I-based radiopharmaceuticals for the assessment of myocardial fatty acid metabolism, myocardial neuronal activity, and for receptor and antibody imaging. Advances in the chemistry of technetium have resulted in the development of novel agents for myocardial and cerebral perfusion and renal function studies. Monoclonal antibodies labeled with 99m Tc show promise for imaging neoplastic lesions, myocardial infarcts, and thrombus localization. Recent developments in 123 I and 99m Tc agents for myocardial and brain imaging studies are discussed. (author)

  4. Detection of sentinel nodes with radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yokoyama, Kunihiko; Michigishi, Takatoshi; Kinuya, Seigo; Konishi, Shota; Nakajima, Kenichi; Tonami, Norihisa

    2000-01-01

    Sentinel lymph nodes have been found to be an indicator of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. In Japan, the theory and concept of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer have begun to be applied to carcinomas of the digestive system. Based on clinical experience in the detection of sentinel lymph nodes with radiopharmaceuticals, differences and similarities between the radiopharmaceuticals, methods, and techniques used to detect sentinel lymph nodes have been assessed in relation to breast cancer and carcinomas of the digestive system (including carcinomas of the esophagus and large intestine). The greatest difference between the methods used for breast and digestive cancers is the site of administration of the radiopharmaceutical. In breast cancer, the radiopharmaceutical is administered into a superficial organ (i.e., the mammary gland), whereas in carcinomas of the digestive system, it is administered into a deep organ (i.e., digestive tract). Another obvious difference is in lymph flow, i.e., the flow of the mammary glands is subcutaneous whereas lymph flow in the digestive tract is submucosal. Two radionuclide diagnostic methods are available to detect sentinel lymph nodes: sentinel lymphoscintigraphy with a gamma camera and a method that involves the use of a gamma probe intraoperatively. Radiopharmaceuticals used to detect sentinel lymph nodes must be smoothly transferred from the site of administration into the lymph, and uptake by the sentinel lymph node must continue for a long time without excessive flowing to lower reaches. The optimal particle size remains a matter of controversy, and no radiopharmaceuticals appropriate for lymphoscintigraphy have ever been approved in Japan. The authors compared the pharmacokinetics of three different radiopharmaceuticals used for sentinel lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer ( 99m Tc-labeled albumin, 99m Tc-labeled tin colloid, and 99m Tc-labeled phytic acid) and founded that the detection rate was lowest with

  5. Design and Development of New Radiopharmaceuticals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wagner, Jr., H. N.; Stern, H. S.; Rhodes, B. A.; Reba, R. C.; Hosain, F.; Zolle, I. [Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (United States)

    1969-05-15

    The major factors in the design of a new radiopharmaceutical for radioisotope scintigraphy are the photon energy of the radionuclide, the ability to incorporate the radionuclide insuitable chemical and biological form, the radiation dose to the patient, and the cost of production of the radiopharmaceutical. In this laboratory, the radionuclides, indium-113m and ytterbium-169, and technetium-99m, have been incorporated into a variety of radiopharmaceuticals. These include particles suitable for lung and liver studies, chelates for brain and kidney studies, and ionic forms for blood pool imaging. Studies in experimental animals and man indicate that these agents offer certain advantages over previously available radiopharmaceuticals. By providing larger numbers of photons, they permit more precise temporal and spatial resolution. The longer half-life of the tin-113 parent radionuclide from which indium-113m can be eluted makes indium-113m readily available, even at sites distant from the source of production. The tin-indium generator system need be purchased only every five months rather than weekly as in the case of the widely used molybdenum-technetium system. The ytterbium-radionuclide in the chemical form of a chelate is particularly useful as an inexpensive agent that provides high photon yields for renal and brain imaging. The rapid and complete biological excretion results in low radiation dose while the longer physical half-life greatly extends the shelf-life. (author)

  6. Effect of Animal Condition and Fluvoxamine on the Result of [{sup 18F}]N 3 Fluoropropyl-2{beta} carbomethoxy-3{beta} (4-iodophenyl) Nortropane ([{sup 18F}]FP-CIT) PET Study in Mice

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Shin, Kwang Ho; Lee Sang Ju; Oh, Seung Jun; Kim, Jae Seung [Asan Medical Center, Univ. of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Park, Su A [Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Seog Young [Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittaburg (United States)

    2012-03-15

    PET (positron emission tomography) is a noninvasive imaging technique, visualizing biological aspects in vivo. In animal models, the result of PET study can be affected more prominently than in humans by the animal conditions or drug pretreatment. We assessed the effects of anesthesia, body temperature, and pretreatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor on the results of [{sup 18F}]N 3 fluoropropyl 2{beta} carbomethoxy 3{beta} (4-iodophenyl) nortropane ([{sup 18F}]FP CIT) PET in mice. [{sup 18F}]FP CIT PET of C57BL/6 mice was performed in three different conditions: (1) anesthesia (isoflurane) with active warming (38.deg.C) as a reference; (2) no anesthesia or warming; (3) anesthesia without warming at room temperature. Additional groups of mine pretreated with escalating doses of fluvoxamine (5, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg) were imaged in condition (1). The time activity curve and standardized uptake value of the striatum, cerebral cortex, and bone were compared among these conditions. In all conditions, radioactivities of the striatum and cortex tended to form a plateau after rapid uptake and washout, but that of bone tended to increase gradually. When anesthetized without any warming, all the mice developed hypothermia and showed reduced bone uptake compared to the reference condition. In conditions without anesthesia, striatal and cortical uptakes compared to the reference condition. In conditions without anesthesia, striatal and cortical uptakes were reduced, whereas the bone uptake showed no change. Pretreatment with fluvoxamine increased the striatal uptake and striatal specific to cortical non specific uptake ratio, whereas the bone uptake was reduced. Anesthesia, body temperature, and fluvoxamine affect the result of [{sup 18F}]FP CIT PET in mice by altering striatal and bone uptakes.

  7. Validation of an ergonomic method to withdraw [99mTc] radiopharmaceuticals.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Blondeel-Gomes, Sandy; Marie, Solène; Fouque, Julien; Loyeau, Sabrina; Madar, Olivier; Lokiec, François

    2017-11-10

    The main objective of the present work was to ensure quality of radiopharmaceuticals syringes withdrawn with a "Spinal needle/obturator In-Stopper" system. Methods: Visual examinations and physicochemical tests are performed at T0 and T+4h for [ 99m Tc]albumin nanocolloid and T+7h for [ 99m Tc]eluate, [ 99m Tc] HydroxyMethylene DiPhosphonate and [ 99m Tc]Human Serum Albumin. Microbiological validation was performed according to European pharmacopoeia. Fingertip radiation exposure was evaluated to confirm the safety of the system. Results: Results show stable visual and physicochemical properties. The integrity of the connector was not affected after 30 punctures (no cores). No microbiological contamination was found on tested syringes. Conclusion: The system could be used 30 times. The stability of syringes drawing with this method is guaranteed up to 4 hours for [ 99m Tc]albumin nanocolloid and 7 hours for [ 99m Tc]eluate, [ 99m Tc]HydroxyMethylene DisPhosphonate and [ 99m Tc]Human serum albumin. Copyright © 2017 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.

  8. 45 CFR 310.35 - Under what circumstances would emergency FFP be available for Computerized Tribal IV-D Systems?

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Under what circumstances would emergency FFP be... AND OFFICE AUTOMATION Funding for Computerized Tribal IV-D Systems and Office Automation § 310.35 Under what circumstances would emergency FFP be available for Computerized Tribal IV-D Systems? (a...

  9. Sixth international radiopharmaceutical dosimetry symposium: Proceedings. Volume 2

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    S.-Stelson, A.T. [ed.] [comp.; Stabin, M.G.; Sparks, R.B. [eds.; Smith, F.B. [comp.

    1999-01-01

    This conference was held May 7--10 in Gatlinburg, Tennessee. The purpose of this conference was to provide a multidisciplinary forum for exchange of state-of-the-art information on radiopharmaceutical dosimetry. Attention is focused on the following: quantitative analysis and treatment planning; cellular and small-scale dosimetry; dosimetric models; radiopharmaceutical kinetics and dosimetry; and animal models, extrapolation, and uncertainty.

  10. Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ganatra, R.D.

    1992-01-01

    Today there are an estimated ten million nuclear imaging procedures, performed each year, in just the United States, and the number is still growing. More than 30,000 therapy procedures are performed in the USA each year using radiopharmaceuticals. Moreover, while the numbers continue to grow, so also do the variety of the procedures being employed. A weakness of nuclear medicine is related also to one of its strengths. Unlike other types of imaging where only an instrument and the patient are required (e.g., with ultrasonics); nuclear medicine requires a radiopharmaceutical. At the same time, the variety of radiopharmaceuticals offers the ability to trace one or more particular functions of the human body. This provides nuclear medicine with great variety in detecting specific pathologies. Various nuclear medicine studies are possible because of the localization of radiopharmaceuticals in different organs

  11. Detection of endotoxins in radiopharmaceutical preparations. III. Limulus test assessment using radiopharmaceutical preparations; correlation with the rabbit pyrogen test

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cohen, Y; Bahri, F; Bruneau, J; Dubuis, M; Dubuis, N; Merlin, L; Michaud, T; Peysson, S

    1986-01-01

    Experiments using 17 radiopharmaceuticals containing known amounts of added endotoxin show that none of them inhibits the pyrogenic reaction of the rabbit. Gelation of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) is inhibited by 4 of them: colloidal erbium 169Er citrate, colloidal rhenium 186Re sulfide, colloidal technetium /sup 99m/Tc (Re) sulfide for liver scintigraphy and the colloidal technetium /sup 99m/Tc (Re) sulfide for lymphography. This inhibition is cancelled, either by dilution or after neutral pH adjustment. Both controls were performed on 313 batches of various radiopharmaceuticals, 95% of results were identical (93% negative, 2% positive). The remaining 5% correspond to positive LAL tests vs negative rabbit tests on the same batches. No negative LAL test vs positive rabbit test was observed.

  12. Radiopharmaceuticals in breast milk

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mountford, P.J.; Coakley, A.J.

    1986-01-01

    As assessment has been made of the radiological hazards to an infant following the administration of a radiopharmaceutical to a breast feeding mother. Feeding should be discontinued after administration of most I-131 and I-125 compounds, Ga-67 citrate or Se-78 methionine, and for iodinated compounds where it was possible to resume feeding, a thyroid-blocking agent should be administered. For Tc-99m compounds, pertechnetate had the greatest excretion in milk and interruptions of 12hr and 4hr were considered appropriate for pertechnetate and MAA respectively. Other Tc-99m compounds, Cr-51 EDTA and In-111 leucocytes did not justify an interruption just on the grounds of their associated excretion in milk. The ingestion hazard could be minimized by reducing the administered activity, and in some cases, by the substitution of a radiopharmaceutical with lower breast milk excretion. For Tc-99m lung and brain scans, the absorbed dose due to radiation emitted by the mother (i.e. when cuddling) was less than the ingested dose, but for a Tc-99m bone scan the emitted dose was greater. In all three cases, the emitted dose did not exceed 0 x 5 mGy for the infant in close contact to the mother for one-third of the time. For In-111 leucocytes, the emitted dose was about 2mGy, and it was concluded that close contact should be restricted to feeding times during the first 3 days after injection. 36 references, 2 figures, 5 tables

  13. Process for preparing radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Barak, M.; Winchell, H.S.

    1977-01-01

    A process for the preparation of technetium-99m labeled pharmaceuticals is disclosed. The process comprises initially isolating technetium-99m pertechnetate by adsorption upon an adsorbent packing in a chromatographic column. The technetium-99m is then eluted from the packing with a biological compound to form a radiopharmaceutical

  14. {sup 18}F-Fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine vs other radiopharmaceuticals for imaging neuroendocrine tumours according to their type

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Balogova, Sona [Comenius University and St. Elisabeth Institute, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bratislava (Slovakia); Hopital Tenon, AP-HP and Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris (France); Talbot, Jean-Noel; Michaud, Laure; Huchet, Virginie; Kerrou, Khaldoun; Montravers, Francoise [Hopital Tenon, AP-HP and Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Paris (France); Nataf, Valerie [Hopital Tenon, AP-HP, Department of Radiopharmacy, Paris (France)

    2013-06-15

    6-Fluoro-({sup 18}F)-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (FDOPA) is an amino acid analogue for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging which has been registered since 2006 in several European Union (EU) countries and by several pharmaceutical firms. Neuroendocrine tumour (NET) imaging is part of its registered indications. NET functional imaging is a very competitive niche, competitors of FDOPA being two well-established radiopharmaceuticals for scintigraphy, {sup 123}I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and {sup 111}In-pentetreotide, and even more radiopharmaceuticals for PET, including fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and somatostatin analogues. Nevertheless, there is no universal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or PET tracer for NET imaging, at least for the moment. FDOPA, as the other PET tracers, is superior in diagnostic performance in a limited number of precise NET types which are currently medullary thyroid cancer, catecholamine-producing tumours with a low aggressiveness and well-differentiated carcinoid tumours of the midgut, and in cases of congenital hyperinsulinism. This article reports on diagnostic performance and impact on management of FDOPA according to the NET type, emphasising the results of comparative studies with other radiopharmaceuticals. By pooling the results of the published studies with a defined standard of truth, patient-based sensitivity to detect recurrent medullary thyroid cancer was 70 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 62.1-77.6] for FDOPA vs 44 % (95 % CI 35-53.4) for FDG; patient-based sensitivity to detect phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma was 94 % (95 % CI 91.4-97.1) for FDOPA vs 69 % (95 % CI 60.2-77.1) for {sup 123}I-MIBG; and patient-based sensitivity to detect midgut NET was 89 % (95 % CI 80.3-95.3) for FDOPA vs 80 % (95 % CI 69.2-88.4) for somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with a larger gap in lesion-based sensitivity (97 vs 49 %). Previously unpublished FDOPA results from our team are reported in some rare NET, such as

  15. Preparation of the radiopharmaceutical 99m Tc-HYNIC-cyclo-Lys-D-Phe-RGD for In vivo image of integrines

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hernandez H, E.

    2007-01-01

    The diagnostic of some pathological processes by means of images constitutes one of the used methods in the determination of the origin, condition and/or evolution of one illness. The use of contrast agents in conjunction with other techniques help to the obtaining and visualization of complex systems, among these we can find to those radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine to visualize diverse organs and corporal systems. At the moment it is sought to develop a radiopharmaceutical of third generation that can be used for image In vivo of integrines with the purpose of detecting angio genesis processes, that which would allow to diagnose in way it specifies a wide range of primary tumors and their metastasis. Presently work it developed the radiopharmaceutical 99m Tc-HYNIC-cycle-Lys-D-Phe-RGD, likewise the good conditions were determined for the formation of this complex. The HYNIC was employee as chelating agent, using as co ligands EDDA and Tricine for to complete the sphere of coordination of the 99m Tc. The conjugated HYNIC-RGD was synthesized, purified, characterized and radiolabelled In situ with 99m Tc using High pressure liquid chromatography as analysis method in Reverse Phase (RP-HPLC). By this way it was developed the lyophilized formulation for its instantaneous labelled to which were carried out quality control tests. The one conjugated was obtained free of impurities, showing stability at same as their complex formed with 99m Tc. The analysis method was validated turning out to be necessary, exact, lineal and specific for the quantification of the analyte of interest. The lyophilized formulation showed a radiochemical purity bigger than 95%, besides being sterile and free of pyrogens. The biodistribution tests in athymic mice with induced tumors showed that the radiopharmaceutical was united mainly to the tumor and that this it was excreted mainly for renal via. (Author)

  16. Dry Kit Development And Clinical Test Of 99mTc-L,L-ECD Radiopharmaceutical For Vrain Perfusion Imaging

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kartini, Nani; Sofyan, Rohestri; Rukmini; Iswahyudi

    2000-01-01

    Technetium- 99m ethyl cysteinate dimer ( 99m Tc-L,L-ECD) has been synthesized and formulated based on ligand exchanged reaction with 99mTc-glucoheptonate. Considering the low stability of the dry kit produced, it was fairly necessary to develop the manufacture of L,L-ECD dry kit in order to obtain a more stable one that meet the requirements as brain perfusion imaging radiopharmaceutical. Experiment was done by modifying the packing of dry kit components of the previous formulation. Characteristics of 99m Tc-L,L-ECD produced from this formulation were studied by carrying out the sterility and toxicity test, then followed with clinical test to some volunteers. Evaluation of brain perfusion was done by tomography technique using gamma camera at Nuclear Medicine Installation, Hasan Sadikin Hospital. The modified formulation obtained consist of three components i.e. main ligand L,L-ECD; exchange ligand Ca-glucoheptonate and HaOH. Its stability could reach 8 months at-10 derajat C of storage. Effects of toxicity on mice did not appear. The result of clinical study shows that the radiopharmaceutical was distributed very rapidly in the blood brain circulations and retained in the brain for about one hour. The body scanning indicates that the substance was excreted in the brain for about one hour. The body scanning indicates that the substance was excreted though kidney, liver and spleen. Based on the results obtained the radiopharmaceutical could be promoted to be used for brain perfusion imaging

  17. Development of radiopharmaceutical for radiosinovectomy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Couto, Renata Martinussi

    2009-01-01

    chromatographic systems. Particles size was determined by membrane with using filters of different porous sizes. The biological behavior of 90 Y-HA and 177 Lu-HA was studied by intra-articular administration of 18,5 22,2 MBq /0,1 mL of the labeled particles (knee). Scintigraphic images were obtained in gamma-camera at different times after the administration, to determine the intra-articular retention and leakage of the activity from the joint. The methodology applied in the production of 90 Y-Cit resulted in low radiochemical yield (about 20%), with low percentage of the activity related to the particles with appropriated size to RSV application. Despite low radiochemical yield, labeled particles, when purified by centrifugation, presented relative stability of about 70% after 5 days. The labeling of 90 Y-HA resulted in excellent radiochemical yield (> 95%). The reaction was optimized to routine production with the reduction of the reaction time to 15 minutes and using only one step of centrifugation and washing. The labeling of HA with 177 Lu also resulted in excellent radiochemical yield (> 95%) and the percent of the activity incorporated to the particles >12 m was optimized, with best results obtained when lutetium oxide was not used. The HA labeled with 90 Y and 177 Lu showed high in vitro stability when stored at room temperature for 5 and 7 days, respectively. Paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography were defined as chromatographic systems applied in the radiochemical purity determination of the preparations. Biodistribution studies using HA labeled with 90 Y and 177 Lu showed great in vivo stability of the labeled compounds, with no joint leakage of the radiopharmaceutical or free radionuclide in the blood system, confirming the potential of both radiopharmaceuticals for RSV application. (author)

  18. 78 FR 34092 - Lock+ Hydro Friends Fund XXX, LLC; FFP Project 121, LLC; Notice of Competing Preliminary Permit...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-06-06

    .... 14504-000] Lock+ Hydro Friends Fund XXX, LLC; FFP Project 121, LLC; Notice of Competing Preliminary... Applications Lock+ Hydro Friends Fund XXX, LLC and FFP Project 121, LLC filed preliminary permit applications... regular business day. See id. at 385.2001(a)(2). Lock+ Hydro Friends Fund XXX, LLC's application is for a...

  19. Current directions in radiopharmaceutical research

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mather, S J [Department of Nuclear Medicine, St. Bartholomew` s Hospital, London (United Kingdom)

    1998-08-01

    Much of current radiopharmaceutical research is directed towards the development of receptor-binding tracers which are targeted towards biochemical processes. These may be extra or intracellular in nature and hold promise for an imaging approach to tissue characterisation in-vivo. Many of these products are based on proteins which range in size from large monoclonal antibodies to small neuropeptides and share a radiolabelling chemistry based on the use of bifunctional chelating agents. Although developed initially for use with indium-111, considerations of cost and isotope availability have continued to direct the efforts of many researchers towards the use of technetium-99m. While polypeptide-based radiopharmaceuticals may be useful for imaging peripheral cell-surface receptors, access to sites of interest within the cell, or in the brain, requires the development of small lipophilic molecules with retained ability to interact with intracellular targets. The design and synthesis of these compounds presents a particular challenge to the radiopharmaceutical chemist which is being met through either a pendant or integrated approach to the use of technetium coordination with particular emphasis on technetium (v) cores. Progress continues to be made in the application of targeted radionuclide therapy particularly in the development of radiopharmaceuticals for the treatment of malignant bone disease. methods for labelling antibodies with a great variety of cytotoxic radionuclides have now been refined and their use for radioimmunotherapy in the treatment of haematological malignancies shows great promise. The major medical areas for application of these new radiopharmaceuticals will be in oncology, neurology and inflammation but the increasingly difficult regulatory climate in which drug development and health-care now operate will make it essential for researchers to direct their products toward specific clinical problems as well as biological targets. (author) 36 refs

  20. 76 FR 73616 - Lock 12 Hydro Partners; FFP Project 107 LLC; Notice of Competing Preliminary Permit Applications...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-11-29

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project Nos. 13214-002; 14274-000] Lock 12 Hydro Partners; FFP Project 107 LLC; Notice of Competing Preliminary Permit Applications Accepted..., 2011, Lock 12 Hydro Partners (Lock 12), and FFP Project 107 LLC (FFP 107) filed preliminary permit...

  1. 76 FR 73614 - Lock 14 Hydro Partners; FFP Project 106 LLC; Notice of Competing Preliminary Permit Applications...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-11-29

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project Nos. 13213-002; 14271-000] Lock 14 Hydro Partners; FFP Project 106 LLC; Notice of Competing Preliminary Permit Applications Accepted..., 2011, Lock 14 Hydro Partners (Lock 14), and FFP Project 106 LLC (FFP 106) filed preliminary permit...

  2. SU-E-I-82: PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Prostate Cancer Imaging: A Review

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fernandes, F; Silva, D da; Rodrigues, L

    2015-01-01

    Purpose: The aim of this work was to review new and clinical practice PET radiopharmaceuticals for prostate cancer imaging. Methods: PET radiopharmaceuticals were reviewed on the main databases. Availability, dosimetry, accuracy and limitations were considered. Results: The following radioisotopes with respective physical half-life and mean positron energy were found: 18 F (109,7 min, 249,8 keV), 89 Zr (78,4 hs, 395,5 keV), 11 C (20,4 min, 385,7 keV) and 68 Ga (67,8 min, 836 keV). 68 Ga was the only one not produced by cyclotron. Radiopharmaceuticals uptake by glucose metabolism ( 18 F-FDG), lipogenesis ( 11 C-Choline and 11 C-Acetate), amino acid transport (Anti- 18 F-FACBC), bone matrix ( 18 F-NaF), prostatespecific membrane antigen ( 68 Ga-PSMA and 89 Zr-J591), CXCR receptors ( 89 Ga-Pentixafor), adrenal receptors ( 18 F-FDHT) and gastrin release peptide receptor (bombesin analogue). Most of radiopharmaceuticals are urinary excretion, so bladder is the critical organ. 11C-choline (pancreas), Anti- 18 FFACBC (liver) and 18 F-FBDC (stomach wall) are the exception. Higher effective dose was seen 18 F-NaF (27 μSv/MBq) while the lowest was 11 CAcetate (3,5 μSv/MBq). Conclusion: Even though 18 F-FDG has a large availability its high urinary excretion and poor uptake to slow growing disease offers weak results for prostate cancer. Better accuracy is obtained when 18 F-NaF is used for bone metastatic investigation although physicians tend to choose bone scintigraphy probably due to its cost and practice. Many guidelines in oncology consider 11 C or 18 F labeled with Choline the gold standard for biochemical relapse after radical treatment. Local, lymph node and distant metastatic relapse can be evaluated at same time with this radiopharmaceutical. There is no consensus over bigger urinary excretion for 18 F labeling. Anti- 18 F-FACBC, 68 Ga-PSMA and 68 Ga-Pentixafor are demonstrating good results but more researches are needed. While PSMA imaging seems to be

  3. Exposure of employees engaged on the production and quality control of radiopharmaceuticals labelled with Tc-99m and I-131

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Trtic, T.; Jovanovic, M.; Vranjes, S.; Vucina, J.; Vuksanovic, Lj.

    1995-01-01

    In this paper, the analysis is presented, of exposure control of employees in the Laboratory for radioisotopes, of the Vinca Institute of nuclear sciences, engaged in the production and quality control of the Tc-99m generator and radiopharmaceuticals labelled with Tc-99m and I-131. Effective doses equivalent (mSv) was measured by personal thermoluminescent dosimeter in the Laboratory for radiation and environmental protection each month. We calculated effective dose equivalents for each year in the period 1986-1990. Thirty one employees were analysed. They were separated into the groups both on the basis of radioisotope which they worked with and the kind of the professional work. The highest average effective doses equivalent were received in the group producing of Tc-99m generator (4-12.5 mSv) and in the group producing I-131 radiopharmaceuticals (3.55-13.73 mSv). (author)

  4. Positron emitting nuclides and their synthetic incorporation in radiopharmaceuticals. [Labeled with /sup 11/C, /sup 13/N, and /sup 18/F

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fowler, J.S.

    1976-01-01

    /sup 11/C, /sup 13/N, and /sup 15/O has potential applicability to the study of metabolism in humans. Problems in the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with /sup 11/C, /sup 13/N, and /sup 18/F are described: quality control, radiation exposure, carboxylic acids, glucose, amines, amino acids, nitrosources, fluoroethanol. 54 references. (DLC)

  5. Evaluation of the quality of the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-MIBI and its influence on image quality in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Santos, Poliane Angelo de Lucena

    2013-01-01

    This study evaluated the quality of the 99m Tc-MIBI radiopharmaceutical from different manufacturers, used in three nuclear medicine services (NMS) in Recife-PE, through labeling procedure of each service. It was observed their biodistribution by quantifying the activity present in the organs of interest (heart / liver), the influence and interference in image quality and in myocardial scintigraphy diagnosis exam. In these NMS (A, B and C) were done quality controls in the eluates of 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generators (radionuclidic, chemical and radiochemical purity and pH) and of the 99m Tc-MIBI radiopharmaceutical (radiochemical purity and pH) used in myocardial scintigraphy exam. In the case of radiochemical purity (RCP), was used the thin layer chromatography technique; after the chromatographic ran on, the plates were analyzed both in the dose calibrator, and in scintillation camera of each NMS. The radiopharmaceutical biodistribution was evaluated through the activities present in the heart and liver images in 60 patients, using the technique of combined images counting. Five nuclear physicians analyzed 24 images through myocardial perfusion visual interpretation during stress, it was verified the agreement degree among them. The results of the quality control showed that all eluate samples were in agreement with the manufacturers in relation to radionuclidic purity and pH. In relation to chemical purity, 10% of the services samples B and C showed Al +3 values above 10 ppm. In the RCP, it was observed that using the scintillation camera, only 22% of the samples would be discarded, while with dose calibrator would be 78%, indicating that the scintillation camera is more sensitive in chromatographic pale analysis. For the labeled radiopharmaceutical, the services B and C presented respectively one and three samples with RCP percentage below 90%. However, C service presented the lowest medium to liver/heart proportions, showing that this factor does not depends on the

  6. 45 CFR 310.30 - Under what circumstances would FFP be suspended or disallowed in the costs of Computerized Tribal...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Under what circumstances would FFP be suspended or... SYSTEMS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION Funding for Computerized Tribal IV-D Systems and Office Automation § 310.30 Under what circumstances would FFP be suspended or disallowed in the costs of Computerized Tribal IV-D...

  7. Development and validation of methodology for technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Almeida, Erika Vieira de

    2009-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals are compounds, with no pharmacological action, which have a radioisotope in their composition and are used in Nuclear Medicine for diagnosis and therapy of several diseases. In this work, the development and validation of an analytical method for 99 mTc-HSA, 99 mTc-EC, 99 mTc-ECD and 99 mTc-Sestamibi radiopharmaceuticals and for some raw materials were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analyses were performed in a Shimadzu HPLC equipment, LC-20AT Prominence model. Some impurities were identified by the addition of a reference standard substance. Validation of the method was carried out according to the criteria defined in RE n. 899/2003 of the National Sanitary Agency (ANVISA). The results for robustness of the method showed that it is necessary to control flow rate conditions, sample volume, pH of the mobile phase and temperature of the oven. The analytical curves were linear in the concentration ranges, with linear correlation coefficients (r 2 ) above 0.9995. The results for precision, accuracy and recovery showed values in the range of 0.07-4.78%, 95.38-106.50% and 94.40-100.95%, respectively. The detection limits and quantification limits varied from 0.27 to 5.77 μg mL -1 and 0.90 to 19.23 μg mL -1 , respectively. The values for HAS, EC, ECD and MIBI in the lyophilized reagents were 8.95; 0.485; 0.986 and 0.974 mg L-1, respectively. The mean radiochemical purity for 99 mTc-HSA, 99 mTc-EC, 99 mTc-ECD and 99 mTc-Sestamibi was (97.28 ± 0.09)%, (98.96 ± 0.03)%, (98.96 ± 0.03)% and (98.07 ± 0.01)%, respectively. All the parameters recommended by ANVISA were evaluated and the results are below the established limits. (author)

  8. 18F-Labelled catecholamine type radiopharmaceuticals in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and neuroendocrine tumours: approaches to synthesis and development prospects

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vatsadze, S. Z.; Eremina, O. E.; Veselova, I. A.; Kalmykov, S. N.; Nenajdenko, V. G.

    2018-04-01

    The pathogenesis of many socially significant diseases such as neurodegenerative dementias and neuroendocrine tumours involves imbalance of neurotransmitters. Among the known neuroimaging methods, positron emission tomography (PET) is the most perfect and informative technique for diagnosing these diseases. The potential of PET is largely determined by the inventory of available radiopharmaceuticals, that is, biologically active molecules containing short-lived nuclides with positron decay. This review gives a systematic account of the application of fluorine-18-labelled catecholamine type radiopharmaceuticals in clinical investigations of the sympathetic and central nervous systems. The methods for the synthesis of these agents and existing problems are considered. The material is arranged according to the mechanisms of reactions that underlie the synthetic approaches: electrophilic, nucleophilic and metal-catalyzed reactions. The bibliography includes 198 references.

  9. Radiopharmaceuticals generalities

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Leon Cabana, A.S.

    1994-01-01

    Many applications in nuclear medicine used as diagnostic techniques, images methods with direct and indirect labelled compounds in organs. A brief description about scintillator counters or gamma counters SPECT(single photon emission computed tomography) and PECT (positron emission computed tomography), as well as therapeutic proceedings,radiopharmaceutical classification, labell steps,administration form in the body,physical form and the best radiopharmaceutical ideal classification. Two tables was used contain radiopharmaceuticals more used in diagnostic and more used in therapic uses. Tabs

  10. Streptozotocin (STZ) and schistosomiasis mansoni change the biodistribution of radiopharmaceutical sodium 99mTc-pertechnetate in mice

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Góes, Vanessa Coelho; Neves, Renata Heisler; Arnóbio, Adriano; Bernardo-Filho, Mario; Machado-Silva, José Roberto

    2016-01-01

    Introduction: Technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) is a radionuclide commonly used in nuclear medicine to obtain 99m Tc-radiopharmaceuticals, which can be used to evaluate either physiological processes or changes related to diseases. It is also used in some experimental studies. Streptozotocin (STZ) administration to rodents causes lesions in very early stages and induces severe and permanent diabetes. Most morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni is attributed to a granulomatous inflammatory response and associated liver fibrosis. This study was designed to investigate whether STZ administration and schistosomiasis modify the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical sodium 99m Tc-pertechnetate. Methods: Adult female mice were infected by exposure to 100 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae (BH strain, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) and euthanized after nine weeks. STZ was administered by a single intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg body weight, 3 or 15 days before euthanasia. Each animal received 100 μl of sodium (Na) 99m Tc-pertechnetate ( 99m TcO 4 − ) (740 kBq). The animals were divided into four groups: A, uninfected; B, infected; C, uninfected + STZ; and D, infected + STZ. Blood, brain, thyroid, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidneys were removed. The radioactivity was counted and the percentage of the injected dose of Na 99m TcO 4 per gram of the organ (% ID/g) was determined. Results: Three days after the STZ injection, there was a decrease of Na 99m TcO 4 uptake by the liver, lungs, pancreas and kidneys (p < 0.05) in group D when compared with group A. After 15 days, the decrease of Na 99m TcO 4 uptake occurred also in the brain, thyroid, heart, spleen and blood (p < 0.05) in group D. Conclusion: We demonstrated modifications on the biodistribution of Na 99m TcO 4 due to STZ administration and schistosomiasis, possibly due to physiological alterations in some organs. Advances in Knowledge and Implications for Patient Care: The biodistribution of radiopharmaceutical

  11. Study of the production of the radiopharmaceutical {sup 18}F-FLT in automated system: contribution for process validation; Estudo da producao do radiofarmaco FLT-{sup 18}F em sistema automatizado: contribuicao para a validacao do processo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zanette, Camila

    2013-07-01

    Radiopharmaceutical {sup 18}F-FLT is a thymidine nucleoside analogue and a promising tumor proliferation marker for PET images. The synthesis of this radiopharmaceutical is not simple, and often has low yields. This radiopharmaceutical has already been studied for some years; however, there is no production, nor are there clinical studies in Brazil. The study of the production process and its compliance with the guidelines of Good Manufacturing Practices (ANVISA) are of extreme importance. This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of this radiopharmaceutical, evaluate methods of quality control that will be used in future production routines, perform cytotoxicity studies, biodistribution studies and PET imaging in animals, thereby contributing to the development and elaboration of the process validation protocol and to the establishment of analytical methods to be used during production routines. Initially, we studied the synthesis and production of {sup 18}F-FLT, with the evaluation of three different temperatures of radiolabeling to check the behavior of the radiochemical yield and stability of the nal product. Studies of analytical methodology comprised the analysis of radionuclide identification, determination of chromatographic profiles, radiochemical purity, residual solvents, and pH. In vitro studies of internalization and cytotoxicity were also carried out. In in vivo studies, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution in healthy animals and in animals with tumor models, in addition to PET/CT images in animals with melanomas. The final product had high radiochemical purity and was stable for up to 10 hours after the synthesis, but got a relatively low radiochemical yield, as described in the literature. The tested analytical methods proved suitable for use in the quality control of {sup 18}F-FLT. In in vitro studies, {sup 18}F-FLT showed a significant percentage of binding to tumor cells, and the nonradiolabeled molecule was not considered toxic

  12. Results of quality control studies of technetium 99m labelled radiopharmaceuticals prepared from kits (1978-79)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    McLean, J.R.; Rockwell, L.J.; Welsh, W.J.

    1982-01-01

    This report summarizes the results of quality control studies of Tc 99m-labelled normal albumin, macroaggregated albumin, and bone imaging radiopharmaceuticals prepared from commercially available kits. It includes all analyses performed from January 1978 to December 1979. The results presented were obtained through the application of various in vitro and animal (mouse) biodistribution studies

  13. A Survey on the Usage and Demand of Medical Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceuticals in Malaysia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Muhammad Fakhrurazi Ahmad Fadzil; Siti Selina Abdul Hamid; Siti Najila Mohd Janib; Azahari Kasbollah; Syed Asraf Fahlawi Wafa

    2015-01-01

    Medical radioisotope is a small quantity of radioactive substance used in safe, cost effective, for the purpose of diagnostic and therapy of various diseases. In Malaysia, the emerging of new nuclear medicine centers or institutions in both government and private sectors rose abruptly for the past few years. Currently, there are no data available on the usage and demand of medical radioisotope or radiopharmaceuticals. Understanding the usage trending and demand of radiopharmaceuticals and medical radioisotope is essential when related to technology changes in order to meet the market size of these radiopharmaceuticals. Survey result found out that the highest demand and the highest usage among all radioisotopes are Technetium-99m and Radioiodine isotopes such as the Iodine-1331, Iodine131 MIBG, Iodine-123 and Iodine-123 MIBG. Currently, most of the medical isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals are currently imported. Technetium-99m is the backbone of nuclear medicine whereby more than 80 % of Nuclear Medicine services utilize this radioisotope. Technetium-99m supply chain is unstable globally and in coming future, two main reactors (Canada and Holland) that produces 60 % of world Molybdenum-99 will shut down the operation and supply of Molybdenum-99 will be disrupted. As for radioiodine services, currently, Iodine-123 can't be obtained in Malaysia and neighboring countries due to its short half-life, Iodine-123 is useful in diagnostic of thyroid related diseases. As for PET services, the highest demands are F-18 FDG and Gallium-68 Generator for the moment. However the survey data still did not include most of the PET centers in the Klang Valley, northern area (Penang) and the new upcoming PET center in Southern Region (Malacca and Johor). It is important for Malaysia to self-produced medical radioisotope and radiopharmaceuticals to meet the market and local demand of these medical isotopes. (author)

  14. Radiopharmaceuticals for bone scintillators

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rey, A.M.

    1994-01-01

    One of the diagnostic techniques used in nuclear medicine is the bone scintiscanning with labelled compounds for obtain skeletal images. The main sections in this work are: (1) bone composition and anatomy;(2)skeletal radiopharmaceutical development;(3)physical properties of radionuclides;(4)biological behaviour and chemical structures;(5)radiopharmaceuticals production for skeletal scintillation;(6)kits;(7)dosimetry and toxicity.tabs

  15. Instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC) - the most true and convenient method for the determination of radiochemical purity of Tc-99m Labeled radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Anwar-Ul-Azim, M.; Ansari, M.I.H.

    2007-01-01

    Full text: Determination of radiochemical purity usually involves paper chromatography method or some column chromatography such as ion exchange or gel filtration technique. In this study, a modified chromatography method with thin-layer support called instant thin Layer chromatography (ITLC) was used for the measurement of radiochemical purity. The aim of the study was to present instant thin layer chromatography-Silica-Gel (ITLC-SG) technique as a fairly rapid , convenient and inexpensive system for the screening of radiochemical impurities of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals resulting from physical , chemical and/or radiation decomposition. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out at the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound, Dhaka for a period of 10 months from August '05 to May '06. Radiochemical purity of seven types of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, namely 99mTc-DTPA,99mTc- MI I, 99m Tc - HDP, 99m Tc - DMSA, 99m Tc - Tetofosmin, 99mTc-Fyton and 99mTc-ECD were measured by the use of two solvent dual-instant thin layer chromatography systems. Commercially available instant thin layer chromatography plate ( 20cm x20cm) impregnated with silica gel (ITLC-SG: Merck, Germany) was used as a stationary phase for the measurement of radiochemical impurities.Acetone, Ethyl methyl ketone, chloroform and methanol were used to measure the amount of free pertechnetate in the labelled radiopharmaceuticals and 0.9% saline was used in all cases as solvent (Mobile phase) to measure the amount of the hydrolyzed-reduced technetium colloid. Results: The results showed that the measured radiochemical purity of 99mTc-DTPA, 99mTc-MIBI, 99mTc-HDP, 99mTc-DMSA, 99mTc-Tetofosmin, 99mTc-Fyton and 99mTc-ECD were acceptable for all the studied samples except two samples of 99mTc-MIBI, one sample of 99mTc-Fyton and two samples of 99mTc-ECD, where the measured radiochemical purity were not within the acceptable RCP limits of commonly used radiopharmaceuticals (RCP

  16. Profile of MIBI liquid phase radiopharmaceutical for myocardial imaging

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    I Daruwati; ME Sriyani; NK Oekar; N Zainuddin; KA Hanafiah

    2016-01-01

    The 99m Tc-MIBI radiopharmaceutical has been used in nuclear medicine in Indonesia for myocardial imaging. BATAN researchers have mastered the technology to manufacture MIBI as a lyophilized kit. A reformulation of MIBI radiopharmaceutical has been conducted to improve the stability of the kit especially in the liquid-phase kit. Basically, radiopharmaceuticals in liquid form are not different from the dry kit. However in the manufacturing of liquid-phase kit, lyophilization process was not done. To improve the stability of liquid kit, a reformulation of the components was conducted by using two separate vials (Formulation 2) and the characteristics were compared with the one-vial formulation (Formulation 1). The MIBI Formulation 2 consists of two vials, vial A containing 0.06 mg of SnCl 2 2H 2 O and 2.6 mg Sodium Citrate 2H 2 O and vial B containing 0.5 mg of [Cu(MIBI) 4 ]BF 4 , 1 mg of cysteine hydrochloride, and 20 mg of mannitol. The purposes of this study were to determine the stability of two different formulations of MIBI as a liquid-phase kit, to compare their stability in different storage condition such as in refrigerator and freezer, and to compare the ratio of activities attained between target and nontarget organs after injection to animal model. As a diagnostic agent, MIBI was reconstituted with Technetium-99m as radionuclide tracer to 99m Tc-MIBI labeled compound. The radiochemical purity of 99m Tc-MIBI was determined by chromatography method using alumina thin-layer chromatography paper as the stationary phase and ethanol 95% as the mobile phase. The results showed MIBI Formulation 2 has a higher stability than Formulation 1. Formulation 2 also maintained a 96.68% radiochemical purity under 52-day storage and attained a target-to-nontarget activity ratio of 8.22. (author)

  17. 45 CFR 205.38 - Federal financial participation (FFP) for establishing a statewide mechanized system.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... software or modifications thereof and associated documentation designed or developed with 90 percent FFP... system planned, designed, developed, installed, and hardware acquired, with FFP under these regulations... are being met and to determine its efficiency, economy and effectiveness. (c) If ACF suspends approval...

  18. Radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear cardiology; Radiofarmacos para cardiologica nuclear

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Leon Cabana, Alba [Universidad de la Republica, Facultad de Quimica (Uruguay)

    1994-12-31

    One of the diagnostic technique periodically used in Nuclear Medicine is the angiographic studi e, employee for detect cardiovascular diseases. The radiopharmaceutical more used in the angiographic ones is 99mTc. Between thetopics described in the present work it find: myocardial infarction, radiopharmaceuticals classification for cardiac studies, labelled proceedings, cardiovascular diseases.

  19. SU-E-I-82: PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Prostate Cancer Imaging: A Review

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fernandes, F [Delfin Farmacos e Derivados Ltda, Lauro De Freitas, Bahia (Brazil); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica, Salvador, Bahia (Brazil); Silva, D da [Delfin Farmacos e Derivados Ltda, Lauro De Freitas, Bahia (Brazil); Rodrigues, L [Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica, Salvador, Bahia (Brazil)

    2015-06-15

    Purpose: The aim of this work was to review new and clinical practice PET radiopharmaceuticals for prostate cancer imaging. Methods: PET radiopharmaceuticals were reviewed on the main databases. Availability, dosimetry, accuracy and limitations were considered. Results: The following radioisotopes with respective physical half-life and mean positron energy were found: {sup 18}F (109,7 min, 249,8 keV), {sup 89}Zr (78,4 hs, 395,5 keV), {sup 11}C (20,4 min, 385,7 keV) and {sup 68}Ga (67,8 min, 836 keV). {sup 68}Ga was the only one not produced by cyclotron. Radiopharmaceuticals uptake by glucose metabolism ({sup 18}F-FDG), lipogenesis ({sup 11}C-Choline and {sup 11}C-Acetate), amino acid transport (Anti-{sup 18}F-FACBC), bone matrix ({sup 18}F-NaF), prostatespecific membrane antigen ({sup 68}Ga-PSMA and {sup 89}Zr-J591), CXCR receptors ({sup 89}Ga-Pentixafor), adrenal receptors ({sup 18}F-FDHT) and gastrin release peptide receptor (bombesin analogue). Most of radiopharmaceuticals are urinary excretion, so bladder is the critical organ. 11C-choline (pancreas), Anti-{sup 18}FFACBC (liver) and {sup 18}F-FBDC (stomach wall) are the exception. Higher effective dose was seen {sup 18}F-NaF (27 μSv/MBq) while the lowest was {sup 11}CAcetate (3,5 μSv/MBq). Conclusion: Even though {sup 18}F-FDG has a large availability its high urinary excretion and poor uptake to slow growing disease offers weak results for prostate cancer. Better accuracy is obtained when {sup 18}F-NaF is used for bone metastatic investigation although physicians tend to choose bone scintigraphy probably due to its cost and practice. Many guidelines in oncology consider {sup 11}C or {sup 18}F labeled with Choline the gold standard for biochemical relapse after radical treatment. Local, lymph node and distant metastatic relapse can be evaluated at same time with this radiopharmaceutical. There is no consensus over bigger urinary excretion for {sup 18}F labeling. Anti-{sup 18}F-FACBC, {sup 68}Ga-PSMA and {sup

  20. Preparações radiofarmacêuticas e suas aplicações Radiopharmaceuticals and applications

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rita Oliveira

    2006-06-01

    Full Text Available Os radiofármacos são compostos, sem ação farmacológica, que têm na sua composição um radionuclídeo e são utilizados em Medicina Nuclear para diagnóstico e terapia de várias doenças. Para aplicações de diagnóstico em Medicina Nuclear utilizam-se radiofármacos que apresentam na sua constituição radionuclídeos emissores de radiação gama ou emissores de pósitrons (beta+, já que o decaimento destes radionuclídeos dá origem a radiação eletromagnética penetrante, que consegue atravessar os tecidos e pode ser detectada externamente. Os radiofármacos para terapia devem incluir na sua composição um radionuclídeo emissor de partículas ionizantes (a , b- ou elétrons Auger, pois a sua ação se baseia na destruição seletiva de tecidos. Existem dois métodos tomográficos para aquisição de imagens em Medicina Nuclear: o SPECT (Tomografia Computarizada de Emissão de Fóton Único, que utiliza radionuclídeos emissores gama (99mTc, 123I, 67Ga, 201Tl e o PET (Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons, que usa radionuclídeos emissores de pósitrons ( 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F. Os radiofármacos podem ser classificados em radiofármacos de perfusão (ou 1ª geração e radiofármacos específicos (ou 2ª geração. Os radiofármacos de perfusão são transportados no sangue e atingem o órgão alvo na proporção do fluxo sanguíneo. Os radiofármacos ditos específicos contêm molécula biologicamente ativa, que se liga a receptores celulares e que deve manter a sua bioespecificidade mesmo após ligação ao radionuclídeo. Assim, nestes radiofármacos, a fixação em tecidos ou órgãos é determinada pela capacidade da biomolécula de reconhecer receptores presentes nessas estruturas biológicas. As preparações radiofarmacêuticas são obtidas prontas para uso, em kits frios ou em preparações autólogas. De acordo com o tipo de preparação, existe um processo de controle de qualidade próprio. A maior parte dos radiof

  1. Evaluation of 99mTcN-moxifloxacin dithiocarbamate, as a potential radiopharmaceutical for scintigraphic localization of infectious foci

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Syed Qaiser Shah; Muhammad Rafiullah Khan

    2011-01-01

    In the current study radio complexation of the moxifloxacin dithiocarbamate (MXND) with technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) using the [ 99m Tc-N] 2+ core through legend exchange reaction was explored. The 99m TcN-MXND complex was biologically evaluated as a potential radiopharmaceutical for in vivo scintigraphy using artificially infected male sprague-dawley rats (MSDR) with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The radiochemistry of the complex was explored in terms of radiochemical purity (RCP), in vitro stability in serum at 37 deg C for 16 h, in vitro binding with S. aureus and biodistribution in artificially infected with S. aureus MSDR. It was observed that the complex showed stability of more than 90% up to 4 h after reconstitution with a maximum RCP value of 97.55 ± 0.42% at 30 min. The complex showed significantly in vitro stability in serum at 37 deg C with an insignificant free species up to 16.50% within 16 h. In vitro saturated binding with S. aureus was noted up to 120 min with maximum value of 73.25% at 90 min of incubation. Almost sixfold uptake was noted in the infected muscle of the MSDR as compared to inflamed and normal muscle. The 97.55 ± 0.42% RCP values, stability in serum with insignificant untagged 16.50% species, 73.25% in vitro binding with S. aureus and sixfold uptake in the target organ posed the 99m TcN-MXND complex as a promising radiopharmaceutical for S. aureus infectious foci. (author)

  2. Limulus test for pyrogens and radiometric sterility tests on radiopharmaceuticals. Part of a coordinated programme

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gopal, N.G.S.

    1976-10-01

    Sterility testing of radiopharmaceuticals prepared at BARC were carried out using the radiometric technique (Radiometric detection of the metabolic product 14 Co 2 ). Batches of different radiopharmaceuticals were tested for pyrogen using the limulus lysate method and the results were compared with the rabbit method. The results of sterility test on 202 batches of 19 different radiopharmaceuticals show that the radiometric method can be used for sterility testing of radiopharmaceuticals labelled with 35 S, 51 Cr, 57 Co, 59 Fe, 82 Br, 86 Rb, sup(99m)Tc, sup(113m)In, 125 I and 169 Yb. The radiometric test proves to be more rapid than the conventional one for the sterility testing of such radiopharmaceuticals. Detection time is between 6-21 hours. In the case of 131 I-labelled radiopharmaceuticals and in the case of chlormerodrin-Hg-203, it was found an interference due to volatile species (sup(131m)Xe in the case of 131 I and some volatile mercury form in the case of chlormerodrin). In these cases it would be possible to carry out the radiometric sterility test after separation of the microorganisms from the radioactive material (by filtration). The limulus lysate method can be employed for control of various pyrogen-prone raw materials and radiopharmaceuticals. Such method is the only method at present available for detecting the low level pyrogen contamination in intrathecal injections. The limulus test is more rapid than the rabbit test

  3. Development of more efficacious Tc-99m organ imaging agents for use in nuclear medicine by analytical characterization of radiopharmaceutical mixtures. Progress report, May 1, 1981-April 30, 1982

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Heineman, W.R.; Deutsch, E.A.

    1981-12-01

    The objectives of this year's research were to develop a method for rapidly determining TcO 4 - in 99 Mo//sup 99m/Tc generator eluates, to improve the ability to chromatographically determine individual Tc-HEDP complexes in radiopharmaceuticals, and to investigate the effects of TcO 4 - concentration and electrochemical reduction on the types and relative amounts of Tc-HEDP complexes present in a radiopharmaceutical formulation. A rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitative determination of pertechnetate (TcO 4 - ) was developed. This HPLC-based analysis may be of considerable utility in assessing the history and function of 99 MO/sup 99m/Tc generators as well as in the routine analysis of reduced technetium radiopharmaceuticals for the presence of undesired TcO 4 - . Encouraging results were obtained on a dimethyl amine column using aqueous (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 as the mobile phase. The preparation of Tc(NaBH 4 ) HEDP radiopharmaceutical analogues using varying concentrations of total TcO 4 - shows a dramatic effect in the number and distribution of Tc-HEDP complexes over a TcO 4 - concentration range of 10 -2 to 10 -8 M. These results suggest that total TcO 4 - concentration is an important parameter to be considered in the preparation of a specific Tc-HEDP complex to improve skeletal imaging. The preparation of Tc(electrode) HEDP radiopharmaceutical analogues by using electrochemical reduction was explored. The resulting solutions contain Tc-HEDP complexes that are tentatively identified as being the same complexes formed by NaBH 4 reduction, although the relative concentrations of these complexes are quite different with the two modes of reduction. Thus, electrochemical reduction shows promise as a viable route to the preparation of specific Tc-HEDP complexes for improved skeletal imaging

  4. Recent radiopharmaceutical research at the AAEC Research Establishment

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wilson, J.G.; Boyd, R.E.

    1985-12-01

    During the past few years a large part of the radiochemical research carried out at Lucas Heights has been devoted to the synthesis of ligands capable of forming chelate complexes with technetium-99m, as part of a search for tumour-localising radiopharmaceuticals. An account is given of the synthesis and biological evaluation of a range of these compounds and of the investigation of certain biochemical and biological properties affecting the clinical application of both ligands and radiopharmaceuticals. In addition to the search for novel Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals, major research programs on the development of Tc-99m generating systems have been in progress at Lucas Heights for several years. Work on the AAEC's Mark III Tc-99m technetium generator has been brought to a successful conclusion. A new type of Tc-99m generator, which uses an insoluble zirconium molybdate gel and provides high yields of pertechnetate by a simple elution technique, has also been developed. Studies are in progress on the osmium-iridium generator

  5. Acquisition of biokinetic data for internal dose calculations for some novel radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Smith, T.; Zanelli, G.D.; Crawley, C.W.

    1986-01-01

    Estimation of radiation dose commitment, expresses as an effective dose equivalent, is a prior requisite to the application for a license to administer radiopharmaceuticals and, therefore, in the case of novel radiopharmaceuticals is leading to an increasing awareness of the need for dosimetry-orientated studies. In this laboratory potential new radiopharmaceuticals are investigated initially by animal studies to assess the possible distribution in man, and subsequently in controlled volunteer studies designed to obtain the maximum possible amount of biokinetic data to allow accurate estimation of radiation dose. A variety of techniques are used for this purpose, including profile counting, partial and whole-body scanning by LFOV gamma camera and whole-body counting, in addition to the analysis of radioactivity in blood and excreta. The use of these techniques is illustrated for the acquisition of biokinetic data and subsequent dosimetry of three novel radiopharmaceuticals: 77 Br-p-bromospiperone (quantification of dopamine receptors in the brain). 99 Tc/sup m/-porphyrins and 99 Tc/sup m/ DEPE (a possible novel blood pool marker for MUGA studies). 14 references, 14 figures, 2 tables

  6. Analysis of residual solvents in PET radiopharmaceuticals by GC

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Li Yungang; Zhang Xiaojun; Liu Jian; Tian Jiahe; Zhang Jinming

    2013-01-01

    The residual solvents in PET radiopharmaceuticals were analyzed by GC, which were acetonitrile, ethanol, N, N-dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The standard curves were established with the AT-624 capillary column at GC, and the sensitivity of acetonitrile and ethanol were 0.004-0.320 g/L and 0.010-0.120 g/L respectively. The residual solvents of acetonitrile, ethanol, DMEA and DMSO in PET radio- pharmaceuticals were analyzed by GC. The linearity were 0.9994, 0.9999, 0.9997, 0.999 6 respectively. The residual of acetonitrile were (0.0313±0.0433), (0.0829±0.0668), (0.0156±0.0059), (0.0254±0.0266) g/L in 18 F-FDG, 18 F-FLT, 11 C-CFT, 11 C-PIB respectively. The residual of ethanol was (0.0505±0.00528) g/L in 18 F-FDG. The residual of DMSO were (0.0331±0.0180) g/L, (0.0238±0.0100) g/L in 18 F-W372 and 11 C-DTBZ respectively. The residual of DMEA was (0.0348±0.0022) g/L in 11 C-Choline. The survived of organic solvent in PET radiopharmaceuticals can be analyzed with GC directly. The results showed that the QC should be done in PET radiopharmaceuticals purity with semi-HPLC to avoid the high residual. (authors)

  7. Synthesis, labeling with 99mTc and biokinetics of brains scintigraphy diaminodithiol perfusion radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Goncalves, Marcos Moises

    1999-01-01

    The recent tomography status using radiopharmaceuticals have been contributing greatly with the 'age of certainty' in the diagnosis examination of syndromes, pathologies and clinical signs, because they can evidence some phenomena occurring in a molecular manner. The purpose of this work have had the development of new diaminodithiol (DADT) perfusion radiopharmaceuticals to be used in brain diagnosis using S.P.E.T. (Single Photon Emission Tomography). Initially, the rational planning had been performed with the new DADT molecular structures as radiopharmaceutical candidates. Using of Q.S.A.R. (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) techniques, the molecular descriptors such as partition coefficient and effective polarizability, have been studied in order to increase the blood brain barrier transport and the brain uptake respectively. Applying the Q.S.P.R. (Quantitative Structure Property Relationship) concepts to perform drug latentiation, based on bio-labile functional groups, the congener DADT derivative has been transformed into a pro-drug that works as a DADT moiety carrier, allowing the increasing of brain radiopharmaceutical uptake. Later on, synthetic routes and chemical purifications have been developed allowing the creation of the proposed chemical structure. Each new DADT derivative has been synthesized and analyzed in terms of elemental analysis, infrared and NMR spectra, in order to confirm its proposed chemical structure. Then, the new derivative has been labeled with 99m Tc, radiochemically purified, intravenously injected in Swiss mice, allowing its biodistribution to evidence its brain transport and uptake. The rational planning studies have been re-evaluated after each biodistribution had been performed, to see what kind of molecular descriptor was responsible for causing a stronger optimization in the brain perfusion characteristics and then, new DADT derivatives have been prepared. Three new DADT derivatives have been obtained by using

  8. Development of nano radiopharmaceutical based on Bevacizumab labelled with Technetium-99m for early diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Braga, Thais Ligiero

    2015-01-01

    The development of new radiopharmaceuticals is an essential activity to improve nuclear medicine, and essential for the early and effective diagnosis of oncological diseases. Among the various possibilities current research in the world, the radiopharmaceuticals to chemotherapeutic base may be the most effective in detecting tumors, particularly Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST), the Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma and neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors. However, difficulties in directing, as well as adhesion of the radiopharmaceutical in the desired location, are currently the main problems in the early detection and treatment of some of these tumors. Advances in the field of nanotechnology, particularly in recent years, indicate significant contribution to overcoming these obstacles, particularly in the implementation of molecular barriers as well as the functionalization of the nanoparticles, thereby improving targeting by the use of surface nucleotides, and the increased adhesion, which facilitates the release of the drug and therefore increases the chances of early diagnosis and more effective treatment. This study aimed to the production, characterization and evaluation of cytotoxicity, as well as in vivo biodistribution test Bevacizumab nanoparticles labeled with Technetium-99m radionuclide for detection of type GIST tumors. Bevacizumab was encapsulated in the form of nanoparticles by the emulsification method using double poly-acetic acid and polyvinyl alcohol polymers (PLA / PVA) at a concentration of 2% of the monoclonal antibody. The characterization of the nanoparticles was performed by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxicity assessment was performed by XTT assay with various cell lines of solid tumor cells. The labeling with technetium-99m was done by the direct method, and its yield determined by paper chromatography using paper Whatmam 1 as the stationary phase and acetone as mobile phase. In the biodistribution study

  9. Radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kuhl, D.E.

    1990-06-01

    During this grant period 1 January 1988--31 December 1990, we have successfully developed a number of new approaches to fluorine-18 labeled compounds, prepared several new radiotracers for both animal studies and eventual clinical trials, and explored the utility of a high-quality industrial robot in radiopharmaceutical applications. The progress during the last grant period is summarized briefly in the following sections. Publications arising from this research are listed below and can be found in Appendix I. 1 fig

  10. Eleventh international symposium on radiopharmaceutical chemistry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1995-01-01

    This document contains abstracts of papers which were presented at the Eleventh International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Sessions included: radiopharmaceuticals for the dopaminergic system, strategies for the production and use of labelled reactive small molecules, radiopharmaceuticals for measuring metabolism, radiopharmaceuticals for the serotonin and sigma receptor systems, labelled probes for molecular biology applications, radiopharmaceuticals for receptor systems, radiopharmaceuticals utilizing coordination chemistry, radiolabelled antibodies, radiolabelling methods for small molecules, analytical techniques in radiopharmaceutical chemistry, and analytical techniques in radiopharmaceutical chemistry

  11. Eleventh international symposium on radiopharmaceutical chemistry

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-12-31

    This document contains abstracts of papers which were presented at the Eleventh International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Sessions included: radiopharmaceuticals for the dopaminergic system, strategies for the production and use of labelled reactive small molecules, radiopharmaceuticals for measuring metabolism, radiopharmaceuticals for the serotonin and sigma receptor systems, labelled probes for molecular biology applications, radiopharmaceuticals for receptor systems, radiopharmaceuticals utilizing coordination chemistry, radiolabelled antibodies, radiolabelling methods for small molecules, analytical techniques in radiopharmaceutical chemistry, and analytical techniques in radiopharmaceutical chemistry.

  12. Radiopharmaceuticals labelled with positron-emitting radioisotopes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Comar, D.; Berridge, M.; Maziere, B.; Crouzel, C.

    1982-01-01

    This chapter reviews the preparation of radioisotopes for biochemical and physiological studies and the principal methods for their incorporation into radiopharmaceuticals, while pointing out the problems encountered with their use and considering their medical interest in the following areas: distribution and flow of fluids, metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies. Inorganic and organic radiopharmaceuticals presently in use and most probable to be used in the future are reviewed. It is anticipated that three types of products labelled with 15 O, 13 N, 11 C and 18 F will be developed in the future. The first type includes products which trace general phenomena such as fluid movement or metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins. The compromise between physiological accuracy and imaging technology is discussed in relation to the use of 11 C and 18 F. The second type of product is one to measure more specific parameters such as those of molecular transport kinetics, membrane permeability, cellular pH and receptor-ligand interactions, again with particular reference to 11 C and 18 F. The third type of product discussed is that intended for pharmacology studies, particular reference being made to 68 Ga, 82 Rb. Extensive bibliography. (U.K.)

  13. The development of cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Yang, Seung Dae; Chun, K. W.; Suh, Y. S.; Lee, J. D.; Ahn, S. H. and others

    1999-03-01

    The purpose of this project is to developthe radiopharmaceuticals and automatic synthetic unit for labelled compounds, and to establish mass production system of radiopharmaceuticals. These will contribute to the early diagnosis of the disease hard to cure. The contents of this project are as follows, the development of the radiopharmaceutical for imaging of cancer, the development of automatic synthesizer for the synthesis of radio-pharmaceuticals, the development of hormone derivatives labelled with {sup 12}'3I, the development of the radiopharmaceuticals for therapy of cancer labelled with cyclotron produced radionuclides, the development of radiopharmaceuticals for therapy of cancer labelled with cyclotron produced radionuclides, the development of radiopharmaceuticals for imaging of myocardial metabolism.

  14. The development of cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yang, Seung Dae; Chun, K. W.; Suh, Y. S.; Lee, J. D.; Ahn, S. H. and others

    1999-03-01

    The purpose of this project is to develop the radiopharmaceuticals and automatic synthetic unit for labelled compounds, and to establish mass production system of radiopharmaceuticals. These will contribute to the early diagnosis of the disease hard to cure. The contents of this project are as follows, the development of the radiopharmaceutical for imaging of cancer, the development of automatic synthesizer for the synthesis of radio-pharmaceuticals, the development of hormone derivatives labelled with 12 '3I, the development of the radiopharmaceuticals for therapy of cancer labelled with cyclotron produced radionuclides, the development of radiopharmaceuticals for therapy of cancer labelled with cyclotron produced radionuclides, the development of radiopharmaceuticals for imaging of myocardial metabolism

  15. 99mTc-hexoprenaline and 131I-dapoxetine. Preparation, in silico modeling and biological evaluation as promising lung scintigraphy radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rashed, H.M.; Ibrahim, I.T.; Motaleb, M.A.

    2017-01-01

    Hexoprenaline and dapoxetine (two lung selective pharmaceutical compounds) were radiolabeled to produce lung imaging radiopharmaceuticals using 99m Tc and 131 I, respectively. Different factors affecting labeling process were examined and optimum radiochemical purities of 91.3 ± 0.294 and 96.5 ± 0.342% were obtained, respectively. In silico molecular modeling studies for 99m Tc-hexoprenaline and 131 I-dapoxetine were done. Molecular modeling studies of the radiolabeled compounds examined the effect of radiolabeling on structure activity relationship for hexoprenaline and dapoxetine. Biodistribution studies in Swiss albino mice showed poor lung uptake of 99m Tc-hexoprenaline and high uptake for 131 I-dapoxetine (15.26 ± 0.11 and 55.82 ± 0.201%ID/g, respectively) matching the molecular modeling expectations. Consequently, 131 I-dapoxetine could be a hopeful radiopharmaceutical for lung scintigraphic imaging and further studies to radiolabel hexoprenaline with 131 I are recommended. (author)

  16. Cyclotron produced radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kopicka, K.; Fiser, M.; Hradilek, P.; Hanc, P.; Lebeda, O.

    2003-01-01

    Some of the cyclotron-produced radionuclides may serve as important materials for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. This lecture deals with basic information relating to various aspects of these compounds. In comparison with radionuclides /compounds used for non-medical purposes, radiopharmaceuticals are subject to a broader scale of regulations, both from the safety and efficacy point of view; besides that, there are both radioactive and medical aspects that must be taken into account for any radiopharmaceutical. According to the regulations and in compliance with general rules of work with radioactivity, radiopharmaceuticals should only be prepared/manufactured under special conditions, using special areas and special equipment and applying special procedures (e.g. sterilisation, disinfection, aseptic work). Also, there are special procedures for cleaning and maintenance. Sometimes the requirements for the product safety clash with those for the safety of the personnel; several examples of solutions pertaining to these cases are given in the lecture. Also, the specific role of cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals is discussed. (author)

  17. Active and passive vectorization of technetium{sup 99m} and {sup 188}rhenium radiopharmaceuticals for medical imaging and radiotherapy; Vectorisations active et passive de radiopharmaceutiques du technetium-99m et du rhenium-188 pour l'imagerie medicale et la therapie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lepareur, N

    2003-11-15

    Research for new molecules for nuclear medicine is a field in constant development. Over the past few years, development of new radiopharmaceuticals for radiotherapy has renewed interest for rhenium chemistry. Indeed, its two isotopes {sup 186}Re and {sup 188}Re, owing to their ideal properties and their similitude with {sup 99m}Tc, which is widely used as a radiotracer for diagnostic imaging, seem very promising for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals. In the first part of this manuscript, the synthesis of rhenium and technetium-99 complexes, [M(RPhCS3)2(RPhCS2)] (M = Re, Tc), is described. The preparation of technetium{sup 99m} based radiopharmaceuticals, analogues to the pondered complexes, is also described. The stability/reactivity of these complexes has been studied by exchange reactions with potential ligands, specially dithiocarbamates, and also by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The reactivity of the complexes towards dithiocarbamates leads to the possibility to bind biomolecules to the metallic core, via the dithiocarbamate moiety. This method represents a potential alternative to current ones using the so-called bifunctional approach. In the second part of this manuscript, a new kit formulation for the {sup 188}Re labeling of lipiodol is described, using a complex analogous to those described in the previous part. The labeled oil is a potential cure for hepatocellular carcinoma. The in vitro and in vivo stability of this {sup 188}Re-SSS lipiodol and of its analogue {sup 99m}Tc-SSS lipiodol has been studied, and also their in vivo behavior in healthy pigs. This study has shown the quasi-exclusive hepatic fixation of the radiopharmaceutical, and has proven its good stability. Its selectivity for tumors remains to be shown before trying it on humans. (author)

  18. Active and passive vectorization of technetium{sup 99m} and {sup 188}rhenium radiopharmaceuticals for medical imaging and radiotherapy; Vectorisations active et passive de radiopharmaceutiques du technetium-99m et du rhenium-188 pour l'imagerie medicale et la therapie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lepareur, N

    2003-11-15

    Research for new molecules for nuclear medicine is a field in constant development. Over the past few years, development of new radiopharmaceuticals for radiotherapy has renewed interest for rhenium chemistry. Indeed, its two isotopes {sup 186}Re and {sup 188}Re, owing to their ideal properties and their similitude with {sup 99m}Tc, which is widely used as a radiotracer for diagnostic imaging, seem very promising for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals. In the first part of this manuscript, the synthesis of rhenium and technetium-99 complexes, [M(RPhCS3)2(RPhCS2)] (M = Re, Tc), is described. The preparation of technetium{sup 99m} based radiopharmaceuticals, analogues to the pondered complexes, is also described. The stability/reactivity of these complexes has been studied by exchange reactions with potential ligands, specially dithiocarbamates, and also by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The reactivity of the complexes towards dithiocarbamates leads to the possibility to bind biomolecules to the metallic core, via the dithiocarbamate moiety. This method represents a potential alternative to current ones using the so-called bifunctional approach. In the second part of this manuscript, a new kit formulation for the {sup 188}Re labeling of lipiodol is described, using a complex analogous to those described in the previous part. The labeled oil is a potential cure for hepatocellular carcinoma. The in vitro and in vivo stability of this {sup 188}Re-SSS lipiodol and of its analogue {sup 99m}Tc-SSS lipiodol has been studied, and also their in vivo behavior in healthy pigs. This study has shown the quasi-exclusive hepatic fixation of the radiopharmaceutical, and has proven its good stability. Its selectivity for tumors remains to be shown before trying it on humans. (author)

  19. Evaluation and Characterization of The Radiopharmaceutical Lyophilized-Kit of Ciprofloxacin

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nurlaila Zainuddin; Eva Maria Widyasari

    2009-01-01

    The 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin radiopharmaceutical is available in the lyophilized-kit which is separately packed in two vials, ciprofloxacin lactate and Sn-tartrate, respectively. Preparation of 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin was performed by adding 99m Tc radionuclide into ciprofloxacin lactate solution, followed by addition of Sn-tartrate solution. The complement information was needed by user in order to assure the successful preparation and utilization of this radiopharmaceutical. Meanwhile, this investigation was performed to obtained the several physicochemical and biological characters of 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin prepared from the radiopharmaceutical lyophilized-kit of ciprofloxacin lactate. The radiochemical purity was determined with instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC-SG) using acetone and solution of dichloromethane : methanol : ammonium hydroxide : acetonitrile : (4:4:2:1) as a mobile phases. The plasma binding protein of 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin was investigated in-vitro by precipitation method using 5% of trichloro acetic acid solution, whereas the lipophilicity (P) was obtained by determination of octanol-water partition. Beside that, studies on the effect of volume of Na 99m TcO4 solution to radiochemical purity of 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin has been carried out. From the experiment, it was obtained that 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin has 95.85 ± 2.10 % of radiochemical purity, the human plasma binding protein of 58.35 ± 2.05 % and the lipophilicity (P) = 0.024 ± 0.005. The volume more than 2 mL of Na 99m TcO4 solution on the labelling of ciprofloxacin gave less than 90 % of radiochemical purity. The labelling efficiency of 44.79 % was obtained after filtration of 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin. The stability test on 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin lyophilized-kit were performed by determining their radiochemical purities. The 99m Tcciprofloxacin was still able to be used until 4 hours after labelling with radiochemical purity of 91.61 ± 1.60 %. The stability determination showed

  20. Testing the radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals: application to 99mTc-HMPAO

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ait Ben Ali, S.; Darsin, D.; Rizzo, N.; Lours, S.; De Beco, V.; Dumont, A.; Goudou-Sinha, C.; Izembart, M.; Jourdain, J.R.; Lemercier, V.; Linsker, S.; Moati, F.; Piketty, M.L.; Schlageter, M.H.; Moretti, J.L.

    1997-01-01

    The low stability of 99m Tc-HMPAO imposes to carry out the quality testing within the 15 minutes following the preparation. This study has the aim of comparing different methods of radiochemical purity determination (RP) of this radiopharmaceutical in order to validate a fast, reproducible, feasible technique, capable of separating the primary lipophilic 99m Tc-HMPAO (I) of impurities: hydrophilic secondary complex (II), TcO 4 - , reduced and halyards Tc. The reference technique associating two thin-layer chromatographies (TLC), 'C1' and 'C2', has been compared with a TLC 'W' technique and with liquid-liquid extraction 'E' technique: C1 - stationary phase, ITLC Silica gel/mobile phase, Butanone-2; C2 - stationary phase, ITLC Silica gel/mobile phase, 0.9% NaCl; W - stationary phase, Papier Whatman n o 1/mobile phase, Ether; E - extraction with ethyls acetate /0.9% NaCl (1/1 v/v). The 'C1' chromatography allows isolating the reduced Tc and the complex II, the 'C2' chromatography does the same with TcO 4 - but it requires too long techniques (20 min.). The 'W' and 'E' techniques are rapid, reproducible and allow to separate the complex I from the other impurities without discrimination. However, as their results depend upon the deposited quantity of sampling, an optimization and standardization of the techniques are necessary. A forth technique by chromatography on Sep-Pak column is to be evaluated

  1. Radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical generators

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Barak, M.; Winchell, H.W.

    1975-01-01

    A chromatographic column for generating technetium-99m isotopes and technetium-99m labeled pharmaceuticals in a simple two-step process is described. Technetium-99m pertechnetate in a first step is isolated by adsorption upon an adsorbent packing. Then the technetium-99m in a second step is eluted from the packing, either with an immediately labeled biological compound to form a radiopharmaceutical, or by a controlled volume of eluant to produce a 99m-technetium-bearing eluate of a desired specific concentration. (Official Gazette)

  2. Effect of mitomycin-c on biodistribution of 99 mTc-sodium pyrophosphate radiopharmaceuticals in mice; Efeito da mitomicina-c na biodistribuicao do radiofarmaco pirofosfato de sodio marcado com Tecnecio-99m em camundongos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gomes, Maria L.; Braga, Ana C.S.; Gutfilen, Bianca; Bernardo-Filho, Mario [Instituto Nacional do Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)

    1997-12-01

    The desirable characteristics of technetium-99 have stimulated the development of labeling techniques for different molecular and cellular. It is generally acceptable that a variety of factors other than disease can alter the biodistribution of radiopharmaceutical and one such factor is the drug therapy. The absence of knowledge of these factors may result in an unexpected behavior of the radiopharmaceutical. Since patients on chemotherapeutic treatment ca be submitted, for different reasons, to a nuclear medicine procedure, we have studied in mice, the effect of mitomycin-C on the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical {sup 99m} Tc-pyrophosphate ({sup 99m} Tc-PYP). Mitomycin-C is an antineoplastic agent obtained from Streptomyces caesptosus. It was administered 0,15 mg of mitomycin-C in Balb/c in Balb/c female mice with an interval of 72 hours. After one hour of the last dose, 0.3 ml of {sup 99m} Tc-PYP (7.4 MBq) were injected after 0.5 h the animals were sacrificed. The organs were isolated, weighted and counted in a well counter. The percentages of radioactivity per gran of organs (% rad/g) were calculated and statistics analyses were performed (wilcoxon). The results have shown that the % rad/g has increased in pancreas, stomach, bone and lungs. These increased of radioactivity can be justified by the metabolic process or the therapeutic effect of mitomycin-C. (author). 8 refs., 2 tabs.

  3. Knowledge-based automated radiopharmaceutical manufacturing for Positron Emission Tomography

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alexoff, D.L.

    1991-01-01

    This article describes the application of basic knowledge engineering principles to the design of automated synthesis equipment for radiopharmaceuticals used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Before discussing knowledge programming, an overview of the development of automated radiopharmaceutical synthesis systems for PET will be presented. Since knowledge systems will rely on information obtained from machine transducers, a discussion of the uses of sensory feedback in today's automated systems follows. Next, the operation of these automated systems is contrasted to radiotracer production carried out by chemists, and the rationale for and basic concepts of knowledge-based programming are explained. Finally, a prototype knowledge-based system supporting automated radiopharmaceutical manufacturing of 18FDG at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is described using 1stClass, a commercially available PC-based expert system shell

  4. Preparation of radiopharmaceutical formulations

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Simon, J.; Garlich, J.R.; Frank, R.K.; McMillan, K.

    1998-01-01

    Radiopharmaceutical formulations for complexes comprising at least one radionuclide complexed with a ligand, or its physiologically-acceptable salts thereof, especially 153 samarium-ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonic acid, which optionally contains a divalent metal ion, e.g. calcium, and is frozen, thawed, and then administered by injection. Alternatively, the radiopharmaceutical formulations must contain the divalent metal and are frozen only if the time before administration is sufficiently long to cause concern for radiolysis of the ligand. 2 figs., 9 tabs

  5. Radiopharmaceuticals for cerebral studies; Radiofarmacos para Estudios Cerebrales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Leon Cabana, Alba [Universidad de la Republica, Facultad de Quimica (Uruguay)

    1994-12-31

    For obtain good brain scintillation images in nuclear medicine must be used several radiopharmaceuticals. Cerebral studies give a tumors visual image as well as brain anomalities detection and are helpful in the diagnostic diseases . Are described in this work: a cerebrum radiopharmaceuticals classification,labelled compounds proceeding and Tc 99m good properties in for your fast caption, post administration and blood purification for renal way.

  6. DOE SBIR Phase I Grant No. DE-FG02-00ER83067, ''A Flexible and Economical Automated Nucleophilic [18F]Fluorination synthesis System for PET Radiopharmaceuticals.'' Final Technical Report

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Padgett, Henry C.

    2001-01-01

    Phase I Final Report. A prototype manual remote synthesis system based on the unit operations approach was designed, constructed, and functionally tested. This general-purpose system was validated by its configuration and initial use for the preparation of the PET radiopharmaceutical [F-18]FLT using [F-18]fluoride ion

  7. A Survey on the Usage and Demand of Medical Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceuticals in Malaysia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Muhammad Fakhrurazi Ahmad Fadzil; Siti Selina Abdul Hamid; Siti Najila Mohd Janib; Azahari Kasbollah; Syed Asraf Fahlawi Wafa

    2016-01-01

    Medical radioisotope is a small quantity of radioactive substance used for the purpose of diagnostic and therapy of various diseases. In Malaysia, the emerging of new nuclear medicine centers or institutions in both government and private sectors rose abruptly for the past few years. Currently, there are no data available on the usage and demand of these medical radioisotope or radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of this study is to assess current medical radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals usage and also to provide data on current medical radioisotope and radiopharmaceuticals demand for both private and government hospitals or institutions in Malaysia. A survey for a period of 3 months was conducted across Malaysia. The survey was divided into five (5) main parts and it was distributed among health care professionals involved working with medical radioisotope and radiopharmaceuticals in private, government and university based hospitals or institutions and was distributed manually either by hand, mail or e-mail. Data is presented in either pie chart or bar chart. Survey results found out that the highest demand and the highest usage among all radioisotopes are Technetium-99m and radioiodine isotopes such as the iodine-131, iodine-131 MIBG, iodine-123 and iodine-123 MIBG. Technetium-99m is the backbone of nuclear medicine whereby more than 80 % of Nuclear Medicine services utilize this radioisotope. Technetium-99m supply chain is unstable globally and in coming future, two main reactors that produce 60 % of world Molybdenum-99 will shut down and the supply of molybdenum-99 will be disrupted. In radioiodine services, currently, Iodine-123 cannot be obtained in Malaysia and neighboring countries due to its short half-life. Iodine-123 is useful in diagnostic of thyroid related diseases. As for PET services, the highest demands are F-18 FDG and gallium-68 Generator. It is important for Malaysia to self-produced medical radioisotope and radiopharmaceuticals to meet the

  8. Radiopharmaceutical licensing

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mather, S.J.

    1992-01-01

    Recent health service legislation, and especially the loss of crown immunity has once again focussed attention on the arrangements for licensing of radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of the article is to describe in general terms the UK licensing system and in particular to provide guidance to those responsible for the supply of radiopharmaceuticals in hospitals. (author)

  9. Recent achievements in Tc-99m radiopharmaceutical direct production by medical cyclotrons.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Boschi, Alessandra; Martini, Petra; Pasquali, Micol; Uccelli, Licia

    2017-09-01

    99m Tc is the most commonly used radionuclide in the field of diagnostic imaging, a noninvasive method intended to diagnose a disease, assess the disease state and monitor the effects of treatments. Annually, the use of 99m Tc, covers about 85% of nuclear medicine applications. This isotope releases gamma rays at about the same wavelength as conventional X-ray diagnostic equipment, and owing to its short half-life (t ½  = 6 h) is ideal for diagnostic nuclear imaging. A patient can be injected with a small amount of 99m Tc and within 24 h almost 94% of the injected radionuclide would have decayed and left the body, limiting the patient's radiation exposure. 99m Tc is usually supplied to hospitals through a 99 Mo/ 99m Tc radionuclide generator system where it is produced from the β decay of the parent nuclide 99 Mo (t ½  = 66 h), which is produced in nuclear reactors via neutron fission. Recently, the interruption of the global supply chain of reactor-produced 99 Mo, has forced the scientific community to investigate alternative production routes for 99m Tc. One solution was to consider cyclotron-based methods as potential replacement of reactor-based technology and the nuclear reaction 100 Mo(p,2n) 99m Tc emerged as the most worthwhile approach. This review reports some achievements about 99m Tc produced by medical cyclotrons. In particular, the available technologies for target design, the most efficient extraction and separation procedure developed for the purification of 99m Tc from the irradiated targets, the preparation of high purity 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals and the first clinical studies carried out with cyclotron produced 99m Tc are described.

  10. Dosimetric aspects of the treatment of metastatic bone pain with radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Garcia, T.; Marti, J. F.; Olivas, C.; Vercher, J. L.; Repetto, R.; Bello, P.

    2014-01-01

    Within the context of treatment of metastatic bone pain with bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals, this paper expounds the results of an analysis of available molecules (both approved for clinical use or still under study) intended to obtain a detailed comparison of their dosimetric characteristics. These can be used to supplement the list of already know differences between them, such as efficacy, appearance and length of the palliative effect, eventual tumoricidal effect, myelotoxicity, sale price and availability. Seven radiopharmaceuticals have been analysed, five of them are based on beta emission radionuclides: 3 2P, 1 53Sm, 1 86Re and 1 88Re and the other two ones are based on high Linear energy Transference emission radionuclides: 1 17mSn and 2 23Ra a series of estimates of the main dosimetric parameters for each radiopharmaceutical analysed have been obtained. The values obtained might be worth being incorporated to the risk/benefit analysis that precedes every choice of the specific radiopharmaceutical to be used with an individual patient. In this way, we hope these results will be of some help for those Nuclear Medicine specialists interested in the treatment of oncological bone pathologies. (Author)

  11. The use of "9"9"mTc-Al_2O_3 for detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sinilkin, I.; Chernov, V.; Medvedeva, A.; Zeltchan, R.; Slonimskaya, E.; Doroshenko, A.; Varlamova, N.; Skuridin, V.

    2016-01-01

    Purpose: to study the feasibility of using the new radiopharmaceutical based on the technetium-99m-labeled gamma-alumina for identification of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in breast cancer patients. The study included two groups of breast cancer patients who underwent single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and intraoperaive gamma probe identification of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). To identify SLNs, the day before surgery Group I patients (n = 34) were injected with radioactive "9"9"mTc-Al_2O_3, and Group II patients (n = 30) received "9"9"mTc-labeled phytate colloid. A total of 37 SLNs were detected in Group I patients. The number of identified SLNs per patient ranged from 1 to 2 (the average number of identified SLNs was 1.08). Axillary lymph nodes were the most common site of SLN localization. 18 hours after "9"9"mTc-Al_2O_3 injection, the percentage of its accumulation in the SLN was 7–11% (of the counts in the injection site) by SPECT and 17–31% by gamma probe detection. In Group II SLNs were detected in 27 patients. 18 hours after injection of the phytate colloid the percentage of its accumulation in the SLN was 1.5–2% out of the counts in the injection site by SPECT and 4–7% by gamma probe. The new radiopharmaceutical based on the "9"9"mTc-Al_2O_3 demonstrates high accumulation in SLNs without redistribution through the entire lymphatic basin. The sensitivity and specificity of "9"9"mTc-Al_2O_3 were 100% for both SPECT and intraoperative gamma probe identification.

  12. One year's experience of the WA medical cyclotron and radiopharmaceutical production facility

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    DeRoach, J.; Tuchyna, T.; Jones, C.; Price, R.

    2004-01-01

    9 days owing to scheduled maintenance, and a total of 35 (1.6%) patients were cancelled owing to unscheduled maintenance on 7 days. The following major initiatives are now in place for the further development of this facility: 1. Development of a solid targetry facility for the production of 123 I, 124 I, 64 Cu, and other isotopes. Two prototype external beam lines have been developed and trialled. Experiments designed to measure the beam profile at the end of the external beam line are underway. 2. A synthesis module for the production of 18 FMISO and 18 FLT is being developed in-house in collaboration with the cyclotron manufacturer. 3. A module for the synthesis of 18 F-Choline has been installed. 4. A prototype synthesis module is under development which will allow experimentation in the production of novel radiopharmaceuticals based on isotopes produced from liquid targetry. Normalised over 12 months, production staff received on average 3.28 mSv whole body effective dose, with the worst case being 8.46 mSv. Finger doses were 35.6 mSv on average, 70.6 mSv worst case. (Note that production staff also dispense patient doses into individual syringes). Similarly, maintenance staff received 1.41 mSv (avg), 2.56 mSv (max) whole body effective dose, and 33.0 mSv (avg), 124.3 mSv (max) finger dose. A facility for the production and development of short-lived PET radiopharmaceuticals has been created with a capacity that is expected to satisfy Western Australian demands for the next ten years. This facility reliably and routinely produces FDG, and incorporates a well supported and vigorous radiopharmaceutical development function. Copyright (2004) Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine

  13. Results of quality control studies of technetium 99m labelled radiopharmaceuticals prepared from kits

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    McLean, J.R.; Rockwell, L.J.; Welsh, W.J.

    1978-01-01

    This report summarizes the results of quality control studies of Tc 99m labelled normal serum albumin and macro-aggregated albumin radiopharmaceuticals prepared from commercially available kits. It includes all analyses performed since the inception of the program in 1976 until the end of 1977. The results presented herein were obtained through the application of various in vitro tests and animal (mouse) bio-distribution studies. It is hoped that a similar report will be published annually for the benefit of hospital nuclear medicine departments and kit manufacturers. (auth)

  14. Evaluation of Radioisotope Production Process of 153Sm and 153Sm-EDTMP Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kadarisman; Sri Hastini; Yayan Tahyan; Abidin; Dadang Hafid; Enny Lestari

    2007-01-01

    Experiments on the process of 153 Sm radioisotope and labeling of 153 Sm-EDTMP radiopharmaceuticals were carried out. This experiments included preparation of Sm 2 O 3 target, dissolution of post irradiation, determination of radioactivity concentration of 153 Sm radioisotope, radionuclide purity, EDTMP labeling, determination of radiochemical purity and pH. In these experiments the total radioactivity 153 Sm product is round about 2845.83 mCi to 36963.31 mCi, or with the radioactivity concentration between 474 mCi/ml to 6160.55 mCi/ml in the SmCl 3 solution form, each its volume is 6.0 ml, and the samarium content is 5.76 mg/ml, and the radionuclide purity of 153 Sm is 100 %. All of the 153 Sm- EDTMP radiopharmaceuticals product are fulfilled requirements the radioactivity concentration, Sm content, radiochemical purity and pH. The radioactivity concentration of 153 Sm-EDTMP radiopharmaceuticals is 37.50 mCi/ml (minimum) to 283.50 mCi/ml (highest). The pH 7.5 were 8 products, and the rest are pH 8.5. Radiochemical purity of 153 Sm-EDTMP are round about 90.00 % to 99.44 %. (author)

  15. Development of a lyophilized formulation for the preparation of radiopharmaceutical 68Ga-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 for the diagnosis of breast cancer tumors

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Terron A, E. J.

    2015-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals of third generation by its design that includes peptides capable of selectively directing the radiation to a specific molecular target are useful in molecular medicine for obtaining molecular images that allow recording in vivo phenomena temporal-space of molecular or cellular processes, with diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Generally, peptides that recognize cellular receptors that are over-expressed in cancer cells of interest are used; such is the case of RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) a tri-peptide sequence which recognizes to the membrane receptors α(v)β(3) and α(v)β(5) that are involved in metastasis and angiogenic processes as well as in tumor cells of breast glioma. The high affinity and selectivity of RGD peptide with integrin s α(v)β(3) and α(v)β(5) is the basis for designing radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic of breast cancer and the metastasis and angiogenic processes. In this paper a useful lyophilized formulation was development for obtaining 68 Ga-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)] 2 radiopharmaceutical that for its effectiveness, stability and security can be used in humans. The production process of core-equipment DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK] 2 /Buffer sodium acetate 1.0 M was optimized, and the formulation was transferred to the radiopharmaceuticals production plant of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ). The optimized formulation of the core-equipment for the 68 Ga-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)] 2 radiopharmaceutical preparation is: DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)] 2 peptide - 75 μg; Mannitol - 50 mg; Sodium acetate - 14 mg; Sodium acetate buffer 1.0 M ph 4.3 - 0.5 m L. The production process was validated and stability studies were carried out to the validation batches in compliance with the validation master plan of the ININ and in adherence to compliance of the applicable national and international regulations. Also the legal dossier was drawn up in order to make the application of sanitary registration before Comision Federal para

  16. The ARPANSA quality assurance program for radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Baldas, J.; Ivanov, Z.

    2003-01-01

    Full text: The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) conducts a radiopharmaceutical quality assurance test program in which radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine in Australia are tested for compliance with specifications. Where the radiopharmaceutical is the subject of a monograph in the British Pharmacopoeia or the European Pharmacopoeia, then the specifications given in these Pharmacopoeias are adopted. Where a monograph is only available in the US Pharmacopoeia, then this specification is generally adopted. In other cases the specifications quoted have been adopted by this Agency. Animal biodistribution testing was discontinued in 1997 due to resource limitation. Samples for testing were obtained through commercial channels. All technetium-99m cold kits were reconstituted according to the directions in the package insert using Sodium Pertechnetate [ 99m Tc] injection. The results of testing conducted by the ARPANSA during 1984-1999 are summarised. A significant cause of failure to meet full specifications has been due to non-compliance of the vial/package labels. Copyright (2003) The Australian and New Zealand Society of Nuclear Medicine Inc

  17. Purification by ozonolysis of 18O enriched water after cyclotron irradiation and the utilization of the purified water for the production of [18F]-FDG (2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Asti, M.; Grassi, E.; Sghedoni, R.; De Pietri, G.; Fioroni, F.; Versari, A.; Borasi, G.; Salvo, D.

    2007-01-01

    The high cost of virgin 18 O-enriched water has forced many researchers to study methods to purify and recycle enriched water after the first irradiation for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. In our study, [ 18 O]H 2 O was purified by ozonolysis and distillation. Analyses showed a large decrease in impurities after this treatment. The purification procedure was carried out after the production of 94 batches of [ 18 F]-FDG, which were manufactured using a GE Minitrace cyclotron and a GE Mx TracerLab synthesizer. Saturation yields after bombardment, using virgin and re-purified water were, respectively, 2864±204 MBq/μA and 2727±167 MBq/μA, a decrease of 5.5%. The decrease in [ 18 F]-FDG yield, from 67.2±0.7% to 65.5±0.9%, can be ascribed to the irradiation step only

  18. APPLICATION OF LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY COMBINED WITH MASS-SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS) TO ESTABLISH IDENTITY AND PURITY OF PET-RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    FRANSSEN, EJF; LUURTSEMA, G; MEDEMA, J; VISSER, GM; JERONISMUSSHALINGH, CM; BRUINS, AP; VAALBURG, W

    This article describes the application of liquid chromatography combined with mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) as a new quality control tool for PET-radiopharmaceuticals. The final step in the production of 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18-FDG) is a purification by HPLC. This procedure was validated

  19. Radiopharmaceutical development

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zielinski, F.W.; Robinson, G.D. Jr.; MacDonald, N.S.

    1976-01-01

    Progress is reported in the following areas of research: compact cyclotron production of 123 I iodide for radiopharmaceutical synthesis; synthesis of 123 I-labeled compounds for myocardial imaging and evaluation of kidney and liver functions; 62 Cu: a short-lived, generator-produced, positron emitting radionuclide for radiopharmaceuticals; dry radioaerosols for lung airway imaging; and improved particulate agents for perfusion imaging

  20. Development of fluorine 18 labelled MPPF, radiopharmaceutical tracer for serotoninergic system exploration

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Le Bars, D.; Tochon-Danguy, H.

    2002-01-01

    Full text: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a non-invasive method for exploration, in man and animals, of metabolism with radiopharmaceutical tracers labelled with positron emitters such as carbon 11 and fluorine 18 obtained with a cyclotron. Among the ever increasing number of tracers focussed at the CNS neurotransmission, the discovery of a new family of serotoninergic 5HT 1A antagonists (WAY 100635) has led to the first in vivo imaging of 5HT 1A receptors in man, located in cerebral structures such as cortex and hippocampus. Exploration of serotonine parthway is particulaly interesting in normal or diseased state, as this neurotransmitter is involved in the control of mood, sleep and is probably altered in psychiatric disorders. CERMEP, in collaboration with other PET centres has developped a new 5HT 1A antagonist, MPPF, labelled with fluorine 18. [ 18 F]MPPF has the advantadge of fluorine 18 labelling, with a longer half-life (110 min vs 20 min for carbon 11) and easier radiosynthesis automation. Moreover, MPPF affinity for 5HT 1A is close to serotonin itself, thus enabling displacement of MPPF by endogenous serotonin during pharmacological challenges. Automated radiosynthesis of MPPF is achieved via a classical [ 18 F]F - fluoro for nitro displacement, activated by a catalyst, on a nitro precursor prepared in four steps. A final HPLC purification ensures the production of [ 18 F]MPPF with a high purity and a high specific activity. Ex vivo autoradiographies and PET studies in animals (rat, cat) have shown the excellent specificity of MPPF for the 5HT 1A receptor. Experiments with intracerebral β probe have evidenced the displacement of [ 18 F]MPPF by endogenous serotonin after fenfluramine injection. [ 18 F]MPPF is now used in man for non-invasive PET studies of serotoninergic system. Normal volunteers matched for age and sex have been screened as a database and to compute a mathematical model of the tracer kinetic describing 5HT 1A receptor affinity and

  1. Biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical technetium-99m-sodium phytate in rats after splenectomy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pereira, Kercia Regina Santos Gomes; Acucena, Maria Kadja Meneses Torres; Villarim Neto, Arthur; Rego, Amalia Cinthia Meneses; Bernardo-Filho, Mario; Azevedo, Italo Medeiros; Araujo Filho, Irami; Medeiros, Aldo Cunha

    2008-01-01

    Drugs and surgery can interfere with the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals and data about the effect of splenectomy on the metabolism of phytate-Tc-99m are scarce. This study aimed at evaluating the interference of splenectomy on phytate-Tc-99m biodistribution and liver function in rats. The SP group rats (n=6) underwent splenectomy. In group C (control) the animals were not operated on. After 15 days, all rats were injected with 0.1 mL of Tc-99m-phytate via orbital plexus (0.66 MBq). After 30 minutes, liver samples were harvested, weighed and the percentage of radioactivity per gram (%ATI/g) was determined by a Wizard Perkin-Elme gamma counter. The ATI%/g in splenectomized rats (0.99±0.02) was significantly higher than in controls (0.4±0.02), (p=0.034). ALT, AST and HDL were significantly lower in SP rats (p= 0.001) and leucocytosis was observed in SP rats. In conclusion, splenectomy in rats changed the hepatic biodistribution of Tc-99m-phytate and liver enzymatic activity. (author)

  2. Biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical technetium-99m-sodium phytate in rats after splenectomy

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pereira, Kercia Regina Santos Gomes; Acucena, Maria Kadja Meneses Torres; Villarim Neto, Arthur; Rego, Amalia Cinthia Meneses [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN (Brazil). Centro de Ciencias da Saude; Bernardo-Filho, Mario [Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), RJ (Brazil). Inst. de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes. Dept. de Biofisica e Biometria; Azevedo, Italo Medeiros; Araujo Filho, Irami; Medeiros, Aldo Cunha [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN (Brazil). Dept. de Cirurgia]. E-mail: aldo@ufrnet.br

    2008-12-15

    Drugs and surgery can interfere with the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals and data about the effect of splenectomy on the metabolism of phytate-Tc-99m are scarce. This study aimed at evaluating the interference of splenectomy on phytate-Tc-99m biodistribution and liver function in rats. The SP group rats (n=6) underwent splenectomy. In group C (control) the animals were not operated on. After 15 days, all rats were injected with 0.1 mL of Tc-99m-phytate via orbital plexus (0.66 MBq). After 30 minutes, liver samples were harvested, weighed and the percentage of radioactivity per gram (%ATI/g) was determined by a Wizard Perkin-Elme gamma counter. The ATI%/g in splenectomized rats (0.99{+-}0.02) was significantly higher than in controls (0.4{+-}0.02), (p=0.034). ALT, AST and HDL were significantly lower in SP rats (p= 0.001) and leucocytosis was observed in SP rats. In conclusion, splenectomy in rats changed the hepatic biodistribution of Tc-99m-phytate and liver enzymatic activity. (author)

  3. The excretion of radiopharmaceuticals in human breast milk: additional data and dosimetry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rubow, S.; Klopper, J.; Wasserman, H.; Baard, B.; Niekerk, M. van

    1994-01-01

    The amount of radioactivity excreted in breast milk following administration of 11 different radiopharmaceuticals, has been measured. This report summarises the data collected from 60 patients. An effective decay constant for the series of samples from each patient was calculated. In order to formulate reliable guidelines, we calculated the total activity theoretically excreted in milk until complete decay of the radionuclide. Of the various 99m Tc compounds, pertechnetate clearly reaches the highest concentrations in breast milk. The wide variability of data from different patients who received the same radiopharmaceutical despite identical methods of sample collection and data processing confirms the impression gained from literature that transfer of radionuclides into milk varies greatly between individuals. We believe that for radiation protection purposes, a ''worst case'' approach is the most appropriate. With new data available and the revision of ICRP recommendations, the guidelines applicable when radiopharmaceuticals are administered to breast-feeding mothers are reviewed. The effective dose resulting from close contact between patient and infant was included in these calculations. Breast feeding need not be interrupted after administration of 99m Tc-DISIDA, -sulphur colloid, -gluconate and -methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI). However, after administration of 99m Tc-MIBI, close contact should be restricted. 99m Tc-pyrophosphate and -microspheres require interruption periods of several hours. High activities of 99m Tc-pertechnetate may require interruption longer than 2 days. For pertechnetate and 99m Tc-labelled red blood cells, interruption of breast feeding with measurement of activity in expressed milk samples is recommended. Breast feeding is contra-indicated after administration of 67 Ga and 131 I. General guidelines regarding breast feeding after administration of radiopharmaceuticals are summarised. (orig./MG)

  4. 188Re(V) Nitrido Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Boschi, Alessandra; Martini, Petra; Uccelli, Licia

    2017-01-19

    The favorable nuclear properties of rhenium-188 for therapeutic application are described, together with new methods for the preparation of high yield and stable 188 Re radiopharmaceuticals characterized by the presence of the nitride rhenium core in their final chemical structure. 188 Re is readily available from an 188 W/ 188 Re generator system and a parallelism between the general synthetic procedures applied for the preparation of nitride technetium-99m and rhenium-188 theranostics radiopharmaceuticals is reported. Although some differences between the chemical characteristics of the two metallic nitrido fragments are highlighted, it is apparent that the same general procedures developed for the labelling of biologically active molecules with technetium-99m can be applied to rhenium-188 with minor modification. The availability of these chemical strategies, that allow the obtainment, in very high yield and in physiological condition, of 188 Re radiopharmaceuticals, gives a new attractive prospective to employ this radionuclide for therapeutic applications.

  5. 188Re(V) Nitrido Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Boschi, Alessandra; Martini, Petra; Uccelli, Licia

    2017-01-01

    The favorable nuclear properties of rhenium-188 for therapeutic application are described, together with new methods for the preparation of high yield and stable 188Re radiopharmaceuticals characterized by the presence of the nitride rhenium core in their final chemical structure. 188Re is readily available from an 188W/188Re generator system and a parallelism between the general synthetic procedures applied for the preparation of nitride technetium-99m and rhenium-188 theranostics radiopharmaceuticals is reported. Although some differences between the chemical characteristics of the two metallic nitrido fragments are highlighted, it is apparent that the same general procedures developed for the labelling of biologically active molecules with technetium-99m can be applied to rhenium-188 with minor modification. The availability of these chemical strategies, that allow the obtainment, in very high yield and in physiological condition, of 188Re radiopharmaceuticals, gives a new attractive prospective to employ this radionuclide for therapeutic applications. PMID:28106830

  6. Characterization of atmospheric emissions of a radiopharmaceutical' s production unit

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Siqueira, Gessilane M.; Barreto, Alberto A.; Maletta, Paulo G.M.; Alves, Thaís A.N., E-mail: gessilane.siqueira@cdtn.br, E-mail: aab@cdtn.br, E-mail: pgmm@cdtn.br, E-mail: aryadnenasc@gmail.com [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte - MG (Brazil)

    2017-07-01

    Cyclotrons are radiative facilities capable of synthesizing radioisotopes that will be used for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. The increasing use of these substances in diagnostic therapies and procedures in nuclear medicine implies the need to increase the production of radiopharmaceuticals. In this context, it is fundamental, from the point of view of environmental radioprotection, to characterize atmospheric emissions from this type of production, in order to make feasible studies of radiological impacts, especially with a view to human health and environmental preservation. It is premise that facilities must ensure the radiological safety of exposed individuals through the control of discharges into the environment. This work aims to characterize the atmospheric emissions behavior of a Radiopharmaceutical Research and Production Unit (RRPU). The emission data for the radionuclides C-11, F-18, and N-13, associated to the production of radiopharmaceuticals ({sup 18}F-FES, {sup 18}F-FDG, {sup 18}FCOL, {sup 18}F-FLT, Na{sup 18}F) during the year 2016 were analyzed. Emissions data are collected every 10 seconds from a sensor installed in the unit's exhaust system. The pre-processing of these data was done by spreadsheets (Excel®) and exported to a statistical package (Minitab16®) to characterize the behavior of these emissions. The results of this study aim to contribute: to the study of atmospheric dispersion of radionuclides in the region of interest; to evaluate the operational control measures of the investigated facility; and to evaluate the radiological impacts in the region neighboring the facility. This methodology has been used in atmospheric dispersion modeling studies in the RRPU and the results showed that the annual doses from the emissions are within the limits established by the radioprotection norms of the Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commission. Additionally, it is believed that the information generated in this study

  7. Radiopharmaceutical chelates and method of external imaging

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Loberg, M.D.; Callery, P.S.; Cooper, M.

    1977-01-01

    A chelate of technetium-99m, cobalt-57, gallium-67, gallium-68, indium-111 or indium-113m and a substituted iminodiacetic acid or an 8-hydroxyquinoline useful as a radiopharmaceutical external imaging agent. The invention also includes preparative methods therefor

  8. 75 FR 77862 - FFP Missouri 16, LLC, Solia 9 Hydroelectric, LLC; Notice of Competing Preliminary Permit...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-12-14

    ... Missouri 16, LLC, Solia 9 Hydroelectric, LLC; Notice of Competing Preliminary Permit Applications Accepted.... On August 6, 2010, FFP Missouri 16, LLC (FFP) and Solia 9 Hydroelectric, LLC filed preliminary permit...-2822. Solia 9 Hydroelectric's proposed Lock and Dam 15 Hydropower Project (Project No. 13827-000) would...

  9. Synthesis of the compound tetrakis (2- methoxy isobutyl isonitrile) copper (I) tetrafluoroborate -(Cu[MIBI]4BF4): substance used in the production of the radiopharmaceutical sestamibi 99m Tc

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Silva, Katia Suzi da Silveira

    2005-01-01

    The radiopharmaceutical SESTAMIBI- 99m Tc presents interest and application in the clinical routine in Nuclear Medicine, especially for evaluation of the myocardium function and in the diagnosis of some tumors types, and the Center of Radiopharmacy of the IPEN has interest in the development of this radiopharmaceutical for attendance of the nuclear medicine class necessities. In this work it was demonstrated the synthesis and characterization of the active compound tetrakis (2- methoxy isobutyl isonitrile) copper (I) tetrafluoroborate - Cu[MIBI] 4 BF 4 - to be used in the preparation of lyophilized reagents for labeling with technetium- 99m as well as labeling studies and biological distribution. The synthesis of the reagent Cu[MIBI] 4 BF 4 was carried out in accordance with previously described procedures, in 5 steps and the compounds were characterized for infra-red, magnetic nuclear resonance, melting point and thin layer chromatography. The characterization of the chelate of MIBI -Cu[MIBI] 4 BF 4 - was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography, compared with a standard sample of the product and presented similar results, as described in literature. The lyophilized reagent was prepared and labeled with technetium- 99m , showing high radiochemical purity, higher than 97%, with high stability. Biological distribution in different animals showed good uptake in the heart, in time compatible with the acquisition of scintigraphy images, demonstrating the applicability of the reagent synthesized in the attainment of cardiac scintigraphy images. (author)

  10. Regulatory aspects of radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kristensen, K.

    1985-01-01

    Regulatory systems in the field of radiopharmaceuticals have two main purposes: efficacy and safety. Efficacy expresses the quality of the diagnostic and therapeutic process for the patient. Safety involves the patient, the staff, and the environment. The world situation regarding regulations for radiopharmaceuticals is reviewed on the basis of a survey in WHO Member States. The main content of such regulations is discussed. The special properties of radiopharmaceuticals compared with ordinary drugs may call for modified regulations. Several countries are preparing such regulations. Close co-operation and good understanding among scientists working in hospital research, industry and regulatory bodies will be of great importance for the fast and safe introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals for the benefit of the patient. Before introducing new legislation in this field, a radiopharmaceutical expert should analyse the situation in the country and the relationship to the existing regulations. It is expected that the most important factor in promoting the fast introduction of new, safe and effective radiopharmaceuticals will be the training of people working within the regulatory bodies. It is foreseen that the IAEA and WHO will have an important role to play by providing expert advice and training in this area. (author)

  11. Biodistribution dosimetric study of radiopharmaceutical 99mTc Ixolaris in mice for melanoma diagnosis by molecular image and translational model for human beings

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Soriano, Sarah Canuto Silva

    2015-01-01

    The labeling of Ixolaris with 99m Tc was developed by Barboza et.al. (2013) aiming its use primarily in glioblastoma and after in melanoma diagnosis, a less common but very aggressive cancer and with high mortality rate. Preliminary tests on animals have proven its effectiveness of labeling but a dosimetric study to human clinical trials should be performed. This study aimed to: (1) determine the biokinetic model for the radiotracer 99m Tc-Ixolaris in mice by imaging dosimetry method; and (2) estimate the absorbed and effective dose resulting from the use of a new radiopharmaceutical for melanoma and metastases diagnosis in human beings, since a dosimetric study of new radiopharmaceuticals in animals is necessary to test them subsequently in humans and apply for registration in ANVISA. According to SPECT images, was found a latency period of 15 to 21 days for the development of lung metastasis in mice. Three C57BL6 mice, one control animal, and two animals with induced cell line B16-F10 murine melanoma were tested. The 99m Tc-Ixolaris radiopharmaceutical was administered intravenously in a caudal vein, and SPECT images were acquired 0.5 h, 1.5 h, 2.5 h, 3.5 h and 24 h post-administration for analysis and biodistribution quantification. The biokinetic model was determined and thus, obtained cumulative activity in order to estimate the absorbed dose in each organ. The mass and metabolic differences between mice and humans were considered and used to extrapolate the data acquired at different scales. Based on dose factors provided by the software MIRDOSE and Olinda (S factor), absorbed doses in irradiated target organs were calculated for the source organs, and finally the effective dose was estimated. The results indicate that for diagnostic exams conducted in human melanoma patients by administering approximately 25.7 MBq the estimated effective dose was 4.3 mSv. Comparing with effective doses obtained in other diagnostic techniques with 99m Tc, a range of effective

  12. Current directions in radiopharmaceutical research

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mather, S.J.

    1998-01-01

    Much of current radiopharmaceutical research is directed towards the development of receptor-binding tracers which are targeted towards biochemical processes. These may be extra or intracellular in nature and hold promise for an imaging approach to tissue characterisation in-vivo. Many of these products are based on proteins which range in size from large monoclonal antibodies to small neuropeptides and share a radiolabelling chemistry based on the use of bifunctional chelating agents. Although developed initially for use with indium-111, considerations of cost and isotope availability have continued to direct the efforts of many researchers towards the use of technetium-99m. While polypeptide-based radiopharmaceuticals may be useful for imaging peripheral cell-surface receptors, access to sites of interest within the cell, or in the brain, requires the development of small lipophilic molecules with retained ability to interact with intracellular targets. The design and synthesis of these compounds presents a particular challenge to the radiopharmaceutical chemist which is being met through either a pendant or integrated approach to the use of technetium coordination with particular emphasis on technetium (v) cores. Progress continues to be made in the application of targeted radionuclide therapy particularly in the development of radiopharmaceuticals for the treatment of malignant bone disease. methods for labelling antibodies with a great variety of cytotoxic radionuclides have now been refined and their use for radioimmunotherapy in the treatment of haematological malignancies shows great promise. The major medical areas for application of these new radiopharmaceuticals will be in oncology, neurology and inflammation but the increasingly difficult regulatory climate in which drug development and health-care now operate will make it essential for researchers to direct their products toward specific clinical problems as well as biological targets. (author)

  13. Radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear cardiology

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Costa, H.

    1985-01-01

    During the last years, since short physical mean life radionuclides have started to be used, radionuclide scanning has been experienced with remarkable culmination. There are detector devices, which jointly with computation equipments, allow to obtain multiple images per second as properly rapid gammagraphic series, in order to obtain whole hemodynamic data or to generate functional images no representing an anatomical structure but reporting about cardiac dynamics at regional level. In these techniques, employed in Nuclear Cardiology, the following radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals are used: radiolabeled albumin 99m Tc red blood cells, 113m In-transferrin, very short physical mean life radionuclides, such as 195m Au, 178 Ta, 191 Ir. In addition, 113 Xe for coronary flow measurements; radiolabeled microspheres and macroparticles for angiogammagraphy; 129 Cs, 43 K, 81 Rb, 82 Rb and 201 Ti, the most largerly used, for myocardial gammagraphy. It is pointed out that fatty acids are the newest, basically if are radioiodate, and some 99m Tc labeled long chain hydrocarbons. It is expressed that 99m Tc-Sn-pyrophosphate has been used for myocardial infarction. Working on the development of new radiopharmaceuticals, basically fatty acids and 99m Tc chelating agents, for the improvement of these techniques is carried out. (author)

  14. Experience in the quality control of commercial and self-labelled radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Strehlau, E.; Weiland, J.

    1980-01-01

    Different methods of quality control of radiopharmaceuticals checked in the laboratory practice are summarized. Starting from the general organization of quality control in the clinical radiochemical laboratory methods of analysis and working regulations are discussed. The quality tests of sup(99m)Tc-generator eluate, that is the testing for radioactive contaminants and for soluble aluminium as well as the testing of sup(99m)Tc-labelled kits and of different other frequently used radiopharmaceuticals are described in detail. Special conditions of examination and results of chromatography and medium-voltage electrophoresis are also given. Furthermore the routine determination of the output in the labelling of denaturated erythrocytes with sup(99m)Tc is discussed. The clinical practice in the case of preparation deficiencies and of possible incidents following the application of radiopharmaceuticals is outlined. (author)

  15. Use of the microwave oven in the radiopharmaceutical preparations in nuclear medicine

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Soroa Gfeller, Victoria E.; Cabrejas, Raul C.; Mc Elfresh, H.

    2000-01-01

    Several of the 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals require heating in water bath for 30 minutes before successfully completing the labelling process and thus produce optimal diagnostic images with low background and no free 99mTc. Sulphur colloid 99mTc (99mTc-Sc) enables visualization of liver, spleen, bone marrow reticuloendothelial system, lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node detection. Sestamibi (99mTc-MIBI) is used for identifying myocardium ischemia and tissue metabolically active. Both compounds were the aim of our work, as the objective was to shorten the preparation time while maintaining experimental animal and clinical biodistribution. 99mTc-Sc assays were the most difficult to perform. The best results were achieved through a combination of water heated boiling bath (5 minutes), microwave oven during 18-20 seconds and cooling the preparation previous to intravenous injection, although still the optimal technical parameters have to be achieved. Sestamibi-Tc99m assays showed repeatable results with high labelling efficiency (90-96%) oven energy 40-50% during 14-17 seconds. We conclude that we successfully have reduced the time of both preparations. Sc-99mTc should still to be perfected, the radiopharmaceutical can be used in lymphoscintigraphy scans but it is not recommended for liver and spleen images results. Sestamibi-Tc99m successfully shorten time consumed in the preparation and it is cost effective, results are repeatable and the compound shows a 6 h stability. (author)

  16. Harvard--MIT research program in short-lived radiopharmaceuticals. Progress report, September 1, 1977--April 30, 1978. [/sup 99m/Tc, positron-emitting radionuclides

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Adelstein, S.J.; Brownell, G.L.

    1978-05-01

    Progress is reported on the following studies: chemistry studies designed to achieve a more complete understanding of the fundamental chemistry of technetium in order to facilitate the design of future radiopharmaceuticals incorporating the radionuclide /sup 99m/Tc; the development of new radiopharmaceuticals intended to improve image quality and lower radiation doses by the use of short-lived radionuclides and disease-specific agents; the development of short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides which offer advantages in transverse section imaging of regional physiological processes; and studies of the toxic effects of particulate radiation.

  17. Obtaining a metastasis model in vivo for the evaluation of the radiopharmaceuticals sensitivity labeled with 99mTc

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gonzalez A, V. M.

    2015-01-01

    Nuclear medicine currently has a wide range of techniques that support the diagnosis of various diseases, including cancer that prevails as the most important. In the present research work was proposed to develop a model that would study the process known as metastasis, because this process is vital because most of the deaths in patients with some form of cancer are caused by metastasis. The objective was to obtain an in vivo model of metastasis induced with AR42J cells for studying the radiopharmaceuticals sensitivity labeled with 99m Tc. To achieve the objective proposed a study model in which it could make a real time evaluation of some radiopharmaceuticals with reported efficiency was development, in order to determine their sensitivity in similar conditions to the metastasis process. This required a mouse model that was used to observe a similar process to metastasis, inducing cells of the AR42J cell line, since these cells have good proliferation and have molecular targets for a minimum of 3 standardized radiopharmaceuticals. Was elected radionuclide 99m Tc, because of its low emission of radiation into the tissues, besides having a half life of 6 hours and provides a good visualization of anatomical structures. On the other hand the stable expression of green fluorescent protein in tumor cells appears to be a suitable tool for the detection of cancer development in early stages and the formation of in vivo micro metastases, so two fluorescence tests were performed and other by electrophoresis. The results showed that both study models can be carried out without increasing complexity and meeting the expectations expected for which they were designed. (Author)

  18. 99m Tc-labeled dendrimers as a potential radiopharmaceutical for tumor diagnosis process

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tassano Hartwich, M.

    2008-01-01

    The present thesis to access the Bachelor of Biological Sciences studies the following: biology, molecular biology, pathology, radiotherapy, radiopharmaceuticals, research techniques and malignant neoplasms

  19. New radiosynthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroacetamido-D-glucopyranose and its evaluation as a bacterial infections imaging agent

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Martinez, Miguel E.; Kiyono, Yasushi; Noriki, Sakon; Inai, Kunihiro; Mandap, Katheryn S.; Kobayashi, Masato; Mori, Tetsuya; Tokunaga, Yuji; Tiwari, Vijay N.; Okazawa, Hidehiko; Fujibayashi, Yasuhisa; Ido, Tatsuo

    2011-01-01

    Introduction: The diagnosis of infection and the ability to distinguish bacterial infection from nonbacterial inflammation by positron emission tomography (PET) have gained interest in recent years, but still few specific radiopharmaceuticals are available for use. In this study, we developed a new radiosynthesis method of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoroacetamido-D-glucopyranose ([ 18 F]FAG) by applying microwave irradiation and demonstrated that [ 18 F]FAG could be a potential radiopharmaceutical to distinguish bacterial infection from nonbacterial inflammation. Methods: 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-bromoacetamido-D-glucopyranose was used as precursor, and labeling was performed under microwave irradiation conditions followed by alkaline hydrolysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification. In vitro uptake of [ 18 F]FAG by Escherichia coli was performed. Tissue biodistribution of [ 18 F]FAG was performed in mice. Moreover, PET imaging acquisition of E. coli infection and nonbacterial inflammation models was performed in rats. Tissue radiotracer-accumulated sites were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and anti-E.coli immunostaining. Results: The radiosynthesis of [ 18 F]FAG was achieved with microwave irradiation, and the radiochemical yield was 9.7%±2.8% end of bombardment (EOB); the radiochemical purity was more than 98%, and the total synthesis time was 62 min. Compared with control group, in vitro uptake of [ 18 F]FAG by E. coli was significantly decrease in inhibition group (P 18 F]FAG from the animal body. [ 18 F]FAG clearly visualized the infection areas but not nonbacterial inflammation areas in PET studies. Quantitative analysis revealed that the uptake of [ 18 F]FAG into infection areas was significantly higher than that of [ 18 F]FAG into inflammation areas (P 18 F]FAG. Conclusions: Using 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-bromoacetamido-D-glucopyranose as a precursor, the new radiosynthesis method of [ 18 F]FAG was achieved in

  20. 77 FR 60424 - FFP Project 73 LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and Soliciting...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-10-03

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 13484-001] FFP Project 73 LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and Soliciting Comments, Motions To Intervene, and Competing Applications On September 4, 2012, FFP Project 73, LLC filed an application for a...

  1. Application of a small molecule radiopharmaceutical concept to improve kinetics

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jeong, Jae Min

    2016-01-01

    Recently, large molecules or nanoparticles are actively studied as radiopharmaceuticals. However, their kinetics is problematic because of a slow penetration through the capillaries and slow distribution to the target. To improve the kinetics, a two-step targeting method can be applied by using small molecules and very rapid copper-free click reaction. Although this method might have limitations such as internalization of the first targeted conjugate, it will provide high target-to-non-target ratio imaging of radiopharmaceuticals. The majority of radiopharmaceuticals belong to small molecules of which the molecular weight is less than 2000 Da, and the molecular size is smaller than 2 nm generally. The outstanding feature of the small molecule radiopharmaceuticals compared to large molecules is with their kinetics. Their distribution to target and clearance from non-target tissues are very rapid, which is the essential requirement of radiopharmaceuticals. In conclusion, the small molecule radiopharmaceuticals generally show excellent biodistribution properties; however, they show poor efficiency of radioisotope delivery. Large molecule or nanoparticle radiopharmaceuticals have advantages of multimodal and efficient delivery, but lower target-to-non-target ratio. Two-step targeting using a bio-orthogonal copper-free click reaction can be a solution of the problem of large molecule or nanoparticle radiopharmaceuticals. The majority of radiopharmaceuticals belong to small molecules of which the molecular weight is less than 2000 Da, and the molecular size is smaller than 2 nm generally. The outstanding feature of the small molecule radiopharmaceuticals compared to large molecules is with their kinetics. Their distribution to target and clearance from non-target tissues are very rapid, which is the essential requirement of radiopharmaceuticals

  2. Application of a small molecule radiopharmaceutical concept to improve kinetics

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jeong, Jae Min [Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)

    2016-06-15

    Recently, large molecules or nanoparticles are actively studied as radiopharmaceuticals. However, their kinetics is problematic because of a slow penetration through the capillaries and slow distribution to the target. To improve the kinetics, a two-step targeting method can be applied by using small molecules and very rapid copper-free click reaction. Although this method might have limitations such as internalization of the first targeted conjugate, it will provide high target-to-non-target ratio imaging of radiopharmaceuticals. The majority of radiopharmaceuticals belong to small molecules of which the molecular weight is less than 2000 Da, and the molecular size is smaller than 2 nm generally. The outstanding feature of the small molecule radiopharmaceuticals compared to large molecules is with their kinetics. Their distribution to target and clearance from non-target tissues are very rapid, which is the essential requirement of radiopharmaceuticals. In conclusion, the small molecule radiopharmaceuticals generally show excellent biodistribution properties; however, they show poor efficiency of radioisotope delivery. Large molecule or nanoparticle radiopharmaceuticals have advantages of multimodal and efficient delivery, but lower target-to-non-target ratio. Two-step targeting using a bio-orthogonal copper-free click reaction can be a solution of the problem of large molecule or nanoparticle radiopharmaceuticals. The majority of radiopharmaceuticals belong to small molecules of which the molecular weight is less than 2000 Da, and the molecular size is smaller than 2 nm generally. The outstanding feature of the small molecule radiopharmaceuticals compared to large molecules is with their kinetics. Their distribution to target and clearance from non-target tissues are very rapid, which is the essential requirement of radiopharmaceuticals.

  3. 99mTc-ceftriaxone, as a targeting radiopharmaceutical for scintigraphic imaging of infectious foci due to Staphylococcus aureus in mouse model

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Akram Fazli; Mojtaba Salouti; Mohammad Mazidi

    2013-01-01

    99m Tc-labeled antibiotics have opened an exciting field of research in infectious diseases diagnosis. Direct labeling of ceftriaxone with 99mTc was carried out using the various amounts of ceftriaxone and SnCl 2 ·2H 2 O at different pH and incubation time intervals to find the highest radiochemistry efficiency with high stability at room temperature and human blood serum. ITLC-SG and HPLC were performed to measure the radiochemical purity of the conjugate. The binding study showed 45 % specific binding to Staphylococcus aureus. The biodistribution study and scintigraphic imaging showed the localization of 99m Tc-ceftriaxone at the site of infection in comparison with normal and inflamed muscles with high sensitivity and specificity in mouse model. The results showed that 99m Tc-ceftriaxone is a promising candidate as a targeting radiopharmaceutical for Staphylococcal infection imaging in humans which needs further investigations. (author)

  4. {sup 18}F-fluorocholine production at Center of Nuclear Technology Development, Brazil: synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity studies; Producao de {sup 18}F-fluorocolina no Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear: sintese e estudos de citotoxicidade in vitro

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Costa, Flavia Mesquita

    2014-07-01

    {sup 18}F-fluorocholine ({sup 18}FCH) is promising biomarker for imaging of tumors using PET technology, being effective in the diagnosis of metastatic tumors and specific for the brain tumors, prostate, lung, among others. Despite already being used in some countries like France, Germany, Slovenia, Poland, Romania and Portugal, the {sup 18}FCH is not yet produced or marketed in Brazil. This work proposed the development of a new radiopharmaceutical based on choline labeled with {sup 18}F isotope for diagnostic PET imaging which is an increasing demand of the nuclear medicine national. It was also proposed the development of quality control assays in order to evaluate the radiopharmaceutical prior to its use in patients; in vitro test of toxicity in non-tumor cells (MRC-5), evaluating possible changes in cell proliferation caused by radiopharmaceutical impurities; and, to test the interaction's saturation of {sup 18}FCH with the tumor cells (PC-3 and U-87) and the competition with HC-3 and DMAE, performed to characterize the efficiency of the radiotracer uptake by tumor cells that express the choline transporter CHT. {sup 18}FCH was synthesized in two main steps, first by reaction with dibromomethane with fluoride-18, assisted by Kryptofix2.2.2, forming {sup 18}F-fluorobromomethane ({sup 18}FBrCH{sub 2}) and, then, the {sup 18}FBrCH{sub 2} reacted with the second precursor DMAE generating the final product, {sup 18}FCH. Synthesis duration was 45 minutes. {sup 18}FCH was obtained in 4.68 - 8.32% radiochemical yield, radiochemical purity greater than 99% and it was stable for up to 8 hours after production. The tested analytical methodologies were suitable for routine use in the quality control of {sup 18}FCH. The evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of impurities {sup 18}FCH, by clonogenic assay, showed that at the concentrations evaluated, the components do not alter the proliferative capacity of human healthy cells. The interaction of {sup 18}FCH with cell

  5. Study of potential utility of new radiopharmaceuticals based on technetium-99m labeled derivative of glucose

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zeltchan, R.; Medvedeva, A.; Sinilkin, I.; Chernov, V.; Stasyuk, E.; Rogov, A.; Il'ina, E.; Larionova, L.; Skuridin, V.

    2016-08-01

    Purpose: to study the potential utility of 1-thio-D-glucose labeled with 99mTc for cancer imaging in laboratory animals. Materials and method: the study was carried out in cell cultures of normal CHO (Chinese hamster ovary cells CHO) and malignant tissues MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7). To evaluate the uptake of 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose in normal and tumor tissue cells, 25 MBq of 1-thio-D-glucose labeled with 99mTc was added to the vials with 3 million cells and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. After centrifugation of the vials with cells, the supernatant was removed. The radioactivity in vials with normal and tumor cells was then measured. In addition, the study included 40 mice of C57B1/6j lines with tumor lesion of the right femur. For neoplastic lesions, Lewis lung carcinoma model was used. Following anesthesia, mice were injected intravenously with 25 MBq of 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose. Planar scintigraphy was performed 15 minutes later in a matrix of 512x512 pixels for 5 min. Results: when measuring the radioactivity of normal and malignant cells after incubation with 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose, it was found that the radioactivity of malignant cells was higher than that of normal cells. The mean values of radioactivity levels in normal and malignant cells were 0.3 ± 0.15 MBq and 1.07 ± 0.6 MBq, respectively. All examined animals had increased accumulation of 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose at the tumor site. The accumulation of 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose in the tumor was on average twice as high as compared to the symmetric region. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose is a prospective radiopharmaceutical for cancer visualization. In addition, high accumulation of 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose in the culture of cancer cells and in tumor tissue of animals demonstrates tumor tropism of the radiopharmaceutical.

  6. Experimental study of radiopharmaceuticals based on technetium-99m labeled derivative of glucose for tumor diagnosis

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zeltchan, R.; Medvedeva, A.; Sinilkin, I.; Bragina, O.; Chernov, V.; Stasyuk, E.; Rogov, A.; Il'ina, E.; Larionova, L.; Skuridin, V.; Dergilev, A.

    2016-06-01

    Purpose: to study the potential utility of 1-thio-D-glucose labeled with 99mTc for cancer imaging in laboratory animals. Materials and method: the study was carried out in cell cultures of normal CHO (Chinese hamster ovary cells CHO) and malignant tissues MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7). To evaluate the uptake of 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose in normal and tumor tissue cells, 25 MBq of 1-thio-D-glucose labeled with 99mTc was added to the vials with 3 million cells and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. After centrifugation of the vials with cells, the supernatant was removed. Radioactivity in vials with normal and tumor cells was then measured. In addition, the study included 40 mice of C57B 1/6j lines with tumor lesion of the right femur. For neoplastic lesions, Lewis lung carcinoma model was used. Following anesthesia, mice were injected intravenously with 25MBq of 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose. Planar scintigraphy was performed 15 minutes later in a matrix of 512x512 pixels for 5 minutes. Results: when measuring the radioactivity of normal and malignant cells after incubation with 99mTc-1-thio-D- glucose, it was found that the radioactivity of malignant cells was higher than that of normal cells. The mean values of radioactivity levels in normal and malignant cells were 0.3±0.15MBq and 1.07±0.6MBq, respectively. All examined animals had increased accumulation of 99mTc-1-thio- D-glucose at the tumor site. The accumulation of 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose in the tumor was on average twice as high as compared to the symmetric region. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose is a prospective radiopharmaceutical for cancer visualization. In addition, high accumulation of 99mTc-1-thio-D-glucose in the culture of cancer cells and in tumor tissue of animals demonstrates tumor tropism of the radiopharmaceutical.

  7. 18F-fluorocholine production at Center of Nuclear Technology Development, Brazil: synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity studies

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Costa, Flavia Mesquita

    2014-01-01

    18 F-fluorocholine ( 18 FCH) is promising biomarker for imaging of tumors using PET technology, being effective in the diagnosis of metastatic tumors and specific for the brain tumors, prostate, lung, among others. Despite already being used in some countries like France, Germany, Slovenia, Poland, Romania and Portugal, the 18 FCH is not yet produced or marketed in Brazil. This work proposed the development of a new radiopharmaceutical based on choline labeled with 18 F isotope for diagnostic PET imaging which is an increasing demand of the nuclear medicine national. It was also proposed the development of quality control assays in order to evaluate the radiopharmaceutical prior to its use in patients; in vitro test of toxicity in non-tumor cells (MRC-5), evaluating possible changes in cell proliferation caused by radiopharmaceutical impurities; and, to test the interaction's saturation of 18 FCH with the tumor cells (PC-3 and U-87) and the competition with HC-3 and DMAE, performed to characterize the efficiency of the radiotracer uptake by tumor cells that express the choline transporter CHT. 18 FCH was synthesized in two main steps, first by reaction with dibromomethane with fluoride-18, assisted by Kryptofix2.2.2, forming 18 F-fluorobromomethane ( 18 FBrCH 2 ) and, then, the 18 FBrCH 2 reacted with the second precursor DMAE generating the final product, 18 FCH. Synthesis duration was 45 minutes. 18 FCH was obtained in 4.68 - 8.32% radiochemical yield, radiochemical purity greater than 99% and it was stable for up to 8 hours after production. The tested analytical methodologies were suitable for routine use in the quality control of 18 FCH. The evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of impurities 18 FCH, by clonogenic assay, showed that at the concentrations evaluated, the components do not alter the proliferative capacity of human healthy cells. The interaction of 18 FCH with cell lines was saturable, with specific binding greater than 94%, attesting to the

  8. Organic radiopharmaceuticals: recent advances

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wolf, A.P.; Fowler, J.S.

    1979-01-01

    Organic radiopharmaceuticals are considered in light of accelerator and nuclide production requirements, special problems relating to the carrier-free state, including terminology, of the special technology required to prepare and manipulate these compounds and new trends in compound design and synthesis. The emphasis is on medical cyclotrons and the positron-emitting radionuclides, carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, and fluorine-18. New routes to synthetic precursors and organic compounds of high specific activity labeled with carbon-11, fluorine-18, and iodine-123 including monosaccharides, aromatic amines, neuroleptics, fatty acids, steroids, and other classes of compounds are discussed. Some compounds are considered in terms of the development and evaluation of structure-activity relationships and including some newer concepts such as metabolic trapping. 67 references

  9. Development of more efficacious Tc-99m organ imaging agents for use in nuclear medicine by characterization of radiopharmaceuticals. Final report, September 1, 1992--June 30, 1998

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Heineman, W.R.; Seliskar, C.J.

    1998-01-01

    The primary goals of this project were twofold: (1) Development of a microsensor that would demonstrate the capability for in vivo monitoring of a radiopharmaceutical after its injection into a test animal; and (2) Exploration of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a separation technique for the analysis of radiopharmaceuticals that are mixtures of different compounds. The combination of in vivo sensors for real-time monitoring of specific chemical states of a radiopharmaceutical in individual organs and CE for analysis of radiopharmaceuticals prior to injection would provide valuable information regarding the fate of an imaging agent after administration. Such information should give insight into strategies for the development of more efficacious radiopharmaceuticals

  10. Specific GMP guidelines for radiopharmaceutical products

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2000-01-01

    These guidelines are intended to complement those provided in ''Good manufacturing practices for pharmaceutical products'', as well as the GMP for sterile pharmaceutical products. The regulatory procedures necessary to control radiopharmaceutical products are in large part determined by the sources of products and methods of manufacture. Manufacturing procedures within the scope of these guidelines include: preparation of radiopharmaceuticals in hospital radiopharmacies, preparation of radiopharmaceuticals in centralized radiopharmacies, production of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear centres, institutes or industrial manufacturers, preparation and production of radiopharmaceuticals in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) centres

  11. Synthesis, quality control and dosimetry of the radiopharmaceutical 18F-sodium fluoride produced at the Center for Development of Nuclear Technology - CDTN

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marina Bicalho Silveira

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available 18F-Sodium fluoride (Na18F is a radiopharmaceutical used for diagnosis in nuclear medicine by positron emission tomography (PET imaging. Bone scintigraphy is normally performed using 99mTc-MDP. However, 18F PET scans promise high quality imaging with increased resolution and improved sensitivity and specificity. In order to make available a tool for more specific studies of tumors and non-oncological diseases of bone tissue, the UPPR/CDTN team undertook the production and quality control of Na18F injectable solution with the physical-chemical, microbiological and biological characteristics recommended in the U.S. Pharmacopeia. Na18F radiochemical purity was 96.7 ± 1.3 %, with Rf= 0.026 ± 0.006. The product presented a pH of 5.3 ± 0.6, half life of 109.0 ± 0.8 minutes, endotoxin limit O Fluoreto de sódio 18F (Na18F é um radiofármaco empregado para diagnóstico através da Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons (PET. Cintilografias ósseas são normalmente obtidas utilizando-se 99mTc-MDP. Entretanto, o interesse pelo Na18F é crescente, principalmente devido à obtanção de imagens de elevada resolução. Com o objetivo de tornar disponível uma ferramenta mais específica para estudos de tumores e doenças não-oncológicas do tecido ósseo, o grupo da UPPR/CDTN implementou a produção e o controle de qualidade da solução injetável de Na18F com as características físico-química, microbiológica e biológica preconizadas pela farmacopéia. Sua pureza radioquímica foi de 96,7 ± 1,3 %, com Rf= 0,026 ± 0,006. O produto apresentou pH igual a 5,3 ± 0,6, tempo de meia-vida de 109,0 ± 0,8 minutos, limite de endotoxinas < 5,0 EU.mL-1 e ausência de microrganismos. O perfil de biodistribuição em camundongos foi semelhante ao disponível na literatura, com depuração igual a 0,19 mL.min-1 e volume de distribuição igual a 18,76 mL. A concentração máxima (5,0 ± 0,5 % DI.g-1 foi observada no osso 20 minutos após a injeção. O Na18

  12. Standardization of {sup 123}I and {sup 18}F for providing traceability of activity meters performed in the Radiopharmaceutical Production Service of the Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, RJ, Brazil; Padronizacao do Iodo-123 e Fluor-18 para provimento de rastreabilidade das medicoes de atividade realizadas no Servico de Producao de Radiofarmacos do Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andrade, E.A.L., E-mail: erica@ien.gov.br [Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear (IEN/CNEN-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil); Delgado, J.U.; Iwahara, A.; Contic, C.C., E-mail: delgado@ird.gov.br, E-mail: iwahara@ird.gov.br, E-mail: ccconti@ird.gov.br [Instituto de Radioprotecao e Dosimetria (IRD/CNEN-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)

    2013-07-01

    The commercialization and use of radiopharmaceuticals in Brazil are regulated by Sanitary Vigilance National Agency which requiring Good Manufacturing Practices certification for all segments within the Nuclear Medicine. Quality Assurance Programmes should implement the standard requirements to ensure that radiopharmaceuticals have requirements quality to proving its efficiency. Several aspects should be controlled, and one of them is the traceability of the Radionuclides Activity Measurement in radiopharmaceuticals doses. This paper aims to provide traceability to dose calibrators (well type ionization chambers) used for {sup 123}I and {sup 18}F activity measurements in Radiopharmaceuticals Production Service placed in Institute of Nuclear Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. (author)

  13. Preparation, chromatographic evaluation and biodistribution of "9"9"mTc-procainamide as a radiopharmaceutical for heart imaging

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Motaleb, M.A.; Ibrahim, I.T.; Abo Rizq, R.S.; Elzanfaly, E.S.

    2017-01-01

    Procainamide (4-amino-N-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl] benzamide) is a sodium channel blocker, which acts as an effective antiarrhythmic agent used in the treatment of a variety of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to prepare "9"9"mTc-procainamide complex, apply different chromatographic techniques for the assay of radiolabeling yield and study its biodistribution as a novel radiopharmaceutical for heart imaging. "9"9"mTc-procainamide was obtained with a maximum labeling yield of 95.76±0.20% via direct labeling method under optimum conditions of 200 μg of procainamide, 300 μL of buffer (carbonate) at pH 11, 30 μg SnCl_2 . 2H_2O at room temperature (25 C) for 15 min. In terms of in vitro stability, the complex was stable for 3 h. Chromatographic evaluation using paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gel chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography showed reliable results for measuring the radiochemical yield. Biodistribution study of "9"9"mTc-procainamide showed ratios of heart/lung and heart/liver (6.38±1.50, 2.06±0.31, respectively at 30 min post injection) which was comparable to that of "9"9"mTc-sestamibi (7.4±2.00, 0.97±0.10, respectively at 60 min, P<0.05).

  14. Preparation, chromatographic evaluation and biodistribution of {sup 99m}Tc-procainamide as a radiopharmaceutical for heart imaging

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Motaleb, M.A.; Ibrahim, I.T.; Abo Rizq, R.S. [Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo (Egypt). Labeled Compound Dept.; Elzanfaly, E.S. [Cairo Univ. (Egypt). Analytical Dept.

    2017-06-01

    Procainamide (4-amino-N-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl] benzamide) is a sodium channel blocker, which acts as an effective antiarrhythmic agent used in the treatment of a variety of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to prepare {sup 99m}Tc-procainamide complex, apply different chromatographic techniques for the assay of radiolabeling yield and study its biodistribution as a novel radiopharmaceutical for heart imaging. {sup 99m}Tc-procainamide was obtained with a maximum labeling yield of 95.76±0.20% via direct labeling method under optimum conditions of 200 μg of procainamide, 300 μL of buffer (carbonate) at pH 11, 30 μg SnCl{sub 2} . 2H{sub 2}O at room temperature (25 C) for 15 min. In terms of in vitro stability, the complex was stable for 3 h. Chromatographic evaluation using paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gel chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography showed reliable results for measuring the radiochemical yield. Biodistribution study of {sup 99m}Tc-procainamide showed ratios of heart/lung and heart/liver (6.38±1.50, 2.06±0.31, respectively at 30 min post injection) which was comparable to that of {sup 99m}Tc-sestamibi (7.4±2.00, 0.97±0.10, respectively at 60 min, P<0.05).

  15. Radiopharmaceuticals drug interactions: a critical review

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ralph Santos-Oliveira

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available Radiopharmaceuticals play a critical role in modern medicine primarily for diagnostic purposes, but also for monitoring disease progression and response to treatment. As the use of image has been increased, so has the use of prescription medications. These trends increase the risk of interactions between medications and radiopharmaceuticals. These interactions which have an impact on image by competing with the radiopharmaceutical for binding sites for example can lead to false negative results. Drugs that accelerate the metabolism of the radiopharmaceutical can have a positive impact (i.e. speeding its clearance or, if repeating image is needed, a negative impact. In some cases, for example in cardiac image among patients taking doxirubacin, these interactions may have a therapeutic benefit. The incidence of drug-radiopharmaceuticals adverse reactions is unknown, since they may not be reported or even recognized. Here,we compiled the medical literature, using the criteria of a systematic review established by the Cochrane Collaboration, on pharmaceutical-drug interactions to provide a summary of documented interactions by organ system and radiopharmaceuticals. The purpose is to provide a reference on drug interactions that could inform the nuclear medicine staff in their daily routine. Efforts to increase adverse event reporting, and ideally consolidate reports worldwide, can provide a critically needed resource for prevention of drug-radiopharmaceuticals interactions.Os radiofármacos desempenham função crítica na medicina moderna, primariamente para fins diagnósticos, mas também no monitoramento da progressão de doenças assim como na avaliação de respostas ao tratamento. O uso da tecnologia por imagem tem crescido e conseqüentemente as prescrições de medicamentos (radiofármacos em especial com esse propósito. Este fato, aumenta o risco de interações entre medicamentos e radiofármacos. Interações que podem ter um impacto na

  16. {sup 11}C- and {sup 18}F Production at TPC RK2 Laboratory

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Solin, O.; Johansson, S.; Eriksson, P-O.; Rajander, J.; Kokkomäki, E.; Helin, S.; Arponen, E.; Aromaa, J.; Savisto, N.; Bergman, J.; Heselius, S-J. [Turku PET Centre, Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory and Accelerator Laboratory, Porthaninkatu 3, 20500 Turku (Finland)

    2009-07-01

    Four gas targets for production of [{sup 11}C]CO{sub 2} and [{sup 11}C]CH{sub 4} as well as static and one circulating water target for [{sup 18}F]fluoride production have been installed on the external beam line of the CC18/9 cyclotron (Efremov Institute for Electrophysical Apparatuses, St. Petersburg, Russia) at TPC. The cyclotron is capable of accelerating 18 MeV protons (9 MeV deuterons) at particle beam intensities in excess of 100 μA. The aim with these radionuclide production systems is high yield, high specific radioactivity precursor production for PET radiopharmaceuticals.

  17. Acute and subacute toxicity of {sup 18}F-FDG; Toxicidade aguda e subaguda do radiofarmaco {sup 18}F-FDG

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dantas, Danielle Maia

    2013-07-01

    Before starting clinical trials of a new drug, it is necessary to perform a battery of safety tests for assessing human risk. Radiopharmaceuticals like any new drug must be tested taking into account its specificity, duration of treatment and especially the toxicity of both parties, the unlabeled molecule and its radionuclide, apart from impurities emanating from radiolysis. Regulatory agencies like the Food and Drug Administration - USA (FDA) and the European Medicine Agency (EMEA), establish guidelines for the regulation of production and research of radiopharmaceuticals. In Brazil the production of radiopharmaceuticals was not regulated until the end of 2009, when were established by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) resolutions No. 63, which refers to the Good Manufacturing Practices of Radiopharmaceuticals and No. 64 which seeks the registration of record radiopharmaceuticals. To obtain registration of radiopharmaceuticals are necessary to prove the quality, safety, efficacy and specificity of the drug . For the safety of radiopharmaceuticals must be presented studies of acute toxicity, subacute and chronic toxicity as well as reproductive, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Nowadays IPEN-CNEN/SP produces one of the most important radiopharmaceutical of nuclear medicine, the {sup 18}F-FDG, which is used in many clinical applications, particularly in the diagnosis and staging of tumors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the systemic toxicity (acute/ subacute) radiopharmaceutical {sup 18}F-FDG in an in vivo test system, as recommended by the RDC No. 64, which will serve as a model for protocols toxicity of radiopharmaceuticals produced at IPEN. The following tests were performed: tests of acute and subacute toxicity, biodistribution studies of {sup 18}F-FDG, comet assay and reproductive toxicity. In acute toxicity, healthy rats were injected . (author)

  18. Drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hladik, W.B.; Ponto, J.A.; Stathis, V.J.

    1985-01-01

    Patients seen in the nuclear medicine department have a wide variety of disorders and, consequently, may be receiving any number of therapeutic drugs. For this reason, nuclear medicine professionals should be aware of the potential effects that these pharmacologic agents may have on the bio-distribution of subsequently administered radiopharmaceuticals, commonly referred to as ''drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions.'' Compared with the quantity of literature written about interactions between various therapeutic drugs, the information available on drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions is scarce. However, there has been increasing interest in this subject, particularly during the past five years. Some of the reported interactions are used intentionally to add a new dimension to the nuclear medicine study and increase its diagnostic capabilities, i.e., pharmacologic intervention. These beneficial ''interactions'' are discussed in detail in several other chapters of this book. Other interactions, however, cause changes in the normal distribution of radiopharmaceuticals, which may interfere with the diagnostic utility of various nuclear medicine procedures. The latter group of interactions is the focus of this chapter

  19. Acute and subacute toxicity of 18F-FDG

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dantas, Danielle Maia

    2013-01-01

    Before starting clinical trials of a new drug, it is necessary to perform a battery of safety tests for assessing human risk. Radiopharmaceuticals like any new drug must be tested taking into account its specificity, duration of treatment and especially the toxicity of both parties, the unlabeled molecule and its radionuclide, apart from impurities emanating from radiolysis. Regulatory agencies like the Food and Drug Administration - USA (FDA) and the European Medicine Agency (EMEA), establish guidelines for the regulation of production and research of radiopharmaceuticals. In Brazil the production of radiopharmaceuticals was not regulated until the end of 2009, when were established by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) resolutions No. 63, which refers to the Good Manufacturing Practices of Radiopharmaceuticals and No. 64 which seeks the registration of record radiopharmaceuticals. To obtain registration of radiopharmaceuticals are necessary to prove the quality, safety, efficacy and specificity of the drug . For the safety of radiopharmaceuticals must be presented studies of acute toxicity, subacute and chronic toxicity as well as reproductive, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Nowadays IPEN-CNEN/SP produces one of the most important radiopharmaceutical of nuclear medicine, the 18 F-FDG, which is used in many clinical applications, particularly in the diagnosis and staging of tumors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the systemic toxicity (acute/ subacute) radiopharmaceutical 18 F-FDG in an in vivo test system, as recommended by the RDC No. 64, which will serve as a model for protocols toxicity of radiopharmaceuticals produced at IPEN. The following tests were performed: tests of acute and subacute toxicity, biodistribution studies of 18 F-FDG, comet assay and reproductive toxicity. In acute toxicity, healthy rats were injected . (author)

  20. Use of technegas as a radiopharmaceutical for the measurement of gastric emptying

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kwiatek, M.A. [School of Medical Radiation, University of South Australia, Adelaide (Australia); Jones, K.L. [School of Medical Radiation, University of South Australia, Adelaide (Australia)]|[Department of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide (Australia); Burch, W.M. [John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory (Australia); Horowitz, M. [Department of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide (Australia); Bartholomeusz, F.D.L. [Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide (Australia)

    1999-08-01

    Many radiopharmaceuticals and test meals that are used to measure gastric emptying are less than optimal. A vegetable-based solid meal, such as rice, labelled with a radiopharmaceutical that also has the capacity to measure gastric emptying of liquids, is likely to be ideal. The role of Technegas as a radioisotopic marker to measure gastric emptying of rice and liquids was evaluated. Technegas-labelled rice was incubated in 0.9% saline, 1 M HCl and simulated gastric fluid (3.2 g/l pepsinogen, pH 2-3) to assess stability of the label. In eight healthy volunteers gastric emptying of two meals - 200 g rice (370 kcal) and 75 g dextrose dissolved in 300 ml water (300 kcal), both labelled with 20 MBq of Technegas - was measured scintigraphically. Over 4 h, the average label stability was 93.7%{+-}0.5% in 0.9% saline, 91.0%{+-}0.4% in 1 M HCl and 93.6%{+-}0.7% in simulated gastric juice. The lag phase was longer for rice than dextrose (25{+-}7 min vs 4{+-}2 min; P<0.05), but there was no difference in the post-lag emptying rate (2.1{+-}0.3 kcal/min vs 1.7{+-}0.2 kcal/min; P=0.2) between the two meals. We conclude that Technegas is a suitable radiopharmaceutical for measurement of gastric emptying of rice and nutrient-containing liquids. (orig.) With 2 figs., 16 refs.

  1. Fast and repetitive in-capillary production of [{sup 18}F]FDG

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wester, Hans-Juergen; Schoultz, Bent Wilhelm; Hultsch, Christina; Henriksen, Gjermund [Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich (Germany)

    2009-04-15

    The increasing demand for radiopharmaceuticals to be provided reproducibly and flexibly with high frequency for clinical application and animal imaging would be better met by improved or even new strategies for automated tracer production. Radiosynthesis in microfluidic systems, i.e. narrow tubing with a diameter of approximately 50-500 {mu}m, holds promise for providing the means for repetitive multidose and multitracer production. In this study, the performance of a conceptually simple microfluidic device integrated into a fully automated synthesis procedure for in-capillary radiosynthesis (ICR) of clinical grade [{sup 18}F]FDG was evaluated. The instrumental set-up consisted of pumps for reagent and solvent delivery into small mixing chambers, {mu}-fluidic capillaries, in-process radioactivity monitoring, solid-phase extraction and on-column deprotection of the {sup 18}F-labelled intermediate followed by on-line formulation of [{sup 18}F]FDG. In-capillary{sup 18}F-fluorination of 2.1 {mu}mol 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-O-trifluoromethanesulphonyl-beta-d-mannopyranose (TATM; precursor for [{sup 18}F]FDG) in acetonitrile (MeCN) at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min within 40 s and subsequent on-line hydrolysis of the intermediate by treatment with 0.3 M NaOH for 1 min at 40 C resulted in a radiochemical yield of 88 {+-} 4% within <7 min. Reproducibility, robustness and suitability as a fast and efficient radiopharmaceutical research tool for {sup 18}F-fluorination was demonstrated by eight independent, sequentially performed ICRs which provided identical tracer quality (radiochemical purity >97%, MeCN <5 {mu}g/ml) and similar absolute yields (approximately 1.4 GBq). The described ICR process is a simple and efficient alternative to classic radiotracer production systems and provides a comparatively cheap instrumental methodology for the repetitive production of [{sup 18}F]FDG with remarkably high efficiency and high yield under fully automated conditions. Although the results

  2. Determination of the influence factors of the radiopharmaceutical vials dimensions used for activimeter calibration at IPEN

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Martins, E.W.; Potiens, M.P.A.

    2012-01-01

    This paper presents the establishment of a quality control program and correction factors for the geometry of the vials used for distribution of radiopharmaceutical and activimeters calibration. The radiopharmaceutical produced by IPEN 67 Ga, 131 I, 201 Tl and 99m Tc had been tested using two different vials. Results show a maximum variation of 22% for 201 Tl, and the minimum variation was 2.98% for 131 I. The correction factors must be incorporated in the routine calibration of the activimeters. - Highlights: ► Establishement of quality control program for reference activimeters. ► Determination of correction factors for the geometry of vials. ► Radiopharmaceuticals tested for different vials were 67 Ga, 131 I, 201 Tl and 99m Tc. ► The maximum variation was 22% for 201 Tl and the minimum variation was 2.98% for 131 I. ► Correction factors must be incorporated in the calibration of the activimeters.

  3. Intelligent control of liquid transfer for the automated synthesis of positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Iwata, Ren; Ido, Tatsuo; Yamazaki, Shigeki

    1990-01-01

    A method for the intelligent control of liquid transfer, developed for automated synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose from [ 18 F]fluoride, is described. A thermal mass flow controller coupled to a personal computer is used to monitor conditions for transferring or passing liquid through a tube or a column. Using this sensor a computer can detect completion of liquid transfer, dispense a stock solution and check the setup conditions of the system. The present feedback control can be readily adapted to other automated syntheses of positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals. (author)

  4. DFT study on oxidation of HS(CH2) m SH ( m = 1-8) in oxidative desulfurization

    Science.gov (United States)

    Song, Y. Z.; Song, J. J.; Zhao, T. T.; Chen, C. Y.; He, M.; Du, J.

    2016-06-01

    Density functional theory was employed for calculation of HS(CH2) m SH ( m = 1-8) and its derivatives at B3LYP method at 6-31++g ( d, p) level. Using eigenvalues of LUMO and HOMO for HS(CH2) m SH, the standard electrode potentials were estimated by a stepwise multiple regression techniques (MLR), and obtained as E° = 1.500 + 7.167 × 10-3 HOMO-0.229 LUMO with high correlation coefficients of 0.973 and F values of 43.973.

  5. A 18 m 2 cylindrical tracking detector made of 2.6 m long, stereo mylar straw tubes with 100 μm resolution

    Science.gov (United States)

    Benussi, L.; Bertani, M.; Bianco, S.; Fabbri, F. L.; Gianotti, P.; Giardoni, M.; Ghezzo, A.; Guaraldo, C.; Lanaro, A.; Locchi, P.; Lu, J.; Lucherini, V.; Mecozzi, A.; Pace, E.; Passamonti, L.; Qaisar, N.; Ricciardi, A.; Sarwar, S.; Serdyouk, V.; Trasatti, L.; Volkov, A.; Zia, A.

    1998-12-01

    An array of 2424 2.6 m-long, 15 mm-diameter mylar straw tubes, arranged in two axial and four stereo layers, has been assembled. The array covers a cylindrical tracking surface of 18 m 2 and provides coordinate measurement in the drift direction and along the wire. A correction of the systematic effects which are introduced by gravitational sag and electrostatics, thus dominating the detector performance especially with long straws, allows to determine wire position from drift-time distribution. The correction has been applied to reach a space resolution of 40 μm with DME, 100 μm with Ar+C 2H 6, and 100-200 μm with CO 2. Such a resolution is the best ever obtained for straws of these dimensions. A study of the gas leakage for the straw system has been performed, and results are reported. The array is being commissioned as a subdetector of the FINUDA spectrometer, and tracking performances are being studied with cosmic rays.

  6. A 18 m2 cylindrical tracking detector made of 2,6 m long, stereo mylar straw tubes with 100 μm resolution

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Benussi, L.; Bertani, M.; Bianco, S.; Fabbri, F.L.; Gianotti, P.; Giardoni, M.; Ghezzo, A.; Guaraldo, C.; Lanaro, A.; Locchi, P.; Lu, J.; Lucherini, V.; Mecozzi, A.; Pace, E.; Passamonti, L.; Qaisar, N.; Ricciardi, A.; Sarwar, S.; Serdyouk, V.; Trasatti, L.; Volkov, A.; Zia, A.

    1998-01-01

    An array of 2424 2.6 m-long, 15 mm-diameter mylar straw tubes, arranged in two axial and four stereo layers, has been assembled. The array covers a cylindrical tracking surface of 18 m 2 and provides coordinate measurement in the drift direction and along the wire. An under-standing of the systematic effects which are introduced by gravitational sag and electrostatics, thus dominating the detector performance especially with long straws, allows to determine wire position from drift-time distribution. The correction has been applied to reach a space resolution of 40 μm with DME, 100 μm with Ar + C 2 H 6 , and 100-200 μm with CO 2 . Such a resolution is the best ever obtained for straws of these dimensions. A study of the gas leakage for the straw system has been performed, and results are reported. The array is being commissioned as a subdetector of the FINUDA spectrometer, and tracking performances are being studied with cosmic rays. (author)

  7. Therapeutic applications of radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Baker, W.J.; Datz, F.L.; Beightol, R.W.

    1987-01-01

    Whether a radiopharmaceutical has diagnostic or therapeutic application depends on both the isotope and pharmaceutical used. For diagnostic applications, the isotope should undergo only γ-decay, since usually only γ-radiation is detected by nuclear medicine cameras. The half-life should be just long enough to allow the procedure to be performed. In contrast, the isotope needed for therapeutic purposes should have particulate radiation, such as a β-particle (electron), since these are locally absorbed an increase the local radiation dose. γ-Radiation, which penetrates the tissues, produces less radiation dose than do Β-particles. Several references dealing with radioactive decay, particulate interactions, and diagnostic and therapeutic applications of radiopharmaceuticals are available. Radiopharmaceuticals can legally be used only by physicians who are qualified by specific training in the safe handling of radionuclides. The experience and training of these physicians must be approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or Agreement State Agency authorized to license the use of radiopharmaceuticals. A list of all byproduct material and procedures is available in the Code of Federal Regulations. Of the many radiopharmaceuticals available for diagnostic and therapeutic use, only those commonly used are discussed in this chapter

  8. Quality control of radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kristensen, K.

    1981-01-01

    Quality assurance was introduced in the pharmaceutical field long before it was used in many other areas, and the term quality control has been used in a much broader sense than merely analytical quality control. The term Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) has been used to describe the system used for producing safe and effective drugs of a uniform quality. GMP has also been used for the industrial production of radiopharmaceuticals. For the preparation and control of radiopharmaceuticals in hospitals a similar system has been named Good Radiopharmacy Practice (GRP). It contains the same elements as GMP but takes into account the special nature of this group of drugs. Data on the assessment of the quality of radiopharmaceuticals in relation to present standards are reviewed. The general conclusion is that the quality of radiopharmaceuticals appears comparable to that of other drugs. It seems possible to establish the production of radiopharmaceuticals, generators and preparation kits in such a way that analytical control of the final product at the hospital may be limited provided the final preparation work is carried out in accordance with GRP principles. The elements of GRP are reviewed. (author)

  9. Radiopharmaceuticals 1994. Nil desperandum

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cox, P.H.; Meyer, G.J.

    1995-01-01

    On the basis of the discussions at a symposium held in Duesseldorf and attended by representatives of various interested bodies, European legislation as it affects radiopharmaceuticals is reviewed. Due consideration is given to the new, centralised and decentralised, registration procedures, effective since 1 January 1995. The dossier required to support an application for marketing authorisation is discussed, separate consideration being given to single-photon emitters, therapeutic radio-nuclides and positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. The role of the European Pharmacopoiea is also considered. It is concluded that the new, modified procedures for the registration of medicinal products in the European Union may actually inhibit free availability of radiopharmaceuticals within the Community, and that there is a strong case for modification of the European Directives so that radiopharmaceuticals are placed in a separate category to therapeutic drugs, with less stringent registration requirements. (orig.)

  10. The use of {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} for detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sinilkin, I., E-mail: sinilkinig@oncology.tomsk.ru; Chernov, V.; Medvedeva, A.; Zeltchan, R. [Tomsk Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Slonimskaya, E.; Doroshenko, A. [Tomsk Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Varlamova, N.; Skuridin, V. [Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation)

    2016-08-02

    Purpose: to study the feasibility of using the new radiopharmaceutical based on the technetium-99m-labeled gamma-alumina for identification of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in breast cancer patients. The study included two groups of breast cancer patients who underwent single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and intraoperaive gamma probe identification of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). To identify SLNs, the day before surgery Group I patients (n = 34) were injected with radioactive {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and Group II patients (n = 30) received {sup 99m}Tc-labeled phytate colloid. A total of 37 SLNs were detected in Group I patients. The number of identified SLNs per patient ranged from 1 to 2 (the average number of identified SLNs was 1.08). Axillary lymph nodes were the most common site of SLN localization. 18 hours after {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} injection, the percentage of its accumulation in the SLN was 7–11% (of the counts in the injection site) by SPECT and 17–31% by gamma probe detection. In Group II SLNs were detected in 27 patients. 18 hours after injection of the phytate colloid the percentage of its accumulation in the SLN was 1.5–2% out of the counts in the injection site by SPECT and 4–7% by gamma probe. The new radiopharmaceutical based on the {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} demonstrates high accumulation in SLNs without redistribution through the entire lymphatic basin. The sensitivity and specificity of {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} were 100% for both SPECT and intraoperative gamma probe identification.

  11. Development of kits for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals for infection imaging. Report of a co-ordinated research project 2000-2003

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-09-01

    Infectious diseases remain a major health problem and cause of death worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Nuclear medicine imaging, because of its sensitivity, offers an attractive option for diagnosis of focal infections. This needs a reliable radiopharmaceutical that can selectively concentrate in sites of infection. Over the years 67 Ga and other radiopharmaceuticals that localize in inflammation associated with infection sites, also known as 'non-specific agents' have been used for infection imaging. However, experience has shown that an 'infection specific agent' that concentrates selectively at sites of infection and not inflammation would have several advantages. The first such agent developed more than two decades ago was 111 In-leucocytes which is still considered a 'gold standard'. Considerations of cost, availability, and superior properties for imaging make 99 mTc a better label than 111 In. 99 mTc white blood cell (WBC) was developed subsequently and used for infection imaging. However, both 111 In and 99 mTc WBCs have a number of drawbacks, in particular: each patient's blood sample has to be collected and individually radiolabelled; well-trained staff and suitable facilities for separating and labelling the patient's blood are needed; the risk of infection and cross-contamination associated with potential blood-borne microorganisms; and cost of materials. Because of these, considerable efforts have been continuously made towards developing convenient replacements for 99 mTc WBCs with limited success, 99 mTc antigranulocyte antibody being a good example. However, these radiopharmaceuticals still have many disadvantages, related to either their cost and availability or their performance. In view of the large potential for applications in patients, the development of new and improved 99 mTc labelled infection specific imaging agents was considered as a very worthwhile aim for scientific research in general and, in particular, for the

  12. Radiopharmaceuticals for therapy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lazarus, C.R.; Maisey, M.N.

    1985-01-01

    Several factors influencing the choice of radiopharmaceutical used in the treatment of benign and malignant disease are discussed. A brief review is given of the routine clinical uses of radiopharmaceuticals including treatments for hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, polycythaemia rubra vera and intracavitary therapy. Finally clinical situations using radionuclides under evaluation including the treatment of bone disease, adrenal tumours and monoclonal antibodies are discussed. (UK)

  13. 42 CFR 433.113 - Reduction of FFP for failure to operate a system and obtain initial approval.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Reduction of FFP for failure to operate a system... ADMINISTRATION Mechanized Claims Processing and Information Retrieval Systems § 433.113 Reduction of FFP for failure to operate a system and obtain initial approval. (a) Except as waived under § 433.130 or 433.131...

  14. Federal Fisheries Permit (FFP)/ Federal Processor Permit (FPP) Permit Program

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The Federal Fisheries Permit (FFP) is required for vessels of the United States which are used to fish for groundfish in the Gulf of Alaska or Bering Sea and...

  15. A study on nitroimidazole-99mTc(CO)3 complexes as hypoxia marker: Some observations towards possible improvement in in vivo efficacy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mallia, Madhava B.; Subramanian, Suresh; Mathur, Anupam; Sarma, H.D.; Banerjee, Sharmila

    2014-01-01

    Introduction: Hypoxia plays a negative role in the clinical management of cancer. Detection of hypoxic status of a cancer is important for selecting patients for hypoxia directed therapy. Though [ 18 F]fluoromisonidazole ([ 18 F]FMISO), a PET radiopharmaceutical, is presently being used in the clinic for the detection of hypoxia, considering the logistical advantages of 99m Tc and wider availability of SPECT scanners, a radiopharmaceutical based on this isotope may find wider applicability. Methods: Nine nitroimidazole (2-, 4- and 5-nitroimidazole) ligands were synthesized and radiolabeled using [ 99m Tc(CO) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ] + precursor to obtain a group of complexes possessing different single electron reduction potential (SERP), overall charge and lipophilicity, the three attributes which decide the efficacy of the complex to detect hypoxic cells in vivo. The nitroimidazole- 99m Tc(CO) 3 complexes as well as [ 18 F]FMISO were evaluated in fibrosarcoma tumor bearing mice. Results: The 99m Tc(CO) 3 complexes of nitroimidazole iminodiacetic acid (IDA) showed better tumor uptake and retention than nitroimidazole diethylenetriamine (DETA) and nitroimidazole aminoethylglycine (AEG) complexes. Tumor uptake observed with [ 18 F]FMISO was higher than any of the nitroimidazole-IDA- 99m Tc(CO) 3 complexes. However, [ 18 F]FMISO clearance from tumor was found to be faster compared to 2-nitroimidazole-IDA- 99m Tc(CO) 3 complex. Observed tumor uptake and retention of the radiotracers evaluated could be correlated to its blood clearance pattern and SERP. Conclusions: Results of the present study indicated that uptake of the radiotracer in tumor is closely associated with its rate of clearance from blood. The study also indicated that along with SERP, clearance of radiotracer from blood (net effect of charge and lipophilicity) is a critical factor which decides the in vivo efficacy of the hypoxia detecting radiopharmaceutical

  16. Productions and interests of the radiopharmaceuticals labelled by 11C, 13N, 15O, and 18F

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Blanc-Borras, Louisette

    1985-01-01

    As medical diagnosis methods based on the use of short-life radioelements such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18 have been developed, these four radio-isotopes are notably adapted to external detection by tomography. Besides, due to their short period, their radioactive concentration per mass unity is very high. In the first part of this research thesis, the author presents the characteristics of these four radio-isotopes, describes the operation of cyclotrons and the principles, benefits, drawbacks, and types of positron emission tomography. The second part addresses the production of the radionuclides and precursors, the production of radiopharmaceutical products (haemoglobin, sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, steroid marking, and drug marking). The third part reports some studies illustrating the pharmaceutical interest of these radioelements [fr

  17. 5-Gb/s 0.18-{mu}m CMOS 2:1 multiplexer with integrated clock extraction

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zhang Changchun; Wang Zhigong; Shi Si; Miao Peng [Institute of RF- and OE-ICs, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096 (China); Tian Ling, E-mail: zgwang@seu.edu.c [School of Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096 (China)

    2009-09-15

    A 5-Gb/s 2:1 MUX (multiplexer) with an on-chip integrated clock extraction circuit which possesses the function of automatic phase alignment (APA), has been designed and fabricated in SMIC's 0.18 {mu}m CMOS technology. The chip area is 670 x 780 {mu}m{sup 2}. At a single supply voltage of 1.8 V, the total power consumption is 112 mW with an input sensitivity of less than 50 mV and an output single-ended swing of above 300 mV. The measurement results show that the IC can work reliably at any input data rate between 1.8 and 2.6 Gb/s with no need for external components, reference clock, or phase alignment between data and clock. It can be used in a parallel optic-fiber data interconnecting system.

  18. 5-Gb/s 0.18m CMOS 2:1 multiplexer with integrated clock extraction

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhang Changchun; Wang Zhigong; Shi Si; Miao Peng; Tian Ling

    2009-01-01

    A 5-Gb/s 2:1 MUX (multiplexer) with an on-chip integrated clock extraction circuit which possesses the function of automatic phase alignment (APA), has been designed and fabricated in SMIC's 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The chip area is 670 x 780 μm 2 . At a single supply voltage of 1.8 V, the total power consumption is 112 mW with an input sensitivity of less than 50 mV and an output single-ended swing of above 300 mV. The measurement results show that the IC can work reliably at any input data rate between 1.8 and 2.6 Gb/s with no need for external components, reference clock, or phase alignment between data and clock. It can be used in a parallel optic-fiber data interconnecting system.

  19. 5-Gb/s 0.18m CMOS 2:1 multiplexer with integrated clock extraction

    Science.gov (United States)

    Changchun, Zhang; Zhigong, Wang; Si, Shi; Peng, Miao; Ling, Tian

    2009-09-01

    A 5-Gb/s 2:1 MUX (multiplexer) with an on-chip integrated clock extraction circuit which possesses the function of automatic phase alignment (APA), has been designed and fabricated in SMIC's 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The chip area is 670 × 780 μm2. At a single supply voltage of 1.8 V, the total power consumption is 112 mW with an input sensitivity of less than 50 mV and an output single-ended swing of above 300 mV. The measurement results show that the IC can work reliably at any input data rate between 1.8 and 2.6 Gb/s with no need for external components, reference clock, or phase alignment between data and clock. It can be used in a parallel optic-fiber data interconnecting system.

  20. Supply of radiopharmaceuticals in Japan

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Genka, Tsuguo

    2006-01-01

    Detailed statistics of the application of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine in Japan are summarized. They are the amount of supply in terms of monetary value and radioactivity, categorized usages of in vivo and in vitro, number of facilities using the radiopharmaceuticals for the time span of 5 years (1998-2002). Obvious tendency of decrease for in vitro use can be seen while the total amount of radiopharmaceuticals is almost unchanged. (author)

  1. Teaching and research in radiopharmaceuticals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wiebe, L I [Noujaim Institute for Pharmaceutical Oncology Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada)

    1998-08-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals comprise a critical element of diagnostic and therapeutic clinical nuclear medicine. As well they contribute to more basic pre-clinical and clinical diagnostic studies such as the evaluation of new drugs and new drug formulations. Their development and utilization is based on the complex interaction of a number of disciplines including medicine, pharmacy, biochemistry, pharmacology, chemistry, physics and engineering. This technically-complex multidisciplinary base has impeded the development of a uniform curriculum of training for basic scientists and professionals who work with radiopharmaceuticals. the range of technical knowledge required is very broad; it ranges from chemical synthesis and radiolabelling, through a maze of biochemistry, pharmacology and now molecular biology, to GMP manufacture, dispensing and clinical consultation concerning use and interpretation of data. Clearly, no single discipline can (nor should) be expected to undertake in-depth training of radiopharmaceutical scientists, but equally clearly, there is need for the development of curricula that will develop specific components of the essential knowledge base. The `radiopharmaceutical` or `product` orientation of both teaching and research can be used to provide a focus for academic and professional organizations to develop `radiopharmacy` curricula that effectively train radiopharmaceutical practitioners for specific roles within the clinical, academic, government and industrial interests of radiopharmaceutical scientists. Currently, there is a plethora of segmented training programs, many of which are inadequately positioned to be of great value to the field or its practitioners. Efforts to re-focus radiopharmacy programs and to build professional recognition for them are bringing about harmonization of performance objectives, and leading to didactic and experiential curricula. The impact and evolution of regulatory processes will demand new and better

  2. Teaching and research in radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wiebe, L.I.

    1998-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals comprise a critical element of diagnostic and therapeutic clinical nuclear medicine. As well they contribute to more basic pre-clinical and clinical diagnostic studies such as the evaluation of new drugs and new drug formulations. Their development and utilization is based on the complex interaction of a number of disciplines including medicine, pharmacy, biochemistry, pharmacology, chemistry, physics and engineering. This technically-complex multidisciplinary base has impeded the development of a uniform curriculum of training for basic scientists and professionals who work with radiopharmaceuticals. the range of technical knowledge required is very broad; it ranges from chemical synthesis and radiolabelling, through a maze of biochemistry, pharmacology and now molecular biology, to GMP manufacture, dispensing and clinical consultation concerning use and interpretation of data. Clearly, no single discipline can (nor should) be expected to undertake in-depth training of radiopharmaceutical scientists, but equally clearly, there is need for the development of curricula that will develop specific components of the essential knowledge base. The 'radiopharmaceutical' or 'product' orientation of both teaching and research can be used to provide a focus for academic and professional organizations to develop 'radiopharmacy' curricula that effectively train radiopharmaceutical practitioners for specific roles within the clinical, academic, government and industrial interests of radiopharmaceutical scientists. Currently, there is a plethora of segmented training programs, many of which are inadequately positioned to be of great value to the field or its practitioners. Efforts to re-focus radiopharmacy programs and to build professional recognition for them are bringing about harmonization of performance objectives, and leading to didactic and experiential curricula. The impact and evolution of regulatory processes will demand new and better

  3. Positron emitting nuclides and their synthetic incorporation in radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fowler, J.S.

    1976-01-01

    11 C, 13 N, and 15 O has potential applicability to the study of metabolism in humans. Problems in the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with 11 C, 13 N, and 18 F are described: quality control, radiation exposure, carboxylic acids, glucose, amines, amino acids, nitrosources, fluoroethanol. 54 references

  4. Study of potential utility of new radiopharmaceuticals based on technetium-99m labeled derivative of glucose

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zeltchan, R., E-mail: r.zelchan@yandex.ru; Medvedeva, A.; Sinilkin, I.; Chernov, V. [Tomsk Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Stasyuk, E.; Rogov, A.; Il’ina, E.; Larionova, L.; Skuridin, V. [Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation)

    2016-08-02

    Purpose: to study the potential utility of 1-thio-D-glucose labeled with {sup 99m}Tc for cancer imaging in laboratory animals. Materials and method: the study was carried out in cell cultures of normal CHO (Chinese hamster ovary cells CHO) and malignant tissues MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7). To evaluate the uptake of {sup 99m}Tc-1-thio-D-glucose in normal and tumor tissue cells, 25 MBq of 1-thio-D-glucose labeled with {sup 99m}Tc was added to the vials with 3 million cells and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. After centrifugation of the vials with cells, the supernatant was removed. The radioactivity in vials with normal and tumor cells was then measured. In addition, the study included 40 mice of C57B1/6j lines with tumor lesion of the right femur. For neoplastic lesions, Lewis lung carcinoma model was used. Following anesthesia, mice were injected intravenously with 25 MBq of {sup 99m}Tc-1-thio-D-glucose. Planar scintigraphy was performed 15 minutes later in a matrix of 512x512 pixels for 5 min. Results: when measuring the radioactivity of normal and malignant cells after incubation with {sup 99m}Tc-1-thio-D-glucose, it was found that the radioactivity of malignant cells was higher than that of normal cells. The mean values of radioactivity levels in normal and malignant cells were 0.3 ± 0.15 MBq and 1.07 ± 0.6 MBq, respectively. All examined animals had increased accumulation of {sup 99m}Tc-1-thio-D-glucose at the tumor site. The accumulation of {sup 99m}Tc-1-thio-D-glucose in the tumor was on average twice as high as compared to the symmetric region. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that {sup 99m}Tc-1-thio-D-glucose is a prospective radiopharmaceutical for cancer visualization. In addition, high accumulation of {sup 99m}Tc-1-thio-D-glucose in the culture of cancer cells and in tumor tissue of animals demonstrates tumor tropism of the radiopharmaceutical.

  5. Incorporation study of 18FDG through its uptake into tumour-derived cell lines

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Costa, Flavia M.; Nascimento, Leonardo T.C.; Santos, Raquel G.

    2013-01-01

    In vitro tests of radiopharmaceuticals are an important instrument to study their mechanisms of action, binding and incorporation. 18 FDG is the most used radiopharmaceutical for diagnostics positron emission tomography (PET) on oncology, on the basis of accelerated rates of absorption of glucose in cell malignancies. This radiotracer has been routinely produced at CDTN; and therefore, it was selected for preliminary assays due to its availability. Nowadays, UPPR at CDTN produces routinely 18 FDG for the local PET Centers but others PET radiopharmaceuticals are in development such as 18 F-Fluorocholine and 18 F-Fluorothymidine. According to the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) it is necessary to validate and register these new radiopharmaceuticals in order to get the approval for their commercialization. Targeting efficacy is one of the important issues to be evaluated during radiopharmaceutical validation. The aim of this study was to develop a standard protocol to determine tumor targeting efficacy of PET radiopharmaceuticals in vitro. Therefore it was developed a protocol based on the incorporation og 18 FDG through the uptake in different tumor-derived cell lines. Three variables were investigated for the standardization of the test: the number of cells to be seeded in 96-well plates, the time of incubation with the radiopharmaceutical and the radiotracer concentration. The standardized protocol was considered suitable for 18 FDG incorporation assay and showed reproductive results. The protocol developed in this work will pave the way for the in vitro studies of incorporation of the new PET radiopharmaceuticals to be produced at UPPR-CDTN, such as: 18 F-Fluorocholine and 18 F-Fluorothymidine. (author)

  6. Preliminary study fo the interference of proteic compounds of radiopharmaceuticals in the test of lisadode amebocitos de limulus (LAL)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Aldana, Claudia

    1997-01-01

    In this thesis the objective was evaluate the interference of proteic compounds of the radiopharmaceuticals in the test LAL (lisado of amebocitos de limulus) for this, macroagregates of albumina (MAA) was used with metilendifosfonato (MDP) as control that is the radiopharmaceutical more used in the nuclear medicine centers of the country. Initially preliminary test were carried out to assess if some of two radiopharmaceuticals would cause interference with LAL test, after the test was validated and finally routine tests were made. With the preliminary assays was concluded that proteic compounds did not cause interference (albumina with a concentration of 2 md/dl) with the MAA. However with the MDP cause interference with LAL test. The interference was eliminated with a dilution of 1:8 of the sample. Was concluded that the success of LAL test depends on conditions such as temperature, pH, constant incubation (no minimum variations) and that is a good test for quality control of the radiopharmaceuticals

  7. Radiopharmaceuticals good practices handbook: ARCAL XV radiopharmaceuticals control and production

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Verdera Presto, Silvia

    1998-01-01

    A safety practice of the therapeutics diagnostic proceeding in nuclear medicine require a permanent provide high quality radiopharmaceuticals manufacture. This work treat to give a guide for all radio pharmacies laboratories that produce,control, fraction and or dispense radiopharmaceuticals products, with attention hospitable radiopharmacy laboratory. Three chapters with recommendations in manufacture good practice in Hospital radiopharmacy, industrial centralized, bibliography and three annexe's about clean area classification,standards work in laminar flux bell, and guarantee and cleaning areas

  8. Influence of P-Glycoprotein Inhibition or Deficiency at the Blood-Brain Barrier on (18)F-2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-glucose ( (18)F-FDG) Brain Kinetics.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tournier, Nicolas; Saba, Wadad; Goutal, Sébastien; Gervais, Philippe; Valette, Héric; Scherrmann, Jean-Michel; Bottlaender, Michel; Cisternino, Salvatore

    2015-05-01

    The fluorinated D-glucose analog (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) is the most prevalent radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. P-Glycoprotein's (P-gp, MDR1, and ABCB1) function in various cancer cell lines and tumors was shown to impact (18)F-FDG incorporation, suggesting that P-gp function at the blood-brain barrier may also modulate (18)F-FDG brain kinetics. We tested the influence of P-gp inhibition using the cyclosporine analog valspodar (PSC833; 5 μM) on the uptake of (18)F-FDG in standardized human P-gp-overexpressing cells (MDCKII-MDR1). Consequences for (18)F-FDG brain kinetics were then assessed using (i) (18)F-FDG PET imaging and suitable kinetic modelling in baboons without or with P-gp inhibition by intravenous cyclosporine infusion (15 mg kg(-1) h(-1)) and (ii) in situ brain perfusion in wild-type and P-gp/Bcrp (breast cancer resistance protein) knockout mice and controlled D-glucose exposure to the brain. In vitro, the time course of (18)F-FDG uptake in MDR1 cells was influenced by the presence of valspodar in the absence of D-glucose but not in the presence of high D-glucose concentration. PET analysis revealed that P-gp inhibition had no significant impact on estimated brain kinetics parameters K 1, k 2, k 3, V T , and CMRGlc. The lack of P-gp effect on in vivo (18)F-FDG brain distribution was confirmed in P-gp/Bcrp-deficient mice. P-gp inhibition indirectly modulates (18)F-FDG uptake into P-gp-overexpressing cells, possibly through differences in the energetic cell level state. (18)F-FDG is not a P-gp substrate at the BBB and (18)F-FDG brain kinetics as well as estimated brain glucose metabolism are influenced by neither P-gp inhibition nor P-gp/Bcrp deficiencies in baboon and mice, respectively.

  9. Influence of radioactive contaminants on absorbed dose estimates for radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Watson, E.E.; Stabin, M.G.

    1986-01-01

    Several popular radiopharmaceutical products contain low levels of radioactive contaminants. These contaminants increase the radiation absorbed dose to the patient without any increased benefit and, in some cases, with a decrease in image quality. The importance of a contaminant to the radiation dosimetry picture is a function of 1) the contaminant level, 2) the physical half-life of the contaminant, 3) the organ uptake and the biological half-time of the contaminant in the various body systems, and 4) the decay mode, energy, etc. of the contaminant. The general influence of these parameters is discussed in this paper; families of curves are included that reflect the changing importance of contaminant dosimetry with respect to the primary radionuclide as a function of these variables. Several specific examples are also given of currently used radiopharmaceutical products which can contain radioactive contaminants (I-123, In-111, Tl-201, Ir-191m, Rb-82, Au-195m). 7 references, 8 figures, 4 tables

  10. Pet imaging of human pituitary 5-HT2 receptors with F-18 setoperone

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fischman, A.J.; Bonab, A.A.; Babich, J.W. [Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (United States)] [and others

    1995-05-01

    Serotonin (5-HT) receptors play an important role in the regulation of pituitary function. In particular, 5HT agonists stimulate ACTH, {beta}-endorphin, prolactin and growth hormone secretion but inhibit TSH release. 5-HT binding sites have been identified by autoradiographic studies of rat and human pituitary. In the present investigation, we used PET with F-18 setoperone to image 5-HT2 receptors in normal humans. Setoperone, a piperidine derivative with potent 5-HT2 receptor blocking properties was labelled with F-18 by nucleophilic substitution on the nitro derivative. After HPLC purification, specific activity was between 10,000 and 15,000 mCi/{mu} mole and radiochemical purity was >98%. Six healthy male volunteers were injected with 5-7 mCi of F-18. Setoperone and serial PET images and arterial blood samples were collected over 2 hrs. Specific binding to 5-HT2 receptors in the frontal cortex (FC), striatum (ST) and pituitary (P) was quantitated using the cerebellum (C) as reference. The tracer showed clear retention in FC, ST and P (known to contain a high density of 5-HT2 receptors) relative to C (known to be devoid of 5-HT2 receptors). In all subjects, FC/C, ST/C and P/C ratios increased during the first hr. and remained stable thereafter. For FC and ST, the ratios reached similar values; 3.92{plus_minus}0.73 and 3.53{plus_minus}0.32. For pituitary, a significantly higher ratio, was measured at all times; 6.53{plus_minus}1.82 (p<0.01). These results indicate that F-18 setoperone is an effective PET radiopharmaceutical for imaging 5-HT2 receptors in the human pituitary. Future applications of this agent could provide important new insights into neuroendocrine function.

  11. The radiopharmaceutical industry and European Union regulations

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fallais, C.J.; Sivewright, S.; Ogle, J.R.

    1997-01-01

    After a brief historical introduction to Council Directives relating to the manufacture of radiopharmaceuticals the work of the Association of Radiopharmaceuticals Producers - Europe (ARPE) is discussed. ARPE has played a significant role as an officially recognized interlocutor with the EEC, influencing decisions on the registration of radiopharmaceuticals and labelling; this role is reviewed and difficulties identified. The future of radiopharmaceuticals is then considered; it is emphasized that harmonization of national laws by the European Council would represent a first step to enabling radiopharmaceutical manufacturers to access the largest possible market for their products. (orig.)

  12. Performance evaluation of activimeter for PET radiopharmaceutical measuring based on 18F

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fragoso, Maria da Conceicao de Farias; Oliveira, Mercia Liane de; Lima, Fernando Roberto de Andrade

    2014-01-01

    Proficiency test is an essential tool to assess the reliability and accuracy of measurements. In this work, proficiency tests (Z-score, accuracy and relative deviation) were applied to evaluate the performance of the activimeter used at Radiopharmaceuticals Production Division of the Regional Center for Nuclear Sciences of the Northeast (CRCN-NE/CNEN). The results were evaluated in compliance with ISO/IEC Guide 43-1. Additionally, correction factors for different measurement geometries were determined experimentally for those devices. (author)

  13. Present status and prospect of copper radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chen Huawei; Li Hongfeng; Liu Boli

    1996-01-01

    In the past decade most of the efforts of copper radiopharmaceuticals research has been focused on bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper complexes for use in myocardial and brain imaging agents. In the present work, the analogs of bis(thiosemicarbazone) is studied in labeling antibodies and tumors. The retention mechanism of Cu-PTSM is investigated. Other kinds of ligands, BAT (N 2 S 2 ) for example, can be used to prepare neutral copper complexes in order to obtain brain radiopharmaceuticals in future. (60 refs.)

  14. Radiopharmaceuticals drug interactions: a critical review

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Santos-Oliveira, Ralph; Smith, Sheila W.; Carneiro-Leao, Ana Maria A.

    2008-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals play a critical role in modern medicine primarily for diagnostic purposes, but also for monitoring disease progression and response to treatment. As the use of image has been increased, so has the use of prescription medications. These trends increase the risk of interactions between medications and radiopharmaceuticals. These interactions which have an impact on image by competing with the radiopharmaceutical for binding sites for example can lead to false negative results. Drugs that accelerate the metabolism of the radiopharmaceutical can have a positive impact (i.e. speeding its clearance) or, if repeating image is needed, a negative impact. In some cases, for example in cardiac image among patients taking doxirubacin, these interactions may have a therapeutic benefit. The incidence of drug-radiopharmaceuticals adverse reactions is unknown, since they may not be reported or even recognized. Here, we compiled the medical literature, using the criteria of a systematic review established by the Cochrane Collaboration, on pharmaceutical-drug interactions to provide a summary of documented interactions by organ system and radiopharmaceuticals. The purpose is to provide a reference on drug interactions that could inform the nuclear medicine staff in their daily routine. Efforts to increase adverse event reporting, and ideally consolidate reports worldwide, can provide a critically needed resource for prevention of drug-radiopharmaceuticals interactions. (author)

  15. Quantitative studies in radiopharmaceutical science. Progress report, April 1-August 31, 1986

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cooper, M.

    1986-09-01

    This report covers progress made during the first reporting period since the redirection of the project. In radiochemistry, achievements in fluorine-18 tracer studies including purification and reaction kinetics of 2-fluorodeoxyglucose and production of 6-fluoroDOPA. Radiopharmaceuticals have been prepared and tested for studies on CNS dopaminergic systems. By use of dynamic positron emission tomography the cerebral transport and metabolism of glucose continues to be studied. 6 figs

  16. Detection of the pyrogen in the radiopharmaceuticals using Limulus test and inhibitory factors in the gelation reaction

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Murata, Hajime; Iio, Masahiro; Yamada, Hideo; Chiba, Kazuo; Kobayashi, Masayoshi.

    1975-01-01

    To examine the sensitivities of the Limulus test and the inhibitory factors in radiopharmaceuticals, the following procedures were employed. Twenty commonly used radiopharmaceuticals were examined by Limulus Lysate (Pre-gel). In order to detect the inhibitory factors, several doses of endotoxin (E. coli) were added to the radiopharmaceuticals before the Limulus test was made and the results were compared with control results using saline solution of endotoxin. When the pH of the reaction solution lay out of a suitable range (6.0-7.5), the pH was adjusted by Tris-HCl buffer before the reaction. The sensitivity of the Limulus test control using Pre-gel was positive at a concentration of 10 -3 μg/ml of endotoxin. The Limulus test was sensitive and without inhibitory reactions for sup(99m)TcO 4 -, sup(99m)Tc-albumin, sup(99m)Tc-MAA, sup(99m)Tc-Sn-colloid, 131 I-hippurate, Na 131 I, Na 2 51 CrO 4 , 67 Ga-citrate and 57 Co-bleomycin as they were supplied. 111 In-DTPA, sup(99m)Tc-phytate, sup(99m)Tc-pyrophosphate, sup(99m)Tc-DTPA, 131 I-PVP, 59 FeCl 3 , Na-phosphate ( 32 P), 198 Au-colloid and 75 Se-selenomethionine needed to have their pH adjusted to avoid inhibition. Benzyl alcohol in the radiopharmaceutical showed an inhibitory effect at a concentration greater than 1%. Commonly used 169 Yb-DTPA which was evaluated by this test had a sensitivity of 2.5 x 10 -3 μg/ml due to addition of a small amount of benzyl alcohol. 131 I-BSP showed intense inhibition in gelation reaction. Contaminations of endotoxin were detected in sup(99m)Tc-albumin, sup(99m)Tc-Sn-colloid, 131 I-hippurate, Na 131 I, Na 2 51 CrO 4 , 198 Au-colloid, 57 Co-bleomycin and 75 Se-selenomethionine. (auth.)

  17. Determination of the influence factors of the radiopharmaceutical vials dimensions used for activimeter calibration at IPEN

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martins, E.W. [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil); Potiens, M.P.A., E-mail: mppalbu@ipen.br [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)

    2012-07-15

    This paper presents the establishment of a quality control program and correction factors for the geometry of the vials used for distribution of radiopharmaceutical and activimeters calibration. The radiopharmaceutical produced by IPEN {sup 67}Ga, {sup 131}I, {sup 201}Tl and {sup 99m}Tc had been tested using two different vials. Results show a maximum variation of 22% for {sup 201}Tl, and the minimum variation was 2.98% for {sup 131}I. The correction factors must be incorporated in the routine calibration of the activimeters. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Establishement of quality control program for reference activimeters. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Determination of correction factors for the geometry of vials. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Radiopharmaceuticals tested for different vials were {sup 67}Ga, {sup 131}I, {sup 201}Tl and {sup 99m}Tc. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The maximum variation was 22% for {sup 201}Tl and the minimum variation was 2.98% for {sup 131}I. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Correction factors must be incorporated in the calibration of the activimeters.

  18. Development of radiopharmaceutical for radiosinovectomy; Desenvolvimento de radiofarmaco para radiosinovectomia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Couto, Renata Martinussi

    2009-07-01

    determined by ascending chromatography using different chromatographic systems. Particles size was determined by membrane with using filters of different porous sizes. The biological behavior of {sup 90}Y-HA and {sup 177}Lu-HA was studied by intra-articular administration of 18,5 22,2 MBq /0,1 mL of the labeled particles (knee). Scintigraphic images were obtained in gamma-camera at different times after the administration, to determine the intra-articular retention and leakage of the activity from the joint. The methodology applied in the production of {sup 90}Y-Cit resulted in low radiochemical yield (about 20%), with low percentage of the activity related to the particles with appropriated size to RSV application. Despite low radiochemical yield, labeled particles, when purified by centrifugation, presented relative stability of about 70% after 5 days. The labeling of {sup 90}Y-HA resulted in excellent radiochemical yield (> 95%). The reaction was optimized to routine production with the reduction of the reaction time to 15 minutes and using only one step of centrifugation and washing. The labeling of HA with {sup 177}Lu also resulted in excellent radiochemical yield (> 95%) and the percent of the activity incorporated to the particles >12 m was optimized, with best results obtained when lutetium oxide was not used. The HA labeled with {sup 90}Y and {sup 177}Lu showed high in vitro stability when stored at room temperature for 5 and 7 days, respectively. Paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography were defined as chromatographic systems applied in the radiochemical purity determination of the preparations. Biodistribution studies using HA labeled with {sup 90}Y and {sup 177}Lu showed great in vivo stability of the labeled compounds, with no joint leakage of the radiopharmaceutical or free radionuclide in the blood system, confirming the potential of both radiopharmaceuticals for RSV application. (author)

  19. Radiopharmaceuticals production activities in Egypt

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Raieh, M.

    1998-01-01

    Applications of radiopharmaceuticals and labelled compounds in the field of nuclear medicine in Egypt have increased so rapidly in the last few years. At present, a large number of hospitals are utilizing these radioisotopic techniques for both diagnosis and treatment. The following production activities are taking place in the Egyptian Radioisotope Production laboratories. By utilizing the research reactor a large number of radioisotopes which find wide applications in nuclear medicine were produced, such as iodine-131, phosphorus-32, sodium-24, potassium-42 and molybdenum-99 / technetium-99m generators. Gallium-67, indium-111 and iodine-123 will be produced locally after installation of the cyclotron at the end of 1998. A large number of Tc-99m based kits for diagnostic medical applications have been produced. Also, many radiopharmaceuticals labelled with iodine-131 were produced. The radioisotope production laboratory is able to supply many hospitals with the radioimmunoassay kits of the thyroid related hormones (T4, T3 and TSH). Research and development activities are taking place in the field of monoclonal antibodies and tumor markers with special consideration of AFP, CEA, PSA and βhCG. (author)

  20. Patient dose reduction by changing the amount of {sup 18}F-FDG radiopharmaceutical injected

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Paiva, Fernanda G. [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear. Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências e Técnicas Nucleares; Santana, Priscila C. [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Departamento de Anatomia e Imagem; Mourão Filho, Arnaldo P., E-mail: fgpaiva92@gmail.com, E-mail: pridili@gmail.com, E-mail: apratabhz@gmail.com [Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Centro de Engenharia Biomédica

    2017-07-01

    Images of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) associated with Computed Tomography (CT) have important diagnostic applications, mainly for oncology. These compound tomographic devices allow the overlapping of functional images obtained from the administration of radiopharmaceuticals and anatomical images generated by X-ray beam attenuation. This work evaluated the impact of reducing the effective dose by reducing the activity injected into the patient using the ICRP 106 biokinetic model. The activity to be injected may vary according to the patient mass and the detector sensitivity. In this work was used the fixed mass of Alderson phantoms, as a standard adult, this mass is 73.5 kg for the male, and 50 kg for the female. Different values of activity to be injected were simulated, from 0.07 mCi to 0.15 mCi, and with 10 mCi, protocol used in some services. Thus, for the acquisition of PET scans, any reduction of the administered activity implies a proportional reduction of the effective dose in patient. The effective dose may vary up to 114% altering the injected activity between 0.07 and 0.15 mCi. Comparing the results found for the effective dose range using 10 mCi the effective dose may vary by up to approximately 14000%. It is expected that the PET/CT scans protocols are changed at the end of the study, so that the absorbed and effective dose received by the patient decreases. (author)

  1. Comparative study of radiopharmaceuticals as radiodiagnostic agent of cardiac damage in rats

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gallego Heise, R.

    1983-01-01

    Six radiopharmaceuticals were screened in a small-animal model as potential infarct-localizing agents. The model used was subcutaneous inyection of isoproterenol (30 mg/kg of body weight) - induced myocardial lesions in rats, similar to an infarct and ischemia in human beings, corroborated by histological findings. The uptake of each radiopharmaceuticals is measured at various times after lesion initiation. The results are expressed as % I.D./g and through the contrast relations between the activity of whole heart of treated rats and the others tissues. The relation damaged heart/normal heart (DH/NH) of the phosphorated radiopharmaceuticals (sup(99m) Tc-PPi, sup(99m) Tc-MDP, sup(113m) In-EDTMP), and 197 Hg-MPG are significatively greater in rats with heart damaged than in the controls animals (undamaged); these were followed by sup(99m) Tc-GH and sup(99m) Tc-DMSA. Sup(99m) Tc-PPi, was the tracer that showed the mot favorable concentration in the lesion and the best target-non target ratios in most of the time intervals. At early time intervals 197 Hg-MPG showed the best DH/NH relation. (Author)

  2. Initial results of hypoxia imaging using 1-α-d-(5-deoxy-5-[18F]-fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (18F-FAZA)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Postema, Ernst J.; McEwan, Alexander J.B.; Riauka, Terence A.; Kumar, Piyush; Richmond, Dacia A.; Abrams, Douglas N.; Wiebe, Leonard I.

    2009-01-01

    Tumour hypoxia is thought to play a significant role in the outcome of solid tumour therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) is the best-validated noninvasive technique able to demonstrate the presence of hypoxia in vivo. The locally developed PET tracer for imaging hypoxia, 1-α-d-(5-deoxy-5-[ 18 F]-fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole ( 18 F-FAZA), has been shown to accumulate in experimental models of tumour hypoxia and to clear rapidly from the circulation and nonhypoxic tissues. The safety and general biodistribution patterns of this radiopharmaceutical in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), malignant lymphoma, and high-grade gliomas, were demonstrated in this study. Patients with known primary or suspected metastatic HNSCC, SCLC or NSCLC, malignant lymphoma or high-grade gliomas were dosed with 5.2 MBq/kg of 18 F-FAZA, then scanned 2-3 h after injection using a PET or PET/CT scanner. Images were interpreted by three experienced nuclear medicine physicians. The location and relative uptake scores (graded 0 to 4) of normal and abnormal 18 F-FAZA biodistribution patterns, the calculated tumour-to-background (T/B) ratio, and the maximum standardized uptake value were recorded. Included in the study were 50 patients (32 men, 18 women). All seven patients with high-grade gliomas showed very high uptake of 18 F-FAZA in the primary tumour. In six out of nine patients with HNSCC, clear uptake of 18 F-FAZA was observed in the primary tumour and/or the lymph nodes in the neck. Of the 21 lymphoma patients (15 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 6 with Hodgkin's disease), 3 demonstrated moderate lymphoma-related uptake. Of the 13 lung cancer patients (12 NSCLC, 1 SCLC), 7 had increased 18 F-FAZA uptake in the primary lung tumour. No side effects of the administration of 18 F-FAZA were observed. This study suggests that 18 F-FAZA may be a very useful radiopharmaceutical

  3. International seminar on therapeutic applications of radiopharmaceuticals. Programme. Book of extended synopses

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1998-12-01

    The document includes extended synopses of 64 presentations given at the International Seminar on Therapeutic Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals, held in Hyderabad, India, 18-22 January 1999. A separate indexing was prepared for each presentation

  4. Synthesis and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of novel mono- and trivalent technetium-99m labeled ghrelin peptide complexes as potential diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Koźmiński, Przemysław; Gniazdowska, Ewa

    2015-01-01

    Introduction: Ghrelin is an endogenous hormone present in blood. It is released from the oxyntic cells (X/A-like cells) of the stomach and fundus and can exist in two forms: as an acylated and des-acylated ghrelin. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHS-R). Overexpression of GHS-R1a receptor was identified in cells of different types of tumors (e.g. pituitary adenoma, neuroendocrine tumors of the thyroid, lung, breast, gonads, prostate, stomach, colorectal, endocrine and non-endocrine pancreatic tumors). This fact suggests that gamma radionuclide labeled ghrelin peptide may be considered as a potential diagnostic radiopharmaceutical. Methods: Ghrelin peptide labeled with mono- and trivalent technetium-99m complexes, 99m Tc-Lys-GHR, has been prepared on the n.c.a. scale. The physicochemical (stability, charge, shape, lipophilicity) and biological (receptor affinity, biodistribution) properties of the conjugates have been studied relevant to use the conjugates as receptor-based diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. Results: The obtained conjugates [ 99m Tc(CO) 3 L N,O (CN-Lys-GHR)] + , 99m Tc(CO) 3 L S,O (CN-Lys-GHR) and 99m Tc(NS 3 )(CN-Lys-GHR) show different shape, charge, lipophilicity and two of them, 99m Tc(CO) 3 L S,O (CN-Lys-GHR) and 99m Tc(NS 3 )(CN-Lys-GHR), high stability in neutral aqueous solutions, even in the presence of excess concentration of histidine/cysteine competitive standard ligands or human serum. The in vitro binding affinity of 99m Tc-Lys-GHR conjugates with respect to growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) present on DU-145 cells was in the range of IC 50 from 45 to 54 nM. The conjugate 99m Tc(CO) 3 L S,O (CN-Lys-GHR) exhibited excretion route by the liver and kidney in comparable degree, while the more lipophilic conjugate 99m Tc(NS 3 )(CN-Lys-GHR)—mainly by the liver. Conclusions: Basing on the results concerning physicochemical and biochemical properties, the

  5. Development of European regulations on radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kristensen, K.

    1990-01-01

    Separate regulatory systems are being developed on the use of radiopharmaceuticals including radiation protection of patients and personnel and on the quality including safety and efficacy of radiopharmaceuticals. Radiation protection legislation has been introduced in most western European Economic Community (EEC). Within the drug field radiopharmaceuticals have been excepted up till now. However, new EEC directive on radiopharmaceuticals will soon come into force. The work done on the preparation of regulations and guidelines will be discussed. This discussion will focus on the problems faced when radiation protection aspects shall be balanced to traditional requirements of pharmaceutical aspects

  6. Development of new radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1989-12-01

    The possibilities to design and prepare better and more organ-specific radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic nuclear medicine has increased dramatically in the recent past with a deeper understanding of the relationships between chemical structure and biological activity. Whereas most of the research is performed in well-funded laboratories of industrialized countries, there are several developing countries with adequate resources and expertise as to undertake fruitful research in the field of radiopharmacy. With the aim of promoting advanced research in radiopharmacy by developing new radiodiagnostics agents, in particular, hepatobiliary imaging agents labelled with 99m Tc, and to facilitate exchange of information, the IAEA has established in 1983 the present Research Co-ordination Programme (CRP) with a duration of five years. The report includes detailed results obtained by all participants as well as novel preparation procedures for some of the newest and more promising radiopharmaceuticals developed under the auspices of the CRP. The extensive bibliographic reference listing is considered another important information of particular value for scientists in developing countries who do not always have access to updated scientific information sources. Refs, figs and tabs

  7. Preparation of the radiopharmaceutical {sup 99m} Tc-HYNIC-[Lys{sup 3}]-BN; Preparacion del radiofarmaco {sup 99m} Tc-HYNIC-[Lys{sup 3}]-BN

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Conde S, E [Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, Facultad de Quimica, 50000 Toluca, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

    2007-07-01

    In accordance with their design, the radiopharmaceuticals can be divided in three generations. The radiopharmaceuticals of third generation are used in nuclear medicine to obtain images of specific molecular targets, and they are only in their capacity to detect in vivo such specific biochemical places as receivers and enzymes. The receivers of regulator peptides are over expressed in numerous carcinogenic cells. Those receivers have been used as molecular targets of radiolabelled peptides to locate cancerous tumors. The small peptide bombesin (BN, 14 amino acids) it was isolated of the frog skin and it belongs to a wide neuropeptides group with many biological functions. The equivalent human is the liberator peptide of the gastrin (GRP, 27 amino acids) and his receivers (r-GRP) that are on expressed in the membranes of the tumor cells. The receiving subtype 2 of bombesin (receiving GRP) it is on expressed in several human tumors including breast, prostate, lung cells and pancreatic cancer. Some radiopharmaceuticals similar of BN has been developed that were prepared to be used in nuclear medicine for the detection of wicked tumors and to evidence prostate cancers, breast and of lymphatic nodules. A technique was developed to allow the conjugation of HYNIC-[Lys3]-BN that allowed to obtain this product with a high purity. The identity was determined by HPLC chromatography. It was necessary the validation of the method and the HPLC system, to assure that the results were reliable. Linearity, specificity, accuracy and precision parameters were analyzed, that are those required by the Mexican pharmacopoeia for chromatographic methods. With this conjugated a formulation for lyophilized kits were analyzed, with the purpose of obtaining a radiochemical purity, after the labelled one with {sup 99m}Tc, bigger to 95%; the components used in the nucleus-equipment should favor the conjugation of the {sup 99m}Tc by means of a ligands exchange between the tricine and the

  8. Development of methodologies for internal exposure assessment due to the radiopharmaceutical {sup 18}FDG; Desenvolvimento de metodologias para avaliacao da exposicao ocupational interna devido ao radiofarmaco {sup 18}FDG

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lacerda, Isabelle Viviane Batista de

    2013-07-01

    The production of {sup 18}F has increased in the last decade. It is produced basically for the synthesis of {sup 18}F- fluorodeoxyglucose ({sup 18}FDG), the main radiopharmaceutical used in PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scans. The growth in the frequency of these tests resulted in rise of the number of occupationally exposed individuals (OEI) to the radionuclide {sup 18}F as {sup 18}FDG, increasing thereby the probability of its accidental incorporation. This study aimed to implement optimized techniques for assessing internal exposures of individuals occupationally exposed through both in vivo and in vitro bioassay methods during production and handling of {sup 18}FDG at the Divisao de Producao de Radiofarmacos (DIPRA), Centro Regional de Ciencias Nucleares do Nordeste (CRCN-NE/CNEN). The in vivo monitoring was conducted at the Laboratorio de Dosimetria Interna, Divisao de Laboratorios Tecnico-Cientificos (DILAB). For this bioassay method, measurements were done with a 3x3' NaI(Tl) scintillation detector coupled to Genie 2000 software. The calibration of the system was performed with a brain phantom containing a standard liquid source of {sup 22}Na to simulate a contaminated individual. The calibration of the HPGe coaxial detector for in vitro monitoring was performed at the Laboratorio de Medidas de Atividade de Radionuclideos (DIPRA/CRCN-NE/CNEN) with a standard source of {sup 22}Na. Base on the calibration factors, it was possible to determine the minimum detectable activities (MDA) for the systems by using direct measurements and simulation of uncontaminated urine. Then, through the biokinetic models published by ICRP 106 and edited by the AIDE software (version 6.0), it was possible to estimate the minimum detectable effective dose (MDED), which evaluates the detection sensitivity of the techniques developed. The MDED was estimated for in vivo and in vitro measurements performed 2.4 hours after the occurrence of incorporation by ingestion, since

  9. Comparative analysis of 99mTc-depreotide and 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC thorax scintigrams acquired for the purpose of differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Płachcińska, Anna; Mikołajczak, Renata; Kozak, Józef; Rzeszutek, Katarzyna; Kuśmierek, Jacek

    2006-01-01

    Aiming at comparison of diagnostic efficacy of 2 radiopharmaceuticals: 99mTc-depreotide (Neospect, Amersham) and 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-Tyr3-octreotide (Tektrotyd, Polatom), in differentiation between malignant and benign etiology of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs), radionuclide studies with 2 radiotracers were performed in 18 patients. For both radiopharmaceuticals the same acquisition and processing protocols were applied. Studies were acquired with SPECT technique, after administration of 740 MBq of activity. Scintigrams were assessed visually, as: positive (+), equivocal (+/-) and negative (-). Additionally, uptake intensity of both radiotracers in nodules was assessed semiquantitatively, using a tumour-to-background ratio. Verification of scintigraphic results was based in 14 cases upon a pathological examination of tumour samples (histopathology) and in the remaining 4 - on clinical observation and bacteriological studies. Normal scintigrams obtained with both radiopharmaceuticals differed significantly. 99mTc-depreotide was markedly accumulated in spine, sternum, ribs and lungs (mean lung/heart ratio = 2.2). This accumulation was not observed on 99mTc- -EDDA/HYNIC-TOC scintigrams (mean lung/heart ratio = 0.7). In 6 patients a malignant etiology--lung cancer--was revealed (5--adenocarcinoma, 1--squamous cell) and the other 12 cases turned out to be benign (4 hamartomas, 3 tuberculomas, a tuberculous infiltrate, an alien body with inflammatory reaction, a hyperplasia of lymphatic tissue and 2 cases of unknown etiology, from which one had a stable size and the other resolved during a 6 month observation period). In all 6 cases of lung cancer positive results were obtained with both tracers. Moreover, in 2 patients metastases in mediastinum could be observed on scintigrams obtained with both radiopharmaceuticals. From among 12 cases of benign etiology 6 99mTc-depreotide scintigrams were true negative, 1--equivocal and 5--false positive, whereas 6 99m

  10. Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kristensen, K.

    1988-01-01

    Different forms of radiopharmaceuticals such as radioactive gases, aerosols and colloids used for diagnostic techniques and radiotherapy and methods of labelling them are discussed. Some reference is made to their documentation, handling and quality control. (U.K.)

  11. Radiopharmacy and radiopharmaceutical products

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Galy, Gerard; Fraysse, Marc; Hammadi, Akli; Tafani, Mathieu

    2012-01-01

    Written by two radio-pharmacist doctors, this book presents all the theoretical and practical knowledge necessary to radio-pharmacists in charge of the management, the preparation, the control and the delivery of radiopharmaceutical medicines. It presents the scientific, regulatory and technical foundations for the implementation and operation of radiopharmacy in hospitals, addressing themes such as the fundamentals and theories about nuclear physics and radioactivity (production of artificial radionuclides, detectors and measuring instruments, radio-chemistry), radio-biology and radiation protection (biological effects of ionizing radiations, radioprotection, regulations concerning the use of radiopharmaceutical products by medical personnel), the application domains of radiopharmaceutical medicines and products (diagnosis, therapy, biological assessment), and the management of radiopharmacy in a hospital (design, implementation, organizing, operation)

  12. Composition of lyophilized kit for radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-DTPA

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kovacheva, S.P.; Bychvarova, K.A.; Donev, T.N.

    1988-01-01

    The composition finds application for functional radioisotope studies of kidneys and brain. The radiopharmaceuticals, obtained from lyophilized kit with this composition possess a high radiochemical purity, long shelf life and minimal content of reduced hydrolised technetium. They are stable in vivo and in vitro and ensure high quality of examinations at low body background. The composition of the lyophilized kit is based on diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, tin dichloride dihydrate and ascorbic acid accordingly in relation 61:1:1 and concentrations 10.4 mg, 0.17 mg and 0.17 mg. 1 cl

  13. Development of an injectable formulation for the preparation of radiopharmaceutical 68Ga-DOTA-Sar gastrin

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Castillo P, M.

    2015-01-01

    The CCK2 receptor (cholecystokinin) is located in areas of the central and peripheral nervous system and is over expressed in several types of human cancer, as medullar thyroid, lung and ovarian carcinomas. One of the endogenous ligands for the CCK2 receptor is the gastrin, so that radiolabeled peptides analogues to gastrin as Sar gastrin (Gln-Gly-Pro-Trp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH 2 ) have been proposed as potential diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals for obtaining tumors images with CCK2 receptors over expressed. The 68 Ga is an ideal candidate for the peptides radiolabelled and has favorable characteristics to be used for diagnostic purposes by imaging with Positron emission tomography (PET). This work aimed to verify the technical documentation of the production process of radiopharmaceutical 68 Ga-DOTA-Sar gastrin for its sanitary registration before the Comision Federal contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS) in Mexico. For optimization of the production process was assessed a factorial design of two variables with mixed levels (27 combinations), where the dependent variable was the radiochemical purity. The analytical method used for evaluating the content of Sar gastrin peptide in the injectable formulation was also validated by High-performance liquid chromatography. Subsequently the validation of the production process was carried out by manufacturing of lots in single-dose of the optimized injectable formulation of the radiopharmaceutical 68 Ga-DOTA-Sar gastrin and the stability study was conducted at different times to determine the useful life time. The following was established as the optimal pharmaceutical formulation: 185 MBq of 68 Ga, 50 μg de DOTA-Sar gastrin, 14 mg of sodium acetate and 0.5 m L of buffer acetates, 1.0 M, ph 4.22 in 2.5 m L of the vehicle. The analytical method used to determine the radiochemical purity of the formulation satisfied the requirements for the intended analytical application. The lots in

  14. Biodistribution of the 18F-FPPRGD2 PET radiopharmaceutical in cancer patients: an atlas of SUV measurements

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Minamimoto, Ryogo; Jamali, Mehran; Gambhir, Sanjiv Sam; Barkhodari, Amir; Mosci, Camila; Mittra, Erik; Iagaru, Andrei; Shen, Bin; Chin, Frederick

    2015-01-01

    The aim of this study was to investigate the biodistribution of 2-fluoropropionyl-labeled PEGylated dimeric arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide (PEG3-E[c{RGDyk}]2) ( 18 F-FPPRGD 2 ) in cancer patients and to compare its uptake in malignant lesions with 18 F-FDG uptake. A total of 35 patients (11 men, 24 women, mean age 52.1 ± 10.8 years) were enrolled prospectively and had 18 F-FPPRGD 2 PET/CT prior to treatment. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUV max ) and mean SUV (SUV mean ) were measured in 23 normal tissues in each patient, as well as in known or suspected cancer lesions. Differences between 18 F-FPPRGD 2 uptake and 18 F-FDG uptake were also evaluated in 28 of the 35 patients. Areas of high 18 F-FPPRGD 2 accumulation (SUV max range 8.9 - 94.4, SUV mean range 7.1 - 64.4) included the bladder and kidneys. Moderate uptake (SUV max range 2.1 - 6.3, SUV mean range 1.1 - 4.5) was found in the choroid plexus, salivary glands, thyroid, liver, spleen, pancreas, small bowel and skeleton. Compared with 18 F-FDG, 18 F-FPPRGD 2 showed higher tumor-to-background ratio in brain lesions (13.4 ± 8.5 vs. 1.1 ± 0.5, P < 0.001), but no significant difference in body lesions (3.2 ± 1.9 vs. 4.4 ± 4.2, P = 0.10). There was no significant correlation between the uptake values (SUV max and SUV mean ) for 18 F FPPRGD 2 and those for 18 F-FDG. The biodistribution of 18 F-FPPRGD 2 in cancer patients is similar to that of other RGD dimer peptides and it is suitable for clinical use. The lack of significant correlation between 18 F-FPPRGD 2 and 18 F-FDG uptake confirms that the information provided by each PET tracer is different. (orig.)

  15. A short history of radiopharmaceutical research in Australia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Baker, R.

    1989-01-01

    A brief summary is given of radiopharmaceuticals research carried out in Australia. Historically, a number of the larger hospital radiopharmacies have been, and still are, involved with 99m Tc-cold kit production. Originally, this scenario evolved because the nuclear medicine community was denied access to state-of-the-art products available overseas. Although the situation has improved in recent times, most such departments continue kit production, having made a large capital investment in sterile facilities, equipment and staff. Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization has a leading role in radiopharmaceutical research and some of the topics which have occupied its scientists over the last few years are outlined

  16. Sentinel lymph node accumulation of Lymphoseek and Tc-99m-sulfur colloid using a '2-day' protocol

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wallace, Anne M.; Hoh, Carl K.; Limmer, Karl K.; Darrah, Denise D.; Schulteis, Gery; Vera, David R.

    2009-01-01

    Lymphoseek is a receptor-binding radiopharmaceutical specifically designed for sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping. We conducted a clinical trial which measured the injection site clearance and sentinel lymph node accumulation after a single intradermal injection of Lymphoseek or unfiltered [ 99m Tc]sulfur colloid (TcSC) using a '2-day' protocol for SLN mapping of breast cancer. Eleven patients with breast cancer participated in this study. Five patients received an intradermal administration of 1.0 nmol of 99m Tc-labeled Lymphoseek; SLN mapping was performed on four subjects within 19 to 27 h. Six subjects received an intradermal administration of TcSC; SLN mapping was performed on five subjects within 18 to 26 h. Lymphoseek exhibited a significantly (P 99m Tc]sulfur colloid and persistent SLN accumulation for at least 24 h.

  17. 76 FR 4893 - FFP Missouri 13, LLC, Grays Hydro, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-01-27

    .... 13772-000] FFP Missouri 13, LLC, Grays Hydro, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing January... Commission, or her designee, will, by random drawing, determine the filing priority for the two applicants identified in this notice. The drawing is open to the public and will be held in room 2C, the Commission...

  18. International seminar on therapeutic applications of radiopharmaceuticals. Programme. Book of extended synopses

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1998-12-01

    The document includes extended synopses of 64 presentations given at the International Seminar on Therapeutic Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals, held in Hyderabad, India, 18-22 January 1999. A separate indexing was prepared for each presentation Refs, figs, tabs

  19. 18F-FET and 18F-FCH uptake in human glioblastoma T98G cell lines

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Persico, Marco Giovanni; Buroni, Federica Eleonora; Pasi, Francesca; Lodola, Lorenzo; Aprile, Carlo; Nano, Rosanna; Hodolic, Marina

    2016-01-01

    Despite complex treatment of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, high grade gliomas often recur. Differentiation between post-treatment changes and recurrence is difficult. 18 F-methyl-choline ( 18 F-FCH) is frequently used in staging and detection of recurrent prostate cancer disease as well as some brain tumours; however accumulation in inflammatory tissue limits its specificity. The 18 F-ethyl-tyrosine ( 18 F-FET) shows a specific uptake in malignant cells, resulting from increased expression of amino acid transporters or diffusing through the disrupted blood-brain barrier. 18 F-FET exhibits lower uptake in machrophages and other inflammatory cells. Aim of this study was to evaluate 18 F-FCH and 18 F-FET uptake by human glioblastoma T98G cells. Human glioblastoma T98G or human dermal fibroblasts cells, seeded at a density to obtain 2 × 10 5 cells per flask when radioactive tracers were administered, grew adherent to the plastic surface at 37°C in 5% CO 2 in complete medium. Equimolar amounts of radiopharmaceuticals were added to cells for different incubation times (20 to 120 minutes) for 18 F-FCH and 18 F-FET respectively. The cellular radiotracer uptake was determined with a gamma counter. All experiments were carried out in duplicate and repeated three times. The uptake measurements are expressed as the percentage of the administered dose of tracer per 2 × 10 5 cells. Data (expressed as mean values of % uptake of radiopharmaceuticals) were compared using parametric or non-parametric tests as appropriate. Differences were regarded as statistically significant when p<0.05. A significant uptake of 18 F-FCH was seen in T98G cells at 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The percentage uptake of 18 F-FET in comparison to 18 F-FCH was lower by a factor of more than 3, with different kinetic curves. 18 F-FET showed a more rapid initial uptake up to 40 minutes and 18 F-FCH showed a progressive rise reaching a maximum after 90 minutes. 18 F-FCH and 18 F-FET are candidates

  20. Radiopharmaceuticals for thrombus detection

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Knight, L.C.

    1990-01-01

    Most of the components of the thrombotic and fibrinolytic systems have at some time been evaluated as a means of carrying a radiolabel specifically to thrombi, although very few have been promising enough to emerge from investigational status to routine clinical use. New approaches are being explored, including improved methods of labeling platelets, chemically modified forms of previously tested plasma proteins, and new biomolecules, including monoclonal antibodies specific for fibrin and platelets. The current goal is to find one or more radiotracers that bind specifically and rapidly to thrombi, and that also have a rapid blood disappearance rate, permitting a clear diagnosis within a few hours after injection. Because this test may be needed to assess the course of therapy in an anticoagulated patient, the ideal radiopharmaceutical should be able to locate thrombi without interference by anticoagulants. Until a suitable thrombus-specific radiopharmaceutical becomes generally available, many hospitals will continue to attempt to make a diagnosis with nonspecific radiopharmaceuticals that can at best provide blood pool images to indicate filling defects. Several of the new approaches seem likely to provide the radiopharmaceutical sought, although clinical trials are at an early stage.137 references

  1. Audits of radiopharmaceutical formulations

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Castronovo, F.P. Jr.

    1992-01-01

    A procedure for auditing radiopharmaceutical formulations is described. To meet FDA guidelines regarding the quality of radiopharmaceuticals, institutional radioactive drug research committees perform audits when such drugs are formulated away from an institutional pharmacy. All principal investigators who formulate drugs outside institutional pharmacies must pass these audits before they can obtain a radiopharmaceutical investigation permit. The audit team meets with the individual who performs the formulation at the site of drug preparation to verify that drug formulations meet identity, strength, quality, and purity standards; are uniform and reproducible; and are sterile and pyrogen free. This team must contain an expert knowledgeable in the preparation of radioactive drugs; a radiopharmacist is the most qualified person for this role. Problems that have been identified by audits include lack of sterility and apyrogenicity testing, formulations that are open to the laboratory environment, failure to use pharmaceutical-grade chemicals, inadequate quality control methods or records, inadequate training of the person preparing the drug, and improper unit dose preparation. Investigational radiopharmaceutical formulations, including nonradiolabeled drugs, must be audited before they are administered to humans. A properly trained pharmacist should be a member of the audit team

  2. The current situation and future prospects of radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ando, Atsushi

    2001-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals play an important role in nuclear medicine. In this paper, nuclear medicine relating to radiopharmaceuticals was briefly described. And I would like to focus on the current situation and future prospects of radiopharmaceuticals. Nuclear medicine in this century should take the following directions. Firstly, cancer treatment by radionuclides will be one of the promising fields in oncology. Secondly, in order to achieve evidence-based medicine, sensitive, quantitative imaging using the nuclides will be necessary in nuclear medicine. Under these circumstances, it is important to develop radiopharmaceuticals for sensitive, quantitative imaging and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. (author)

  3. Feasibility and dosimetry studies for 18F-NOS as a potential PET radiopharmaceutical for inducible nitric oxide synthase in humans.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Herrero, Pilar; Laforest, Richard; Shoghi, Kooresh; Zhou, Dong; Ewald, Gregory; Pfeifer, John; Duncavage, Eric; Krupp, Kitty; Mach, Robert; Gropler, Robert

    2012-06-01

    Nitric oxide (NO), the end product of the inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS), is an important mediator of a variety of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, a radiolabeled iNOS radiopharmaceutical for assessing iNOS protein concentration as a marker for its activity would be of value to the study and treatment of NO-related diseases. We recently synthesized an (18)F-radiolabeled analog of the reversible NOS inhibitor, 2-amino-4-methylpyridine ((18)F-NOS), and confirmed its utility in a murine model of lung inflammation. To determine its potential for use in humans, we measured (18)F-NOS myocardial activity in patients after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) and correlated it with pathologic allograft rejection, tissue iNOS levels, and calculated human radiation dosimetry. Two groups were studied-a kinetic analysis group and a dosimetry group. In the kinetic analysis group, 10 OHT patients underwent dynamic myocardial (18)F-NOS PET/CT, followed by endomyocardial biopsy. Myocardial (18)F-NOS PET was assessed using volume of distribution; standardized uptake values at 10 min; area under the myocardial moment curve (AUMC); and mean resident time at 5, 10, and 30 min after tracer injection. Tissue iNOS levels were measured by immunohistochemistry. In the dosimetry group, the biodistribution and radiation dosimetry were calculated using whole-body PET/CT in 4 healthy volunteers and 12 OHT patients. The combined time-activity curves were used for residence time calculation, and organ doses were calculated with OLINDA. Both AUMC at 10 min (P measurements with acceptable radiation exposure. Although further modifications to improve the performance of (18)F-NOS are needed, these data show the feasibility of PET of iNOS in the heart and other tissues.

  4. Synthesis of 6-[18F] and 4-[18F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosines via regioselective radiofluorodestannylation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Namavari, Mohammad; Satyamurthy, N.; Phelps, M.E.; Barrio, J.R.; California Univ., Los Angeles, CA

    1993-01-01

    The regioselective radiofluorodestannylation of 6-trimethylstannyl-L-m-tyrosine derivative with [ 18 F]F 2 and [ 18 F]acetyl hypofluorite afforded, after acid hydrolysis, 6-[ 18 F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosine in radiochemical yields of 23 and 17%, respectively. Similarly, 4-[ 18 F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosine was synthesized in 11% radiochemical yield from the corresponding 4-trimethylstannyl-L-m-tyrosine derivative using [ 18 F]F 2 . The structural analyses of precursors, intermediates, and the final products (after 18 F decay), were carried out by 1 H, 13 C, 19 F, 119 Sn-NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy. (author)

  5. Radiopharmaceuticals targeting melanoma

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pham, T.Q.; Berghofer, P.; Liu, X.; Greguric, I.; Dikic, B.; Ballantyne, P.; Mattner, F.; Nguyen, V.; Loc' h, C.; Katsifis, A. [Radiopharmaceuticals Research Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Menai, N.S.W., Sydney (Australia)

    2008-02-15

    Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers known with a high rate of mortality and increasing global incidence. So, the development of radiopharmaceuticals for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes could make enormous contributions to melanoma patient health care. We have been studying melanoma tumours through several targeting mechanisms including melanin or specific receptor based radiopharmaceuticals Structure activity studies indicate that the substitution patterns on radioiodinated benzamides significantly influence the uptake mechanism from melanin to sigma-receptor binding. Furthermore, the position of the iodine as well as the presence of key functional groups and substituents has resulted in compounds with varying degrees of activity uptake and retention in tumours. From these results, a novel molecule 2-(2-(4-(4-iodo benzyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethyl)isoindoline- 1,3-dione (M.E.L.037) was synthesized, labelled with iodine-123 and evaluated for application in melanoma tumour scintigraphy and radiotherapy. The tumour imaging potential of {sup 123}IM.E.L.037 was studied in vivo in C.57 B.L./ 6 J female mice bearing the B.16 F.0. murine melanoma tumour and in BALB/c nude mice bearing the A.375 human amelanotic melanoma tumour by biodistribution, competition studies and by SPECT imaging. {sup 123}I-M.E.L.037 exhibited high and rapid uptake in the B.16 F.0 melanoma tumour at 1 h (13 % I.D./g) increasing with time to reach 25 % I.D./g at 6 h. A significant uptake was also observed in the eyes (2% I.D., at 3-6 h p.i.) of black mice. No uptake was observed in the tumour or in the eyes of nude mice bearing the A.375 tumour. Due to high uptake and long retention in the tumour and rapid body clearance, standardized uptake values(S.U.V.) of {sup 123}I-M.E.L.037 were 30 and 60, at 24 and 48 h p.i.,respectively. SPECT imaging of mice bearing the B.16 melanoma indicated the radioactivity was predominately located in the tumour followed by the eyes, while no

  6. Preparation of kits for 99Tcm radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1992-05-01

    This publication details preparation under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) of thirteen widely used 99 Tc m radiopharmaceuticals and their quality assurance practices. The objective of this document is to present to those who intend to launch a kit preparation programme a set of preparation procedures and other relevant information gathered during kit production over a period of more than a decade, to serve as a good starting point. The manuals and monographs included in the document are based on the experience gained in two major centres. The publication of this material is intended to give a typical example, and not the only possible procedure for preparing the kits. Following the essentials of these kit preparation procedures, it is always possible to make alterations to the composition of the kits. The kits described here concern widely used 99 Tc m radiopharmaceuticals which do not require a Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) camera. These examples of the ''first generation'' of kits are not very intricate to prepare. Although it is advisable to have only one agent for a given intended use, a few agents for each purpose, e.g. EHDP and MDP for bone imagining, have been included in the document so that the reader can have some flexibility in selecting a particular kit. 24 refs, 2 figs

  7. Comparative biological evaluation between 99mTc tricarbonyl and 99mTc-Sn(II) levosalbutamol as a β2-adrenoceptor agonist

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sanad, Mahmoud H.; Borai, Emad H.

    2015-01-01

    This study describes the comparison between 99m Tc-tricarbonyl and 99m Tc-Sn (II) levosalbutamol as a β 2 -adrenoceptors radiopharmaceutical and evaluation of their different biological characteristics using experimental animals. Levosalbutamol was labeled firstly with 99m Tc in the presence of SnCl 2 . 2H 2 O as a reducing agent under the optimum conditions: pH 8, 50 μg SnCl 2 . 2H 2 O, room temperature, 40 μg levosalbutamol and 30 min reaction time to give a maximum radiochemical yield of 98 ± 0.1%. The obtained 99m Tc-levosalbutamol was stable for a time up to 8 h. Secondly, 99m Tc-tricarbonyl ([ 99m Tc(CO) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ] + ) levosalbutamol was prepare under 30 min heating at 100 C. Labeling yield and stability were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (labeling yield >99% and stability for 8 h). Biodistribution investigation showed that, the maximum uptake ratio of the 99m Tc-levosalbutamol ( 99m Tc-Lev) between lung and heart was 2.34 ± 0.62 % of the injected activity/g tissue organ, at 30 min post-injection. But in case of 99m Tc-tricarbonyl levosalbutamol ( 99m Tc-tricarbonyl Lev) the maximum uptake ratio was 3.6 ± 0.11 of the injected activity/g tissue organ, at 30 min post-injection. This indicates that 99m Tc-tricarbonyl levosalbutamol was more selective for lung β 2 -adrenoceptors than 99m Tc-levosalbutamol. These results introduce 99m Tc-tricarbonyl levosalbutamol as a novel potential radiopharmaceutical for lung imaging.

  8. PEGylated N-methyl-S-methyl dithiocarbazate as a new reagent for the high-yield preparation of nitrido Tc-99m and Re-188 radiopharmaceuticals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Boschi, Alessandra, E-mail: alessandra.boschi@unife.i [Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara (Italy); Massi, Alessandro [Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara (Italy); Uccelli, Licia; Pasquali, Micol; Duatti, Adriano [Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara (Italy)

    2010-11-15

    A novel nitrido nitrogen atom donor for the preparation of {sup 99m}Tc and {sup 188}Re radiopharmaceuticals containing a metal-nitrogen multiple bond is presented. HO{sub 2}C-PEG{sub 600}-DTCZ was obtained by conjugation of N-methyl-S-methyl dithiocarbazate [H{sub 2}N-N(CH{sub 3})-C({identical_to}S)SCH{sub 3}, HDTCZ] with polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG{sub 600}). Asymmetrical heterocomplexes of the type [M(N)(PNP)(B)]{sup 0/+} (M={sup 99m}Tc, {sup 188}Re; PNP=diphosphine ligands, B=DBODC, DEDC, NSH, H{sub 2}OS, CysNAc, HDTCZ) and symmetrical nitride compounds of the type [M(N)(L){sub 2}] (L=DEDC, DPDC) have been prepared in high yield by using the newly designed nitride nitrogen atom donor HO{sub 2}C-PEG{sub 600}-DTCZ. A two-step procedure was applied for preparing the above symmetrical and asymmetrical complexes. The first step involved the preliminary formation of a mixture of nitride Tc-99m or Re-188 precursors, which contained the [M{identical_to}N]{sup 2+} core, through reduction of generator-eluted {sup 99m}Tc-pertechnetate or {sup 188}Re-perrhenate with thin (II) chloride in the presence of HO{sub 2}C-PEG{sub 600}-DTCZ. In the second step, the intermediate mixture was converted either in the final mixed asymmetrical complex by the simultaneous addition of diphosphine ligand and the suitable bidentate ligand B, or in the final symmetrical complex by the only addition of the bidentate ligand L. It was also demonstrated that the novel water-soluble nitride nitrogen atom donor HO{sub 2}C-PEG{sub 600}-DTCZ did not show coordinating properties toward the M{identical_to}N ({sup 99m}Tc, {sup 188}Re) core. Biodistribution studies in rats of the hitherto unreported [{sup 99m}Tc(N)(PNP{sub 3})DTCZ]{sup +} and [{sup 99m}Tc(N)(PNP{sub 5})DTCZ]{sup +} complexes showed that they selectively localize in the myocardium of rats with a favourable heart-to-lung and heart-to-liver uptake ratios. In particular, the heart-to-lung and heart-to-liver uptake ratios dramatically

  9. Modern trends in radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy. Proceedings of a symposium

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1998-08-01

    The IAEA held an International Symposium on Modern Trends in Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnosis and Therapy in Lisbon, Portugal, from 30 March to 3 April 1998. Two earlier symposia were organized on similar topics in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1973 and in Tokyo, Japan, in 1984. The proceedings of these symposia have been published and widely used as reference sources. To facilitate faster publication and more widespread availability, the IAEA has decided to publish the proceedings of this symposium as a cost-free TECDOC. The symposium was organized into 14 sessions consisting of five on 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals, two each on therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and radiohalogens/other isotopes and one each on bioevaluation, radiometric assay, medical isotope production, good radiopharmacy practice and technology transfer. In the proceedings the papers from multiple sessions on the same topic have been grouped together for the convenience of the reader. The papers presented in the symposium reflect current and future developments in diagnostic and therapeutic agents. The largest number of papers presented dealt with 99m Tc, highlighting its continuing importance to nuclear medicine and the role of imaging as an important tool. The emerging interest in therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals based on beta emitting short lived isotopes such as 186 Re and 153 Sm was evident from the papers presented in two sessions devoted to this topic. Also of steady interest was the development of agents labelled with other established isotopes, radioiodine in particular and also 111 In and 67 Ga. Regulation, training and good manufacturing practices are important for ensuring safety in regular use of radiopharmaceuticals and were discussed in a separate session. The production of radiopharmaceuticals has become a regular activity in many developing countries, often facilities were presented at the symposium

  10. Modern trends in radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy. Proceedings of a symposium

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1998-08-01

    The IAEA held an International Symposium on Modern Trends in Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnosis and Therapy in Lisbon, Portugal, from 30 March to 3 April 1998. Two earlier symposia were organized on similar topics in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1973 and in Tokyo, Japan, in 1984. The proceedings of these symposia have been published and widely used as reference sources. To facilitate faster publication and more widespread availability, the IAEA has decided to publish the proceedings of this symposium as a cost-free TECDOC. The symposium was organized into 14 sessions consisting of five on {sup 99m}Tc radiopharmaceuticals, two each on therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and radiohalogens/other isotopes and one each on bioevaluation, radiometric assay, medical isotope production, good radiopharmacy practice and technology transfer. In the proceedings the papers from multiple sessions on the same topic have been grouped together for the convenience of the reader. The papers presented in the symposium reflect current and future developments in diagnostic and therapeutic agents. The largest number of papers presented dealt with {sup 99m}Tc, highlighting its continuing importance to nuclear medicine and the role of imaging as an important tool. The emerging interest in therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals based on beta emitting short lived isotopes such as {sup 186}Re and {sup 153}Sm was evident from the papers presented in two sessions devoted to this topic. Also of steady interest was the development of agents labelled with other established isotopes, radioiodine in particular and also {sup 111}In and {sup 67}Ga. Regulation, training and good manufacturing practices are important for ensuring safety in regular use of radiopharmaceuticals and were discussed in a separate session. The production of radiopharmaceuticals has become a regular activity in many developing countries, often facilities were presented at the symposium Refs, figs, tabs

  11. Determination of the influence factors of the radiopharmaceutical vials dimensions used for activimeter calibration at IPEN.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Martins, E W; Potiens, M P A

    2012-07-01

    This paper presents the establishment of a quality control program and correction factors for the geometry of the vials used for distribution of radiopharmaceutical and activimeters calibration. The radiopharmaceutical produced by IPEN 67Ga, 131I, 201Tl and 99mTc had been tested using two different vials. Results show a maximum variation of 22% for 201Tl, and the minimum variation was 2.98% for 131I. The correction factors must be incorporated in the routine calibration of the activimeters. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. Initial results of hypoxia imaging using 1-{alpha}-d-(5-deoxy-5-[{sup 18}F]-fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole ({sup 18}F-FAZA)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Postema, Ernst J.; McEwan, Alexander J.B.; Riauka, Terence A.; Kumar, Piyush; Richmond, Dacia A.; Abrams, Douglas N. [University of Alberta, Department of Oncology, Edmonton, Alberta (Canada); Wiebe, Leonard I. [University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta (Canada)

    2009-10-15

    Tumour hypoxia is thought to play a significant role in the outcome of solid tumour therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) is the best-validated noninvasive technique able to demonstrate the presence of hypoxia in vivo. The locally developed PET tracer for imaging hypoxia, 1-{alpha}-d-(5-deoxy-5-[{sup 18}F]-fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole ({sup 18}F-FAZA), has been shown to accumulate in experimental models of tumour hypoxia and to clear rapidly from the circulation and nonhypoxic tissues. The safety and general biodistribution patterns of this radiopharmaceutical in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), malignant lymphoma, and high-grade gliomas, were demonstrated in this study. Patients with known primary or suspected metastatic HNSCC, SCLC or NSCLC, malignant lymphoma or high-grade gliomas were dosed with 5.2 MBq/kg of {sup 18}F-FAZA, then scanned 2-3 h after injection using a PET or PET/CT scanner. Images were interpreted by three experienced nuclear medicine physicians. The location and relative uptake scores (graded 0 to 4) of normal and abnormal {sup 18}F-FAZA biodistribution patterns, the calculated tumour-to-background (T/B) ratio, and the maximum standardized uptake value were recorded. Included in the study were 50 patients (32 men, 18 women). All seven patients with high-grade gliomas showed very high uptake of {sup 18}F-FAZA in the primary tumour. In six out of nine patients with HNSCC, clear uptake of {sup 18}F-FAZA was observed in the primary tumour and/or the lymph nodes in the neck. Of the 21 lymphoma patients (15 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 6 with Hodgkin's disease), 3 demonstrated moderate lymphoma-related uptake. Of the 13 lung cancer patients (12 NSCLC, 1 SCLC), 7 had increased {sup 18}F-FAZA uptake in the primary lung tumour. No side effects of the administration of {sup 18}F-FAZA were observed. This study suggests

  13. Cyclotrons and positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wolf, A.P.; Fowler, J.S.

    1984-01-01

    The state of the art of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) technology as related to cyclotron use and radiopharmaceutical production is reviewed. The paper discusses available small cyclotrons, the positron emitters which can be produced and the yields possible, target design, and radiopharmaceutical development and application. 97 refs., 12 tabs

  14. Detection of the pyrogen in the radiopharmaceuticals using Limulus test and inhibitory factors in the gelation reaction

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Murata, H; Iio, M; Yamada, H; Chiba, K [Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Medical Center (Japan); Kobayashi, M

    1975-08-01

    To examine the sensitivities of the Limulus test and the inhibitory factors in radiopharmaceuticals, the following procedures were employed. Twenty commonly used radiopharmaceuticals were examined by Limulus Lysate (Pre-gel). In order to detect the inhibitory factors, several doses of endotoxin (E. coli) were added to the radiopharmaceuticals before the Limulus test was made and the results were compared with control results using saline solution of endotoxin. When the pH of the reaction solution lay out of a suitable range (6.0-7.5), the pH was adjusted by Tris-HCl buffer before the reaction. The sensitivity of the Limulus test control using Pre-gel was positive at a concentration of 10/sup -3/ ..mu..g/ml of endotoxin. The Limulus test was sensitive and without inhibitory reactions for sup(99m)TcO/sub 4/-, sup(99m)Tc-albumin, sup(99m)Tc-MAA, sup(99m)Tc-Sn-colloid, /sup 131/I-hippurate, Na/sup 131/I, Na/sub 2//sup 51/CrO/sub 4/, /sup 67/Ga-citrate and /sup 57/Co-bleomycin as they were supplied. /sup 111/In-DTPA, sup(99m)Tc-phytate, sup(99m)Tc-pyrophosphate, sup(99m)Tc-DTPA, /sup 131/I-PVP, /sup 59/FeCl/sub 3/, Na-phosphate (/sup 32/P), /sup 198/Au-colloid and /sup 75/Se-selenomethionine needed to have their pH adjusted to avoid inhibition. Benzyl alcohol in the radiopharmaceutical showed an inhibitory effect at a concentration greater than 1%. Commonly used /sup 169/Yb-DTPA which was evaluated by this test had a sensitivity of 2.5 x 10/sup -3/ ..mu..g/ml due to addition of a small amount of benzyl alcohol. /sup 131/I-BSP showed intense inhibition in gelation reaction. Contaminations of endotoxin were detected in sup(99m)Tc-albumin, sup(99m)Tc-Sn-colloid, /sup 131/I-hippurate, Na/sup 131/I, Na/sub 2//sup 51/CrO/sub 4/, /sup 198/Au-colloid, /sup 57/Co-bleomycin and /sup 75/Se-selenomethionine.

  15. PET Radiopharmaceuticals in Brazil and Belarus: Economic Comparison Using the Case of 18FDG.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Brinkevich, Sviatoslav; Pires, Leonardo Paredes; Portilho, Filipe Leal; Santos-Oliveira, Ralph

    2018-01-01

    The production of radiopharmaceuticals, especially the PET ones, is a complex combination of economic and social factors. Despite the social aspects, that are essential, the economic issue must be considered and play an important parameter for the implementation and maintenance of producer centers around the world, with especial regards for countries which face economic crisis and/or belongs to aegis of under development countries. In order to evaluate this scenario with carried out this study, comparing a well-established producer center in Brazil and a new on in Belarus. The results showed that the producer center in Brazil face serious economic problems and all the production logistic must be re-done. On the other hand the new producer center in Belarus started following a new model of production and although it has not been profitable, the perspectives seem to be better than the Brazilian producer center. The Brazilian model for PET radiopharmaceutical productions should be revised in order to avoid waste and create a new perspective for the research area. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

  16. 77 FR 10740 - Riverbank Hydro No. 22, LLC; FFP Project 93, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-02-23

    ...] Riverbank Hydro No. 22, LLC; FFP Project 93, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing The..., will conduct a random drawing to determine the filing priority of the applicants identified in this... regulations.\\2\\ The priority established by this drawing will be used to determine which applicant, among...

  17. [99mTc]teboroxime and [99mTc]Cl(DMG)3B2MP: binding characteristics and metabolism of two [99mTc]BATOs in blood and tissues

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rosenspire, K.C.; Rumsey, W.L.; Jurisson, S.; Hirth, W.; Narra, R.K.

    1993-01-01

    Studies were performed in vitro and in vivo to evaluate the binding properties and metabolism of [ 99m Tc]Cl(CDO) 3 BMe (Teboroxime) and [ 99m Tc]Cl(DMG) 3 B2MP in blood and target issues of rats. Both radiopharmaceuticals displayed rapid binding (within 1-3 min) with high affinity to plasma proteins and blood cells. The amounts of radioactivity associated with blood components became progressively greater with time of exposure to either compound. There was a higher proportion of the radiopharmaceuticals associated with blood components during in vivo conditions, likely due, at least in part, to clearance of the free fraction from the plasma pool. Exposure of both compounds to blood results in axial ligand exchange of the chloro atom to a hydroxyl. The results suggest that it is the free species that is extracted primarily by tissues. (Author)

  18. [99mTc]teboroxime and [99mTc]Cl(DMG)3B2MP: binding characteristics and metabolism of two [99mTc]BATOs in blood and tissues

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rosenspire, K.C.; Rumsey, W.L.; Jurisson, S.; Hirth, W.; Narra, R.K.

    1993-01-01

    Studies were performed in vitro and in vivo to evaluate the binding properties and metabolism of [ 99m Tc]Cl(CDO) 3 BMe (Teboroxime) and [ 99m Tc]Cl(DMG) 3 B2MP in blood and target tissues of rats. Both radiopharmaceuticals displayed rapid binding (within 1-3 min) with high affinity to plasma proteins and blood cells. The amounts of radioactivity associated with blood components became progressively greater with time of exposure to either compound. There was a higher proportion of the radiopharmaceuticals associated with blood components during in vivo conditions, likely due, at least in part, to clearance of the free fraction from the plasma pool. Exposure of both compounds to blood results in axial ligand exchange of the chloro atom to a hydroxyl. The results suggest that it is the free species that is extracted primarily by tissues. (author)

  19. Radiopharmaceutical projects of CNESTEN (Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucleaires)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2000-01-01

    In nuclear medicine, the prescriptions of isotopic investigations are increasing because they can provide early information about morphological anomalies and permit,so to avoid long and onerous treatments. Until now, Morocco imports the radiopharmaceuticals in spite of the difficulties related to administrative procedures. To facilitate these procedures CNESTEN has launched a project which involves the following activities: - Import and distribution of needed radiopharmaceuticals; - development and production of new radiopharmaceutical kits in cooperation with scientific partners. Priority is given to the most prescribed radiopharmaceuticals. Many kits have been produced with manufacturing protocol modifications aiming to improve and optimize the production processes. The quality of the obtained products is tested and their biodistribution kinetics are studied. (F.M.)

  20. Cyclotrons and positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wolf, A.P.; Fowler, J.S.

    1984-01-01

    The state of the art of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) technology as related to cyclotron use and radiopharmaceutical production is reviewed. The paper discusses available small cyclotrons, the positron emitters which can be produced and the yields possible, target design, and radiopharmaceutical development and application. 97 refs., 12 tabs. (ACR)

  1. Fast and repetitive in-capillary production of [18F]FDG

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wester, Hans-Juergen; Schoultz, Bent Wilhelm; Hultsch, Christina; Henriksen, Gjermund

    2009-01-01

    The increasing demand for radiopharmaceuticals to be provided reproducibly and flexibly with high frequency for clinical application and animal imaging would be better met by improved or even new strategies for automated tracer production. Radiosynthesis in microfluidic systems, i.e. narrow tubing with a diameter of approximately 50-500 μm, holds promise for providing the means for repetitive multidose and multitracer production. In this study, the performance of a conceptually simple microfluidic device integrated into a fully automated synthesis procedure for in-capillary radiosynthesis (ICR) of clinical grade [ 18 F]FDG was evaluated. The instrumental set-up consisted of pumps for reagent and solvent delivery into small mixing chambers, μ-fluidic capillaries, in-process radioactivity monitoring, solid-phase extraction and on-column deprotection of the 18 F-labelled intermediate followed by on-line formulation of [ 18 F]FDG. In-capillary 18 F-fluorination of 2.1 μmol 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-O-trifluoromethanesulphonyl-beta-d-mannopyranose (TATM; precursor for [ 18 F]FDG) in acetonitrile (MeCN) at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min within 40 s and subsequent on-line hydrolysis of the intermediate by treatment with 0.3 M NaOH for 1 min at 40 C resulted in a radiochemical yield of 88 ± 4% within 18 F-fluorination was demonstrated by eight independent, sequentially performed ICRs which provided identical tracer quality (radiochemical purity >97%, MeCN 18 F]FDG with remarkably high efficiency and high yield under fully automated conditions. Although the results concerning the levels of activity need to be confirmed after installation of the equipment in a suitable GMP hot-cell environment, we expect the instrumental design to allow up-scaling without major difficulties or fundamental restrictions. Furthermore, we are convinced that similar or nearly identical procedures, and thus instrumentation, will allow ICR of other 18 F-labelled radiopharmaceuticals. (orig.)

  2. Considerations and controversies in the selection of radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chilton, H.M.; Cowan, R.J.

    1987-01-01

    When a radiopharmaceutical is selected for a specific study, multiple factors must be considered to ensure that optimum clinical information will be provided with minimum radiation exposure to the patient and laboratory personnel. In this endeavor, certain questions must be considered. What are the nuclear properties of the available radiopharmaceuticals? For the organ to be studied, are there multiple radiopharmaceutical localization pathways? If so, which is best suited to provide the desired diagnostic information? Does the presence of certain clinical factors preclude the use of some radiopharmaceuticals and require the use of others? Do certain radiopharmaceuticals have overriding radiopharmacologic properties which limit their usefulness for the evaluation of certain clinical situations? Finally, how significant are non-clinical properties such as cost, availability, and product formulation? In this chapter, some of these areas and several situations which illustrate the radiopharmaceutical selection process are discussed

  3. Export of radiopharmaceuticals and establishment of export base of cyclotron

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jung, Kyungil; Kim, Youngsik

    2006-01-01

    Sam young Unit ech has seized an opportunity to advance into the radiopharmaceuticals market through successful transfer of radiopharmaceuticals manufacturing technology and medical cyclotron, an original technology in nuclear medicine that is the core of less developed areas in nuclear-related fields. The company has continued to push for research development and establishment of market base through industry-academia-research center cooperation with an aim to complement relatively less developed domestic technology and market than in advanced countries, and is making efforts to establish export base in the overseas market based on stabilized supply in the domestic market. As for radiopharmaceuticals, the company is exporting Tc-99m generator to Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines and preparing itself to export manufacture facilities for Tc-99m generator to Syria and Kazakhstan. In addition, it plans to export 13Mev Cyclotron that has been commercialized after being developed in the domestic market to the U. S. The company plans to grow up to play a pivotal role in the domestic RT area by conducting proactive business activities with an aim to revitalize the domestic market and further domestic original technologies and products in the global market

  4. Animal models for the evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals to measure brian blood flow and function

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Welch, M.J.; Marshall, L.G.I.; Mathias, C.J.

    1987-01-01

    Several techniques have been utilized to carry out initial evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with technetium-99m and other radionuclides. The simplest technique is to measure the amount of radioactivity in the brain in rats or mice following the intravenous administration of these compounds; brain uptake and washout of radiopharmaceuticals can be estimated. More sophisticated techniques involve measuring the uptake and egress of the radiopharmaceutical following carotid artery administration in rats of primates. The Oldendorf technique compares a tracer with a standard compound e.g. tritiated water, to measure the brain uptake index of various compounds determined by decapiation at short times following administration. Another technique in which consecutive administrations of the compound to be studied and oxygen-15-labeled water are injected via the carotid artery of primates; the brain extraction and washout of the unknown tracer can be evaluated. The blood flow can be varied by altering the pCO 2 of the animal. Examples will be given and techniques compared

  5. Determination of Sn{sup 2+} in lyophilized radiopharmaceuticals by voltammetry, using hydrochloric acid as electrolyte

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dadda, Adilio S.; Teixeira, Ariane C.; Feltes, Paula K.; Campos, Maria M.; Moriguchi-Jeckel, Cristina M., E-mail: adiliosd@yahoo.com.br [Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS), Porto Alegre-RS (Brazil); Leite, Carlos E. [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre-RS (Brazil)

    2014-07-01

    This work aimed to develop and validate a routine method for the specific determination of Sn{sup 2+} 2-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) radiopharmaceutical kits. A voltammetric electrochemical technique was used for the analysis. Screening experiments revealed that 1 mol L{sup -1} HCl electrolyte showed the best results, among all the tested solutions. Stability experiments showed a gradual decline in the current of MIBI, and 23 days after the preparation of the solution, the current corresponding to stannous ion disappeared. To confirm the selectivity of the technique using HCl, we have induced oxidation of SnCl{sub 2} that resulted in a proportional decline of the current in the voltammogram. The reliability of the method was observed with the values of precision and accuracy intra- and inter-assay, and also its robustness. We provide novel evidence on the selective detection of Sn{sup 2+} in the presence of its oxidized form in radiopharmaceutical kits, by using 1 mol L{sup -1} HCl as electrolyte. (author)

  6. Radiopharmaceutical chelates and method of external imaging

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1976-01-01

    The preparation of the following chemicals is described: chelates of technetium-99m, cobalt-57, gallium-67, gallium-68, indium-111 or indium-113m and a substituted iminodiacetic acid or an 8-hydroxyquinoline useful as a radiopharmaceutical external imaging agent. The compounds described are suitable for intravenous injection, have an excellent in vivo stability and are good organ seekers. Tin(II) choride or other tin(II) compounds are used as chelating agents

  7. 77 FR 9231 - Lock+ Hydro Friends Fund XXVIII; FFP Project 59, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-02-16

    ...+ Hydro Friends Fund XXVIII; FFP Project 59, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing The... of the Commission, or her designee, will conduct a random drawing to determine the filing priority of... applications as provided in section 4.37 of its regulations.\\2\\ The priority established by this drawing will...

  8. 77 FR 9231 - Lock+ Hydro Friends Fund XL; FFP Project 56, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-02-16

    ...+ Hydro Friends Fund XL; FFP Project 56, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing The Commission..., or her designee, will conduct a random drawing to determine the filing priority of the applicants... section 4.37 of its regulations.\\2\\ The priority established by this drawing will be used to determine...

  9. 77 FR 9230 - Lock+ Hydro Friends Fund XLIII; FFP Project 53, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-02-16

    ...+ Hydro Friends Fund XLIII; FFP Project 53, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing The... Commission, or her designee, will conduct a random drawing to determine the filing priority of the applicants... section 4.37 of its regulations.\\2\\ The priority established by this drawing will be used to determine...

  10. 77 FR 9232 - Lock+ Hydro Friends Fund XXXVIII; FFP Project 1, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-02-16

    ...+ Hydro Friends Fund XXXVIII; FFP Project 1, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing The..., or her designee, will conduct a random drawing to determine the filing priority of the applicants... section 4.37 of its regulations.\\2\\ The priority established by this drawing will be used to determine...

  11. Use of radiopharmaceuticals for treating bone metastases

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alberti Ramírez, Alejandro; Morín Zorrilla, José; Cruz Arencibia, Jorge

    2016-01-01

    Cancer prevalence is estimated at around 2% of the population and on average between 64-80% of patients with solid tumors develop bone metastases, being breast tumors, lung and prostate those who do more frequency. In this paper an estimate of the prevalence of bone pain from metastases, with reference to the data reported in the literature is presented. the different treatment techniques are summarized for pain management with special emphasis on Radionuclidic therapy, analyzing the different factors to consider for the selection of suitable radiopharmaceutical. cost data and cost-benefit of some radiopharmaceuticals for the purpose to take into account during their selection are provided. It is concluded that although the treatment of metastatic bone disease requires multidisciplinary therapies, Radionuclidic therapy is not sufficiently used, particularly by inadequate perception of risks and costs of radiopharmaceuticals, despite the undeniable support of its efficacy and tolerability. (author)

  12. Quality assessment of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine services at Northeast states, Brazil; Avaliacao da qualidade de radiofarmacos em servicos de medicina nuclear de estados da regiao nordeste

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andrade, Wellington Gomes de

    2012-07-01

    The radiopharmaceuticals are used in the field nuclear medicine services (NMS) as tracer in the diagnoses and treatment of many diseases. Radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine and usually have a minimum of pharmacological effect. The procedures for labelling Radiopharmaceuticals should be observed in order to minimize risks to patients, employees and individuals from the public, and to be administered in humans, must be sterile and free of pyrogens and possess elements all measures of quality controls required a conventional drug. The 'Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (ANVISA)' in its 'Resolucao de Diretoria Colegiada' (RDC) No. 38 of June 4{sup th} 2008, decided that the NMS must perform quality control in the generators eluate and radiopharmaceuticals according to recommendations of manufacturers and scientific evidence accepted by ANVISA. Thus, this study proposes to evaluate the quality of the generator {sup 99M}o-{sup 99m}Tc eluate and radiopharmaceuticals labeled with {sup 99m}Tc used in most NMS of some states in the Northeast, in relation to radionuclide, chemical, radiochemical purity and pH and promote the inclusion of procedure for quality control of radiopharmaceuticals in routine NMS. The results show that 90% radionuclidic purity, 98.2% purity chemical and radiochemical purity of 46% and 100% of the eluates are in agreement with international pharmacopoeias; already radiopharmaceuticals showed 82.6% purity and all radiochemical pH values are also in accordance with international pharmacopoeias. Even with so many positive results, staff the majority of MNS was not able to perform the quality control of the eluates and radiopharmaceuticals. Showing the importance of implementing of quality control programs of the eluates and radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine. (author)

  13. Clean room installations in a radiopharmaceutical facility

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2000-01-01

    The standards of radiopharmaceuticals on the facility, working environment and preparation control strategy are yet to be generated. In general, radiopharmaceuticals have short half-lives and emit gamma radiation. Due to its unique characteristics, its preparation has to be made in the fume hood and hot cell to avoid radiation exposure to workers. Considering radiation protection, the working environment has to be maintained under negative pressure so that dispersion of radiopharmaceuticals should be avoided. On the contrary, a positively pressurized working environment gives clean atmosphere and prevents contamination with harmful microorganisms during preparation. Hence, it is required to harmonize for mentioned contradictory conditions in preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for the safety of workers and its quality assurance as well. Therefore, it is reasonable that good manufacturing practice for radiopharmaceutical production facility should be constituted according to the standards for production of biological agents accompanied with a radiation shielding

  14. Comparison of four technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals for detection and localization of gastrointestinal bleeding in a sheep model

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Owunwanne, A.; Al-Wafai, I.; Vallgren, S.; Sadek, S.; Abdel-Dayem, H.M.; Yacoub, T.

    1988-01-01

    Four Tc-99 radiopharmaceuticals, Tc-99m sulphur colloid, Tc-99m red blood cells (RBCs), Tc-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3), and Tc-99m DTPA, were studied in an experimental animal model for detection and localization of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding site in both the upper and lower abdomen. With Tc-99m sulphur colloid and Tc-99m RBCs, it was possible to detect and localize the GI bleeding site in the lower abdomen. With Tc-99m MAG3, it was possible to visualize the bleeding site in both the upper and lower abdomen. However, Tc-99m MAG3 is partially excreted by the liver into the bile, hence it will be difficult to use Tc-99m MAG3 to localize the GI bleeding site in the lower abdomen. With Tc-99m DTPA, it was possible to detect and localize the GI bleeding site simultaneously in both upper and lower abdomen. The overall background radioactivity was reduced considerably by diuresis with frusemide and catheterization of the urinary bladder

  15. Assay Validation For Quantitation of Sn 2+ In Radiopharmaceutical Kits

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Muthalib, A; Ramli, Martalena; Herlina; Sarmini, Endang; Suharmadi; Besari, Canti

    1998-01-01

    An assay validation for quantitation of Sn2+ in radiopharmaceutical kits based on indirect iodometric titration is described. The method is based on the oxidation of sn2+ using a known excess of iodine and the excess unreacted iodine titrated with thiosulphate. Typical analytical parameters considered in this assay validation are precision, accuracy, selectivity or specificity, range, and linearity. The precision of the analytical method is quit good represented by coefficient of variance in range of 1.0% to 6.9 %, for 10 runs of analysis except one analysis shows the coefficient of 10.2 %. The method has an accuracy of 95.6 % - 99 % as percent recoveries at theoretical Sn2+ amounts of 463 μg to 2318μg

  16. Radiochemical syntheses further radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography and new strategies for their production

    CERN Document Server

    Kilbourn, Michael R; Kilbourn, Michael R

    2015-01-01

    This book describes methods and procedures for preparing PET radiopharmaceuticals, and highlights new methods for conducting radiochemical reactions with carbon-11 (C11) and fluorine-18 (F18), which are two of the most commonly used radionuclides in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.     Provides reliable methods for radiochemical syntheses and reactions, including all essential information to duplicate the procedure     Eliminates the time-consuming process of searching journal articles and extracting pertinent details from lengthy experimental sections or supporting information     Focuses on an emerging and important area for pharmaceutical and medical applications     Encompasses technical, regulatory, and application aspects     Includes solid-phase radiochemistry, transition-metal catalyzed radiochemistry, microfluidics, click chemistry, green radiochemistry and new strategies for radiopharmaceutical quality control.

  17. Radiation dose calculations for orally administered radio-pharmaceuticals in upper gastrointestinal disease

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wu, R.K.; Malmud, L.S.; Knight, L.C.; Siegel, J.A.; Stern, H.; Zelac, R.

    1983-01-01

    Radiation burden estimates for upper gastrointestinal function studies employing the following orally administered radiopharmaceuticals are reported. Technetium 99m sulfur colloid (Tc-99m-SC) in water, Indium-111-DTPA in water, Tc-99m-DTPA in water, Indium-113m DTPA in water, Tc-99m Ovalbumin, Tc-99m sulfur colloid in a cooked egg, Tc-99m sulfur colloid in vivo labeled chicken liver, and Indium-111 colloid in vivo labeled chicken liver. Orally administered radiopharmaceuticals for upper gastrointestinal studies afford clinician and investigator valuable clinical and physiologic information not previously obtainable using other techniques. The radiation burden to the patient from single or sequential studies is acceptable in comparison to fluoroscopy which results in approximately 5000 millirem per minute of exposure. The variety of preparations listed above should make these types of studies available in any routinely equipped nuclear medicine radiopharmacy laboratory

  18. 77 FR 9231 - Lock+ Hydro Friends Fund IV; FFP Project 55, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-02-16

    ...+ Hydro Friends Fund IV; FFP Project 55, LLC; Notice Announcing Preliminary Permit Drawing The Commission... of the Commission, or her designee, will conduct a random drawing to determine the filing priority of... applications as provided in section 4.37 of its regulations.\\2\\ The priority established by this drawing will...

  19. Report of the consultants meeting on good manufacturing practices and clean room requirements for radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2000-07-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals are compounds containing radioisotopes that are used in nuclear medicine for a variety of diagnostic studies and, to a limited extent, for therapy. Almost 80% of the diagnostic studies are carried out with 99m Tc containing radiopharmaceuticals (half-life, six hours). Recently, another class of radiopharmaceuticals contains the ultra short-lived isotopes 11 C, 13 N and 15 O as well as 18 F, which are mostly produced and immediately used in the hospital cyclotron Positron Emission Tomography (PET) facilities. In therapy, 131 I is widely used for thyroid disorders, 32 P for treatment of abnormal increase in circulating red blood cells, while 153 Sm and 89 Sr are used for palliation of pain in patients suffering from bone metastases. They contain very small amounts of chemical ingredients, normally do not have any pharmacological effects, and are administered in small volumes. Radiopharmaceuticals are produced, used and exported both in developing and developed countries. The scale of production is small compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. Monographs on radiopharmaceuticals can be found in many pharmacopoeias, such as BP, USP, EP and other compendia. This field is also marked by active research and development of new products both for diagnosis and therapy. Traditionally, production and supply of radiopharmaceuticals started as research activities of national nuclear laboratories operating reactors and cyclotrons. Certain products found useful and effective were continued to be provided to the clinics as a service from the nuclear centres. In developed countries demand of radiopharmaceuticals is so considerable that production and sale are increasingly taken over by commercial companies. On the other hand, in many developing countries, demand is still limited, and radiopharmaceutical production and supply still remain more of a service operation at the national nuclear centres. Depending on the radioactivity levels handled, production has to

  20. Nanocrystals of the quaternary thermoelectric materials: AgPb{sub m}SbTe{sub m+2}(m=1-18): Phase-segregated or solid solutions?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arachchige, Indika U [Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston, IL (United States); Wu, Jinsong; Dravid, Vinayak P [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston, IL (United States); Kanatzidis, Mercouri G [Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston, IL (United States); Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL (United States)

    2008-10-02

    Facile synthesis of a series of thermoelectrically relevant AgPb{sub m}SbTe{sub m+2}(m=1-18) nanoparticles is carried out by using a colloidal synthetic route. As-synthesized nanocrystals are spherical in geometry and adopt a cubic NaCl-type structure. These quaternary nanocrystals behave as solid solutions at room temperature and tend to phase separate into AgSbTe{sub 2} and PbTe upon annealing at moderately high temperature. (Abstract Copyright [2008], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

  1. Radiopharmaceuticals - pattern and development and utilisation in India

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Iya, V.K.; Mani, R.S.

    1990-01-01

    The availability of research reactors at an early stage of India's Atomic Energy Programme led to developemental efforts in the field of radiopharmaceuticals. The use of several 125 I-labelled compounds like Rose-Bengal, hippuran, etc. for imaging has been replaced over the years by 99m Tc compounds; the final formulations are prepared at the hospital using generators and cold kits supplied by the Board of Radioisotope Technology. Parallel with the development of short-lived generators in radiopharmaceuticals came advances in imaging and instrumentation techniques, the scanners being replaced by sophisticated gamma cameras, with capabilities for tomography and computerisation. About 40 centres in India have the modern instrumentation and equipment needed for carrying out nuclear medicine procedures. Further growth of nuclear medicine centres in the country has, however, been limited by the need to import such advanced high cost instumentation not currently available from indigeneous sources. Regarding in-vitro radiopharmaceuticals, some RIA and IRMA kits and procedures have been developed. These include assay of T 3 , T 4 and TSH in the thyroid group of hormones. There are over a hundred and fifty medical laboratories carrying out RIA procedures. (author)

  2. Synthesis and biodistribution of nitrido technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals with dithiophosphinate ligands: a class of brain imaging agents

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bellande, Emmanuel; Comazzi, Veronique; Laine, Jacques; Lecayon, Michele; Pasqualini, Roberto; Duatti, Adriano; Hoffschir, Didier

    1995-01-01

    The symmetrical complexes [ 99m Tc][TcN(R 2 PS 2 ) 2 ] [R = CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 (CH 3 ) 2 ], and the unsymmetrical complex [ 99m Tc][TcN(Me 2 PS 2 )(Et 2 PS 2 )] have been prepared, at tracer level, through a two-step procedure involving the preliminary formation of a prereduced technetium nitrido intermediate followed by substitution reaction onto this species by the appropriate dithiophosphinate ligand [R 2 PS 2 ]Na. The chemical identity of the resulting complexes have been established by comparison with the corresponding 99 Tc-analogs prepared, at macroscopic level, by reacting the complex [ 99 TcNCl 4 ] [n-Bu 4 N] (n-Bu = n-butyl) with an excess of ligand in methanol, and characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques. The complexes are neutral and lipophilic, and possess a square pyramidal geometry, with an apical Tc N group and two dithiophosphinate ligands spanning the four positions on the basal plane through the four sulfur atoms of the >PS 2 group. In vitro studies showed that these radiopharmaceuticals are stable in solution and that their chemical identity was not altered after incubation with rat blood. Biodistribution studies have been carried out in rats and primates. The results demonstrate that these compounds are significantly retained into the brain of these animals for a prolonged time. Planar gamma camera images have been obtained in monkeys showing a good visualization of the cerebral region. However, the existence of persistent blood activity yields a brain/blood ratio lower than that observed with other 99m Tc-based brain perfusion imaging agents

  3. Experimental biodistribution studies of 99mTc-recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA): a new generation of radiopharmaceutical

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Perkins, A.C.; Frier, M.

    1994-01-01

    Recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) produced by cultured fermentation has been prepared in the form of microcapsules nominally 3-5 μm in diameter and radiolabelled with technetium-99m following reduction with stannous chloride. Radiochemical purity was assessed by chromatography on instant thin-layer chromatography and found to be greater than 90%. No evidence of aggregation was seen by microscopic examination. Imaging biodistribution studies in New Zealand white rabbits demonstrated targeting to the liver or lung, respectively, depending upon the size and surfactant properties of the microcapsules. This communication is the first to show scintigraphic studies using 99m Tc-labelled rHSA with the potential for lung, liver and cardiovascular imaging and demonstrates that recombinant DNA technology offers an important new source of materials suitable for use as radiopharmaceuticals without the need for pooled human blood products. (orig.)

  4. Radiopharmaceutical drug review process

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Frankel, R.

    1985-01-01

    To ensure proper radioactive drug use (such as quality, diagnostic improvement, and minimal radioactive exposure), the Food and Drug Administration evaluates new drugs with respect to safety, effectiveness, and accuracy and adequacy of the labeling. The IND or NDA process is used for this purpose. A brief description of the process, including the Chemical Classification System and the therapeutic potential classification, is presented as it applies to radiopharmaceuticals. Also, the status of the IND or NDA review of radiopharmaceuticals is given

  5. A rapid kinetic chromogenic method for quantification of bacterial endotoxins in lyophilized reagents for labeling with 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fukumori, Neuza T.O.; Campos, Domingos G.; Silva, Laercio; Fernandes, Adriana V.; Mengatti, Jair; Silva, Constancia P.G.; Matsuda, Margareth M.N.

    2009-01-01

    A rapid quantitative kinetic chromogenic test in an automated Portable Test System (PTS) has been developed for determination of bacterial endotoxins in water, in-process and end-products using the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL). The aim of this work was to validate the method for lyophilized reagents for labeling with 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals with no interfering factors. Experiments were performed in three consecutive batches of the lyophilized reagents Methylenediphosphonic Acid (MDP) and Pyrophosphate (PYRO) produced at IPEN-CNEN/ SP using the PTS from Endosafe, Inc. TM , Charleston, SC. The Maximum Valid Dilution (MVD) was calculated to establish the extent of dilution to avoid interfering test conditions (MVD=500). Better results were obtained above 1:20 dilution factor for MDP and 1:100 for PYRO. The parameters of coefficient correlation (R) -0.980, RPPC between 50 - 200% and coefficient variation (CV) of the samples less than 25% were satisfied and the endotoxin concentration was lower than the lowest concentration of the standard curve (0.05 EU mL -1 ), therefore less than the established limit in pharmacopoeias. The PTS is a rapid, simple and accurate technique using the quantitative kinetic chromogenic method for bacterial endotoxin determination. For this reason, it is very practical in the radiopharmaceutical area and it trends to be the method of choice for the pyrogen test. For MDP and PYRO, the validation was successfully performed. (author)

  6. Evaluation of the quality of the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-MIBI and its influence on image quality in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy; Avaliacao da qualidade do radiofarmaco {sup 99m}Tc-MIBI e sua influencia na qualidade da imagem em cintilografia de perfusao do miocardio

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Santos, Poliane Angelo de Lucena

    2013-07-01

    This study evaluated the quality of the {sup 99m}Tc-MIBI radiopharmaceutical from different manufacturers, used in three nuclear medicine services (NMS) in Recife-PE, through labeling procedure of each service. It was observed their biodistribution by quantifying the activity present in the organs of interest (heart / liver), the influence and interference in image quality and in myocardial scintigraphy diagnosis exam. In these NMS (A, B and C) were done quality controls in the eluates of {sup 99}Mo/{sup 99m}Tc generators (radionuclidic, chemical and radiochemical purity and pH) and of the {sup 99m}Tc-MIBI radiopharmaceutical (radiochemical purity and pH) used in myocardial scintigraphy exam. In the case of radiochemical purity (RCP), was used the thin layer chromatography technique; after the chromatographic ran on, the plates were analyzed both in the dose calibrator, and in scintillation camera of each NMS. The radiopharmaceutical biodistribution was evaluated through the activities present in the heart and liver images in 60 patients, using the technique of combined images counting. Five nuclear physicians analyzed 24 images through myocardial perfusion visual interpretation during stress, it was verified the agreement degree among them. The results of the quality control showed that all eluate samples were in agreement with the manufacturers in relation to radionuclidic purity and pH. In relation to chemical purity, 10% of the services samples B and C showed Al{sup +3} values above 10 ppm. In the RCP, it was observed that using the scintillation camera, only 22% of the samples would be discarded, while with dose calibrator would be 78%, indicating that the scintillation camera is more sensitive in chromatographic pale analysis. For the labeled radiopharmaceutical, the services B and C presented respectively one and three samples with RCP percentage below 90%. However, C service presented the lowest medium to liver/heart proportions, showing that this factor

  7. Deficiencies in product labelling instructions and quality control directions for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Buroni, Federica E; Lodola, Lorenzo; Persico, Marco G; Aprile, Carlo

    2014-02-01

    The aim of the study was to identify deficiencies in product labelling instructions for reconstitution and in the quality control directions detailed in the technical leaflets (TLs) or summary product characteristic (SPC) sheets of commonly used technetium labelling cold kits. The reconstitution and quality control directions in 25 TLs/SPCs were evaluated to identify deficiencies, incompleteness, restrictions, errors, impracticability, and vagueness. In addition, their congruence with the statements given in the relative European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur. VII ed.) monography and diagnostic reference levels of Directive 97/43/EURATOM was evaluated. Deficiencies in information were scored and classified into five categories: 1, absent or incomplete; 2, restrictive; 3, inconsistent or wrong; 4, impractical; and 5, vague. In the 25 documents analyzed a total of 141 deficiencies were found (corresponding to 40.2% of the total scores assigned), and more frequently they pertained to quality control procedures (70.9%), followed by those related to quantitative composition (14.9%), preparation (8.5%), and particle size (5.7%). Nearly 80% of these deficiencies were classified as type 1 - that is, absent or incomplete information. The indications in TLs and SPCs should provide useful information for maintaining the quality and purity of the radiopharmaceutical preparation and ensure the safety level and effectiveness required by law. However, the instructions are often suboptimal or even erroneous, and consequently there are countless failures or difficulties, which represent an impediment to good laboratory practice. We believe that a 'smart' review of radiopharmaceutical documentation would be beneficial in order to align these indications to the real needs of the operators involved in routine in-house nuclear medicine practice.

  8. Effect of blood activity on dosimetric calculations for radiopharmaceuticals

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zvereva, Alexandra; Petoussi-Henss, Nina; Li, Wei Bo; Schlattl, Helmut; Oeh, Uwe; Zankl, Maria; Graner, Frank Philipp; Hoeschen, Christoph; Nekolla, Stephan G.; Parodi, Katia; Schwaiger, Markus

    2016-11-01

    The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of the definition of blood as a distinct source on organ doses, associated with the administration of a novel radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging—(S)-4-(3-18F-fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid (18F-FSPG). Personalised pharmacokinetic models were constructed based on clinical PET/CT images from five healthy volunteers and blood samples from four of them. Following an identifiability analysis of the developed compartmental models, person-specific model parameters were estimated using the commercial program SAAM II. Organ doses were calculated in accordance to the formalism promulgated by the Committee on Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) using specific absorbed fractions for photons and electrons previously derived for the ICRP reference adult computational voxel phantoms. Organ doses for two concepts were compared: source organ activities in organs parenchyma with blood as a separate source (concept-1); aggregate activities in perfused source organs without blood as a distinct source (concept-2). Aggregate activities comprise the activities of organs parenchyma and the activity in the regional blood volumes (RBV). Concept-1 resulted in notably higher absorbed doses for most organs, especially non-source organs with substantial blood contents, e.g. lungs (92% maximum difference). Consequently, effective doses increased in concept-1 compared to concept-2 by 3-10%. Not considering the blood as a distinct source region leads to an underestimation of the organ absorbed doses and effective doses. The pronounced influence of the blood even for a radiopharmaceutical with a rapid clearance from the blood, such as 18F-FSPG, suggests that blood should be introduced as a separate compartment in most compartmental pharmacokinetic models and blood should be considered as a distinct source in

  9. Quality assessment of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine services at Northeast states, Brazil; Avaliacao da qualidade de radiofarmacos em servicos de medicina nuclear de estados da regiao nordeste

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andrade, Wellington Gomes de

    2012-07-01

    The radiopharmaceuticals are used in the field nuclear medicine services (NMS) as tracer in the diagnoses and treatment of many diseases. Radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine and usually have a minimum of pharmacological effect. The procedures for labelling Radiopharmaceuticals should be observed in order to minimize risks to patients, employees and individuals from the public, and to be administered in humans, must be sterile and free of pyrogens and possess elements all measures of quality controls required a conventional drug. The 'Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (ANVISA)' in its 'Resolucao de Diretoria Colegiada' (RDC) No. 38 of June 4{sup th} 2008, decided that the NMS must perform quality control in the generators eluate and radiopharmaceuticals according to recommendations of manufacturers and scientific evidence accepted by ANVISA. Thus, this study proposes to evaluate the quality of the generator {sup 99M}o-{sup 99m}Tc eluate and radiopharmaceuticals labeled with {sup 99m}Tc used in most NMS of some states in the Northeast, in relation to radionuclide, chemical, radiochemical purity and pH and promote the inclusion of procedure for quality control of radiopharmaceuticals in routine NMS. The results show that 90% radionuclidic purity, 98.2% purity chemical and radiochemical purity of 46% and 100% of the eluates are in agreement with international pharmacopoeias; already radiopharmaceuticals showed 82.6% purity and all radiochemical pH values are also in accordance with international pharmacopoeias. Even with so many positive results, staff the majority of MNS was not able to perform the quality control of the eluates and radiopharmaceuticals. Showing the importance of implementing of quality control programs of the eluates and radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine. (author)

  10. Uncertainty sources in radiopharmaceuticals clinical studies

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Degenhardt, Aemilie Louize; Oliveira, Silvia Maria Velasques de

    2014-01-01

    The radiopharmaceuticals should be approved for consumption by evaluating their quality, safety and efficacy. Clinical studies are designed to verify the pharmacodynamics, pharmacological and clinical effects in humans and are required for assuring safety and efficacy. The Bayesian analysis has been used for clinical studies effectiveness evaluation. This work aims to identify uncertainties associated with the process of production of the radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical labelling as well as the radiopharmaceutical administration and scintigraphy images acquisition and processing. For the development of clinical studies in the country, the metrological chain shall assure the traceability of the surveys performed in all phases. (author)

  11. Database setup insuring radiopharmaceuticals traceability

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Robert, N.; Salmon, F.; Clermont-Gallerande, H. de; Celerier, C.

    2002-01-01

    Having to organize radiopharmacy and to insure proper traceability of radiopharmaceutical medicines brings numerous problems, especially for the departments which are not assisted with global management network systems. Our work has been to find a solution enabling to use high street software to cover those needs. We have set up a PC database run by the Microsoft software ACCESS 97. Its use consists in: saving data related to generators, isotopes and kits reception and deletion, as well as the results of quality control; transferring data collected from the software that is connected to the activimeter (elutions and preparations registers, prescription book). By relating all the saved data, ACCESS enables to mix all information in order to proceed requests. At this stage, it is possible to edit all regular registers (prescription book, generator and radionuclides follow-up, blood derived medicines traceability) and to quickly retrieve patients who have received a particular radiopharmaceutical, or the radiopharmaceutical that has been given to a particular patient. This user-friendly database provides a considerable support to nuclear medicine department that don't possess any network management for their radiopharmaceutical activity. (author)

  12. Preliminary studies of EDDA-tricine-HYNIC-[Tyr3]octreotide labelled with Technetium-99m: radiopharmaceutical development for the diagnostic of neuroendocrine tumours

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Melero, Laura T.U.H.; Muramoto, Emiko; Arauho, Elaine Bortoleti de

    2007-01-01

    The use of labelled molecules with high specificity for an organ or receptor in scintigraphy, generate good local images of these specific receptors that are expressed for the biomolecule in question, minimizing the exposition of other organs. Small labelled peptides have showed a big potential for tumors image and other diseases in nuclear medicine. The octreotide was the first somatostatin synthetic analog introduced in clinical use in the localization of tumours with superexpression of somatostatin receptors which is a hundred times over in tumors cells that in normal cells. It did many attempts to development of a somatostatin analog labelled with 99mTc utilizing a variety of chelant systems until development the HYNIC-D-Phe1-Tyr3-octreotide, using tricine and EDDA as coligands, showing maintenance of in vivo affinity and promising of biodistribution in animals with induced tumours. This work involved the development of a 99mTc (technetium-99m) radiopharmaceutical based in a somatostatin peptide derivative (Tyr3-octreotide, TOC), with HYNIC chelating group, to be applied in the diagnostic of neuroendocrine tumors in nuclear medicine. Quality control methodologies to be applied in determination of the radiochemical purity of the labelled compound was also studied as well the biodistribution in normal Swiss mouse. The 99mTc-HYNIC-TOC was obtained in high radiochemical yield. Biodistribution studies suggests the potential of this radiopharmaceutical in the diagnostic of neuroendocrine tumours. (author)

  13. Adipose tissue interleukin-18 mRNA and plasma interleukin-18: effect of obesity and exercise

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Leick, Lotte; Lindegaard, Birgitte; Stensvold, Dorthe

    2007-01-01

    resistance was tested. Furthermore, we speculated that acute exercise and exercise training would regulate AT IL-18 mRNA expression. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Non-obese subjects with BMI women: n = 18; men; n = 11) and obese subjects with BMI >30 kg/m(2) (women: n = 6; men: n = 7...... of regular physical activity with improved insulin sensitivity.......OBJECTIVES: Obesity and a physically inactive lifestyle are associated with increased risk of developing insulin resistance. The hypothesis that obesity is associated with increased adipose tissue (AT) interleukin (IL)-18 mRNA expression and that AT IL-18 mRNA expression is related to insulin...

  14. Design and biological evaluation of 99mTc-N2S2-Tat(49–57)-c(RGDyK): A hybrid radiopharmaceutical for tumors expressing α(v)β(3) integrins

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ocampo-García, Blanca E.; Santos-Cuevas, Clara L.; De León-Rodríguez, Luis M.; García-Becerra, Rocío; Ordaz-Rosado, David; Luna-Guitiérrez, Myrna A.; Jiménez-Mancilla, Nallely P.; Romero-Piña, Mario E.; Ferro-Flores, Guillermina

    2013-01-01

    The α(ν)β(3) integrin is over-expressed in the tumor neovasculature and the tumor cells of glioblastomas. The HIV Tat-derived peptide has been used to deliver various cargos into cells. The aim of this research was to synthesize and assess the in vitro and in vivo uptake of 99m Tc-N 2 S 2 -Tat(49–57)-c(RGDyK) ( 99m Tc-Tat-RGD) in α(ν)β(3) integrin positive cancer cells and compare it to that of a conventional 99m Tc-RGD peptide ( 99m Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)] 2 ). Methods: The c(RGDyK) peptide was conjugated to a maleimidopropionyl (MP) moiety through Lys, and the MP group was used as the branch position to form a thioether with the Cys 12 side chain of the Tat(49–57)-spacer-N 2 S 2 peptide. 99m Tc-Tat-RGD was prepared, and stability studies were carried out by size exclusion HPLC analyses in human serum. The in vitro affinity for α(v)β(3) integrin was determined by a competitive binding assay. In vitro internalization was determined using glioblastoma C6 cells. Biodistribution studies were accomplished in athymic mice with C6 induced tumors that had blocked and unblocked receptors. Images were obtained using a micro-SPECT/CT. Results: 99m Tc-Tat-RGD was obtained with a radiochemical purity higher than 95%, as determined by radio-HPLC and ITLC-SG analyses. Protein binding was 15.7% for 99m Tc-Tat-RGD and 5.6% for 99m Tc-RGD. The IC 50 values were 6.7 nM ( 99m Tc-Tat-RGD) and 4.6 nM ( 99m Tc-RGD). Internalization in C6 cells was higher in 99m Tc-Tat-RGD (37.5%) than in 99m Tc-RGD (10%). Biodistribution studies and in vivo micro-SPECT/CT images in mice showed higher tumor uptake for 99m Tc-Tat-RGD (6.98% ± 1.34% ID/g at 3 h) than that of 99m Tc-RGD (3.72% ± 0.52% ID/g at 3 h) with specific recognition for α(v)β(3) integrins. Conclusions: Because of the significant cell internalization (Auger and internal conversion electrons) and specific recognition for α(v)β(3) integrins, the hybrid 99m Tc-N 2 S 2 -Tat(49–57)-c(RGDyK) radiopharmaceutical is

  15. Preparation of the radiopharmaceutical {sup 99m} Tc-HYNIC-cyclo-Lys-D-Phe-RGD for In vivo image of integrines; Preparacion del radiofarmaco {sup 99m} Tc-HYNIC-ciclo-Lys-D-Phe-RGD para imagen In vivo de integrinas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez H, E [ININ, 52750 La Marquesa, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

    2007-07-01

    The diagnostic of some pathological processes by means of images constitutes one of the used methods in the determination of the origin, condition and/or evolution of one illness. The use of contrast agents in conjunction with other techniques help to the obtaining and visualization of complex systems, among these we can find to those radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine to visualize diverse organs and corporal systems. At the moment it is sought to develop a radiopharmaceutical of third generation that can be used for image In vivo of integrines with the purpose of detecting angio genesis processes, that which would allow to diagnose in way it specifies a wide range of primary tumors and their metastasis. Presently work it developed the radiopharmaceutical {sup 99m}Tc-HYNIC-cycle-Lys-D-Phe-RGD, likewise the good conditions were determined for the formation of this complex. The HYNIC was employee as chelating agent, using as co ligands EDDA and Tricine for to complete the sphere of coordination of the {sup 99m}Tc. The conjugated HYNIC-RGD was synthesized, purified, characterized and radiolabelled In situ with {sup 99m}Tc using High pressure liquid chromatography as analysis method in Reverse Phase (RP-HPLC). By this way it was developed the lyophilized formulation for its instantaneous labelled to which were carried out quality control tests. The one conjugated was obtained free of impurities, showing stability at same as their complex formed with {sup 99m}Tc. The analysis method was validated turning out to be necessary, exact, lineal and specific for the quantification of the analyte of interest. The lyophilized formulation showed a radiochemical purity bigger than 95%, besides being sterile and free of pyrogens. The biodistribution tests in athymic mice with induced tumors showed that the radiopharmaceutical was united mainly to the tumor and that this it was excreted mainly for renal via. (Author)

  16. Synthesis of the radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Biricova, V.; Kuruc, J.

    2007-01-01

    In this paper is shown a short overview of the biogenic positron radiopharmaceuticals production and a brief summary of some PET preparation synthesis. At the end the overview of some forward-looking positron radionuclides, which can be used for a preparation of the PET radiopharmaceuticals is said. A short review of diagnostic use of PET radiopharmaceuticals is presented (authors)

  17. Development of nano radiopharmaceutical based on Bevacizumab labelled with Technetium-99m for early diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor; Desenvolvimento de nanorradiofarmaco a base de Bevacizumabe marcado com tecnecio-99m para diagnostico precoce do tumor estromal gastrointestinal

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Braga, Thais Ligiero

    2015-06-01

    The development of new radiopharmaceuticals is an essential activity to improve nuclear medicine, and essential for the early and effective diagnosis of oncological diseases. Among the various possibilities current research in the world, the radiopharmaceuticals to chemotherapeutic base may be the most effective in detecting tumors, particularly Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST), the Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma and neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors. However, difficulties in directing, as well as adhesion of the radiopharmaceutical in the desired location, are currently the main problems in the early detection and treatment of some of these tumors. Advances in the field of nanotechnology, particularly in recent years, indicate significant contribution to overcoming these obstacles, particularly in the implementation of molecular barriers as well as the functionalization of the nanoparticles, thereby improving targeting by the use of surface nucleotides, and the increased adhesion, which facilitates the release of the drug and therefore increases the chances of early diagnosis and more effective treatment. This study aimed to the production, characterization and evaluation of cytotoxicity, as well as in vivo biodistribution test Bevacizumab nanoparticles labeled with Technetium-99m radionuclide for detection of type GIST tumors. Bevacizumab was encapsulated in the form of nanoparticles by the emulsification method using double poly-acetic acid and polyvinyl alcohol polymers (PLA / PVA) at a concentration of 2% of the monoclonal antibody. The characterization of the nanoparticles was performed by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxicity assessment was performed by XTT assay with various cell lines of solid tumor cells. The labeling with technetium-99m was done by the direct method, and its yield determined by paper chromatography using paper Whatmam 1 as the stationary phase and acetone as mobile phase. In the biodistribution study

  18. Harvard-MIT research program in short-lived radiopharmaceuticals. Progress report, March 1, 1983-February 29, 1984

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Adelstein, S.J.; Brownell, G.L.

    1984-02-01

    This report describes research efforts towards the achievement of a clearer understanding of the solution chemistry of technetium in order to facilitate the design of future clinical agents labeled with Tc-99m, the development of new receptor binding radiopharmaceuticals for the in vivo assessment of insulin receptors and for imaging the adrenal medulla and the brain, the examination of the utility of monoclonal antibodies and liposomes in the design of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy, and the synthesis of short-lived positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals for transverse imaging of regional physiological processes

  19. F-18 labelling agents

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mikecz, P.

    2001-01-01

    In this presentation the production of fluorine-18, separation of [ 18 F]fluoride, converting fluoride into fluorine as well as fluorine incorporation into organic molecules are reviewed. Reaction schemes and technology schemes are included. Towards organic reactions, with help of small molecules of the 18 F can be introduced into a wide variety of radiopharmaceuticals. (author)

  20. Study of the radioactive impurities gamma emitters present in the radiopharmaceutical solutions produced at IPEN/CNEN-SP

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Almeida, Jamille da Silveira

    2017-01-01

    This work aims to investigate the concentration of radioactive impurities gamma emitters in the radiopharmaceutical solutions produced at Nuclear and Energy Research Institute -IPEN in Sao Paulo, So that this radiopharmaceutical may be used properly, its quality should be evaluated in accordance with the procedures established by quality control agencies, such as General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories' ISO/IEC 17025:2005 and the 'Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), controlled by ANVISA (National Agency Health Surveillance), in Brazil, requiring a confirmation of the values of impurities related at the certificates supplied by the manufacturers. To determine the activity, a high resolution gamma spectrometer were used in two source-detector distances. One was 18 cm and the other 1.7 cm. For the 18 cm distance, the high pure germanium spectrometer was calibrated in the energy range between 81 keV and 1408 keV by measuring sealed ampoules of "6"0Co, "1"3"3Ba, "1"3"7Cs and "1"5"2Eu, standardized at the Nuclear Metrology Laboratory (NML) of IPEN. For lower activity of the impurities, the distance source-detector of 1.7 cm was assumed. However, as at this distance, the sum coincidence effect is very high, making the measurement of the standard calibration ampoules difficult, the spectrometer efficiency curve was obtained by a Monte Carlo simulation code, developed at IPEN. In this code, all details of the detection system are modeled and the response curves for x-rays and gamma rays are calculated by the MCNPX radiation transport code. The gamma spectra were analyzed by Alpino code, which applies the method of numeric peak integration of the area under the photopeaks. For gamma emitter impurities, not visually detected, the decision threshold and the detection limits were calculated from the background count rate, under the peak area. The radiopharmaceutical solutions analyzed were "6"7Ga, "9"9Mo, "9"9"mTc, "1"1"1In, "1"3"1I, "1"5"3Sm

  1. Quality assurance of radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Frier, M.; Hesslewood, S.R.

    1980-01-01

    A practical guide has been composed for all persons involved in the preparation and use of radiopharmaceuticals on methods used in quality assurance and their applications. These methods include the calibration of ionization chamber assay calibrators, the determination of radionuclide purity, radiochemical purity and chemical purity, particle size analysis and the measurement of pH. Quality assurance procedures are described for products not described in Compendial Monographs, or where the monograph exists, additional useful information is provided; such radiopharmaceuticals include technetium, indium-labelled and iodine-labelled products. (U.K.)

  2. Exposure of croatian population to radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Prlic, I.; Suric Mihic, M.; Marovic, G.; Mestrovic, T.; Mrcela, I.; Cerovac, Z.; Golubovic, D.; Hajdinjak, M.

    2010-01-01

    The aim of this paper is to call attention to the exposure of Croatian population to open sources of ionising radiation used in medical diagnostics, radiopharmaceuticals in particular, whose initial activity is very high. Without proper exposure monitoring, it is not possible to establish the effective dose per capita, but we have estimated it to be between 6.8 μSv and 7.0 μSv for this type of internal exposure, based on a very loose assumption that about 35,000 diagnostic procedures with radiopharmaceuticals are performed in Croatia every year. This calls for further research that would eventually lead to limiting the doses received through exposure to radiopharmaceuticals. (authors)

  3. Analysis of the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear medicine in Brazil

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kuahara, Lilian T.; Correa, Eduardo L.; Potiens, Maria P.A.

    2013-01-01

    The objective of this study was to analyze the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals produced by Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN), as part of a project to develop a methodology for control and calibration of activimeters used by these Nuclear Medicine Services. This survey was conducted using registry data of registered customers and, with bases in such information, we analyzed the number of clinics all over the country. Considering the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals and what the most used in 2011, there was a total of 365 clinics, and this distribution as follows: Southeast with 56%, South 18%, Northeast 15%, North 4%, and Midwest with 7%. Among the various radioisotopes provided 26 were sold and most in demand are the 67 Ga, 131 I and IPEN-tec (technetium generator)

  4. Calibration and qualification of equipment in the pharmaceutical industry: emphasis on radiopharmaceuticals production

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Melero, Laura T.U.H.; Silva, Katia S. da S.; Zanette, Camila; Araujo, Elaine B. de; Mengatti, Jair

    2011-01-01

    The calibration and qualification of equipment are listed items in RDC number 17 of 2010 which refers about the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) of medicaments and RDC number 63 of 2009 which refers about GMP of Radiopharmaceuticals. Both are essential requirements since they are involved in process control to attend the regulatory criteria and are a key part of the validation process. The aim of this work is presenting the importance of calibration and qualification, and the routine use of equipment and facilities in industrial scale production of radiopharmaceuticals in the IPEN/CNEN. The radiopharmacy of IPEN is a pharmaceutical industry that produces radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy. It was the pioneer institute in production of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals in Brazil. Currently, 38 products are distributed to the nuclear medicine centers, including primary radioisotopes, labeled molecules and lyophilized reagents for labeling with technetium-99m. To fulfill the GMP requirements for quality assurance of products, several factors must be considered including infrastructure, equipment and raw materials beyond, obviously, the whole production process should be controlled until the release of the final product. Therefore, the calibration and verification of equipment, instruments and other appliances used in the production and quality control should be performed. A program of calibration, qualification and requalification of equipment used in production and quality control of radiopharmaceuticals is necessary for the validation of production processes and analytical methods, and should be established for quality assurance of produced radiopharmaceuticals. (author)

  5. Calibration and qualification of equipment in the pharmaceutical industry: emphasis on radiopharmaceuticals production

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Melero, Laura T.U.H.; Silva, Katia S. da S.; Zanette, Camila; Araujo, Elaine B. de; Mengatti, Jair [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)

    2011-07-01

    The calibration and qualification of equipment are listed items in RDC number 17 of 2010 which refers about the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) of medicaments and RDC number 63 of 2009 which refers about GMP of Radiopharmaceuticals. Both are essential requirements since they are involved in process control to attend the regulatory criteria and are a key part of the validation process. The aim of this work is presenting the importance of calibration and qualification, and the routine use of equipment and facilities in industrial scale production of radiopharmaceuticals in the IPEN/CNEN. The radiopharmacy of IPEN is a pharmaceutical industry that produces radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy. It was the pioneer institute in production of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals in Brazil. Currently, 38 products are distributed to the nuclear medicine centers, including primary radioisotopes, labeled molecules and lyophilized reagents for labeling with technetium-99m. To fulfill the GMP requirements for quality assurance of products, several factors must be considered including infrastructure, equipment and raw materials beyond, obviously, the whole production process should be controlled until the release of the final product. Therefore, the calibration and verification of equipment, instruments and other appliances used in the production and quality control should be performed. A program of calibration, qualification and requalification of equipment used in production and quality control of radiopharmaceuticals is necessary for the validation of production processes and analytical methods, and should be established for quality assurance of produced radiopharmaceuticals. (author)

  6. Difficulties and aspects to take into account in the production, use and distribution of new radiopharmaceuticals PET

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sanchez, R.; Rayo, J.I.; Serrano, J.; Infante, J.; Luz Dominguez, M.; Garcia, L.; Duran, C.

    2008-01-01

    This article seeks to describe the requirements, legal and technical, for the production, distribution and use of new radiopharmaceuticals PET (other than the 18 F.D.G.), describing the legislative framework in which we find ourselves, the characteristics of a production and types of synthesis and existing modules. A list of susceptible radiopharmaceuticals is presented that are being currently used in nuclear medicine by specifying the real possibilities of their production and use and which are the difficulties we face

  7. Synthesis and biodistribution of nitrido technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals with dithiophosphinate ligands: a class of brain imaging agents

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bellande, Emmanuel; Comazzi, Veronique; Laine, Jacques; Lecayon, Michele; Pasqualini, Roberto; Duatti, Adriano; Hoffschir, Didier

    1995-04-01

    The symmetrical complexes [{sup 99m}Tc][TcN(R{sub 2}PS{sub 2}){sub 2}] [R = CH{sub 3}, CH{sub 2}CH{sub 3}, CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}CH{sub 3}, CH{sub 2}(CH{sub 3}){sub 2}], and the unsymmetrical complex [{sup 99m}Tc][TcN(Me{sub 2}PS{sub 2})(Et{sub 2}PS{sub 2})] have been prepared, at tracer level, through a two-step procedure involving the preliminary formation of a prereduced technetium nitrido intermediate followed by substitution reaction onto this species by the appropriate dithiophosphinate ligand [R{sub 2}PS{sub 2}]Na. The chemical identity of the resulting complexes have been established by comparison with the corresponding {sup 99}Tc-analogs prepared, at macroscopic level, by reacting the complex [{sup 99}TcNCl{sub 4}] [n-Bu{sub 4}N] (n-Bu = n-butyl) with an excess of ligand in methanol, and characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques. The complexes are neutral and lipophilic, and possess a square pyramidal geometry, with an apical Tc N group and two dithiophosphinate ligands spanning the four positions on the basal plane through the four sulfur atoms of the >PS{sub 2} group. In vitro studies showed that these radiopharmaceuticals are stable in solution and that their chemical identity was not altered after incubation with rat blood. Biodistribution studies have been carried out in rats and primates. The results demonstrate that these compounds are significantly retained into the brain of these animals for a prolonged time. Planar gamma camera images have been obtained in monkeys showing a good visualization of the cerebral region. However, the existence of persistent blood activity yields a brain/blood ratio lower than that observed with other {sup 99m}Tc-based brain perfusion imaging agents.

  8. Estimation of absorbed dose for 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-d- glucose using whole-body positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Deloar, H.M.; Fujiwara, Takehiko; Shidahara, Miho; Nakamura, Takashi; Watabe, Hiroshi; Narita, Yuichiro; Itoh, Masatoshi; Miyake, Masayasu; Watanuki, Shoichi

    1998-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to measure the cumulated activity and absorbed dose in organs after i.v. administration of 18 F-FDG using whole-body PET and MRI. Whole-body dynamic emission scans for 18 F-FDG were performed in six normal volunteers after transmission scans. The total activity of a source organ was obtained from the activity concentration of the organ measured by whole-body PET and the volume of that organ measured by whole-body T1-weighted MRI. The cumulated activity of each source organ was calculated from the time-activity curve. Absorbed doses to the individuals were estimated by the MIRD (medical internal radiation dosimetry) method. Another calculation of cumulated activities and absorbed doses was performed using the organ volumes from the MIRD phantom and the ''Japanese reference man'' to investigate the discrepancy of actual individual results against the phantom results. The cumulated activities of 18 source organs were calculated, and absorbed doses of 27 target organs estimated. Among the target organs, bladder wall, brain and kidney received the highest doses for the above three sets of organ volumes. Using measured individual organ volumes, the average absorbed doses for those organs were found to be 3.1 x 10 -1 , 3.7 x 10 -2 and 2.8 x 10 -2 mGy/MBq, respectively. The mean effective doses in this study for individuals of average body weight (64.5 kg) and the MIRD phantom of 70 kg were the same, i.e. 2.9 x 10 -2 mSv/MBq, while for the Japanese reference man of 60 kg the effective dose was 2.1 x 10 -2 mSv/MBq. The results for measured organ volumes derived from MRI were comparable to those obtained for organ volumes from the MIRD phantom. Although this study considered 18 F-FDG, combined use of whole-body PET and MRI might be quite effective for improving the accuracy of estimations of the cumulated activity and absorbed dose of positron-labelled radiopharmaceuticals.(orig./MG) (orig.)

  9. Radiopharmaceutical scanning agents

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1976-01-01

    This invention is directed to dispersions useful in preparing radiopharmaceutical scanning agents, to technetium labelled dispersions, to methods for preparing such dispersions and to their use as scanning agents

  10. Modulation of in vivo distribution through chelator: Synthesis and evaluation of a 2-nitroimidazole-dipicolylamine-(99m)Tc(CO)3 complex for detecting tumor hypoxia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mallia, Madhava B; Mittal, Sweety; Sarma, Haladhar D; Banerjee, Sharmila

    2016-01-01

    Previous studies have clearly demonstrated strong correlation between in vivo distribution and blood clearance of radiopharmaceuticals for the detection of hypoxia. Present study describes an attempt to improve the in vivo distribution of a previously reported 2-nitroimidazole-(99m)Tc(CO)3 complex by tuning its blood clearance pattern through structural modification of the ligand. Herein, a 2-nitroimidazole-dipicolylamine ligand (2-nitroimidazole-DPA) was synthesized in a two-step procedure and radiolabeled with (99m)Tc(CO)3 core. Subsequently, the complex was evaluated in Swiss mice bearing fibrosarcoma tumor. As intended by its design, 2-nitroimidazole-DPA-(99m)Tc(CO)3 complex was more lipophilic than previously reported 2-nitroimidazole-DETA-(99m)Tc(CO)3 complex (DETA-diethylenetriamine) and showed slower blood clearance. Consequently it showed higher tumor uptake than 2-nitroimidazole-DETA-(99m)Tc(CO)3 complex. Significantly, despite structural modifications, other parameters such as the tumor to blood ratio and tumor to muscle ratio of the 2-nitroimidazole-DPA-(99m)Tc(CO)3 complex remained comparable to that of 2-nitroimidazole-DETA-(99m)Tc(CO)3 complex. Present study demonstrates the feasibility of structural modifications for improving in vivo tumor uptake of hypoxia detecting radiopharmaceuticals. This might encourage researchers to improve suboptimal properties of a potential radiopharmaceuticals rather than ignoring it altogether. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Trends in radiopharmaceutical dispensing in a regional nuclear pharmacy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Basmadjian, G.P.; Barker, K.; Johnston, J.; Stinchcomb, R.; Tarman, B.; Ice, R.D.

    1983-01-01

    In the last five years, the practice of nuclear medicine has undergone changes due to the advent of new imaging technologies and radiopharmaceuticals. These changes have had an impact upon the number and the type of radiopharmaceuticals dispensed in centralized nuclear pharmacies. With the advent of Computerized Axial Tomography Scanners (CAT), sophistication and wider acceptance of the Ultrasound imaging modality, nuclear medicine has had to change directions from utilizing radiopharmaceuticals for static organ imaging to functional type imaging and to resort to the use of new radiopharmaceuticals or to find other uses for the existing radiopharmaceuticals. The following trends in radiopharmaceutical dispensing in a regional nuclear pharmacy are evident: Brain procedures have declined by about 67% while nuclear cardiology studies have increased by over 2000%. Bone scans have increased by 72% while liver, renal and lung studies have shown no significant increase. These changes will continue as the practice of nuclear medicine concentrates more on functional studies and relegates other studies to newer imaging modalities

  12. Radiopharmaceuticals. 40 years is nothing

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hager, Alfredo A.

    2006-01-01

    The nuclear medicine is today a medical speciality recognized and practised in the whole world. The birth was in the middle of the 20th century in the use of molecules or drugs marked with a radionuclide (radiopharmaceutical), for the diagnostic studies in vivo or in vitro, to obtain a therapeutic effect. Early in the decade of 70, its development and evolution was accentuated thanks to electronics, the contribution of new instruments for detection of diagnosis by images (gamma camera) and to the emergence of new radionuclide (in particular, 99m Tc). (author) [es

  13. Rational development of radiopharmaceuticals for HIV-1

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lau, Chuen-Yen; Maldarelli, Frank; Eckelman, William C.; Neumann, Ronald D.

    2014-01-01

    The global battle against HIV-1 would benefit from a sensitive and specific radiopharmaceutical to localize HIV-infected cells. Ideally, this probe would be able to identify latently infected host cells containing replication competent HIV sequences. Clinical and research applications would include assessment of reservoirs, informing clinical management by facilitating assessment of burden of infection in different compartments, monitoring disease progression and monitoring response to therapy. A “rational” development approach could facilitate efficient identification of an appropriate targeted radiopharmaceutical. Rational development starts with understanding characteristics of the disease that can be effectively targeted and then engineering radiopharmaceuticals to hone in on an appropriate target, which in the case of HIV-1 (HIV) might be an HIV-specific product on or in the host cell, a differentially expressed gene product, an integrated DNA sequence specific enzymatic activity, part of the inflammatory response, or a combination of these. This is different from the current approach that starts with a radiopharmaceutical for a target associated with a disease, mostly from autopsy studies, without a strong rationale for the potential to impact patient care. At present, no targeted therapies are available for HIV latency, although a number of approaches are under study. Here we discuss requirements for a radiopharmaceutical useful in strategies targeting persistently infected cells. The radiopharmaceutical for HIV should be developed based on HIV biology, studied in an animal model and then in humans, and ultimately used in clinical and research settings

  14. Preparation of radiopharmaceutical formulations; Fremstilling av radioaktive farmasoeytiske blandinger

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Simon, J.; Garlich, J.R.; Frank, R.K.; McMillan, K

    1998-03-16

    Radiopharmaceutical formulations for complexes comprising at least one radionuclide complexed with a ligand, or its physiologically-acceptable salts thereof, especially {sup 153}samarium-ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonic acid, which optionally contains a divalent metal ion, e.g. calcium, and is frozen, thawed, and then administered by injection. Alternatively, the radiopharmaceutical formulations must contain the divalent metal and are frozen only if the time before administration is sufficiently long to cause concern for radiolysis of the ligand. 2 figs., 9 tabs.

  15. Synthesis of a novel class of nitrido Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals with phosphino-thiol ligands showing transient heart uptake

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bolzati, Cristina; Uccelli, Licia; Boschi, Alessandra; Malago, Erica; Duatti, Adriano E-mail: dta@unife.it; Tisato, Francesco; Refosco, Fiorenzo; Pasqualini, Roberto; Piffanelli, Adriano

    2000-05-01

    A novel class of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals showing high heart uptake is described. These complexes were prepared through a simple and efficient procedure, and their molecular structure fully characterized. They are formed by a terminal Tc{identical_to}N multiple bond and two bidentate phosphine-thiol ligands [R{sub 2}P-(CH{sub 2}){sub n}SH, n=2,3] coordinated to the metal ion through the neutral phosphorus atom and the deprotonated thiol sulfur atom. The resulting geometry was trigonal bipyramidal. Biodistribution studies were carried out in rats. The complexes exhibited high initial heart uptake and elimination through liver and kidneys. The washout kinetic from heart was dependent on the nature of the lateral R groups on the phosphine-thiol ligands. When R=phenyl, heart activity was rapidly eliminated within 10-20 min. Instead, when R=tolyl,cyclohexyl, persistent heart uptake was observed. Extraction of activity from myocardium tissue showed that no change of the chemical identity of the tracer occurred after heart uptake. On the contrary, metabolization to more hydrophilic species occurred in liver and kidneys.

  16. Radiopharmaceutical prescription in nuclear medicine departments

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Biechlin-Chassel, M.L.; Lao, S.; Bolot, C.; Francois-Joubert, A.

    2010-01-01

    In France, radiopharmaceutical prescription is often discussed depending to which juridical structure the nuclear medicine department is belonging. According to current regulation, this prescription is an obligation in a department linked to hospital with a pharmacy department inside. But situation remains unclear for independent nuclear medicine departments where physicians are not constrained to prescribe radiopharmaceuticals. However, as radiographers and nurses are only authorized to realize theirs acts in front of a medical prescription, one prescription must be realized. Nowadays, computerized prescription tools have been developed but only for radiopharmaceutical drugs and not for medical acts. In the aim to achieve a safer patient care, the prescription regulation may be applied whatever differences between nuclear medicines departments. (authors)

  17. The influence of reducing agents on the composition of technetium-99 complexes: implications for technetium-99m radiopharmaceutical preparation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Baldas, J.; Bonnyman, J.; Pojer, P.M.; Williams, G.A.

    1981-05-01

    The use of hydrazine or formamidine sulphinic acid as reducing agents in the presence of 99 Tc-pertechnetate anion and the diethyldithiocarbamate ligand has been found to yield complexes containing Tc triple bond N and Tc=CO bonds respectively. The nitrido nitrogen atom and the carbon monoxide incorporated in these complexes as ligands originate from the reducing agents themselves. It is apparent that when reducing agents such as hydrazine or formamidine sulphinic acid are used in the preparation of Tc-99m-radiopharmaceuticals, the possibility of the formation of complexes structurally different to those obtained by use of stannous chloride must be considered

  18. Aptamers as radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear imaging and therapy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gijs, Marlies; Aerts, An; Impens, Nathalie; Baatout, Sarah; Luxen, André

    2016-01-01

    Today, radiopharmaceuticals belong to the standard instrumentation of nuclear medicine, both in the context of diagnosis and therapy. The majority of radiopharmaceuticals consist of targeting biomolecules which are designed to interact with a disease-related molecular target. A plethora of targeting biomolecules of radiopharmaceuticals exists, including antibodies, antibody fragments, proteins, peptides and nucleic acids. Nucleic acids have some significant advantages relative to proteinaceous biomolecules in terms of size, production, modifications, possible targets and immunogenicity. In particular, aptamers (non-coding, synthetic, single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides) are of interest because they can bind a molecular target with high affinity and specificity. At present, few aptamers have been investigated preclinically for imaging and therapeutic applications. In this review, we describe the use of aptamers as targeting biomolecules of radiopharmaceuticals. We also discuss the chemical modifications which are needed to turn aptamers into valuable (radio-)pharmaceuticals, as well as the different radiolabeling strategies that can be used to radiolabel oligonucleotides and, in particular, aptamers.

  19. Evaluation of a measurement system for Uranium electrodeposition control to radiopharmaceuticals production

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tufic Madi Filho; Adonis Marcelo Saliba Silva; Jose Patricio Nahuel Cardenas; Maria da Conceicao Costa Pereira; Valdir Maciel Lopes; Alexandre, P. S.; Diogo, F. S.; Rafael, T. P.; Vitor, O. A; Anderson, F. L.; Lucas, R. S.; Brianna, S.; Eduardo, L. C. [Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242 Cid Univers. CEP: 05508-000- Sao Paulo-SP, (Brazil)

    2015-07-01

    For 2016, studies by international bodies forecast a crisis in the supply of Molybdenum ({sup 99}Mo), which is the generator of {sup 99m}Tc, widely used for medical diagnoses and treatments. As a result, many countries are making efforts to prevent this crisis. Brazil is developing the Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor (RMB) project, under the responsibility of the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN). The RMB is a nuclear reactor for research and production of radioisotopes used in the production of radiopharmaceuticals and radioactive sources, broadly used in industrial and research areas in Brazil. Electrodeposition of uranium is a common practice to create samples for alpha spectrometry and this methodology may be an alternative way to produce targets of low enriched uranium (LEU) to fabricate radiopharmaceuticals, as {sup 99}Mo, used for cancer diagnosis. To study the electrodeposition, a solution of 10 mM uranyl nitrate, in 2-propanol, containing uranium enriched to 2.4% in {sup 235}U, with pH = 1, was prepared and measurements with an alpha spectrometer were performed. These studies are justified by the need to produce {sup 99}Mo since, despite using molybdenum in bulk, Brazil is totally dependent on its import. In this project, we intend to obtain a process that may be technologically feasible to control the radiation targets for {sup 99}Mo production. (authors)

  20. Evaluation of a measurement system for Uranium electrodeposition control to radiopharmaceuticals production

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tufic Madi Filho; Adonis Marcelo Saliba Silva; Jose Patricio Nahuel Cardenas; Maria da Conceicao Costa Pereira; Valdir Maciel Lopes; Alexandre, P. S.; Diogo, F. S.; Rafael, T. P.; Vitor, O. A; Anderson, F. L.; Lucas, R. S.; Brianna, S.; Eduardo, L. C.

    2015-01-01

    For 2016, studies by international bodies forecast a crisis in the supply of Molybdenum ( 99 Mo), which is the generator of 99m Tc, widely used for medical diagnoses and treatments. As a result, many countries are making efforts to prevent this crisis. Brazil is developing the Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor (RMB) project, under the responsibility of the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN). The RMB is a nuclear reactor for research and production of radioisotopes used in the production of radiopharmaceuticals and radioactive sources, broadly used in industrial and research areas in Brazil. Electrodeposition of uranium is a common practice to create samples for alpha spectrometry and this methodology may be an alternative way to produce targets of low enriched uranium (LEU) to fabricate radiopharmaceuticals, as 99 Mo, used for cancer diagnosis. To study the electrodeposition, a solution of 10 mM uranyl nitrate, in 2-propanol, containing uranium enriched to 2.4% in 235 U, with pH = 1, was prepared and measurements with an alpha spectrometer were performed. These studies are justified by the need to produce 99 Mo since, despite using molybdenum in bulk, Brazil is totally dependent on its import. In this project, we intend to obtain a process that may be technologically feasible to control the radiation targets for 99 Mo production. (authors)

  1. Radiopharmaceutical regulation and Food and Drug Administration policy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rotman, M; Laven, D; Levine, G

    1996-04-01

    The regulatory policy of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on radiopharmaceuticals flows from a rigid, traditional, drug-like interpretation of the FDC Act on the licensing of radiopharmaceuticals. This contributes to significant delays in the drug-approval process for radiopharmaceuticals, which are very costly to the nuclear medicine community and the American public. It seems that radiopharmaceuticals would be better characterized as molecular devices. Good generic rule-making principles include: use of a risk/benefit/cost analysis; intent based on sound science; performance standards prepared by outside experts; a definite need shown by the regulatory agency; to live with the consequences of any erroneous cost estimates; and design individual credential requirements so that additional training results in enhanced professional responsibility. When these common elements are applied to current FDA policy, it seems that the agency is out of sync with the stated goals for revitalizing federal regulatory policies as deemed necessary by the Clinton administration. Recent FDA rulings on positron-emission tomography, Patient Package inserts, and on medical device service accentuate the degree of such asynchronization. Radiopharmaceutical review and licensing flexibility could be dramatically improved by excluding radiopharmaceuticals from the drug category and reviewing them as separate entities. This new category would take into account their excellent record of safety and their lack of pharmacological action. Additionally, their evaluation of efficacy should be based on their ability to provide useful scintiphotos, data, or responses of the physiological system it portends to image, quantitate, or describe. To accomplish the goal of transforming the FDA's rigid, prescriptive policy into a streamlined flexible performance-based policy, the Council on Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceuticals proposal has been presented. In addition, it is suggested that the United

  2. Detection of active alveolar bone destruction in human periodontal disease by analysis of radiopharmaceutical uptake after a single injection of 99m-Tc-methylene diphosphonate

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jeffcoat, M.K.; Williams, R.C.; Holman, B.L.; English, R.; Goldhaber, P.

    1986-01-01

    Previous studies have shown that, following a single injection of 99m-Tc-MDP, measurement of bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical uptake can detect ''active'' alveolar bone loss due to periodontal disease in beagle dogs, as determined by radiographs taken at the time of, and several months after, the nuclear medicine procedure. The efficacy of this diagnostic test, however, had not been assessed in human periodontal disease. The ability of a single boneseeking radiopharmaceutical uptake examination to detect ''active'' alveolar bone loss due to periodontal disease in human patients was assessed by comparing a single uptake measurement to the rate of bone loss determined from serial radiographs taken over a 6-month period. Uptake was expressed as a ratio of the cpm from the alveolar bone divided by the cpm from the non-tooth supporting bone of the nuchal crest. High uptake ratios were associated with ''active'' loss and low uptake ratios were associated with little if any change in alveolar bone height (p<0.001). The nuclear medicine examination was an accurate detector of periodontal disease activity in nearly 80% of the individual teeth studied. These data indicate that high bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical uptake ratios may be pathognomonic of active bone loss in human periodontal disease. (author)

  3. Development of more efficacious Tc-99m organ imaging agents for use in nuclear medicine by analytical characterization of radiopharmaceutical mixtures: Progress report for period September 1, 1986-August 31, 1987

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Heineman, W.R.

    1987-06-01

    The long-range objective of this research is the development of more efficacious technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals for use as imaging agents in diagnostic nuclear medicine. The author developed analytical techniques that are capable of separating radiopharmaceutical mixtures into their component technetium complexes for subsequent evaluation. During this one-year period, a chromatographic procedure has been developed for the separation of technetium phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) complexes and five Tc-PAA complexes have been isolated from radiopharmaceutical preparations. The concentration of each complex in the preparation varies significantly depending on the pH of the preparation. Radiopharmaceutical preparations based on the ligand methylene diphosphonate (MDP) have been prepared by electrochemical reduction of TcO 4 - . The yields of different Tc-MDP complexes are affected by the potential applied to the electrochemical cell. The control of both potential and pH enables a specific Tc-MDP complex to be produced in purer form and higher yield than by chemical reduction. An EXAFS spectrum of a solution of chromatographically isolated Tc-HEDP (hydroxyethylidine diphosphonate) complex shows evidence for a Tc-Tc bond, which is supportive of the postulated oligomeric/polymeric nature of these complexes. 9 refs., 4 figs

  4. 42 CFR 483.158 - FFP for nurse aide training and competency evaluation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ...) Nurse aides who have an offer of employment from a facility; (3) Nurse aides who become employed by a... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false FFP for nurse aide training and competency... CARE FACILITIES Requirements That Must Be Met by States and State Agencies: Nurse Aide Training and...

  5. A retrospective analysis of the cost/benefit ratio for two nuclear medicine procedures performed with /sup 99m/Tc-radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mariani, G.; Rosa, C.; Raciti, M.; Giganti, M.; Fatigante, L.; Giraldi, C.; Consoli, E.; Parenti, G.

    1986-01-01

    Technetium-99m is at present the most widely utilized radionuclide for in-vivo diagnostic nuclear medicine, either in the form of pertechnetate ion (as it is directly eluted from the generator column) or, more frequently, as a label for a number of molecules to which technetium-99m is attached to form radiopharmaceuticals characterized by a more or less selective accumulation in some organs or structures of the body. The impact of technetium-99m on the development of clinical nuclear medicine has reutilized with increasing frequency in diagnostic nuclear medicine, that is, whole-body skeletal scan and first-pass cerebral angioscintigraphy. These two procedures are, in fact, of great value, especially in the follow-up of two large categories of patients, namely cancer patients and patients with atherosclerotic cerebro-vascular disease

  6. Preparation of 16α[18F] fluoro-17β-fluoroestradiol on domestic synthesis module

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sun Chuanjin; Zhu Hong; Fang Keyuan

    2012-01-01

    To investigate the synthesis method of 16α-[ 18 F] fluoro-17β-fluoroestradiol on domestic synthesizing module, the automated synthesis was carried out through the reaction of 3-O-(methoxymethyl) -16,17-O-sulfuryl-16-epiestriol (MMSE, 1 mg) as precursor with 18 F- at 105 ℃ for 15 min in sealed system on domestic synthesizer, then 0.8 mL 1 mol/L HC1 dissolved in 7.2 mL acetonetrile was added in three parts to the reaction vessel for hydrolysis and hydrolysis reaction was performed at 105 ℃ for 6 min. The final reaction solution was purified by HPLC to give 18 F-FES. Preparation of 18 F-FES on domestic synthesis module was in the uncorrected synthesis yield of 8.2% (corrected synthesis yield 12.8%). Total synthesis time was about 70 min and radiochemical purity was higher than 98%. The product had good stability at room temperature. 18 F-FES injection can be prepared on domes- tic synthesis module and the quality can meet the requirements of radiopharmaceuticals for clinical use, (authors)

  7. Biodistribution of the {sup 18}F-FPPRGD{sub 2} PET radiopharmaceutical in cancer patients: an atlas of SUV measurements

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Minamimoto, Ryogo; Jamali, Mehran; Gambhir, Sanjiv Sam [Stanford University, Stanford, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford, CA (United States); Stanford University, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford, CA (United States); Barkhodari, Amir; Mosci, Camila; Mittra, Erik; Iagaru, Andrei [Stanford University, Stanford, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford, CA (United States); Shen, Bin; Chin, Frederick [Stanford University, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford, CA (United States)

    2015-11-15

    The aim of this study was to investigate the biodistribution of 2-fluoropropionyl-labeled PEGylated dimeric arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide (PEG3-E[c{RGDyk}]2) ({sup 18}F-FPPRGD{sub 2}) in cancer patients and to compare its uptake in malignant lesions with {sup 18}F-FDG uptake. A total of 35 patients (11 men, 24 women, mean age 52.1 ± 10.8 years) were enrolled prospectively and had {sup 18}F-FPPRGD{sub 2} PET/CT prior to treatment. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUV{sub max}) and mean SUV (SUV{sub mean}) were measured in 23 normal tissues in each patient, as well as in known or suspected cancer lesions. Differences between {sup 18}F-FPPRGD{sub 2} uptake and {sup 18}F-FDG uptake were also evaluated in 28 of the 35 patients. Areas of high {sup 18}F-FPPRGD{sub 2} accumulation (SUV{sub max} range 8.9 - 94.4, SUV{sub mean} range 7.1 - 64.4) included the bladder and kidneys. Moderate uptake (SUV{sub max} range 2.1 - 6.3, SUV{sub mean} range 1.1 - 4.5) was found in the choroid plexus, salivary glands, thyroid, liver, spleen, pancreas, small bowel and skeleton. Compared with {sup 18}F-FDG, {sup 18}F-FPPRGD{sub 2} showed higher tumor-to-background ratio in brain lesions (13.4 ± 8.5 vs. 1.1 ± 0.5, P < 0.001), but no significant difference in body lesions (3.2 ± 1.9 vs. 4.4 ± 4.2, P = 0.10). There was no significant correlation between the uptake values (SUV{sub max} and SUV{sub mean}) for {sup 18}F FPPRGD{sub 2} and those for {sup 18}F-FDG. The biodistribution of {sup 18}F-FPPRGD{sub 2} in cancer patients is similar to that of other RGD dimer peptides and it is suitable for clinical use. The lack of significant correlation between {sup 18}F-FPPRGD{sub 2} and {sup 18}F-FDG uptake confirms that the information provided by each PET tracer is different. (orig.)

  8. Physical and Chemical Aspects of PET Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-09-01

    On the Workshop 23 contributions were presented. This proceedings includes 21 presentations delivered at the workshop. The topics discussed included: Cyclotron and Target Constructions; Target Chemistry; Radiopharmaceuticals Synthesis; Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals; GLP-GMP Design; PET Imaging. Each presentation has been indexed separately

  9. Development of 18F-FDG ([F-18]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose) injection for imaging of tumor reflecting glucose metabolism. Results of preclinical studies

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ino, Sento; Shimada, Takayuki; Kanagawa, Masaru; Suzuki, Noriaki; Kondo, Susumu; Shirakami, Yoshifumi; Ito, Osamu; Kato-Azuma, Makoto

    1999-01-01

    Fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ( 18 F-FDG) injection was prepared by a modification of a method originally developed by Hamacher et al. The dosage form is the injectable solution (2 ml) containing 185 MBq of 18 F-FDG at a calibration time. Preclinical studies of the agent were performed. Its radiochemical purity is more than 95% and expiration time is 4 hours after the calibration time at ambient temperature. No toxicity was observed with up to 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of non-radioactive FDG intravenously injected to rats and dogs in single dose toxicity tests, respectively. Biodistribution studies demonstrated that the radioactivity was mainly distributed into brain (3.0 to 3.3% I.D./Organ at 30 minutes) and heart (4.2 to 5.8% I.D./Organ at 1 to 3 hours) after intravenous injection of the agent to normal rats. In a tumor transplanted mouse model (colon 26), tumor uptake was 10.9±3.5% I.D./g at 1 hr after intravenous injection of the agent, the radioactivity was retained until 3 hours. The radiation absorbed dose was estimated according to the MIRD Pamphlet based on the biodistribution data both in humans reported by Mejia et al. and rats described in this report. The radiation absorbed dose was not higher than those of commercially available radiopharmaceuticals. In conclusion, the 18 F-FDG injection is expected to be useful for further clinical application. (author)

  10. Dispersion for the preparation of an injectable radiopharmaceutical scanning agent

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wolfangel, R.G.

    1976-01-01

    The invention deals with the preparation of a dispersion of a tin (II) sulphur colloid in an aqueous solution with additions of a stabilizing agent. Labelled with sup(99m)Tc, the dispersion can be used as an injectable radiopharmaceutical scanning agent. (VJ) [de

  11. Production of radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals at the Argentine Atomic Energy National Commission

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mitta, A.E.A.; Bonetto, Oscar; Kurcbart, Horacio; Mancini, Alberto; Marquez, R.O.; Palcos, M.C.; Quihillalt, E.L.; Salas, G.N.B. de; Suner, A.A.; Troparevsky, M.L.P. de.

    1978-03-01

    The production of radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals at the CNEA is described, as well as the preparation of reagent's sets, and informations is given on the preparation of Tc-99m and In-113m generators. Some figures of the production of 1974-1976 are given. (author) [es

  12. Chirality plays important roles in radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shen Yumei

    2006-01-01

    The paper introduces the basic concept of chirality, target specific selectivity and their relationship in radiopharmaceuticals. If the ligands labeled by radionuclides have chiral center, the enantiomers must be separated, or the target specific selectivity will not be good. Chirality is one of the most important factors which must be considered in the study of the structure-activity relationship of radiopharmaceuticals. (authors)

  13. Chemistry and biology of Tc-99m renal function agents. Final report

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fritzberg, A.M.

    1986-01-01

    A major aim of the project was to develop a Tc-99m renal tubular function radiopharmaceutical. Progress was made in synthesizing and evaluating Tc-99m 2,3-dimercaptoaceta-midoprepanoate (CO 2 DADS). In animals and clinical studies the A epimer (early component on reversed phase HPLC) demonstrated high efficiency and specificity for renal tubular secretion. We were unable to obtain only the desired stereoisomer. Synthesis of about twenty diamide dimercaptide N 2 S 2 ligand analogs suggested two others that were of comparable efficiency in humans, but with less difference between stereoisomers; Tc-99m 1,3-dimercaptoacetamide-2-hydroxypropane (HoDADS) and 1,8-dithiol- 2,7-dioxo-3,6-diazanonanoate (α -S-CO 2 DADS). 15 refs

  14. Applications and development trend of radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kim, J.R.

    1978-01-01

    Present status of radiopharmaceuticals applications and the trend of the development are extensively reviewed and discussed. The followings are manifested: a) Among the various radionuclides, those of short lived, accelerator produced, and having moderate radiation energies are becoming popular. b) Diagnosis using various labelled molecules are considered to be the most active field in nuclear medicine. c) Development of radiopharmaceuticals for tumor localization studies is one of the trends. d) The use of various convenient kits of both in-vitro radioligand assay, and in-vivo instant labelling is now an enormous domain in nuclear medicine. A great stride is also made in the development of automation technique. Upon it, an urgent development of some new radiopharmaceuticals having local characteristics is proposed. (author)

  15. Preparation and control of radiopharmaceuticals in hospitals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kristensen, K.

    1979-01-01

    This guidebook covers the work commonly organized as part of the work in the hospital. It does not cover the manufacture of radiopharmaceuticals on an industrial scale. The work is characterized by the small scale on which manufacture and preparation of radiopharmaceuticals take place

  16. Current status of PET imaging of differentiated thyroid cancer with second generation radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lauri, C.; Di Traglia, S.; Galli, F.; Pizzichini, P.; Signore, A.

    2015-01-01

    Although the prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is favorable, some histotypes show worst clinical outcome and higher risk of recurrence. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels and 131 I-whole-body-scan (WBS), together with neck ultrasound (US), represent the golden standard for DTC follow-up. Nevertheless, the relatively high frequency of patients with high Tg levels and negative WBS requires further investigations by using new imaging modalities. The availability of whole body positron emission tomography (PET) methods, in parallel with the advances in radiochemistry, offer a wide substrate for many solutions. To this day 18 F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose ( 18 F-FDG) PET/CT still represents the imaging of choice in follow-up of patients with high serum Tg and negative 131 I-WBS but in the last decades the research has focused on finding “second generation” radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging, with both diagnostic and prognostic purposes, aiming to change the way to image thyroid cancer. Moreover, the use of various PET radiopharmaceuticals, that offer the possibility to explore different pathways involved in thyroid cancer, could find important applications in the near future for clinical decision making in order to program tailored treatments and follow-up. It would be desirable to use the same radiopharmaceutical for both imaging and dosimetric purpose to achieve a tailored therapy. Many efforts are focused in this direction and 124 I-PET/CT is now emerging as a valid tool in restaging and therapy management of DTC with promising results. Although the preliminary data available in literature require a confirmation in larger studies with longer follow-up, we think that in next future 124 -PET/CT could gain an important role for management of DTC. The aim of this review was to perform a systematic analysis of literature describing the state of art of “second generation” PET-radiopharmaceuticals for imaging DTC. Discussion is focused on the utility of 124 I

  17. Use of radiopharmaceuticals in Finland in 1997

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Korpela, H.

    1999-04-01

    The use of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostics and therapy has been surveyed by STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority. In 1997 the number of nuclear medicine examinations was 51,700, and the number of treatments 2,240. In 1994 the number of nuclear medicine examinations had been 50,900, and the number of treatments 2,150. In 1997 the collective effective dose received by patients was 207 manSv, and the mean effective dose received by the population was 0.04 mSv per person. In 1994 the collective effective dose had been 220 manSv. Numbers of nuclear medicine examinations and treatments have not changed much from 1994. The collective effective dose has slightly decreased. The main reason for the reduction is decreased use of the radionuclide 131 I. (orig.)

  18. Use of radiopharmaceuticals in Finland in 1997

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Korpela, H

    1999-04-01

    The use of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostics and therapy has been surveyed by STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority. In 1997 the number of nuclear medicine examinations was 51,700, and the number of treatments 2,240. In 1994 the number of nuclear medicine examinations had been 50,900, and the number of treatments 2,150. In 1997 the collective effective dose received by patients was 207 manSv, and the mean effective dose received by the population was 0.04 mSv per person. In 1994 the collective effective dose had been 220 manSv. Numbers of nuclear medicine examinations and treatments have not changed much from 1994. The collective effective dose has slightly decreased. The main reason for the reduction is decreased use of the radionuclide {sup 131}I. (orig.) 4 refs.

  19. Computational system for activity calculation of radiopharmaceuticals

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    STORAGESEVER

    2008-12-29

    Dec 29, 2008 ... 2National Nuclear Energy Commission, Brazil. Accepted 24 October ... radiopharmaceuticals in use around the world with ... ment with a very important aspects: no profits ends. The tool ... The software interface is showed in ...

  20. Preparation of Radiopharmaceuticals Labeled with Metal Radionuclides

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Welch, M.J.

    2012-02-16

    oxygen retention of the tissue and the significantly greater retention amounting in hypoxic tissue. This hypothesis was confirmed in a series of animal studies. Cu-64 can be used both as an imaging radionuclide and a therapeutic radionuclide. The therapeutic efficacy of Cu-64 ATSM was proven in hamsters bearing the CW39 human colorectal tumors. The administration of Cu-64 ATSM significantly increased the survival time of tumor-bearing animals with no acute toxicity. This copper agent therefore shows promise for radiotherapy. The flow tracer Cu-64 PTSM also demonstrates therapeutic potential by inhibiting cancer cells implanted in animal models. Again, this inhibition occurred at doses which showed no sign of toxicity to the animals. Cu-ATSM was translated to humans, under other support a series of tumors were investigated; these included head and neck cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer and renal cancer. Another radionuclide that was investigated was titanium 45. This radionuclide was successfully produced by radiation of a scandium foil with 15 MeV protons. The titanium 45 was processed and separated from residual scandium by high exchange chomotrophy. Titanium titanocene has been utilized as a therapeutic agent; this compound was prepared and studied in vitro and in vivo. Another project was the preparation of cyclodextrin dimers as a new pre-targeting approach for tumor uptake. Beta-cyclodextradin and two other dimers were synthesized. These dimers were studied for the in vivo application. Work continued on the application of the radionuclide already discussed. Technetium 94m, a positron emitting radionuclide of the widely used 99m Tc nuclide was also prepared. This allows the quantification of the uptake of technetium radiopharmaceuticals. In collaboration with Professor David Piwnica-Worms, technetium 94m, sestamibi was studied in animal models and in a limited number of human subjects.

  1. Test and implementation of position sensors on load and unload [18O]H2O control valve of the target used in 18F - production by proton irradiation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Costa, Osvaldo L. da; Sciani, Valdir

    2009-01-01

    The radionuclide 18 F used to produce the radiopharmaceutical [ 18 F]FDG has 109.7 min of half-life, becoming your productive chain so peculiar, because since the beginning of [ 18 O]H 2 O irradiation until the PET-CT exam there is a period about six hours, and any procedure fail in the productive chain will result in a delay to the PET CT exam. The absence of the position signs from [ 18 O]H 2 O load and unload valve of the target may result in 18 F production loss and even area contamination around the target. In this paper, three types of position sensors, into cyclotron radionuclides production environment in Cyclotron Accelerator Center from IPEN-CNEN/SP were tested. The tests were an indicative to discover the fitter sensor to the [ 18 O]H 2 O load and unload valve from target used in [ 18 F]fluoride production. After finding the fitter sensor, it was implemented in 18 F- target, supplying the correct position from [ 18 O]H 2 O load and unload valve to programmable logic controller, that had the software modified, respecting in this way the valve position. By this way, it was possible to reduce the incidence of fails, increasing the reliability in [ 18 F]FDG productive chain. (author)

  2. Regulatory requirements for fluorine 18-labelled radiotracers

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Prigent, A.

    2005-01-01

    Although European and French regulations define radiopharmaceuticals and their different conditions for use, there is no legal status of the radiotracer. Radiotracer is commonly known as a molecular entity administered in tracer doses, that means at very low masses (e.g., nano-mol amounts) and, consequently, without any pharmacological effect. A radiotracer can meet the specifications of either a radiochemical (usually restricted to research in animal models) or a radiopharmaceutical (human use for diagnostic imaging or research projects). Besides the 'proprietary medicinal product', different status have been defined to allow other uses in humans, referring to 'magistral formula' preparation, 'officinal formula' preparation, investigational medicinal product for clinical trials, or to a radiopharmaceutical with a 'patient named authorization'. However, because of the short half-life of fluorine 18 and expanding development of molecular imaging techniques using positron emission tomography (PET), the current regulation is sometimes considered as inappropriate with regard to the small-size production required for such on-site manufactured radiopharmaceuticals. It is often claimed that it could be very difficult to comply with the current Good Manufactured Practice (cGMP). As previously done for radiopharmaceuticals based on monoclonal antibodies, specific adjustments for PET radiopharmaceuticals are under discussion and the 'note for guidance on radiopharmaceuticals' will be soon revised by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMEA). In many cases, a status of 'magistral' product might be attributed to a PET radiopharmaceutical manufactured according with European Pharmacopoeia monographs. (author)

  3. Report on the Technical Meeting on Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2009-01-01

    The purpose of the TM was to provide an experts' platform to facilitate exploring the current status and future directions on therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The invited talks and presentations in the TM were in the following topics: - Radionuclide Production; - Production and availability of alpha emitters and their radiopharmaceuticals; - Therapeutic radiopharmaceutical chemistry; - Targets and biological evaluation; - Medical physics and dosimetry; - Clinical applications including radioimmunotherapy and clinical needs; - Peptide receptor mediated therapy Panel discussions: - Radionuclide therapy using alpha emitters; - Regulatory challenges with therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals; - International activities in radionuclide therapy. he technical meeting generated a large interest among scientists and physicians working in the field of targeted therapy using radiopharmaceuticals. Participants from both developed and developing MS reported on recent developments on the research work and clinical studies going on in the field and provided their views on the future developments in this field. The unexpected high number of participants and the high number of presentations with exceptional quality underlines the great interest of scientists and professionals in therapeutic applications using radiolabelled drugs / biomolecules. The intensive discussions including panels specified the challenges in the future on developing novel agents and to finally use them for the benefit of patients. The IAEA can play as vital role in streamlining developments and to provide tools to overcome scientific, professional and regulatory challenges in the field of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals

  4. Report on the Technical Meeting on Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2009-07-01

    The purpose of the TM was to provide an experts' platform to facilitate exploring the current status and future directions on therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The invited talks and presentations in the TM were in the following topics: - Radionuclide Production; - Production and availability of alpha emitters and their radiopharmaceuticals; - Therapeutic radiopharmaceutical chemistry; - Targets and biological evaluation; - Medical physics and dosimetry; - Clinical applications including radioimmunotherapy and clinical needs; - Peptide receptor mediated therapy Panel discussions: - Radionuclide therapy using alpha emitters; - Regulatory challenges with therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals; - International activities in radionuclide therapy. he technical meeting generated a large interest among scientists and physicians working in the field of targeted therapy using radiopharmaceuticals. Participants from both developed and developing MS reported on recent developments on the research work and clinical studies going on in the field and provided their views on the future developments in this field. The unexpected high number of participants and the high number of presentations with exceptional quality underlines the great interest of scientists and professionals in therapeutic applications using radiolabelled drugs / biomolecules. The intensive discussions including panels specified the challenges in the future on developing novel agents and to finally use them for the benefit of patients. The IAEA can play as vital role in streamlining developments and to provide tools to overcome scientific, professional and regulatory challenges in the field of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals

  5. Joint CDRH (Center for Devices and Radiological Health) and state quality-assurance surveys in nuclear medicine: Phase 2 - radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hamilton, D.R.; Evans, C.D.

    1986-08-01

    The report discusses survey results on aspects of the quality assurance of radio-pharmaceuticals from 180 nuclear-medicine facilities in the United States. Data were collected from facilities in 8 states. Demographic information about nuclear-medicine operations and quality-assurance programs was gathered by state radiation-control-program personnel. The data collected from the survey show an incomplete acceptance of quality-assurance practices for radiopharmaceuticals. Most of the facilities in the survey indicated that, because an inferior radiopharmaceutical was prepared so infrequently, they did not believe it was cost-effective to perform extensive quality-assurance testing. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health hopes that the information from the survey will stimulate nuclear-medicine professionals and their organizations to encourage appropriate testing of all radiopharmaceuticals

  6. Radiopharmaceutical development and clinical needs

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vieira, M.R.

    1998-01-01

    The use of radionuclides for medical applications has continued to grow at a very rapid pace. The use of radiotracers for nuclear medicine imaging and for radiotherapy of cancer as well as certain benign disorders is firmly established as an important clinical modality. Over the past ten years, nuclear medicine has experienced an evolution towards functional studies and novel therapeutic approaches. New radionuclides are required for these applications. In the developmental stages, each new isotope has to go through a phase of careful scrutiny and evaluation, and practical concerns related to the cost of production and availability must be addressed. The development of 18 F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals has opened a completely new area of investigation. Research on bioconjugates (this term includes radiolabeled antibodies, peptides, receptor-specific and other bioactive molecules) has experienced rapid growth because of the promise of a number of these ''bioactive molecules'' to serve as selective carriers of radionuclides for tumor-associated and other specific antigens/receptors ''in vivo''. The new concept of nuclear medicine, particularly when applied to the field of oncology is directed towards the physiological mechanisms and the study of molecular disfunctions. The search for new radiopharmaceuticals thus aims at studying tumors at a tissue and molecular level. Examples of this new approach are scans utilizing the following substances: -guanethidine and noradrenaline analogues such as meta-iodo-benzyl-guanidine labeled with iodine-131 or iodine-123 aimed at targeting neuroendocrine cells and their secretory granules; -various monoclonal antibodies directed at different tumor types, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Radioimmunotherapy is considered particularly suited for treatment of tumors not easily amenable to surgery and for the treatment of small disseminated lesions; -somatostatin analogs tagged with indium-111 or more recently with Yttrium

  7. Radiopharmaceuticals for palliative therapy pain

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gaudiano, Javier

    1994-01-01

    Dissemination to bone of various neoplasms is cause of pain with poor response by major analgesics.Indications. Radiopharmaceuticals,description of main characteristics of various β emitter radionuclides.Choose of patients for worm indication of pain palliative therapy with β emitter radiopharmaceuticals is adequate must be careful . Contraindications are recognized.Pre and post treatment controls as clinical examination and complete serology are described.It is essential to subscribe protocols,keep patient well informed,included the physician in charge of the patient as part of the team.Bibliography

  8. Studies of quality control procedures for radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zivanovic, M.; Trott, N.G.

    1983-01-01

    In this paper, a short description is given of a radiopharmaceutical preparation suite set up at the Royal Marsden Hospital and an account is presented of methods used for quality control of radiopharmaceuticals and of the results obtained over a period of about two and a half years

  9. Development of {sup 18}F-FDG ([F-18]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose) injection for imaging of tumor reflecting glucose metabolism. Results of preclinical studies

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ino, Sento; Shimada, Takayuki; Kanagawa, Masaru; Suzuki, Noriaki; Kondo, Susumu; Shirakami, Yoshifumi; Ito, Osamu; Kato-Azuma, Makoto [Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., Sodegaura, Chiba (Japan). Research Center

    1999-07-01

    Fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ({sup 18}F-FDG) injection was prepared by a modification of a method originally developed by Hamacher et al. The dosage form is the injectable solution (2 ml) containing 185 MBq of {sup 18}F-FDG at a calibration time. Preclinical studies of the agent were performed. Its radiochemical purity is more than 95% and expiration time is 4 hours after the calibration time at ambient temperature. No toxicity was observed with up to 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of non-radioactive FDG intravenously injected to rats and dogs in single dose toxicity tests, respectively. Biodistribution studies demonstrated that the radioactivity was mainly distributed into brain (3.0 to 3.3% I.D./Organ at 30 minutes) and heart (4.2 to 5.8% I.D./Organ at 1 to 3 hours) after intravenous injection of the agent to normal rats. In a tumor transplanted mouse model (colon 26), tumor uptake was 10.9{+-}3.5% I.D./g at 1 hr after intravenous injection of the agent, the radioactivity was retained until 3 hours. The radiation absorbed dose was estimated according to the MIRD Pamphlet based on the biodistribution data both in humans reported by Mejia et al. and rats described in this report. The radiation absorbed dose was not higher than those of commercially available radiopharmaceuticals. In conclusion, the {sup 18}F-FDG injection is expected to be useful for further clinical application. (author)

  10. Chilean experience in production of 18F-FDG from 18F in a reactor

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chandia, M.; Godoy, N.; Errazu, X.; Hernandez; Figols, M.; Firnau, G.; Tronsoco, F.

    2000-01-01

    18 F-FDG (fluorine-deoxy-D-glucose) is an important and useful radiopharmaceutical for imaging and study of myocardial viability. Usually cyclotron-produced 18 F is used to label 18 F-FDG. The availability of a 5 MW Nuclear Reactor in Chile and the absence of a quality cyclotron to produce 18 F required that we developed a method in order to obtain suitable 18 F to label 18 F-FDG using the facilities we have at the Nuclear Center of La Reina, Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission. The nuclear reactions involved are: 6 Li(n,aα) 3 H and 16 O( 3 H,n) 18 F. Enriched Li 2 CO 3 ( 6 Li = 95 %) was irradiated in a 5 MW swimming pool type nuclear reactor with a neutron flux of 5. 7 x 10 13 n cm -2 s -1 for 4 hours. The irradiated Li 2 CO 3 was dissolved in H 2 SO 4 (1:1) and distilled as trimethylsilyl( 18 F)fluoride ( 18 F-TMS). The labelling of the sugar was carried out using the method described by Hamacker. The 18 F-TMS was trapped in a solution of acetonitrile, water, potassium carbonate, and kriptofix and hydrolysed to form 18 F fluoride. The nucleophilic complex reacts with 1,3,4,6, tetra-O-acetyl- 2-O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-bβ-D-mannopyranose. The acetylated carbohydrate by acid hydrolysis produces 18 F-FDG. The final product was purified using an ion retarding resin (AG11-A8) and a system two Sep Pak Plus: Alumina and C-18 cartridge and sterilised by Millipore 0.22 μm filter. The 18 F-FDG was obtained in an apyrogenic and sterile solution. The 18 F radionuclide purity was higher than 99.9% and the radiochemical purity ofthe 18 F-FDG obtained was over than 99%. Residual 3 H content was as low as 20 (Bq 3 H/MBq 18 F-FDG.). The yield of the process 18 F-FDG was 13.2 %. (authors)

  11. Trends in radiopharmaceutical dispensing in a regional nuclear pharmacy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Basmadjian, G.P.; Johnston, J.; Barker, K.; Ice, R.D.

    1982-01-01

    Dispensing trends for radiopharmaceuticals at a regional nuclear pharmacy over a 51-month period were studied. dispensing records of a regional nuclear pharmacy were analyzed with a forecasting procedure that uses univariate time data to produce time trends and autoregressive models. The overall number of prescriptions increased from 3500 to 5500 per quarter. Radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear cardiology studies increased from less than 0.1% to 17.5% of total prescriptions dispensed, while radiopharmaceuticals used for brain imaging showed a steady decline from 29% to 11% of total prescriptions dispensed. The demand for other radiopharmaceuticals increased in areas such as renal studies, bone studies, lung studies, liver-function studies, and 67 Ga tumor-uptake studies, and declined slightly for static liver studies. Changes in dispensing trends for radiopharmaceuticals will continue as the practice of nuclear medicine concentrates more on functional studies and as newer imaging techniques become used for other purposes

  12. A study of effluent control technologies employed by radiopharmaceutical users and suppliers

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Leventhal, L.; Slider, J.; Chakoff, E.; Chen, J.I.; Savage, E.

    1980-01-01

    The quantities of radiopharmaceuticals produced for in-vivo diagnostic and therapy procedures has been estimated to be growing at the rate of 16% per year, based on 1978 sales figures. Nuclear medicine facilities are experiencing an average annual growth rate of 5% per year. The principle radionuclides produced and used for nuclear medicine are 131 I, 131 Xe, and sup(9m)Tc. Of particular concern is that amount of these radionuclides which might become airborne and escape into the environment during the process of manufacture or during aliquotting or administration by hospital personnel. Therefore, a study was made of the effluent control technology employed by radiopharmaceutical suppliers and users. Generally, the means used to control airborne radioactive effluents fall into two classes according to function. The controls either dilute and direct the effluent to a specific point of release or hold up the effluent to reduce by decay the amount of radioactivity released. Radiopharmaceutical suppliers and hospitals were contacted, and a survey made of the control technology used. The classes and types of effluent control equipment and their general characteristics, cost and effectiveness were determined. It was concluded that control equipment was readily available, reliable, and effective in reducing radioactive releases from radiopharmaceutical facilities. (author)

  13. Radiolabeling of Herceptin with 99mTc as a Her2 tracer

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Samira Heydari

    2014-08-01

    Full Text Available Introduction: Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that is used in treating breast cancer. We labeled this monoclonal antibody with Technetium-99m and performed in vitro and in vivo quality control tests as a first step in the production of a new radiopharmaceutical. Methods: Trastuzumab was labeled with Technetium-99m using Succinimidyl Hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC as chelator. Radiochemical Purity and stability in buffer and serum were determined. Immunoreactivity and toxicity of the complex were tested on SKBR3, MCF7 and A431 breast cancer cell lines. Biodistribution study was performed in normal mice at 4 and 24 h post injection.Results: The radiochemical purity of the complex was 95±1.4%. The stabilities in phosphate buffer and in human blood serum at 24 h post preparation were 85±3.5% and 74±1.2%, respectively. The immunoreactivity of the complex was 86±1.4%. The binding of labeled antibody to the surface of SKBR3, MCF7 and A431 cells were increased by increasing Her2 concentration on the cells surface.Conclusions: The findings showed that the new radiopharmaceutical can be a promising candidate as Her2 antigen scanning for human breast cancer.

  14. Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Institute of Bioinorganic and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Annual report 1995

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Johannsen, B.

    1996-02-01

    Research at the Institute of Bioinorganic and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry of the Research Center Rossendorf is focused on radiotracers as molecular probes for diagnosis of disease. The research effort has two main components: -Positron emission tomography (PET) - technetium chemistry and radiopharmacology. The research activities of the Institute have been performed in three administratively classified groups. A PET tracer group is engaged in the chemistry and radiopharmacy of 11 C and 18 F compounds and in the setup of the PET center. A SPECT tracer group deals with the design, synthesis and chemical characterization of metal coordination compounds, primarily rhenium and technetium complexes. A biochemical group is working on SPECT and PET-relevant biochemical and biological projects. This includes the characterization and assessment of new compounds developed in the two synthetically oriented groups. The annual report presented here covers the research activities of the Institute of Bioinorganic and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry in 1995. (orig.)

  15. Sentinel lymph node accumulation of Lymphoseek and Tc-99m-sulfur colloid using a '2-day' protocol

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wallace, Anne M. [Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103 (United States); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 (United States); Hoh, Carl K. [Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 (United States); Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103 (United States); UCSD Molecular Imaging Program, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 (United States); Limmer, Karl K. [Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103 (United States); Darrah, Denise D. [Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 (United States); Schulteis, Gery [Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103 (United States); Vera, David R. [Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 (United States); Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103 (United States); UCSD Molecular Imaging Program, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 (United States)], E-mail: dvera@ucsd.edu

    2009-08-15

    Lymphoseek is a receptor-binding radiopharmaceutical specifically designed for sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping. We conducted a clinical trial which measured the injection site clearance and sentinel lymph node accumulation after a single intradermal injection of Lymphoseek or unfiltered [{sup 99m}Tc]sulfur colloid (TcSC) using a '2-day' protocol for SLN mapping of breast cancer. Eleven patients with breast cancer participated in this study. Five patients received an intradermal administration of 1.0 nmol of {sup 99m}Tc-labeled Lymphoseek; SLN mapping was performed on four subjects within 19 to 27 h. Six subjects received an intradermal administration of TcSC; SLN mapping was performed on five subjects within 18 to 26 h. Lymphoseek exhibited a significantly (P<.001) faster injection site clearance than TcSC. The mean Lymphoseek clearance half-time was 2.18{+-}1.09 h compared to 57.4{+-}92.8 h for TcSC. The mean sentinel lymph node uptake of Lymphoseek (1.5{+-}1.7%) and TcSC (3.5{+-}3.1%) was statistically equivalent (P=.213). When an intradermal injection is employed, Lymphoseek demonstrated faster injection site clearance than unfiltered [{sup 99m}Tc]sulfur colloid and persistent SLN accumulation for at least 24 h.

  16. Detection of active alveolar bone destruction in human periodontal disease by analysis of radiopharmaceutical uptake after a single injection of 99m-Tc-methylene diphosphonate

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jeffcoat, M.K.; Williams, R.C.; Holman, B.L.; English, R.; Goldhaber, P.

    1986-01-01

    Previous studies have shown that, following a single injection of 99m-Tc-MDP, measurement of bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical uptake can detect ''active'' alveolar bone loss due to periodontal disease in beagle dogs, as determined by radiographs taken at the time of, and several months after, the nuclear medicine procedure. The efficacy of this diagnostic test, however, had not been assessed in human periodontal disease. The ability of a single boneseeking radiopharmaceutical uptake examination to detect ''active'' alveolar bone loss due to periodontal disease in human patients was assessed by comparing a single uptake measurement to the rate of bone loss determined from serial radiographs taken over a 6-month period. Uptake was expressed as a ratio of the cpm from the alveolar bone divided by the cpm from the non-tooth supporting bone of the nuchal crest. High uptake ratios were associated with ''active'' loss and low uptake ratios were associated with little if any change in alveolar bone height (p<0.001). The nuclear medicine examination was an accurate detector of periodontal disease activity in nearly 80% of the individual teeth studied. These data indicate that high bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical uptake ratios may be pathognomonic of active bone loss in human periodontal disease.

  17. Prenatal radiation doses from radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rojo, A.M.; Gomez Parada, I.M.; Di Trano, J.L.

    1998-01-01

    The radiopharmaceutical administration with diagnostic or therapeutic purpose during pregnancy implies a prenatal radiation dose. The dose assessment and the evaluation of the radiological risks become relevant due to the great radiosensitivity of the fetal tissues in development. This paper is a revision of the available data for estimating fetal doses in the cases of the more frequently used radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine, taking into account recent investigation in placental crossover. The more frequent diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were analyzed according to the radiation doses implied. (author) [es

  18. Nuclear medicine and imaging research: quantitative studies in radiopharmaceutical science. Comprehensive progress report, January 1, 1980-December 31, 1982

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Beck, R.N.; Cooper, M.C.

    1982-06-01

    This 3-y report cites progress in the following areas of radiopharmaceutical research: cyclotron operations; 51 Mn for myocardial localization; 82 Rb for heart imaging; 15 O-labelled H 2 O and molecular oxygen; studies on 11 C-2-deoxyglucose localization; 13 NH 3 measurements of myocardial perfusion; 130 Cs myocardial imaging; heart motion studies; labelled amino acids for pancreatic imaging; 11 C-hexamethonium for cartilage imaging; 11 C-cholic acid pharmacology; blood element labelling with /sup 115m/In; 75 Br studies; extrapolation of animal data to humans; in vivo quantification of radioactivity; fetal and neonatal radiation effects from radiopharmaceuticals administered to pregnant and lactating mice; and verification of MIRD absorbed dose calculations for some organ-incorporated radionuclides

  19. Manufacturing and test of a low cost polypropylene bag to reduce the radioactive gas released by a radiopharmaceutical production facility

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tavares, Jose Carlos Freitas; Lacerda, Marco Aurelio de Sousa, E-mail: jcft@cdtn.b, E-mail: masl@cdtn.b [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (SEPRA/ CDTN/CNEN-MG) Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Servico de Protecao Radiologica; Nascimento, Leonardo Tafas Constantino do; Silva, Juliana Batista da, E-mail: ltcn@cdtn.b, E-mail: silvajb@cdtn.b [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (SECPRA/ CDTN/CNEN-MG) Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Secao de Producao de Radiofarmacos

    2011-07-01

    The main objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of a plastic gas storage bag to reduce the radioactive gas released by the chimney of a radiopharmaceutical production facility during the 2-[{sup 18}F]fluoro-2- deoxy-D-glucose ({sup 18}FDG) synthesis. The studied facility was the Development Centre of Nuclear Technology (CDTN/CNEN) in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The bag was manufactured utilizing foils of polypropylene of 360 x 550 x 0.16 mm and disposable components of the cassette of the synthesizer. Two synthesis of {sup 18}FDG were done using the same hot cell and synthesizer to evaluate the efficiency of the bag. The manufactured bag was put in the gas exit of the synthesizer and the activity reported by the online radiation monitoring system in the first synthesis. These results were compared to the activity released in a synthesis performed without the bag. We observed when the bag was used the amount released was about 0.2% in 270 minutes. The second synthesis was performed without the bag, about 7,1% of the input activity was released by the exhaust of the facility in the same time interval. The bag presented a very good efficiency in the reducing of the radioactive gas released by the chimney of the radiopharmaceutical production facility. (author)

  20. Manufacturing and test of a low cost polypropylene bag to reduce the radioactive gas released by a radiopharmaceutical production facility

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tavares, Jose Carlos Freitas; Lacerda, Marco Aurelio de Sousa; Nascimento, Leonardo Tafas Constantino do; Silva, Juliana Batista da

    2011-01-01

    The main objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of a plastic gas storage bag to reduce the radioactive gas released by the chimney of a radiopharmaceutical production facility during the 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2- deoxy-D-glucose ( 18 FDG) synthesis. The studied facility was the Development Centre of Nuclear Technology (CDTN/CNEN) in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The bag was manufactured utilizing foils of polypropylene of 360 x 550 x 0.16 mm and disposable components of the cassette of the synthesizer. Two synthesis of 18 FDG were done using the same hot cell and synthesizer to evaluate the efficiency of the bag. The manufactured bag was put in the gas exit of the synthesizer and the activity reported by the online radiation monitoring system in the first synthesis. These results were compared to the activity released in a synthesis performed without the bag. We observed when the bag was used the amount released was about 0.2% in 270 minutes. The second synthesis was performed without the bag, about 7,1% of the input activity was released by the exhaust of the facility in the same time interval. The bag presented a very good efficiency in the reducing of the radioactive gas released by the chimney of the radiopharmaceutical production facility. (author)

  1. Synthesis, labeling with {sup 99m}Tc and biokinetics of brains scintigraphy diaminodithiol perfusion radiopharmaceuticals; Sintese, marcacao com {sup 99m}Tc e biocinetica de radiofarmacos perfusorios diaminoditiolicos para cintilografias cerebrais

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Goncalves, Marcos Moises

    1999-07-01

    The recent tomography status using radiopharmaceuticals have been contributing greatly with the 'age of certainty' in the diagnosis examination of syndromes, pathologies and clinical signs, because they can evidence some phenomena occurring in a molecular manner. The purpose of this work have had the development of new diaminodithiol (DADT) perfusion radiopharmaceuticals to be used in brain diagnosis using S.P.E.T. (Single Photon Emission Tomography). Initially, the rational planning had been performed with the new DADT molecular structures as radiopharmaceutical candidates. Using of Q.S.A.R. (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) techniques, the molecular descriptors such as partition coefficient and effective polarizability, have been studied in order to increase the blood brain barrier transport and the brain uptake respectively. Applying the Q.S.P.R. (Quantitative Structure Property Relationship) concepts to perform drug latentiation, based on bio-labile functional groups, the congener DADT derivative has been transformed into a pro-drug that works as a DADT moiety carrier, allowing the increasing of brain radiopharmaceutical uptake. Later on, synthetic routes and chemical purifications have been developed allowing the creation of the proposed chemical structure. Each new DADT derivative has been synthesized and analyzed in terms of elemental analysis, infrared and NMR spectra, in order to confirm its proposed chemical structure. Then, the new derivative has been labeled with {sup 99m}Tc, radiochemically purified, intravenously injected in Swiss mice, allowing its biodistribution to evidence its brain transport and uptake. The rational planning studies have been re-evaluated after each biodistribution had been performed, to see what kind of molecular descriptor was responsible for causing a stronger optimization in the brain perfusion characteristics and then, new DADT derivatives have been prepared. Three new DADT derivatives have been

  2. Synthesis, labeling with {sup 99m}Tc and biokinetics of brains scintigraphy diaminodithiol perfusion radiopharmaceuticals; Sintese, marcacao com {sup 99m}Tc e biocinetica de radiofarmacos perfusorios diaminoditiolicos para cintilografias cerebrais

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Goncalves, Marcos Moises

    1999-07-01

    The recent tomography status using radiopharmaceuticals have been contributing greatly with the 'age of certainty' in the diagnosis examination of syndromes, pathologies and clinical signs, because they can evidence some phenomena occurring in a molecular manner. The purpose of this work have had the development of new diaminodithiol (DADT) perfusion radiopharmaceuticals to be used in brain diagnosis using S.P.E.T. (Single Photon Emission Tomography). Initially, the rational planning had been performed with the new DADT molecular structures as radiopharmaceutical candidates. Using of Q.S.A.R. (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) techniques, the molecular descriptors such as partition coefficient and effective polarizability, have been studied in order to increase the blood brain barrier transport and the brain uptake respectively. Applying the Q.S.P.R. (Quantitative Structure Property Relationship) concepts to perform drug latentiation, based on bio-labile functional groups, the congener DADT derivative has been transformed into a pro-drug that works as a DADT moiety carrier, allowing the increasing of brain radiopharmaceutical uptake. Later on, synthetic routes and chemical purifications have been developed allowing the creation of the proposed chemical structure. Each new DADT derivative has been synthesized and analyzed in terms of elemental analysis, infrared and NMR spectra, in order to confirm its proposed chemical structure. Then, the new derivative has been labeled with {sup 99m}Tc, radiochemically purified, intravenously injected in Swiss mice, allowing its biodistribution to evidence its brain transport and uptake. The rational planning studies have been re-evaluated after each biodistribution had been performed, to see what kind of molecular descriptor was responsible for causing a stronger optimization in the brain perfusion characteristics and then, new DADT derivatives have been prepared. Three new DADT derivatives have been obtained by

  3. Eichrom's ABEC trademark resins: Alkaline radioactive waste treatment, radiopharmaceutical, and potential hydrometallurgical applications

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bond, A.H.; Gula, M.J.; Chang, F.; Rogers, R.D.

    1997-01-01

    Eichrom's ABEC trademark resins selectivity extract certain anions from high ionic strength acidic, neutral, or strongly alkaline media, and solute stripping can be accomplished by eluting with water. ABEC resins are stable to pH extreme and radiolysis and operate in high ionic strength and/or alkaline solutions where anion-exchange is often ineffective. Potential applications of the ABEC materials include heavy metal and ReO 4 - separations in hydrometallurgy and purification of perrhenate iodide, and iodate in radiopharmaceutical production. Separation of 99m TcO 4 - from its 99 MoO 4 2- parent and stripping with water or physiological saline solution have been demonstrated for radiopharmaceutical applications. Removal of 99 TcO 4 - and 129 I - from alkaline tank wastes has also been successfully demonstrated. The authors will discuss the scale-up studies, process-scale testing, and market development of this new extraction material

  4. Radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Komarek, P; Chalabala, M [Institut pro Dalsi Vzdelavani Lekaru a Farmaceutu, Prague (Czechoslovakia)

    1982-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals used for diagnosing ischemic heart disease in the experimental and clinical practice are reviewed. The mechanism of their retention by the heart muscle is briefly described. The respective radiopharmaceuticals are divided into preparations imaging disorders in the blood supply of the cardiac muscle, diagnosing the myocardial infarction, and evaluating the contractility of the heart.

  5. Synthetic techniques of radiopharmaceuticals production labeled with C-11 for PET in cardiology

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dyubkov, V. S.; Ekaeva, I. V.; Katunina, T. A.; Rumyantsev, A. S.; Silchenkov, A. V.; Tuflina, T. V.

    2017-01-01

    Positron emission tomography (PET) and PET-Computerised Tomography (CT) are unique, non-invasive diagnostic techniques, in which the local, temporal and quantitative distributions of radioactive labelled substances are measured to investigate physiological processes. It is well known that PET centre of Bakulev Scientific Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery is the oldest one in Moscow. During more than fifteen years a large number of patients have received PET scans. Due to main stream of Scientific Centre, emphasis is placed on examining the heart functioning. For the diagnosis innervation of the heart muscle a number of radiopharmaceuticals are used, including PET radiopharmaceuticals such as 11C-CGP 12177, 11C-meta-hydroxyephedrine as well as its synthetic analogues labelled with other PET radionuclides (18F, 68Ga). 11C-meta-hydroxyephedrine is one of the most perspective radiopharmaceutical for an investigation of cardiac receptors function due to required materials availability for a radio synthesis in Russia. The main advantage of proposed 11C-meta-hydroxyephedrine synthesis technique is the use of a catalyst which allows one decrease reaction time from 5 minutes to 30 seconds. Obtained results allow one decrease reaction time of methylation and increase radiochemical and technological yields.

  6. Development of more efficacious Tc-99m organ imaging agents for use in nuclear medicine by analytical characterization of radiopharmaceutical mixtures

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Heineman, W.R.

    1991-04-01

    Capillary electrophoresis is being evaluated as a separation technique for analyzing Tc and Re diphosphonate radiopharmaceuticals. Advantages compared with currently used HPLC techniques include greater resolving power, smaller sample size and more rapid separations. Feasibility has been demonstrated with electropherograms obtained on a Re-HEDP sample. The Tc-PAA complexes in a radiopharmaceutical mixture were found to be unaffected by injection into a Sprague Dawley rat. This was determined by HPLC analysis of the rat's urine, which contained the same complexes as were in the injected sample. Proton NMR spectra have been obtained for samples of Tc-MDP and Re-MDP in order to provide structural information about these complexes. An in vivo sensor is being developed for a brain perfusion agent. Polymer coatings are being explored to extract the brain perfusion agent in order to enhance sensitivity for a microelectrode-based sensor. 4 refs., 2 figs

  7. Production of the radiopharmaceuticals labelling albumin nano-colloid with 99mTc for scintiscanning studies of the lymphatic system and bone marrow

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gonzalez Alvarado, Alba Evelia

    1997-01-01

    The objective of the present work was to carried out the production in Guatemala, of a new radiopharmaceutical in the General Direction of Nuclear Energy for the detection of the cancer, as well as its implementation, the quality control by means of the radiochemical purity, the microbiology control and organoleptic quality , to evaluate the biodistribution in rats and to check its stability. The work was carried out formulating the pharmaco albumin Nano-colloid, then it was labelled with 99m Tc, the radiochemical purity was evaluated, measuring the disintegrations in minutes of the 99m Tc in an scintillation counter type well, being determined the percentage of union from the 99m Tc to the nanocolloid, with a purity bigger than 90%

  8. Development of more efficacious Tc-99m organ imaging agents for use in nuclear medicine by analytical characterization of radiopharmaceutical mixtures. Progress report, May 1, 1982-April 30, 1983

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Heineman, W.R.; Deutsch, E.A.

    1982-11-01

    A procedure based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for separating individual Tc-diphosphonate complexes in skeletal-imaging radiopharmaceuticals prepared by reduction of TcO 4 - with NaBH 4 in the presence of methylene diphosphonate (MDP). Seven different Tc-MDP complexes have been detected and isolated in pure form. Significant differences in skeletal uptake and blood clearance are exhibited by the three complexes tested thus far by biodistribution studies in test animals. The relative quantities of these complexes present in a radiopharmaceutical preparation are dramatically influenced by the pH of the reaction mixture. Thus, control of pH is a simple means of forming in high yield the single, most efficacious Tc-MDP complex for skeletal imaginG. An HPLC method with electrochemical detection has been developed for the analytical determination of total TcO 4 - (/sup 99m/Tc + 99 Tc). Concentrations of TcO 4 - as low as 9 x 10 -9 M can be detected. The method is being evaluated for monitoring total TcO 4 - in 99 Mo//sup 99m/Tc generators

  9. Use of radiopharmaceuticals in Finland in 1997

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Korpela, H.

    1999-02-01

    A survey on the use of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostics and therapy has been made by STUK Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland. In 1997 the number of nuclear medicine examinations was 51 700 and that of the therapeutic treatments was 2 240. In 1994 the number of nuclear medicine examinations was 50 900 and that of therapeutic treatments was 2 150. The collective effective dose to the patients was 207 manSv and the mean effective dose to the population was 0.04 mSv per person. In 1994 the collective effective dose was 220 manSv. The numbers of nuclear medicine examinations and of therapeutic treatments have not changed much when compared to those in 1994. The collective effective dose has decreased. The main reason for that is the decreased use of the radionuclide 131 I. (orig.)

  10. [99m Tc (CNCH2COO-)6]-5: preliminary evaluation as tracer for studies of renal function

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Verdera, E.S.; Lopes L, J.J.; Balter, H.; Leon, E.; Oliver, P.; Tagle, R.

    1992-01-01

    The preliminary results for obtaining [ 99m Tc (CNCH 2 COO - )6] -5 are described. This complex is prepared by chemical hydrolysis of resultant molecule from carboethoxi methyl isonitrile labelling with Na 99m Tc O 4 and the yield of these reactions is determined by RP-HPLC. The radiopharmaceutical behaviour in dogs are made, confirming the attributes of [ 99m Tc (CNCH 2 COO - )6] 5 as radiodiagnosis for renal function studies. (C.G.C.)

  11. Fast and repetitive in-capillary production of [18F]FDG.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wester, Hans-Jürgen; Schoultz, Bent Wilhelm; Hultsch, Christina; Henriksen, Gjermund

    2009-04-01

    The increasing demand for radiopharmaceuticals to be provided reproducibly and flexibly with high frequency for clinical application and animal imaging would be better met by improved or even new strategies for automated tracer production. Radiosynthesis in microfluidic systems, i.e. narrow tubing with a diameter of approximately 50-500 microm, holds promise for providing the means for repetitive multidose and multitracer production. In this study, the performance of a conceptually simple microfluidic device integrated into a fully automated synthesis procedure for in-capillary radiosynthesis (ICR) of clinical grade [(18)F]FDG was evaluated. The instrumental set-up consisted of pumps for reagent and solvent delivery into small mixing chambers, micro-fluidic capillaries, in-process radioactivity monitoring, solid-phase extraction and on-column deprotection of the (18)F-labelled intermediate followed by on-line formulation of [(18)F]FDG. In-capillary(18)F-fluorination of 2.1 micromol 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-O-trifluoromethanesulphonyl-beta-D-mannopyranose (TATM; precursor for [(18)F]FDG) in acetonitrile (MeCN) at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min within 40 s and subsequent on-line hydrolysis of the intermediate by treatment with 0.3 M NaOH for 1 min at 40 degrees C resulted in a radiochemical yield of 88 +/- 4% within 97%, MeCN <5 microg/ml) and similar absolute yields (approximately 1.4 GBq). The described ICR process is a simple and efficient alternative to classic radiotracer production systems and provides a comparatively cheap instrumental methodology for the repetitive production of [(18)F]FDG with remarkably high efficiency and high yield under fully automated conditions. Although the results concerning the levels of activity need to be confirmed after installation of the equipment in a suitable GMP hot-cell environment, we expect the instrumental design to allow up-scaling without major difficulties or fundamental restrictions. Furthermore, we are convinced that

  12. Polarographic determination of Sn (II) and total Sn in PYRO and MDP radiopharmaceutical kits

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sebastian, Maria V.A.; Lugon, Marcelo Di M.V.; Silva, Jose L. da; Fukumori, Neuza T.O.; Pereira, Nilda P.S. de; Silva, Constancia P.G. da; Matsuda, Margareth M.N.

    2007-01-01

    A sensitive, alternative method to atom absorption spectrometry, fluorimetry or potentiometry for the evaluation of tin(II) ions (0.1- 10 mg) and total tin in radiopharmaceutical kits was investigated. Differential pulse polarography was chosen. The supporting electrolyte was H 2 SO 4 3 mol L -1 and HCl 3 mol L -1 solution. The potential was swept from -250 to -800 mV vs Ag/AgCl/saturated KCl, using a dropping mercury electrode with 1 s drop time, 50 mV s -1 scan rate, -50 mV pulse amplitude, 40 ms pulse time and 10 mV step amplitude. Pure nitrogen was used to deaerate the polarographic cell solution for 5 min, before and after each sample introduction. Oxidation of Sn(II) was made in the same sample vial by adding H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide) 10 mol L -1 , at 37 deg C, in order to quantify the total Sn. The calibration curve for Sn(II) and Sn(IV) was obtained in the concentration range of 0-10 ppm from a 1000 ppm standard solution. The detection limit of Sn(II) is 0.5 ppm and for Sn(IV) is 0.6 ppm. Differential pulse polarography was performed in the pyrophosphate (PYRO) and methylenediphosphonic acid (MDP) radiopharmaceutical kits, containing 2 mg and 1 mg of SnCl 2 .2H 2 O per vial, respectively. The described method for determination of stannous ion (Sn(II)), is selective, reproducible and adequate to be used in the quality control of lyophilized reagents and it shall be performed for other cold kits produced at IPEN. (author)

  13. A study on bacterial endotoxins test of radiopharmaceuticals with limulus agent

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Suozhen, Bai; Kai, Luyu; Cheng, Luo [Academia Sinica, Beijing, BJ (China). Inst. of Atomic Energy; Ruiting, Zhang; Zhenmin, Xia [National Inst. for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (China)

    1989-08-01

    The feasibility of endotoxins test of radiopharmaceuticals with limulus agent and the approach to take off the inhibition/enhancement effect of radiopharmaceuticals on limulus agent have been studied. Results of the test for 8 radiopharmaceuticals have been given.

  14. Synthesis, analysis, purification and biodistribution in an animal model of radiopharmaceutical 177Lu3+ -dotatato for diagnostic and therapeutic use in neuroendocrine tumors

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Caldeira Filho, Jose de Souza

    2009-01-01

    The aim of this work was to propose rationalization in the synthesis, analysis and purification of radiopharmaceutical 177 Lu 3+ - DOTATATO for diagnostic and therapeutic use in neuroendocrine tumors, as well as for evaluation g biodistribution of this radiopharmaceutical an animal-mode. The complexation reaction for the synthesis of radiopharmaceutical was carried out in ammonium acetate buffer 0.5 M, p H 7.0, for 30 minutes at 95 deg C. The radiochemical purity was > 95%, according to analysis by chromatography in ITLC-SG, when using the sodium citrate buffer 0,1 M, p H 5.0, as the mobile phase. The molar-limit ratio 177 Lu 3+ :DOTATATO, in ammonium acetate buffer 0.5 M, p H 7.0, for 30 minutes at 95 deg C, was dependent on the specific activity and origin of the radioisotope, this being 1:3.5 (370 MBq : 26μg) for that from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory /USA, and 1:16 (370 MBq: 11.8 μg) for that from Nuclear Analytical and Medical Services/Holland, when considering a decay of five days from the production date of te radioisotopes. This rationalization in the synthesis of radiopharmaceutical 177 Lu 3+ - DOTATATO permits high economy in production costs. Chemical studies on the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals also placed in evidence the interference of 177 Hf 4+ , the decay product of 177 Lu 3= , as the 177 Lu 3= competitor for DOTATATO. Radiopharmaceutical preparation proved to be stable during 24 hours, at an activity rate of 2775 MBq, with the addition of 0.6 mg/mL of gentisic acid and when kept in dry ice. In biodistribution studies on Swiss and Nuce mice, the specificity of radiopharmaceutical for somatostatin positive-receptor tissues, such as the pancreas, stomach, lungs, adrenal glands, kidneys and the cell tumor AR42J was demonstrated. (author)

  15. Formulation of an inhibitor radiopharmaceutical of prostatic antigen of 177Lu-Glu-Nh-CO-Nh-Lys membrane

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ortega S, D.

    2015-01-01

    The prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a zinc metalloenzyme that is expressed on the cell membrane and highly expressed in prostate cancer. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the peptide sequence Glu-Nh-CO-Nh-Lys inhibit PSMA activity through an electrostatic interaction with the Zn. Several theragnostic radiopharmaceuticals with base in 177 Lu have been developed for radiotherapy of specific molecular targets because gamma and beta emissions of the radionuclide (β = 0.498 MeV and γ= 0.133 MeV). However, there is currently no label a formulation for preparing a radiopharmaceutical of 177 Lu-Glu-Nh-CO-Nh-Lys useful treatment of prostate cancer. The aim of this research was to optimize and document the process of production of the radiopharmaceutical 177 Lu-Glu-Nh-CO-Nh-Lys for sanitary registration application before the Comision Federal para la Proteccion contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS). The optimization of the production process was assessed a factorial design of three variables with mixed levels (3 x 3 x 2) where the dependent variable is the radiochemical purity, the analytical method was validated by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Next, process validation was carried out by labeling 3 lots of the optimized formulation of the radiopharmaceutical (5.55 GBq (2.16 μg) of 177 LuCl 3 , 90 mg peptide PSMA, 50 mg ascorbic acid and 150 μL of acetate buffer 1 M ph 5), long-term stability was performed by high resolution liquid chromatography) to determine its useful shelf life. 3 validation batches were prepared under protocols of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in the Production Plant of Radiopharmaceuticals of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), meet specifications preset by obtaining a sterile and free development of bacterial endotoxin yields of labeled 100% and which retains its quality characteristics radiochemical purity greater than 90% for at least 15 days. (Author)

  16. Melanin-binding radiopharmaceuticals

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Packer, S.; Fairchild, R.G.; Watts, K.P.; Greenberg, D.; Hannon, S.J.

    1980-01-01

    The scope of this paper is limited to an analysis of the factors that are important to the relationship of radiopharmaceuticals to melanin. While the authors do not attempt to deal with differences between melanin-binding vs. melanoma-binding, a notable variance is assumed

  17. Gallium and copper radiopharmaceutical chemistry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Green, M.A.

    1991-01-01

    Gallium and copper radionuclides have a long history of use in nuclear medicine. Table 1 presents the nuclear properties of several gallium and copper isotopes that either are used in the routine practice of clinical nuclear medicine or exhibit particular characteristics that might make them useful in diagnostic or therapeutic medicine. This paper will provide some historic perspective along with an overview of some current research directions in gallium and copper radiopharmaceutical chemistry. A more extensive review of gallium radiopharmaceutical chemistry has recently appeared and can be consulted for a more in-depth treatment of this topic

  18. Metabolic radiopharmaceutical therapy in nuclear medicine

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Reguera, L.; Lozano, M. L.; Alonso, J. C.

    2016-01-01

    In 1986 the National Board of Medical Specialties defined the specialty of nuclear medicine as a medical specialty that uses radioisotopes for prevention, diagnosis, therapy and medical research. Nowadays, treatment with radiopharmaceuticals has reached a major importance within of nuclear medicine. The ability to treat tumors with radiopharmaceutical, Radiation selective therapy has become a first line alternative. In this paper, the current situation of the different therapies that are sued in nuclear medicine, is reviewed. (Author)

  19. Tc: chemistry and radiopharmaceuticals: a prospectus

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tulip, T.H.

    1987-01-01

    The recent explosion in technetium chemistry evident in this symposium promises to continue unabated. As in the past, radiopharmaceutical applications will lead to new Tc chemistry. In this lecture the author will discuss those areas which appear most fertile based on chemical and radiopharmaceutical criteria. Among these will be new organometallic Tc chemistry (e.g., Tc(CNR) 6 cations), Tc complexes as metabolic tracers (e.g., Tc-analogs to FDG), and peptide-based Tc chelators (e.g., Tc-metallothionein)

  20. Preparation of clinical-scale 99Mo/99mTc column generator using neutron activated low specific activity 99Mo and nanocrystalline γ-Al2O3 as column matrix.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chakravarty, Rubel; Ram, Ramu; Dash, Ashutosh; Pillai, M R A

    2012-10-01

    Preparation of clinical-scale (99)Mo/(99m)Tc generator using (n,γ) activated low specific activity (99)Mo and nanocrystalline γ-Al(2)O(3) as a high capacity sorbent matrix is attempted. Nanocrystalline γ-Al(2)O(3) was synthesized by 'solid state mechanochemical' reaction of aluminum nitrate with ammonium bicarbonate. Experimental parameters were optimized to effectively separate (99m)Tc from (99)Mo using this sorbent as the column matrix. The performance features of a 13 GBq (350 mCi) (99)Mo/(99m)Tc generator using this sorbent and (99)Mo produced by (n,γ) route having specific activity 12.9-18.5 GBq/g were evaluated for 10 days. The sorbent possessed the requisite selectivity for (99)Mo and demonstrated a maximum sorption capacity of 200 ± 5mg Mo/g, which is ~10 times higher than that of ordinary acidic alumina. The overall yield of (99m)Tc was >80%, with radionuclidic purity >99.99% and radiochemical purity >99%. The yield of (99m)Tc varied from 7.8 to 2.1 GBq in the eluate for the six days of operation of the generator. The radioactive concentration of (99m)Tc eluted was adequate for the formulation of radiopharmaceuticals. The performance of the generator remained consistent over an extended period of 10 days. The eluted (99m)Tc was suitable for the formulation of (99m)Tc-DMSA and (99m)Tc-EC resulting in high radiolabeling yields (>98%). The effectiveness of γ-Al(2)O(3) as a new generation sorbent in the development of clinically useful (99)Mo/(99m)Tc generator using low specific activity (99)Mo and yielding (99m)Tc with adequate radioactive concentration and high purity suitable for formulation of radiopharmaceuticals is demonstrated. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  1. Multi-disciplinary collaboration in radiopharmaceutical chemistry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nozaki, Tadashi

    1989-01-01

    Various possibilities often exist in each step of radiopharmaceutical preparation, and multi-disciplinary knowledge and collaboration are necessary for improved choice of the preparation conditions. In the radionuclide production step, proton bombardment of a separated nuclide target usually exceeds other bombardments of natural targets. Isotope separation by laser-chemical method is expected to soon offer several enriched nuclides useful as the target in enough amount and moderate price. The design and preparation of radiopharmaceuticals will be directly influenced by further progress of enzymology and immunology. Nondestructive, continuous observation of chemical changes in vivo is a longing of radiochemists, and may be realized gradually through elaborate examination of chemical effects in Mossbauer absorption, γ-γ angular correlation, EC X-ray properties, and positron annihilation. Present knowledge and techniques in radiopharmaceutical chemistry, on the other hand, can be utilized effectively in other fields of life sciences

  2. 42 CFR 433.67 - Limitations on level of FFP for permissible provider-related donations.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... provider-related donations. 433.67 Section 433.67 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES... permissible provider-related donations. (a)(1) Limitations on bona fide donations. There are no limitations on the amount of bona fide provider-related donations that a State may receive without a reduction in FFP...

  3. The progress on researching method and metabolism of positron radiopharmaceutical

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gan Hongmei; Qiao Jinping; Kong Aiying; Zhu Lin

    2010-01-01

    Positron radiopharmaceuticals are mainly used for PET studies, which are used in the field of nuclear medicine as tracers in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. They have important position and function in the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Metabolism or biotransformation will happen when PET radio-pharmaceuticals enter into the body. Understanding the metabolic fate of radiopharmaceutical probes is essential for an accurate analysis and interpretation of positron emission tomography imaging. The recent research progress on PET radiopharmaceuticals metabolism was reviewed in this paper, including the metabolism characteristics, research methods, analytical techniques and so on. (authors)

  4. Evaluation of quality control of radiopharmaceuticals in Nuclear Medicine service

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tavares, Jamille A. Lopes; Lira, Renata F. de; Santos, Marcus Aurelio P. dos

    2014-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals are a type of pharmaceutical preparation associated with radionuclides with purpose of diagnosis and therapy. Nuclear Medicine Services (NMS) should perform quality control of radiopharmaceuticals according to the recommendations of the manufacturer and scientific evidences accepted by the National Agency Sanitary Surveillance ( Brazilian ANVISA). This study evaluated the quality of the main radiopharmaceuticals in a NMS of the state of Pernambuco in relation to pH and radiochemical purity. The results showed that 96.8% of the radiopharmaceuticals showed radiochemical purity and all pH values were within the range recommended by the American pharmacopoeia. The study found that the quality control when inserted into the NMS, provides important data that allows exclusion of radiopharmaceuticals with low radiochemistry purity, favoring a reliable diagnosis and ensuring good radiation protection practices and biosecurity for patient and occupationally exposed individuals

  5. Analytics of radiochmical impurities in radiopharmaceutics. Pt. 4

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Heide, L.; Stamm, A.; Boegl, W.

    1981-01-01

    The radiopharmaceutics have been compiled in the present volume in the form of a medicament encyclopaedia. The term radiopharmaceutic has been very broadly covered so that one can find pharmaceutics which are applied in clinical routine as well as for veterinary tests or are being or have been tested. Preparates for radio-immuno assays are also recorded. All analysis methods are considered even if these only slightly differ from one another. Methods described in the literature are given which have resulted in a bad or no separation of the radiopharmaceutics from the impurities. (orig./MG) [de

  6. The production of cyclotron radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals at the national accelerator centre in South Africa

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Walt, T.N. van der

    1998-01-01

    Accelerator radioisotopes have been manufactured in South Africa since 1965 with the 30 MeV cyclotron at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Pretoria. After its closure in 1988, the radioisotope production programme was continued at the National Accelerator Centre (NAC) with the 200 MeV separated sector cyclotron (SCC) utilizing the 66 MeV proton beam, which is shared with the neutron therapy programme during part of the week. A variety of radiopharmaceuticals, such as 18 F-FDG, 67 Ga-citrate, a 67 Ga-labelled resin. 111 In-chloride, 111 In-oxine and 111 In-labelled resin. 123 I-sodium iodide and 123 I-labelled compounds, 201 Tl-chloride, as well as the 81 Rb/ 81m Kr gas generator, are prepared for use in the nuclear medicine departments of 12 State hospitals and about 28 private nuclear medicine clinics in South Africa. A few longer-lived radioisotopes, such as 22 Na, 55 Fe and 139 Ce, are also produced for research or industrial use. A research and development programme is running to develop new production procedures to produce radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals, or to improve existing production procedures. As part of a programme to utilize the beam time optimally, the production of some other radioisotopes is investigated. (author)

  7. The application of the 'ten-day rule' in radiopharmaceutical investigations

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ellis, R.E.; Nordin, B.E.C.; Tothill, P.; Veall, N.

    1977-01-01

    The working party first classified subjects who are investigated using radiopharmaceuticals into three groups, being (a) patients and other subjects who are asked to volunteer as controls for research studies, (b) patients on whom research investigations are being conducted which are relevant to their clinical condition but which are not strictly necessary for their management, and (c) patients on whom investigations are required for their proper management. The application of the 'ten-day rule' in relation to the use of radiopharmaceuticals is complicated by the fact that the total radiation dose is received over a time given by the effective life of the radiopharmaceutical in the organ, which may be a substantial part or even longer of the menstrual cycle. The activities of the radiopharmaceuticals normally administered are tabulted together with their effective half-lives and resulting gonad doses, and those radiopharmaceuticals requiring consideration of the implementation of the 'ten-day rule' for patients in groups (b) and (c) are identified. When the administration of therapeutic quantities of radiopharmaceuticals is being contemplated it is particularly important to take into account the applicability or otherwise of the 'ten-day rule'. It is recommended that the 'ten-day rule' should be strictly applied to all radiopharmaceutical administrations to women of child-bearing age who are volunteers for research purposes (group(a)). (U.K.)

  8. A 2.5-Gb/s fully-integrated, low-power clock and recovery circuit in 0.18-{mu}m CMOS

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zhang Changchun; Wang Zhigong; Shi Si; Guo Yufeng, E-mail: zgwang@seu.edu.c [Institute of RF- and OE-ICs, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096 (China)

    2010-03-15

    Based on the devised system-level design methodology, a 2.5-Gb/s monolithic bang-bang phase-locked clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit has been designed and fabricated in SMIC's 0.18-{mu}m CMOS technology. The Pottbaecker phase frequency detector and a differential 4-stage inductorless ring VCO are adopted, where an additional current source is added to the VCO cell to improve the linearity of the VCO characteristic. The CDR has an active area of 340 x 440 {mu}m{sup 2}, and consumes apower of only about 60 mW from a 1.8 V supply voltage, with an input sensitivity of less than 25 mV, and an output single-ended swing of more than 300 mV It has a pull-in range of 800 MHz, and a phase noise of -111.54 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset. The CDR works reliably at any input data rate between 1.8 Gb/s and 2.6 Gb/s without any need for reference clock, off-chip tuning, or external components. (semiconductor integrated circuits)

  9. Neutral and stereospecific Tc-99m complexes: [99mTc]N-benzyl-3,4-di-(N-2-mercaptoethyl)-amino-pyrrolidines (P-BAT)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhuang Zhiping; Ploessl, Karl; Kung Meiping; Mu Mu; Kung, Hank F.

    1999-01-01

    Technetium-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals are currently the most commonly used agents in nuclear medicine. To prepare binding site-specific small molecules containing a Tc-99m complexing core, it is important to consider a ligand system, which selectively forms only one stereoisomer. A novel series of bisaminoethanethiol (BAT) derivatives as a model system were prepared. Stereoisomers of N-benzyl-3,4-di-(N-2-mercaptoethyl)-amino pyrrolidines (P-BAT): (3R,4R)-P-BAT (R,R-4) and (3,4)meso-P-BAT (8), the trans and meso isomer, respectively, as a chelating group were prepared successfully. The desired Tc-99m P-BAT complexes were obtained by using Sn(II)/glucoheptonate as the reducing agent for [ 99m Tc]pertechnetate. As predicted, after complexation with [ 99m Tc]Tc v O, the trans isomer, (3R,4R)-P-BAT (R,R-4), showed only one isomer; whereas the corresponding meso isomer, (3,4)meso-P-BAT (8), produced two distinctive complexes isolated readily by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The [ 99m Tc](R,S)meso-P-BAT (8) isomers showed a different lipophilicity (partition coefficient [P.C.]=54.3 and 55.4 for peak A and peak B, respectively), as compared with that of the corresponding [ 99m Tc](3R,4R)-P-BAT (R,R-4), trans isomer ( P.C.=163). Results of the biodistribution study in rats of these isomers show different heart and brain uptake, suggesting that the intrinsic differences in biodistribution are due to structural and stereospecific factors. Examples in this report confirm that it is possible to design stereospecific Tc-99m complexes based on the bisaminoethanethiol (N 2 S 2 , BAT) ligand system. Consideration on stereoselectivity of site-specific agents labeled with Tc-99m is likely an essential requirement on developing binding-site specific radiopharmaceuticals

  10. Infection imaging with radiopharmaceuticals in the 21st century

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Das, Satya S.; Wareham, David W. [St. Bartholomew' s Hospital, London (United Kingdom). Dept. of Medical Microbiology; Britton, Keith E. [St. Bartholomew' s Hospital, London (United Kingdom). Dept. of Nuclear Medicine; Hall, Anne V. [Harefield Hospital, Middlesex (United Kingdom). Microbiology Dept.

    2002-09-01

    Infection continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nuclear medicine has an important role in aiding the diagnosis of particularly deep-seated infections such as abscesses, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, and infections of prosthetic devices. Established techniques such as radiolabelled leucocytes are sensitive and specific for inflammation but do not distinguish between infective and non-infective inflammation. The challenge for Nuclear Medicine in infection imaging in the 21st century is to build on the recent trend towards the development of more infection specific radiopharmaceuticals, such as radiolabelled anti-infectives (e.g. 99 m Tc ciprofloxacin). In addition to aiding early diagnosis of infection, through serial imaging these agents might prove very useful in monitoring the response to and determining the optimum duration of anti-infective therapy. This article reviews the current approach to infection imaging with radiopharmaceuticals nd the future direction it might take. (author)

  11. Infection imaging with radiopharmaceuticals in the 21st century

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Das, Satya S.; Wareham, David W.; Britton, Keith E.; Hall, Anne V.

    2002-01-01

    Infection continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nuclear medicine has an important role in aiding the diagnosis of particularly deep-seated infections such as abscesses, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, and infections of prosthetic devices. Established techniques such as radiolabelled leucocytes are sensitive and specific for inflammation but do not distinguish between infective and non-infective inflammation. The challenge for Nuclear Medicine in infection imaging in the 21st century is to build on the recent trend towards the development of more infection specific radiopharmaceuticals, such as radiolabelled anti-infectives (e.g. 99 m Tc ciprofloxacin). In addition to aiding early diagnosis of infection, through serial imaging these agents might prove very useful in monitoring the response to and determining the optimum duration of anti-infective therapy. This article reviews the current approach to infection imaging with radiopharmaceuticals nd the future direction it might take. (author)

  12. In vivo quantification of {sup 18}F-Fdg uptake in human placenta during early pregnancy

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zanotti-Fregonara, P.; Jan, S.; Trebossen, R.; Maroy, R. [CEA, DSV, I2BM, SHFJ, F-91401 Orsay (France); Champion, C. [Univ Paul Verlaine Metz, Lab Phys Mol et Collis, Inst Phys, Metz (France); Hindie, E. [Hop St Antoine, AP-HP, F-75571 Paris (France); Hindie, E. [Univ Paris 07, IMDCT, IUH, Ecole Doctorale B2T, F-75221 Paris (France)

    2008-07-01

    {sup 18}F-FDG is the most widely used PET radiopharmaceutical. Nevertheless, no data for {sup 18}F-FDG uptake in the human placenta have been reported. We recently reported on embryo dosimetry in a woman who underwent an {sup 18}F-FDG PET/CT scan during early pregnancy. In the present work we attempt an in vivo quantification of the {sup 18}F-FDG uptake by the placenta. The 27-y-old woman received 320 MBq of {sup 18}F-FDG for a follow-up study for Hodgkin's lymphoma and was later discovered to be pregnant (embryo age 8 wk). Imaging started 1 h after injection. The maximum placental tissue uptake (SUVmax) was 2.5. This value was conservatively attributed to the entire placental volume, i.e., 45 mL, a value representative of the average dimensions of a normal placenta at 8 wk. On the basis of these measurements, placenta {sup 18}F-FDG uptake in our patient was 0.19% of the injected activity. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to derive the photon dose to the embryo from the placenta (0.022 * 10{sup -2} mGy per MBq of injected {sup 18}F-FDG) and from the surrounding amniotic fluid (0.017 * 10{sup -2} mGy MBq{sup -1}). This increases our previously calculated dose (3.3 * 10{sup -2} mGy MBq{sup -1}) by only a small fraction (1.18%), which does not justify modifying the previous estimate given the overall uncertainties. (authors)

  13. Testing the radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals: application to {sup 99m}Tc-HMPAO; Controle de la purete radiochimique des radiopharmaceutiques: application au {sup 99m}Tc-HMPAO

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ait Ben Ali, S.; Darsin, D.; Rizzo, N.; Lours, S.; De Beco, V.; Dumont, A.; Goudou-Sinha, C.; Izembart, M.; Jourdain, J.R.; Lemercier, V.; Linsker, S.; Moati, F.; Piketty, M.L.; Schlageter, M.H.; Moretti, J.L. [Groupe de travail `Radiopharmaceutique - Ile de France` (France)

    1997-12-31

    The low stability of {sup 99m}Tc-HMPAO imposes to carry out the quality testing within the 15 minutes following the preparation. This study has the aim of comparing different methods of radiochemical purity determination (RP) of this radiopharmaceutical in order to validate a fast, reproducible, feasible technique, capable of separating the primary lipophilic {sup 99m}Tc-HMPAO (I) of impurities: hydrophilic secondary complex (II), TcO{sub 4}{sup -}, reduced and halyards Tc. The reference technique associating two thin-layer chromatographies (TLC), `C1` and `C2`, has been compared with a TLC `W` technique and with liquid-liquid extraction `E` technique: C1 - stationary phase, ITLC Silica gel/mobile phase, Butanone-2; C2 - stationary phase, ITLC Silica gel/mobile phase, 0.9% NaCl; W - stationary phase, Papier Whatman n{sup o} 1/mobile phase, Ether; E - extraction with ethyls acetate /0.9% NaCl (1/1 v/v). The `C1` chromatography allows isolating the reduced Tc and the complex II, the `C2` chromatography does the same with TcO{sub 4}{sup -} but it requires too long techniques (20 min.). The `W` and `E` techniques are rapid, reproducible and allow to separate the complex I from the other impurities without discrimination. However, as their results depend upon the deposited quantity of sampling, an optimization and standardization of the techniques are necessary. A forth technique by chromatography on Sep-Pak column is to be evaluated

  14. 42 CFR 441.16 - Home health agency requirements for surety bonds; Prohibition on FFP.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... surety bonds; Prohibition on FFP. (a) Definitions. As used in this section, unless the context indicates... to furnish timely confirmation of the issuance of, and the validity and accuracy of information... to the face amount of the bond; or (iii) For other good cause. (3) The Medicaid agency must specify...

  15. Assessment of Cu-ETS as a PET radiopharmaceutical for evaluation of regional renal perfusion

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Green, Mark A.; Mathias, Carla J.; Willis, Lynn R.; Handa, Rajash K.; Lacy, Jeffrey L.; Miller, Michael A.; Hutchins, Gary D.

    2007-01-01

    The copper(II) complex of ethylglyoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ETS) was evaluated as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceutical for assessment of regional renal perfusion. Methods: The concordance of renal flow estimates obtained with 11- and 15-μm microspheres was confirmed in four immature farm pigs using co-injected 46 Sc- and 57 Co-microspheres administered into the left ventricle. With the use of both immature farm pigs (n=3) and mature Goettingen minipigs (n=6), regional renal radiocopper uptake following intravenous [ 64 Cu]Cu-ETS administration was compared to microsphere measurements of renal perfusion. The distribution and kinetics of [ 64 Cu]Cu-ETS were further studied by PET imaging of the kidneys. The rate of [ 64 Cu]Cu-ETS decomposition by blood was evaluated in vitro, employing octanol extraction to recover intact [ 64 Cu]Cu-ETS. Results: The co-injected 11- and 15-μm microspheres provided similar estimates of renal flow. A linear relationship was observed between the renal uptake of intravenous [ 64 Cu]Cu-ETS and regional renal perfusion measured using microspheres. [ 64 Cu]Cu-ETS provided high-quality PET kidney images demonstrating the expected count gradient from high-flow outer cortex to low-flow medulla. When incubated with pig blood in vitro at 37 o C, the [ 64 Cu]Cu-ETS radiopharmaceutical was observed to decompose with a half-time of 2.8 min. Conclusion: Cu-ETS appears suitable for use as a PET radiopharmaceutical for evaluation of regional renal perfusion, affording renal uptake of radiocopper that varies linearly with microsphere perfusion measurements. Quantification of renal perfusion (in ml min -1 g -1 ) with [ 60,61,62,64 Cu]Cu-ETS will require correcting the arterial input function for the fraction of blood radiocopper remaining present as the intact Cu-ETS radiopharmaceutical, since the Cu-ETS chelate has limited chemical stability in blood. Rapid octanol extraction of blood samples appears suitable as an approach

  16. Comparison of detectable bleeding rates of radiopharmaceuticals for localization of gastrointestinal bleeding in sheep using a closed system

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Owunwanne, A.; Sadek, S.; Yacoub, T.; Awdeh, M.; Abdel-Dayem, H.M.; Al-Wafai, I.; Vallgren, S.

    1989-01-01

    The closed experimental animal model system was used to compare the detectable gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding rates of 99m Tc-DTPA, 99m Tc-RBCs and 99m Tc tin colloid in sheep. The three radiopharmaceuticals were used to detect the upper GI bleeding sites at rates of 0.57 and 0.25 ml/min. At the lower bleeding rate of 0.1 ml/min, both 99m Tc-DTPA and 99m Tc-RBCs were successful in detecting the bleeding site. At the lowest rate of 0.07 ml/min only 99m Tc-DTPA was successful in detecting the bleeding site. The results indicate that 99m Tc-DTPA is the most useful 99m Tc radiopharmaceutical for detecting the upper GI bleeding site at the slowest bleeding rate studied. (orig.) [de

  17. Legal aspects of the production and application of radiopharmaceuticals in Germany

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kuwert, T.; Prante, O.; Meyer, G.

    2009-01-01

    This article deals with the regulation of the production and use of radiopharmaceuticals in Germany. As in other countries, radiopharmaceuticals may be used when licensed by the German equivalent of the Federal Drug Agency or in clinical trials. Furthermore, non-licensed radiopharmaceuticals can be administered to patients for diagnosis when they are produced in the same institution and not more than 20 doses per week and radiopharmaceutical are given. A prerequisite for these three ways of use is the production of the radiopharmaceutical in question according to the guidelines of the good manufacturing practice (GMP) which creates considerable problems for the usually small PET centers installed in the German university hospitals. German law offers a further possibility to apply non-licensed radiopharmaceuticals for clinical purposes: their administration to patients is not forbidden when performed by a physician who produces the substance himself or is at least responsible for its synthesis. This regulation has, however, been met with criticism by government agencies. (orig.)

  18. Comparative analysis of 99mTc-depreotide and 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC thorax scintigrams acquired for the purpose of differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Plachcinska, A.; Kusmierek, J.; Mikolajczak, R.; Kozak, J.; Rzeszutek, K.

    2006-01-01

    Aiming at comparison of diagnostic efficacy of 2 radiopharmaceuticals: 99m Tc-depreotide (Neospect, Amersham) and 99m Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-Tyr3-octreotide (Tektrotyd, Polatom), in differentiation between malignant and benign etiology of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs), radionuclide studies with 2 radiotracers were performed in 18 patients. For both radiopharmaceuticals the same acquisition and processing protocols were applied. Studies were acquired with SPECT technique, after administration of 740 MBq of activity. Scintigrams were assessed visually, as: positive (+), equivocal (±) and negative (-). Additionally, uptake intensity of both radiotracers in nodules was assessed semiquantitatively, using a tumour-to-background ratio. Verification of scintigraphic results was based in 14 cases upon a pathological examination of tumour samples (histopathology) and in the remaining 4 - on clinical observation and bacteriological studies. Normal scintigrams obtained with both diopharmaceuticals differed significantly. 99m Tc-depreotide was markedly accumulated in spine, sternum, ribs and lungs (mean lung/heart ratio = 2.2). This accumulation was not observed on 99m Tc- -EDDA/HYNIC-TOC scintigrams (mean lung/heart ratio = 0.7). In 6 patients a malignant etiology - lung cancer - was revealed (5 - adenocarcinoma, 1 - squamous cell) and the other 12 cases turned out to be benign (4 hamartomas, 3 tuberculomas, a tuberculous infiltrate, an alien body with inflammatory reaction, a hyperplasia of lymphatic tissue and 2 cases of unknown etiology, from which one had a stable size and the other resolved during a 6 month observation period). In all 6 cases of lung cancer positive results were obtained with both tracers. Moreover, in 2 patients metastases in mediastinum could be observed on scintigrams obtained with both radiopharmaceuticals. From among 12 cases of benign etiology 6 99m Tc-depreotide scintigrams were true negative, 1 - equivocal and 5 - false positive, whereas 6 99m Tc

  19. Experimental study of {sup 99m}Tc-aluminum oxide use for sentinel lymph nodes detection

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Chernov, V. I., E-mail: Chernov@oncology.tomsk.ru; Sinilkin, I. G.; Zelchan, R. V.; Medvedeva, A. A. [Tomsk Cancer Research Institute, Kooperativny Street 5, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Lyapunov, A. Yu., E-mail: Lyapunov1720.90@mail.ru [Tomsk Cancer Research Institute, Kooperativny Street 5, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation); Bragina, O. D.; Varlamova, N. V.; Skuridin, V. S. [Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk, 634050 (Russian Federation)

    2016-08-02

    The purpose of the study was a comparative research in the possibility of using the radiopharmaceuticals {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and {sup 99m}Tc-Nanocis for visualizing sentinel lymph nodes. The measurement of the sizes of {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and {sup 99m}Tc-Nanocis colloidal particles was performed in seven series of radiopharmaceuticals. The pharmacokinetics of {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and {sup 99m}Tc-Nanocis was researched on 50 white male rats. The possibility of the use of {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and {sup 99m}Tc-Nanocis for lymphoscintigraphy was studied in the experiments on 12 white male rats. The average dynamic diameter of the sol particle was 52–77 nm for {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and 16.7–24.5 nm for {sup 99m}Tc-Nanocis. Radiopharmaceuticals accumulated in the inguinal lymph node in 1 hour after administration; the average uptake of {sup 99}mTc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} was 8.6% in it, and the accumulation of {sup 99m}Tc-Nanocis was significantly lower—1.8% (p < 0.05). In all study points the average uptake of {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} in the lymph node was significantly higher than {sup 99m}Tc-Nanocis accumulation. The results of dynamic scintigraphic studies in rats showed that {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and {sup 99m}Tc-Nanocis actively accumulated into the lymphatic system. By using {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} inguinal lymph node was determined in 5 minutes after injection and clearly visualized in all the animals in the 15th minute, when the accumulation became more than 1% of the administered dose. Further observation indicated that the {sup 99m}Tc-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} accumulation reached a plateau in a lymph node (average 10.5%) during 2-hour study and then its accumulation remained practically at the same level, slightly increasing to 12% in 24 hours. In case of {sup 99m}Tc-Nanocis inguinal lymph node was visualized in all animals for 15 min when it was accumulated on the average 1.03% of the administered dose

  20. 42 CFR 433.116 - FFP for operation of mechanized claims processing and information retrieval systems.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... and information retrieval systems. 433.116 Section 433.116 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE... FISCAL ADMINISTRATION Mechanized Claims Processing and Information Retrieval Systems § 433.116 FFP for operation of mechanized claims processing and information retrieval systems. (a) Subject to 42 CFR 433.113(c...