WorldWideScience

Sample records for kharakteristiki lazernykh sred

  1. Comparison of clinical features between primary and drug-induced sleep-related eating disorder

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Komada Y

    2016-05-01

    Full Text Available Yoko Komada,1 Yoshikazu Takaesu,2 Kentaro Matsui,3 Masaki Nakamura,3 Shingo Nishida,3 Meri Kanno,3,† Akira Usui,3 Yuichi Inoue1,3 1Department of Somnology, 2Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 3Japan Somnology Center, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo, Japan †Meri Kanno passed away on March 1, 2016 Purpose: The aim of this study was to ascertain the clinical characteristics of drug-induced sleep-related eating disorder (SRED. Patients and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 30 patients with primary SRED (without any comorbid sleep disorders and who were not taking any possible causative medications, and ten patients with drug-induced SRED (occurrence of SRED episodes after starting nightly medication of sedative drugs, which completely resolved after dose reduction or discontinuation of the sedatives. Results: All patients with drug-induced SRED took multiple types of sedatives, such as benzodiazepines or benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Clinical features of drug-induced SRED compared with primary SRED were as follows: higher mean age of onset (40 years old in drug-induced SRED vs 26 years old in primary SRED, significantly higher rate of patients who had total amnesia during most of their SRED episodes (75.0% vs 31.8%, significantly lower rate of comorbidity of night eating syndrome (0% vs 63.3%, and significantly lower rate of history of sleepwalking (10.0% vs 46.7%. Increased doses of benzodiazepine receptor agonists may be responsible for drug-induced SRED. Conclusion: The clinical features of drug-induced SRED were different from those of primary SRED, possibly reflecting differences in the underlying mechanisms between these two categories of SREDs. Keywords: nocturnal eating syndrome, night eating, eating disorder, hypnotics, amnesia, sleepwalking, benzodiazepine

  2. Successful Treatment with Clonazepam and Pramipexole of a Patient with Sleep-Related Eating Disorder Associated with Restless Legs Syndrome: A Case Report

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nobuyuki Kobayashi

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED is characterized by recurrent episodes of involuntary eating during sleep period and is often associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS. Although pharmacotherapy is recommended for SRED patients, no drug have shown promising effects so far. The patient, a 48-year-old Japanese housewife, first visited our clinic and complained about nighttime eating. She had a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea syndrome, and depression. Insomnia appeared 10 years before the first visit and she often received hypnosedatives; at the same time, she developed nocturnal eating episodes. She had amnesia for these episodes, and she felt urge to move her legs while sleeping. The patient was diagnosed with SRED and RLS. Reduction in the doses of triazolam decreased her nighttime eating frequency, and her complete amnesia changed to vague recall of eating during night. Clonazepam 1.0 mg at bedtime decreased nocturnal eating frequency from 1 to 2 times per month, though sleepwalking remained. Administration of pramipexole 0.125 mg relieved all symptoms including SRED, RLS, and sleepwalking. This is the first paper to report that the combination of clonazepam and pramipexole therapy-reduced SRED episodes and RLS symptoms.

  3. Active reward processing during human sleep: insights from sleep-related eating disorder

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lampros ePerogamvros

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available In this paper, we present two carefully documented cases of patients with sleep-related eating disorder (SRED, a parasomnia which is characterized by involuntary compulsive eating during the night and whose pathophysiology is not known. Using video-polysomnography and psychometric examination, we found that both patients present elevated novelty seeking and increased reward sensitivity on reward-related questionnaires. In light of new evidence on the mesolimbic dopaminergic implication in compulsive eating disorders, our findings suggest a role of an active reward system during sleep in the manifestation of SRED.

  4. Electrical characteristics of sphere-plane type spark counters; Caracteristiques electriques de compteurs a etincelles du type sphere-plan; Ehlektricheskie kharakteristiki iskrovykh schetchikov tipa shar-ploskost'; Caracteristicas electricas de los contadores de chispas del tipo esfera-plano

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Laborie, P; Blanc, D [Centre de Physique Nucleaire, Faculte des Sciences de Toulouse (France)

    1962-04-15

    quelques millimetres cubes, est tres bien defini, ce qui permet la construction de telescopes precis. (author) [Spanish] Los autores describen los detalles mecanicos y las caracteristicas de funcionamiento de unos detectores de chispas en que se utiliza como anodo una esfera de pequeno diametro (0,30 mm), dispuesta frente a un catodo plano y que funcionan en regimen de efecto , en aire a presion atmosferica. Las caracteristicas de contaje son semejantes a las de los detectores de anodo de alambre, de tipo Rosenblum. No obstante, el contador de esfera presenta, con respecto a dicho contador Rosenblum, cierto numero de ventajas derivadas de su geometria: a) la corriente residual (ruido de fondo) es debil y el desprendimiento de ozono y de oxidos de nitrogeno, con las chispas, es poco considerable; b) como su capacidad propia es muy pequena, el detector ofrece una respuesta mas rapida; c) la eficiencia es independiente de la direccion de incidencia de la particula, al reves de lo que ocurre con los contadores de alambre; d) el volumen sensible de revolucion en torno del eje de simetria del detector es de algunos milimetros cubicos y esta muy bien definido, lo que permite la construccion de telescopios de gran precision. (author) [Russian] Avtory opisyvayut mekhanicheskuyu konstruktsiyu i rabochie kharakteristiki iskrovykh schetchikov, v kotorykh v kachestve anoda ispol'zuetsya shar malogo diametra (0,30 mm), raspolozhennyj protiv ploskogo katoda. Ehti schetchiki rabotayut v rezhime ''kol'tsevogo'' yavleniya (''korony'') v vozdukhe pri atmosfernom davlenii. Schetnye kharakteristiki blizki k kharakteristikam schetchikov Rozenblyuma s anodnym provodom. Sharovoj schetchik imeet, odnako, nekotorye preimushchestva po sravneniyu so schetchikom Rozenblyuma, chto svyazano s ego geometriej: 1. ostatochnyj tok (fon) slabyj, a vydelenie ozona i okisi azota vo vremya iskreniya neznachitel'no. 2. Poskol'ku ego sobstvennaya emkost' ochen' mala, schetchik daet bolee bystryj otvet. 3

  5. Nonspecific eating disorders - a subjective review.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Michalska, Aneta; Szejko, Natalia; Jakubczyk, Andrzej; Wojnar, Marcin

    2016-01-01

    The aim of this paper was to characterise nonspecific eating disorders (other than anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa). The Medline database was searched for articles on nonspecific eating disorders. The following disorders were described: binge eating disorder (BED), pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, night eating syndrome (NES), sleep-related eating disorder (SRED), bigorexia, orthorexia, focusing on diagnosis, symptoms, assessment, comorbidities, clinical implications and treatment. All of the included disorders may have dangerous consequences, both somatic and psychological. They are often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. Approximately a few percent of general population can be diagnosed with each disorder, from 0.5-4.7% (SRED) to about 7% (orthorexia). With the growing literature on the subject and changes in DSM-5, clinicians recognise and treat those disorders more often. More studies have to be conducted in order to differentiate disorders and treat or prevent them appropriately.

  6. Fall 2012 Graduate Engineering Internship Summary

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ehrlich, Joshua

    2013-01-01

    In the fall of 2012, I participated in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Pathways Intern Employment Program at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. This was my second internship opportunity with NASA, a consecutive extension from a summer 2012 internship. During my four-month tenure, I gained valuable knowledge and extensive hands-on experience with payload design and testing as well as composite fabrication for repair design on future space vehicle structures. As a systems engineer, I supported the systems engineering and integration team with the testing of scientific payloads such as the Vegetable Production System (Veggie). Verification and validation (V&V) of the Veggie was carried out prior to qualification testing of the payload, which incorporated a lengthy process of confirming design requirements that were integrated through one or more validatjon methods: inspection, analysis, demonstration, and testing. Additionally, I provided assistance in verifying design requirements outlined in the V&V plan with the requirements outlined by the scientists in the Science Requirements Envelope Document (SRED). The purpose of the SRED was to define experiment requirements intended for the payload to meet and carry out.

  7. Support for Business R&D in Budget 2012: Two Steps Forward and One Back

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    John Lester

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available The federal budget contains some sensible changes to the SR&ED investment tax credit, but the decision to reduce support for large firms to provide additional support for small firms is a step in the wrong direction. The Jenkins Panel* expressed concern about excessive subsidization of small and medium-sized firms and recommended cutting back on the enhanced SR&ED credit in order to finance more targeted support for these firms. Following that advice would have improved the social return on support for R&D; in contrast, the budget measures marginally reduce the benefits to society from subsidizing R&D. The budget also announced $400 million in additional funding for risk capital. Returns in the venture capital industry are very low and the additional funding is unlikely to be successfully deployed until returns improve. There is abundant evidence that the tax credit for investment in Labour-Sponsored Venture Capital Corporations is crowding out private investment and contributing to low rates of return; eliminating the credit is therefore an essential first step in restoring the financial health of the venture capital industry.

  8. Abstracts of Manuscripts Submitted in 1989 for Publication

    Science.gov (United States)

    1990-07-01

    Wirsen. Jo A4nn Nicholson and Stagg King .. .. .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...... .... .... .... .... ....... B-9 Ammonium Regeneration...regeneration efficiency; however, NH 4 + contributed Jo Ann Nicholson and Stagg King 47 to 64% of the total nitrogen used for biosynthesis in the presence of...thispurose.Th areprodctin rte, e sred 7൘’E) between the Islas Orcadas and Shaka this purpose. The ’He production rate, measured Fracture Zones. The cumulus

  9. The Main Technological Characteristics of Apparatus for Industrial Radiochemical Processes, in Particular Ethylene Polymerization; Caracteristique techniques fondamentals des appareils pour l'application industrielle de reactions chimiques sous rayonnement (notamment la polymerisation de l'ethylene ); Osnovnye tekhnologicheskie kharakteristiki apparatov dlya provedeniya radiatsionno-khimi-cheskikh protsessov (v chastnosti, dlya polimerizatsii ehtilena) v promyshlennom masshtabe; Principales caracteristicas tecnologicas de los aparatos para la aplicacion industrial de reacciones radioquimicas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Syrkus, N P; Breger, A K; Weinstein, B I [Karpov Physicochemical Institute, Moscow, USSR (Russian Federation)

    1960-07-15

    , Q {approx} W{sub 0}{sup 0'5}. (author) [Spanish] Se propone un metodo de evaluacion de la efectividad de los aparatos, cualquiera que sea su construccion, comparandola con la productividad de un aparato infinitamente grande que tenga la misma fuente de radiaciones. Se indican las caracteristicas tecnologicas de un aparato destinado a la polimerizacion del etileno mediante radiaciones (a presion de 200 atmosferas y temperatura de 25{sup o} C{sup 4} empleando como fuente principal radiaciones gamma de cobalto-60 a distintas actividades. Se pueden calcular los datos tecnicos de tal aparato segun el valor medio de la intensidad de las dosis, fijado segun la magnitud del coeficiente de rendimiento energetico del aparato. Se indica en el trabajo que, siendo las demas condiciones iguales, la productividad (Q) del aparato es funcion exponencial de la intensidad (W{sub 0}) de las radiaciones gamma del mismo. Para el aparato que se estudia en el trabajo la formula es: Q{approx}W{sub 0}{sup 0'5}. (author) [Russian] V doklade rassmotreny v obshchem vide otdel'nye naibolee vazhnye tekhnologicheskie kharakteristiki apparatov (na primere sfericheskogo apparata) dlya provedeniya radiatsionno-khimicheskikh protsessov v promyshlennom masshtabe. Predlozhen metod otsenki ehffektivnosti apparata lyuboj konstruktsii putem sravneniya s proizvoditel'nost' yu beskonechno bol'shogo apparata, imeyushchego tot zhe istochnik izlucheniya. Priveden raschet tekhnologicheskoj kharakteristiki apparata dlya radiatsionnoj polimerizatsii ehtilena (davlenie 200 atm, temperatura 25{sup o} C{sup 3} so sterzhnevym istochnikom gamma-izlucheni ya Co{sup 60} razlichnoj aktivnosti. Takoj apparat mozhno rasschityvat' po srednim znacheniyam moshchnostej doz, opredelyaemym po velichine ehnergeticheskogo KPD apparata. Pokazano, chto proizvoditel'nost'apparata (Q), pri prochikh ravnykh usloviyakh, yavlyaetsya stepennoj funktsiej moshchnosti (W{sub 0}) gamma-izlucheniya apparata. Dlya rassmotrennogo apparata : Q

  10. Kliniko-morfologicheskie kharakteristiki reparatsii tkaney u bol'nykh s sindromom diabeticheskoy stopy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Oleg Viktorovich Udovichenko

    2001-06-01

    Full Text Available Цель. Изучение клинических и морфологических параметров, позволяющих прогнозировать длительность заживления трофических язв стоп и риск их рецидива. Материалы и методы. Обследованы 12 больных с сахарным диабетом с нейропатической формой синдрома диабетической стопы, трофическими язвами стоп, с сохраненным магистральным кровотоком и без признаков активной раневой инфекции. Проведено: оценка компенсации углеводного обмена, измерение площади и глубины трофических язв и порога вибрационной, функциональные тесты - кардиоваскулярные вегетативные рефлексы, лазерная допплеровская флоуметрия с оценкой вегетативной реактивности микроциркуляторного русла в пробе Вальсальвы, компьютерная педобарография, гистологическое исследование биоптатов кожи. Результаты. Тяжелая вегетативная нейропатия выявлена у 70% больных, средней тяжести - у 20%. Больные были разделены на 2 группы: с длительностью процесса менее 3 мес (1-я группа и более 3 мес (2-я группа. У больных 2-й группы по сравнению с 1-й в грануляционной ткани отмечались повышенное количество активных фибробластов, незрелые структуры экстрацеллюлярного матрикса с преобладанием эмбрионального коллагена III типа, а также поражения нервных волокон с преобладанием необратимых изменений (периневральный склероз, атрофия нерва над обратимыми (отек, демиелинизация в дерме окружающей рану кожи. Выводы. Длительность заживления трофических язв связана с расположением язвы, количеством активных фибробластов, незрелых структур экстрацеллюлярного матрикса в биоптатах грануляционной ткани, а также атрофией и склерозом нервных волокон в дерме окружающей рану кожи. Для больных с рецидивирующими трофическими язвами характерны пожилой возраст; значительно сниженный уровень вибрационной чувствительности (менее 2 баллов; повышенное количество в биоптате грануляционной ткани полиморфноядерных лейкоцитов с активной пероксидазой и катионными белками, тучных клеток с признаками дегрануляции, Т-лимфоцитов хелперов, а также фибриноидный некроз, незрелость экстрацеллюлярного матрикса, "молодые" сосуды капиллярного типа с микротромбами.

  11. The drive to innovation: The privileging of science and technology knowledge production in Canada

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cauchi, Laura

    This dissertation project explored the privileging of knowledge production in science and technology as a Canadian national economic, political and social strategy. The project incorporated the relationship between nation-state knowledge production and how that knowledge is then systematically evaluated, prioritized and validated by systems of health technology assessment (HTA). The entry point into the analysis and this dissertation project was the Scientific Research and Experimental Design (SR&ED) federal tax incentive program as the cornerstone of science and technology knowledge production in Canada. The method of inquiry and analysis examined the submission documents submitted by key stakeholders across the country, representing public, private and academic standpoints, during the public consultation process conducted from 2007 to 2008 and how each of these standpoints is hooked into the public policy interests and institutional structures that produce knowledge in science and technology. Key public meetings, including the public information sessions facilitated by the Canada Revenue Agency and private industry conferences, provided context and guidance regarding the current pervasive public and policy interests that direct and drive the policy debates. Finally, the "Innovation Canada: A Call to Action Review of Federal Support to Research and Development: Expert Panel Report," commonly referred to as "The Jenkins Report" (Jenkins et al., 2011), was critically evaluated as the expected predictor of future public policy changes associated with the SR&ED program and the future implications for the production of knowledge in science and technology. The method of inquiry and analytical lens was a materialist approach that drew on the inspiring frameworks of such scholars as Dorothy Smith, Michel Foucault, Kaushik Sunder Rajan, Melinda Cooper, and, Gilles Deleuze. Ultimately, I strove to illuminate the normalizing force and power of knowledge production in science

  12. The Measurement of Natural Tritium Levels in Geiger Counters; Determination quantitative du tritium naturel par compteurs Geiger; Izmerenie urovnej estestvennogo tritiya v schetchikakh Gejgera; Medicion de concentraciones naturales de tritio mediante contadores Geiger

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    O' Brien, B J [Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Gracefield (New Zealand)

    1962-01-15

    -argona v kachestve gaza dlya gasheniya. Pologaya chast' kharakteristiki skorosti otscheta nesovpadenij byla neudovletvoritel'noj pri nizkikh skorostyakh scheta, chto ob{sup y}asnyaetsya plokhim gasheniem, a poehtomu byli provedeny poiski gazov s bolee ehffektivnym gasheniem. Rassmatrivaetsya nakonl pologoj chasti kharakteristiki skorosti otscheta istochnika Fona, a takzhe ukazyvayutsya neobkhodimye svojstva podkhodyashchego gasyashchego gaza dlya otscheta vodoroda. Privodyatsya rezul'taty izucheniya kharakteristik podscheta vodoroda, kotoryj gasitsya s pomoshch'yu benzola, bromistogo ehtila, prostogo ehtilovogo ehfira, izopropilovogo amina, geksana, ehtil-amina i izoprena. V chastnosti, ehtil-amin i ehfir dayut ves'ma udovletvoritel'nye gasyashchie kharakteristiki. Soderzhitsya opisanie schetnoj sistemy, ispol'zuyushchej schetchik, napolnennyj do 40 cm vodorodom i gasimyj ehtil-aminom. Koehffitsient fona sostavlyaet 3 otscheta v minutu pri sravnitel'no ploskom fone pologoj chasti kharakteristiki . (author)

  13. Therapeutic Symptomatic Strategies in the Parasomnias.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Manni, Raffaele; Toscano, Gianpaolo; Terzaghi, Michele

    2018-06-05

    The purpose of this review was to discuss the currently available pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options for parasomnias. Recent pathophysiological findings about sleep structure in parasomnias helped understanding several drug mechanisms of action. Serotoninergic theory accounts for the effect of serotoninergic drugs. Study about spectral analysis of sleep showed the effect of clonazepam on spectral bands. Cannabinoids proved to be effective in some of parasomnias, as in many other neurological disorders. A series of therapeutic strategies were analyzed and compared. Benzodiazepines, antidepressant drugs, and L-5-hydroxytryptophan may be beneficial in DOA. SSRI and topiramate are effective in SRED. RBD responds to clonazepam, melatonin, and to a lesser extent to dopaminergic and anticholinergic agents. Prazosin and cannabinoids are effective in nightmare disorder. Sleep paralysis may respond to antidepressant agents. Tricyclic antidepressant may be effective in sleep-related hallucinations and exploding head syndrome. Sleep enuresis may be successfully treated with desmopressin, anticholinergic drugs, and imipramine.

  14. Refractometry characteristics of {alpha}-quartz after neutron irradiation; Refraktometrichaskie kharakteristiki {alpha}-kvartsa posle oblucheniya nejtronami

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Abdkadyrova, I Kh [AN RU, Tashkent (Uzbekistan). Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki

    1997-02-01

    Lattice structure distortions in irradiated crystalline quartz were studied by refractometry methods. The refractometry constants of {alpha}-quartz for the flux of fast neutrons 10{sup 18} - 10{sup 21} neutron/cm{sup 2} were calculated. The critical kinetics of this constants at the phase transformation is observed.(author). 5 refs., 1 fig.

  15. Slug-Burst Detection in the G3 Reactor; La detection de rupture de gaine au reacteur G3; Obnaruzhenie razryva obolochki v reaktore G3; Deteccion de fallas del revestimiento en el reactor G3

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Plisson, J. [Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Marcoule (France)

    1963-10-15

    The author explains the principles underlying slug-burst detection and describes the construction of the apparatus concerned. The main features are a) fully automatic operation, b) centralization of data in the control room and c) measurement by electrostatic collection on a turntable. (author) [French] Dans ce memoire, l'auteur expose les principes sur lesquels est fondee la detection de rupture de gaines et il decrit la realisation des installations. Les caracteristiques principales sont a) l'automatisme integral, b) la centralisation des informations dans la salle de commande et c) mesure par collection electrostatique sur plaque tournante. (author) [Spanish] El autor expone los principios en que se basa la deteccion de las fallas en los revestimientos de los elementos combustibles y describe las caracteristicas principales de la instalacion, que son: a) automatizacion integral, b) centralizacion de las informaciones en la sala de mandos, y c) medicion por recoleccion electrostatica sobre una placa giratoria. (author) [Russian] Izlagayutsya printsipy, na kotorykh osnovano obnaruzhenie razryva obolochki, opisyvaetsya konstruirovanie ustanovok. Osnovnye kharakteristiki takovy: a) integral'nyj avtomatizm, b) tsentralizatsiya informatsii v komandnom zale i c) izmerenie putem ehlektrostaticheskogo sobiraniya na povorachivayushchejsya plastinke. (author)

  16. Portable scintillation gamma-spectrometer for field measurement of radioactivity in extensive objects; Portativnyj stsintillyatsionnyj gamma-spektrometr dlya izmereniya radioaktivnosti ob''emnykh sred v polevykh usloviyakh

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Besshejko, O. A. [Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv (Ukraine); Vishnevskij, I. N.; Denisenko, R. V.; Malyuk, I. A.; Petrosyan, Eh. E. [Institute for Nuclear Research, Kyiv (Ukraine); Karpenko, S. A.; Prijmak, V. N. [Ukrainian Association for Valves Industry, Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine)

    2011-07-01

    The portable scintillated gamma-spectrometer for field measurement of radioactivity in the volume objects was designed. The crystal CdWO{sub 4} that has weak dependence of light yield from temperature in combination with PMT was applied as the gamma-rays detector. The design of the device provides the possibility for measuring radioactivity of the extensive objects in 4{pi}-geometry without background measurements. In this case the value of the efficiency needed for specific activity calculation in close approximation depends only from crystal geometry and density of measuring object and may be set as the device parameter without efficiency calibration procedure during the operation. The spectrometer does not have an auxiliary radio-active source and connecting cables in the composition. The smartphone operated under Windows Mobile is used as the control module. Bluetooth connection provides data exchange between smartphone and measurement head.

  17. On using the linear-quadratic model in daily clinical practice

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yaes, R.J.; Patel, P.; Maruyama, Y.

    1991-01-01

    To facilitate its use in the clinic, Barendsen's formulation of the Linear-Quadratic (LQ) model is modified by expressing isoeffect doses in terms of the Standard Effective Dose, Ds, the isoeffective dose for the standard fractionation schedule of 2 Gy fractions given once per day, 5 days per week. For any arbitrary fractionation schedule, where total dose D is given in N fractions of size d in a total time T, the corresponding Standard Effective Dose, Ds, will be proportional to the total dose D and the proportionality constant will be called the Standard Relative Effectiveness, SRE, to distinguish it from Barendsen's Relative Effectiveness, RE. Thus, Ds = SRE.D. The constant SRE depends on the parameters of the fractionation schedule, and on the tumor or normal tissue being irradiated. For the simple LQ model with no time dependence, which is applicable to late reacting tissue, SRE = [(d + delta)/(2 + delta)], where d is the fraction size and delta = alpha/beta is the alpha/beta ratio for the tissue of interest, with both d and delta expressed in units of Gy. Application of this method to the Linear Quadratic model with a time dependence, the LQ + time model, and to low dose rate brachytherapy will be discussed. To clarify the method of calculation, and to demonstrate its simplicity, examples from the clinical literature will be used

  18. Exploring the Efficacy and Limitations of Shock-cooling Models: New Analysis of Type II Supernovae Observed by the Kepler Mission

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rubin, Adam; Gal-Yam, Avishay

    2017-10-01

    Modern transient surveys have begun discovering and following supernovae (SNe) shortly after first light—providing systematic measurements of the rise of Type II SNe. We explore how analytic models of early shock-cooling emission from core-collapse SNe can constrain the progenitor’s radius, explosion velocity, and local host extinction. We simulate synthetic photometry in several realistic observing scenarios; assuming the models describe the typical explosions well, we find that ultraviolet observations can constrain the progenitor’s radius to a statistical uncertainty of ±10%-15%, with a systematic uncertainty of ±20%. With these observations the local host extinction (A V ) can be constrained to a factor of two and the shock velocity to ±5% with a systematic uncertainty of ±10%. We also reanalyze the SN light curves presented by Garnavich et al. (2016) and find that KSN 2011a can be fit by a blue supergiant model with a progenitor radius of {R}sred supergiant model with a progenitor radius of {R}s={111}-21({stat)-1({sys})}+89({stat)+49({sys})} {R}⊙ . Our results do not agree with those of Garnavich et al. Moreover, we re-evaluate their claims and find that there is no statistically significant evidence for a shock-breakout flare in the light curve of KSN 2011d.

  19. Difficulties and Successes in the Mass Rearing of Insects in the Laboratory, and the Possibility of Autocidal Control of some Harmful Species; Trudnosti i uspekhi massovogo razvedeniya nasekomykh v laboratorii i vozmozhnosti samoistrebleniya nekotorykh vrednykh vidov

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Shumakov, E. M. [Rastenij, Vsesojuznyj Nauchno-Issledovatel' skij Institut Zashhity Leningrad, SSSR (Russian Federation)

    1968-06-15

    developing ways of overcoming the diapause in laboratory populations in order to ensure continuous rearing. This can be done either by reactivating the insects by temperature changes or by instituting a period of illumination which prevents die diapause from starting. A further possible method is that of selecting and crossing diapausing and non-diapausing strains of a given species. A number of species of Orthoptera having a fairly wide natural habitat have been used to show the possibility of autocidal control by adding to a natural population which normally has a diapause specimens of a non-diapausing population from other parts of the habitat. This possibility has been demonstrated for the cricket Teleogryllus corn modus Walk, in Australia and for sub-species of Locusta migratoria L. in the Old World. The development of this form of autocidal control of insects merits close attention. The work reported is devoted mainly to developing methods of autocidal control and techniques for mass laborarory breeding of such harmful species as Carpocapsa pomonella L., Eurygaster integriceps Put, and Locusta migratoria L. (author) [Russian] Prakticheskaja razrabotka metoda nypuska sterilizovannyh samcov, kak i voobshhe metodov samoistreblenija vrednyh nasekomyh, limitiruetsja trudnostjami massovogo razvedenija ih n iskusstvennyh uslovijah. Odnako, analiz uspeshnyh sluchaev reshenija jetoj problemy dlja rjada pidov Liplera, Lepidoptera i Orthoptera pozvoljaet nametit' vozmozhnye puti sozdanija tehniki massovogo razvedenija neobhodimyh ob{sup o}ktop. Naibolee trudnyj vopros obespechenija nasekomyh sootvetstvujushhim kormom v ljuboe vremja goda uspeshno razreshaetsja blagodarja progressu, dostignutomu v sozdanii sinteticheskih i polusinteticheskih pishhevyh sred dlja nasekomyh. Takie sredy razrabotany uzhe kak dlja polusaprofitiyh, tak i dlja rastitel'nojadnyh i hishhnyh vidov. Podbor receptov dlja takih sred opredeljaetsja pravil'nym vyborom neobhodimyh komponentov, v pervuju ochered

  20. Efficiency of the Shut-Down and Safety Equipment and the Kinetic Characteristics of the G2 and G3 Reactors; Efficacite des dispositifs de secours et de securite et caracteristiques cinetiques des piles G2 et G3; Ehffektivnost' sistem avarijnoj zashchity reaktorov G.2 i G.3 i kineticheskie kharakteristiki ehtikh sistem; Caracteristicas cineticas y eficacia de los dispositivos de auxilio y de seguridad de los reactores G2 y G3

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Henri, C.; Plisson, J.; Teste duBailler, A. [Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay (France)

    1963-10-15

    dispositivos de seguridad instalados. (author) [Russian] Opyt, priobretennyj v techenie neskol'kikh let ehkspluatatsii reaktorov G.2 i G.3, daet vozmozhnost' podtverdit' vysokuyu stepen' bezopasnosti raboty semejstva reaktorov na prirodnom urane, grafite i gaze. Opisyvayutsya ustanovki avarijnoj zashity, kotorye pozvolyaet predotvrashchat', s odnoj storony, takie avarii kak prekrashchenie postupleniya ehlektroehnergii v raspredelitel'nuyu set', ostanovka tsirkulyatsii gaza, prekrashchenie podachi vody i t.d., i, s drugoj storony, takie avarii, kak razrushenie obolochki, mestnye peregrevy, poterya zhidkogo teplonositelya i t.d. Printsipial'nye skhemy dayut ob{sup y}asnenie rabote ehtikh ustanovok. Izuchaetsya, glavnym obrazom, ehlektrosnabzhenie i ''kontrol''' pri avarijnykh situatsiyakh, avarijnoe snabzhenie vodoj i tsepochka avarijnoj zashchity. Ukazyvayutsya posledovatel'nye izmeneniya i uluchsheniya ehtikh ustanovok S pomoshch'yu ehksperimental'nogo issledovaniya povedeniya reaktorov na nestatsionarnom rezhime vyyavlyayutsya vnutrenne prisushchie ehtim reaktoram kharakteristiki zashchity. Issledovaniya pozvolyayut podttverdit' prigodnost' raschetnogo metoda. (author)

  1. Some physics aspects of cermet and ceramic fast systems; Quelques aspects de la physique des reacteurs a neutrons rapides utilisant des cermets et des ceramiques comme combustibles; Nekotorye fizicheskie aspekty kermetnykh i keramicheskikh sistem na bystrykh nejtronakh; Algunos aspectos fisicos de los sistemas rapidos a base de combustibles cermet y ceramicos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Codd, J; James, M F; Mann, J E [United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Reactor Group (United Kingdom)

    1962-03-15

    The characteristics of a system using an iron-based oxide cermet as fuel material are discussed. A transport theory investigation to develop methods of predicting the effect of core heterogeneity on reactivity and flux distribution is described. Some preliminary calculations are also given of resonance self-shielding and Doppler temperature effects in a cermet system. (author) [French] Les auteurs etudient les caracteristique s d'un reacteur utilisant comme combustible un cermet d'oxydes a armature de fer. Ils exposent une application de la theorie du transport a la mise au point des methodes permettant de prevoir l'effet de l'heterogeneite du coeur sur la reactivite et sur la distribution du flux. Ils donnent egalement quelques calculs preliminaires d'effets d'autoprotection due a la resonance et d'effet Doppler du a la chaleur dans un reacteur utilisant un cermet. (author) [Spanish] La memoria discute las caracteristicas de un sistema que emplea como combustible un oxido tipo cermet a base de hierro. Describe una investigacion de la teoria de transporte con miras a desarrollar metodos para evaluar el efecto de la heterogeneidad del cuerpo sobre la reactividad y la distribucion de flujo. Tambien da algunos calculos preliminares de los efectos del autoblindaje por resonancia y de la temperatura de Doppler en un sistema de tipo cermet. (author) [Russian] Obsuzhdayutsya kharakteristiki sistemy, ispol'zuyushchej v kachestve toplivnogo materiala oksidnye kermety, razrabotannye na osnove zheleza. Opisyvaetsya issledovanie teorii perenosa, chtoby razvit' metody predskazaniya vliyaniya geterogennosti aktivnoj zony na reaktivnost' i raspredelenie potoka. Dayutsya takzhe nekotorye predvaritel'nye raschety ehffektov rezonansnoj samozashchity i temperaturnogo ehffekta Dopplera v kermetnoj sisteme. (author)

  2. Characteristics of background radiation behind one-dimensional radiation shielding of high-energy particle beams; Kharakteristiki fonovogo izlucheniya za odnomernymi radiatsionnymi zashchitami puchkov vysokoehnergeticheskikh chastits

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gorbatkov, D V; Kryuchkov, V P

    1994-12-31

    The calculational investigations of component, spatial and energy distributions of background radiation behind radiation shielding of high-energy hadron beams were carried out. The relations between different ingredients of radiation have been obtained. The numerous data of spatial and energy distribution of protons, neutrons, pions and photons in homogeneous and heterogeneous shielding from concrete and iron, presented in the paper, can be used as a reference data. 23 refs., 50 figs.

  3. Two-dimensional selector type 2X3; Selecteur bidimensionnel type 2X3; Dvukhmernyj selektor tipa 2X3; Selector bidimensional tipo 2X3

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Amram, Y [Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay (France)

    1962-04-15

    la lecture: possibilite de lire un spectre de temps de vol dans une bande d'amplitude comprise entre deux limites quelconques. Une operation analogue peut etre effectuee simultanement pour quatre spectres d'amplitudes. (author) [Spanish] Se trata de un selector distinado al estudio de reacciones n, {gamma}, que contiene 2{sup 16} canales (1024 canales de tiempo x 64 canales de amplitud). Las caracteristicas (tiempo de llegada y amplitud) de cada suceso interesante son codificadas y se registran en una cinta magnetica de dieciseis pistas. Los datos contenidos en la cinta se pasan por partes a un bloque de explotacion de los resultados que contiene una memoria de 1024 canales; dicho bloque totaliza los sucesos que presenten las mismas caracteristicas dentro de limites de amplitud y duracion establecidos por el experimentador. Las caracteristicas generales del aparato son las siguientes. Seleccion de tiempo, 1024 canales de anchos comprendidos entre 0,1 y 6,4 {mu}s, agrupados en ocho zonas de interes de 128 canales; seleccion de amplitud, 64 canales de 0,25 a 1 V de ancho; tiempo muerto medio, 7 {mu}s; tiempo de resolucion del conjunto del aparato, < 20 {mu}s; acondicionamiento en la lectura: posibilidad de leer un espectro de tiempos de vuelo en una banda de amplitud comprendida entre dos limites cualesquiera. Se puede realizar una operacion analoga simultaneamente para 4 espectros de amplitudes. (author) [Russian] EHtot selektor, prednaznachennyj dlya izucheniya reaktsij n, {gamma} sostoit iz 2{sup 16} kanalov (1024 kanalov vremeni i 64 amplitudnykh kanala). KHarakteristiki (vremya poyavleniya i amplituda) kazhdogo interesuyushchego sobytiya registriruyutsya posle kodirovaniya na magnitoj lente s 16 dorozhkami. Obrabotka soderzhaniya magnitnoj lenty osushchestvlyaetsya po chastyam na bloke pol'zovaniya rezul'tatami, soderzhashchimi zapominayushchee ustrojstvo s 1024 kanalami, kotoroe obobshchaet sobytiya, imeyushchie odinakovye kharakteristiki v sfere amplituda

  4. Mercury speciation on three European mining districts by XANES techniques

    Science.gov (United States)

    Esbri, J. M.; Garcia-Noguero, E. M.; Guerrero, B.; Kocman, D.; Bernaus, A.; Gaona, X.; Higueras, P.; Alvarez, R.; Loredo, J.; Horvat, M.; Ávila, M.

    2009-04-01

    The mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of mercury in the environment depend on the chemical species in which is present in soil, sediments, water or air. In this work we used synchrotron radiation to determine mercury species in geological samples of three mercury mining districts: Almadén (Spain), Idria (Slovenia) and Asturias (Spain). The aim of this study was to find differences on mobility and bioavailability of mercury on three mining districts with different type of mineralization. For this porpoises we selected samples of ore, calcines, soils and stream sediments from the three sites, completely characterized by the Almadén School of Mines, Josef Stefan Institute of Ljubljana and Oviedo School of Mines. Speciation of mercury was carried out on Synchrotron Laboratories of Hamburg (HASYLAB) by XANES techniques. Spectra of pure compounds [HgCl2, HgSO4, HgO, CH3HgCl, Hg2Cl2 (calomel), HgSred (cinnabar), HgSblack (metacinnabar), Hg2NCl0.5(SO4)0.3(MoO4)0.1(CO3)0.1(H2O) (mosesite), Hg3S2Cl2 (corderoite), Hg3(SO4)O2 (schuetteite) y Hg2ClO (terlinguaite)] were obtained on transmittance mode. The number and type of the compounds required to reconstruct experimental spectra for each sample was obtained by PCA analysis and linear fitting of minimum quadratics of the pure compounds spectra. This offers a semiquantitative approach to the mineralogical constitution of each analyzed sample. The results put forward differences on the efficiency of roasting furnaces from the three studied sites, evidenced by the presence of metacinnabar on the less efficient (Almadén and Asturias) and absence on the most efficient (Idria). For the three studied sites, sulfide species (cinnabar and metacinnabar) were largely more abundant than soluble species (chlorides and sulfates). On the other hand, recent results on the mobility of both Hg and As on the target sites will be presented. These results correlate with the related chemical species found by XANES techniques.

  5. Catalysis under Irradiation in the Presence of Non-Metallic Solids; Catalyse sous irradiation en presence de solides non metalliques; Radiatsionnyj kataliz pri nalichii'nemetallicheskikh tverdykh tel; Radiocatalisis en presencia de solidos no metalicos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Coekelbergs, R.; Crucq, A.; Decot, J.; Degols, L.; Frennet, A.; Lienard, G.; Timmerman, L. [Laboratoire de Chimie Nucleaire, Institut Interuniversitaire des Sciences Nucleaires et Ecole Royale Militaire, Bruxelles (Belgium)

    1963-11-15

    ] Avtory obsuzhdayut protsessy kataliza, indutsirovannye radiatsiej v prisutstvii nemetallicheskikh tverdykh tel. Oni rassmatrivayut isklyuchitel'no tol'ko dejstviya, svyazannye s izmeneniem postoyannoj kontsentratsii nositelej zaryada. Vliyanie ehtogo izmeneniya na kinetiku i ravnovesie geterogennykh reaktsij rasschityvaetsya kolichestvenno v ramkakh ehlektronnoj teorii kataliza i uchityvaya ehlektronnye kharakteristiki poverkhnosti tverdogo tela. Nakonets, oni rassmatrivayut sootnoshenie, sushchestvuyushchee mezhdu ehtimi yavleniyami, aktivatsiej katalizatorov i peredachej ehnergii, opisannymi ranee. (author)

  6. Post-Construction Testing of the Elk River, Hallam and Piqua Power Reactor Plants; Essais apres construction des centrales nucleaires d'Elk River, de Hallam et de Piqua; Predehkspluatatsionnoe ispytanie Ehlk-riverskoj, Khehlpemskoj i Pikuaskoj ehnergeticheskikh reaktornykh ustanovok; Ensayos posteriores a la construccion de las centrales nucleoelectricas de Elk River, Hallam y Piqua

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pursel, C. A. [United States Atomic Energy Commission, Argonne, IL (United States)

    1963-10-15

    mezhdu okonchaniem stroitel'stva (sooruzhenie ehdakij i ustanovka oborudovaniya) i nachalom ehkspluatatsii na moshchnosti (proizvodstvo znachitel'nogo kolichestva ehlektricheskoj ehnergii netto). Ispytaniya presledovali sleduyushchie tseli: 1) proverit' rabochie kharakteristiki ustanovlennogo oborudovaniya; 2) opredelit' nachal'nuyu kritichnost' i koehffitsient reaktivnosti i 3) opredelit' fizicheskie kharakteristiki reaktora i rabochie kharakteristiki ustanovki po mere uvelicheniya moshchnosti. Nakoplennyj opyt mokhet byt' izlozhen v shesti otdel'nykh, no vzaimosvyazannykh razdelakh: 11 programma; 2) stoimost'; 3) potrebnosti v kadrakh; 4) tekhnologiya provedeniya ispytanij; 5) rabota oborudovaniya (vklyuchaya nepoladki) i 6) fakticheskie (po sravneniyu s raschetnymi) kharakteristiki raboty sistemy. Srednyaya proektnaya chislennost' personala, vklyuchaya rabochikh, operatorov, dozimetristov, vspomogatel'nyj tekhnicheskij personal i stazherov, sostavlyaet: dlya ERR - 50, dlya HNPF - 115 i dlya PNPF - 60 chelovek. Podrobnaya tekhnologiya predehkspluatatsionnykh ispytanij v pis'mennom vide byla podgotovlenv dlya kazhdogo vazhnogo komponenta i kazhdoj sistemy ustanovki. Naskol'ko ehto bylo vozmozhno, vse ispytaniya byli provedeny do zagruzki topliva i nachala ehkspluatatsii vsej ustanovki. Oformlenie razreshenij na ehkpluatatsiyu ustanovok (dublikaty litsenzij na neprinadlezhashchie KAEH SSHA ustanovki) zanyalo pochti vse vremya provedeniya predehkspluatatsionnykh ispytanij. Vremya, potrebovavsheesya dlya provedeniya predehkspluatatsionnykh ispytanij kazhdoj iz ehtikh ustanovok, znachitel'no prevysilo pervonachal'no namechennoe vremya. Ispytaniya vskryli ryad yavnykh i predpolagaemykh neispravnostej komponentov, v rezul'tate chego potrebovalos' provesti dopolnitel'nye ispytaniya i analizy. V ryade sluchaev dlya ispravleniya oshibok, dopushchennykh pri izgotovlenii ili konstruirovanii oborudovaniya, komponenty prishlos' remontirovat' ili vidoizmenyat'. Osnovnymi nepoladkami

  7. Construction and operating characteristics of flexible Geiger counters; Caracteristiques de construction et d'utilisation de compteurs Geiger flexibles; Konstruktsionnaya i operativnaya kharakteristiki gibkikh schetchikov Gejgera; Construccion y caracteristicas de funcionamiento de contadores Geiger flexibles

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Richter, H G; Ballard, L F [Research Triangle Institute, Durham, NC (United States)

    1962-04-15

    A method has been developed for constructing flexible Geiger counters in a wide range of lengths and diameters. The counters are quite flexible: a 3-cm diam. counter can be bent to a circle of 5 cm radius. Using Q-gas (98.3% helium, 1.7% n-butane) as the counting medium, plateaux are several hundred volts long with 3% slopes and are independent of the counter configuration. Counters are constructed from tubing having a polyvinyl-chloride formulation (PVC-744 - Alpha Wire Corp.). Short segments of the plastic tubing (length {approx} 3 times the tube diameter) are slipped over a coarsely threaded aluminium mandrel. Wire is wrapped tightly in the threads and the whole is placed in a 110{sup o}C oven for 20 min. After cooling, the corrugated plastic segment is removed from the mandrel. This corrugation prevents the collapse of the tubing when it is coiled. A polystyrene disk, perforated with relatively large holes near the periphery for gas flow and having a 0.6-mm hole in the centre for the anode, is fastened in one end of each segment. By threading the segments thus prepared on a 3-mil tungsten anode and slipping one end of each segment over the adjacent segment and securing them with an adhesive, a counter of any desired length can be built up. Glass end-pieces for attaching the anode ends and for admitting and exhausting the flow gas are attached. A bare copper wire spiralled in the grooves of the counter makes a satisfactory external cathode which operates in the manner observed by MAZE. A 3-cm diam. counter, 1 m long, either linear or coiled, has a plateau beginning at 1400 V and extending beyond 1750 V with a 2.9% slope. Counting rates in excess of 300000 counts/min with little coincidence loss have been observed. Since the counter is actually a series of short Geiger counters and the discharge does not spread beyond the polystyrene spacer disks, adjacent counter segments operate independently. Pulse heights are greater than 50 mV. (author) [French] On a mis au point une methode de construction de compteurs Geiger flexibles ayant des dimensions tres variees. Les compteurs sont tres flexibles : un compteur de 3 cm de diametre peut etre plie avec un rayon de courbure de 5 cm. En utilisant du gaz Q (98,3% d'helium et 1,7% de n-butane) comme milieu de comptage, les paliers ont une longueur de plusieurs centaines de volts avec une pente de 3% et sont independants de la configuration geometrique du compteur. Les compteurs sont construits avec des tubes en chlorure de polyvinyle (PVC-744 - Alpha Wire Corp.). De courts segments du tube (longueur egale a environ 3 fois le diametre) sont glisses sur un mandrin d'aluminium grossierement filete et entoures d'un fil fortement serre. Le tout est place dans un four a 110{sup o}C pendant 20 minutes. Apres refroidissement, le segment de matiere plastique ainsi cannele est degage du mandrin. Ce traitement du tube empeche sa rupture lorsqu'il est enroule. Un disque de polystyrene, perfore de trous relativement grands a la peripherie pour l'ecoulement du gaz et d'un trou central de 0,6 mm pour le passage de l'anode, est attache a une extremite de chaque segment. En enfilant les segments ainsi prepares sur une anode en tungstene de 3 mm, en glissant une extremite de chaque segment sur le segment adjacent et en les fixant solidement avec un adhesif, on peut construire un compteur d'une longueur quelconque. On attache aux extremites des pieces en verre pour la fixation de l'anode et pour l'admission et l'evacuation du gaz. Un fil de cuivre nu, entoure en spirale dans les cannelures du compteur, donne une cathode externe satisfaisante, qui fonctionne suivant le mode observe par Maze. Un compteur de 3 cm de diametre et de 1 metre de longueur, lineaire ou enroule, possede un palier commencant a 1400 volts et allant jusqu'a 1700 volts avec une pente de 2,9%. On a enregistre des taux de comptage de plus de 300000 coups par minute, avec peu de pertes par coincidences. Comme le compteur est en fait une seris de compteurs Geiger courts et que la decharge ne s'etend pas au-dela des disques d'espacement en polystyrene, les segments de compteur adjacents fonctionnent independamment. Les hauteurs d'impulsions depassent 50 mV. (author) [Spanish] Los autores describen el metodo que han usado para construir contadores Geiger flexibles, de muy diferentes longitudes y diametros. Estos contadores son efectivamente muy flexibles: un contador de 3 cm de diametro puede doblarse hasta formar un circulo de 5 cm de radio. Utilizando gas Q (98,3% de helio y 1,7% de n-butano) se obtienen de varios centenares de voltios con pendientes de 3%, que son independientes de la configuracion del contador. Estos contadores estan hechos de tubos de material plastico a base de cloruro de polivinilo (PVC-744 - Alpha Wire Corp.). Sobre un mandril de aluminio de rosca gruesa se enchufan segmentos cortos de tubo de dicho material plastico (de una longitud aproximadamente 3 veces mayor que el diametro del tubo). Los filetes de la rosca se envuelven con alambre bien apretado y la pieza entera se coloca en un horno a 110{sup o}C durante 20 minutos. Despues de enfriar, el segmento de material plastico asi ondulado se retira del mandtil. Esta ondulacion evita que el tubo se aplaste cuando se le enrolla. En un extremo de cada segmento va sujeto un disco de poliestireno, en el que se han practicado orificios relativamente grandes proximos a la periferia, para permitir la circulacion del gas; el disco lleva ademas un orificio de 0,6 mm en el centro, para el anodo. Roscando los segmentos preparados en esta forma sobre un anodo de tungsteno de 3 milesimas de pulgada (75 micrones), enchufando el extremo de cada segmento sobre el segmento siguiente y sujetandolos con un material adhesivo, se puede dar al contador la longitud que se desee. Se adjuntan piezas terminales de vidrio para sujetar los extremos del anodo y para dar entrada y salida a la corriente de gas. Un alambre de cobre desnudo encajado en espiral en las ranuras del contador constituye un catodo externo satisfactorio que funciona en la forma observada por Maze. Un contador de 3 cm de diametro y 1 m de largo, por ejemplo, sea extendido o enrollado, presenta un que comienza a los 1400 V y se extiende a mas de 1750 V con una pendiente del 2,9%. Se ha contado a mas de 300000 impulsos por minuto, con escasa perdida por coincidencia : como el contador consiste practicamente en una serie de contadores Geiger cortos y la descarga no se extiende mas alla de los discos espaciadores de poliestireno, los segmentos de contador adyacentes trabajan independientemente. Las amplitudes de los impulsos superan a los 50 mV. (author) [Russian] Byl razrabotan metod izgotovleniya gibkikh schetchikov Gejgera razlichnoj dliny i diametra. Schetchiki yavlyayutsya sovershenno gibkimi; schetchik diametrom 3 cm mozhno sognut' v krug radiusom 5 cm. Pri ispol'zovanii Q-gaza (98,3% geliya i 1,7% n-butana) v kachestve schetnoj sredy, plato imeyut neskol'ko sot vol't napryazheniya s 3-protsentnym skatom i ne zavisyat ot konfiguratsii schetchika. Schetchiki izgotovleny iz plastmassovoj polivinil-khloridnoj trubki (PVC-744-Al'fa Uajr Korp.). Korotkie segmenty plastmassovoj trubki (dlina sostavlyaet primerno 3 diametra trubki) prokhodyat cherez grubo narezannyj alyuminievyj serdechnik. Provod plotno obertyvaetsya v narezkakh i vse vmeste pomeshchaetsya na 20 minut v pech' s temperaturoj 110{sup o}C. Posle okhlazhdeniya riflenyj plastmassovyj segment snimaetsya s narezki. Ehto riflenie predokhranyaet trubku ot razrusheniya pri namatyvanii. Polistirolovyj disk, perforirovannyj otnositel'no bol'shimi otverstiyami okolo okruzhnosti dlya perekhoda gaza i imeyushchij otverstie 0,6 mm v tsentre dlya anoda, krepitsya na odnom kontse kazhdogo segmenta. Natyagivaya podgotovlennye takim obrazom segmenty na vol'framovyj anod v 3 mm i propuskaya odin konets kazhdogo segmenta poverkh sosednego segmenta s odnovremennym krepleniem, mozhno sozdat' schetchik lyuboj zhelaemoj dliny. Dlya prisoedineniya kontsov anoda i dlya vpuska i vypuska potoka gaza pridayutsya steklyannye nakonechniki. Ogolennyj mednyj provod, prokhodyashchij zmeevikom v vyrezakh schetchika, predstavlyaet soboj udovletvoritel'nyj vneshnij katod, dejstvuyushchij po printsipu Mejza. Schetchik diametrom 3 cm i dlinoyu 1 m (linejnogo ili katushechnogo tipa) imeet plato, nachinaya s 1400 vol't i konchaya bolee 1750 vol't s 2,9-protsentnym skatom. Schetchik registriruet svyshe 300000 otschetov v minutu s neznachitel'noj poterej pri sovpadenii. Poskol'ku schetchik otnositsya fakticheski k serii korotkikh schetchikov Gejgera, a razryad ne vykhodit za predely polistirolovykh razdelitel'nykh diskov, to primykayushchie segmenty schetchika rabotayut nezavisimo. Amplitudy impul'sov prevyshayut 50 millivol't. (author)

  8. Microgravity Disturbance Predictions in the Combustion Integrated Rack

    Science.gov (United States)

    Just, M.; Grodsinsky, Carlos M.

    2002-01-01

    allocations are developed for each ORU. The worst-case disturbances are input into an on-orbit analytical dynamic model of the rack. These models include both NASTRAN and MATLAB Simulink models , which include eigenvector and frequency inputs of the rack rigid body modes, the rack umbilical modes, and the racks' structural modes. The disturbance areas and science locations need to be modeled accurately to give valid predictions. The analytically determined microgravity vibration levels are compared to the CIR science requirements contained in the FCF Science Requirements Envelope Document (SRED). The predicted levels will be compared with the on-orbit measurements provided by the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) sensor, which is to be mounted on the CIR optics bench.

  9. Multichannel time-analyser with an electrostatic memory tube; Analyseur en temps a plusieurs canaux, avec memoire a potentioscopes; Mnogokanal'nye vremennye analizatory s pamyat'yu na potentsialoskopakh; Analizador multicanal de tiempo con tubo de memoria electrostatico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ignat' ev, K G; Kirpichnikov, I V; Sukhoruchkin, S I

    1962-04-15

    forma de graficos y de datos numericos en fichas perforadas. (author) [Russian] V ITEHF AN SSSR byli so z d a ny dva mnogokanal'nykh vremennykh analizatora impul'sov s ''pamyat'yu'' na potentsialoskopakh JIH-4. V nastoyashchee vremya oni ISPOL'ZUYUTSYA V razlichnykh izmereniyakh i imeyut sleduyushchie kharakteristiki: chislo kanalov - 1024 i 2048; vremennaya shirina kanalov ot 0,2 mksek. i bol'she; emkost' kanalov - 4096 imp i 1024 imp; chastota zapuska analizatoroa do 1000 raz v sek; velichina zagruzki do 1000 imp/sek. Rezul'taty izmerenij vydayutsya analizatorami v vide grafikov i chislovykh dannykh na perfokartakh. (author)

  10. Effect of low temperature and electron irradiation on the volt-ampere characteristics of silicon structures with p-n junctions; Vliyanie nizkikh temperatur i ehlektronnogo oblucheniya na vol`t-ampernye kharakteristiki kremnievykh struktur s p-n perekhodami

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Korshunov, F P [and others

    1994-12-31

    Features of volt-ampere characteristic behaviour of silicon, diffusion p-n-p structures making up the basis of force diodes under their operation in the mode of nominal and overload current densities are investigated.

  11. Photo-Induced Electron-Exchange Reactions Exhibiting Chain Characteristics; Echanges d'Electrons Photoinduits Presentant les Caracteristiques d'une Reaction en Chaine; Vyzvannye fotonami reaktsii ehlektronnogo obmena, proyavlyayushchie kharakteristiki tsepochki; Intercambio de Electrones Fotoinducido del Tipo de Cadena

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stranks, D. R.; Yandell, J. R. [University of Adelaide, Adelaide (Australia)

    1965-10-15

    The absorption of light of an appropriate wavelength can markedly accelerate the rate of a two-electron exchange reaction. Charge-transfer absorption generates an intermediate oxidation state which is responsible for propagating a chain reaction between the two stable oxidation states. The general kinetic equations for exchange systems involving chain propagation and either linear or quadratic termination are derived. It is shown that the dependence of the observed quantum yield on reactant concentrations and the absorbed light intensity is more complex than has been hitherto assumed. In principle, a kinetic investigation of such an exchange system should evaluate the primary quantum yield for the initial charge-transfer absorption process, the rates of electron transfer between each of the two stable oxidation states and the intermediate state, and the rate of disproportionation of the intermediate oxidation state. These general considerations are illustrated with the results of an experimental study of the thallium(I)- thallium(III) system. Selective charge-transfer absorption at 2537 A by the Tl{sup 3+}. OH{sup -} ion-pair is used to generate Tl{sup II}. The ensuing exchange reaction with Tl{sup +} exhibits marked induction periods and is sensitive to micromolar concentrations of oxidants and reductants. At millimolar concentrations of Tl{sup +} and Tl{sup 3+}, the observed quantum yields are directly proportional to the Tl{sup +} and Tl{sup 3+} concentrations. At higher concentrations, the quantum yields level oui to ''plateau'' values which range from 6 to 30, depending on the absorbed light intensity. The plateau quantum yield is a direct measure of the relative rates of the propagation reactions Tl{sup +} + Tl{sup 2+} -> Tl{sup 2+} + T1+ and Tl{sup 2+} + Tl{sup 3+} -> Tl{sup 3+} + Tl{sup 2+} compared to the termination reaction 2 Tl{sup 2+} -> Tl{sup +} + Tl{sup 3+}. This disproportionation reaction is consistent with a light intensity exponent of 0. 50, which may be observed in rigorously pure reactant solutions. However, in solutions containing micromolar concentrations of impurities, this exponent can rise to 0.70 owing to the importance of the scavenging reaction Tl{sup 2}+ + S ->Tl{sup +} (or Tl{sup 3+}) + S'. The short lifetime of Tl{sup 2+} (probably milliseconds) has so far prevented the measurement of the rate of the Tl{sup 2+} disproportionation reaction by rotating sector techniques. The relative rates of these electron-transfer reactions are discussed in terms of electron-tunnelling theories. The observed primary quantum yield for the reaction Tl{sup 3+}. OH{sup -} + hv -> Tl{sup 2+} + OH is shown to be consistent with the Noyes theory of diffusion of geminate radicals. (author) [French] L'absorption d'une lumiere de longueur d'onde appropriee peut considerablement accelerer la vitesse d'un echange deux electrons. L'absorption avec transfert de charges produit un etat d'oxydation intermediaire auquel est due la propagation d'une reaction en chaine entre les deux etats d'oxydation stables. Les auteurs etablissent les equations cinetiques generales pour les systemes d'echange impliquant une propagation en chaine et une terminaison soit lineaire soit quadratique. Ils demontrent que la relation de dependance entre le rendement quantique observe, d'une part, et les concentrations en corps reagissants et l'intensite de la lumiere absorbee, d'autre part, est plus complexe que dans l'hypothese admise jusqu'ici. En principe, une etude cinetique portant sur un tel systeme d'echange devrait tendrea evaluer le rendement quantique primaire pour le processus d'absorption initial avec transfert de charge, les vitesses du transfert d'electrons entre chacun des deux etats d'oxydation stables et l'etat intermediaire, ainsi que la vitesse de dismutation de l'etat d'oxydation intermediaire. Ces considerations generales sont illustrees par les resultats d'une etude experimentale sur le systeme Tl{sup I}-Tl{sup III}. Pour produire Tl{sup II}, les auteurs ont utilise une absorption selective avec transfert de charges a 2537 A au moyen de la paire d'ions Tl{sup 3+}. OH{sup -}. L'echange avec Tl{sup +} qui s'ensuit presente des periodes d'induction bien marquees; il est sensible aux concentrations micromolaires en oxydants et en reducteurs. Pour des concentrations millimolaires en Tl{sup +} et Tl{sup 3+} , les rendements quantiques observes sont directement proportionnels ie ces concentrations. Pour de plus fortes concentrations, la courbe des valeurs du rendement quantique presente un plateau dont le niveau se situe entre 6 et 30, selon l'intensite de la lumiere absorbee, La valeur de plateau du rendement quantique constitue une mesure directe des vitesses relatives des reactions de propagation Tl{sup +} + Tl{sup 2+} -> Tl{sup 2+} + T1+ and Tl{sup 2+} + Tl{sup 3+} -> Tl{sup 3+} + Tl{sup 2+} comparees ie la reaction de terminaison 2 Tl{sup 2+} -> Tl{sup +} + Tl{sup 3+}. Cette reaction de dismutation est compatible avec un exposant de 0,50 pour l'intensite de la lumiere, que l'on peut observer dans des solutions rigoureusement pures des corps en reaction. Toutefois, dans les solutions contenant des concentrations micromolaires d'impuretes, cet exposant peut aller jusqu'a 0,70 en raison de l'importance de la reaction de balayage Tl{sup 2}+ + S ->Tl{sup +} (or Tl{sup 3+}) + S'. Jusqu'a present, la courte duree de vie de Tl{sup 2+} (qui se mesure probablement millisecondes) n'a pas permis de mesurer la vitesse de la reaction de dismutation de Tl{sup 2+} par les methodes des secteurs en rotation. Les auteurs discutent les vitesses relatives de ces echanges par transfert d'electrons en invoquant des theories fondees sur l'effet tunnel. Ils montrent que le rendement quantique primaire observe pour la reaction Tl{sup 3+}. OH{sup -} + hv -> Tl{sup 2+} + OH est compatible avec la theorie de Noyes sur la diffusion de radicaux gemines. (author) [Spanish] La absorcion de luz de una longitud de onda determinada puede acelerar sensiblemente la velocidad de una reaccion de intercambio en que participen dos electrones. La absorcion por transferencia de carga origina en estado de oxidacion intermedio como consecuencia del cual se propaga una reaccion en cadena entre los dos estados estables de oxidacion. Los autores deducen las ecuaciones cineticas generales para sistemas de intercambio con propagacion en cadena y terminacion lineal o cuadratica. Demuestran que las relaciones de dependencia entre el rendimiento cuantico observado por una parte y la concentracion de las sustancias que entran en reaccion, y la intensidad de la luz absorbida por la otra es mas compleja que lo que se suponia. En principio, el estudio cinetico de un sistema de intercambio de este tipo deberia tener por objetivo evaluar el rendimiento cuantico primario correspondiente al proceso inicial de absorcion por transferencia de carga, la velocidad de transferencia de electrones entre cada uno de los dos estados estables de oxidacion y el estado intermedio, y la velocidad de dismutacion del estado de oxidacion intermedio. Estas consideraciones generales se ilustran con los resultados de un estudio experimental del sistema talio(I)-talio(III). Se utiliza la absorcion selectiva por transferencia de carga a 2537 A por el par ionico TI{sup 3+}. OH- para producir TI{sup II}. La reaccion de intercambio que seguidamente tiene lugar con el Tl{sup +} presenta claros periodos de induccion y es sensible a concentraciones micromolares de oxidantes y reductores. A concentraciones milimolares de Tl{sup +} y TI{sup 3+} , los rendimientos cuanticos observados son directamente proporcionales a la concentracion de TI{sup +} y TI{sup 3+}, mientras que a concentraciones mas elevadas, los rendimientos cuanticos se estabilizan en torno a valores que oscilan entre 6 y 30, segun la intensidad de la luz absorbida. Estos valores estables del rendimiento cuantico constituyen una media directa de las velocidades relativas delas reacciones de propagacion Tl{sup +} + Tl{sup 2+} -> Tl{sup 2+} + T1+ and Tl{sup 2+} + Tl{sup 3+} -> Tl{sup 3+} + Tl{sup 2+} referidas a la reaccion de terminacion 2 Tl{sup 2+} -> Tl{sup +} + Tl{sup 3+}. Esta reaccion de dismutacion es compatible con un exponente de 0,50 para la intensidad . de la luz, que puede observarse en soluciones de reactivos sumamente puros. Sin embargo, en las soluciones con concentraciones micromolares de impurezas, dicho exponente puede aumentar a 0,70 debido a la importancia de la reaccion de depuracion. Tl{sup 2}+ + S ->Tl{sup +} (or Tl{sup 3+}) + S'. El corto periodo de vida del TI{sup 2+} (probablemente del orden de los milisegundos) ha impedido hasta ahora medir la velocidad de'la reaccion de dismutacion del Tl + por el metodo del sector rotativo. Las velocidades relativas de estas reacciones de intercambio electronico se examinan aplicando la teoria del efecto tunel electronico. Se demuestra que el rendimiento cuantico primario observado en el caso de la reaccion Tl{sup 3+}. OH{sup -} + hv -> Tl{sup 2+} + OH es compatible con la teoria de difusion de radicales geminados de Noyes. (author) [Russian] Pogloshhenie sveta opredelennoj dliny volny mozhet zametno uvelichit' skorost' protekanija reakcii obmena dvuh jelektronov. Pogloshhenie perenosa za- rjada porozhdaet sostojanie promezhutochnogo okislenija, kotoroe privodit k rasprostraneniju cepnoj reakcii mezhdu dvumja ustojchivymi sostojanijami okislenija. Vyvodjatsja obshhie kineticheskie uravnenija dlja sistem obmena, svjazannye s rasprostra- neniem cepochki i libo linejnym, libo kvadratichnym prekrashheniem. Pokazyvaetsja, chto zavisimost' otmechaemogo vyhoda kvanta ot koncentracij reagentov i intensivnosti po- gloshhennogo sveta javljaetsja bolee slozhnoj, chem jeto predpolagalos' ranee. V principe v rezul'tate izuchenija kinetiki takoj sistemy obmena mozhno ocenit' vyhod pervichnogo kvanta dlja pervonachal'nogo processa pogloshhenija perenosa zarjada, opredelit' skorosti perenosa jelektronov mezhdu kazhdym iz dvuh ustojchivyh sostojanij okislenija i promezhutochnym sostojaniem i skorost' disproporcionirovanija promezhutochnogo sostojanija okislenija. Jeti obshhie soobrazhenija illjustrirujutsja rezul'tatami jeksperimental'nogo izuchenija sistemy talij (I) - talij (III). Izbiratel'noe pogloshhenie perenosa zarjada paroj ionov T Script-Small-L {sup 3+} ON{sup -} pri 2537 A ispol'zuetsja dlja obrazovanija T Script-Small-L {sup II}. V posledujushhej reakcii obmena s Tit' projavljajutsja zametnye periody indukcii i chuvstvitel'nost' k mikromoljarnym kon- centracijam okislitelej i vosstanovitelej. Pri millimoljarnyh koncentracijah T Script-Small-L {sup +} i T Script-Small-L {sup 3+} nabljudaemye vyhody kvantov nahodjatsja v projamoj proporcional'noj zavisimosti ot kon- centracij T Script-Small-L {sup +} i T Script-Small-L {sup 3+} . Pri povyshennyh koncentracijah uroven' vyhodov kvantov sravnivaetsja so znachenijami {sup p}lato{sup ,} kotorye kolebljutsja v diapazone ot 6 do 30, v zavisimosti ot in- tensivnosti pogloshhennogo sveta. Vyhod kvanta na plato javljaetsja neposredstvennym merilom otnositel'nyh skorostej reakcij rasprostranenija T Script-Small-L {sup +} + T Script-Small-L {sup 2+} -> T Script-Small-L {sup 2+} + T1+ and T Script-Small-L {sup 2+} + T Script-Small-L {sup 3+} -> T Script-Small-L {sup 3+} + T Script-Small-L {sup 2+} po sravneniju s reakciej obryva cepi 2 T Script-Small-L {sup 2+} -> T Script-Small-L {sup +} + T Script-Small-L {sup 3+}. Jeta reakcija dispro- porcionirovanija javljaetsja sovmestimoj s jeksponentoj 0,50 intensivnosti sveta, kotoruju mozhno nabljudat' v strogo chistyh rastvorah reagirujushhego veshhestva. Odnako v rastvorah, v kotoryh imejutsja mikromoljarnye koncentracii primesej, jeta jeksponenta mozhet podnimat'sja do 0,70 vvidu vazhnosti reakcii ochistki T Script-Small-L {sup 2}+ + S ->T Script-Small-L {sup +} (or T Script-Small-L {sup 3+}) + S'. V svjazi s korotkim periodom zhizni T Script-Small-L {sup 2+} (verojatno, porjadka millisekund) do sih por ne udalos' izmerit' sko- rost' reakcii disproporcionirovanija T Script-Small-L {sup 2+} metodom vrashhajushhegosja sektora. Otnositel'nye skorosti jetih reakcij perenosa jelektronov obsuzhdajutsja v ramkah teorij tunnel'nogo jeffekta jelektronov. Pokazyvaetsja, chto nabljudaemyj vyhod pervichnyh kvantov dlja reakcii T Script-Small-L {sup 3+}. OH{sup -} + hv -> T Script-Small-L {sup 2+} + OH sovmestim s teoriej Nojesa otnositel'no diffuzii radikalov geminata. (author)

  12. On Absolute Measurements of {beta}-Emitting Radionuclides; Mesures absolues d'emetteurs {beta}; Absolyutnye izmereniya {beta} izluchayushchikh radioizotopov; Sobre la medicion absoluta de los emisores {beta}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baptista, A M [Centro de Estudos de Fisica, Comisao de Estudos de Energia Nuclear, Instituto Portugues de Oncologia, Lisboa (Portugal)

    1960-06-15

    {sup 210} (RaE). La memoria termina con una nota sobre el problema de las perdidas por absorcion en las hojas en el recuento absoluto por centelleo. (author) [Russian] Daetsya opisanie detektorov 4 {pi} G. M. i privodyatsya nekotorye ikh kharakteristiki. Otsutstvie lozhnykh impul'sov pokazano putem izmereniya vozrastaniya intervalov mezhdu impul'sami. Rassmatrivayuts ya nekotorye problemy, otnosyashchiesya k pogloshcheniyu fol'gi i istochnika pri pomoshchi Sr{sup 90} i Y{sup 90}. Predstavlen takzhe ehksperimental'ny j metod s ispol'zovaniem parnykh istochnikov, napravlennyj na popravku ischislyaemykh poter' v fol'ge i do nekotoroj stepeni v istochnike pogloshcheniya. Daetsya opisanie podgotovki standartov Bi{sup 210} (RaE). Predstavleno primechanie o probleme poter' fol'gi ot pogloshcheniya pri stsintillyatsionno m absolyutnom schete. (author)

  13. Design and characteristics of beta-excited X-ray sources; Caracteristiques des sources de rayons X excitees par des particules beta; Konstruktsiya i kharakteristiki beta-vozbuzhdennykh istochnikov rentgenovskikh luchej; Diseno y caracteristicas de las fuentes de rayos X excitadas por particulas beta

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Filosofo, I; Reiffel, L; Stone, C A; Voyvodic, L [Physics Division, Armour Research Foundation, Chicago, IL (United States)

    1962-01-15

    The paper reports on recent work on beta-excited X-ray sources. Results of detailed experimental investigation on the X-rays produced by the fission products Pm{sup 147}, Kr{sup 85} and Sr{sup 90} are described. X-ray yields and spectral distributions have been studied for target materials ranging from copper to uranium and in a variety of source-target geometries (transmission target, reflection target, sandwich target, intimate source-target mixtures). To interpret the experimental results, an analytical treatment of the processes involved in X-ray production by beta particles has been developed and is outlined. By taking into account bremsstrahlung, K-shell ionization, and fluorescent X-ray excitation, a convenient mathematical formulation may be derived for photon spectra and yields as functions of maximum {beta}-energy, target thickness and source configuration. The agreement between calculated and experimentally determined yields is excellent and confirms the merit of the analysis. It thus becomes possible to optimize the design of isotopic X-ray sources for specific applications. Kr{sup 85} and Pm{sup 147} prototype sources have been designed and 'their performance in thickness and composition-analysis measurements is discussed. A high level Pm{sup 147} source for industrial radiography has also been designed and its performance, along with the utility of image intensifiers to extend its applicability, is considered. Finally, a general review of potentialities, advantages and limitations of isotopic X-ray sources is given. (author) [French] Le memoire rend compte des recents travaux sur les sources de rayons X excitees par des particules beta. Il donne les resultats d'une etude experimentale detaillee sur les rayons X emis par les produits de fission {sup 147}Pm, {sup 85}Kr et {sup 90}Sr. Les auteurs ont etudie l'emission et la distribution spectrale des rayons X pour des cibles allant du cuivre a l'uranium, et ce dans plusieurs geometries source-cible differentes, a savoir : etude en transmission, en retrodiffusion, en , et enfin avec source et cible intimemement liees. Pour interpreter les resultats des experiences, les auteurs ont mis au point une analyse des processus qui interviennent dans la production des rayons X par les particules beta; ils en font l'expose. En tenant compte du rayonnement de freinage, de l'ionisation de la couche K et de fluorescence provoquee par les rayons X, il est possible de degager une formule mathematique commode pour les spectres et les nombres de photons emis, en fonction de l'energie beta maximum, de l'epaisseur de la cible et de la configuration de la source. En ce qui concerne les nombres de photons emis, les resultats de l'experience concordent parfaitement avec ceux des calculs theoriques, ce qui confirme la valeur de l'analyse. Il devient ainsi possible de mettre au point des sources de rayons X isotopiques repondant aux exigences des applications auxquelles elles sont destinees. On a construit des sources prototypes de {sup 85}Kr et de {sup 147}Pm; les auteurs en etudient l'efficacite pour les mesures d'epaisseur et les analyses de composition. Ils examinent aussi le comportement d'une source de {sup 147}Pm de grande intensite, mise au point pour Le memoire rend compte des recents travaux sur les sources de rayons X excitees par des particules beta. Il donne les resultats d'une etude experimentale detaillee sur les rayons X emis par les produits de fission {sup 147}Pm, {sup 85}Kr et {sup 90}Sr. Les auteurs ont etudie l'emission et la distribution spectrale des rayons X pour des cibles allant du cuivre a l'uranium, et ce dans plusieurs geometries source-cible differentes, a savoir : etude en transmission, en retrodiffusion, en , et enfin avec source et cible intimemement liees. Pour interpreter les resultats des experiences, les auteurs ont mis au point une analyse des processus qui interviennent dans la production des rayons X par les particules beta; ils en font l'expose. En tenant compte du rayonnement de freinage, de l'ionisation de la couche K et de fluorescence provoquee par les rayons X, il est possible de degager une formule mathematique commode pour les spectres et les nombres de photons emis, en fonction de l'energie beta maximum, de l'epaisseur de la cible et de la configuration de la source. En ce qui concerne les nombres de photons emis, les resultats de l'experience concordent parfaitement avec ceux des calculs theoriques, ce qui confirme la valeur de l'analyse. Il devient ainsi possible de mettre au point des sources de rayons X isotopiques repondant aux exigences des applications auxquelles elles sont destinees. On a construit des sources prototypes de {sup 85}Kr et de {sup 147}Pm; les auteurs en etudient l'efficacite pour les mesures d'epaisseur et les analyses de composition. Ils examinent aussi le comportement d'une source de {sup 147}Pm de grande intensite, mise au point pour la radiographie industrielle, ainsi que l'utilite des renforcateurs d'images, qui permettraient d'en etendre le champ d'application. Enfin, les auteurs passent en revue les possibilites, avantages et limites des sources de rayons X isotopiques. [Spanish] La memoria trata de trabajos realizados recientemente acerca de fuentes de rayos X excitadas por particulas beta. Describe los resultados de una minuciosa investigacion experimental sobre los rayos X generados por los productos de fision {sup 147}Pm, {sup 85}Kr y {sup 90}Sr. Los autores han estudiado los rendimientos en rayos X y las distribuciones espectrales correspondientes a materiales de blanco que abarcan del cobre al uranio, para diversas geometrias fuente-blanco (blancos de transmision, blancos de reflexion, blancos ''sandwich'' y mezclas intimas de la fuente y el blanco). Para interpretar los resultados experimentales, los autores idearon un metodo de analisis de los procesos que intervienen en la produccion de rayos X por excitacion mediante particulas beta; dicho metodo se describe en la memoria. Si se tienen en cuenta la radiacion de frenado (Bremsstrahlung), la ionizacion de la capa K y la fluorescencia provocada por los rayos X, puede lograrse una formulacion matematica satisfactoria para calcular los rendimientos y los espectros fotonicos en funcion de la energia {beta} maxima, del espesor del blanco y de la configuracion de la fuente. Los rendimientos calculados concuerdan perfectamente con los determinados por via experimental, lo que confirma la validez del metodo analitico. De esta forma, resulta posible disenar fuentes isotopicas de rayos X que responden optimamente a las exigencias de las aplicaciones a las que van destinadas. Los autores disenaron prototipos de fuentes de {sup 85}Kr y de {sup 147}Pm, y la memoria analiza su eficacia en las mediciones de espesores y el analisis de sustancias compuestas. Tambien disenaron una fuente de {sup 147}Pm de elevada intensidad destinada a la radiografia industrial; la memoria examina su funcionamiento, asi como la utilidad de los intensificadores de imagen que permiten ampliar el campo de aplicaciones de dicha fuente. Los autores terminan su memoria con un examen general de las posibilidades, ventajas y limitaciones de las fuentes isotopicas de rayos X. (author) [Russian] V dokumente izlagayutsya novejshie rezul'taty rabot nad beta-vozbuzhdennymi istochnikami rentgenovskikh luchej. Opisyvayutsya rezul'taty podrobnogo ehksperimental'nogo issledovaniya rentgenovskikh luchej, proizvodimykh produktami deleniya Rt-147, Kg-85 i Sr-90. Vykhod rentgenovskikh luchej i spektral'noe raspredelenie byli izucheny dlya mishenej, postroennykh iz materialov, idushchikh ot medi do urana, a takzhe dlya raznoobraznogo vzaimnogo raspolozheniya istochnika i mishenej: (propuskayushchaya mishen', otrazhayushchaya mishen', 'sloenaya'' mishen', tesnoperemeshannye istochniki i mishen'). Osobenno podrobno byla izuchena smes' iz prometiya-147 s okis'yu samariya dlya vyyasneniya perspektiv ispol'zovaniya istochnika vysokogo urovnya, v kotorom sam prometij-147 yavlyaetsya glavnoj mishen'yu rentgenovskikh luchej. Detektirovanie rentgenovskikh luchej proizvodilos' pri pomoshchi stsintillyatsionnykh i proportsional'nykh schetchikov sovmestno s 256-kanal'nym amplitudnym analizatorom impul'sov. Dlya istolkovaniya ehksperimental'nykh dannykh bylo vyrabotano i opisano analiticheskoe vyrazhenie protsessov obrazovaniya rentgenovskikh luchej beta-chastitsami. Esli uchest' tormoznoe izluchenie, obolochechnuyu K-ionizatsiyu i flyuorestsiruyushchee vozbuzhdenie rentgenovskikh luchej, to mozhno vyvesti podkhodyashchuyu matematicheskuyu formulu dlya opredeleniya spektra i vykhoda fotonov v funktsii ot maksimal'noj beta-ehnergii, tolshchiny misheni i konfiguratsii istochnika. Poluchaetsya otlichnoe sovpadenie raschetnykh rezul'tatov s ehksperimental'no poluchennymi vykhodami, chto podtverzhadaet tsennost' ehtogo sposoba analiza. Takim obrazom otkryvaetsya vozmozhnost' dlya optimizatsii konstruktsii izotopnykh istochnikov rentgenovskikh luchej v otnoshenii tekh ili inykh primenenij. Byli skonstruirovany prototipnye istochniki kriptona-85 i prometiya-147 i obsuzhdayutsya poluchennye s nimi rezul'taty izmerenij tolshchiny i analiza sostava. Byl takzhe skonstruirovan istochnik prometiya-147 vysokogo urovnya dlya promyshlennoj radiografii i obsuzhdayutsya rezul'taty ispol'zovaniya ehtogo istochnika, a takzhe tselesoobraznost' primeneniya usilitelej izobrazheniya, chto dolzhno eshche bol'she rasshirit' oblast' primeneniya ehtogo metoda. Nakonets, daetsya obshchij obzor vozmozhnostej, preimushchestv i ogranichenij izotopnykh istochnikov rentgenovskikh luchej. (author)

  14. Design, Fabrication and Performance of Boron-Carbide Control Elements; Conception, Fabrication et Comportement de Lames de Commande en Carbure de Bore; Raschety, izgotovlenie i kharakteristiki reguliruyushchikh sterzhnej. Iz karbida Bora; Proyecto, Elaboracion y Rendimiento de Elementos de Control de Carburo de Boro

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brammer, H. A.; Jacobson, J. [General Electric Company, San Jose, CA (United States)

    1964-06-15

    A control blade design, incorporating boron-carbide (B{sub 4}C) in stainless-steel tubes, was introduced into service in boiling water reactors in April 1961. Since that time this blade has become the standard reference control element in General Electric boiling-water reactors, replacing the 2% boron-stainless-steel blades previously used. The blades consist of a sheathed, cruciform array of small vertical stainless-steel tubes filled with compacted boron-carbide powder. The boron-carbide powder is confined longitudinally into several independent compartments by swaging over ball bearings located inside the tubes. The development and use of boron-carbide control rods is discussed in five phases: 1. Summary of experience with boron-steel blades and reasons for transition to boron-carbide control; 2. Design of the boron-carbide blade, beginning with developmental experiments, including early measurements performed in the AEC ''Control Rod Material and Development Program'' at the Vallecitos Atomic Laboratory, through a description of the final control blade configuration; 3. Fabrication of the blades and quality control procedures; 4. Results of confirmatory pre-operational mechanical and reactivity testing; and 5. Post-operational experience with the blades, including information on the results of mechanical inspection and reactivity testing after two years of reactor service. (author) [French] Un modele de lame de commande en carbure de bore (B{sub 4}C) a ete mis en place dans des reacteurs a eau bouillante en avril 1961. Depuis lors, cette lame est devenue l 'element de commande temoin classique dans les reacteurs a eau bouillante de la General Electric et a remplace les lames en acier inoxydable a 2% de bore utilisees auparavant. Ces lames consistent en un assemblage gaine cruciforme comprenant de petits tubes d'acier inoxydable verticaux remplis de poudre de carbure de bore agglomeree. Dans le sens de la longueur, cette poudre est enfermee dans plusieurs compartiments independants par tassement sur des supports spheriques situes a l'interieur des tubes. Les auteurs etudient la mise au point et l'utilisation des lames de commande en carbure de bore sous les cinq rubriques suivantes: 1. Apercu de l'experience acquise avec l'acier au bore et raisons de son remplacement par du carbure de bore. 2. Etudes de la lame en carbure de bore depuis le debut des experiences de mise au point, y compris les premieres mesures effectuees dans le cadre du ' Programme de mise au point de materiaux pour barres de controle' de la CEA au Laboratoire atomique de Vallecitos, et description de la configuration definitive de la lame de controle. 3. Fabrication des lames et methodes de controle de la qualite. 4. Resultats des essais confirmatoires avant mise en service (essais mecaniques et essais de reactivites). 5. Experience apres mise en service, y compris les resultats d'essais mecaniques et d'essais'de reactivites effectues apres deux annees d'utilisation dans le reacteur. (author) [Spanish] En abril de 1961 se comenzo a utilizar en los reactores de agua hirviente un nuevo modelo de elemento de control de carburo de boro (B{sub 4}C) en tubos de acero inoxidable. Desde entonces, este elemento se ha convertido en el elemento de control normal de referencia en los reactores de agua hirviente de la General Electric, y ha sustituido a las placas de acero inoxidable con 2% de boro que se utilizaban con anterioridad. Los nuevos elementos consisten en pequenos tubos verticales de acero inoxidable, dispuestos de manera cruciforme,, con un revestimiento, que estan llenos de polvo de carburo de boro compactado. El polvo de carburo de boro queda confinado longitudinalmente en varios compartimentos independientes estampandolo sobre bolas de acero de cojinetes situadas en el interior de los tubos. La memoria discute en cinco fases el perfeccionamiento, y el empleo de las barras de control de carburo de boro. 1. Resumen de los experimentos realizados con placas de acero al boro y motivos por los que se abandonaron en favor del carburo de boro. 2. Desarrollo progresivo del elemento de carburo de boro, comenzando con los primeros experimentos y las mediciones iniciales llevadas a cabo en el Vallecitos Atomic Laboratory en el marco del programa de desarrollo de materiales para barras de control de la AEC, hasta llegar a una descripcion de la configuracion definitiva de la barra de control. 3. Elaboracion de los elementos y procedimientos de control de calidad. 4. Resultados de los ensayos para determinar las caracteristicas mecanicas y la reactividad. 5. Experiencia adquirida Con los elementos y datos sobre los resultados de la inspeccion mecanica y de los ensayos de la reactividad al cabo de 2 aflos de utilizacion en los reactores. (author) [Russian] Regulirujushhee ustrojstvo s ispol'zovaniem krestoobraznoj kasety, Sostojashhej iz trubok iz nerzhavejushhej stali, zapolnennyh karbidom bora (B{sub 4}C), stali primenjat' v re aktorah s kipjashhej vodoj v aprele 1961 goda. S jetogo vremeni kasety stali standartnym jetalonom upravljajushhih sterzhnej v reaktorah s kipjashhej vodoj kompanii {sup D}zhene- ral Jelektrik{sup .} Oni zamenili kasety iz nerzhavejushhej stali s 2%-nym soderzhaniem bo r a . Jeti krestoobraznye kasety sostojat iz nabora nebol'shih vertikal'nyh trub iz nerzhavejushhej stali, zapolnennyh plotnym poroshkom karbida bora. Poroshok karbida bora pomeshhen v prodol'nom napravlenii v nezavisimyh otdalenijah putem gorjachej pakovki nad sharikopodshipnikami, razmeshhennymi, razmeshhennymi vnutri trub. R azr abotka i ispol'zovanie regulirujushhih sterzhnej iz karbida bora obsuzhdaetsja po sledujushhim pjati fazam: 1. Kratkoe opisanie opyta s pomoshh'ju stal'nyh kaset, soderzhashhih bor, i prichiny perehoda k regulirujushhim sterzhnjam iz karbida bora. 2 . Ustrojstvo kaset iz karbida bora, nachinaja s jeksperimentov po ra zrab otke i vkljuchaja samye pervye meroprijatija, provedennye v KAJe po ''Materialam dlja regulirujushhih sterzhnej i programme razrabotki'' v atomnoj laboratorii Valesitos, a takzhe opisanie okonchatel'nyh form regulirujushhih kaset I 3 . Izgotovlenie kaset j metody kontrolja ih kachestva. 4. Rezul'taty opytov po proverke predjekspluatacionnyh mehanicheskih svojstv i reaktivnosti. 5 . Opyt, poluchennyj posle jekspluatacii kaset, vkljuchaja i dannye o rezul'tatah obsledovanija mehanicheskoj chasti i ispytanie na reaktivnost' posle dvuh l e t raboty reaktora. (author)

  15. On the Conversion of UF{sub 6} to UO{sub 2}; Conversion de UF{sub 6} en UO{sub 2}; O prevrashchenii UF{sub 6} v UO{sub 2}; Transformacion del UF{sub 6} en UO{sub 2}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kolar, D.; Slivnik, J.; Volavsek, B. [Jozef Stefan Nuclear Institute, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia (Slovenia)

    1963-11-15

    reduccion del hexafluoruro de uranio con amoniaco en fase gaseosa a 40 deg. C. Mediante una pirohidrolisis con vapor de agua e hidrogeno entre 500 y 600 deg. C, transformaron en dioxido de uranio el producto de grano muy fino retenido en precipitadores electricos. Por analisis termodiferencial y termogravimetrico observaron el desarrollo de la reaccion. Determinaron el fluor y el oxigeno contenidos en el dioxido de uranio y examinaron su estructura cristalina por analisis roentgenografico. Evaluaron diversas caracteristicas fisicoquimicas tales como el area superficial especifica, las dimensiones de las particulas y la densidad del polvo vibrado. A partir del polvo, prepararon pastillas prensadas y sinterizadas a 1350 deg. C. Obtuvieron densidades, variables segun las diversas condiciones de preparacion, que alcanzaron hasta el 94% del valor teorico. (author) [Russian] Vosstanovleniem geksaftorida urana ammiakom v gazovoj faze pri 40 deg. C byl poluchen kompleksnyj ammonij ftorid urana. Ehtot melkij poroshok uderzhivalsya v ehlektroosaditelyakh i perevodilsya v dvuokis' urana metodom pirogidrolieha vodyanymi parami i vodorodom pri temperature ot 500 do 600 deg. C. Khod reaktsii kontrolirovalsya metodom termicheskogo i termogravimetricheskogo analizov. V dvuokisi urana analiticheski opredelyalos' soderzhanie ftora i kisloroda, a kristallicheskaya struktura proveryalas' metodom rentgenovskogo analiza. Opredeleny nekotorye fiziko- khimicheskie' kharakteristiki , kak udel'naya poverkhnost', razmer chastits i konechnaya plotnost' poroshka. Iz poroshka pressovalis' tabletki, kotorye spekalis' pri 1350 deg. C. V zavisimosti ot razlichnykh uslovij izgotovleniya byli dostignuty plotnosti do 94% teoreticheskoj. (author)

  16. Flute Characteristics of and Microwave Emission from a Plasma in a Mirror; Instabilite en Cannelures et Emission de Micro-Ondes par un Plasma dans une Machine a Miroirs; Zhelobkovye kharakteristiki i ehmissiya mikrovoln iz plazmy v zerkale; Caracteristicas del Estriado y Emision de Microondas por un Plasma en un Espejo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Scott, F. R.; Jensen, T. H.; Wharton, C. B. [General Atomic Division, General Dynamics Corporation, San Diego, CA (United States)

    1966-04-15

    A pulsed mirror has been constructed to study the stability of a plasma of modest energy. The 70 eV plasma is piped from a gun to the mirror by a linear octopole guide field. The mirror field is turned on in a plasma transit time. Plasma densities of 10{sup 13} electrons/cm{sup 3} are observed in the central plane of the mirror. Two distinct modes of operation are observed and depend only on conditions established in the guide field. In the first mode the plasma in the mirror appears flute stable, most of the plasma escapes axially, a slow anomalous radial diffusion is observed and microwave emission occurs at the electron cyclotron harmonics ranging from n = 1 to at least n = 19. The microwave emission is not compatible with the electron branch of the Harris instability. The stability of this mode is attributed to line tieing by cold plasma effusing from the guide field region. Densities above 10{sup 11} electrons/cm{sup 3} were observed for 200 {mu}sec in the region between the mirror and the guide field. With the addition of an axially symmetric cylinder in the guide field, this density is decreased. Measurements show plasma densities below 10{sup 11} cm{sup -3} after 40 {mu}sec in this region. The resulting plasma trapped in the mirror exhibits flute instabilities, radial plasma loss, intense erratic microwave emission and rapid density decay. The m = 1 flute is identified and its phase is followed through 4{pi}. The phase velocity is in the direction of the electron B drift. The sign of this phase velocity may be explained by the theory of Krall if the electron energy exceeds the ion energy sufficiently. The addition of conducting plates in the downstream mirror region tempered the violence of the flute instability. This tempering depends only on the surface resistance of these plates. This effect was examined by measuring the frequency spectrum of signals from coated scintillator probes placed near the vacuum envelope. (author) [French] Les auteurs ont construit une machine a miroirs puisee pour etudier la stabilite d'un plasma d'energie relativement faible. Le plasma de 70 eV, forme dans un canon, est canalise ven le miroir par un champ de guidage octopolaire lineaire. La duree du champ du miroir est egale au temps de transit du plasma. Les auteurs ont mesure des densites d'electrons de 10{sup 13} cm{sup -3} dans le plan central du miroir. Ils ont observe deux modes distincts de fonctionnement qui ne dependent que des conditions regnant dans le champ de guidage. Dans le premier mode, le plasma dans le miroir ne semble pas presenter d'instabilite en cannelures, la plus grande partie du plasma d'echappe le long de l'axe', on observe une diffusion radiale anormale lente, il se produit une emission de micro-ondes dont les frequences sont des harmoniques de la frequence cyclotronique des electrons dans l'intervalle entre n = 1 et n = 19 au moins. L'emission de micro-ondes n'est pas compatible avec la branche electronique de l'instabilite de Harris. Les auteurs attribuent la stabilite de ce mode a la fixation des lignes de force par le plasma froid diffusant de la region du champ de guidage. Ils ont observe des densites d'electrons superieurs a 10{sup 11} cm{sup 3} pendant 200 {mu}s dans la region situee entre le miroir et le champ de guidage. La presence d'un cylindre de symetrie axiale dans le champ de guidage a pour effet de diminuer cette densite. Des mesures faites dans cette region fournissent des densites inferieures a 10u cm{sup 3}apres 40 {mu}s. Le plasma qui en resulte, piege dans le miroir, presente des instabilites en cannelures, des pertes de plasma radiales, une emission de micro-ondes irreguliere intense, ainsi qu'une decroissance de densite rapide. Les auteurs ont identifie la cannelure m = 1, dont ils ont suivi la phase dans l'angle 4{pi}. La vitesse de phase possede la meme direction que la derive electronique sous l'influence de B. Le signe de cette vitesse de phase peut s'expliquer par la theorie de Krall, si l'energie des electrons est suffisamment superieure a celle des ions. L'addition de plaques conductrices dans la region aval du miroir a pour effet d'attenuer la violence de l'instabilite en cannelures. Cette attenuation ne depend que de la resistance surfacique de ces plaques. Les auteurs ont etudie cet effet en mesurant le spectre de frequence des signaux en provenance de sondes a sintillateur enrobe placees au voisinage de l'enceinte a vide. (author) [Spanish] Los autores construyeron un espejo pulsado para estudiar la estabilidad de un plasma de modesta energfa. El plasma de 70 eV se inyecta mediante un cation en el espejo, con ayuda de un campo de gufa octopolar de tipo lineal. El campo especular se aplica durante un lapso igual al tiempo de transito del plasma. En el plano central del espejo se alcanzan densidades de plasma iguales a 10{sup 13} electrones/cm{sup 3}. Se observan dos modos definidos de operacion, dependientes exclusivamente de las condiciones establecidas en el campo de gufa. Segun el primer modo, en el espejo el plasma no sufre estriado alguno, la mayor parte del mismo escapa en direccion axial, se observa una lenta, y anomala difusion radial y se emiten microondas en los ar- . monicos ciclotronicos de los electrones, desde n = 1 hasta por lo menos n = 19. La emision de microondas no es compatible con la rama electronica de la inestabilidad de Harris. La estabilidad de este modo se atribuye a la union lineal por el plasma frio que sale por efusion de la zona del campo de gufa. En la zona comprendida entre el espejo y el campo de gufa, se observaron densidades superiores a 10{sup 11} electrones/cm{sup 3} durante 200 {mu}s. Esta densidad disminuye al agregar al campo de gufa un cilindro de simetria axial. Al cabo de 40 us, las mediciones ponen de manifiesto en esta zona densidades de plasma inferiores 10{sup 11} electrones/cm{sup 3}. El plasma resultante, atrapado en el espejo presenta inestabilidades en forma de estrias, perdidas radiales, intensa e irregular emision de microondas y rapida disminucion de la densidad. Se identifica en la memoria la estrfa de m = 1 y se sigue su fase hasta abarcar 4{pi}. La velocidad de fase coincide con la direccion de la deriva B de los electrones. El signo de esta velocidad de fase puede explicarse mediante la teorfa de Krall si la energfa de los electrones es mucho mayor que la energfa de los iones. El agregado de placas conductoras despues del espejo, atempero la violencia de la inestabilidad en forma de.estrias. Esta atenuacion solo depende de la resistencia superficial de dichas placas. El efecto se estudio midiendo el espectro de frecuencias de las sefiales provenientes de sondas de centelleo provistas de revestimiento y colocadas en la proximidad del recipiente de vacfo. (author) [Russian] Postroen impul'snyj probkotron dlja issledovanija ustojchivosti plazmy s umerennoj jenergiej. Plazma s jenergiej 70 jev inzhektiruetsja iz plazmennoj pushki v probkotron s pomoshh'ju linejnogo vos'mipoljusnogo napravljajushhego polja. Probochnoe pole sozdaetsja v moment prohozhdenija plazmy. V central'noj ploskosti probkotrona nabljudajutsja plotnosti plazmy 10{sup 13} jelektronov cm{sup -3}. Nabljudajutsja dva razlichnyh rezhima raboty, kotorye zavisjat tol'ko ot uslovij, sozdannyh v napravljajushhem pole. Pri pervom rezhime raboty plazma v probko- trone, po-vidimomu, javljaetsja ustojchivoj k zhelobkam, bol'shaja chast' plazmy uhodit vdol' osi, nabljudaetsja medlennaja anomal'naja radial'naja diffuzija i voznikaet mikrovolnovoe izluchenie na jelektronno-ciklotronnyh garmonikah v diapazone ot p = 1 i po krajnej mere do p = 19. Mikrovolnovoe izluchenie ne soglasuetsja s jelektronnoj vetv'ju neustojchivosti Garrisa. Schitaetsja, chto ustojchivost' jetogo tipa vyzvana provodimost'ju za schet holodnoj plazmy, istekajushhej iz oblasti napravljajushhego polja. Nabljudajutsja plotnosti svyshe 10{sup 11} jelektronov cm{sup -3} v techenie 200 mksek v oblasti mezhdu probkoj i napravljajushhim polem. Pri pomeshhenii aksial'no simmetrichnogo cilindra v napravljajushhee pole jeta plotnost' umen'shaetsja. Izmerenija pokazyvajut nalichie plazmy s plotnost'ju nizhe 10{sup 11} jelektronov cm{sup -3} posle 40 mksek v jetoj oblasti. V zahvachennoj takim obrazom v probkotrone plazme, voznikaet zhelobkovaja neustojchivost', pojavljajutsja radial'nye poteri, intensivnoe mikrovolnovoe izluchenie i bystryj spad plotnosti. Obnaruzhivajutsja zhelobkovye kolebanija cm = 1, i ih faza proslezhivaetsja cherez 4{pi}. Napravlenie fazovoj skorosti sovpadaet s napravleniem drejfa jelektronov. Znak jetoj fazovoj skorosti mozhno ob{sup j}asnit' na osnove teorii Kralla, esli jenergija jelektronov sushhestvenno prevyshaet jenergiju ionov. Pomeshhenie provodjashhih plastin v oblast' probki umen'shilo zhelobkovuju neustojchivost'. Jeto umen'shenie zavisit tol'ko ot poverhnostnogo soprotivlenija jetih plastin. Jetot jeffekt issledovalsja pri pomoshhi izmerenija chastotnogo spektra signalov, postupajushhih iz jekranirovannyh scintilljaciej- nyh detektorov, nahodjashhihsja vblizi vakuumnogo sosuda. (author)

  17. The First Two Years of Operating Experience of the Kahl Nuclear Power Station; Experience acquise pendant les deux premieres annees de fonctionnement de la centrale nucleaire de Kahl; Opyt pervykh dvukh let ehkspluatatsii atomnoj ehlektrostantsii v Kale; Experiencia adquirida en los primeros cuatro anos de funcionamiento de la central nucleoelectrica de Kahl

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bruchner, H. J. [Aeg-Kernenergieanlagen, Frankfurt-am-Main (Germany); Weckesser, A. [Versuchs-Atomkraftwerk Kahl Gmbh, Kahl (Germany)

    1963-10-15

    , une boucle experimentale destinee a l'etude de la surchauffe nucleaire. (author) [Spanish] La central de Kahl constituye la primera central nucleoelectrica europea de propiedad privada, y funciona en carga desde junio de 1961. Esta equipada con un reactor de agua hi que trabaja en ciclo indirecto por circulacion natural. Su capacidad electrica neta asciende a 15 MW y hasta febrero de 1963 habia producido 140 millones de kWh. La memoria revisara la experiencia adquirida durante su funcionamiento, ante todo con el extenso programa de ensayos sobre el comportamiento transitorio y la exploracion gamma. Presentara datos acerca del resultado que han dado en funcionamiento ciertas partes de la central, tales como el dispositivo de accionamiento de las barras de control, el sistema de purificacion de los gases de escape y la turbina. Una vez terminado el programa de ensayos, la planta se exploto en carga basica durante algun tiempo a fin de reunir datos sobre el rendimiento del combustible en la ptactica. Una vez completada esta fase, se instalara en el reactor de Kahl un circuito experimental de sobrecalentamiento nuclear. (author) [Russian] Atomnaya ehlektrostantsiya v Kale, pervaya v Evrope chastnaya atomnaya ehlektrostantsiya, ehkspluatiruetsya pod nagruzkoj s iyunya 1961 goda. Na ehlektrostantsii ustanovlen reaktor s kipyashchej vodoj, kosvennym tsiklom i estestvennoj tsirkulyatsiej. Chistaya ehlektricheskaya moshchnost' reaktora sostavlyaet 15 mgvt. Do fevralya 1963 goda kolichestvo poluchennoj ehnergii sostavilo 140 mln. kvt.ch. Rassmotren opyt ehkspluatatsii, v chastnosti rasshirennaya programma ispytanij: naprimer,povedenie reaktora pri perekhodnom protsesse i kontrol' gamma-izlucheniya. Budut predstavleny rezul'taty izucheniya ehkspluatatsionnoj kharakteristiki nekotorykh komponentov ustanovki, naprimer sistemy privoda reguliruptsikh sterzhnej, sistemy udaleniya gaza i turbiny. Posle osushchestvleniya ehtoj programmy ispytanij ustanovka v techenie nekotorogo vremeni

  18. Cobalt-60 and Caesium-137 Gamma Sources; Sources de rayonnement gamma au cobalt-60 et au cesium-137; Gamma-istochniki iz kobal'ta-605 i tseziya-137; Fuentes gamma de cobalto-60 y de cesio-137

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kulish, E E; Fradkin, G M [Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialits Republics (Russian Federation)

    1960-07-15

    cobalto-60 y cesio-137 producidas en la Union Sovietica y se examinan algunos problemas de orden tecnologico planteados por su fabricacion. En el informe figuran una serie de datos sobre las propiedades de las radiaciones emitidas por las fuentes de {sup 60}Co y {sup 137}Cs y del material con que estas se fabrican. Se facilitan informaciones sobre la influencia que la magnitud del flujo neutronico y las caracteristicas geometricas de la muestra ejercen sobre la actividad de la fuente; el informe tambien contiene datos sobre el rendimiento de los distintos isotopos de cesio obtenidos por fision de los nucleos de uranio. Se examinan los procedimientos para encerrar hermeticament e las fuentes y se facilita una lista completa de las fuentes utilizadas en la Union Sovietica, con indicacion de sus caracteristicas geometricas y de su actividad. Por ultimo, se hace un estudio comparativo de las fuentes de {sup 60}Co y {sup 137}Cs. (author) [Russian] V doklade privodyatsya osnovnye tekhnicheskie kharakteristiki vypuska- emykh v SSSR gamma-istochnikov na osnove kobal'ta-60 i tseziya-137, a takzhe rassmatrivayutsya nekotorye voprosy tekhnologii ikh proizvodstva. Doklad soderzhit svedeniya o sostave izlucheniya izotopov Co{sup 60} i Cs{sup 137} i syr'ya, iz kotorogo oni izgotavlivayutsya . Privodyatsya dannye o zavisimosti aktivnosti kobal'tovykh istochnikov ot velichiny potoka nejtronov i geometricheskikh razmerov obraztsa, a takzhe dannye o velichine vykhoda izotopov tseziya pri delenii yader urana. Dalee rassmatrivaetsya vopros o germetizatsii istochnikov i privoditsya polnaya nomenklatura vypuskaemykh v SSSR istochnikov s ukazaniem ikh geometricheskikh razmerov i velichiny aktivnosti. V kontse provoditsya nekotoroe sravnenie istochnikov Co{sup 60} i Cs{sup 137}. (author)

  19. Radioinitiation of Chain Branched Reactions and its Sensitization; Amorcage sous rayonnement des reactions par ramification en chaine; sensibilisation du processus; Radiatsionnoe initsiirovanie tsennykh razvetvlennykh reaktsij i ego sensibilizatsiya; Radioiniciacion de reacciones en cadena ramificadas y medios para aumentar su sensibilidad

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Barelko, E V; Kartashova, L I; Komarov, P N; Proskurnin, M A [Karpov Physico-Chemical Institute, Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian Federation)

    1960-07-15

    avtouskoryayushchijsya kharakter i idet samoproizvol'no posle prekrashcheniya dejstviya izlucheniya. Podrobno issledovan protsess okisleniya benzola, dlya kotorogo kharakterna povyshennaya ustojchivost' k dejstviyu izlucheniya. Avtory sformulirovali printsip sensibilizatsii radiatsionnogo initsiirovaniya protsessa okisleniya radiatsionno-stojkikh veshchestv khimicheski inertnymi, radiatsionno-nestojkimi veshchestvami. Privedeny osnovnye kolichestvennye kharakteristiki protsessa radio liticheskogo okisleniya benzola : nakoplenie razlichnykh produktov reaktsii, vliyanie temperatury, davleniya, moshchnosti i dozy izlucheniya na protsess nakopleniya produktov reaktsii. Sdelany nekotorye vyvody o mekhanizme protsessa. Privedena konstruktsiya ustanovki, rabotayushchaya po tsirkulyatsionnomu sposobu. (author)

  20. Controllable Pulse Frequency and Width System for Pulsing and Modulating Fast-Neutron Core Assemblies; Systeme a Frequence et Largeur d'Impulsions Ajustables Permettant la Pulsation et la Modulation de Milieux Multipliants Sous-Critiques a Neutrons Rapides; Sistema reguliruemykh chastoty i shiriny impul'sa, dayushaya impul's i modulyatsiyu razmnozhayushchikh sred na bystrykh nejtronakh; Sistema de Frecuencia y Amplitud de Impulso Ajustables, para Pulsar y Modular

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Duquesne, M.; Lyon, F.; Schmitt, A. [Association Euratom-CEA-SECNR (France); Nucleaires de Cadarache, Centre d' Etudes [France; Gerbier, R. [Laboratoire des Accelerateurs - CEN de Grenoble (France); Nucleaires de Cadarache, Centre d' Etudes [France

    1965-10-15

    The authors describe a system for producing neutron bursts of independently controllable width and frequency. The rise and quenching times of these bursts are of the order of a few nanoseconds. The system is applied to high-frequency pulsed and modulated experiments. Rapidly quenched neutron bursts are produced by deflection of a pure deuteron beam which has previously been accelerated and sorted. Ions other than atomic deuterons are removed after acceleration in a 10 Degree-Sign magnetic sorting field. Consideration is also being given to a pre-acceleration sorting system offering the advantage of reduced bulk. The deuteron beam passes through the space between two plates where there is normally an electrostatic field which deflects the beam onto the surfaces of a diaphragm. Application of a very high potential pulse to the first plate cancels the field and thus brings the beam rapidly onto the neutron-producing target (beginning of the burst). The second plate then receives a pulse of the same type which restores the field and removes the beam from the target (end of the burst). The pulse rise time is of the order of 10 ns; disappearance from the target is faster. The duration of the burst can be controlled as required within reasonable limits by suitably increasing the interval between the two pulses. In some cases ion transit time in the plates is not negligible in relation to the duration of the step applied to them. In such cases, one of the plates is replaced by a travelling wave line to which the two pulses are applied successively. The potential pulse thus accompanies the deuteron cluster producing the burst. The burst times can thus be reduced below 4 ns. The first stages of the voltage step generators are transistorized. The output tubes are sealed-disc valves providing a 1500-V step in a few nanoseconds. A 50-MHz double tetrode is employed for pulses for the delay line. A detection system comprises a scintillator-photomultiplier device incorporating a coincidence-anticoincidence unit, a time analyser and a digital data recorder. (author) [French] Les auteurs on mis au point un systeme permettant la production de bouffees de neutrons de largeur et de frequence de recurrence reglables independamment. Les temps de montee et de descente de ces bouffees sont de l'ordre de quelques nanosecondes. Ce systeme est applique aux experiences puisees et modulees a haute frequence. Pour la production de boufees de neutrons a extinction rapide, on procede par deflection d'un faisceau de deuterons purs prealablement acceleres et tries. Les ions autres que les deuterons atomiques sont elimines apres acceleration dans un aimant de tri a 10 Degree-Sign . Les auteurs etudient egalement un systeme de triage avant acceleration qui aurait l'avantage d'un encombrement reduit. Le faisceau de deuterons passe dans l'espace compris entre deux plaques ou regne normalement un champ electrostatique qui deflechit le faisceau sur les parois d'un diaphragme. On applique a la premiere plaque une tres large impulsion de tension qui annule le champ, ce qui a pour effet d'amener rapidement le faisceau sur la cible neutronigene (debut de la bouffee). La deuxieme plaque recoit ensuite une impulsion du meme type qui retablit le champ et fait disparaitre le faisceau de la cible (fin de la bouffee). Le front de montee des impulsions est de l'ordre de 10 ns; le temps de disparition sur la cible est inferieur a cette derniere valeur. La duree de la bouffee peut etre reglee a volonte dans les limites raisonnables par un retard convenable de la seconde impulsion par rapport a la premiere. Dans certains cas, le temps de transit des ions dans les plaques n'est pas negligeable par rapport a la duree de {Gamma} echelon qui leur est applique. On remplace alors l'une des plaques par une ligne a onde progressive a laquelle sont appliquees successivement les deux impulsions. L'impulsion de tension accompagne ainsi le paquet de deuterons qui produit la bouffee. Les fronts de bouffee peuvent ainsi etre ramenes au -dessous de 4 ns. Les generateurs a echelon de tension sont transistorises dans leurs premiers etages. Les tubes de sortie sont des lampes a disque scelle permettant d'obtenir un echelon de 1500 V en quelques nanosecondes. Les auteurs utilisent une double tetrode de 50 MHz pour les impulsions destinees a la ligne de retard. Le systeme de detection utilise un dispositif scintillateur-photomultiplicateur dont la chafne comprend un ensemble coiencidence - anticoincidence, un analyseur de temps et un enregistreur numerique des informations. (author) [Spanish] Los autores han ideado un sistema que permite regular independientemente la amplitud y la frecuencia de los impulsos neutronicos. El tiempo de subida y bajada de los impulsos es del orden de algunos nanosegundos. Este sistema se emplea en los experimentos con neutrones pulsados y modulados de alta frecuencia. Para producir impulsos neutronicos de extincion rapida, se desvfa un haz de deuterones puros previamente acelerados y seleccionados. Los iones distintos de los deuterones se eliminan despues de la aceleracion en un iman selector de 10 Degree-Sign . Los autores estudian igualmente un sistema para efectuar la seleccion antes de la aceleracion que presenta la ventaja de ser de pequenas dimensiones. El haz de deuterones atraviesa el espacio comprendido entre dos placas en las que hay normalmente un campo electroestatico qiie desvfa el haz hacia las paredes de un diafragma. Se aplica a la primera placa un tortisimo impulso de tension que anula el campo, con lo que se dirige rapidamente el haz hacia el blanco neutronfgeno (comienzo del impulso). La segunda placa recibe seguidamente un impulso del mismo tipo que restablece el campo y hace desaparecer el haz del blanco (final del impulso). El frente de subida de los impulsos es del orden de 10 ns y el tiempo de desaparicion en el blanco es inferior a este valor. La duracion del impulso puede ajustarse a voluntad dentro de limites razonables retardando adecuadamente el segundo impulso con relacion al primero. En ciertos casos el tiempo de transito de los iones en las placas no es despreciable con respecto al tiempo durante el cual se aplica el incremento de tension. En estas circunstancias, se sustituye una de las placas por una lfnea de onda progresiva a la que se aplican sucesivamente los dos impulsos. El impulso de tension acompana asi al paquete de deuterones que produce el impulso. Los frentes de impulsos pueden reducirse, de este modo, a menos de 4 ns. Los generadores de tension escalonada estan transistorizados en sus primeras etapas. Los tubos de salida estan constituidos por valvulas de disco sellado que permiten obtener un incremento de tension de 1500 V en algunos nanosegundos. Los autores han utilizado un doble tetrodo de 50 MHz para los impulsos destinados a la lfnea de retardo. El sistema de deteccion emplea un dispositivo de centelleo y un fotomulti piicador cuyo circuito comprende un conjunto coincidencias-anticoincidencias, un analizador de tiempos y un registrador numerico. (author) [Russian] Nami razrabotana sistema, kotoraja daet vozmozhnost' poluchat' nejtronnye impul'sy nezavisimo ot reguliruemoj shiriny i chastoty sledovanija. Vremja narastanija i zatuhanija jetih impul'sov so- stavljaetporjadkaneskol'kihnanosekund. Dannaja sistema ispol'zuetsja pri provedenii impul'snyh i moduliruemyh opytov vysokoj chastoty. Dlja poluchenija nejtronnyh impul'sov s bystrym zatuhaniem primenjaetsja otklonenie puchka chistyh dejtonov, kotorye predvaritel'no byli uskoreny i otobrany. Iony, kotorye ne javljajutsja Dejtonami, byli ustraneny posle uskorenija v sortirovochnom magnite pri 10 Degree-Sign . Nami izuchalas' takzhe sistema otbora pered uskoreniem, kotoraja imela by preimushhestvo v vide umen'shennyh gabaritnyh razmerov. Puchok dejtonov prohodit cherez prostranstvo, nahodjashheesja mezhdu dvumja plastinkami, gde obychno imeetsja jelektrostaticheskoe pole, otklonjajushhee puchok na stenki diafragmy. Na pervuju plastinku napravljaetsja ochen' shirokij impul's naprjazhenija, kotoryj snimaet pole, i jeto delaetsja dlja togo, chtoby bystro napravit' puchok na mishen', generirujushhuju nejtrony (nachalo impul'sa). Zatem vtoraja plastinka poluchaet impul's togo zhe tipa, kotoryj vosstanavlivaet pole i snimaet puchok s misheni (konej impul'sa). Front narastanija impul'sov porjadka 10 nanosekund; vremja ischeznovenija s misheni nizhe jetogo poslednego znachenija. Prodolzhitel'nost' impul'sa mozhet svobodno regulirovat'sja v razumnyh predelah sootvetstvujushhej zaderzhkoj vtorogo impul'sa po otnosheniju k pervomu. V opredelennyh sluchajah vremja proleta ionov v plastinkah imeet opredelennoe znachenie po otnosheniju k postepennoj prodolzhitel'nosti, kotoraja k jetomu vremeni primenjaetsja. Dalee odnu iz plastinok zamenjajut uvelichivajushhejsja liniej, k kotoroj posledovatel'no primenjajutsja dva impul'sa. 'Impul's naprjazhenija soprovozhdaet, takim obrazom, sgustok dejtonov, kotoryj daet impul's. Stupenchatye generatory naprjazhenija v pervyh stupenjah imejut tranzistory. Vyhodnymi lampami javljajutsja jelektronnye lampy s diskovymi vyvodami, kotorye dajut vozmozhnost' poluchat' seriju 1500 vol't v techenie neskol'kih nanosekund. My ispol'zuem dvojnye tetrody po 50 mgc dlja impul'sov, prednaznachennyh dlja linii zaderzhki. V sisteme obnaruzhenija primenjaetsja scintilljacionno-fotoumnozhajushhee ustrojstvo, cep' kotorogo sostoit iz shemy sovpadenij-antisovpadenij, vremennogo analizatora i cifrovogo samopisia informacii. (author)

  1. Innovation and performance: The case of the upstream petroleum sector

    Science.gov (United States)

    Persaud, A. C. Jai

    explorers, developers, and producers as well as the owners of the major projects and oil sands developments. Almost all firms in the industry with revenues above $1B with employees above 1000 responded to the survey. As well, many companies have joint project arrangements and farm-in agreements with other companies in the industry. Hence, this survey is considered highly representative of the industry. Industry associations were very helpful in providing advice, and in endorsing the circulation of the questionnaire. The results show that the sector relies more heavily on acquiring advanced machinery and equipment, processes and other external knowledge than on internal R&D. Advanced machinery and equipment includes embedded R&D. 3D and 4D seismic stand out as the most relied upon in exploration, horizontal wells in development activities, and field recovery in production. Increasing productive capacity, reducing costs and reducing environmental impact are the three main drivers of innovation. Collaboration is important to the sector and agreements with competitors and suppliers are ranked as most important. The main reason for collaboration is to gain access to external knowledge. Government tax incentives (e.g., the Scientific Research and Experimental Development) (SR&ED) tax credit and its fiscal framework are important in spurring R&D. Fiscal policies, on the other hand, are more important for acquiring advanced machinery and equipment, advanced processes, and other external knowledge. The study has several broad implications with respect to the application of technologies: (1) Without the adoption of major technologies, costs would have been substantially higher and productive capacity and productivity much lower. This study also contributes to the view that resources should not be treated as a fixed stock but as flow which can be improved. (2) The environment is an important driver of innovation, particularly environmental regulation. Providing the right mix of

  2. Advanced epithermal thorium reactor (AETR) physics; Physique d'un reacteur au thorium, a neutrons epithermiques, de type perfectionne (AETR); Fizika usovershenstvovannog o nadteplovogo torievogo reaktora; Fisica del reactor epitermico de tipo avanzado, alimentado con torio (AETR)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Campise, A. V. [Atomics International, Canoga Park, CA (United States)

    1962-03-15

    del {sup 233}Pa y de isotopos del uranio sobre el balance neutronico relativo y se evalua la probable razon de reproduccion y las caracteristicas de combustion teniendo en cuenta la imprecision en el conocimiento de las secciones eficaces nucleares. (author) [Russian] Rassmatrivayuts ya printsipy konstruirovani ya usovershenstvovannog o nadteplovogo torievogo reaktora s uchetom sushchestvuyushchej teorii yadernykh parametrov i potentsial'nogo poleznogo ispol'zovaniya nejtronov. Byl izuchen ehffekt rezonansnogo zakhvata toriya v sistemakhs grafitovym zamedlitelem dlya nejtronov s ehnergiyami ot 0,10 do 100 kehv. Ispol'zuyutsya formuly uzkogo rezonansa i shirokogo rezonansa v tselyakh polucheniya zavisimogo ot temperatury ehffektivnogo rezo- nansnogo integrala torievogo sterzhnya, kotoryj vyrazhaetsya v vide ehkvivalentnykh mnogogruppovykh sechenij. Neobkhodimost' v poluchenii yadernykh dannykh v oblasti promezhutochnykh ehnergij privela k sozdaniyu proekta i konstruktsii kriticheskoj sborki. Yadernyj proekt ehtoj sborki podcherkivaet vazhnost' dannykh poperechnykh sechenij i teoreticheskoj interpretatsii ehksperimental'nykh rezul'tatov, imeyushchikh otnoshenie k usovershenstvovannom u nadteplovomu torievomu reaktoru. Tochnost' analiticheskikh metodov byla podtverzhdena pri analize ehksperimental'nykh rezul'tatov, poluchennykh na reaktore nulevoj moshchnosti ZPR-III. Provodyatsya sravneniya trekh konfiguratsij teploperedachi s ispol'zovaniem udvoennogo vremeni v kachestve optimal'nogo parametra. EHffekt proizvodstva izotopa protaktiniya-233 i urana pri otnositel'no poleznom ispol'zovanii nejtronov, vozmozhnye koehffitsienty vosproizvodstva i kharakteristiki vygoraniya otsenivayutsya v svyazi s netochnostyami v yadernykh poperechnykh secheniyakh. (author)

  3. Experiments on multi-stage light intensification by electro-luminescence; Experiences sur l'intensification de la lumiere en cascade par electroluminescence; Opyty po mnogokaskadnomu svetousileniyu (fotoumnozheniyu) posredstvom ehlektrosvecheniya; Experimentos sobre intensificacion en cascada de la luminosidad por electroluminiscencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Owaki, K; Nakamura, T [Kobe Kogyo Corporation, Okubo, Akashi, Hyogo (Japan)

    1962-04-15

    S fotosensible en polvo, aglomerado con plastico y moldeado. Basandose en los resultados obtenidos con un solo elemento intensificador, se construyeron intensificadores de dos y tres etapas y se efectuaron experimentos para estudiar sus caracteristicas con diferentes resistencias montadas en paralelo. Con el intensificador de tres etapas se obtuvo una amplificacion del orden de 400, para una radiacion de entrada igual a 0,3 rdlux. Estos resultados sugieren la posibilidad de obtener un mayor aumento para una radiacion de entrada menor. Los autores estiman posible aplicar estos resultados experimentales a los intensificadores solidos de imagenes disenando un dispositivo adecuado. (author) [Russian] Za poslednie gody, v kachestve odnogo iz vazhnykh primenenij ehlektroniki tverdykh tel, byl opublikovan tselyj ryad dokladov otnositel'no povysheniya yarkosti izobrazhenij s pomoshch'yu kristallicheskogo usilitelya. Predstavlyaetsya udobnym i vazhnym ispol'zovat' kristallicheskij usilitel' dlya svetousileniya (fotoumnozheniya). TSel'yu nastoyashchej ehksperimental'noj raboty yavlyaetsya povyshenie stepeni usileniya posredstvom mnogostupenchatogo kaskadirovaniya usilitelya. V nastoyashchem doklade snachala razbirayutsya ehlektricheskie i opticheskie kharakteristiki monokaskadnogo usilitelya, a zatem s tsel'yu uluchsheniya ego parametrov kratko izlagayutsya preimushchestva ispol'zovaniya parallel'nogo soprotivleniya s ehlektro- svetyashchejsya panel'yu. Bylo ispol'zovano dva tipa fotoprovodyashchej yachejki, odna iz kotorykh byla uplotnennaya yachejka iz Cds, a drugaya byla sdelana iz fotochuvstvitel'nogo poroshka Cds, sformovannogo vmeste s plasticheskim svyazyvayushchim veshchestvom. Na osnovanii rezul'tatov, poluchennykh na monokaskadnom usilitele, byli postroeny dvukhkaskadnye i trekhkaskadnye usiliteli, i ikh kharakterisgiki byli provereny dlya razlichnykh parallel'no vklyuchennykh soprotivlenij. Pri pomoshchi trekhkaskadnogo usilitelya bylo polucheno pri vkhodyashchej radiatsii v 0

  4. A novel time-to-pulse height converter for fast-neutron time-of-flight techniques; Nouveau convertisseur temps-amplitude d'impulsions pour les mesures du temps de vol des neutrons rapides; Novyj vremya-amplitudnyj preobrazovatel' impul'sov dlya izmereniya vremeni proleta bystrykh nejtronov; Nuevo convertidor tiempo-altura de impulsos para tecnicas de tiempo de vuelo de neutrones rapidos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Christiansen, J [Physikalisches Staatsinstitut, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)

    1962-04-15

    s metodami pul'siruyushchego puchka. V ehtom sluchae iz pul'siruyushchej radiochastoty RF my poluchili potok impul'sov s ostrymi pikami v 8 Mc, kotoryj napravlyalsya na plastiny lampy E80T. My p o l u ch i li razreshayushchuyu sposobnost' po vremeni, ravnuyu {tau} = 1,1 x 10{sup -9} sekundy s nejtronami ehnergiej v 4 mehv pri ispol'zovanii plasticheskikh kristallov dlinoyu v 0,7 dyujma. Obychno zona linejnoj kharakteristiki poluchalas' na protyazhenii 30 nanosekund, no udavalos' dokhodit' i do 120 nanosekund. (author)

  5. Initial Operating Experience with the ''NPD'' Reactor; Experience recueillie pendant les premiers mois de fonctionnement du reacteur NPD; Pervyj opyt po ehkspluatatsii reaktora NPD; Experiencia inicial de funcionamiento del reactor NPD

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    McConnell, L. G. [Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario (Canada)

    1963-10-15

    raboty na vysokoj moshchnosti v techenie shesti nedel' dal koehffitsient ispol'zovaniya na moshchnost', ravnyj 70% Uluchsheniya, kotorye byli dostignuty, uvelichili bezopasnost', povysili ehkspluatatsionnye kharakteristiki i prodemonstrirovali potentsial'nye metody snizheniya kapital'nykh zatrat dlya budushchikh stantsij. Tak, naprimer, v tselyakh uluchsheniya ehkspluatatsionnykh kachestv byli vidoizmeneny uplotneniya valov na nasosakh okhladitelya pervogo kontura; oborudovanie tipa kholodil'nikov, ispol'zovavsheesya dlya regeneratsii para, bylo zameneno pogloshchayushchimi kolonkami s tsel'yu umen'sheniya poteri para v tyazheloj vode. Ustanavlivayutsya takzhe ogranichiteli potoka vody v liniyakh dlya vzyatiya prob s tsel'yu umen'sheniya poteri tyazheloj vody v sluchayakh neispravnostej v soedineniyakh. V dekabre 1962 goda dve odnovremennye utechki iz mashiny, proizvodyashchej zagruzku topliva, priveli k neobychnomu obstoyatel'stvu, pri kotorom znachitel'noe kolichestvo goryachej tyazheloj vody pod vysokim davleniem popalo v kameru reaktora, gde proizoshlo neznachitel'noe umen'shenie ee izotopnoj chistoty, kotoraya zatem byla prevyshena i reaktor byl vnov' pushchen v kontse mesyatsa. Vo vremya avarii vse ustrojstva po bezopasnosti rabotali tochno i obespechili uderzhanie tyazheloj vody. (author)

  6. Measurement of resonance parameters of cross-sections affecting fast-neutron propagation in various media; Mesure des parametres de resonance de sections efficaces lies a la propagation des neutrons dans differents milieux; Izmerenie parametrov rezonansnoj struktury sechenij, vliyayushchikh na rasprostranenie bystrykh nejtronov v sredakh; Medicion de los parametros de resonancia de las secciones eficaces que afectan a la propagacion de los neutrones rapidos en distintos medios

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nikolaev, M N; Filippov, V V; Bondarenko, I I [Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian Federation)

    1962-03-15

    , prostiraetsya vplot' do neskol'kikh desyatkov kehv dlya tyazhelykh yader i do neskol'kikh Mehv dlya yader srednego vesa. Dlya ucheta rezonansnykh ehffektov pri vychislenii gruppovykh parametrov neobkhodimo znat' ne tol'ko srednie secheniya vzaimodejstviya nejtronov s veshchestvami, no i takie velichiny, kak (1/{Sigma}{sub t}), (1/{Sigma}{sub t}{sup 2}) i drugie - skobki oznachayut usrednenie po ehnergeticheskoj gruppe. Imeyushchiesya v nastoyashchee vremya svedeniya o rezonansnykh parametrakh v oblasti bystrykh nejtronov nedostatochny dlya togo, chtoby ukazannye velichiny mogli byt' vychisleny s neobkhodimoj tochnost'yu. V svyazi s ehtim predstavlyaet interes neposredstvenno e izmerenie velichin (1/{Sigma}{sub t}), (1/{Sigma}{sub t}{sup 2}) i drugikh analogichnykh kharakteristik. V doklade privodyatsya rezul'taty izmerenij ryada parametrov takikh kak ({Sigma}{sub t}), ({Sigma}{sub t}{sup 2}), (1/{Sigma}{sub t}), (1/{Sigma}{sub t}{sup 2}), (1/{Sigma}{sub t}{sup 3}) i drugie, kharakterizuyushchi kh strukturu sechenij ryada yader srednego vesa v oblasti ot 300 kehv do 3 Mehv. Ukazannye velichiny byli polucheny putem analiza krivykh propuskaniya, snyatykh v khoroshej geometrii vplot' do propuskanij {approx}10{sup -2}. Poluchennye dannye ukazyvayut na sil'noe vliyanie rezonansnykh ehffektov na diffuzionnye kharakteristiki veshchestva. (author)

  7. Preparation of Ceramic-Grade Thorium-Uranium Oxide; Preparation d'un melange d'oxydes de thorium et d'uranium propre a la fabrication de combustible ceramique; Izgotovlenie keramicheskogo torievo-uranovogo okisla; Preparacion de mezclas de oxidos de uranio y torio, de tipo ceramico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cogliati, G.; De Leone, R.; Ferrari, S.; Gabaglio, M.; Liscia, A. [Centro Studi Nucleari della Casaccia, Rome (Italy)

    1963-11-15

    izgotovleniya toplivnykh ehlementov, tak i dlya regeneratsii materialov takogo roda. Na pervoj stadii protsessa nitrat uranila vosstanavlivaetsya do nitrata urana (IV). V kachestve vosstanovitelya ispol'zuyutsya kak gazoobraznyj vodorod, tak i murav'inaya kislota; mochevina dobavlyaetsya dlya predotvrashcheniya obrazovaniya azotistoj kisloty, kotoraya uskoryaet povtornoe okislenie urana (IV). V kachestve katalizatora mogut primenyat'sya platina i palladij. Privodyatsya dannye dlya nepreryvnogo protsessa, v kotorom murav'inaya kislota i mochevina dobavlyayutsya k rastvoru, poslednij zatem podogrevaetsya i podaetsya v kolonku, zapolnennuyu alyuminievymi tabletkami razmerom 3,87 x 3,17 mm, 0,5% kotorykh sostavlyaet platina. Izucheny vliyaniya skorosti potoka, temperatury, kontsentratsii murav'inoj kisloty i mocheviny, a takzhe prodolzhitel'nost' sluzhby i otravlenie katalizatora. Vtoraya stadiya protsessa zaklyuchaetsya v osazhdenii oksalato'v toriya i urana (IV). Opisyvaetsya vliyanie shchavelevoj kisloty na otnoshenie torij/uran, temperatury i vremeni stareniya na otstaivanie i fil'tratsionnye kharakteristiki osadka i na keramicheskie svojstva poluchennykh poroshkov. Prokalka proizvodilas' kak v vosstanovitel'noj, tak i v okislitel'noj atmosferakh. Posle predvaritel'nykh ispytanij byli prinyaty dva standartnykh metoda izgotovleniya keramicheskikh izdelij, a imenno: kholodnaya pressovka i spekanie, ehkstruziya i spekanie. Spekaemost' razlichnykh poroshkov byla ispytana s pomoshch'yu ehtikh oboikh standartnykh metodov. S nekotorymi poroshkami byli polucheny plotnosti svyshe 95% teoreticheski dopustimoj. Uspeshno byli provedeny ispytaniya na vosproizvodimost'. (author)

  8. The physics design of EBR-II; Physique du reacteur EBR-II; Fizicheskij raschet ehksperimental'nogo reaktora - razmnozhitelya EVR-II; Aspectos fisicos del reactor EBR-II

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Loewenstein, W. B. [Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL (United States)

    1962-03-15

    spetsifikatsiya razmerov aktivnoj zony reaktora i/ili obogashchenie topliva, znacheniya reaktivnosti dlya normal'nogo rezhima raboty i ostanovki reaktora, opredelenie rabochej temperatury i ehnergeticheskikh koehffitsientov reaktivnosti i raspredelenie ehnergii i potoka kak funktsii polozheniya v reaktore. Opisyvaetsya obshchaya problema ehkstrapolyatsii ot prostoj ideal'noj analiticheskoj ili ehksperimental'no j geometrii k fakticheskoj geksagonal'noj geometrii reaktora. YAdernye kharakteristiki, vklyuchaya vosproizvodstvo , fakticheskoj reaktornoj sistemy sravnivayutsya s yadernymi kharakteristikam i ideal'noj printsipial'noj reaktornoj sistemy. Povedenie reaktivnosti v techenie dlitel'nogo vremeni raboty i ehnergeticheskij rezhim zony vosproizvodstva reaktora opisyvayutsya v ramkakh predpolagaemogo toplivnogo tsikla i materiala zony vosproizvodstva. V doklade analiziruyutsya soobrazheniya po bezopasnosti, vklyuchaya normal'nye i anormal'nye skorosti prirosta reaktivnosti, posledstviya ozhidaemykh ehffektov reaktivnosti, osnovannye na fizicheskom povedenii splava topliva i struktury reaktora, a takzhe ehkstrapolyatsiya ehksperimentov, provedennykh na opytnom reaktore dlya izucheniya perekhodnykh protsessov TREAT, na reaktore EBR-II. Izuchaetsya problema rasplavleniya v aktivnoj zone reaktora EBR-II. (author)

  9. Fuel location, homogeneity and amount in flat and tubular configurations; Repartition, Homogeneite et Quantite du Combustible dans les Elements a Configuration Plate ou Tubulaire; Polozhenie, gomogennost' i kolichestvo topliva v ploskikh i trubchatykh konfiguratsiyakh; Disposicion, Homogeneidad y Cantidad de Combustibles en Configuraciones Planas y Tubulares

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Meester, P. de [Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie, Mol (Belgium)

    1965-10-15

    'no pri 80-90 kehv, avtoradiografiya i gammagrafiya. Pri radiografii toplivnykh Trubok svintsovuyu oprav- ku s prikreplennoj k nej rentgenovskoj plenkoj pomeshchayut vnutr' trubki. . Zatem pod razlichnymi uglami delayut rentgenovski snimki. Radioaktivnyj istochnik, skenniruyushchij toplivnuyu trubku vdol' ee tsentral'noj linii, v sochetanii s plenkoj vokrug trubki pokazyvaet zapisi, imeyushchie bol'shuyu razreshayushchuyu sposobnost'. Gomogennost' topliva neobkhodimo kontrolirovat' dlya obespecheniya bezopasnoj raboty reaktora, t.e., s odnoj storony, s tsel'yu izbezhat' izbytochnykh kontsentratsij topliva, koto- rye mogut vyzvat' paroobrazovanie pri rabote reaktora, okhlazhdaemogo vodoj pod davleniem, a s drugoj - obespechit' dostatochnuyu i ravnomerno raspredelennuyu toplivnuyu zagruzku. Ra- diografy mozhno ispol'zovat' dlya vizual'noj proverki. Esli neobkhodimo sdelat' kolichest- vennyj analiz, to luchshim priborom yavlyaetsya stsintillyatsionnyj gamma-spektrometr, izmerya- yushchij sobstvennoe izluchenie, kotoroe ispuskaet uran-235. Privoditsya analiz rezul'tatov, svyazannykh priblizitel'no s 400 toplivnymi plastinkami i pervoj partiej toplivnykh tru- bok. Mozhno kontrolirovat' kharakteristiki formirovaniya i tipichnye kontseviki. Rezul'- taty absorbtsionnykh izmerenij s pomoshch'yu aktivirovannogo istochnika yavlyayutsya neskol'ko khudshimi. Rassmatrivayutsya tsifrovye rezul'taty staticheskikh izmerenij i nepreryvnoj zapisi. Dlya raschetov fakticheskoj raboty reaktora dolzhno byt' izvestno kolichestvo top- liva, kak absolyutnoe kolichestvo, na kazhduyu zonu i na kazhdyj polnyj ehlement v tselyakh ucheta topliva i sravneniya s otsenkoj vygoraniya posle oblucheniya. Rassmatrivayutsya izgotovlenie i ispol'zovanie razlichnykh standartov, a takzhe tochnost' i ustranenie pogreshnostej. Predlagayutsya nekotorye uluchsheniya pri provedenii ispytanij v bud. (author)

  10. Operating Experience in Nuclear Power Plants with Boiling-Water Reactors; Experience acquise dans l'exploitation des reacteurs a eau bouillante; Opyt ehkspluatatsii kipyashchago reaktora; Experiencia adquirida con la explotacion de reactores de agua hirviente

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ascherl, R. J. [General Electric Company, San Jose, CA (United States)

    1963-10-15

    , ''Rejnish vestfalishes ehlektritsitetsverk und bajernverk'', Kal'-na-Majne, Zapadnaya Germaniya. Rabochaya kharakteristika kipyashchego reaktora atomnoj ehlektrostantsii pri obychnom rezhime raboty v kommunal'noj ehnergosisteme ochen' khoroshaya. Koehffitsient ispol'zovaniya i moshchnosti reaktora i ehlektrostantsii daet tverdoe osnovanie polagat', chto ehlektrostantsii s kipyashchimi reaktorami yavlyayutsya nadezhnymi s tochki zreniya ikh rabochej kharakteristiki. V techenie 1963 goda budut vvedeny v stroj chetyre dopolnitel'nye ehlektrostantsii s kipyashchimi reaktorami: atomnaya ehlektrostantsiya v Big Rok Pojnt, ''Kons'yumers pauehr kompani'', Sharl'vua, Michigan, atomnaya ehnergeticheskaya ustanovka v KHamboldt Bej, ''Pasifik gaz ehnd ehlektrik kompani'', Yurika, Kaliforniya, atomnaya ehlektrostantsiya v Garig'yano, Natsional'noe obshchestvo po atomnoj ehnergii, Skauri, Italiya,i Yaponskij demonstratsionnyj ehnergeticheskij reaktor. Yaponskij nauchno-issledovatel'skij institut po atomnoj ehnergii, Tokai-Mura, Yaponiya. Pusk i pervonachal'naya ehkspluatatsiya ehtikh ehlektrostantsij podtverzhdayut predpolozhenie o nadezhnosti ikh raboty, chto uzhe prodemonstrirovano atomnymi ehlektrostantsiyami v Drezdene, Kale i Vallesitose. Rabochaya kharakteristika atomnykh ehlektrostantsij v Drezdene, Kale i Vallesitose yavlyaetsya naglyadnym dokazatel'stvom stabil'nosti i bezopasnosti kipyashikh reaktorov. Krome togo, urovni radiatsii na samoj ehlektrostantsii i v okruzhayushchej srede znachitel'no nizhe predelov, ustanovlennykh litsenziyami na ehkspluatatsiyu. Podtverdilis' prostota i legkost' ehkspluatatsii kipyashchikh reaktorov. Kharakteristika kontrolya za nagruzkoj u kipyashchego reaktora s dvojnym tsiklom Drezdenskoj ehlektrostantsii okazalas' ochen' khoroshej. Krupnye i nebol'shie raboty po ukhodu i remontu mogut osushchestvlyat'sya obychnymi remontnymi gruppami bez vrednykh posledstvij ili bez limita vremeni, svyazannymi s soobrazheniyami radioaktivnogo oblucheniya. V

  11. Standardization of Radionuclides in the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tokyo; Etalonnage des radionuclides au Laboratoire d'electrotechniqu e de Tokyo; Standartizatsiya radioizotopov v ehlektrotekhnichesko j laboratorii v Tokio; Normalizacion de radionuclidos en el Laboratorio de Electrotecnica de Tokio

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Naito, Masashi; Inouye, Yajiro; Yura, Osamu [Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tokyo (Japan)

    1960-06-15

    metodo se midio la actividad de los nuclidos Sr{sup 90}-Y{sup 90}, So{sup 60} y Cs{sup 187}. La preci- sion de las mediciones fue del orden de +{+-} 2%. 2) Recuento {alpha} 2 {pi}. - Se midio la radiactividad de muestras de RaD + RaE + RaF, U{sup 238} y Po{sup 210} utilizando el mismo aparato que en el metodo de recuento |3 4 l. La precision de las mediciones fue de {+-} 2, {+-} 1 y {+-} 1%, respectivamente. 3) Recuento por coincidencias. - Para aplicar este metodo, se emplearon aparatos de recuento {beta}-{gamma}-y {gamma}-{gamma}. Como detector de rayos {gamma} se utilizo un contador de centeleo [cristal de Nal (TI) de 1 pulgada de diametro y 1 pulgada de largo] y como detector de rayos{beta} un contador Geiger-Mueller. Recientemente, para estudiar las diferencias existentes entre el metodo de recuento {beta} 4{pi}y el de coincidencias, en lugar de utilizar un contador Geiger- Mueller, los autores recurrieron a un modelo especial de contador proporcional {beta} 4 {pi}, que puede ser tambien empleado independientemente , es decir, sin los circuitos de coincidencia. Los resultados obtenidos con el metodo de coinci dencias {beta}-{gamma} difieren ligeramente (3-4%) de los alcanzados con el metodo {beta} 4 {pi} La discrepancia puede deberse a la autoabsorcion. En cambio, los resultados del metodo de coincidencias {gamma}-{gamma} para el So{sup 60} concuerdan con los obtenidos al aplicar el metodo de coincidencias {beta}-{gamma}. (author) [Russian] Posle 1953 goda v ehlektrotekhnichesko j laboratorii s pomoshch'yu vychislitel'nog o metoda 4 {pi} {beta}-scheta i metoda sovpadenij bylo proizvedeno absolyutnoe izmerenie nekotorykh izotopov. Podrobnosti metoda vychislenij v nashej laboratorii budut opisany v sleduyushchem poryadke: 1) Metod 4 ({pi}) ({beta})-scheta. Byl skonstruirova n zvonkovyj gazovyj pro- portsional'nyj schetchik 4 ({pi}) ({beta})-izluchenij. Byli issledovany ego vychislitel'nye kharakteristiki , v osobennosti nadezhnost' takikh primenyaemykh gazov. Pri

  12. Performance Characteristics of the Experimental Boiling Water Reactor from 0 to 100 MW(t); Performances de l'EBWR de 0 a 100 MW; Rabochaya kharakteristika ehksperimental'nogo kipyashchego reaktora EBWR pri moshchnosti 0 - 100 mgvt.; Rendimiento del reactor experimental de agua hirviente (EBWR) entre 0 y 100 MW

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Iskenderian, A.; Lipinski, W. C.; Petrick, M.; Wimunc, E. A. [Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL (United States)

    1963-10-15

    entonces de comportarse como reactor de agua hirviente de ciclo directo; en cierto modo, funciona como reactor de ciclo doble y circulacion natural. (author) [Russian] 25 maya 1962 goda Argonnskaya natsional'naya laboratoriya poluchila razreshenie KAEH SSHA na ehkspluatatsiyu reaktora EBWR na moshchnosti 100 mgvt. Administrativnoe razreshenie na ehkspluatatsiyu reaktora bylo predostavleno sistemoj garantij. Mezhdunarodnogo agentstva po atomnoj ehnergii 11 iyulya 1961 goda. 15 noyabrya 1962 goda byl dostignut uroven' moshchnosti v 100 mgvt. 6 dekabrya 1962 goda ehksperimental'naya programma byla zakonchena. Odnoj iz osnovnykh tselej ee byla tshchatel'naya proverka reaktora dlya polucheniya dannykh i informatsii rabochej kharakteristiki ehtogo tipa reaktora. Ehta programma byla pervoj programmoj takogo roda i pervoj vypolnennoj programmoj. Dlya polucheniya nuzhnykh dannykh neobkhodimo bylo razrabotat' mnogie novye pribory. TSel' byla dostignuta, polucheno mnogo novykh dannykh o rabochej kharakteristike kipyashchego reaktora s estestvennoj tsirkulyatsiej. Tak,naprimer, poluchena informatsiya otnositel'no skorosti potoka tsirkulyatsii v zamknutom tsikle, predelov separatsii zhidkogo para (vydelenie para v osadok v spusknoj trube i unos zhidkosti ehflu- entom para), nedogreva, lokalizatsii dejstvitel'noj poverkhnosti razdela v reaktore i ee svyazi s urovnem vodnoj kolonki, skorosti razrusheniya para v spusknoj trube, pustotnykh koehffitsientov, reaktivnoj sposobnosti H{sub 3}BO{sub 3}, temperaturnykh koehffitsientov, ispol'zovaniya sterzhnej iz bora dlya tselej kontrolya, ispol'zovaniya svezhikh toplivnykh ehlementov, peredatochnykh funktsij,analiza shuma, nekotorykh izmerenij potoka, stabil'nosti i t.d. Krome togo, byli polucheny dannye o povedenii i tselostnosti nekotorykh reaktornykh komponentov i sistem, takikh, kak bornokislaya kontrol'naya reaktsiya, urovni radiatsii, raspredelenie produktov korrozii, vykhod iz stroya oborudovaniya, toplivo i reguliruyushchie sterzhni i t

  13. 100-Mc counting system; Ensemble de comptage a 100 megacycles; Schetnaya sistema na 100 megatsiklov; Sistema contador de 100 megaciclos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sugarman, R; Higinbotham, W A; Yonda, A H [Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, NY (United States)

    1962-04-15

    zaderzhki; maksimal'nyj rabochij tsikl na vykhode raven 50% pri 95% vosstanovleniya na vkhode. Razbros vremeni ot porogovogo izlucheniya do velichiny v tri raza bol'shej sostavlyaet 2 nanosekundy i menee. CHuvstvitel'nost' bolee slozhnogo varianta v 10 raz bol'she. EHtot variant imeet rasprostranennyj usilitel' i vklyuchayushchuyu tsep' iz dvukh tunnel'nykh diodov. Vykhodnye kharakteristiki te zhe samye. Budut takzhe rassmotreny drugie logicheskie sistemy dlya diskriminatorov. SHkala na 8 delenij imeet dvoichnyj tunnel'nyj diod. Pervyj iz nikh (nestandartno) napravlyaetsya s pomoshch'yu obychnykh diodov. Bolee pozdnie stadii predstavlyayut soboj bolee ili menee tipichnuyu tunnel'nuyu diodnuyu logicheskuyu sistemu. (author)

  14. Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Radiation D-Values for Spores of Clostridium Botulinum; Aspects Theoriques et Pratiques des Valeurs D de Rayonnement Appliquees aux Spores de Clostridium Botulinum; Teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty koehffitsienta izlucheniya odlya spor Clostridium Botulinum; Aspectos Teoricos y Practicos de los Valores D para Esporas del Clostridium Botulinum

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Grecz, N. [Biophysics Laboratory, Illinois Institute Of Technology, Chicago, IL (United States)

    1966-11-15

    pishhevyh produktov. Obshirnye dannye, imejushhiesja v laboratorii, pokazali, chto: 1) znachenie kojefficienta D{sub 10} opredelennogo vida zavisit ot temperatury, sredy i razmera spor i 2) sushhestvenno razlichnye znachenija kojefficienta D mogut byt' polucheny v zavisimosti ot metoda rascheta i neizvestnyh variacij v razlichnyh jeksperimentah. Jeta informacija obespechivaet osnovu dlja pereocenki koncepcii 12 x D. Pokazano, chto temperatura'vo vremja obluchenija mozhet vozdejstvovat' na kosvennye vlijanija radikalov: 1) na obrazovanie, 2) na himicheskuju reaktivnost', 3) na stepen' razrushenija i 4) na diffuziju, osobenno vo vremja perehoda sredy iz zhidkogo sostojanija v tverdoe pri temperature primerno 0 Degree-Sign S. Kombinacija jetih vlijanij v zavisimosti ot temperatury ob'jasnjaet, pochemu spory naibolee chuvstvitel'ny, kogda oni obluchajutsja pri temperature 0 Degree-Sign S, po sravneniju s bolee vysokimi ili nizkimi temperaturami. Krome ee vlijanija na radikaly, temperatura takzhe vlijaet neposredstvenno na osnovnye, misheni (DNK). Jeto zatragivaet vibracionnoe sostojanie, a takzhe i stepen' gidratacii molekul DNK. Ochevidnaja gidratacija DNK svja zana s diapazonom dejstvija kosvennyh vlijanij, kotoryj mozhet byt' vychislen dlja C.botulinum 33 A, chtoby dobavit' 30 A k radiusu DNK (10,5 A), t.e. pochti v tri raza bol'she vlijanija obluchenija. Jeto izmenenie v radiochuvstvitel'nom ob'eme otrazhaetsja sootvetstvujushhim izmeneniem v znachenii D{sub 37} ot 1,6 x 10{sup 5} rad dlja suhoj spory do 6,6 x 10{sup 4} rad dlja vlazhnoj spory. Suspenzirujushhaja sreda mozhet byt' libo okonchatel'noj dlja radikalov, tak, naprimer, bol'shinstvo produktov i mikrobiologicheskih sred javljajutsja raskisliteljami radikalov, libo ona mozhet sposobstvovat' obrazovaniju vrednyh radikalov, tak naprimer, fosfatnyj buffer obrazuet fosfatnuju kislotu, kislorod obrazuet perekisnye i pergidridnye radikaly. Izmenenie znachenij D{sub 10} otdel'nogo vida, vyzvannye razlichnymi