AMTEC thermo-electric conversion. Final report; AMTEC termo-elektrisk konvertering. Slutrapport

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Christensen, H

1994-10-15

The aim was to gain experience on how to produce Alkali Metal Thermo-Electric-Converter (AMTEC) cells, for the demonstration of their principles and potentials, as a basis for future commercialization. These cells should be able to present an efficient and direct conversion of thermal energy to electric energy. The system is based on an electro-chemical concentration cell built around a {beta}`` aluminium oxide membrane that separates the two chambers. This material is a good conductor of sodium and a bad conductor of electrons, and it is this property which is taken advantage of. In the two chambers of the cell is found saturated sodium vapour at two temperatures. The motive power is the expansion over the membrane where the sodium ions are transported through it whilst the electrons are forced through the outer cycle. This concept is described in detail in addition to the choice of materials, performance testing and results. It was found possible to produce AMTEC electrodes via serigraphic feeding. The strengths and weaknesses of the finished product are illuminated. (AB) (10 refs.)

Thermionic energy conversion heat - electric power; Termojonisk energiomvandling vaerme-elektrisk energi

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Holmlid, L; Svensson, R [Gothenburg Univ. and Chalmers Univ. of Technology (Sweden)

1993-09-15

Research and development related to Thermionic Energy Converters (TEC) in Holland and Sweden is directed towards terrestrial applications, while the development work in Russia and the US primarily is directed towards thermionic nuclear reactor for use in space. We have during the project continued our work on the utilization of the so called Rydberg matter in converters. Our patented construction has very good (low) values of the barrier index (figure of merit for the converter), probably the lowest ones ever measured. International patents have been applied for as well. We can summarize the achievements of the project such that solutions to practically all the problems related to the inner function of thermionic converters have been found. During this year a large number of studies have been carried out concerning the properties of the Rydberg matter in the TEC, and related to the highly excited states of Cs which exist in the TEC, partially in cooperation with an American research company. An international conference within the TEC field has been arranged in Gothenburg. Two Ph.D. theses are also under completion within the project

Electronic and electrical waste. A literature study; Elektrisk og elektronisk avfall

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dahl, Anders Ingvar Gire; Lyng, Kari-Anne

2011-07-01

In 2011 Oestfoldforskning won an award, organized by Elretur, which will be used to develop a modeling tool for climate, environment and resource accounting for the collection and recycling of electrical and electronic (EE) waste. In this context, it has been made a literature study that will provide the knowledge and foundation for issues in the future work. The amount of EE is growing at a rapid pace, as technological developments. EE changes constantly character and has such a variety of materials and toxic substances, which makes the handling of a complex affair. Norway is a pioneer when it comes to the collection and recycling of EE. Approximately 90% of EE is recovered, of which 83% is recycled, 8% heat is recovered, while the remaining amount is deposited (8%) or destroyed in incinerators (1%). Through the EU Waste Directive and the Norwegian waste is EE industry obliged to receive EE, and to ensure that this will be treated and recycled in a safe and environmentally sound manner. There are currently five recycling companies to take care of the handling and recycling of EE on behalf of EE industry. There are many studies that examine the material composition of EE, particularly in terms of metals and toxic substances. Many metals are scarce resources and has a high market value, so that material is preferable both from an environmental perspective and economically. In literature searches undertaken only found two LCA studies looking at the entire waste stream of EE. Both studies are conducted for the Swiss recycling system, and compare the environmental impacts arising from the incineration and landfill. That is, if all EE either incinerated and the energy recovered, or if anything is deposited. The result of the life-cycle analyzes show that recycling is not besides environmental pollution, but if you look at the options, then recycling significantly less environmental impact. This is due primarily to avoid primary production. In the waste stream, there are three types of materials predominate, metal, plastic and glass. These represent respectively 60%, 21% and 6% of the waste stream. Management of EE is in three stages: collection, preparation and finalization. All these steps are performed by different actors on behalf of the recycling companies. Much of EE containing components and substances that are harmful to the climate and environment. This sorting out of the waste stream and get special treatment. 58% of final processing takes place in Norway, while the rest take place abroad, where Sweden receives 23%.(eb)

The potential for reductive dechlorination after thermal treatment of TCE-contaminated aquifers

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Friis, Anne Kirketerp

Klorerede opløsningsmidler som fx triklorethen (TCE) er en alvorlig kilde til jord- og grundvandsforurening. Der er kun ganske få afværgeteknikker, der er effektive i området tæt på kilden til forureningen, og en af de mest anvendelige er termisk oprensning, hvor undergrunden opvarmes, så...... elektrisk opvarmning (ERH) i felten, var der bakterier som overlevede i eller blev transporteret til det opvarmede område med grundvandet. Disse bakterier kunne delvist nedbryde TCE (til cDCE) og bibeholdt redoxforhold efter opvarmningen, der kun var lidt mindre favorable for dechlorering i forhold til...... bioaugmenteret ved tilførsel af organisk stof og en mikrobiel blandingskultur med deklorerende bakterier. Bioaugmentationen førte til deklorering af TCE til ethen både i laboratorieopvarmede samt in-situ-opvarmede sedimenter. Dette faktum har påvist et potentiale og behov for bioaugmentation efter ERH...

Elektrisk Design og Styring. Simulation Platform to Model, Optimize and Design Wind Turbines

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Iov, Florin; Hansen, A. D.; Soerensen, P.

This report is a general overview of the results obtained in the project ?Electrical Design and Control. Simulation Platform to Model, Optimize and Design Wind Turbines?. The report is structured in six chapters. First, the background of this project and the main goals as well as the structure...... of the simulation platform is given. The main topologies for wind turbines, which have been taken into account during the project, are briefly presented. Then, the considered simulation tools namely: HAWC, DIgSILENT, Saber and Matlab/Simulink have been used in this simulation platform are described. The focus here...... is on the modelling and simulation time scale aspects. The abilities of these tools are complementary and they can together cover all the modelling aspects of the wind turbines e.g. mechanical loads, power quality, switching, control and grid faults. New models and new control algorithms for wind turbine systems have...

Electric dewatering and drying of fine-grained products; Elektrisk afvanding og toerring af finkornede produkter

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hansen, H.K.; Villumsen, A.

2001-07-01

The aim of the project was to elucidate four aspects related to using electric direct current to find an energy saving alternative to existing methods within dewatering of fine-grained products. The four aspects were a) electrophoresis forced sedimentation of chalk slurry, b) electro osmotic dewatering of chalk slurry, c) electro osmotic dewatering of agricultural chalk and d) electro osmotic dewatering of liquid organic wastes. (EHS)

Electrical design and control. Simulation platform to model, optimice and design windturbines; Elektrisk design og styring - simuleringsplatform til modellering, optimering og design af vindmoeller

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Iov, F.; Timbus, A.V.; Hansen, A.D.; Soerensen, P.; Blaabjerg, F.

2004-03-01

This report is a general overview of the results obtained in the project 'Electrical Design and Control. Simulation Platform to Model, Optimize and Design Wind Turbines'. The motivation for this research project is the ever-increasing wind energy penetration into the power network. Therefore, the project has the main goal to create a model database in different simulation tools for a system optimization of the wind turbine systems. Using this model database a simultaneous optimization of the aerodynamic, mechanical, electrical and control systems over the whole range of wind speeds and grid characteristics can be achieved. The report is structured in six chapters. First, the background of this project and the main goals as well as the structure of the simulation platform is given. The main topologies for wind turbines, which have been taken into account during the project, are briefly presented. Then, the considered simulation tools narrely: HAWC, DIgSILENT, Saber and Matlab/Simulink have been used in this simulation platform are described. The focus here is on the modelling and simulation time scale aspects. The abilities of these tools are complementary and they can together cover all the modelling aspects of the wind turbines e.g. mechanical loads, power quality, switching, control and grid faults. However, other simulation packages e.g PSCAD/EMTDC can easily be added in the simulation platform. New models and new Control algorithms for wind turbine systems have been developed and tested in these tools. All these models are collected in dedicated libraries in Matlab/Simulink as well as in Saber. Some simulation results from the considered tools are presented for MW wind turbines. These simulation results focuses on fixed-speed and variable speed/pitch wind turbines. A good agreement with the real behaviour of these systems is obtained for each simulation tool. These models can easily be extended to model different kinds of wind turbines or large wind farms. The performance of these models is proven and they can be directly implemented in different simulation tools. Then, the general conclusions regarding the achieved results during the project are summarized and some guidelines for future work are given. A general conclusion is that the main goals of the project have been achieved. (au)

Micro-grid for on-site wind-and-hydrogen powered generation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Suskis P.

2014-02-01

Full Text Available Rakstā piedāvātā mikrotīkla izpēte ir veikta ar mērķi izstrādāt autonomu, uz vēja un ūdeņraža enerģiju balstītu elektroapgādes sistēmu, kas varētu aizvietot tradicionālās fosilā kurināmā sistēmas, piemēram, mājsaimniecību dīzeļa ģeneratorus, gāzes mikroturbīnas u.c. Mikrotīkla elektroapgādes sistēmā vēja agregāta saražotā elektroenerģija tiek pārveidota atbilstoši standarta maiņsprieguma elektroapgādes parametriem un piegādāta slodzei. Pārpalikusī enerģija tiek pārveidota un uzkrāta ūdeņraža formā, izmantojot elektrolīzes iekārtu un kompozītmateriālu uzkrājēju. Ja pieejamā vēja enerģija nenosedz slodzes enerģijas patēriņu, elektroenerģijas padeves funkciju ar atbilstoša energoelektronikas pārveidotāja palīdzību pārņem ūdeņraža degvielas elements. Ja, savukārt, slodzei nav nepieciešama enerģija, no vēja saražoto enerģiju izmanto elektrolīzes iekārta un tā tiek uzkrāta ūdeņraža formā, atbilstoši uzkrājēja ietilpībai. Piedāvātajā mikrotīklā ir izmantota elektrolīzes iekārta ar netradicionāliem elektrodu pārklājumiem un barošanas bloku, kā arī zemspiediena kompozītmateriālu ūdeņraža uzkrājējs. Galvenie mikrotīkla elektriskās enerģijas pārveidošanas mezgli ir realizēti uz energoefektīvu energoelektronikas pārveidotāju bāzes. Ir izveidoti atsevišķo piedāvātās elektroapgādes sistēmas iekārtu prototipi un veiktas to eksperimantālās pārbaudes, gan atsevišķi, gan darbam kopējā sistēmā.

Hydrogen for transport in Denmark towards 2050. Contribution to electric-powered transport, growth, CO{sub 2} reduction and independence of fossil fuels; Brint til transport i Danmark frem mod 2050. Bidrag til elektrisk transport, vaekst, CO{sub 2} reduktion og fossil uafhaengighed. Baggrundsrapport. Endelig udgave

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wennike, F. (Hydrogen Link Danmark (Denmark)); Mortensgaard, A. (Brint and Braendselscelle Partnerskabet, Copenhagen (Denmark)); Sloth, M. (H2 Logic A/S, Herning (Denmark))

2011-12-15

Significant funding has been invested internationally in the development of hydrogen and fuel cells for the last 10 years, among others by the leading car makers. In Denmark alone businesses have, along with contributions from public programs, invested two billion DKK since 2001. The investments have helped to develop and mature hydrogen and fuel cells so that a deployment can be initiated from 2015. With the Danish government's new initiative, ''Our Energy'', which is targeted towards a switch to a fossil fuel-independent society in 2050, it is obvious that hydrogen is included as one of many technologies that can help solve the challenge within the transport sector. The Hydrogen Link Denmark Association and selected Danish players in the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Partnership in Denmark has therefore prepared this analysis which describes a possible contribution to electrical transport, growth, CO{sub 2} reduction and fossil fuel independence by introduction of hydrogen for transport in Denmark up to 2050. The analysis is based on a possible share of hydrogen cars in the Danish car fleet in 2050 of 50% and the secondary effects of activation of the energy policy objectives for fossil fuel independence, and not least the significant potential for Danish exports of hydrogen and fuel cell technology and affected jobs. Similarly, the contribution of hydrogen for transport in relation to balancing the increased share of fluctuating renewable energy production was analyzed. (LN)

At ændre nutiden gennem fortiden – mundtlig historiefortælling i Danmark

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lene Andersen

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Mange i dag tænker umiddelbart, at mundtlig fortælling af traditionelle sagn og eventyr mest hører fortiden til. Men inden for de sidste årtier er der opstået en ny interesse for mundtlig historiefortælling i Danmark. De nye fortællere beretter traditionelle sagn og eventyr, men også historier de selv har oplevet eller fundet på, eller historier fra skønlitterære værker. Man får indtryk af, at historiefortælling stadig har en forbindelse til fortiden. De største fortællefestivaler finder sted i historiske omgivelser på museer, og nutidens historiefortællere henviser ofte til fortælletraditionens lange historie, når de taler og skriver om historiefortælling.Hidtil har den nye interesse for historiefortælling ikke været genstand for forskning, men artiklen fremlægger et studie af historiefortælleres syn på fortælling og fortid. Fokus er, hvilke betydninger begreberne nostalgi og autenticitet har for fortællerne. Artiklen bygger primært på interviews med historiefortællere. Fortællerne blev blandt andet bedt om at beskrive, hvordan de umiddelbart forestillede sig, at historiefortælling fandt sted i fortiden. Det er et positivt billede af fortiden, der toner frem, og fortællerne bruger billederne af fortiden som afsæt til at kritisere træk af den moderne levemåde. De kritiserer medierne og de elektriske apparater for at gøre mennesker passive og ødelægge deres nærvær med andre levende mennesker. Ved at genoptage - hvad fortællerne opfatter som - en ældgammel og uddød tradition, ønsker de at skabe nogle oplevelser, som det moderne menneske savner i vore dages samfund. For fortællerne danner fortiden et idealiseret modbillede til nutiden og rummer dermed mulighed for, at fortællerne kan tale om deres idealer og håb for historiefortælling.Changing the Present through the Past - Oral Story-Telling in DenmarkToday, many people spontaneously think that oral transmission of traditional legends and fairy

At ændre nutiden gennem fortiden – mundtlig historiefortælling i Danmark

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lene Andersen

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Mange i dag tænker umiddelbart, at mundtlig fortælling af traditionelle sagn og eventyr mest hører fortiden til. Men inden for de sidste årtier er der opstået en ny interesse for mundtlig historiefortælling i Danmark. De nye fortællere beretter traditionelle sagn og eventyr, men også historier de selv har oplevet eller fundet på, eller historier fra skønlitterære værker. Man får indtryk af, at historiefortælling stadig har en forbindelse til fortiden. De største fortællefestivaler finder sted i historiske omgivelser på museer, og nutidens historiefortællere henviser ofte til fortælletraditionens lange historie, når de taler og skriver om historiefortælling.Hidtil har den nye interesse for historiefortælling ikke været genstand for forskning, men artiklen fremlægger et studie af historiefortælleres syn på fortælling og fortid. Fokus er, hvilke betydninger begreberne nostalgi og autenticitet har for fortællerne. Artiklen bygger primært på interviews med historiefortællere. Fortællerne blev blandt andet bedt om at beskrive, hvordan de umiddelbart forestillede sig, at historiefortælling fandt sted i fortiden. Det er et positivt billede af fortiden, der toner frem, og fortællerne bruger billederne af fortiden som afsæt til at kritisere træk af den moderne levemåde. De kritiserer medierne og de elektriske apparater for at gøre mennesker passive og ødelægge deres nærvær med andre levende mennesker. Ved at genoptage - hvad fortællerne opfatter som - en ældgammel og uddød tradition, ønsker de at skabe nogle oplevelser, som det moderne menneske savner i vore dages samfund. For fortællerne danner fortiden et idealiseret modbillede til nutiden og rummer dermed mulighed for, at fortællerne kan tale om deres idealer og håb for historiefortælling. Changing the Present through the Past - Oral Story-Telling in Denmark Today, many people spontaneously think that oral transmission of traditional legends and fairy