Delimitation of kala-azar risk areas in the district of Vaishali in Bihar (India using a geo-environmental approach

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Gouri Sankar Bhunia

2012-08-01

Full Text Available Remote sensing and geographical information technologies were used to discriminate areas of high and low risk for contracting kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis. Satellite data were digitally processed to generate maps of land cover and spectral indices, such as the normalised difference vegetation index and wetness index. To map estimated vector abundance and indoor climate data, local polynomial interpolations were used based on the weightage values. Attribute layers were prepared based on illiteracy and the unemployed proportion of the population and associated with village boundaries. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to estimate the relationship between environmental variables and disease incidence across the study area. The cell values for each input raster in the analysis were assigned values from the evaluation scale. Simple weighting/ratings based on the degree of favourable conditions for kala-azar transmission were used for all the variables, leading to geo-environmental risk model. Variables such as, land use/land cover, vegetation conditions, surface dampness, the indoor climate, illiteracy rates and the size of the unemployed population were considered for inclusion in the geo-environmental kala-azar risk model. The risk model was stratified into areas of "risk"and "non-risk"for the disease, based on calculation of risk indices. The described approach constitutes a promising tool for microlevel kala-azar surveillance and aids in directing control efforts.

Alterações cutâneas do cão no Kala-Azar sul-americano

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C. Magarinos Torres

1941-01-01

Full Text Available According to E. Chagas (1938, South-American Kala Azar is a widespread disease from the jungle, several cases being reported from North Brazil (Estado do Pará: Marajó Island, Tocantins and Gurupi river valleys; Estados do Piauí and Ceará: coast and hinterland. Other cases were found in Northeast Brazil (Estados de Pernambuco, Alagôas and Sergipe: coast and hinterland; Estado da Bahia: hinterland. A few cases were described from Estado de Mato-Grosso (Brazil, Provincia de Salta and Território do Chaco (Argentine, and Zona contestada do Chaco (Paraguai-Bolívia. A well defined secondary anemia associated with enlargement of the liver and spleen are the chief symptoms. Death usually occurs in cachexia and with symptoms of heart failure. Half the patients were children aged less than ten years (CHAGAS, CASTRO & FERREIRA, 1937. Quite exhaustive epidemiological researches performed by CHAGAS, FERREIRA, DEANE, DEANE & GUIMARÃES (1938 in Municipio de Abaeté (Estado do Pará, Brazil gave the incidence of 1.48% for the natural infection in human, 4.49% in dogs, and 2.63% in cats. The infection was arcribed (CUNHA & CHAGAS, 1937 to a new species of Leishmania (L. chagasi. Latter CUNHA (1938 state, that it is identical to L. infantum. ADLER (1940 found that so far it has been impossible to distinguish L. chagasi from L. infantum by any laboratory test but a final judgment must be reserved until further experiments with different species of sandflies have been carried out. Skin changes in canine Kala Azar were signaled by many workers, and their importance as regards the transmission of the disease is recognized by some of them (ADLER & THEODOR, 1931, 2. CUNHA, 1933. Cutaneous ulcers in naturally infected dogs are referred by CRITIEN (1911 in Malta, by CHODUKIN & SCHEVTSCHENKO (1928 in Taschkent, by DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD (1929 and by LESTOCQUARD & PARROT (1929 in Algeria, and by BLANC & CAMINOPETROS (1931 in Greece. Depilation is signaled by

Atypical Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis with ?Muzzle Area? Swelling

OpenAIRE

Arora, Sandeep; Bal, Arvinder Singh; Baveja, Sukriti; Sood, Aradhana; Rathi, Khushi Ram; Patil, Pradeep

2015-01-01

A 50-year-old male presented with recurrent swelling of the muzzle area of the face with history of low-grade intermittent fever of 3 year duration managed variously with antibiotics, systemic steroids, and antituberculous therapy. Skin biopsy revealed a granulomatous infiltration negative for acid-fast bacilli and leishmania donovan bodies. Immunochromatography test for rK 39 antigen and polymerase chain reaction for leishmania was positive. He was diagnosed as a case of post kala azar derma...

A Study on Health Seeking Behaviors of Patients of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis

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Ariful Basher

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL remains a major public health threat in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Surya Kanta Kala azar Research Centre (SKKRC, Mymensingh, from January 2012 to July 2013 to evaluate the health seeking behaviour and the length of delay of PKDL management. The consecutive 200 diagnosed PKDL cases that got treatment in SKKRC hospital were subjected to evaluation. Most (98% of the patients were not aware and had no knowledge about PKDL, though 87.5% had a history of history of Kala-azar treatment. Many patients reported first to village doctor (15.5%, the pharmacy shop (10%, or traditional health provider (7.5% upon recognition of symptom. The time between the initial symptom recognition and first medical consultation (patient delay ranged from 10 days to 4745 days (13 years with a median of 373 days (mean: 696; IQR: 138 to 900 days. The time between first medical consultations to definite treatment (system delay ranged from 0 days to 1971 days (5.4 years, with a median delay of 14 days (mean: 46.48; IQR: 7 to 44 days that was reported in this study. Age, education, occupation, and residential status had significant association with patient delay (P<0.05. Educational status, occupation, number of treatment providers, and first health care provider had a significant association with system delay (P<0.05. Success in PKDL diagnosis and treatment requires specific behavior from patients and health care providers which facilitate those practices.

Serat Suluk babaraning Ngelmi Makrifat Wasiyat Kala Kanjeng Nabi Kilir

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Kundharu Saddhono Saddhono

2013-01-01

Abstract: Suluk (mysticism or sufism) is a mystical world that isvery personal in terms of peace of mind and spiritual needs. Inshort, mysticism can be defined as the love of the Absolute (divine).Material object in this study is a single manuscript titled SeratSuluk Babaring Ngelmi Makripat Wasiat Kala Kanjeng Nabi Kilir(SSBM), the literature describes the knowledge of the ProphetKilir makrifat legacy (read: Khidhr) to Sunan Kalijaga or SyekhMelaya. Khidhr was a prophet who told in the Qur’a...

Role of remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS) and bioinformatics in kala-azar epidemiology.

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Bhunia, Gouri Sankar; Dikhit, Manas Ranjan; Kesari, Shreekant; Sahoo, Ganesh Chandra; Das, Pradeep

2011-11-01

Visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar is a potent parasitic infection causing death of thousands of people each year. Medicinal compounds currently available for the treatment of kala-azar have serious side effects and decreased efficacy owing to the emergence of resistant strains. The type of immune reaction is also to be considered in patients infected with Leishmania donovani (L. donovani). For complete eradication of this disease, a high level modern research is currently being applied both at the molecular level as well as at the field level. The computational approaches like remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS) and bioinformatics are the key resources for the detection and distribution of vectors, patterns, ecological and environmental factors and genomic and proteomic analysis. Novel approaches like GIS and bioinformatics have been more appropriately utilized in determining the cause of visearal leishmaniasis and in designing strategies for preventing the disease from spreading from one region to another.

The development of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is associated with acquisition of Leishmania reactivity by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Gasim, S; Elhassan, A M; Kharazmi, A

2000-01-01

PKDL develops in about 50% of Sudanese patients treated for visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). Patients with kala-azar were entered into this study and followed for a period of up to 2 years. During follow up 12 patients developed PKDL and eight did not. Proliferative responses and cytokine...... production to Leishmania donovani and control antigens were measured in vitro using PBMC isolated at the time of diagnosis of kala-azar, after treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, during follow up, and at the time of diagnosis of PKDL. Proliferative responses and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production were...... assays. There were no differences in Leishmania antigen-induced production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 between or within the two groups. We have previously shown that Leishmania parasites spread to the skin during visceral leishmaniasis and proposed that PKDL was the result of an immunological attack...

Atypical post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis with "muzzle area" swelling.

Science.gov (United States)

Arora, Sandeep; Bal, Arvinder Singh; Baveja, Sukriti; Sood, Aradhana; Rathi, Khushi Ram; Patil, Pradeep

2015-01-01

A 50-year-old male presented with recurrent swelling of the muzzle area of the face with history of low-grade intermittent fever of 3 year duration managed variously with antibiotics, systemic steroids, and antituberculous therapy. Skin biopsy revealed a granulomatous infiltration negative for acid-fast bacilli and leishmania donovan bodies. Immunochromatography test for rK 39 antigen and polymerase chain reaction for leishmania was positive. He was diagnosed as a case of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis, managed with injection sodium stibogluconate and followed-up thereafter.

The rK39 strip test is non-predictor of clinical status for kala-azar

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Mohapatra Tribhuban M

2009-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The rK39 strip test is reported to be simple, sensitive, specific, non-invasive and economical test. Since this method is supposed to be patient friendly, it may easily be accepted for sero-epidemiological surveys. An attempt was made to evaluate the role of rK39 strip test in pre and post treatment phases of Kala azar, as a diagnostic and prognostic marker, in addition to other laboratory investigations, in order to evaluate its role in sero-epidemiological surveys. Findings A total of 210 cases were selected for the study. One hundred clinically and parasitologically confirmed cases were corroborated with other hematological profiles. The formol-gel test was included along with well matched control group comprising of normal endemic controls (50, non-endemic normals (20 and other febrile cases (40. All groups were tested by rK39 strip test. Fifty Kala azar cases were followed up after completion of successful treatment. They were subjected to rK39 strip test after 0, 90 and 180 days of completion of successful treatment. The rK39 showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy of 98% (95% CI 91.7-100, 100%, 100%, 90% (95% CI 66-100 and 98% (95% CI 92.6-100 respectively. All the 50 cured followed up cases showed positive result by rK39 strip test even after 180 days of completion of successful treatment. Conclusion The test seems an ideal qualitative test for the diagnosis of kala-azar. But for sero-epidemiological studies the test may be used with other parameters. Alternatively a quantitative ELISA using rK39 antigen may be used.

Atypical Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis with “Muzzle Area” Swelling

Science.gov (United States)

Arora, Sandeep; Bal, Arvinder Singh; Baveja, Sukriti; Sood, Aradhana; Rathi, Khushi Ram; Patil, Pradeep

2015-01-01

A 50-year-old male presented with recurrent swelling of the muzzle area of the face with history of low-grade intermittent fever of 3 year duration managed variously with antibiotics, systemic steroids, and antituberculous therapy. Skin biopsy revealed a granulomatous infiltration negative for acid-fast bacilli and leishmania donovan bodies. Immunochromatography test for rK 39 antigen and polymerase chain reaction for leishmania was positive. He was diagnosed as a case of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis, managed with injection sodium stibogluconate and followed-up thereafter. PMID:25657406

High levels of plasma IL-10 and expression of IL-10 by keratinocytes during visceral leishmaniasis predict subsequent development of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Gasim, S; Elhassan, A M; Khalil, E A

1998-01-01

Some patients develop post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) after they have been treated for the systemic infection kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). It has been an enigma why the parasites cause skin symptoms after the patients have been successfully treated for the systemic disease. We...... report here that PKDL development can be predicted before treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, and that IL-10 is involved in the pathogenesis. Before treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania parasites were present in skin which appeared normal on all patients. However, IL-10 was detected...

"Chalepa Ta Kala," "Fine Things Are Difficult": Socrates' Insights into the Psychology of Teaching and Learning

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Mintz, Avi I.

2010-01-01

The proverb "chalepa ta kala" ("fine things are difficult") is invoked in three dialogues in the Platonic corpus: "Hippias Major," "Cratylus" and "Republic." In this paper, I argue that the context in which the proverb arises reveals Socrates' considerable pedagogical dexterity as he uses the proverb to rebuke his interlocutor in one dialogue but…

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis associated with AIDS

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Bittencourt Achiléa

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL is rarely reported in South America. In spite of the fact that there are many reports about the association of visceral leishmaniasis and AIDS, PKDL is very uncommon in HIV-positive patients, and so far only four cases have been documented in the literature. We present another case with unusual clinicopathological aspects. The patient, a 28-year-old male, from Salvador, Bahia (an endemic area presented with clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis three years after the diagnosis of AIDS. During treatment for visceral leishmaniasis he developed disseminated miliary papules. Microscopically, the skin biopsy showed a "saw-tooth" pattern with a lichenoid mononuclear infiltrate simulating lichen planus. The histopathological diagnosis was achieved through the finding of amastigotes. The authors discuss the clinicopathological aspects of this case based on a review of the specific literature.

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis associated with AIDS

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Bittencourt Achiléa

2003-01-01

Full Text Available Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL is rarely reported in South America. In spite of the fact that there are many reports about the association of visceral leishmaniasis and AIDS, PKDL is very uncommon in HIV-positive patients, and so far only four cases have been documented in the literature. We present another case with unusual clinicopathological aspects. The patient, a 28-year-old male, from Salvador, Bahia (an endemic area presented with clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis three years after the diagnosis of AIDS. During treatment for visceral leishmaniasis he developed disseminated miliary papules. Microscopically, the skin biopsy showed a "saw-tooth" pattern with a lichenoid mononuclear infiltrate simulating lichen planus. The histopathological diagnosis was achieved through the finding of amastigotes. The authors discuss the clinicopathological aspects of this case based on a review of the specific literature.

Kala-azar in Darfur: Evidence for indigenous transmission in Al-Malha Locality, North Darfur, western Sudan.

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Mohammed, Mohammed A; Khalid, Noteila M; Aboud, Mariam A

2018-03-06

Recent reports showed high numbers of visceral leishmaniasis cases in North Darfur, western Sudan. Due to a lack of previous studies, no information is available on local transmission of the disease in these areas. Therefore, a pilot entomological and epidemiological study was conducted in Al-Malha Locality during the year 2013, to investigate possibility of local transmission and places and times of the year where and when people contract the infection. Kala-azar incidence data were obtained from records of Ministry of Health, North Darfur; Al-Malha rural hospital; and the Federal Ministry of Health, Division of Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases. Sand flies were collected using sticky paper and rodent burrow traps from five different microhabitats during three different phases of the year. Species identification was undertaken using appropriate taxonomic keys. Data were statistically analyzed to determine the distribution of kala-azar among different age groups and between sexes, and to compare the species richness and distribution of different sandfly species between the different microhabitats. The most affected age groups with kala-azar during the period 2013-2016 were children between one and five years old and those under one year. Females were found to be more affected than males. A total of 918 sand fly specimens were collected using sticky paper and rodent burrow traps from five microhabitats. Identified specimens belong to 13 species; 5 Phlebotomus and 8 Sergentomyia. Phlebotomus orientalis, the principal vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Sudan and other East African countries, was found for the first time in the area. No other known vector of VL was found in the collection. The highest number of sand flies was recorded during the summer season (63%), with S. antennata (48%) and S. schwetzi (24.1%) being the most abundant species. Among Phlebotomus species, P. orientalis showed relatively high density (8.6%). A dry seasonal water course

Detection and characterization of Leishmania in tissues of patients with post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis using a specific monoclonal antibody

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ismail, A; Kharazmi, A; Permin, H

1997-01-01

Sections from skin lesions and draining lymph nodes of patients with post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis were examined using an immunoperoxidase method and a monoclonal antibody directed against Leishmania donovani. Parasites were detected in 22 of 25 biopsies (88%). In parallel sections stained...

The pathogenesis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis from the field to the molecule: does ultraviolet light (UVB) radiation play a role?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ismail, A; Khalil, E A G; Musa, A M

2006-01-01

Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a dermatosis caused by persistence of Leishmania donovani parasites in the skin following apparently successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. The distribution of PKDL lesions in Sudanese patients often mirrors the clothing habits of those...

Nested PCR Assay for Detection of Leishmania donovani in Slit Aspirates from Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Lesions

Science.gov (United States)

Sreenivas, Gannavaram; Ansari, N. A.; Kataria, Joginder; Salotra, Poonam

2004-01-01

A nested PCR assay to detect parasite DNA in slit aspirates from skin lesions of patients with post-kala-azar dermal lesihmaniasis (PKDL) is described. PCR results were positive in 27 of 29 (93%) samples by nested PCR assay, while only 20 of 29 (69%) were positive in a primary PCR assay. The nested PCR assay allowed reliable diagnosis of PKDL in a noninvasive manner. PMID:15071047

Nested PCR Assay for Detection of Leishmania donovani in Slit Aspirates from Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Lesions

OpenAIRE

Sreenivas, Gannavaram; Ansari, N. A.; Kataria, Joginder; Salotra, Poonam

2004-01-01

A nested PCR assay to detect parasite DNA in slit aspirates from skin lesions of patients with post-kala-azar dermal lesihmaniasis (PKDL) is described. PCR results were positive in 27 of 29 (93%) samples by nested PCR assay, while only 20 of 29 (69%) were positive in a primary PCR assay. The nested PCR assay allowed reliable diagnosis of PKDL in a noninvasive manner.

Pathology of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a light microscopical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of skin lesions and draining lymph nodes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ismail, Ahmed; Gadir, A Fattah A; Theander, Thor G

2006-01-01

BACKGROUND: Whereas the clinical manifestations and treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) have been adequately described before, the pathology received little attention, particularly the African form of PKDL which shows some clinical differences from the disease in India...... leishmaniasis: a light microscopical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of skin lesions and draining lymph nodes....

Parasite detection in patients with post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in India: a comparison between molecular and immunological methods

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Salotra, P; Sreenivas, G; Beena, K R; Mukherjee, A; Ramesh, V

2003-01-01

Aims: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of serological, immunohistochemical, and molecular methods in the diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Methods: Twenty five patients with confirmed PKDL and 25 controls were included in the study. G2D10, a monoclonal antibody against Leishmania, was used for the immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of lesion sections to visualise anti-Leishmania donovani antibodies. The diagnostic usefulness of IHC was compared with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a recombinant (rk39) antigen, and a species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, amplifying a kinetoplast minicircle DNA sequence. Results: IHC detected 22 of 25 PKDL cases, giving a sensitivity of 88%. The diagnostic sensitivity of both the ELISA and PCR tests was higher (96%). All of the 25 controls examined were negative in PCR, indicating 100% specificity of the test, whereas ELISA showed 96% specificity. Conclusions: IHC with G2D10 significantly enhances the sensitivity of detection of PKDL over routine haematoxylin and eosin staining. ELISA with a recombinant antigen is an economical and practical assay. PCR is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic method for PKDL. The tests described would facilitate the recognition of patients with PKDL, enabling timely treatment, which would contribute greatly to the control of kala-azar. PMID:14600129

Pattern of photosynthesis in saline indica var. of rice Kala Rata

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hegde, B.A.; Joshi, G.V.

1975-01-01

The present investigation on Kala Rata deals with the pattern of photosynthesis and the salt stress effect on the photosynthetic efficiency in rice. It is evident from the investigation that chlorophyll synthesis is enhanced with the increasing concentration of NaCl in the bathing medium. However, the efficiency of photosynthesis does not increase with increased chlorophyll production. All ions in leaves can stimulate CO 2 incorporation but inhibit at higher concentration. Analysis of short term products of photosynthesis revealed that aspartate is the major product to be heavily labelled which is evident from autoradiogram. PGA has also appreciable label, where as, malate has the least. It appears therefore, that in rice, both, Calvin as well as C 4 type of pathways are operating. 'Aspartate former' type of rice does not seem to be efficient in photosynthesis as it has C 3 pathway also in operation. (author)

Interest in paromomycin for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar

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Wiwanitkit V

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Viroj Wiwanitkit1–31Wiwanitkit House, Bang Khae, Bangkok, Thailand; 2Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, People's Republic of China; 3Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun State, NigeriaAbstract: Leishmaniasis is an important vector-borne disease, and it is classified as one of the most important tropical fly-borne infections. This disease can cause two types of clinical manifestations: cutaneous forms and visceral forms. Visceral leishmaniasis, which is also called kala-azar, is a very serious infection that can be fatal. The management of visceral leishmaniasis requires informed diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Continuous research and development regarding the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis had led to many improvements. Paromomycin is a relatively new antibiotic drug that has been used for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis for several years. This article reviews and discusses the use of paromomycin for visceral leishmaniasis therapy.Keywords: visceral, leishmaniasis, paromomycin

Reactivity of various leishmanial antigens in a direct agglutination test and their value in differentiating post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis from leprosy and other skin conditions

NARCIS (Netherlands)

El Harith, A.; Chowdhury, S.; Al-Masum, A.; Semião-Santos, S.; Das, P. K.; Akhter, S.; Vetter, J. C.; Haq, I.

1996-01-01

A direct agglutination test (DAT) for the detection of post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) was evaluated in conditions that simulate the disease clinically or immunologically. A reference strain of Leishmania donovani (LEM 1399), and antigen preparations from Leishmania isolates from

Lasteaeda kujundatakse lapsekesksemaks / Punamäe, Anita; Sarap, Anu; Peterson, Ester; Kala, Sire; Laanemäe-Räim, Consuelo; küsitlenud Kaile Kabun

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2007-01-01

Vestlusringis on maavalitsuse haridus- ja kultuuriosakonna peaspetsialist Anita Punamäe, Parksepa lasteaia juhataja Anu Sarap, Päkapiku lasteaia juhataja asetäitja õppekasvatustöö alal Ester Peterson, Sõlekese lasteaia õpetaja Sire Kala, lapsevanem ja lasteaia Punamütsike hoolekogu liige Consuelo Laanemäe-Räim

Síndrome de Felty e Calazar: um desafio para o reumatologista Felty's syndrome and Kala-azar: a challenge for the rheumatologist

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Rafaela Bicalho Viana

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente com artrite reumatoide que evoluiu com grave neutropenia e esplenomegalia, sendo firmado o diagnóstico de Síndrome de Felty, que posteriormente desenvolveu Calazar. Ambas têm apresentação clínica e laboratorial semelhantes, tornando o diagnóstico diferencial difícil. O relato deste caso objetiva chamar a atenção para o reconhecimento da infecção por leishmaniose visceral em pacientes portadores de doenças reumáticas, assim como a possibilidade de um paciente com Calazar mimetizar um quadro de doença reumática sistêmicaCase report of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who developed severe neutropenia, splenomegaly and was diagnosed with Felty's syndrome. The patient later developed Kala-azar. Both diseases have similar clinical and laboratory presentation, making the differential diagnosis difficult. The present case report aims at drawing attention to the identification of visceral Leishmaniasis infection in patients with rheumatic diseases, as well as possibility of a patient with Kala-azar mimicking a set of symptoms of systemic rheumatic disease

Efektivitas Pijat dalam Mengurangi Nyeri pada Kala I Persalinan

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Octa Dwienda R

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Pijat merupakan salah satu cara mengurangi rasa nyeri karena proses pemijatan dapat menghambat sinyal nyeri, Ibu bersalin yang mendapat pijatan selama 20 menit selama proses persalinan akan lebih terbebas dari rasa sakit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas pijat dalam mengurangi nyeri persalinan pada ibu bersalin. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian quasi eksperimen dengan menggunakan rancangan penelitian prepost test. Lokasi penelitian adalah bidan praktik mandiri (BPS ernita Pekanbaru yang dilakukan pada bulan AprilJuni 2014. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 30 orang dengan teknik pengambilan sampel adalah Purposive Sampling. Data dalam penelitian ini merupakan data primer yang dianalisis menggunakan uji Paired Sample T-Test (dependent T-Test dengan derajat α =0,05. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa rata-rata skala nyeri persalinan sebelum pijat adalah 8,67, sesudah pijat adalah 5,33. Sedangkan untuk metode sebelum pemberian obat anti nyeri adalah 9,47 dan sesudah pemberian obat adalah 3,07. Pemberian pijat dan obat efektif dalam mengurangi nyeri dengan p value : 0,001. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode pijat efektif dalam mengurangi nyeri persalinan pada ibu bersalin fase aktif kala I di BPS Ernita Pekanbaru

Appraisal of Phlebotomus argentipes habitat suitability using a remotely sensed index in the kala-azar endemic focus of Bihar, India

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Shreekant Kesari

2013-04-01

Full Text Available Visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar, is recognised as a serious emerging public health problem in India. In this study, environmental parameters, such as land surface temperature (LST and renormalised difference vegetation indices (RDVI, were used to delineate the association between environmental variables and Phlebotomus argentipes abundance in a representative endemic region of Bihar, India. The adult P. argentipes were collected between September 2009-February 2010 using the hand-held aspirator technique. The distribution of P. argentipes was analysed with the LST and RDVI of the peak and lean seasons. The association between environmental covariates and P. argentipes density was analysed a multivariate linear regression model. The sandfly density at its maximum in September, whereas the minimum density was recorded in January. The regression model indicated that the season, minimum LST, mean LST and mean RDVI were the best environmental covariates for the P. argentipes distribution. The final model indicated that nearly 74% of the variance of sandfly density could be explained by these environmental covariates. This approach might be useful for mapping and predicting the distribution of P. argentipes, which may help the health agencies that are involved in the kala-azar control programme focus on high-risk areas.

ARABIC PROGRAM ON COT KALA LANGSA STREAMING RADIO SEBAGAI STRATEGI BARU PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB

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Dhiauddin Dhiauddin

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Learning a language means learn to communicate. The goal of learning Arabic by using communicative approach is to stimulate the student to be able to master both receptive and productive skill. Receptive skills includes listening and reading skill, while productive skills includes speaking and writing skills. The objective of this study is to describe the streaming radio as a strategy in Arabic learning for the student of Arabic Department at Cot Kala Langsa State Islamic Institute. The result at the study shows that the streaming radio strategy gives a good response in conducting the Arabic class. Means that streaming radio can enhance the quality of teaching and learning Arabic at this institute.DOI: 10.15408/a.v2i1.1480

Evaluation of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis with Crude or Recombinant k39 Antigen

Science.gov (United States)

Salotra, P.; Sreenivas, G.; Nasim, A. A.; Subba Raju, B. V.; Ramesh, V.

2002-01-01

The diagnosis of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a dermatosis that provides the only known reservoir for the parasite Leishmania donovani in India, remains a problem. Timely recognition and treatment of PKDL would contribute significantly to the control of kala-azar. We evaluated here the potential of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a diagnostic tool for PKDL. Antigen prepared from promastigotes and axenic amastigotes with parasite isolates that were derived from skin lesions of a PKDL patient gave sensitivities of 86.36 and 92%, respectively, in the 88 PKDL cases examined. The specificity of the ELISA test was examined by testing groups of patients with other skin disorders (leprosy and vitiligo) or coendemic infections (malaria and tuberculosis), as well as healthy controls from areas where this disease is endemic or is not endemic. A false-positive reaction was obtained in 14 of 144 (9.8%) of the controls with the promastigote antigen and in 14 of 145 (9.7%) of the controls with the amastigote antigen. Evaluation of the serodiagnostic potential of recombinant k39 by ELISA revealed a higher sensitivity (94.5%) and specificity (93.7%) compared to the other two antigens used. The data demonstrate that ELISA with crude or recombinant antigen k39 provides a relatively simple and less-invasive test for the reliable diagnosis of PKDL. PMID:11874880

Economic consequences of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a rural Bangladeshi community.

Science.gov (United States)

Ozaki, Masayo; Islam, Shamim; Rahman, Kazi Mizanur; Rahman, Anisur; Luby, Stephen P; Bern, Caryn

2011-09-01

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis. Bangladesh national treatment guidelines during the study period called for 120 intramuscular injections of sodium antimony gluconate (SAG). We assessed care-seeking behavior, diagnosis and treatment costs, and coping strategies among 134 PKDL patients; 56 (42%) patients had been treated with SAG, and 78 (58%) remained untreated. The median direct cost per patient treated was US$367 (interquartile range [IQR] = 90-284), more than two times the estimated per capita annual income for the study population. The most common coping strategy was to take a loan; the median amount borrowed was US$98 (IQR = 71-150), with a median interest of US$32 (IQR = 16-95). Households lost a median of 123 work-days per patient treated. The current regimen for PKDL imposes a significant financial burden, reinforcing the link between poverty and visceral leishmaniasis. More practical shorter-course regimens for PKDL are urgently needed to achieve national and regional visceral leishmaniasis elimination goals.

Efficacy and Safety of Miltefosine in Treatment of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis

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Shyam Sundar

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Background. Long regimens for the treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL result in noncompliance. A safe, effective, and acceptable regimen for the treatment of PKDL is still to be developed. Miltefosine has been found to be effective in the treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL. Hence, its efficacy was tested in patients of PKDL. Methods. In this exploratory study, 33 patients with PKDL aged 10 years and above were administered miltefosine (50 mg for those weighing <25 kg or 100 mg in divided doses for those ≥25 kg and 2.5 mg per kg for children for 12 weeks and followed up for one year to find out the efficacy. Results. Out of 33 patients, 3 patients withdrew consent. Treatment was stopped due to adverse effect in 1 patient. 28 (96.6% got cured with complete disappearance of lesion while 1 patient (3.4% failed treatment by protocol analysis. Conclusion. Miltefosine was found to be effective and safe in the treatment of PKDL.

Economic Consequences of Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in a Rural Bangladeshi Community

Science.gov (United States)

Ozaki, Masayo; Islam, Shamim; Rahman, Kazi Mizanur; Rahman, Anisur; Luby, Stephen P.; Bern, Caryn

2011-01-01

Post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis. Bangladesh national treatment guidelines during the study period called for 120 intramuscular injections of sodium antimony gluconate (SAG). We assessed care-seeking behavior, diagnosis and treatment costs, and coping strategies among 134 PKDL patients; 56 (42%) patients had been treated with SAG, and 78 (58%) remained untreated. The median direct cost per patient treated was US$367 (interquartile range [IQR] = 90–284), more than two times the estimated per capita annual income for the study population. The most common coping strategy was to take a loan; the median amount borrowed was US$98 (IQR = 71–150), with a median interest of US$32 (IQR = 16–95). Households lost a median of 123 work-days per patient treated. The current regimen for PKDL imposes a significant financial burden, reinforcing the link between poverty and visceral leishmaniasis. More practical shorter-course regimens for PKDL are urgently needed to achieve national and regional visceral leishmaniasis elimination goals. PMID:21896817

Development of a Species-Specific PCR Assay for Detection of Leishmania donovani in Clinical Samples from Patients with Kala-Azar and Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis

Science.gov (United States)

Salotra, Poonam; Sreenivas, G.; Pogue, Gregory P.; Lee, Nancy; Nakhasi, Hira L.; Ramesh, V.; Negi, N. S.

2001-01-01

We have developed a PCR assay that is capable of amplifying kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) of Leishmania donovani in a species-specific manner among Old World leishmanias. With Indian strains and isolates of L. donovani the assay was sensitive enough to detect kDNA in an amount equivalent to a single parasite or less. The extreme sensitivity of the assay was reflected in its ability to detect parasite DNA from small volumes of peripheral blood of patients with kala-azar (KA) and from skin lesions from patients with post-KA dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). A total of 107 clinical leishmaniasis samples were analyzed. Of these 102 (95.3%) were positive by PCR. The test provided a diagnosis of KA with 96% sensitivity using patient whole-blood samples instead of bone marrow or spleen aspirates that are obtained by invasive procedures. The assay was also successful in the diagnosis of 45 of 48 PKDL cases (93.8%). Cross-reactions with pathogens prevalent in the area of endemicity, viz., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, and Plasmodium spp., could be ruled out. Eighty-one control samples, including dermal scrapings from healthy portions of skin from patients with PKDL were all negative. Two of twenty controls from the area of endemicity were found positive by PCR assay; however, there was a good possibility that these two were asymptomatic carriers since they were serologically positive for KA. Thus, this PCR assay represents a tool for the diagnosis of KA and PKDL in Indian patients in a noninvasive manner, with simultaneous species identification of parasites in clinical samples. PMID:11230394

Resonance – Journal of Science Education | Indian Academy of ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Resonance – Journal of Science Education. Hari Sridhar. Articles written in Resonance – Journal of Science Education. Volume 23 Issue 4 April 2018 pp 499-504 Face to Face. On Research Misconduct · Hari Sridhar · More Details Abstract Fulltext PDF ...

Kala-tau Hill as a Medieval Monument of Archaeology and Epigraphy in the Western Urals

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Gabdrafikov I.M.

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Objective: To provide a description of Starokalmashevo hillfort and the Starokalmashevo gravestone with an Arabic epitaph found in the mid-20th century in close proximity to the site of ancient settlement. They are here described not only as monuments of the Middle Ages, but also as objects of historical heritage testifying to the continuous process of ethno-culturogenesis in the Western Cis-Urals up to modern times. Research materials: The author considers the issues of medieval history, ethno- and cultural genesis of the Western Cis-Urals in light of the example of the Starokalmashevo hillfort, located on the hill of Kala-tau (Chekmagushevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the Starokalmashevo gravestone. The author provides a complex description of these archaeological and cultural monuments and points out the importance of preserving these objects as an integral part of the local population and the entire Volga-Ural region’s collective historical memory. Research novelty: The author presents new materials, including the stories of community elders about the origin of the above-mentioned archaeological sites. He analyzes the inscriptions on the tombstone, including its new reading, and draws a conclusion about the continuity of the population of this territory for a sustained period.

Pramana – Journal of Physics | Indian Academy of Sciences

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Pramana – Journal of Physics. G Sridhar. Articles written in Pramana – Journal of Physics. Volume 75 Issue 5 November 2010 pp 807-816 Invited Papers. Physics and technology of tunable pulsed single longitudinal mode dye laser · G Sridhar V S Rawat Nitin Kawade Sunita Singh L M Gantayet.

Sadhana | Indian Academy of Sciences

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Sadhana. T M Sridhar. Articles written in Sadhana. Volume 28 Issue 3-4 June-August 2003 pp 601-637. Corrosion of bio implants · U Kamachi Mudali T M Sridhar Baldev Raj · More Details Abstract Fulltext PDF. Chemical stability, mechanical behaviour and biocompatibility in body fluids and tissues are the ...

Population preference of net texture prior to bed net trial in Kala-Azar-endemic areas.

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Murari L Das

Full Text Available Prior to a community-based efficacy trial of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs in the prevention of visceral leishmaniasis (VL; also called kala-azar, a pilot study on preference of tools was held in endemic areas of India and Nepal in September 2005.LLINs made of polyester and polyethylene were distributed to 60 participants, who used the nets sequentially for 7 d. Acceptability and preference were evaluated via indirect indicators through questionnaires at three defined time points before and after use of the LLINs and through focus group discussions (FGDs. In the latter, preferences for color and size were also assessed. Untreated bed nets were owned by 87% of the households prior to the study. All users liked textures of both LLIN types after 7 d of use, but had a slight preference for those made of polyester if they were to recommend a LLIN to relatives or friends (p<0.05, mainly because of their relatively greater softness in comparison to polyethylene LLINs. Users reported that both net types reduced mosquito bites and number of insects, including sand fly (bhusana; genus Phlebotomus, inside the house. Side effects were minor and disappeared quickly.The large-scale intervention trial considered the preferences of the study population to decide on the best tool of intervention--light-blue, rectangular, polyester LLINs of different sizes.

Kasvatusteaduslike tööde 2001. aasta riikliku konkursi võitjad on selgunud / Ulve Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Ulve, 1947-

2001-01-01

Konkursile esitatud töid hindas komisjon koosseisus TPÜ dots. U. Kala (esimees), HM-i üldhariduse osakonna peaekspert M. Kadakas, Eesti Akadeemilise Pedagoogika Seltsi esimees I. Kraav, TPÜ prof. J. Orn, TÜ dots. T. Pedastsaar, TPÜ dots. H. Sikka, HM-i teaduse talituse juhataja M. Toimet. Eesti keeles publitseeritud teadustöö preemia: E. Krull monograafia "Pedagoogilise psühholoogia käsiraamat" ja kogumikule "Kõnelev ja kõneldav inimene : Eesti erinevate eluvaldkondade diskursus", autorid V.-R. Ruus, V. Kalmus, H. Krull, T. Kuurme, M.-L. Laherand, M. Lauristin, M. Leino, A. Liimets, K. Loogma, R. Ruutsoo, E.-S. Sarv, J. Veimer, M. Volt. Võõrkeeles publitseeritud teadustöö preemia: J. Mikk monograafia "Textbook : Research and Writing", ja M. Veisson "Disabled Children - the Psychological Status of Parents and the Social Network of Siblings". Populaarteaduslike tööde preemia: kogumik "Õppejõudu otsimas", autorid L. Erilt, K. Mits, A. Kincaid, T. Kuurme, K. Kütt, K. Loogma, E. Lõhkivi, M. Lõhmus, J. Mikk, S. Priimägi, S. Ransdell, V.-R. Ruus, A. Viru, K. Vogelberg, R. Walker. Heino Liimetsa nimeline magistritöö preemia: E. Jakobson magistritöö "Liitklassid ja eriealiste laste koosõpetamine" (juhendaja dots. V. Maanso) ja S. Jehe magistritöö "Ülesanded õppija kujunemiseks : töövihik ja õpetajavihik eesti kirjanduse käsitlemiseks gümnaasiumis" (juhendaja dots. T. Pedastsaar)

A retrospective study of intravenous sodium stibogluconate alone and in combinations with allopurinol, rifampicin, and an immunomodulator in the treatment of Indian post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis

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Ramesh V

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Background and Aims: A retrospective analysis of treatment outcome using recommended dose of sodium stibogluconate (SSG alone and in combination with other antileishmanial drugs in adults with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL attending as outpatients. Methods: A total of 61 patients seen over ten years were included in the report. All had polymorphic lesions. Diagnosis was based on clinical picture, hailing from kala-azar (KA endemic area, exclusion of other dermatoses, histopathology, and therapeutic response. Patients were distributed into two groups: Group I (n = 32, where SSG was given intravenously; in Group II (n = 29, they were allocated to one of four categories using SSG in combination with other drugs. In the first category, SSG was given along with allopurinol (n = 10; in second with rifampicin (n = 6; and in third with both allopurinol and rifampicin (n = 5. In the fourth category, SSG was administered with an immunomodulator (n = 8, Mw vaccine, known to enhance host Th1 response. Results: Only 12 out of 61 patients completed treatment till histopathologic evidence of cure, five in Group I and seven in Group II, no patient being from third category. None had taken SSG without interruptions. Time taken for papulonodules to subside was similar in both groups, but erythema and induration subsided earlier in Group II. Group I patients attained cure after 120 injections while in Group II it took 95 injections in SSG + allopurinol and Mw vaccine categories respectively, and 110 with SSG + rifampicin. Nevertheless this was insufficient to facilitate compliance. Poor performance and high dropouts related to long duration of therapy, thrombophlebitis, difficulty in accessing veins, disabling rheumatic side-effects and practical problems. Liver, renal and pancreatic functions and ECG remained normal. Conclusion: No major advantage was obtained using allopurinol, rifampicin or Mw vaccine along with SSG as compared to SSG alone.

Organização do espaço urbano e expansão do calazar The organization of urban areas and expansion of kala-azar

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Eduarda Ângela Pessoa Cesse

2001-08-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: verificar determinados processos que estão relacionados com a ocupação do espaço urbano e que contribuem para a ocorrência e expansão do calazar em um município de médio porte com acentuado fluxo migratório e em expansão econômica. MÉTODOS: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, de corte transversal, no qual se realizou a investigação domiciliar dos casos registrados em 8 bairros e respectivos setores censitários, no município de Petrolina, Pernambuco, no período de 1992 a 1997. Está subsidiado por elementos da pesquisa laboratorial, considerando o transmissor e o reservatório. Utilizamos o modelo explicativo da determinação social do processo saúde-doença a esta situação endêmica-epidêmica. RESULTADOS: observa-se uma concentração de casos de calazar na periferia da zona urbana do município de Petrolina, em áreas de invasão e expansão, onde o saneamento básico é precário, há a presença de animais e do vetor no peridomicílio e a população apresenta um baixo grau de instrução. O sexo masculino e a faixa etária de 0-4 anos são os mais acometidos. CONCLUSÕES: os achados sugerem o estabelecimento de um novo padrão epidemiológico para o calazar em Petrolina, onde a ocorrência dessa endemia se dá em um espaço altamente modificado pela população. Tal situação caracteriza um processo de ruralização das áreas periurbanas endêmicas nas grandes cidades.OBJECTIVES: the aim of this study was to verify certain processes that are related to the occupation of urban areas and which contribute to the occurrence and expansion of kala-azar in a medium-sized town undergoing economic growth with a high influx of migrants. METHODS: the study is an epidemiological cross-section, in which house-to-house investigation was conducted concerning cases registered in 8 districts and their respective census areas, all in the municipality of Petrolina, Pernambuco state, Brazil, from 1992 to 1997. The study was

Mapping of risk prone areas of kala-azar (Visceral leishmaniasis) in parts of Bihar State, India: an RS and GIS approach.

Science.gov (United States)

Sudhakar, S; Srinivas, T; Palit, A; Kar, S K; Battacharya, S K

2006-09-01

The kala-azar fever (Visceral leishmaniasis) is continuing unabated in India for over a century, now being largely confined to the eastern part of India mainly in Bihar state and to some extent in its bordering states like West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. Two study sites namely Patepur block in Vaishali district with high endemicity in northern part and Lohardagga block in Lohardagga district with absolute non-endemicity in southern part of Bihar were selected for the study with the following objectives : (i) to study the macro-ecosystem in relation to distribution of vector -Phlebotomus argentipes; (ii) to identify/map the risk prone areas or villages in a block for quick remedial measures; and (iii) to make use of satellite remote sensing and GIS to demonstrate the utility for rapid assessment of landuse/landcover and their relation with the incidence of kalaazar leading to the mapping of risk prone areas. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)-1D LISS III satellite data for the periods of March and November 2000 were analysed in Silicon graphic image processing system using ERDAS software. False color composites (FCC) were generated and landuse/landcover was assessed using Maximum likelihood supervised classification techniques based on ground truth training sets. During the study the GIS functions are used to quantify the remotely sensed landscape proportions of 5 km2 buffer surrounding each known group of villages of high occurrence of sandflies in endemic and nonendemic study sites. Instead of traditional ground based survey methods to vector surveillance, the present study used a combination of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) approach to develop landscape predictors of sandfly abundance-an indicator of human vector contact and as a measure of risk prone areas. Statistical analysis using the remotely sensed landscape variables showed that rural villages surrounded by higher proportion of transitional swamps with soft stemmed edible plants and

Application of RFLP-PCR-Based Identification for Sand Fly Surveillance in an Area Endemic for Kala-Azar in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

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Mohammad Shafiul Alam

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Mymensingh is the most endemic district for kala-azar in Bangladesh. Phlebotomus argentipes remains the only known vector although a number of sand fly species are prevalent in this area. Genotyping of sand flies distributed in a VL endemic area was developed by a PCR and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP of 18S rRNA gene of sand fly species. Using the RFLP-PCR analysis with AfaI and HinfI restriction enzymes, P. argentipes, P. papatasi, and Sergentomyia species could be identified. Among 1,055 female sand flies successfully analyzed for the species identification individually, 64.4% flies was classified as Sergentomyia species, whereas 35.6% was identified as P. argentipes and no P. papatasi was found. Although infection of Leishmania within the sand flies was individually examined targeting leishmanial minicircle DNA, none of the 1,055 sand flies examined were positive for Leishmania infection. The RFLP-PCR could be useful tools for taxonomic identification and Leishmania infection monitoring in endemic areas of Bangladesh.

Analysis of a filament stretching rheometer

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kolte, Mette Irene; Rasmussen, Henrik K.; Hassager, Ole

1996-01-01

A finite element analysis of the stretching filament rheometer of Tirtaadmadja and Sridhar (1993) is presenetd. Simulations of the stretching of a filament of the polymet test solution, fluid A, between two plates are shown.......A finite element analysis of the stretching filament rheometer of Tirtaadmadja and Sridhar (1993) is presenetd. Simulations of the stretching of a filament of the polymet test solution, fluid A, between two plates are shown....

Rõbolovõ hotjat zanimatsja proizvodstvom file i konservov / Artur Tooman

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Tooman, Artur, 1971-

2003-01-01

Kohalikel kaluritel ei ole majanduslikult tulus kala püüda, seetõttu plaanivad paljud ise ka kalatöötlemisega tegeleda. Tabel: Kala ümbertöötlevate ettevõtete arv, kala eksport/import, kalapüügi maht. Statistika

Paying for hospital-based care of Kala-azar in Nepal: assessing catastrophic, impoverishment and economic consequences.

Science.gov (United States)

Adhikari, Shiva R; Maskay, Nephil M; Sharma, Bishnu P

2009-03-01

Households obtaining health care services in developing countries incur substantial costs, despite services generally being provided free of charge by public health institutions. This constitutes an economic burden on low-income households, and contributes to deepening their level of poverty. In addition to the economic burden of obtaining health care, the method of financing these payments has implications for the distribution of household assets. This effect on resource-poor households is amplified since they have decreased access to health insurance. Recent literature, however, ignores the importance of the method of financing health care payments. This paper looks at the case of Nepal and highlights the impact on households of paying for hospital-based care of Kala-azar (KA) by analysing the catastrophic, impoverishment and economic consequences of their coping strategies. The paper utilizes micro-data on a random selection of 50% of the KA-affected households of Siraha and Saptari districts of Nepal. The empirical results suggest that direct costs of hospital-based treatment of KA are catastrophic since they consume 17% of annual household income. This expenditure causes more than 20% of KA-affected households to fall below the poverty line, with the remaining households being pushed into the category of marginal poor; the poverty gap ratio is more than 90%. Further, KA incidence can have prolonged and severe economic consequences for the household economy due to the mechanisms of informal sector financing to which households resort. A heavy burden of loan repayments can lead households on a downward spiral that eventually becomes a poverty trap. In other words, the method of financing health care payments is an important ingredient in understanding the economic burden of disease.

Characterization of Leishmania Parasites Isolated From Kala- azar Patients in Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad, Using Semi-Nested PCR

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B Sarkari

2006-04-01

Full Text Available ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL is a disease commonly known as Kala-azar caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania including L. donovani, L. infantum and L. chagasi. VL is sporadic in many areas of Iran and is endemic in a few provinces such as Fars, Azarbayjan, Bushehr, Ardabil and Qom. VL has been reported from some areas of Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad and this study aimed to characterize the causative agent of VL in this region. Materials & Methods: Bone marrow sample was obtained from 6 VL patients from children department in Imam Sajad hospital in Yasuj. DNA was extracted from the obtained samples and was checked by semi-nested PCR to determine the species of the parasite. To do that, a segment of minicircle kinetoplast DNA was amplified, using LINR4 and LIN17 primers. Products of PCR were evaluated by electrophoresis, using 1.5% agarose and stained with ethidium bromide. Results: Parasitologically examination of bone marrow smears demonstrated amastigotes form of the parasite in the samples. For mass cultivation, isolated parasites were cultured in diphasic NNN followed by RPMI 1640 media. All the samples produced a 720 bp band in PCR assay. The isolates were compared with referent strains and it was revealed that all the isolates were L. infantum. Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrated that the causative agent of VL in Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad was L. infantum. Further study is needed to explore other aspects of VL in this region.

75 FR 34630 - Iranian Transactions Regulations

Science.gov (United States)

2010-06-18

...] KALA LIMITED (a.k.a. KALA NAFT LONDON LTD), NIOC House, 4 Victoria Street, Westminster, London SW1H 0NE... TRUST LIMITED, C/O Kala Limited, N.I.O.C. House, 4 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0NE, United Kingdom; UK..., Switzerland; all offices worldwide [IRAN] NAFTIRAN TRADING SERVICES CO. (NTS) LIMITED, 47 Queen Anne Street...

Extrovert Personality Type and Prolonged Second Stage of Labor

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Yuni Kusmiyati

2017-05-01

Kepribadian dapat memengaruhi respons individu yang dapat berdampak pada proses persalinan lama. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan adanya hubungan kepribadian dengan waktu persalinan. Tipe kepribadian ekstrover (tipe A cenderung lebih rentan terhadap stres dibandingkan orang dengan tipe kepribadian introvert (tipe B. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan tipe kepribadian ekstrover dan variabel luar (pendidikan, ekonomi, usia ibu dan paritas dengan persalinan kala II lama. Studi kasus kontrol dilakukan pada 156 ibu bersalin yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi pada tahun 2015 di Yogyakarta. Sampel kasus adalah 52 ibu dengan persalinan kala II lama dan kontrol adalah 104 ibu dengan persalinan kala II normal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Tipe kepribadian dinilai menggunakan kuesioner tipe A/B Jenkins Activity Survey. Analisis data menggunakan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 80,8% kala II persalinan lama terjadi pada ibu dengan kepribadian tipe Adan 19,2% pada ibu dengan kepribadian tipe B. Tipe kepribadian ekstrover memiliki hubungan signifikan terhadap kala II persalinan lama (nilai p = 0,00. Ibu dengan kepribadian tipe A berisiko 8.2 kali (95% CI: 3,7-18,4 mengalami persalinan kala II lama dibandingkan ibu dengan kepribadian tipe B setelah dikontrol variabel status ekonomi, paritas, pendidikan dan usia ibu.

A detailed analysis of adhesion mechanics between a compliant elastic coating and a spherical probe

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sridhar, I; Zheng, Z W; Johnson, K L

2004-01-01

As length scales decrease, adhesive forces become increasingly important. These adhesive forces contribute to the normal load in experiments conducted on thin layered systems using micro-probe instruments such as the surface force apparatus (SFA) and the atomic force microscope (AFM). Adhesion between these thin-layer systems was analysed by Sridhar et al (1997 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30 1710) for the SFA geometry and Johnson and Sridhar (2001 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 34 683) for AFM using a numerical SJF (Sridhar-Johnson-Fleck) version of the JKR (Johnson-Kendal-Roberts) theory. In this paper, adhesion mechanics between a compliant elastic coating and a spherical probe is investigated using the SJF model in detail. When the substrate is rigid, the non-dimensional pull-off force may differ from the JKR value of -0.5 by as much as 90%. Computations of the contact size at zero load and pull-off force are presented for a range of values of adhesion energy. Finally, empirical relations for the contact load and contact compliance as a function of contact radius were obtained from the numerical data for practical layer-substrate material systems

Energy Servers Deliver Clean, Affordable Power

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

K.R. Sridhar developed a fuel cell device for Ames Research Center, that could use solar power to split water into oxygen for breathing and hydrogen for fuel on Mars. Sridhar saw the potential of the technology, when reversed, to create clean energy on Earth. He founded Bloom Energy, of Sunnyvale, California, to advance the technology. Today, the Bloom Energy Server is providing cost-effective, environmentally friendly energy to a host of companies such as eBay, Google, and The Coca-Cola Company. Bloom's NASA-derived Energy Servers generate energy that is about 67-percent cleaner than a typical coal-fired power plant when using fossil fuels and 100-percent cleaner with renewable fuels.

[Survey on a new case of visceral leishmaniasis in Shanxi Province].

Science.gov (United States)

Cai, Hui-Xia; Zuo, Su-Jun; Xu, Wen-Xing; Wu, Wei-Ping; Li, Jun; Xu, Ke-Jun

2012-06-30

A new case of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) was reported by Changzhi CDC of Shanxi Province in September 2011. The case was investigated clinically and epidemiologically. The patient was a two-year-old boy who lived in Huangnian Town of Changzhi County in Shanxi Province. Clinical examination showed hepatosplenomegaly, consistent decrease of blood cells and Leishman-Donovan body in the bone marrow smear. The rK39 immune diagnosis test showed strongly positive. The case was diagnosed as kala-azar. After one course treatment of sodium stibogluconate, the patient's condition improved markedly. There were no cases of kala-azar in this region historically. Blood samples of 17 individuals and 5 domestic animals including 3 dogs were all negative in the rK39 immunodiagnostic test. It is speculated that the potential risk of kala-azar transmission exists in this region.

Decision-making process of Kala Azar care: results from a qualitative study carried out in disease endemic areas of Nepal.

Science.gov (United States)

Adhikari, Shiva Raj; Supakankunti, Siripen; Khan, M Mahmud

2013-07-12

Analysis of consumer decision making in the health sector is a complex process of comparing feasible alternatives and evaluating the levels of satisfaction associated with the relevant options. This paper makes an attempt to understand how and why consumers make specific decisions, what motivates them to adopt a specific health intervention, and what features they find attractive in each of the options. The study used a descriptive-explanatory design to analyze the factors determining the choices of healthcare providers. Information was collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. The results suggest that the decision making related to seeking healthcare for Kala Azar (KA) treatment is a complex, interactive process. Patients and family members follow a well-defined road map for decision making. The process of decision making starts from the recognition of healthcare needs and is then modified by a number of other factors, such as indigenous knowledge, healthcare alternatives, and available resources. Household and individual characteristics also play important roles in facilitating the process of decision making. The results from the group discussions and in-depth interviews are consistent with the idea that KA patients and family members follow the rational approach of weighing the costs against the benefits of using specific types of medical care. The process of decision making related to seeking healthcare follows a complex set of steps and many of the potential factors affect the decision making in a non-linear fashion. Our analysis suggests that it is possible to derive a generalized road map of the decision-making process starting from the recognition of healthcare needs, and then modifying it to show the influences of indigenous knowledge, healthcare alternatives, and available resources.

K. Sridhar Moorthy's Theoretical Modelling in Marketing - A Review

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Toshiba

experimental design for theoretical modelling of sales force compensation is vivid and ... different from the concept of a model in decision support systems and behavioural .... ―refers to the fact that people may not optimize.‖ This, of course, is.

African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology - Vol 4 ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Increase in healthcare facilities and rapid environmental degradation: A technological paradox in Nigeria's urban centres · EMAIL FREE FULL TEXT EMAIL FREE FULL TEXT · DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT. A Coker, MKC Sridhar, 577-585 ...

Võistlused : [kalasport, 2. märts - 18. mai 2013

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2013-01-01

EMV kirbutamises 2013, Maardu Ahven 2013, Vagula Kala 2013, Uljaste Triibu 2013, metsameeste talipüügivõistlus 2013, Loosalu Ahven 2013, Saadjärve Tinakala 2013, Kadrina Triibu 2013, Töörahva Kala 2013, Kevadkalake 2013, Saadjärve Haug 2013, Järva KK lahtised meistrivõistlused spinningupüügis 2013

Human immunodeficiency virus/Leishmania infantum in the first foci of urban American visceral leishmaniasis: clinical presentation from 1994 to 2010

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iúri Paz Lima

2013-04-01

Full Text Available INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV coinfection with Leishmania infantum or Leishmania donovani, the agents of visceral leishmaniasis (or kala-azar, has become a fatal public health problem in the tropics where kala-azar is endemic. METHODS: The clinical presentation of patients with HIV and L. infantum coinfection is described using two unique databases that together produce the largest case series of patients with kala-azar infected with HIV in South America. First, a retrospective study paired the list of all patients with kala-azar from 1994 to 2004 with another of all patients with HIV/AIDS from the reference hospital for both diseases in the City of Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil. Beginning in 2005 through to 2010 this information was prospectively collected at the moment of hospitalization. RESULTS: During the study, 256 admissions related to 224 patients with HIV/L. infantum coinfection were registered and most of them were males between 20-40 years of age. Most of the 224 patients were males between 20-40 years of age. HIV contraction was principally sexual. The most common symptoms and signs were pallor, fever, asthenia and hepatosplenomegaly. 16.8% of the cohort died. The primary risk factors associated to death were kidney or respiratory failure, somnolence, hemorrhagic manifestations and a syndrome of systemic inflammation. The diagnosis of HIV and kala-azar was made simultaneously in 124 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The urban association between HIV and kala-azar coinfection in South America is worrisome due to difficulty in establishing the diagnosis and higher mortality among the coinfected then those with either disease independently. HIV/L. infantum coinfection exhibits some singular characteristics and due to its higher mortality it requires immediate assistance to patients and greater research on appropriate combination therapy.

Journal of Genetics | Indian Academy of Sciences

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Journal of Genetics. Chetana Sachidanandan. Articles written in Journal of Genetics. Volume 92 Issue 3 December 2013 pp 695-701 Perspectives. Time for the zebrafish ENCODE · Sridhar Sivasubbu Chetana Sachidanandan Vinod Scaria · More Details Fulltext PDF ...

To evaluate efficacy and safety of amphotericin B in two different doses in the treatment of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL.

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Vidya Nand Rabi Das

Full Text Available Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL is a skin disorder that usually occurs among patients with a past history of visceral leishmaniasis (VL. Cases are also reported without a history of VL. There is no satisfactory treatment regimen available at present. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of amphotericin B in two different doses (0.5mg/kg vs 1mg/kg in a prospective randomized trial in 50 PKDL patients.In this open label study 50 patients with PKDL, aged between 5-60 years were randomized in two groups. Group A received amphotericin B in the dose of 0.5 mg/kg in 5% dextrose, daily for 20 infusions for 3 courses at an interval of 15 days between each course and Group B received amphotericin B in the dose of 1mg/kg in 5% dextrose on alternate days, 20 infusions for 3 courses an interval of 15 days between each course and followed up for one year.A total of 50 patients were enrolled, 25 in each of group A and group B. Two patients lost to follow up and three patients withdrew consent due to adverse events. The initial cure rate was 92% in group A and 88% in group B by intention to treat analysis and final cure rate by per protocol analysis was 95.65% and 95.45% in group A and group B respectively. Two patients each from either group relapsed. Nephrotoxicity was the most common adverse event occurring in both the groups.The lower dose appears to have fewer adverse events however, nephrotoxicity remains a problem in both regimens. The 0.5mg/kg regimen may be considered instead of the higher dosage however safer treatments remain critical for PKDL treatment.

Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in Kermanshah Province, Western Iran, During 2011-2012

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H Bashiri

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL or kala-azar is a parasitic disease caused by the species of Leishmania donovani complex. It is endemic in some parts of provinces of Iran. According to the reported cases of VL in Kermanshah Province in recent years, this study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of VL in high risk villages of the province.Metods: Totally, 1622 serum samples obtained from children under 15 years old and 178 from adults in 22 villages of studied areas. Serum samples were examined by direct agglutination test (DAT for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Data were analyzed using SPSS software ver.11.5.Results: Only 6 serum samples (0.33% showed anti-Leishmania antibodies against L.infantum at titers ≥ 1/3200. Four of the seropositive cases had a history of kala-azar and Leishman bodies were seen in their bone marrows. The highest (0.5% and lowest (0.29% seroprevalence was seen in the age groups of 5-9 and 10-14 years old, respectively. None of the adults were seropositive. There were not any significant differences be­tween the rate of seropositivity in males (0.36% and females (0.31%. 66.7% of seropositive individuals showed clinical manifestations. The most important symptoms in Kala-azar patients were fever, hepato-spleenome­gally and anemia.Conclusion: Kala-azar is occurred sporadically in Kermanshah Province. But presence of significant number of positive sera confirms the necessity for attention of people and clinicians to kala-azar.

A report on the indoor residual spraying (IRS) in the control of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar (India): an initiative towards total elimination targeting 2015 (Series-1).

Science.gov (United States)

Kumar, V; Kesari, S; Dinesh, D S; Tiwari, A K; Kumar, A J; Kumar, R; Singh, V P; Das, P

2009-09-01

Visceral leishmaniasis, commonly known as kala-azar is endemic in Bihar state, India. Current vector control programme in Bihar focuses mainly on spraying the sandfly infested dwellings with DDT. The Government of India in collaboration with WHO has fixed the target 2015 for total elimination of kala-azar. The present study was carried out to see the impact of DDT and improved IEC in the containment of vector density vis-à-vis disease transmission. Before the start of the spraying operations training was imparted to all the medical and paramedical personnel regarding the methods of spraying operations. Pre- and post-sandfly density was monitored in four selected districts. Incidences of kala-azar cases were compared for pre- and post-spray periods. Social acceptability and perceptions of households was collected through questionnaires from 500 randomly selected households in the study districts. House index in three study districts reduced considerably during post-spray when compared to pre-spray. Kala-azar incidence in many districts was reduced after the DDT spray. Either partial or complete refusal was reported in 14.4%, while 35% were not satisfied with the suspension concentration and coverage; and 46.6% were found satisfied with the spraying procedure. Strengthening the IEC activities to sensitise the community, proper training of health personnel, monitoring of spray, good surveillance, proper treatment of cases and two rounds of DDT spray with good coverage in the endemic districts up to three years are essential to achieve the desired total elimination of kala-azar in Bihar state.

Filament stretching rheometry of polymer melts

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hassager, Ole; Nielsen, Jens Kromann; Rasmussen, Henrik Koblitz

2005-01-01

The Filament Stretching Rheometry (FSR) method developed by Sridhar, McKinley and coworkers for polymer solutions has been extended to be used also for polymer melts. The design of a melt-FSR will be described and differences to conventional melt elongational rheometers will be pointed out. Results...

Supplementary data: Genotype–phenotype relationship of F7 ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Supplementary data: Genotype–phenotype relationship of F7 R353Q polymorphism and plasma FVII.c levels in Asian Indian families predisposed to coronary artery disease. Jayashree Shanker, Ganapathy Perumal, Arindam Maitra, Veena S. Rao, B. K. Natesha, Shibu John,. Sridhar Hebbagodi and Vijay V. Kakkar.

Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript JB_209_Edited.docx ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

43

nitric oxide measurement, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis were employed to assess ..... The amount of NO is an important factor in analysing certain endothelial cell behaviours such as ..... Smitha B, Sridhar S and Khan A 2005 Chitosan–sodium alginate polyion complexes as fuel cell membranes. Eur.

Coenzyme B12 model studies: Equilibrium constants for the pH ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Journal of Chemical Sciences; Volume 114; Issue 1. Coenzyme B12 model studies: Equilibrium constants for the H-dependent axial ligation of benzyl(aquo)cobaloxime by various N- and S-donor ligands. D Sudarshan Reddy N Ravi Kumar Reddy V Sridhar S Satyanarayana. Inorganic and Analytical ...

Journal of Chemical Sciences | Indian Academy of Sciences

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Journal of Chemical Sciences. S Pitchumani. Articles written in Journal of Chemical Sciences. Volume 121 Issue 5 September 2009 pp 647-654. Poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel membrane as electrolyte for direct borohydride fuel cells · N A Choudhury S K Prashant S Pitchumani P Sridhar A K Shukla.

Journal of Chemical Sciences | Indian Academy of Sciences

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Journal of Chemical Sciences. A Jalajakshi. Articles written in Journal of Chemical Sciences. Volume 124 Issue 2 March 2012 pp 529-536. Endurance of Nafion-composite membranes in PEFCs operating at elevated temperature under low relative-humidity · A K Sahu A Jalajakshi S Pitchumani P Sridhar ...

Journal of Chemical Sciences | Indian Academy of Sciences

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

A solid-polymer-electrolyte direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with Pt-Ru nanoparticles supported onto poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polystyrene sulphonic acid polymer composite as anode · K K Tintula S Pitchumani P Sridhar A K Shukla · More Details Abstract Fulltext PDF. Nano-sized Pt-Ru supported onto a ...

S Pitchumani

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Bulletin of Materials Science. S Pitchumani. Articles written in Bulletin of Materials Science. Volume 32 Issue 3 June 2009 pp 285-294. Nafion and modified-Nafion membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells: An overview · A K Sahu S Pitchumani P Sridhar A K Shukla · More Details Abstract Fulltext PDF.

Physics beyond the standard model and cosmological connections ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

E-mail: Sridhar@theory.tifr.res.in. Abstract. .... of anomaly mediation one gets Pτ = −1, while in gauge mediation Pτ = sin2θτ − cos2θτ . Thus it is .... effort needed in pinpointing the role of the ILC in specific model contexts. No doubt much of this ...

SOLiD™ sequencing of genomes of clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from India confirm leptomonas co-infection and raise some key questions.

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Neeloo Singh

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Known as 'neglected disease' because relatively little effort has been applied to finding cures, leishmaniasis kills more than 150,000 people every year and debilitates millions more. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also called Kala Azar (KA or black fever in India, claims around 20,000 lives every year. Whole genome analysis presents an excellent means to identify new targets for drugs, vaccine and diagnostics development, and also provide an avenue into the biological basis of parasite virulence in the L. donovani complex prevalent in India. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In our presently described study, the next generation SOLiD™ platform was successfully utilized for the first time to carry out whole genome sequencing of L. donovani clinical isolates from India. We report the exceptional occurrence of insect trypanosomatids in clinical cases of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala Azar patients in India. We confirm with whole genome sequencing analysis data that isolates which were sequenced from Kala Azar (visceral leishmaniasis cases were genetically related to Leptomonas. The co-infection in splenic aspirate of these patients with a species of Leptomonas and how likely is it that the infection might be pathogenic, are key questions which need to be investigated. We discuss our results in the context of some important probable hypothesis in this article. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our intriguing results of unusual cases of Kala Azar found to be most similar to Leptomonas species put forth important clinical implications for the treatment of Kala Azar in India. Leptomonas have been shown to be highly susceptible to several standard leishmaniacides in vitro. There is very little divergence among these two species viz. Leishmania sp. and L. seymouri, in terms of genomic sequence and organization. A more extensive perception of the phenomenon of co-infection needs to be addressed from molecular pathogenesis and eco

Bulletin of Materials Science | Indian Academy of Sciences

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Bulletin of Materials Science. A K Sahu. Articles written in Bulletin of Materials Science. Volume 32 Issue 3 June 2009 pp 285-294. Nafion and modified-Nafion membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells: An overview · A K Sahu S Pitchumani P Sridhar A K Shukla · More Details Abstract Fulltext PDF.

Activité antioxydante et anti-candidosique de l’huile essentielle de Laurus nobilis L. provenant de la région d’El Kala (Nord–Est Algérien

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Amira OUIBRAHIM

2015-12-01

Full Text Available L’huile essentielle extraite de Laurus nobilis L. par hydrodistillation a fourni un rendement de 0,7%. L’analyse de l’huile essentielle par CG/SM a permis l’identification de 17 composants, principalement des monoterpènes. 1,8 cinéole (36,31%, β-linalol (22.52%, eugenol-methylether (9.17% et camphene (7.37% ont constitué les composés majoritaires avec un total de 96,95%. L’activité antioxydante in vitro a été évaluée à travers trois méthodes: le test de piégeage du radical libre DPPH avec un IC50 de 1,55 ± 0,14 mg/ml ; le test de blanchiment de β-carotène qui a permis d’enregistrer un pourcentage d’inhibition de la peroxydation lipidique de 41,97% et finalement l’évaluation du pouvoir réducteur qui s’est avéré faible par rapport à celui de l’acide ascorbique. L’activité anticantidosique a été testée sur 4 souches de Candida albicans en utilisant la méthode de dilution en milieu gélosé. Les quatre souches ont montré une sensibilité avec une CMI de 0,68 mg/ml pour les souches d’origine urinaire et vaginale et 1.08 mg/ml pour les Candida d’origine bucco-nasale. L’huile essentielle de Laurus nobilis originaire de la région d’El Kala a manifesté des propriétés antioxidantes modérées et des propriétés anticandidosiques.

Evaluating continuous application of treated sludge on soil and plant productivity

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Ahmed Al-Busaidi

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Kala Compost is a mixture of treated sewage bio-solids and green wastes. It can improve soil fertility and plant growth. However, long-term application of treated sewage bio-solids could result in heavy metals accumulation and some health problems. e objective of this study was to evaluate the e ect of a long run application of Kala compost mixed with chemical fertilizer on soil and plant productivity. Soil and plant (mainly cucumber samples were taken from 12 greenhouses that received Kala compost continuously for the last ve years. No symptoms of physical or chemical problems were observed in the greenhouses and measured soil samples. Moreover, the soil had su cient values of di erent nutrients for plant growth and all measured micronutrients (heavy metals were within the safe limit and below the range of the international standards. An excellent growth was observed in all grown plants and no symptoms of elements de ciency were found. Chemical analysis of fruit samples did not show any accumulation of heavy metals and all measured elements were within the safe limit and did not exceed the international standards. It can be concluded that Kala compost was a good media for plant growth that can enrich the soil with di erent elements needed for higher yield. However, more monitoring is needed with treated bio-solid application but good management could be the key to avoid any adverse e ect of any contaminant.

A Drug Discovery Partnership for Personalized Breast Cancer Therapy

Science.gov (United States)

2015-09-01

antagonists) and then virtually screen the USDA Phytochemical, Chinese Herbal Medicine , and the FDA Marketed Drug Databases for new estrogens. Task 1...and antagonists that are in the registered pharmaceuticals and herbal medicine databases. The 29 analogs obtained have been characterized for...Marleesa Bastian, Technician at Xavier University (Sridhar lab and is now pursuing graduation at Meharry Medical College school of Medicine , Tennessee

Knowledge, attitude and practices related to visceral leishmaniasis among residents in Addis Zemen town, South Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia.

Science.gov (United States)

Alemu, Agersew; Alemu, Abebe; Esmael, Nuraini; Dessie, Yared; Hamdu, Kedir; Mathewos, Biniam; Birhan, Wubet

2013-04-24

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), commonly known as kala-azar is a systemic disease caused by parasitic protozoan species of genus Leishmania and transmitted by species of Phlebotomus (sand flies). It is a poverty-related disease and associated with malnutrition, displacement, poor housing, weakness of the immune system and lack of resources. For the success of prevention and control programs of any disease, the most important prerequisite is community participation. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of residents towards VL in Addis Zemen town, south Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Community based cross-sectional study was conducted among residents in Addis Zemen town from February to March 2012. A total of 346 households were selected by using simple random sampling techniques from three kebeles in the town. Data was collected using structured Questionnaire. For knowledge, attitude and practice variables each right response was given a score of 1 while a wrong or unsure response was scored 0. Data were double entered and analyzed using SPSS-15 statistical software. The frequency distribution of both dependent and independent variables were worked out. From a total of 346 study participants (136 males and 210 females), 87.6% heard of the disease kala-azar. From participants who heard about kala-azar 93.5% males and 86.7% females had awareness about the disease. The majority (95.7%) of participants had favourable attitude towards the treatment of kala-azar whereas 14.8% didn't use anything to prevent it. More than half of the respondents (68.6%) did practice proper methods for the prevention and control of kala-azar in the study area. In general our findings showed that the residents had good awareness and favourable attitude about the disease, but their overall practice about prevention and control of the disease was low. Therefore, our investigation call for continued and strengthened behavioral change communication and social

Risk Zone Modelling and Early Warning System for Visceral Leishmaniasis Kala-Azar Disease in Bihar, India Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Science.gov (United States)

Jeyaram, A.; Kesari, S.; Bajpai, A.; Bhunia, G. S.; Krishna Murthy, Y. V. N.

2012-07-01

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) commonly known as Kala-azar is one of the most neglected tropical disease affecting approximately 200 million poorest populations 'at risk in 109 districts of three endemic countries namely Bangladesh, India and Nepal at different levels. This tropical disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by female Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies. The analysis of disease dynamics indicate the periodicity at seasonal and inter-annual temporal scale which forms the basis for development of advanced early warning system. Study area of highly endemic Vaishali district, Bihar, India has been taken for model development. A Systematic study of geo-environmental parameters derived from satellite data in conjunction with ground intelligence enabled modelling of infectious disease and risk villages. High resolution Indian satellites data of IRS LISS IV (multi-spectral) and Cartosat-1 (Pan) have been used for studying environmentally risk parameters viz. peri-domestic vegetation, dwelling condition, wetland ecosystem, cropping pattern, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), detailed land use etc towards risk assessment. Univariate analysis of the relationship between vector density and various land cover categories and climatic variables suggested that all the variables are significantly correlated. Using the significantly correlated variables with vector density, a seasonal multivariate regression model has been carried out incorporating geo-environmental parameters, climate variables and seasonal time series disease parameters. Linear and non-linear models have been applied for periodicity and interannual temporal scale to predict Man-hour-density (MHD) and 'out-of-fit' data set used for validating the model with reasonable accuracy. To improve the MHD predictive approach, fuzzy model has also been incorporated in GIS environment combining spatial geo-environmental and climatic variables using fuzzy membership

The Seminested PCR Based Detection of Leishmania infantum Infection in Asymptomatic Dogs in a New Endemic Focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Iran

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Y Rassi

2007-06-01

Full Text Available Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar is a serious health problem in some northern and south western parts of Iran. The incidence of kala-azar caused by Leishmania infantum has recently increased in Nourabad-Mamassani district of Fars Province, in the south of the country. This study was designed to determine the role of asymptomatic dogs as host reservoir of L. infantum in this new formed focus and detection of prevalence of infection near them. A total of 20 as¬ymptomatic stray and sheep dogs were randomly sampled. The Buffy coat layer of their peripheral blood was used for DNA extraction and PCR. A species specific seminested PCR was used for DNA amplification using LINR4, LIN17 and LIN19 primers. These primers amplified variable area of the minicircle kDNA of Leishmania parasites. Of the 20 sampled dogs checked for leishmanial kDNA, six (30% were found naturally infected. It is concluded that, dogs (Canis familiaris even if asympto¬matic, is considered as the domestic host reservoir of kala-azar in this endemic focus.

Foundations of Effective Influence Operations: A Framework for Enhancing Army Capabilities

Science.gov (United States)

2009-01-01

most useful analogues for understanding how marketing principles can benefit influence operations. Case Study of Influence in advertising and Marketing ...1998, pp. 167–197. Kotler , Philip, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control, 8th ed., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice...York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1961. Lilien, Gary L., Philip Kotler , and K. Sridhar Moorthy, Marketing Models, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1992

A Conceptual Framework for Representing Human Behavior Characteristics in a System of Systems Agent-Based Survivability Simulation

Science.gov (United States)

2010-11-22

MANET system to reorganize. Soni and Dawra (2007) note that “self-organizing systems of agents with emergent system-level functions offer these...2007 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Malaysia International Conference on Communications, 14-17. Burt, R. (1992). Structural...Bombay. Soni , D and Dawra, S (2007). AI System in (12th WSEAS Int. Conf. on Applied Mathematics, Cairo, Egypt, December 29-31, 2007 401. Sridhar

Studies on sand fly fauna and ecological analysis of Phlebotomus orientalis in the highland and lowland foci of kala-azar in northwestern Ethiopia.

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Esayas Aklilu

Full Text Available Visceral leishmaniasis (VL also known as kala-azar is a growing health problem in Ethiopia with an estimated annual VL incidence between 3700 and 7400. The disease is mainly endemic in northwestern parts of the country. The aim of the current study was to determine the sand fly fauna and ecology of Phlebotomus orientalis in two endemic and ecologically distinct areas of northwestern Ethiopia.Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps, sticky traps and pyrethrum spray catches from peri-domestic, mixed forest, farm field and indoor habitats from both Libo-Kemkem (May 2011-April 2012 and Metema (October 2012-September 2013 districts.A total of 51,411 sand fly specimens were collected and identified (10,776 from highland and 40, 635 from the lowland areas. Seven species were found in the highland area: two Phlebotomus spp. (P. orientalis and P. rodhaini and five Sergentomyia species. Whereas 19 species were found in the lowland area: six Phlebotomus (P. orientalis, P. rodhaini, P. bergeroti, P. duboscqi, P. papatasi and P. martini and 13 Sergentomyia species. Of the Phlebotomus spp., P. orientalis was the predominant species in both the highland (99.9% and lowland (93.7% areas. Indoor collections using pyrethrum spray catches and sticky traps indicated that P. orientalis has a strong exophilic and exophagic behaviors in both districts. In both areas, this species showed seasonal occurrence and showing abundance during the dry months (March-May/June of the year and increasing in numbers till the rain season, when numbers dropped dramatically. Mean density of P. orientalis in the two areas had positive and significant correlation with mean temperature in light trap collections (P0.05. Regarding the rainfall pattern, density of P. orientalis had negative and statistically insignificant correlation (for light trap collections for both areas and significant correlation (for sticky trap collections for lowland area.The current study indicated the

Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy (CLEM) and its applications in infectious disease

Science.gov (United States)

2016-05-20

has been shown to handle OsO4 fixation by withstanding standard EM processing concentrations of 1% [29]. A great utility of FPs is the endogenous...Development of imaging techniques to study the pathogenesis of biosafety level 2/3 infectious agents. Pathog Dis, 2014. 72(3): p. 167-73. 3. Sridhar...3): p. 397-406. 32. Johnson, E., et al., Correlative in-resin super-resolution and electron microscopy using standard fluorescent proteins. Sci Rep

Õigus / Tiina Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Tiina, 1967-

2008-01-01

Käsikirjalistest allikatest (Lübecki õigus = Jus Lubicense 1257 ; Lübecki õigus = Das lübische Recht 1282 ; Lübecki õigus : raehärrade valimise ja vannutamise kord = Das lübische Recht : Ordnung für die Wahl und Beeidigung der Ratsherren 13.-16. saj. ; Lübecki õigus : Tallinna privileegid : das lübische Recht : Privilegien der Stadt Reval 14. saj. ; Kuningas Magnus Erikssoni linnaõigus = Kung Magnus Erikssons stadslag 15. saj. ; Vendi linnade mereõigus = Seerecht der wendischen Städte 1482 ; Lübecki õigus = Das lübische Recht 1511) Tallinna Linnaarhiivis ja Eesti Ajaloomuuseumis

Socioeconomic and behavioural risk factors for infection of visceral leishmaniasis gedaref state – Sudan 2015

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Adam Suleiman Abaker

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL (known as kala azar is associated with low socioeconomic status, and patients are among the poorest. In Sudan visceral leishmaniasis is one of the most important infectious diseases with an estimated 20,000 cases annually; 80% in Gedaref State. The social, economic, and behavioral factors play an important role in establishing both individual and population-wide vulnerability to the disease. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional community based study was conducted at Barbar Elfugara village to determine the socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors among head of the households regarding infection with VL. A sample size of 224 heads of households was determined using statistical formula. Data were collected using questionnaire, observation check list and reviewing records. SPSS was used for analyzing data and chi-square test for the association between different variables. Results The main risk factors of kala azar were gender {males were affected more than twice females (24.4%:9.1%}; the age group {<20 yrs (42.9%}. Other factors were illiteracy (30.1%, occupation mainly farmers (28.2%, poverty (39.1%, large families (31% and living in one house room (45.5%. The results showed that the respondents were highly aware of kala azar (97.3%, the majority (90.8% believed that kala azar is transmitted by an insect but only (55.5% of them were aware of the sand fly. The respondents showed poor knowledge of breeding sites (25.5% and biting time (34.5%. Consistent use of insecticide treated nets and sleeping inside habit were strongly protective (P=0.01 (P=0.00. Conclusion The study showed that the low socioeconomic status and poor knowledge of KA transmission are the major risk factors for KA infection in the area.

God pod znakom rõbõ / Jekaterina Rodina

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Rodina, Jekaterina

2006-01-01

Põllumajandusministeeriumi kampaaniast kalatoitude populariseerimiseks. Autor analüüsib, kuidas sobib see sama ametkonna plaanidega vähendada kalurite arvu ja kaupluses saada oleva kala sortimendiga. Diagrammid

Genetic dissection of black grain rice by the development of a near isogenic line.

Science.gov (United States)

Maeda, Hiroaki; Yamaguchi, Takuya; Omoteno, Motoyasu; Takarada, Takeshi; Fujita, Kenji; Murata, Kazumasa; Iyama, Yukihide; Kojima, Yoichiro; Morikawa, Makiko; Ozaki, Hidenobu; Mukaino, Naoyuki; Kidani, Yoshinori; Ebitani, Takeshi

2014-06-01

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) can produce black grains as well as white. In black rice, the pericarp of the grain accumulates anthocyanin, which has antioxidant activity and is beneficial to human health. We developed a black rice introgression line in the genetic background of Oryza sativa L. 'Koshihikari', which is a leading variety in Japan. We used Oryza sativa L. 'Hong Xie Nuo' as the donor parent and backcrossed with 'Koshihikari' four times, resulting in a near isogenic line (NIL) for black grains. A whole genome survey of the introgression line using DNA markers suggested that three regions, on chromosomes 1, 3 and 4 are associated with black pigmentation. The locus on chromosome 3 has not been identified previously. A mapping analysis with 546 F2 plants derived from a cross between the black rice NIL and 'Koshihikari' was evaluated. The results indicated that all three loci are essential for black pigmentation. We named these loci Kala1, Kala3 and Kala4. The black rice NIL was evaluated for eating quality and general agronomic traits. The eating quality was greatly superior to that of 'Okunomurasaki', an existing black rice variety. The isogenicity of the black rice NIL to 'Koshihikari' was very high.

The Role of Tumor Metastases Suppressor Gene, Drg-1, in Breast Cancer

Science.gov (United States)

2008-03-01

evidence to validate 14 our data of breast cancer. However, these prostate cells and reagents were existing materials in our lab or purchased by using...J. Lab . Clin. Med. 133, 265–273. Sloane, B.F., Honn, K.V., 1984. Cysteine proteinases and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 3, 249–263. Sridhar, S.C... Beest , P. Moerer, K. van der Horn, R. Goldschmeding, T. Logtenberg and H. Clevers: Synergy between tumor suppressor APC and the beta- catenin-Tcf4

HP fotovõistluse finalistid veebis / Henrik Roonemaa

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Roonemaa, Henrik

2002-01-01

Hewlett-Packardi koduleheküljel on üleval rahvusvahelise digitaalfotograafia konkursi HP Invision Digital Photography Awards 2002 finalistide tööd, nende hulgas Katrin Arraku foto "Minu kala Vallo"

PERBANDINGAN KINERJA ALGORITMA GENETIKA DAN ALGORITMA HEURISTIK RAJENDRAN UNTUK PENJADUALAN PRODUKSI JENIS FLOW SHOP

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tessa Vanina Soetanto

1999-01-01

Full Text Available Flow shop scheduling problem is to schedule a production process of n jobs that go through the same process sequence and the same m machines. Most researches are don to accomplish only one objective, i.e. minimizing makespan. The other objective, such as total flow time, or multiple objectives that is minimizing makespan, total flow time and machine idle time, will be more effective in reducing scheduling cost, as written in French (1982. Rajendran algorithm (1995 that solves flow shop problem with multiple objectives will be used to evaluate the proposed algorithm: Genetic Algorithm, developed by Sridhar & Rajendran (1996 on a problem that existed in a shoe factory. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Masalah penjadualan flow shop adalah menjadualkan proses produksi dari masing-masing n job yang mempunyai urutan proses produksi dan melalui m mesin yang sama. Kebanyakan penelitian hanya mengacu pada satu tujuan saja yaitu meminimumkan makespan. Tujuan yang lain, seperti meminimumkan total flow time atau multiple objectives yang meminimumkan makespan, total flow time dan machine idle time akan lebih efektif dalam mengurangi biaya penjadualan, sebagaimana dikatakan oleh French (1982. Algoritma Rajendran (1995 yang menyelesaikan masalah flow shop dengan multiple objectives akan dipergunakan untuk mengevaluasi algoritma usulan: Algoritma Genetika, yang dikembangkan oleh Sridhar & Rajendran (1996 pada suatu masalah yang ditemui di suatu perusahaan sepatu. Kata kunci: flow shop, algoritma genetika, multiple objectives

Childhood kidney disease in developing countries: Is it a forgotten ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

caregivers, young patients, the general public, and policymakers of the importance ... AKI in older children are haemolytic uraemic syndrome (35%), acute tubular necrosis ... had primary vesicoureteric reflux (Kala – personal communication).

Understanding and Managing Propagation on Large Networks - Theory, Algorithms, and Models

Science.gov (United States)

2012-09-01

internships during the Ph.D.: thanks to Sridhar Machiraju, Mukund Seshadri and Ashwin Sridharan ( Sprint Research Labs-Burlingame), Jack Stokes and Alice...If another participating Bluetooth device was within a range of approximately 5-10 meters , the date and time of the con- tact and the device’s MAC...it has good chances of lingering practically for ever. In more detail, we assume 49 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 10 20 30 40 50 In fe

Raamatututvustus / Teet Korsten

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Korsten, Teet, 1967-

2008-01-01

Tutvustus: Chandler, Charlotte. See on ainult film: Alfred Hitchcocki elulugu. - Tallinn : Tänapäev, 2008 ja Tuulik, Jüri. Räim, pisike kena kala : valitud lugusid ja toiduretsepte. - [Tallinn] : Kadmirell, c2008

Disease: H00359 [KEGG MEDICUS

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

Full Text Available aused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. In humans, leishmania... ... Leishmania major [GN:lma] (Cutaneous leishmaniasis) Leishmania infantum [GN:lif] (Kala-azar / Visceral leishmania

Kolmesaja aasta tagune kroonika sai raamatuks / Meeli Pärtelpoeg

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Pärtelpoeg, Meeli, 1965-

2006-01-01

Rmt.: Jõelähtme kirik ja kogudus 18. sajandi esimesel poolel. Pastor Heinrich Christopher Wrede ja tema ametijärglaste kroonikamärkmed / transkribeerinud, tõlkinud ja kommenteerinud Tiina Kala. Tallinn : Muinsuskaitseamet, 2006

remediation potential of Eichornia sp in conjunction with chromium

African Journals Online (AJOL)

separation of cells from treated liquids. Various natural supportive materials like agar, sodium alginate and activated carbon along with artificial ... water of Ittehad Chemical Industries, Kala Shah. Kaku ..... isolated from coal mine waste water.

Ameerika kalapilgu läbi / Ahto Külvet

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Külvet, Ahto

2008-01-01

Ameerika allveefotograaf Alex Kirkbride tutvustas Tartu Kõrgemas Kunstikoolis oma kunstiprojekti, mille käigus ta kolme aasta jooksul Ameerika Ühendriikides rännates pildistas seda riiki kala vaatepunktist. Pildistamise tulemusena valmis album "American Waters"

Plaat

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2007-01-01

Laseringi kauplustes müügilolevatest heliplaatidest: Khillem "Vill", Annie Lennox "Songs Of Mass Destruction", M.I.A. "Kala", Ian Brown "The World Is Yours", Pedigree "Ghosts And Corpses", Mari Kalkun "Üü Tulõk"

The Role of Fungi in Marine Detrital Processes

Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)

Raghukumar, S.

Biology 91, 337-344. Chandrasekhar, K.R., Sridhar, K.R., Kaveriappa, K.M., 1989. Palatability of rubber leaves colonized by aquatic hyphomycetes. Archives fuer Hydrobiology 115, 361-369. Crosby, M.P., Langdon, C.J., Newell, R.I.E., Importance... in coastal water. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189, 27- 33. Koop, K.,R.C., Newell and M.I. Lucas. 1982. Biodegradation and carbon flow based on kelp (Ecklonia maxima) debris in a sandy beach microcosm. Mar. Ecol. Prog.Ser. 7: 315-326. Kostalos, M. and R...

Võistlused : [kalasport, 28. apr. - 30. juun. 2012

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2012-01-01

Kevadkalake, Töörahva Kala, Kevadsärg, Vagula Röövik, Saadjärve Haug, EMV Õngitsemises (mehed), Linnakala, Suure-Jaani Spinning, Tuulekala Trolling, Rakvere Koger, Gorodenko Spinning, EMV Õngitsemises (naised ja noored)

ReUse Republic annab mõistele "uuskasutus" uue tähenduse / Tanel Veenre, Mari Klein

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Veenre, Tanel, 1977-

2009-01-01

Moe- ja disainiagentuuri KalaMari uuest kaubamärgist ReUse Republic. Tegu on seisma jäänud brändirõivaste ümberdisainimise ja (uus)kasutusega. Projekti looja Mari Martin, kaasatud 15 eesti disainerit

[Raamat] / Kaja Tiisel

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Tiisel, Kaja

2007-01-01

Rets. rmt.: Jõelähtme kirik ja kogudus 18. sajandi esimesel poolel. Pastor Heinrich Christopher Wrede ja tema ametijärglaste kroonikamärkmed. Transkribeerinud, tõlkinud ja kommenteerinud Tiina Kala. Tallinn : Muinsuskaitseamet, 2006. 420 lk.

Kas president peaks Asso Kommerile armu andma? : kuueks ja pooleks aastaks vangi mõistetud endine jäägripealik Asso Kommer esitas veebruari lõpul armuandmispalve

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

1998-01-01

Eesti Päevalehe küsitlusele vastavad EELK Põlva Maarja koguduse kirikuõpetaja Üllar Kask, Medica Arstikeskuse perearst Ahti Virkus, AS Ius Dicere tegevdirektor Reigo Kala, Tallinna volikogu liige Arved Liivrand, Riigikogu majanduskomisjoni esimees Tiit Made

Väike kala kohaneb paremini

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2015-01-01

Lauren Sallan Pennsylvania ülikoolist ja Andrew Galimberti Kalamazoo koledžist uurisid Devoni väljasuremislaine eelsete ja järgsete fauna esindajate, peamiselt kalade, kehapikkust ning leidsid, et väikesed liigid kohanevad uute oludega kiiremini kui suuremad liigid, mis on pikemaealised ja väikese paljunemiskiirusega

Reinold Korner, linnakirjutaja / Tiina Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Tiina

2006-01-01

Tallinna keskaegsete kirjutajate isikutest. Nende tööst : keskaegsetest linnaraamatutest, märkmeteraamatutest, pärandi- ja rendiseraamatutest, arveraamatutest, kodanikeraamatust ja muudest dokumentidest. Kirjutaja elatisest. Reinold Korner oli Lübeckist pärit vaimulik. Tema tööst Tallinna raekirjutajana. Reinold Korneri varaloendist ja testamendist

The Birth of a Black Rice Gene and Its Local Spread by Introgression.

Science.gov (United States)

Oikawa, Tetsuo; Maeda, Hiroaki; Oguchi, Taichi; Yamaguchi, Takuya; Tanabe, Noriko; Ebana, Kaworu; Yano, Masahiro; Ebitani, Takeshi; Izawa, Takeshi

2015-09-01

The origin and spread of novel agronomic traits during crop domestication are complex events in plant evolution. Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) has red grains due to the accumulation of proanthocyanidins, whereas most cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) varieties have white grains induced by a defective allele in the Rc basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene. Although the events surrounding the origin and spread of black rice traits remain unknown, varieties with black grains due to anthocyanin accumulation are distributed in various locations throughout Asia. Here, we show that the black grain trait originated from ectopic expression of the Kala4 bHLH gene due to rearrangement in the promoter region. Both the Rc and Kala4 genes activate upstream flavonol biosynthesis genes, such as chalcone synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase, and downstream genes, such as leucoanthocyanidin reductase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, to produce the respective specific pigments. Genome analysis of 21 black rice varieties as well as red- and white-grained landraces demonstrated that black rice arose in tropical japonica and its subsequent spread to the indica subspecies can be attributed to the causal alleles of Kala4. The relatively small size of genomic fragments of tropical japonica origin in some indica varieties indicates that refined introgression must have occurred by natural crossbreeding in the course of evolution of the black trait in rice. © 2015 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.

Homology modeling of Leishmania donovani enolase and its molecular interaction with novel inhibitors

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jay Prakash Mahato

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Introduction: The treatment of Indian tropical disease such as kala-azar is likely to be troublesome to the clinicians as AmpB- and miltefosine-resistant Leishmania donovani has been reported. The rationale behind designed a novel inhibitors of model of L. donovani enolase and performing a binding study with its inhibitors to gain details of the interaction between protein residues and ligand molecules. Methods and Materials: The L. donovani enolase model consists of two typical domains. The N-terminal one contains three-stranded antiparallel β-sheets, followed by six α-helices. The C-terminal domain composes of eleven-stranded mixed α/β-barrel with connectivity. The first α-helix within the C-terminal domain, H7, and the second β-strand, S7, of the barrel domain was arranged in an antiparallel fashion compared to all other α-helices and β-strands. The root-mean-square deviation between predicted model and template is 0.4 Å. The overall conformation of L. donovani enolase model is similar to those of Trypanosoma cruzi enolase and Streptococcus pneumoniae enolase crystal structures. Result: The key amino acid residues within the docking complex model involved in the interaction between model enolase structure and ligand molecule are Lys70, Asn165, Ala168, Asp17, and Asn213. Conclusion: Our theoretical prediction may lead to the establishment of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for the treatment of kala-azar. This biomedical informatics analysis will help us to combat future kala-azar.

Capabilities and the Definition of Health: Comments on Venkatapuram.

Science.gov (United States)

Richardson, Henry S

2016-01-01

Sridhar Venkatapuram's Health Justice argues that health is a 'metacapability' - specifically, as the metacapability of having the ten 'central human capabilities' described by Martha Nussbaum. This cannot be right, as it provides no basis for distinguishing health from education, riches, or love. An amendment correcting this problem is suggested, namely that health is the involuntary, bodily aspect of the metacapability for the central capabilities. This amendment is defended against the objection that it fails to capture some important aspects of mental health. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Benchmarking - võrdlus, mis aitab vaadata numbrite taha / Külli Lukk

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Lukk, Külli

2005-01-01

Autor selgitab mõistet benchmarking ning tutvustab selle läbiviimise meetodeid. Tabelid: Eilse edu loorberite asemel märka homseid võimalusi; Õngest üksi jääb väheks - tuleb õppida ka kala püüdma

Kalandus, 2007 / Olesja Gaidukova

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Gaidukova, Olesja

2008-01-01

2007. aastal püüdsid Eesti kalurid 8% rohkem kala kui 2006. aastal, püük toimus põhiliselt Läänemerel. Andmed ookeani-, Läänemere- ja sisevetepüügi kohta. Diagramm: Kalapüük 1993-2007. Tabelid

Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection in patients admitted to ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Administrator

Abstract. Background: Worldwide, after malaria and sleeping sickness, leishmaniases are the third most important vector borne diseases. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala- azar) is a disseminated protozoan infection caused by L. donovani, L. infantum, or L. arachibaldi, and transmitted by the female phlebotomine sand fly bite.

Impact de l'activité anthropique sur la dégradation de l ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Mots clés : El Kala - IPO - Diagramme de Piper - Impact anthropique – Piézométrie. Abstract ..... quelques recommandations afin de participer à la protection du parc ... hydrochimique de quelques hydro systèmes de la Numidie. (Régions d'El ...

Oronasal leishmaniasis caused by a parasite with an unusual isoenzyme profile

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ibrahim, M.; Suliman, A.; Hashim, F.A.

1997-01-01

A 45-year-old Sudanese man from western Sudan presented with oronasal leishmaniasis of three years duration. He had no history of previous kala-azar or cutaneous leishmaniasis. The parasite isolated from the oral mucosa was characterized by isoenzymes using 12 enzymes and by polymerase chain...

Cameroonian Medicinal Plants

African Journals Online (AJOL)

IR, proton NMR, carbon-13 NMR, and mass spectra were recorded in order .... active quassinoials are also esterifīed at the C-l5-hydroxyl, and the func- tīonality of the ... The stem bark collected at mount Kala, near Yaounde in March 2001 was.

In-laws and outlaws

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Rytter, Mikkel

2010-01-01

to the expectations and moral obligations of the traditional patrilocal household, ‘stealing’ to the appropriation of emotional and material means through the use of kala jaddu. It is argued that black magic is employed to contest authority and reorganize transnational migrant networks, and that growing anxieties...

Läätsa Kalatööstus järjekordne MSC sertifikaadi omanik / Alar Mik

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Mik, Alar

2014-01-01

MSC (Marine Stewardship Council)-märgis toodetel tõendab, et tegemist on keskkonnaalaselt vastutustundliku ettevõttega, kelle toodangutsükkel on kala püüdmisest kuni valmistoodangu tarbijani jõudmiseni rangelt seaduslik ja keskkonnasäästlik. Vestlusest ettevõtte juhatuse liikme Toomas Auliga

Disseminated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia: Report of 27 Cases

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iván D. Vélez

2015-10-01

Full Text Available Disseminated leishmaniasis (DL is a poorly described disease that is frequently misdiagnosed as other clinical manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL such as diffuse CL or post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Twenty-seven cases of DL diagnosed between 1997 and 2015 are described. A higher prevalence was observed in men (mean age 32 years. The number of lesions per patient ranged from 12 to 294, distributed mainly in the upper extremities, face and trunk. The lesions were mostly plaques or nodules. Seven patients had nasal mucous damage, 74% of the patients were of mixed race, 92% lived in northwestern Colombia, and Leishmania (Viannia panamensis was identified as the causative agent in 58% of cases. Eighteen patients recovered with pentavalent antimonial. The importance of distinguishing DL from those other clinical presentations is based on the fact that disseminated, diffuse and post-kala-azar CL are very different in etiology, clinical manifestations and response to treatment and prognosis.

LOLA-projekt avatud õppest ja kaugkoolitusest / Sirje Virkus

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Virkus, Sirje, 1956-

1999-01-01

l. märtsil käivitus programmi Phare MultiCountry Programme for Distance Education raames kaugkoolitusprojekt Learning About Open Learning (LOLA). TPÜst osalevad kursusel dotsent Ulve Kala kasvatusteaduste teaduskonnast ja professor Voldemar Kolga sotsiaalteaduskonnast. TPÜ infoteaduste osakonna juhataja dotsent Sirje Virkus on projekti Eesti rahvuslik koordinaator

Journal of Special Operations Medicine, Volume 4, Edition 2, Spring 2004

Science.gov (United States)

2004-01-01

in Trinidad, Suriname, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, and Peru .4,6,7,9,10,11 The virus was first isolated in 1954, and the first epidemics described... anemia ), low white blood cell count, and low platelet count. Some patients develop post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis is

Homofoobia Eestis ei õitse / Martin Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Martin, 1977-

2006-01-01

Vt. ka Postimees : na russkom jazõke 26. juuni lk. 7. Autor on veendunud, et Eestis pole homoseksuaalsus nii taunitud kui mitmetes teistes Euroopa riikides ning Hollandi Eesti suursaadiku Hans Glaubitzi lahkumisega seoses tekkinud skandaal on põhjuseta Eesti riiki mustanud

Millist presidenti Prantsusmaa vajab? / Martin Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Martin, 1977-

2007-01-01

Prantsusmaa presidendivalimiste kampaanias on enim silma paistnud neli kandidaati: Jean-Marie Le Pen, Francois Bayrou, Nicolas Sarkozy ja Segolene Royal. Tulevase presidendi ees seisvatest ülesannetest

Jah, internet teeb vabaks / Martin Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Martin, 1977-

2011-01-01

Interneti- ja ajakirjandusvabadusest, sotsiaalmeedia tähtsusest ühiskonnas. Autori hinnagul on Facebookis, blogisfääris ja netisaitidel leviv teave vaid lisandiks traditsioonilisele vabale ja vastutustundlikule meediale. Vastukaja: Meikar, Silver. Kas Internet ikka teeb vabaks?// Postimees : AK : arvamus, kultuur (2011) 23. apr., lk. 2-3

Over my dead body / Martin Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Martin, 1977-

2004-01-01

Arutlus Türgi võimalikust liitumisest Euroopa Liiduga. Autori hinnangul on Türgi tõestanud oma suutlikkust viia läbi järjepidevaid reforme ja Euroopasse sobivad kõik riigid, mis suudavad tõestada oma demokraatlikku elukorraldust

Distribution and ecology of the superior mushrooms of the Aulnaie of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The macro-ecology of the superior mushrooms in the peat land of the El Kala National Park (Algeria) is totally unknown. The research presented here aims at determining the environmental factors which might explain the distribution of mushrooms and contribute to the knowledge of the mycofloristic composition of this ...

rK39 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Leishmania donovani infection

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Zijlstra, E. E.; Daifalla, N. S.; Kager, P. A.; Khalil, E. A.; El-Hassan, A. M.; Reed, S. G.; Ghalib, H. W.

1998-01-01

The rK39 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared with the direct agglutination test (DAT) for Leishmania donovani infection in the Sudan. rK39 ELISA proved more sensitive than DAT in diagnosis of kala-azar (93 and 80%, respectively); both tests may remain positive up to 24 months

Activation of human T lymphocytes by Leishmania lipophosphoglycan

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kemp, M; Theander, T G; Handman, E

1991-01-01

This study describes Leishmania antigen-induced activation of lymphocytes isolated from Kenyan donors, previously treated for visceral leishmaniasis, and from Danish and Kenyan controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from cured Kala-Azar patients proliferated and produced Interferon......, the results suggest that human T lymphocytes can respond to glycolipid antigens....

Hilissügise õhtul : [luuletused] / Ain Väät

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Väät, Ain

2001-01-01

Sisu: Hilissügise õhtul ; Kalalkäik ; Koerailm ; Tasakaal ; Hiirte elu ; Vabaõhukontsert ; Õhtu varestega ; Heliredel ; Noorte kukkede koor ; Lindude kaitseks ; Valge hommik ; Kala mäng ; Siili vatitekk ; Taevane lugu ; Toad on vahel segamini ; Õhtu tuleb ; Õhtul ; Juss sööb õuna ; Sirtsud ; Tõnu jõulusalm

In-laws and outlaws

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Nielsen, Mikkel Rytter

2010-01-01

This article explores how suspicions of kala jaddu (black magic) restructure local and transnational family networks among Pakistani immigrants in Denmark. The notions of ‘working’ and ‘stealing’ are analysed as two idioms that sum up what it means to ‘be’ and ‘do’ family. ‘Working’ refers to the...

Bridging the Gap between Polymer Melts and Solutions in Extensional Rheology

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Huang, Qian; Hengeller, Ludovica; Alvarez, Nicolas J.

2015-01-01

Since its inception, the tube model of polymer dynamics has undergone several modifications to account for observed experimental trends. One trend that has yet to be captured by a modified version of the tube model is the observed experimental difference between concentrated polymer solutions...... per chain and are diluted in the same solvent (oligomeric styrene). We show that the difference in nonlinear rheological behavior between polystyrene melts reported by Bach et al.1 and polystyrene solutions reported by Bhattacharjee et al.2 and Sridhar et al.3 can be bridged by changing...... the polystyrene concentration. The results presented represent a unique benchmark for all future modifications to the tube model....

Tre tilfaelde af visceral leishmaniasis: det ene hos en HIV-positiv mand

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Balslev, U; Jonsbo, F; Junge, Jette

1991-01-01

Three cases of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) are presented. One of these was in a 43-year-old patient with AIDS who was infected in Southern Spain. Another was in a man aged 25 years infected in West Africa. These cases are the first two adults to be reported in Denmark. The third case...

Läänemere riigid teevad ülivähe mere kaitsmiseks / Ülo Ignats

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Ignats, Ülo, 1951-2011

2008-01-01

Rootsis on puhkenud arutelu kalavarude üle Rootsi rannikuvetes ja Läänemeres. Jälle lubas Euroopa Liit püüda tunduvalt rohkem kala, kui teadlased soovitavad. Ühe maailma suurema looduskaitseorganisatsiooni World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) koostatud teravast hinnangust - Baltic Sea Scorecard - Läänemereriikide ja Euroopa Liidu senisele Läänemerepoliitikale

Miks halvustada konkurenti? / Timo Riismaa

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Riismaa, Timo

2006-01-01

Konkureeriva ettevõtte toodete halvustamisest. ThermiSol OÜ ja Saint Gobain Isover Eesti AS-i vahelisest kohtuasjast. Vt. ka: Kas Eesti tootjad halvustavad üksteise tooteid? Küsimusele vastavad Reiden Plaat AS-i müügijuht Aldo Unga, OÜ V-Temps juhataja Aare Võsu ja Saint-Gobain Isover Eesti AS-i marketingijuht Hellart Kala

Leishmaniasis: prevention, parasite detection and treatment

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Kobets, Tetyana; Grekov, Igor; Lipoldová, Marie

2012-01-01

Roč. 19, č. 10 (2012), s. 1443-1474 ISSN 0929-8673 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA310/08/1697; GA MŠk(CZ) LC06009 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z50520514 Keywords : tropical disease * kala-azar * preventive medicine * animal model Subject RIV: EB - Genetics ; Molecular Biology Impact factor: 4.070, year: 2012

Capabilities and Incapabilities of the Capabilities Approach to Health Justice.

Science.gov (United States)

Selgelid, Michael J

2016-01-01

This first part of this article critiques Sridhar Venkatapuram's conception of health as a capability. It argues that Venkatapuram relies on the problematic concept of dignity, implies that those who are unhealthy lack lives worthy of dignity (which seems politically incorrect), sets a low bar for health, appeals to metaphysically problematic thresholds, fails to draw clear connections between appealed-to capabilities and health, and downplays the importance/relevance of health functioning. It concludes by questioning whether justice entitlements should pertain to the capability for health versus health achievements, challenging Venkatapuram's claims about the strength of health entitlements, and demonstrating that the capabilities approach is unnecessary to address social determinants of health. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Eesti ajaloolaste ülemaailmne auhind : dr. Artur Puksovi auhind 2003 / Helmut Piirimäe

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Piirimäe, Helmut, 1930-

2003-01-01

Laureaadid: Enn Küng (monograafia "Rootsi majanduspoliitika Narva kaubanduse küsimuses 17. sajandi teisel poolel"); Anti Selart (monograafia "Liivimaa ja Vene 13. sajandil. Uurimus poliitilisest ajaloost"); Tiina Kala (raamat "Euroopa kirjakultuur hiliskeskaegsetes õppetekstides. Tallinna dominiiklase David Sliperi taskuraamat"); Juhan Kreem (monograafia "The Town and Its Lord: Reval and the Teutonic Order"); Andres Tvauri (monograafia "Muinas- Tartu Uurimus Tartu muinaslinnuse ja asula asustusajaloost")

Author Details

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Le concept d'alcalinité résiduelle et évolution géochimique des processus. Application aux sols salés du lac Fetzara (Nord-Est algérien). Abstract PDF · Vol 22 (2010) - Articles Inventory of the lichen flora of the national park of El Kala in northeastern Algeria Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2352-9717. AJOL African Journals Online.

Harrastusteatrite kirev pidu Koreas / Auri Jürna

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Jürna, Auri

2007-01-01

Lõuna-Koreas toimunud Rahvusvahelise Harrastusteatrite Liidu ehk AITA/IATA (International Amateur Theatre Association) teatrifestivalist. Mõningatest lavastustest: Bungeiza (Jaapan) Anton Tshehhovi "Abieluettepanek", Oliver (Rootsi) "Õnnelikud igavesti", Tempus Fugit (Saksamaa) "Väike must kala", Compendia Theatre Costellazione (Itaalia) "Narr", CIRK (Taani) "Tantsitud luule", De Facto Mimo (Tšehhi) "Groteska", Inside Hekneby (Norra) "Tapamaja oodates", Hugleikur and Leikfelag Kopavogs (Island) "Memento mori"

Nõuga või jõuga? / Martin Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Martin, 1977-

2008-01-01

Lõuna-Aasia humanitaarkatastroofide taustal võtab diplomaatilistes ringkondades maad elav vaidlus inimõiguste kaitse põhimõtete üle. Vaieldakse, kui palju tohib sekkuda teiste siseprobleemidesse. Autor käsitleb lääneriikide pakutavast humanitaarabist keeldumist äärmuslikes olukordades, nt. Birmas toimunud looduskatastroofi ajal

A serological study of Leishmania infantum in dogs of Khorasan Razavi province, Iran.

Science.gov (United States)

Sabzevari, S; Razmi, G R; Naghibi, A; Khoshnegah, J

2013-10-01

Leishmania infantum is the principal agent of visceral leishmaniosis (kala-azar) in all areas of Iran. The disease is endemic in Fars, Ardabil, East Azerbaijan and Bushehr provinces while it is sporadic in other parts of the country. Dog as a member of canidae family is the main animal reservoir host of kala-azar. The present study was carried out to determine the sero-prevalence of canine leishmaniosis in Mashhad, the capital city of Khorasan Razavi Province, in the north east of Iran. Two-hundred and nine dogs in two different classes including stray and sheepdogs were selected for this cross-sectional study. The blood samples were collected and tested by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test for detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies. The results showed that 16/209 (7.6 %) of blood samples were positive. The sero-prevalence rates in stray and sheepdogs were 11/94 (11.7 %) and 5/115 (4.3 %), respectively (p < 0.05). Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that visceral leishmaniosis is distributed among dogs of this area, also sero-prevalence of canine leishmaniosis in stray dogs higher than sheepdogs.

Visceral Leishmaniasis: Advancements in vaccine development via classical and molecular approaches

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sumit eJoshi

2014-08-01

Full Text Available Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL or kala-azar, a vector-borne protozoan disease, shows endemicity in larger areas of the tropical, subtropical and the Mediterranean countries. WHO report suggested that nearly 500,000 new cases of VL occur annually, including 100,000 cases from India itself. Treatment with available anti-leishmanial drugs are not cost effective, with varied efficacies and higher relapse rate, which poses a major challenge to current kala-azar control program in Indian subcontinent. Therefore, a vaccine against VL is imperative and knowing the fact that recovered individuals developed lifelong immunity against re-infection, it is feasible. Vaccine development program, though time taking, has recently gained momentum with the emergence of omic era i.e. from genomics to immunomics. Classical as well as molecular methodologies has been overtaken with alternative strategies wherein proteomics based knowledge combined with computational techniques (immunoinformatics speed up the identification and detailed characterization of new antigens for potential vaccine candidates. This may eventually help in the designing of polyvalent synthetic and recombinant chimeric vaccines as an effective intervention measures to control the disease in endemic areas. This review focuses on such newer approaches being utilized for vaccine development against VL.

Eesti tooraine: ebakvaliteetne või ülehinnatud? / Martin Hoffmann

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Hoffmann, Martin

2010-01-01

Eesti müüdava liha, kala, köögivilja päritolust, kodumaise toodangu kvaliteedist. Asjatundjate hinnangul on Eestis küll väga head liha ja juurvilja, kuid nende kvaliteet kõigub ja tarnestabiilsus on halb. LM Keskuse müügijuhi Helgor Markovi, Horeca Sevice'i juhatuse liikme Raul Vaeti ja restoran Gloria peakoka Dmitri Demjanovi arvamusi ja hinnanguid

Kalatööstused said põhjalikult üle vaadatud / Veljo Kuivjõgi

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kuivjõgi, Veljo, 1951-

2004-01-01

Venemaa veterinaarteenistuse spetsialistid lõpetasid oma teise ringi reidid Eesti kalatööstustesse. Vt. samas: Viimne katse kalatööstust käivitada; Saare Fishexport ja VRHL külmutavad kala ja teevad preserve; Läätsal on põhiline krevetitöötlemine; Vettel võttis tööle müügimehed; Kalajahulaev käis Tagalahes; Leedväljal uus omanik

Inaccuracy of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Soluble and Recombinant Antigens to Detect Asymptomatic Infection by Leishmania infantum

Science.gov (United States)

Moreno, Elizabeth Castro; Gonçalves, Andréa Vieira; Chaves, Anderson Vieira; Melo, Maria Norma; Lambertucci, José Roberto; Andrade, Antero Silva Ribeiro; Negrão-Corrêa, Deborah; Antunes, Carlos Mauricio de Figueiredo; Carneiro, Mariângela

2009-01-01

Background One of the most important drawbacks in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) population studies is the difficulty of diagnosing asymptomatic carriers. The aim of this study, conducted in an urban area in the Southeast of Brazil, was to evaluate the performance of serology to identify asymptomatic VL infection in participants selected from a cohort with a two-year follow-up period. Methodology Blood samples were collected in 2001 from 136 cohort participants (97 positive and 39 negatives, PCR/hybridization carried out in 1999). They were clinically evaluated and none had progressed to disease from their asymptomatic state. As controls, blood samples from 22 control individuals and 8 patients with kala-azar were collected. Two molecular biology techniques (reference tests) were performed: PCR with Leishmania-generic primer followed by hybridization using L. infantum probe, and PCR with specific primer to L. donovani complex. Plasma samples were tested by ELISA using three different antigens: L. infantum and L. amazonensis crude antigens, and rK39 recombinant protein. Accuracy of the serological tests was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio and ROC curve. Findings The presence of Leishmania was confirmed, by molecular techniques, in all kala-azar patients and in 117 (86%) of the 136 cohort participants. Kala-azar patients showed high reactivity in ELISAs, whereas asymptomatic individuals presented low reactivity against the antigens tested. When compared to molecular techniques, the L. amazonensis and L. infantum antigens showed higher sensitivity (49.6% and 41.0%, respectively) than rK39 (26.5%); however, the specificity of rK39 was higher (73.7%) than L. amazonensis (52.6%) and L. infantum antigens (36.8%). Moreover, there was low agreement among the different antigens used (kappa<0.10). Conclusions Serological tests were inaccurate for diagnosing asymptomatic infections compared to molecular methods; this could lead to misclassification bias

Pacific Missile Range Facility Intercept Test Support. Environmental Assessment/Overseas Environmental Assessment

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

will cut in half the amount of petroleum used in Government vehicles through phased adoption of hybrid , electric, and flex fuel vehicles; and (4...some consolidated limestones (cemented beach rock or raised coral reefs). Common plants found in rocky intertidal habitats include sea lettuce ...Common plants found in Niihau’s rocky intertidal habitats include sea lettuce , Sargasso or kala, coralline red algae, red fleshy algae, brown algae, and

Impact de l'activité anthropique sur la dégradation de l ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

2Département de géologie, Université Ibn Khaldoun, 14000, Tiaret, Algérie. 3. Département .... Figure 1. Localisation géographique de la région d'étude. ... que cette situation est attribuée au .... ville d'El Kala et (O-e) à coté du village. Mellah, ses .... souterraines au nord de la ville de Settat (Maroc), Bulletin de l'institut ...

Waterborne Commerce of the United States Calendar Year 1987. Part 4. Waterways and Harbors Pacific Coast, Alaska and Hawaii

Science.gov (United States)

1989-05-31

AND UNAR OR DRY CARGO TANKER AN TASER DRY CARGO TUGBOAT DR CARGO RUGASO SK3G4 AY IARBOR, ALASKA..(CONTINJED) INJ8IJJND OJTBOJND 25...122 Colombia River Entrance, Oreg., and Lewis River, Wash. ---- 59, 119 Wash. ------------ 40, 115 Long Beach Harbor, Calif. ,----- 4 105...6, 105 Colombia Rsver, Portn other than Portland, Lynn Canal, blask--------5. 128 Astoria, St. Helens, Longvien, Vanvoover, and Kala -------- 4

Translasi Pencak Silat Kedalam Film Animasi (Studi Kasus Film Kung Fu Panda)

OpenAIRE

Riyo Ramadhan; Hafiz Aziz Ahmad; Alvanov Z. Mansoor

2017-01-01

Sebagai tradisi yang telah membudaya dari sejak zaman dahulu kala, pencak silat lahir sebagai benteng kekuatan pertahanan diri sekaligus menjadi seni yang memperkaya khazanah kebudayaan bangsa Indonesia. Namun, kuatnya terpaan kebudayaan seni bela diri impor yang masuk (karate, kung fu, tae kwon do, muay thai, capoeira, dll), yang selalu didukung dengan berbagai kemasan media entertainment modern, membuat silat menjadi kalah populer bahkan di mata dan persepsi masyarakat Indonesia sendiri. Ha...

Determining Influential Users in Social Networks (The Case of: Word of Mouth on Digikala Company Instagram Page

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

mohammad reza karimi alavijeh

2017-09-01

Full Text Available The emergence of social networks is one of the most influential phenomena of the 21st century. Social networking cyberspace creates a broad area of information and a variety of semantic representations. Social networks connect different people with different interests and ideas together. Due to the huge amount of intellectual potential and human thought in social networks, a great number of businessmen or retailors and commerce managers are attracted to such networks. The main objective of this study is to identify the most effective members in the cycle of content propagation on social networks and to propose solutions to improve the propagation of advertising and marketing on social networks to help business owners and managers. The case study of this research is "DigiKala" Instagram social network. At first, using the NodeXL software, the general content of DigiKala Instagram pages were collected. In the next step, applying clustering methods we found effective people using AlSuwaidan framework. Then, the collected data were processed using Matlab software. Finally, the obtained results were evaluated and based on the tests, 9 of the most influential people in accordance with the highest coefficient in publishing content on the social network were introduced.

Euroopa jõud peitub üleilmastumises / Martin Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Martin, 1977-

2009-01-01

Väljakutsetest, mida globaliseerumine Euroopale kaasa toob: demograafiakriis, rahvusvaheliste organisatsioonide koostöö ja vabanemine väärmõtlemisest nagu Lääs kehtestaks maailmale normatiivid

Eesti kala läheb Ameerikasse / Kaja Koovit

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Koovit, Kaja, 1968-

1999-01-01

Šveitsi ettevõte Atlantic Pacific Seafood Ltd soovib osta kolmelt Eesti kalatööstusettevõttelt Ühendriikidesse eksportimiseks aastas üle 60 miljoni krooni eest toodangut. Ilmunud ka: Delovõje Vedomosti, 21. juuli 1999, lk. 5

Sarkozy silmitsi oma ametiaja suurima kriisiga / Martin Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Martin, 1977-

2010-01-01

Prantsusmaa presidendi Nicolas Sarkozy kasvavast ebapopulaarsusest. President Sarkozy kahepalgelisest poliitikast ja teemakäsitluste mitmetähenduslikkusest. Autori hinnangul varjutavad Prantsusmaa presidendi õigeid eesmärke valed võtted

Kalaärimeeste kohus algas venitamisega / Hindrek Riikoja

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Riikoja, Hindrek

2007-01-01

Harju maakohtus algas kohtuprotsess veterinaar- ja toiduameti endise asejuhi Vladimir Razumovski väidetava altkäemaksuvõtmise üle, kus on süüdistavaid eraisikuid ja ettevõtjaid. Lisa: Kes on kohtu all?

Seks ei ole häbiasi / Aksel Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Aksel

1999-01-01

Režissöör Stanley Kubrick' filmis "Silmad pärani kinni" "Eyes Wide Shut" on shokeerivaid seksistseene, mille lavastamiseks kasutasid näitlejad Cruise ja Kidman seksiterapeudi abi : Ameerika Ühendriigid 1999

Siin ei ole kala, on kormoranid / Marianne Mikko

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Mikko, Marianne, 1961-

2008-01-01

Kormoranide, kes on Euroopa Liidu linnudirektiivi kaitse all, tekitatud kahjust ning nende arvukuse piiramisest kaitsmaks meie kalavarusid ja loodust. Ilmunud ka Meie Maa 21. juuli 2008, lk. 2 ; Põhjarannik 24. juuli 2008, lk. 2 ; Koit 24. juuli 2008, lk. 6 ; Harju Ekspress 25. juuli 2008, lk. 7 ; Vooremaa 31. juuli 2008, lk. 2

Tudengid tulid appi / Kaupo Kala ; kommenteerinud Heikki Zoova

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Kaupo

2010-01-01

Koristustarvikuid ja -vahendeid tootval ettevõttel KH Teh Production OÜ valmisid koostöös Eesti Kunstiakadeemia tootedisaini osakonnaga ettevõtte tootearendusprojekt, disaini juhtimise kava, uus pakendisüsteem, stiiliraamat, arendati uusi tooteid. Töörühma, kuhu kuulusid neli üliõpilast ja kaks firma töötajat, juhtis EKA tootedisaini osakonna juhataja Heikki Zoova

Leukodepletion Filters for Prevention of Transfusion Transmission Of Leishmania

Science.gov (United States)

2006-11-01

living in an area of endemicity in southern France. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37(6):1953-1957 18 Hillyer CD, Emmens RK, Zago -Novaretti M , Berkman EM...Kostmann R, Barr M , Bengtsson E, Garnham PCC, Hult G: Kala-azar transferred by exchange blood transfusions in two Swedish infants. Proceedings of the...Dabadie A, Guiguen C, Roussey M : Visceral leishmaniasis in an infant in Brittany: Discussion on the modes of transmission outside of the endemic

Comité Scientifique de la Revue des Sciences et de la Technologie ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

MICROSIM

berges ou dans l'eau libre, soit par basculement du corps, ou par immersion du bec ou de la tête de l'oiseau. Mots clés : Fulica atra - El-Kala .... de l'avant du corps dans l'eau et alimentation à pied dans les vasières et les berges. .... moyens matériels et humains nécessaires à la réalisation de ce travail sur le terrain.

Natural infection of the opossum Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia, Didelphidae with Leishmania donovani, in Brazil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ítalo A. Sherlock

1984-12-01

Full Text Available An opossum, Didelphis albiventris, from Jacobina, bahia State, was found naturally infected with Leishmania donovani, being the first non-canid wild mammal to be detected with agent of kala-azar in the New World.Um gambá, Didelphis albiventris, de Jacobina, Bahia, foi encontrado com infecção natural pela Leishmania donovani, sendo o primeiro mamífero silvestre não-canídeo a ser achado com o agente do calazar nas Américas.

Samal teemal : kas karistus või võimalused? / Epp Rebane

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Rebane, Epp, 1954-

2003-01-01

Vastukaja art.: Kala, Mairoos and Veskioja, Andrus. Klassist klassi määruse abil ... // Õpetajate Leht (2003) 30. mai.1996/1997. õa kehtima hakanud HM-i määrus nr 26 13. novembrist lubab klassikursuse kordajaid kas või kõigis ainetes puudulike hinnetega järgmisse klassi üle viia (kolmandaks aastaks samasse klassi jätta ei tohi). Selle tagajärjel suureneb iga aastaga klassikursuse kordajate ja järgmisse klassi üle viidavate õpilaste arv

Kasvatusteaduslike tööde konkursi tulemused / Ulve Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Ulve, 1947-

2002-01-01

Eesti keeles publitseeritud teadustöö preemia anti Aleksander Elangole, Inger Kraavile ja Kristi Kõivule, diplom Ühiskondlikule Pedagoogika Uurimise Instituudile, Viivi Ekstale, Inger Kraavile, Inge Undile, Viivi Maansole. Võõrkeeles publitseeritud teadustöö preemia monograafiale "Integration als Problem in der Erziehungswissenschaft" (koostaja Airi Liimets, autorid Airi Liimets, Saila Anttonen, Gunnar Bergendal, Gerd-Bodo Reinert von Carlsburg, Helmut Wehr, Tiiu Kuurme, Pauli Siljander, Jüri Kruusvall, Sirje Priimägi, Ene-Silvia Sarv, Kristi Kõiv, Meri-Liis Laherand, Jaan Mikk, Hannele Niemi, Marika Veisson, Irina Würscher, Susanne Jena, Tiina Aunin, Reet Liimets, Heli Mattisen, Aivo Saar, Maie Vikat), diplom Aino Saarele ja Katrin Niglasele. Didaktilis-rakenduslike tööde preemia Eda Heinlale, Estelle Laanele ja Kalle Laanele, Tiiu Kadajasele. Populaarteadusliku töö preemia Maie Tuulikule, diplom Kristi Kõivule. H. Liimetsa nim magistritööde preemia Rain Mikserile, Margus Pedastele, Ülle Rannutile, Inger Kraavile, Tago Sarapuule, Martin Ehalale

Lübecki õigus ja Tallinna keskaegne õiguspraktika / Tiina Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Tiina, 1967-

2008-01-01

Tallinnas säilinud Lübecki õiguse koodeksitest. Kirjavahetusest Lübeckiga. Asjaajamise muutumisest kirjutamiskesksemaks 15. sajandi esimesel poolel. Ülevaate apellatsiooniasjadest annab Tallinna raesekretäri Johann Sulstropi poolt 1537. aastal sisseseatud ärakirjaraamat. Bursprake (linnaelu reguleerivad määrused) ettelugemisest. Vanim Tallinna säilinud bursprake pärineb 14. sajandi lõpust

Areeni aasta albumid 2004. Personaalsed tipud / Erkki Tero

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Tero, Erkki

2007-01-01

Heliplaatidest: Vaiko Eplik ja Eliit "2: Aastaajad", LCD Soundsystem "Sound of Silver", Arcade Fire "Neon Bible", M.I.A "Kala", Burial "Untrue", Chalice "Taevas ja Perse", Panda Bear "Person Pitch", Ans. Andur "Topeltvikerkaar", Animal Collective "Strawberry Jam", PJ Harvey "White Chalk", Devendra Banhart "Smokey Rolls Down The Thunder Canyon", Kreatiivmootor "Irratsionaalne", Holy Fuck "LP", 3 Pead "Ilusaim heli", Throbbing Gristle "Part Two: The Endless Not", Battles "Mirrored", Kings Of Leon "Because of the Times", Robert Wyatt "Comicopera", National "Boxer", Simian Mobile Disco "Attack Decay Sustain Release"

Visceral leishmaniasis and peritoneal tuberculosis: a case report

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zamani A

2009-03-01

Full Text Available "nBackground: Leishman Denovani is an obligatory intracellular parasite that is seen such as Leishmanbody or Amustigote in intra reticolo-endothelial system. Leishmanenios is seen as sporadic-endemic or epidemic in many places in the world. In Iran in Fars state and west Azarbayjan is endemic and in other places are in sporadic form and is found in rural areas. "nCase report: A four year-old girl was admitted with visceral Leishmaniasis and Subsequently developed peritoneal tuberculosis. The patient who lived in Dashte- Moghan, complained of abdominal pain and distention and weight loss from 1.5 years ago. The titre of IFA test for leishmansis was 1/1280. Leishman body was seen in bone marrow aspiration specimen. Bone marrow culture for leishmania was negative. The specimen of acsities fluid revealed sero- fibrino- purulent exudate with lymphocyic dominancy (over 90%. No response to classic lishmanisis treatment had been started unless the patient treated with anti tuberculoid regimen.  "nConclusion: The function of the T-helper (Tht lymphocytes will decrease in Kala-azar disease. This is why there is no skin reaction to Manteaux (PPD diagnostic test the patient. The patient have been suffering from long-term malnutrition with its consequent immune defect. There was no evidences of cure in our patient during classic Kala-azar therapy. After she received anti tuberculosis therapy she revealed clinical improvement with Glucantim regimen as well.

Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: a Serological Survey in Rural Areas of Dashti District of Bushehr Province, Southern Iran

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mohammad Gorgipoor

2017-04-01

Full Text Available Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL or kala-azar is a parasitic disease caused by the species of Leishmania donovani complex. Mediterranean type of the disease is endemic in some parts of Iran and more than 95% of cases were reported in children up to 12 years of age. This study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of VL in the rural areas of the Dashti district from Bushehr province.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a randomized cluster sampling method was used for the collection of blood samples from children up to 12 years old from rural areas of Dashti district. Before sampling; a questionnaire was filled out for each case. All the collected blood samples were examined after the serum separating by Direct Agglutination Test (DAT for detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies. The cutoff titers of ≥1: 3200 with specific clinical features were supposed to be considered as VL.Results: Altogether, 24 out of 1221 (1.96% blood samples showed titers between 1:800 and 1:1600 which considered as suspicious cases. None of the suspicious cases had a history of kala-azar. None of 1221 collected blood samples showed anti Leishmania infantum (L. infantum at titer ≥1:3200.Conclusion: This study confirms the circulation of L. infantum in Dashti district and highlights the sporadic pattern of VL in the studied areas which necessitates the surveillance system to be monitored by health authorities.

Response of apple (malus domestica borkh.) cultivars grafted on two rootstocks under sub-humid temperate climate of azad jammu and kashmir

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ahmed, M.J.; Gillani, G.M.; Kiani, F.A.

2013-01-01

Nine apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grafted on two rootstocks were assessed on morphological and biochemical basis under sub-humid temperate region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Starking Delicious, Kala Kulu, Fuji, Red Chief, Royal Gala, Red Labnani, Red Delicious, Star Crimson and Sky Spur grafted on local Crab apple and MM.111 were studied for various growth characteristics. Red Chief exhibited maximum (415.8 cm) plant height on crab apple whereas, more flower (1866) tree-1, higher number (967.0) of fruit set tree/sup -1/, fruits matured (490.0) tree/sup -1/ and maximum (46.33 kg) weight of fruits tree/sup -1/ were recorded on MM.111. Minimum duration (5 days) of flowering was presented by Sky Spur on local crab apple while minimum (92.0) days for fruit maturation were required by Royal Gala on MM.111. Maximum (112.5 g) fruit weight, total soluble solids (13.95%), total sugars (10.9 %) and reducing sugars (7.94%) were recorded for Starking Delicious on MM.111. On the other hand more pH (3.51) and ascorbic acid (9.2 %) content were recorded for Kala Kulu on crab apple. Red Chief found to be high yielding cultivar on MM.111 than crab apple while total sugars, TSS and average fruit weight were better for Starking Delicious. It was concluded that performance of apple cultivars were variable on both rootstocks. However, MM.111 proved better than local crab apple under prevailing conditions. (author)

Asiddhatva Principle in Computational Model of Aṣṭādhyāyī

Science.gov (United States)

Subbanna, Sridhar; Varakhedi, Shrinivasa

Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī can be thought of as an automaton to generate Sanskrit words and sentences. Aṣṭādhyāyī consists of sūtras that are organized in a systematic manner. The words are derived from the roots and affixes by the application of these sūtras that follow a well defined procedure. Therefore, Aṣṭādhyāyī is best suited for computational modeling. A computational model with conflict resolution techniques was discussed by us (Sridhar et al, 2009)[12]. In continuation with that, this paper presents, an improvised computational model of Aṣṭādhyāyī. This model is further developed based on the principle of asiddhatva. A new mathematical technique called 'filter' is introduced to comprehensively envisage all usages of asiddhatva in Aṣṭādhyāyī.

Large-scale Cosmic-Ray Anisotropy as a Probe of Interstellar Turbulence

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Giacinti, Gwenael; Kirk, John G. [Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Postfach 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg (Germany)

2017-02-01

We calculate the large-scale cosmic-ray (CR) anisotropies predicted for a range of Goldreich–Sridhar (GS) and isotropic models of interstellar turbulence, and compare them with IceTop data. In general, the predicted CR anisotropy is not a pure dipole; the cold spots reported at 400 TeV and 2 PeV are consistent with a GS model that contains a smooth deficit of parallel-propagating waves and a broad resonance function, though some other possibilities cannot, as yet, be ruled out. In particular, isotropic fast magnetosonic wave turbulence can match the observations at high energy, but cannot accommodate an energy dependence in the shape of the CR anisotropy. Our findings suggest that improved data on the large-scale CR anisotropy could provide a valuable probe of the properties—notably the power-spectrum—of the interstellar turbulence within a few tens of parsecs from Earth.

Splenectomy in a patient with treatment-resistant visceral leishmaniasis: a case report

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Robson Azevedo Dutra

2012-02-01

Full Text Available Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also known as Kala-azar, is a systemic infection caused by a protozoan (Leishmania and, in its classic form, is a serious illness associated with malnutrition, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, infectious processes and coagulopathies. The effect of splenectomy in patients with visceral leishmaniasis is not well defined; however, it is known that the spleen is the largest reservoir of infected cells belonging to the reticulo endothelial system. Therefore, the surgical procedure is an option for the debulking of parasites, providing a cure for refractory VL and minimizing the complications of hypersplenism.

Direct Imaging Confirmation and Characterization of a Dust-Enshrouded Candidate Exoplanet Orbiting Fomalhaut

OpenAIRE

Currie, Thayne; Debes, John; Rodigas, Timothy J.; Burrows, Adam; Itoh, Yoichi; Fukagawa, Misato; Kenyon, Scott; Kuchner, Marc; Matsumura, Soko

2012-01-01

We present Subaru/IRCS J band data for Fomalhaut and a (re)reduction of archival 2004--2006 HST/ACS data first presented by Kalas et al. (2008). We confirm the existence of a candidate exoplanet, Fomalhaut b, in both the 2004 and 2006 F606W data sets at a high signal-to-noise. Additionally, we confirm the detection at F814W and present a new detection in F435W. Fomalhaut b's space motion may be consistent with it being in an apsidally-aligned, non debris ring-crossing orbit, although new astr...

Ayurvedic concept of Shatkriyakala: a traditional knowledge of cancer pathogenesis and therapy.

Science.gov (United States)

Chauhan, Ashutosh; Semwal, Deepak Kumar; Mishra, Satyendra Prasad; Semwal, Ruchi Badoni

2017-03-01

The term Kriyakala refers to the recognition of the stage of a disease's progress, which helps to determine appropriate measure to correct the imbalance in Doshas (biological factors). It is a compound expression, comprised of Kriya and Kala, where Kriya means the choice to treatment (medicine, food and daily-routine) used to improve the disturbance in Doshas, and Kala refers to the stage of progress of a disease. Sushruta, an ancient Indian surgeon, has described the concept of Kriyakala in Varnaprashnadhyaya, an ancient Vedic Sanskrit text, which seeks to explain the incidence of Varnas in terms of Doshic disturbances. Varna, in modern parlance, may be described as an inflammatory process that may lead ulceration and chronic inflammation, promoting all stages of carcinogenesis. Abnormal interactions between Prakriti (genotype) and environmental factors vitiate the Doshas and impair immunity, which can lead to aberrant cell growth and cancer. Moreover, the interaction between vitiated Doshas and weak Dhatus (body tissues) manifests as cancers of a specific organ. Shatkriyakala (six stages of progress of a disease), on the other hand, provides a framework to assess the cancer and its pathogenesis in different stages. According to Ayurvedic concepts, all cancer therapies treat the affected tissues indirectly by eliminating vitiated Doshas, rejuvenating Dhatus and restoring immunity in cancer patients. The present review describes the six stages of Shatkriyakala in detail, with an emphasis on research areas to validate the concept of Shatkriyakala. This traditional knowledge can be utilized with modern technologies to detect predisposition for cancer or diagnose cancer in its early stages.

Oota, minuga räägid või? / Martin Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Martin, 1977-

2011-01-01

Novembris peetud Euroopa Ajalehtede Liidu 50. aastapäeva kongressil pidasid kõne ka Euroopa õigusvolinik Viviane Reding, siseturuvolinik Michel Barnier ja Euroopa Komisjoni president Jose Manuel Barroso. Autor leiab, et poliitikute kõned on tihtipeale lihtsalt tühjad sõnad

Kala defanged: Managing power in Java away from the centre

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Andrew Beatty

2012-09-01

Full Text Available If discussions of power in Indonesia have been too Java-centric, power talk about Java has been equally overcentralized. This article presents an alternative view to the top-down, hierarchical, exemplary-centre approach of Anderson, Geertz and others: the view from Banyuwangi in East Java. Through an analysis of local rituals, popular theatre and political action it proposes a different model based on consensus, relativism, and ritual containment.

Charms - Kudu - Heinsaar kui sibul - kala - munaroog / Jüri Ehlvest

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Ehlvest, Jüri, 1967-2006

2005-01-01

K. Kudust ja tema kolmest lavastusest Tartu Üliõpilasteatri esituses : M. Heinsaar-D. Charms-L. Carroll "Artur ja Paul ehk veidi enne maailma loomist", M. Heinsaar-D. Charms "Joogem äädikat, härrased!" ja D. Charmsi "Jelizaveta Bam"

Asymptotic behaviour of solutions of real two-dimensional differential system with nonconstant delay in an unstable case

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

J. Kalas

2012-01-01

Full Text Available The asymptotic behaviour for the solutions of a real two-dimensional system with a bounded nonconstant delay is studied under the assumption of instability. Our results improve and complement previous results by J. Kalas, where the sufficient conditions assuring the existence of bounded solutions or solutions tending to origin for $t$ approaching infinity are given. The method of investigation is based on the transformation of the considered real system to one equation with complex-valued coefficients. Asymptotic properties of this equation are studied by means of a suitable Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and by virtue of the Wazewski topological principle.

Music Signal Processing Using Vector Product Neural Networks

Science.gov (United States)

Fan, Z. C.; Chan, T. S.; Yang, Y. H.; Jang, J. S. R.

2017-05-01

We propose a novel neural network model for music signal processing using vector product neurons and dimensionality transformations. Here, the inputs are first mapped from real values into three-dimensional vectors then fed into a three-dimensional vector product neural network where the inputs, outputs, and weights are all three-dimensional values. Next, the final outputs are mapped back to the reals. Two methods for dimensionality transformation are proposed, one via context windows and the other via spectral coloring. Experimental results on the iKala dataset for blind singing voice separation confirm the efficacy of our model.

Urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil Urbanización de la leishmaniasis visceral (kala-azar en Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Polianna Lemos Moura Moreira Albuquerque

2009-10-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVES: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL is endemic in Brazil and appears to occur in epidemic form in the state of Ceará. Few epidemiologic studies have been done on VL in this state. The aim of this study is to establish the epidemiologic pattern of VL in Fortaleza City and to show how urbanization has occurred in recent years. METHODS: Data were obtained from the State Health Department of Fortaleza, Ceará, and included all cases of VL registered in Fortaleza from January 2001 to December 2006. RESULTS: There were a marked increase and an elevated incidence of cases of VL in urban areas. Children and young people were the most affected group. CONCLUSION: The epidemic occurrence of VL in the region must convince authorities to adopt more adequate policies of disease control.OBJETIVOS: La leishmaniasis visceral (LV es endémica en Brasil y suele ocurrir en forma epidémica en el estado de Ceará. Se han realizado pocos estudios epidemiológicos sobre LV en ese estado. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer el patrón epidemiológico de LV en la ciudad de Fortaleza y mostrar cómo ha ocurrido la urbanización de esta enfermedad en los últimos años. MÉTODOS: Los datos se obtuvieron del Departamento Estatal de Salud de Fortaleza, Ceará, y abarcaron todos los casos de LV registrados en esa ciudad entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2006. RESULTADOS: Se observó un marcado incremento y una elevada incidencia de LV en las áreas urbanas. Los niños y jóvenes fueron los grupos más afectados. CONCLUSIÓN: La ocurrencia de epidemias de LV en la región debe convencer a las autoridades para que adopten políticas más apropiadas para el control de esta enfermedad.

DEPENDENCE OF SOLAR-WIND POWER SPECTRA ON THE DIRECTION OF THE LOCAL MEAN MAGNETIC FIELD

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Podesta, J. J.

2009-01-01

Wavelet analysis can be used to measure the power spectrum of solar-wind fluctuations along a line in any direction (θ, φ) with respect to the local mean magnetic field B 0 . This technique is applied to study solar-wind turbulence in high-speed streams in the ecliptic plane near solar minimum using magnetic field measurements with a cadence of eight vectors per second. The analysis of nine high-speed streams shows that the reduced spectrum of magnetic field fluctuations (trace power) is approximately azimuthally symmetric about B 0 in both the inertial range and dissipation range; in the inertial range the spectra are characterized by a power-law exponent that changes continuously from 1.6 ± 0.1 in the direction perpendicular to the mean field to 2.0 ± 0.1 in the direction parallel to the mean field. The large uncertainties suggest that the perpendicular power-law indices 3/2 and 5/3 are both consistent with the data. The results are similar to those found by Horbury et al. at high heliographic latitudes. Comparisons between solar-wind observations and the theories of strong incompressible MHD turbulence developed by Goldreich and Sridhar and Boldyrev are not rigorously justified because these theories only apply to turbulence with vanishing cross-helicity although the normalized cross-helicity of solar-wind turbulence is not negligible. Assuming these theories can be generalized in such a way that the three-dimensional wavevector spectra have similar functional forms when the cross-helicity is nonzero, then for the interval of Ulysses data analyzed by Horbury et al. the ratio of the spectra perpendicular and parallel to B 0 is more consistent with the Goldreich and Sridhar scaling P perpendicular /P || ∝ ν 1/3 than with the Boldyrev scaling ν 1/2 . The analysis of high-speed streams in the ecliptic plane does not yield a reliable measurement of this scaling law. The transition from a turbulent MHD-scale energy cascade to a kinetic Alfven wave (KAW

Industry Update: the latest developments in therapeutic delivery.

Science.gov (United States)

Steinbach, Oliver C

2013-05-01

The present industry update covers the period 2-28 February 2013, with information sourced from company press releases, regulatory and patent agencies, as well as from scientific literature. With the US presidential inauguration in January, the inevitable 'fiscal cliff' and with the healthcare reform taking shape, there are many challenges ahead for the world's largest healthcare market. Healthcare providers are preparing for the 'accountable care organizations' paradigm shift and it has been reported that the pharmaceutical industry is low in public perception; only 'for-profit' health insurers rank lower according to a survey recently published. Although in 2012 one could still observe a decline in the overall number of drug delivery partnering deals announced, there has been a slight recovery, thus, meaning a repeat of the lows of 2011 have not been witnessed. The experts expect a reversed trend in 2013 as larger companies seek to refill pipelines with new candidates and drug-delivery solutions. There is a lot of emphasis on altered oral delivery profiles to provide patient compliance. This is indicated by the recent licensing deals, such as that between Radius Health Inc. and 3M, TissueGen and Biomedical Structures, and new financing rounds of companies, such as SKL, Catalent and BioActiva. Injectable technology, including needle-free delivery, continues to be prevalent in deals, such as those between Clearside and Kala until compelling alternatives to the delivery of biologicals are available. Alternative routes of administration, such as nasal, buccal (Kala), sublingual (Stallergenes) see growing interest; however, bioavailability and reproducible dosing will continue to be a challenge in the foreseeable future.

Effect of ionizing radiation on the morphology, physiology and growth of Leishmania ssp; Acao da radiacao ionizante sobre a morfologia, fisiologia e crescimento da Leishmania spp

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bonetti, Franco C.; Spencer, Patrick J.; Nascimento, Nanci do [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil); Junior A, Heitor F. [Sao Paulo Univ., SP (Brazil). Faculdade de Medicina. Instituto de Medicina Tropical

2000-07-01

The Leishmania spp is a pathogenic protozoan, which cause different diseases in man. The human diseases, in America, caused by this group of protozoa are divided in cutaneous or tegumentar and visceral, known as kala-azar. In this work, our principal study object was the specie that causes tegumentar leishmaniasis, in Brazil. Metabolic studies of cellular respiration and proteins and nucleic acids synthesis were accomplished using radiation as a form of sterilizing the parasites without however affecting their immunogenic capacity The promastigotes forms of irradiated Leishmania spp were totally sterilized with the dose of 1500 Gy, with their reproductive and nucleic acids, as well as protein synthesis capacity blocked. (author)

Effect of ionizing radiation on the morphology, physiology and growth of Leishmania ssp

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bonetti, Franco C.; Spencer, Patrick J.; Nascimento, Nanci do; Junior A, Heitor F.

2000-01-01

The Leishmania spp is a pathogenic protozoan, which cause different diseases in man. The human diseases, in America, caused by this group of protozoa are divided in cutaneous or tegumentar and visceral, known as kala-azar. In this work, our principal study object was the specie that causes tegumentar leishmaniasis, in Brazil. Metabolic studies of cellular respiration and proteins and nucleic acids synthesis were accomplished using radiation as a form of sterilizing the parasites without however affecting their immunogenic capacity The promastigotes forms of irradiated Leishmania spp were totally sterilized with the dose of 1500 Gy, with their reproductive and nucleic acids, as well as protein synthesis capacity blocked. (author)

Ühe väljasurnud kala lugu Saaremaalt / Tiiu Märss

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Märss, Tiiu, 1943-

2011-01-01

Saaremaalt Himmistest leitud siluriaegse telodondi Phlebolepis elegans Panderi kivististest ning Himmiste paemurru laastamisest ja üle 3500 kivistunud merelooma väljaveost Ameerikasse 1930nendatel William Patteni poolt

Kala töötlemine : [andmeid aastatest 1995-2004] / Maarja Purik

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Purik, Maarja

2005-01-01

Ilmunud ka: Agriculture and the development of rural life : overview 2004/2005. - Tallinn, 2005, lk. 49-52. Kalatöötlemise osatähtsus toiduainetööstuses moodustas 2004. a. 11,9% ja ekspordis 24,9%. Tabelid. Diagrammid

Insecticidal effect of plant extracts on Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Bihar, India.

Science.gov (United States)

Dinesh, Diwakar Singh; Kumari, Seema; Pandit, Vibhishan; Kumar, Jainendra; Kumari, Nisha; Kumar, Prahlad; Hassan, Faizan; Kumar, Vijay; Das, Pradeep

2015-12-01

Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae), the established vector for kala-azar is presently being controlled by indoor residual spray of DDT in kala-azar endemic areas in India. Search for non-hazardous and non-toxic biodegradable active molecules from botanicals may provide cost-effective and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The present study was aimed at evaluating various plant extracts from endemic and non-endemic areas of Bihar for their insecticidal activity against sandfly to identify the most effective plant extract. Bio-assay test was conducted with larvae and adult of P. argentipes with different plant extracts collected in distilled water, hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were conducted for detection of active molecules. Adults and larvae of sandflies exposed to the aqueous extract of Nicotiana tabacum resulted in 100 per cent mortality. The hexane extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum was found to kill 77 per cent adults but was ineffective against larvae. Bio-assay test of the ninth fraction (hexane extract-methanol phase) separated by column chromatography was found to be 63 per cent effective. The purple spot on the TLC of this fraction indicated the presence of a diterpenoid. HPLC of this fraction detected nine compounds with two peaks covering 20.44 and 56.52 per cent areas with retention time of 2.439 and 5.182 min, respectively supporting the TLC results. The column separated 9 [th] fraction of C. infortunatum extract was found to be effective in killing 63 per cent of adult P. argentipes. Compounds of this fraction need to be evaluated further for identification and characterization of the active molecule by conducting individual bio-assay tests followed by further fractionation and HPLC. Once the structure of the active molecule is identified and validated, it may be synthesized and formulated as a product.

EXPANSION OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL: REPORT OF THE FIRST AUTOCHTHONOUS CASE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VOLTA REDONDA AND THE DIFFICULTY OF DIAGNOSIS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luiz Henrique Conde Sangenis

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Visceral Leishmaniasis has been showing remarkable epidemiological changes in recent decades, with marked expansion and an emergence of cases in urban areas of the North, Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil. The Kala-azar cases reported here, despite being very characteristic, presented a great difficulty of diagnosis, because the disease is not endemic in Volta Redonda. The child underwent two hospitalizations in different hospitals, but got the correct diagnosis only after 11 months of symptom onset. In this report we discuss the main differential diagnoses and call attention to the suspected symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia, even in areas not traditionally endemic for the disease.

Metode Hermeunetik dalam Penafsiran Al-Qur'an

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Akhyar Hamzah

2013-05-01

Full Text Available Memahami teks al-qur'an dengan hanya dari segi gramatika, asal-usul kala, aspek sastra, dan aspek linguistik lainnya tidak cukup untuk menjawab kebutuhan pemahaman atas teks itu sendiri. karena sangat memungkinkan untuk memberikan peluang beberapa kosa kata yang baru dapat dipahami belakangan setelah munculnya teks kauniyah maupun humaniora. Hal ini berarti memberikan lndikasi bahwa sesungguhnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan memiliki peran penting dalam upaya memahami teks­ teks al -Our'an. Oleh karena itu penggunaan metode hermeneutik dalam penafsiran al-Qur'an bertujuan untuk menghayati dunia teks yang bernuansa masa lalu dengan dunia empiris saat ini. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mendekatkan keduanya agar dapat menjawab semua persoalan yang terjadi ditengah-tengah masyarakat saat ini

Damien Hirsti tige kala asus otsustavalt kunstiturgu ründama / J. S

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

J. S

2004-01-01

Briti kunstigalerist ja -kollektsionäär Charles Saatchi müüb Damien Hirsti installatsiooni "Surma füüsiline võimatus kellegi elava mõttes" Ameerika galeristile Larry Gagosianile 6,25 miljoni Inglise naela eest. Tegu on hiigelakvaariumis formaldehüüdis hulpiva tiigerhaiga, mis galeriisse tooduna pani aluse Hirsti karjäärile ja sai lipulaevaks Young British Artists (YBA) kunstilainele

Risk factors for the transmission of kala-azar in Fangak, South Sudan

African Journals Online (AJOL)

2011-05-02

May 2, 2011 ... Consultants, Doctors, Medical Assistants, Clinical Officers, Dentists, Dental Technicians, Nurses, Midwifes, Pharmacists,. Laboratory Technologists, Technicians, etc. For more information and conditions of eligibility for registration, see the notice board at the Medical Council office at the. Ministry of Health ...

PENGARUH AROMATERAPI INHALASI LEMON TERHADAP PENURUNAN NYERI PERSALINAN KALA I FASE AKTIF

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Siti Cholifah

2016-07-01

Full Text Available This research to describe the effects of lemon aromatherapy inhalation on the reduction of first stage  labor pain in the active phase. The study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test non equivalent control group design. Mann-Whitney bivariable analysis and linear regression for multivariable analysis. The result of this study was average of labor pain in aromatherapy group was  4.74 + 1.327 wich is lower  than  control group 5.79 + 1.316. Result of Mann-Whitney test is  P 0.001 < 0.05. External variables which influence the labor pain was anxiety  with  the value of P < 0.05. There is inhaled lemon aromatherapy effect on reducing first stage labor pain  in active phase. Keywords: lemon aromatherapy inhalation, labor pain, first stage, active phase

Visceral leishmaniasis: A case report

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sachin Gawade

2012-02-01

Full Text Available Although leishmaniasis is widely prevalent in the eastern states of India namely Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, diagnosing the illness is still difficult. We present a case of a 20-year-old agricultural labourer with a history of recurrent fever, progressive weakness and abdominal discomfort associated with loss of appetite for six months followed by petechial hemorrhages over body.On examination there was hepato-splenomegaly. A diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar was made based on the bone marrow aspiration cytology and epidemiological history of the illness. Routine blood investigations showed pancytopenia and a chest X-ray was normal. The patient was treated by intravenous administration of amphotericine B, the patient responded favourably to treatment.

3D Anisotropy of Solar Wind Turbulence, Tubes, or Ribbons?

Science.gov (United States)

Verdini, Andrea; Grappin, Roland; Alexandrova, Olga; Lion, Sonny

2018-01-01

We study the anisotropy with respect to the local magnetic field of turbulent magnetic fluctuations at magnetofluid scales in the solar wind. Previous measurements in the fast solar wind obtained axisymmetric anisotropy, despite that the analysis method allows nonaxisymmetric structures. These results are probably contaminated by the wind expansion that introduces another symmetry axis, namely, the radial direction, as indicated by recent numerical simulations. These simulations also show that while the expansion is strong, the principal fluctuations are in the plane perpendicular to the radial direction. Using this property, we separate 11 yr of Wind spacecraft data into two subsets characterized by strong and weak expansion and determine the corresponding turbulence anisotropy. Under strong expansion, the small-scale anisotropy is consistent with the Goldreich & Sridhar critical balance. As in previous works, when the radial symmetry axis is not eliminated, the turbulent structures are field-aligned tubes. Under weak expansion, we find 3D anisotropy predicted by the Boldyrev model, that is, turbulent structures are ribbons and not tubes. However, the very basis of the Boldyrev phenomenology, namely, a cross-helicity increasing at small scales, is not observed in the solar wind: the origin of the ribbon formation is unknown.

Humanity and Justice in Global Health: Problems with Venkatapuram's Justification of the Global Health Duty.

Science.gov (United States)

Kollar, Eszter; Laukötter, Sebastian; Buyx, Alena

2016-01-01

One of the most ambitious and sophisticated recent approaches to provide a theory of global health justice is Sridhar Venkatapuram's recent work. In this commentary, we first outline the core idea of Venkatapuram's approach to global health justice. We then argue that one of the most important elements of the account, Venkatapuram's basis of global health duties, is either too weak or assumed implicitly without a robust justification. The more explicit grounding of the duty to protect and promote health capabilities is based on Martha Nussbaum's version of the capability approach. We argue that this foundation gives rise to humanitarian duties rather than duties of justice proper. Venkatapuram's second argument from the social determinants of health thesis is instead a stronger candidate for grounding duties of justice. However, as a justificatory argument, it is only alluded to and has not yet been spelled out sufficiently. We offer plausible justificatory steps to fill this gap and draw some implications for global health action. We believe this both strengthens Venkatapuram's approach and serves to broaden the basis for future action in the area of global health. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

"Iz bõli i krassok vozniknut novõje babotshki..." : [luuletused] / Jaan Kaplinski ; tlk. Svetlan Semenenko,

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kaplinski, Jaan, 1941-

1999-01-01

Sisu: "Iz põli i krassok vozniknut novõje babotshki..." ; "Vertsingetorig skazal: Tsesar, tõ mozhesh..." ; "Tesnõm tõ stalo vremja..." ; "Daite mne vremeni vremeni..." ; "Lozh dorogo stoit lozh deshevo stoit..." ; "A ja hotshu vozduhhom bõt..." ; "Poetõ pust pishut stihhi a ja letutshaja..." ; "Net ni proshlogo ni budushtshego ni nastojashtshego..." ; "Legko trudnõm bõt..." ; "Ona pojot i ja govorju...". Orig.: "Tolmust ja värvidest saavad uued liblikad aga meid..." ; "Vercingetorix ütles: Caesar, sa võid..." ; "Ahtaks oled sa jäänud kaasaeg..." ; Andke mulle aega aega ; "Vale on kallis, vale on odav..." ; "Aga mina tahan õhk olla..." ; "Luuletajad luuletavad, mina olen kala kes tõuseb lendu..." ; "Ei ole minevikku tulevikku ega olevikku..." ; "Kerge on raske olla..." ; "Ta laulab ja mina räägin..."

T-cell response in human leishmaniasis

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kharazmi, A; Kemp, K; Ismail, A

1999-01-01

In the present communication we provide evidence for the existence of a Th1/Th2 dichotomy in the T-cell response to Leishmania antigens in human leishmaniasis. Our data suggest that the pattern of IL-4 and IFN-gamma response is polarised in these patients. Lymphocytes from individuals recovered...... from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) responded by IFN-gamma production following stimulation with Leishmania antigens whereas cells from patients recovered from visceral leishmaniasis (VL) showed a mixed pattern of IFN-gamma and IL-4 responses. The cells producing these cytokines were predominantly CD4......+. Furthermore, IL-10 plays an important role in the development of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) from VL. The balance between the parasitic-specific T-cell response plays an important regulatory role in determining the outcome of Leishmania infections in humans....

Tallinna linnaelu kajastumine raehärra Hans Rotgersi märkmetes / Tiina Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Tiina, 1967-

2008-01-01

Hans Rotgersi aktiivne tegutsemisperiood hõlmab 15. sajandi viimase ja 16. saj. esimese veerandi. Kõige ulatuslikuma kirjaliku pärandi on ta endast maha jätnud Niguliste kiriku eestseisjana. Niguliste kiriku olulistest daatumitest. Maksujõuliste tallinlaste surma kajastumisest Rotgersi ülestähendustes. Rotgersi käsikirjas säilinud astroloogiliste ja meditsiiniliste soovituste kogust. Hans Rotgersi testamendist.

Optická vlákna se dočkala Nobelovy ceny za fyziku

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Peterka, Pavel; Matějec, Vlastimil

2011-01-01

Roč. 59, č. 3 (2011), s. 16-20 ISSN 0036-9942 R&D Projects: GA MŠk(CZ) ME10120 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z20670512 Keywords : optical fiber * optics communications * optical materials Subject RIV: BH - Optics , Masers, Lasers

PENGARUH KOMUNIKASI TERAPEUTIK TERHADAP TINGKAT KECEMASAN IBU DALAM MENGHADAPI PROSES PERSALINAN KALA I

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Moh Wildan

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Background: Most pregnant mother experienced the feeling of anxiety prior to the delevires of their babies. This pre-labour anxiety requires a serious attention from the health professionals involved in helping the labour process, including the midwife, because it potentially increases into a higher degree of anxiety when no immediate action is taken to overcome it. The objective of this research was to obtain in depth information on the difference to degree of anxiety which was experienced by pregnant mother prior and post to obtaining therapeutic communications. Methods: This Research used “one group pre test-post design” with total responden of 30 expecting mather admitted to Elisabeth Hospital, Situbondo. The data obtained were then analized using Chi Square statistical tes on 5 % level significance and degree of freedom 4. Results: The result showed that the value of the computed Chi Square X2 (10,582 is higher than that of the stsndard value of X2 presented in Chi Square tables (9,488. Therefore te hypotesis which said that there was a difference degree of anxiety experienced by pregnant mother prior and post to obtaining therapeutic communications was accepted. The value of the contingency coefficience was only 0,392, hence there was a positive correlation, even thought it was no so strong. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the degree of anxiety experienced by pregnant mother facing labour process at term I decreased upon obtaining therapeutic communications from the midwife. Keywords: Therapeutic communications, anxiety, labour

Piim, kala ja rohelised köögiviljad hoiavad luud terved / Ada Maltseva

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Maltseva, Ada, 1970-

2006-01-01

Vt. ka Linnaleht : Tartu ; Linnaleht : Pärnu 3. nov., lk. B6-B7 ; Linnaleht : Tallinn : na russkom jazõke 8. nov., lk. 8. Ülemaailmsel osteoporoosipäeval 20. oktoobril kuulutati Eestis ja kogu maailmas välja luudesõbraliku toidu kampaania

Keeled ja nende kõnelejad keskaegses Tallinnas : edenemine või taandareng? / Tiina Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Tiina, 1967-

2004-01-01

Keelesituatsioonist Tallinna arengu algusaastatel, 13.-14. saj. ametlikest dokumentidest kuni 16. saj. õiguslike materjalideni, reformatsiooni mõjudest eesti keele positsioonile kirikusiseses keelekasutuses. Eestis kõneldud keelte staatusest keskajal

Pitch angle scattering in three-dimensional "critical balance" MHD turbulence.

Science.gov (United States)

Forman, Miriam; Oughton, Sean; Horbury, Tim

2004-11-01

We calculated the dependence of the quasi-linear particle pitch angle scattering coefficient in general 3-dimensional turbulence axi-symmetric about the mean magnetic field. We integrate over the power spectrum tensor of the turbulence in terms of the scalar functions E, F, C, and H of the wavevector k, as described by Oughton, et al. for incompressible MHD. The application to a "slab+ 2.5D" model is trivial, and reproduces Bieber, et al.'s extremely important previous result that the 2.5D part does not do any pitch-angle scattering. However, the "slab + 2D" is a highly idealized model. One wonders how its two parts are related to actual turbulence, as observed in space or in simulations, and to the calculation of the particle scattering. Here we update the "slab + 2D" model to a more realistic distribution in k-space, specifically a modification of the inertial-range "critical balance" form introduced by Goldreich and Sridhar, and developed further by Cho, Lazarian and Vishniac. We apply the 3D quasi-linear method to calculate D and the spatial diffusion coefficient parallel to the local mean magnetic field, in the "critical balance" anisotropic turbulence. We thank the International Space Science Institute (Bern, Switzerland) for support of this work.

DETAILED FIT OF 'CRITICAL BALANCE' THEORY TO SOLAR WIND TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Forman, Miriam A.; Wicks, Robert T.; Horbury, Timothy S.

2011-01-01

We derive the reduced spectrum of turbulent magnetic fluctuations at different frequencies f which would be observed by a single spacecraft in the solar wind when the magnetic field was at an angle θ B to the solar wind flow, if the wavevector spectrum in the solar wind frame were in anisotropic 'critical balance' (CB) as proposed by Goldreich and Sridhar in 1995 (GS95). The anisotropic power spectrum in the inertial range, P(f, θ B ), is scaled onto one curve with f- 5/3 behavior at θ B near 90 0 and f -2 behavior at small θ B . The transition between the two limiting spectra depends on the form of the GS95 wavevector spectrum and the CB scaling parameter L. Using wavelet analysis of Ulysses magnetic field data in three 30-day periods in the high-latitude solar wind in 1995, we verify that the scaling of power with angle and frequency is qualitatively consistent with GS95 theory. However, the scale length L required to fit the observed P(f, θ B ) to the original CB theory is rather less than the scale predicted by that theory for the solar wind. Part, possibly all, of this discrepancy is removed when the GS95 theory modified for imbalanced turbulence is used.

Rapala landitehas püüdis tänavugi suurima kala / Eno-Gerrit Link

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Link, Eno-Gerrit

2006-01-01

Maailmakuulsa landitootja Rapala Pärnus Reldori tööstuskülas asuv tehas pääses teist aastat järjest Pärnumaa aasta ettevõtete edetabeli etteotsa. Diagramm: Rapala Eesti ASi majandustulemused. Vt. samas: Pärnumaa ettevõtete tipp 50

Efficacy and evaluation of environmental management system to control sandfly vector of Kala-azar.

Science.gov (United States)

Dinesh, D S; Kumari, S; Hassan, F; Kumar, V; Singh, V P; Das, P

2017-10-01

The established vector for visceral leishmaniasis, Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) breeds inside the human dwellings and cattle shed under crevices at the base of the wall. P. argentipes was controlled by plastering the base of wall (9″height × 9″base). The study was conducted in two phases: (i) Screening of plastering materials (ii) validation of the most suitable material. During the first phase (2014); four intervention materials were evaluated in four different arms: (i) cement (ii) brick chimney fly ash (BCFA i.e. waste material from an oven for backing raw earthen brick in charcoal) mixed with lime (95:5) (iii) wire mesh (25 holes/cm 2 ) and (iv) glazed tiles. Ten houses were selected as test and same as control in four different villages for each arm having similar ecotype and similar density of sandflies. The pre and post intervention density of sandflies were evaluated. Significant reduction in sandfly density was found with cement (46.2%) and BCFA (29.6%) plastering (P < 0.05). In the second phase of the study (2015); the two most effective interventions were validated at village level with one control. A significant reduction in the density of P. argentipes was found with cement; 60.2% (Mean ± S.D. = 2.48 ± 2.78, 95% CI = 1.93-3.02) and BCFA; 48.2% (Mean ± S.D. = 1.98 ± 2.20, 95% CI = 1.55-2.41) (P < 0.05). BCFA was found easily accessible, acceptable and cost effective that can be used in any type of wall materials at own cost. This can be implemented as one of the integrated vector control approach in the programme. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

EFEK AROMA EKSTRAK MELATI TERHADAP PENGURANGAN NYERI PERSALINAN KALA I FASE AKTIF PADA PARTURIENT

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Nike Sari Oktavia

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Labor pain arising from physical and psychological reflex response of from the pain that experienced by the patient. Jasmine essential oil is proven to nervous exhoustion, reduce pain, emotional distress, reduce anxiety, energy, and euphoria that everything that is needed by a mother while facing the birth process. Purpose of this study was to determine whether the jasmine essnstial oil can be used to reduce the pain of the active phase on first stage of parturient. This study used a quasi-experimental method, the sampel was 48 people inpartu who are in the active phase of the first stage of labor. Study subjects were devided into 2 groups; jasmine essential oil (n = 24 and control (n = 24. Pain assessed twice in each group with a numerical rating scale (NRS, that when the woman is in the active phase before inhalation the smell of jasmine essential oil and at the end of the first stage after inhalation the smell. Test statistical analysis using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test and Mann Whitney test.  The result is; in jasmine essential oil group the median 6 with a range  4-9 decreased to 4 (3-9, while controls had increased pain intensity with a median value of 4.5 (2-10 to 9 (4 -10. There are difference between pain assesment I and II in both groups p = 0.000 (p <0,05. Comparison between jasmine essential oil  group and control group p = 0.000 (p <0,05.      Keyword: Jasmine essential oil, labor pain

The Effect of Study Abroad on Grammatical Accuracy of Indonesian Students’ Oral and Written Performance

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Kristian Adi Putra

2014-01-01

Full Text Available This  correlational  study investigates the  effect  of  study  abroad  of two  exchange  students (SA from  Indonesia  in  public  schools  in the United  States  on  their  grammatical  accuracy as  compared  to the oral and written performance of two first year college students through  formal  instruction (FI in  Indonesia  never  experiencing living  in  L2  environment.  Speech  samples  were  elicited  through interview via-Skype, while writing samples were obtained through writing task. The result of this study shows that in oral and written performance, SA participants used more accurate grammar than FI participants.  However,  SA  participants  were  more  accurate  in using  the  three  tenses  in  writing (90% than  in  speaking  (87%, while FI participants showed different result, i.e. their grammatical accuracy of speaking (78% was higher than that of writing (76%.Studi  korelasional  ini  meneliti  efek  studi  di  luar negeri  untuk dua siswa  Indonesia  program  pertukaran (SA di  sekolah  negeri Amerika Serikat  dalam  hal  ketepatan  gramatikal  yang dibandingkan dengan ketrampilan lesan dan tulis mahasiswa tahun pertama  melalui  instruksi  formal  (FI di  Indonesia  yang  belum pernah  tinggal  di  lingkungan  bahasa  kedua. Sampel  ketrampilan lesan dikumpulkan lewat wawancara via Skype, sedangkan sampel ketrampilan tulis  diperoleh  melalui  tugas  mengarang.  Hasil penelitian  ini  menunjukkan  bahwa dalam  ketrampilan lesan  dan tulis,  akurasi  gramatikal  peserta  SA  lebih  tinggi  daripada  peserta FI. Namun demikian, peserta SA lebih akurat dalam menggunakan tiga kala dalam mengarang (90% daripada penggunaan kala dalam berbicara  (87%,  sementara  peserta  FI menunjukkan  hasil  yang berbeda,  yaitu  akurasi  gramatikal  berbicara  (78%  lebih  tinggi daripada akurasi gramatikal mengarang (76%.

REVIEW OF THE ANILLINA OF MACEDONIA AND DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF PRIONIOMUS FROM GREECE (Coleoptera, Carabidae (*

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Pier Mauro Giachino

2012-04-01

Full Text Available (* Results, in part, of the programme “Research Missions in the Mediterranean Basin” sponsored by the World Biodiversity Association onlus. XXXIIIth contribution.A revision of the Anillina of Macedonia is given, with the description of the following new species of Winklerites Jeannel, 1937: W. vonickai n. sp. from Bistra planina, W. blazeji n. sp. from Galičica Mts., W. moraveci from Baba Mts. and W. gueorguievi from Ničpurska (Šar planina. W. fodori Guéorguiev, 2007, is redescribed on material coming from a site near the type locality. Prioniomus maleficus n. sp. from Katara pass (Notía Pindos, nom. Tríkala, NW Greece and P. caoduroi n. sp. from the road Kasteli-Kalavrita (nom. Ahaïa, Peloponnese, Greece are also described. Ecological and chorological data of some species are given and zoogeographical hypotheses are discussed.

Designing and Building of 3D Adventure Game “Tetuko: Childhood of Ghatotkacha” Using Kinect

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Achmad Basuki

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Nowadays, the young people are not interested in the local culture as a “wayang” puppet. This condition threatens the extinction of some of the local culture that should be a mainstay of the industry entering an era of creative industries. On the other hand, theyare more interested in playing computer games as changing of people's lifestyles. It becomes our basic idea to produce a game as a creative product. The genre of this game is fighting-adventure. This game depictures a story of fighting between the baby Tetuko and giant Kala Pracona. The game uses Kinect and 3D platform technology to attract more players to feel their adventures. With Kinect technology, the player can control the character with his gesture. Thus, this game will increase the awareness of young people about the culture of Wayang. Keywords : 3D game, kinect,adventure, local culture, creative industry.

MMT/AO 5 μm IMAGING CONSTRAINTS ON THE EXISTENCE OF GIANT PLANETS ORBITING FOMALHAUT AT ∼13-40 AU

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kenworthy, Matthew A.; Hinz, Philip M.; Meyer, Michael R.; Miller, Douglas L.; Sivanandam, Suresh; Freed, Melanie; Mamajek, Eric E.; Heinze, Aren N.

2009-01-01

A candidate ∼ Jup extrasolar planet was recently imaged by Kalas et al. using Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys and Keck II at 12.''7 (96 AU) separation from the nearby (d = 7.7 pc) young (∼200 Myr) A2V star Fomalhaut. Here, we report results from M-band (4.8 μm) imaging of Fomalhaut on 2006 December 5 using the Clio IR imager on the 6.5 m MMT with the adaptive secondary mirror. Our images are sensitive to giant planets at orbital radii comparable to the outer solar system (∼10-40 AU). Comparing our 5σ M-band photometric limits to theoretical evolutionary tracks for substellar objects, our results rule out the existence of planets with masses >2 M Jup from ∼13 to 40 AU and objects >13 M Jup from ∼8 to 40 AU.

On spectral scaling laws for incompressible anisotropic magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Galtier, Sebastien; Pouquet, Annick; Mangeney, Andre

2005-01-01

A heuristic model is given for anisotropic magnetohydrodynamics turbulence in the presence of a uniform external magnetic field B 0 e parallel . The model is valid for both moderate and strong B 0 and is able to describe both the strong and weak wave turbulence regimes as well as the transition between them. The main ingredient of the model is the assumption of constant ratio at all scales between the linear wave period and the nonlinear turnover time scale. Contrary to the model of critical balance introduced by Goldreich and Sridhar [Astrophys. J. 438, 763 (1995)], it is not assumed, in addition, that this ratio be equal to unity at all scales. This allows us to make use of the Iroshnikov-Kraichnan phenomenology; it is then possible to recover the widely observed anisotropic scaling law k parallel ∝k perpendicular 2/3 between parallel and perpendicular wave numbers (with reference to B 0 e parallel and to obtain for the total-energy spectrum E(k perpendicular ,k parallel )∼k perpendicular -α k parallel -β the universal prediction, 3α+2β=7. In particular, with such a prediction, the weak Alfven wave turbulence constant-flux solution is recovered and, for the first time, a possible explanation to its precursor found numerically by Galtier et al. [J. Plasma Phys. 63, 447 (2000)] is given.

Isolation of new steroids of Kala Dhaman grass (Cenchrus setigerus and evaluation of their bioactivity

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Premlata Singariya

2014-02-01

Full Text Available The present study was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components (steroids of Cenchrus setigerus using GC-MS analysis and in vivo estimation of metabolites (total soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline and total phenolics, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoids of seedlings and antimicrobial activity of extracts in various polar solvents from the leaves of C. setigerus. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against three Gram-negative bacteria, including Proteusmirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Agrobacterium tumefaciens andone fungus Aspergillus niger using 'disc diffusion' method, followed by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC by broth dilution method. Results revealed the presence of some steroids in the isopropyl alcohol extract of C. setigerus:which are (22E-stigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one(4.93%, δ4-sitosterol-3-one (stigmast-4-en-3-one (4.31%, fagarsterol (lupeol (1.25% and ethyl iso-allocholate (0.32%. Total soluble sugars and chlorophyll-a were also recorded to be highest. The highest activity was exhibited by the isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate extract against P. mirabilis.

Laiast ilmast Käsmu, vahepeatustega: keskaegsed tekstikatked ajaloolis(t)el oreli(te)l / Tiina Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Tiina, 1967-

2015-01-01

Käsmu kabeli oreli tuulepõhja tihendamisel on kasutatud vanade käsikirjade ja trükiste fragmente. Tuulepõhjalt õnnestus eraldada ja konserveerida seitset eri liiki fragmente. Tekstifragmentide kirjeldused. Niguliste kiriku orelitest 15. - 17. sajandil. Tekstikatkete võimalikust päritolust

Planets, stars and stellar systems

CERN Document Server

Bond, Howard; McLean, Ian; Barstow, Martin; Gilmore, Gerard; Keel, William; French, Linda

2013-01-01

This is volume 3 of Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems, a six-volume compendium of modern astronomical research covering subjects of key interest to the main fields of contemporary astronomy. This volume on “Solar and Stellar Planetary Systems” edited by Linda French and Paul Kalas presents accessible review chapters From Disks to Planets, Dynamical Evolution of Planetary Systems, The Terrestrial Planets, Gas and Ice Giant Interiors, Atmospheres of Jovian Planets, Planetary Magnetospheres, Planetary Rings, An Overview of the Asteroids and Meteorites, Dusty Planetary Systems and Exoplanet Detection Methods. All chapters of the handbook were written by practicing professionals. They include sufficient background material and references to the current literature to allow readers to learn enough about a specialty within astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology to get started on their own practical research projects. In the spirit of the series Stars and Stellar Systems published by Chicago University Press in...

Investigating the effects of E-CRM's Functions on customer's E-satisfaction and E-loyalty (Case Study: Digikala Online Store

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hashem aghazade

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Considering the importance of the factors affecting customer satisfaction and loyalty, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between performance and characteristic of a online stores – Digi-Kala in this particular case, as a perfect example of an electronic customer relationship system, and customer's electronic loyalty and satisfaction. As a practical-descriptive, research, electronic questionnaires were distributed among customers of Digikala , In which, functions of internet shopping system have been linked into three stages; before- purchase, during-purchase, after-purchase, and its relations with electronic loyalty and satisfaction have been estimated using structural -equations method. Based on the results, satisfaction of E-CRM's functions affected electronic loyalty and satisfaction. Also, satisfaction of during-purchase and after-purchase functions affected electronic satisfaction. However, the, effect of satisfaction in before-purchase functions in the electronic relation system has not been proven on satisfaction electronic customer's. Furthermore, the effect of satisfaction in system's functions in the whole stages has been proven on loyalty electronic.

KEDUDUKAN HAK MEWARIS PEREMPUAN DARI HARTA BERSAMA DALAM HUKUM ADAT SASAK

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Rr. Cahyowati Cahyowati

2010-04-01

Full Text Available The women have right to inherit from the marital properties based on the Adat Sasak Law because they have the importance role in collecting those properties with their husbands in fraying, deciding, managing and transferring those property, the children are beneficaries of their parents who most enttitle to bequeth the individual and the marital properties of their parents, the barrier faced by the women beneficiaries in Adat Sasak Law are: (1 the domein of adat law, namely space (desa, time (kala, and circumstances (patra affecting in deviding those inheritance; (2 the men (in the case the sons obtaining the larger share are not understand the sense of the larger share. In Adat Sasak Law the larger share are linear to the duties and liabilities for those men; (3 the reality in the field shows the women obtaining the unadvantege share decided by unanimous decision did not appeal to this decision because the fear to be alienated from their clans.

[Surrealism and madness].

Science.gov (United States)

Flora, Κ

2017-01-01

This article attempts an approach of madness by surrealism, as reflected in the pathway of the surrealist movement. In the light of enlargement of the concept of mental illness and the experience of madness, an approach is being attempted regarding the early surrealist views as they precursory appear e.g. from the case of Hieronymus Bosch to the meeting of the dominant psychiatry and the surrealist movement in the 19th and 20th century. Then, the paper attempts to present the main positions of representatives of the movement, such as Breton, Dali and Kalas. These three surrealists were chosen among others, for this brief report, as the representatives of three remarkable moments in the surrealistic route. Breton introduces the element of fiction and hyper-reality while he questions the distinction between normal and abnormal element. Dali with his paranoid critical method reconciles actual representations with mythical and symbolic elements, breaking through the limits between objectivity and subjectivity. Kalas puts forward the social origin of insanity along with the fundamental surrealist notions of individual freedom and will. For a more complete understanding of this attempt, it was considered useful to include elements of the main views on madness from the standpoint of a critical approach in psychiatry and psychology. The surrealistic view seems to be close to this critical approach which is likely to have been affected by it on the level in which the movements and scientific fields meet and interact. The relationship between surrealism, the notion and expression of madness and the absurd seems to be inherent to the very development of the movement through its core and individual pursuits. In conclusion, the relationship between surrealism and the notion and expression of the madness and the absurd seems to be inherent to the very birth of the movement through its main positions and pursuits. The question of so-called reality, its overshoot and the vision of

An assessment of arthropod prey resources at Nakula Natural Area Reserve, a potential site of reintroduction for Kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) and Maui `Alauahio (Parareomyza montana).

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Banko, Paul C.; Peck, Robert W.; Cappadonna, Justin; Steele, Claire; Leonard, David L.; Mounce, Hanna L.; Becker, Dusti; Swinnerton, Kirsty

2015-01-01

Hawaiian forest birds have declined dramatically since humans arrived in the archipelago. Birds from all foraging guilds have been affected but insectivorous species are currently at greatest risk of extinction. On the island of Maui, populations and ranges of the insectivorous kiwikiu (Maui parrotbill; Pseudonestor xanthophrys) and Maui ‘alauahio (Maui creeper; Paroreomyza montana) have declined significantly from historic levels primarily due to habitat loss, predation,disease, and food web disruption, leading to federal listings of endangered species and species of concern, respectively. Recovery plans for these birds include reestablishment of populations in parts of their former range. Nakula Natural Area Reserve on the leeward side of HaleakalāVolcano has been targeted for release of wild-caught or captive-bred individuals. The mesic, montane koa-‘ōhi‘a (Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha) forest at Nakula has been heavily impacted through grazing by feral ungulates, but recent management actions to exclude these animals are promoting forest recovery. The objective of this study was to assess the arthropod prey base at Nakula in preparation for reintroductions of kiwikiu and Maui ‘alauahio. To accomplish that goal, we compared arthropod abundances at Nakula to those at Hanawi Natural Area Reserve and Waikamoi Preserve, areas where kiwikiu and Maui ‘alauahio are currently found. We also identified diets of kiwikiu and Maui ‘alauahio from fecal samples to better understand and evaluate the prey base at Nakula. Assessment methods included clipping branch tips to sample arthropods within the foliage of koa and ‘ōhi‘a, using traps to quantify arthropods on koa and ‘ōhi‘a bark surfaces, counting exit holes to quantify abundances of beetles (Coleoptera) within dead branches of koa, and measuring the density of arthropods within the stems of ‘ākala (Rubus hawaiiensis). The diet of kiwikiu was dominated by caterpillars (Lepidoptera larvae

Stellar dynamics around a massive black hole - II. Resonant relaxation

Science.gov (United States)

Sridhar, S.; Touma, Jihad R.

2016-06-01

We present a first-principles theory of resonant relaxation (RR) of a low-mass stellar system orbiting a more massive black hole (MBH). We first extend the kinetic theory of Gilbert to include the Keplerian field of a black hole of mass M•. Specializing to a Keplerian stellar system of mass M ≪ M•, we use the orbit-averaging method of Sridhar & Touma to derive a kinetic equation for RR. This describes the collisional evolution of a system of N ≫ 1 Gaussian rings in a reduced 5-dim space, under the combined actions of self-gravity, 1 post-Newtonian (PN) and 1.5 PN relativistic effects of the MBH and an arbitrary external potential. In general geometries, RR is driven by both apsidal and nodal resonances, so the distinction between scalar RR and vector RR disappears. The system passes through a sequence of quasi-steady secular collisionless equilibria, driven by irreversible two-ring correlations that accrue through gravitational interactions, both direct and collective. This correlation function is related to a `wake function', which is the linear response of the system to the perturbation of a chosen ring. The wake function is easier to appreciate, and satisfies a simpler equation, than the correlation function. We discuss general implications for the interplay of secular dynamics and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics in the evolution of Keplerian stellar systems towards secular thermodynamic equilibria, and set the stage for applications to the RR of axisymmetric discs in Paper III.

Endophthalmitis caused by Pantoea agglomerans: clinical features, antibiotic sensitivities, and outcomes

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Venincasa VD

2015-07-01

Full Text Available Vincent D Venincasa, Ajay E Kuriyan, Harry W Flynn Jr, Jayanth Sridhar, Darlene Miller Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA Purpose: To report the clinical findings, antibiotic sensitivities, and visual outcomes associated with endophthalmitis caused by Pantoea agglomerans.Methods: A consecutive case series of patients with vitreous culture-positive endophthalmitis caused by P. agglomerans from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2012 at a large university referral center. Findings from the current study were compared to prior published studies.Results: Of the three study patients that were identified, clinical settings included trauma (n=2 and post-cataract surgery (n=1. Presenting visual acuity was hand motion or worse in all three cases. All isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime, gentamicin, imipenem, and fluoroquinolones. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Initial treatment strategies were vitreous tap and intravitreal antibiotic injection (n=1 and pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotic injection (n=2. At last follow-up, one patient had no light perception vision, while the other two had best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200 and 20/400.Conclusion: All Pantoea isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime, gentamicin, imipenem, and fluoroquinolones. All patients in the current study received at least one intravitreal antibiotic to which P. agglomerans was shown to be sensitive in vitro. In spite of this, the visual outcomes were generally poor.Keywords: ocular infection, trauma, antibiotic resistance

Solute carrier protein family 11 member 1 (Slc11a1) activation efficiently inhibits Leishmania donovani survival in host macrophages.

Science.gov (United States)

Singh, Nisha; Gedda, Mallikarjuna Rao; Tiwari, Neeraj; Singh, Suya P; Bajpai, Surabhi; Singh, Rakesh K

2017-09-01

Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), a life threatening disease caused by L. donovani , is a latent threat to more than 147 million people living in disease endemic South East Asia region of the Indian subcontinent. The therapeutic option to control leishmanial infections are very limited, and at present comprise only two drugs, an antifungal amphotericin B and an antitumor miltefosine, which are also highly vulnerable for parasitic resistance. Therefore, identification and development of alternate control measures is an exigent requirement to control leishmanial infections. In this study, we report that functionally induced expression of solute carrier protein family 11 member 1 ( Slc11a1), a transmembrane divalent cationic transporter recruited on the surface of phagolysosomes after phagocytosis of parasites, effectively inhibits Leishmania donovani growth in host macrophages. Further, the increased Slc11a1 functionality also resulted in increased production of NOx, TNF-α and IL-12 by activated macrophages. The findings of this study signify the importance of interplay between Slc11a1 expression and macrophages activation that can be effectively used to control of Leishmania growth and survival.

Oral miltefosine treatment in children with visceral leishmaniasis: a brief review

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Emilio Palumbo

Full Text Available Visceral leishmaniasis (VL or kala-azar is an infection disease caused by hemiflagellate protozoan parasites (Leishmania donovani and transmitted to humans by the phlebotomine sandfly. Leishmaniasis is distributed worldwide and 13 million people are estimated to be infected, with about 1.8 million new cases each year. All antileishmanial drugs are toxic and most have to be used parenterally for prolonged period. The therapy has been further complicated by large number of infected children and declining effectiveness of pentavalent antimonial compounds. Although the lipid formulations of amphotericin B are an important advance in therapy, their high cost precludes their use. Miltefosine, a phosphocholine analogue originally developed as antimalignant drug, has been found to be highly active against Leishmania in vitro and in animal model. Based on these experiences this drug was tried against human visceral leishmaniasis and found to be highly effective in children. The aim of this review is to evidence the pharmacodymamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics and the safety, tolerance and efficacy of this drug for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in children.

2003 - arhitektuurivõistluste tihe aasta / Pille Epner

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Epner, Pille

2003-01-01

Tulemused: RMT Triigi metskonnahoone: I - A. Schults, Tallinna Muusikakeskkooli, Tallinna Balletikooli ja G. Otsa nim. Muusikakooli õppehoone: I - A. Siim, K. Ausing, "Kivilinn on ka elukeskkond": I - I. Järve, T. Sild, Tartu mnt. 63 juurdeehitus ja hoonestuse moderniseerimine: I - AB Kosmos ja A. Lember, J. Martson, R. Reinolt, Telliskivi t. ja Balti jaama vahelise ala ruumiline planeerimine: I - Tõnu Laigo, Tõnu Laanemäe, Kuressaare keskväljaku planeerimine ja kujundus: I - M. Pukk, I. Lubjak, Viimsi keskkooli uue hoone eskiislahendus: I - R. Järg, P. Pent, I. Truverk, Eesti Sisekaitseakadeemia õppelinnak: I - K. Koov, S. Vallner, K. Nõmm, Pärnu kesklinna koolide võimla: I - K. Koov, S. Vallner, K. Nõmm, Sakala keskus: I - I. Raukas, T. Teedumäe, T. Tammis, Merirahu elamupiirkond: I - AB Muru & Pere, parim puitehitis 1997-2003: I - A. Tambek, Pärnu Rüütli t. kujundus: I - T. Unt, TÜ sotsiaalteaduskonna õppehoone: II - K. Pae, Ü. Mark ja E. Kala, K. Kernumees, "Europan 7": I - Pärnu: O.-M. Bogdan, Tallinn: A. F. Atela

On the Making of One's Art

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Ruchika Wason Singh

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Ruchika Wason Singh holds degrees in B.F.A., Painting (1997 and M.F.A., Painting, (1999 from College of Art, New Delhi, India. In 2008 she received a degree for Doctoral Research on the sociological frameworks in Indian Contemporary Art, as a U.G.C. Junior Research Fellow at the University of Delhi. Ruchika has had two Solo Exhibitions Yesterday Once More, Triveni Gallery (2002 and Transit Spaces, Lalit Kala Akademi (2007 New Delhi. She has participated in international platforms such as Shanti-Sadhana–Sunyata-Contemporary Indian Art, Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum, Germany (2001-02; Theertha International Painters' Residency, Sri Lanka (2007; Third Beijing International Art Biennale, China (2008; 11th Asia Arts Festival, Ordos, China (2009 and Experiences: Asian Women in Global Culture, Book-Project of the IWAB, Korea (2011. She has had slide presentations at Tsinghua University, China (2009 and Anadolu Universities, Turkey (2014 and is the recipient of the Travel Grant from Arts Network Asia (2008. Ruchika is currently Assoc. Professor (Contractual, BFA Dept. of Painting, College of Art, New Delhi.

PREVALENCE OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS, MALARIA AND SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS IN A COMMUNITY OF BARDIYA DISTRICT, WESTERN NEPAL.

Science.gov (United States)

Ranjitkar, Samir; Alifrangis, Michael; Adhikari, Madhav; Olsen, Annette; Simonsen, Paul E; Meyrowitsch, Dan Wolf

2014-11-01

Lymphatic filariasis (LF), malaria and soil transmitted helminthiasis (STH) cause major health problems in Nepal, but in spite of this very few stud- ies have been carried out on these parasitic infections in Nepal. A cross sectional survey of all three categories of parasitic infections was carried out in Deuda- kala Village of Bardiya District, western Nepal. A total of 510 individuals aged 5 years and above were examined from finger prick blood for circulating filarial antigen (CFA), malaria antigen using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and malaria DNA using a PCR-based assay. In addition, 317 individuals were examined for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) eggs by the Kato-Katz technique. Prevalence of LF, malaria (antigen) and STH infection was 25.1%, 0.6% and 18.3%, respectively. PCR analysis did not detect any additional malaria cases. The prevalence of LF and STH infections differ significantly among different age groups and ethnic communities. The high prevalence of LF in the community studied indicates an immediate need for implementing a mass drug administration program for its control in this particular geographical area of Nepal.

Five-year field results and long-term effectiveness of 20 mg/kg liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome for visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India.

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Sakib Burza

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL; also known as Kala-azar is an ultimately fatal disease endemic in Bihar. A 2007 observational cohort study in Bihar of 251 patients with VL treated with 20 mg/Kg intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome demonstrated a 98% cure rate at 6-months. Between July 2007 and August 2012, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF and the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute (RMRI implemented a VL treatment project in Bihar, India-an area highly endemic for Leishmania donovani-using this regimen as first-line treatment. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Intravenous Ambisome 20 mg/kg was administered in four doses of 5 mg/kg over 4-10 days, depending on the severity of disease. Initial clinical cure at discharge was defined as improved symptoms, cessation of fever, and recession of spleen enlargement. This observational retrospective cohort study describes 8749 patients with laboratory-confirmed primary VL treated over a 5-year period: 1396 at primary healthcare centers, 7189 at hospital, and 164 at treatment camps. Initial clinical cure was achieved in 99.3% of patients (8692/8749; 0.3% of patients (26/8749 defaulted from treatment and 0.4% (31/8749 died. Overall, 1.8% of patients (161/8749 were co-infected with HIV and 0.6% (51/8749 with tuberculosis. Treatment was discontinued because of severe allergic reactions in 0.1% of patients (7/8749. Overall, 27 patients (0.3% were readmitted with post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL. Risk factors for late presentation included female sex, age >15 years and being from a scheduled caste. In 2012, a long-term efficacy survey in the same area of Bihar determined relapse rates of VL after 5 years' intervention with Ambisome. Of 984 immunocompetent patients discharged between September 2010 and December 2011, 827 (84.0% were traced in order to determine their long-term outcomes. Of these, 20 patients (2.4% had relapsed or received further treatment for VL. Of those completing 6

The Polymerase chain reaction as a tool of molecular diagnosis of Leishmania infection in the Sudan

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hashim, Amna Osman Yousif

1997-06-01

indicates that there is heterogeneity among isolates producing products of 800 bp. The data from the Dinder national park showed that Leishamanin skin testing and K39 dipstick may be useful as endemicity marker in these areas. PCR detected L.donovani on patients peripheral blood who displayed a wide clinical spectrum including healthy individual of both Leishmania negative and positive, active kala-zar cases well as previous kala-zar patients. The study has shown that different isolates of Leishmania cause clinical forms and there is an indication of heterogeneity among isolates causing VL, PKDA and sporotrichoid CL.(Author)

The Polymerase chain reaction as a tool of molecular diagnosis of Leishmania infection in the Sudan

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hashim, Amna Osman Yousif [Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum (Sudan)

1997-06-01

indicates that there is heterogeneity among isolates producing products of 800 bp. The data from the Dinder national park showed that Leishamanin skin testing and K39 dipstick may be useful as endemicity marker in these areas. PCR detected L.donovani on patients peripheral blood who displayed a wide clinical spectrum including healthy individual of both Leishmania negative and positive, active kala-zar cases well as previous kala-zar patients. The study has shown that different isolates of Leishmania cause clinical forms and there is an indication of heterogeneity among isolates causing VL, PKDA and sporotrichoid CL.(Author) 119 ref. , 2 tabs. , 12 figs.

PENGARUH KOMPRES DINGIN TERHADAP PENURUNAN NYERI PERSALINAN KALA I FASE AKTIF DI BPS NY. MUJIYATI KABUPATEN LAMONGAN

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Lilin Turlina

2016-03-01

Full Text Available The aim of research to determine the effect of cold pack on the decrese of pain childbirth at 1 active phase. The study design used Pre-Eksperiment Pratest-Postes Design. The population in this research where all women who give birth in BPS Ny.Mujiyati, Amd.Keb. Sample taken by simple random sampling. Data taken by observasion and analyzed using Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test significance 0,05. The result showed that cold pack was influence on the decrase of pain childbirth at 1 active phase in BPS Ny.Mujiyati, Amd.Keb. Joto Sanur village, Tikung SubDistrict, Lamongan District, year 2013.Keywords: cold pack, painful childbirth reduction

Essential components of a successful doctoral program in nanomedicine

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van de Ven AL

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Anne L van de Ven,1,2 Mary H Shann,3 Srinivas Sridhar1,2 1Nanomedicine Science and Technology Center, 2Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; 3School of Education, Boston University, Boston, MA, USAAbstract: The Nanomedicine program at Northeastern University provides a unique interdisciplinary graduate education that combines experiential research, didactic learning, networking, and outreach. Students are taught how to apply nanoscience and nanotechnology to problems in medicine, translate basic research to the development of marketable products, negotiate ethical and social issues related to nanomedicine, and develop a strong sense of community involvement within a global perspective. Since 2006, the program has recruited 50 doctoral students from ten traditional science, technology, and engineering disciplines to participate in the 2-year specialization program. Each trainee received mentoring from two or more individuals, including faculty members outside the student’s home department and faculty members at other academic institutions, and/or clinicians. Both students and faculty members reported a significant increase in interdisciplinary scholarly activities, including publications, presentations, and funded research proposals, as a direct result of the program. Nearly 90% of students graduating with a specialization in nanomedicine have continued on to careers in the health care sector. Currently, 43% of graduates are performing research or developing products that directly involve nanomedicine. This article identifies some key elements of the Nanomedicine program, describes how they were implemented, and reports on the metrics of success.Keywords: nanomedicine, IGERT, nanotechnology, nanoscience, education, graduate training

Figurative Idiomatic Language: Strategies and Difficulties of Understanding English Idioms

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Nisreen Al-Khawaldeh

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Learning idioms which is considered a very essential part of learning and using language (Sridhar and Karunakaran, 2013 has recently attracted a great attention of English learning researchers particularly the assessment of how well Asian language learners acquire and use idioms in communication (Tran, 2013. Understanding and using them fluently could be viewed as a sign towards language proficiency as they could be an effective way to give students better conditions to enhance their communication skills in the daily context (Beloussova, 2015. Investigating how idiomatic expressions are dealt with and processed in a second language or foreign language is an issue worth examining further since it may give language teachers a better idea of some of the strategies language learners use in order to interpret figurative language. Despite their importance, learning and using English idioms by Arab EFL learners have not been investigated extensively, and no research has been conducted on Jordanian students’ idiomatic competency. Thus, the researcher decided to work on these un-tackled issues in the Jordanian context. Most idioms-based investigations are the difficulties Jordanians learners of English face when translating them into Arabic (Hussein, Khanji, and Makhzoumi, 2000; Bataineh and Bataineh, 2002; Alrishan and Smadi, 2015. The analysis of the test showed students’ very poor idiomatic competence; particularly a very limited awareness of the most frequently used idioms despite their overwhelming desire to learn them. Data analysis of the questionnaire revealed the strategies students use and the problems they face in understanding and learning idioms.

Venkatapuram's Capability theory of Health: A Critical Discussion.

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Tengland, Per-Anders

2016-01-01

The discussion about theories of health has recently had an important new input through the work of Sridhar Venkatapuram. He proposes a combination of Lennart Nordenfelt's holistic theory of health and Martha Nussbaum's version of the capability approach. The aim of the present article is to discuss and evaluate this proposal. The article starts with a discussion of Nordenfelt's theory and evaluates Venkatapuram' critique of it, that is, of its relativism, both regarding goals and environment, and of the subjectivist theory of happiness used. Then the article explains why Nordenfelt's idea of a reasonable environment is not a problem for the theory, and it critiques Venkatapuram's own incorporation of the environment into the concept of health, suggesting that this makes the concept too wide. It contends, moreover, that Venkatapuram's alternative theory retains a problem inherent in Nordenfelt's theory, namely, that health is conceived of as a second-order ability. It is argued that health should, instead, be defined as first-order abilities. This means that health cannot be seen as a capability, and also that health cannot be seen as a meta-capability of the kind envisioned by Venkatapuram. It is, furthermore, argued that the theory lacks one crucial aspect of health, namely, subjective wellbeing. Finally, the article tries to illustrate how health, in the suggested alternative sense, as first-order abilities, fits into Nussbaum's capability theory, since health as an 'actuality' is part of all the 'combined capabilities' suggested by Nussbaum. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

EKSISTENSI BAHASA INDONESIA SEBAGAI BAHASA PERSATUAN

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Marsudi Marsudi

2008-11-01

Full Text Available Bahasa Indonesia lahir dari Bahasa Melayu yang pada zaman dulu menjadi bahasa lingua franca, yakni bagasa perdagangan antarpulau di nusantara. Kemudian dikukuhkan menjadi bahasa persatuan melalui momen Sumpah Pemuda. Bahasa Melayu menjadi dominan di kala itu dikarenakan fleksibelitasnya akan bahasa-bahasa lain. Dengan fakta tersebut, tepatnya 28 Oktober 1928, bahasa Melayu diangkat sebagai bahasa persatuan dan tahun 1945 diresmikan sebagai bahasa negara. Permasalahan yang muncul dalam eksistensi bahasa Indonesia adalah bagaimanakah cara mempertahankan eksistensi bahasa Indonesia? Tidak hanya masalah eksistensi saja, tetapi sanggupkah bahasa-bahasa daerah di negeri ini memperkaya kosa kata dan istilah bahasa Indonesia? Selain itu, bagaimanakah potensi bahasa Indonesia di era globalisasi? Eksistensi bahasa Indonesia, selain dipengaruhi kekonsistenan penggunaanya, juga didukung oleh kemampuan bahasa tersebut dalam mengungkapkan fenomena baru yang berkembang. Oleh karena itu, perkembangan bahasa Indonesia sangat tergantung pada tingkat keberhasilan menciptakan kosa kata dan istilah-istilah baru. Bahasa Indonesia sudah mulai mengglobal karena bahasa Indonesia memiliki sifat terbuka dan demokratis. Perkembangan yang terjadi sekarang dan yang datang tidak hanya menyangkut masalah struktur dan bahasa, tetapi lebih jauh mengungkapkan permasalahan manusia baru yang dialami manusia di dalam sebuah proses perubahan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan

Evaluation of the level of knowledge about visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas of Maranhao, brazil

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Gama; Barbosa; Pires; Cunha; Freitas; Ribeiro; Costa

1998-04-01

A prospective study was performed to identify knowledge concerning visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in endemic areas of Maranhao, amongst the rural population of the Codo township and in a peripheral urban area (an old settlement, Maracana, on the outskirts of the city of Sao Luis, and Vila Nova/Bom Viver, Paco do Lumiar township). A total of 283 persons were interviewed, including 53 from Maracana, 103 from Vila Nova/Bom Viver, and 127 from Codo. The sites presented favorable conditions for the development and maintenance of VL. Some 93.8% of those interviewed had heard of kala-azar. In Maracana, 50.9% referred to sandflies as responsible for the transmission of VL, while 87.2% knew that dogs are the main link in the epidemiological cycle of the disease. Some 77.8% of those interviewed did not know how to control the disease. As regards manifestations of the disease, they largely associated it with fever, anemia, weight loss, and an enlarged abdomen. Only five individuals knew that Glucantimeis used to treat VL. We conclude that knowledge is poor with regard to all aspects of VL in both the rural and peripheral urban area.

Efficacy of Virechana and Basti Karma with Shamana therapy in the management of essential hypertension: A comparative study.

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Shukla, Gyanendra; Bhatted, Santosh K; Dave, Alankruta R; Shukla, Vageesha Datta

2013-01-01

Considering high prevalence and the need to look for alternative medicine, essential hypertension was screened in light of Vata-Pitta Pradhana Rakta Pradoshaja Vikara as mentioned by Acharya Charaka. Comparing the etiological factors, symptomatology, and complications with Rakta Pradoshaja Vikara with that of essential hypertension, a striking similarity was revealed. To prove the practical approach of management of Vata-Pitta Pradhana Rakta Pradoshaja Vikara, a randomized open clinical trial on 33 uncomplicated subjects of essential hypertension was conducted. The subjects were allotted in two groups, viz. (Group A) Virechana group having 16 cases who underwent Virechana Karma by Trivrita, Aragvadha, Eranda Taila, and Draksha Kwatha as Sahapana; and (Group B) Basti group consisting of 17 cases who were administered Dashmoola Kala Basti in which Niruha with Dashmoola Kwatha and Anuvasana with Dashmoola Taila was done. Patients of both the groups were followed by Shamana Chikitsa (Arjunadi Ghanavati). The overall effect of the therapies on systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed that Virechana proved better relief (43.75%) as compared to Basti (29.41%). The response was encouraging and has created scope for further studies.

Insect vectors of Leishmania: distribution, physiology and their control.

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Sharma, Umakant; Singh, Sarman

2008-12-01

Leishmaniasis is a deadly vector-borne disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Mediterranean regions. The causative agent of leishmaniasis is transmitted from man to man by a tiny insect called sandfly. Approximately, 600 species of sandflies are known but only 10% of these act as disease vectors. Further, only 30 species of these are important from public health point. Fauna of Indian sub-zone is represented by 46 species, of these, 11 belong to Phlebotomine species and 35 to Sergentomyia species. Phlebotomus argentipes is the proven vector of kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis in India. This review gives an insight into the insect vectors of human leishmaniasis, their geographical distribution, recent taxonomic classification, habitat, and different control measures including indoor residual spraying (IRS), insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs), environmental management, biological control, and emerging resistance to DDT. Role of satellite remote sensing for early prediction of the disease by identifying the sandflygenic conditions cannot be undermined. The article also underlines the importance of synthetic pheromones which can be used in near future for the control of these vectors.

Elevated 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations and alteration of structural integrity in the erythrocytes of Indian cases of visceral leishmaniasis.

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Biswas, T; Ghosh, D K; Mukherjee, N; Ghosal, J

1995-08-01

The visceral leishmaniasis (VL) known as kala-azar in India is characterized by severe anaemia. The anaemia seems to be the result, at least in part, of the relatively short life-time of the erythrocytes, which have weakened cell membranes, possibly because of elevated concentrations of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). There is a negative correlation (r = 0.91; P < 0.01) between erythrocytic 2,3-DPG concentrations and the blood concentration of haemoglobin, and the erythrocytes from infected patients display higher osmotic fragility than those from uninfected controls. Spectrofluorometry, using 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene as a probe, indicated that fluorescence depolarization and microviscosity are also higher in the erythrocytic membranes from VL cases than in those from the controls. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio is also relatively high in the membranes from the VL cases and there is degradation of the skeletal components and the major integral protein (band 3). The enhanced concentration of 2,3-DPG may be related to the altered structural integrity of the erythrocytes and this may lead to anisocytosis and the reduction in the erythrocytic half life.

Therapeutic trial of sodium antimony gluconate alone and in combination with ketoconazole in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis

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Rathi S

2003-11-01

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Drugs used in PKDL include parenteral sodium antimony gluconate (SAG, amphotericin-B, pentamidine, and ketoconazole (KTZ. SAG is the most effective one. Given alone, SAG has to be given for a long duration, leading to poor patient compliance and treatment failure. This study was carried out to compare the effectiness of SAG alone and a combination of SAG and KTZ for sixty days. METHODS: Ten patients of PKDL were included in the study. Five patients (Group A were given SAG intravenously, in the dose of 20 mg/kg per day and five (Group B were given SAG (intravenously 20 mg/kg per day and KTZ (200 mg twice daily orally. Both treatment regimens were given for sixty days. RESULTS: In Group A, the nodules and/or plaques showed approximate 80-85% clinical improvement, and macules showed 25-30% improvement. In group B (SAG + KTZ, there was 90-95% clinical improvement in the nodules and/or plaques and 25-30% in macules. CONCLUSION: This study suggests the therapeutic superiority of the combination treatment regimen in a shorter duration but is not conclusive as the number of patients was low. Further trials are recommended.

Positive Influence of Behavior Change Communication on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices for Visceral Leishmaniasis/Kala-azar in India.

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Srinivasan, Raghavan; Ahmad, Tanwir; Raghavan, Vidya; Kaushik, Manisha; Pathak, Ramakant

2018-03-21

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic to 54 districts in 4 states of India. Poor awareness of the disease and inappropriate health-seeking behavior are major challenges to eliminating the disease. Between February 2016 and March 2017, we implemented a behavior change communication (BCC) intervention in 33 districts of Bihar, 4 districts of Jharkhand, and 3 districts of West Bengal using a mix of channels, including group and interpersonal communication, to improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices of communities, frontline health workers, and opinion leaders. We conducted an impact assessment in October 2016, after the second indoor residual spraying (IRS) round, in Bihar and Jharkhand to evaluate the effect of the BCC intervention. Villages in 10 districts of Bihar and 4 districts in Jharkhand were selected for inclusion in the assessment. Selected villages were categorized as either intervention or control based on where project activities were conducted. Households were randomly selected proportional to caste composition, and interviewers surveyed the head of the household on whether the house was sprayed during the last IRS round and on knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to VL. We interviewed 700 households in intervention villages and 350 households in control villages and conducted correlation analysis to explore the association between IRS refusal and socioeconomic variables, and tested for association between IRS refusal and exposure to BCC activities. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. We reached an estimated 3.3 million contacts in Bihar and Jharkhand through the intervention's BCC activities. IRS refusal rates were significantly lower in intervention households than control households (mean=7.95% vs. 24.45%, respectively; OR, 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11 to 0.62; P knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to VL, including acceptance of IRS as a preventive measure, than households not exposed. BCC activities are thus an important component of VL elimination strategies. © Srinivasan et al.

Effect of Domestic Processing Methods on Dry Matter, Total Sugar, Phenolics and Mineral Composition in Different Developmental Stages of Parkia roxburghii G. (Don. Pods

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Jekendra Singh SALAM

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Parkia roxburghii is considered delicious in the Northeastern part of India, especially in the state of Manipur. Though it is widely used, information about the biochemical composition and its changes, after processing, is hardly available. In the present experiment, effect of processing methods on dry matter, soluble sugar, phenolics and mineral composition in different developmental stages of P. roxburghii pods were studied. Total soluble sugar (TSS, total phenols (TP, and orthodihydric phenols (ODHP were determined as per the methods of Morris (1948, Bray and Thorpe (1954 and Mahadevan and Sridhar (1986. Sodium (Na, potassium (K, sulphur (S and phosphorus (P were estimated as per the procedures of Tandon (1993. Calcium (Ca, magnesium (Mg, manganese (Mn, zinc (Zn, iron (Fe, copper (Cu and cobalt (Co were analyzed in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Processing methods reduced dry matter, soluble sugar and phenolics in all the stages of the pod. TP and ODHP lost up to the extent of 72.78% in tender stage due to ordinary cooking, while higher loss of ODHP recorded in immature stage of the pod due to pressure cooking. Ca, Mg, K and Zn in different stages were found to be affected significantly by different methods of cooking, while no such changes were observed in case of S, P, Fe, Mn and Cu. The level of iron amongst the micro minerals is appreciably high recording up to 51.0 mg/100 g in the immature stage of the pod. As iron, zinc and manganese are antioxidant micronutrients, their higher presence in P. roxburghii might be of some nutritional importance.

Fonte alimentar sangüínea e a peridomiciliação de Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912 (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae Blood feeding sources and peridomiciliation of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912 (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae

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Flávio de Oliveira Passos Dias

2003-10-01

Full Text Available Estudou-se por meio da reação da precipitina, o conteúdo estomacal de Lutzomyia longipalpis nos ambientes intradomiciliar e peridoméstico, no Município de Raposa, Maranhão, área de transmissão de leishmaniose visceral ou "calazar". De 2.240 fêmeas capturadas, 547 (24,4% estavam alimentadas com sangue de vertebrados nas proporções que seguem: ave (87,9%; roedor (47,2%; humano (42,4%, cão (27,6%; mucura (26,6% e eqüino (22,5%. A investigação levada a efeito em 120 habitações confirmou a galinha como o animal doméstico mais comum no ambiente peridoméstico (28,3%, seguido pelo cão (21,7%, gato (17,5%, jumento (13,3%, pombo (7,5%, coelho (3,3% e pato (3,3%; enquanto o cavalo, marreco e porco representaram, cada um, 1,7%. Entre os animais sinantrópicos, a mucura foi a mais citada naquele ambiente (39,3%, seguida pelo rato (37,9%, morcego (14,3% guaxinim (3,6%, raposa (2,1%, cobra (1,4% e sapo (1,4%. A presença no peridomicílio de animais domésticos e sinantrópicos e o encontro de flebótomos alimentados, ao mesmo tempo, com sangue humano, de mucura e de canídeos, corroboram a hipótese de que a transmissão do calazar esteja ocorrendo realmente no ambiente antrópico, no Município de Raposa.A precipitin test was employed to study the alimentary tract content of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the intra- and peridomiciliary environments in the municipality of Raposa, Maranhão State, a transmission area for visceral leishmaniasis or kala azar. Out of 2,240 female sandflies captured, 547 (24.4% had fed on vertebrate blood, with the following proportions: avian (87.9%; rodent (47.2%; human (42.4%; canine (27.6%; opossum (26.6%; and equine (22.5%. Based on a survey of 120 human dwellings, chickens were found to be the most common domestic animals in the peridomicile (28.3%, followed by dogs (21.7%, cats (17.5%, donkeys (13.3%, pigeons (7.5%, rabbits (3.3%, ducks (3.3%, and horses, mallards, and pigs (1.7% each. Synanthropic animals

Home Range of the Spur-Thighed Tortoise, Testudo graeca (Testudines, Testudinidae, in the National Park of El Kala, Algeria

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Rouag R.

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Spur-thighed tortoise is a vulnerable species, the local declines of populations require an imperative need for conservation. Research on habitat use is essential for understanding population ecology. To investigate the home range and movement patterns we studied a population which occupies an enclosed area of 30 ha in northeastern Algeria. Studies of movement showed that home ranges were substantially smaller than in Spain. This difference was due to the high trophic availability with significant richness in plants which make part of the diet of the tortoise. The home range varied from 0.287 ha in males to 0.354 ha for females; there was no sexual difference. The males are the most active with a distance of 3.79 m/d. Females and juveniles are respectively about 2.25 m/d and 2.11 m/d. The distance moved each day do not vary significantly by sex and ages. Results from this study are important for establishing conservation strategies for this vulnerable species.

Põhja-Eesti kirikuelu arengujooni 13.-14. sajandil : millisesse vaimulikku keskkonda tekkis Pirita klooster? / Tiina Kala ; tõlk. Tiina Randviir

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Tiina

2007-01-01

Tallinna piiskopkonna teke ja Põhja-Eesti kirikuelu Taani ajal ning muudatused seoses Põhja-Eesti müügiga Saksa Ordule, millega kaasnesid ordu võimuga seonduvad probleemid - vastuolud ordu ja Liivimaa piiskopkonna vahel, piiskoppide pärinevuse nõue ordu ridadest, kiriku õiguste ja võimaluste piiramine, interdikti kehtestamine ordualadele paavsti poolt pärast Jüriöö ülestõusu

Preemia professor Lembit Andresenile ja professor Leida Taltsile : [Haridusministeeriumi ja EAPSi kasvatusteaduslike tööde konkurss] / Ulve Kala

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kala, Ulve, 1947-

1998-01-01

Teadustöö preemia sai Lembit Andresen eesti rahvakasvatuse ja õpetuse ajaloo põhjaliku käsitlemise eest monograafias "Eesti rahvakooli ja pedagoogika ajalugu. I." (Tallinn, Avita, 1997, 264 lk.) ja populaarteadusliku töö preemia Leida Talts kasvatusteaduse nüüdisaegsete seisukohtade rakendusliku käsitlemise eest monograafias "Kasvatus põhikooli algastmes" (Tallinn, Riiklik Eksami- ja Kvalifikatsioonikeskus, 1997, 210 lk.)

Effect of untreated bed nets on blood-fed Phlebotomus argentipes in kala-azar endemic foci in Nepal and India.

Science.gov (United States)

Picado, Albert; Kumar, Vijay; Das, Murari; Burniston, Ian; Roy, Lalita; Suman, Rijal; Dinesh, Diwakar; Coosemans, Marc; Sundar, Shyam; Shreekant, Kesari; Boelaert, Marleen; Davies, Clive; Cameron, Mary

2009-12-01

Observational studies in the Indian subcontinent have shown that untreated nets may be protective against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In this study, we evaluated the effect of untreated nets on the blood feeding rates of Phlebotomus argentipes as well as the human blood index (HBI) in VL endemic villages in India and Nepal. The study had a 'before and after intervention' design in 58 households in six clusters. The use of untreated nets reduced the blood feeding rate by 85% (95% CI 76.5-91.1%) and the HBI by 42.2% (95% CI 11.1-62.5%). These results provide circumstantial evidence that untreated nets may provide some degree of personal protection against sand fly bites.

The landscapes of Islamic Merv, Turkmenistan: Where to draw the line?

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Tim Williams

2008-10-01

Full Text Available This article outlines approaches for interpreting the Islamic city of Sultan Kala (Merv, c. 8th-13th centuries AD, based upon aerial photographic and satellite imagery. Hierarchies of assumptions (identification of individual wall lines; which frame spaces, rooms and courtyards; which are grouped as parts of specific buildings; which are part of urban blocks and ontologies (information about these assumptions and the variable confidence of interpretation, from the position of lines to spatial function provide a dynamic structure for the presentation of data, interpretation and theory. The article establishes procedures and protocols within two sample areas (selected to represent the diverse features of the urban and suburban landscapes to: ◦Explore the theory and methodology of documenting interpretation (and uncertainty in the transcription of aerial photographic and satellite imagery ◦Develop ontological approaches to structuring interpretations and assumptions, within a hermeneutic model. ◦Provide a textual and graphic narrative of the development of the areas. ◦Establish an online forum (weblog to contribute to the long-term project. ◦Explore the use of other forms of electronic archive material, in particular, how imagery and audio files can be used to develop the discussion of landscapes and buildings.

Genetically modified organisms and visceral leishmaniasis.

Science.gov (United States)

Chhajer, Rudra; Ali, Nahid

2014-01-01

Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases. Since the eradication of small pox in 1976, many other potentially life compromising if not threatening diseases have been dealt with subsequently. This event was a major leap not only in the scientific world already burdened with many diseases but also in the mindset of the common man who became more receptive to novel treatment options. Among the many protozoan diseases, the leishmaniases have emerged as one of the largest parasite killers of the world, second only to malaria. There are three types of leishmaniasis namely cutaneous (CL), mucocutaneous (ML), and visceral (VL), caused by a group of more than 20 species of Leishmania parasites. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar is the most severe form and almost fatal if untreated. Since the first attempts at leishmanization, we have killed parasite vaccines, subunit protein, or DNA vaccines, and now we have live recombinant carrier vaccines and live attenuated parasite vaccines under various stages of development. Although some research has shown promising results, many more potential genes need to be evaluated as live attenuated vaccine candidates. This mini-review attempts to summarize the success and failures of genetically modified organisms used in vaccination against some of major parasitic diseases for their application in leishmaniasis.

IgG and IgG subclasses antibody responses to rK39 in Leishmania donovani infections

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Daifalla, N.S.; El Hassan, A.M.

1998-01-01

Leishmania donovani infection cause a wide spectrum of human diseases ranging from self-healing subclinical infections to severe visceral leishmaniasis, post kal-azar dermal leishmaiasis, and mucosal leishmaiasis. The infection associated with high levels of anti-leishmania antibodies which offer a potential parameter for the serological diagnosis of L. donovani infection replacing the invasive parasitological methods. rK39, a cloned antigen of L. chagasis was reported to have high levels of anti-leishmania antibodies in Sudanese and American visceral leishmaniasis patients. In an assessment of rK39-ELISA in detecting L. donovani infection we found that the antigen detected visceral leishmaniasis, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, and mucosal leismaniasis with the sensitives of 96.6%, 95.91% and 90.91% respectively. The test has the specificity of 96.7%. Further investigation of 25 visceral leishmaniasis patients showed elevated anti-rK39 antibody responses of IgG subclasses with IgG1 and IgG3 significantly higher than IgG4. igG3 showed the highest sensitivity (84.00%) whereas IgG1 showed the highest sensitivity (100%). The dynamics of the serological reactivity to rK39 in l.donovani infections will be discussed in relation to exposure, infection, cure and relapse.(Author)

Oviposition behaviour of Phlebotomus argentipes--a laboratory-based study.

Science.gov (United States)

Kumar, Vijay; Rama, Aarti; Kesari, Shreekant; Bhunia, Gouri Sankar; Dinesh, Diwakar Singh; Das, Pradeep

2013-12-01

The breeding habitat of sandflies is a little studied and poorly understood phenomenon. More importantly, oviposition behaviour is a largely neglected aspect of sandfly biology and this knowledge gap further undermines our understanding of the biology of sandflies. Pheromones released by the eggs play an important role in identifying good sites for oviposition by female insects. Several recent studies have examined the oviposition pheromone. The present study provides a preliminary report on the oviposition behaviour of Phlebotomus argentipes, the only vector of kala-azar (or visceral leishmaniasis) on the Indian sub-continent. Sandflies prefer to oviposit their eggs on surfaces that contain organic substances, especially substances with an odour of decaying animal products and the remains of conspecific eggs. The results presented here suggest that the odour released by the organic substances of old sandfly colony remains that contain dead flies, old unhatched eggs, larval food containing vertebrate faeces, frass and other organic matter serves as an attractant for the ovipositing females of P. argentipes and hence greatly increases the number of oviposited eggs compared to eggs deposited in controlled oviposition pots. This result will be helpful in maintaining an efficient colony of P. argentipes and may be a promising tool for monitoring and controlling the target insect as part of a synergistic approach.

A high affinity Ca2(+)-ATPase on the surface membrane of Leishmania donovani promastigote

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ghosh, J.; Ray, M.; Sarkar, S.; Bhaduri, A.

1990-01-01

A Ca2(+)-dependent ATP-hydrolytic activity was detected in the crude membrane ghost of the promastigote or vector form of the protozoal parasite Leishmania donovani, the pathogen responsible for kala azar. The Ca2(+)-ATPase was purified to apparent homogeneity after solubilization with deoxycholate. The enzyme consists of two subunits of Mr = 51,000 and 57,000 and has an apparent molecular weight of 215,000 +/- 12,000. The enzyme activity is exclusively dependent on Ca2+, and the pure enzyme can hydrolyze 1.6 mumol of ATP/min/mg of protein. The apparent Km for Ca2+ is 35 nM, which is further reduced to 12 nM in the presence of heterologous calmodulin. The enzyme is sensitive to vanadate, but is insensitive to oligomycin and ouabain. The enzyme is strongly associated with the plasma membrane and has its catalytic site oriented toward the cytoplasmic face. The enzyme spans across the plasma membrane as surface labeling with radioiodine shows considerable radioactivity in the completely purified enzyme. The localization and orientation of this high affinity, calmodulin-sensitive Ca2(+)-ATPase suggest some role of this enzyme in Ca2+ movement in the life cycle of this protozoal parasite

A high affinity Ca2(+)-ATPase on the surface membrane of Leishmania donovani promastigote

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ghosh, J.; Ray, M.; Sarkar, S.; Bhaduri, A. (Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta (India))

1990-07-05

A Ca2(+)-dependent ATP-hydrolytic activity was detected in the crude membrane ghost of the promastigote or vector form of the protozoal parasite Leishmania donovani, the pathogen responsible for kala azar. The Ca2(+)-ATPase was purified to apparent homogeneity after solubilization with deoxycholate. The enzyme consists of two subunits of Mr = 51,000 and 57,000 and has an apparent molecular weight of 215,000 +/- 12,000. The enzyme activity is exclusively dependent on Ca2+, and the pure enzyme can hydrolyze 1.6 mumol of ATP/min/mg of protein. The apparent Km for Ca2+ is 35 nM, which is further reduced to 12 nM in the presence of heterologous calmodulin. The enzyme is sensitive to vanadate, but is insensitive to oligomycin and ouabain. The enzyme is strongly associated with the plasma membrane and has its catalytic site oriented toward the cytoplasmic face. The enzyme spans across the plasma membrane as surface labeling with radioiodine shows considerable radioactivity in the completely purified enzyme. The localization and orientation of this high affinity, calmodulin-sensitive Ca2(+)-ATPase suggest some role of this enzyme in Ca2+ movement in the life cycle of this protozoal parasite.

DIRECT IMAGING CONFIRMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A DUST-ENSHROUDED CANDIDATE EXOPLANET ORBITING FOMALHAUT

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Currie, Thayne; Debes, John; Rodigas, Timothy J.; Burrows, Adam; Itoh, Yoichi; Fukagawa, Misato; Kenyon, Scott J.; Kuchner, Marc; Matsumura, Soko

2012-01-01

We present Subaru/IRCS J-band data for Fomalhaut and a (re)reduction of archival 2004-2006 HST/ACS data first presented by Kalas et al. We confirm the existence of a candidate exoplanet, Fomalhaut b, in both the 2004 and 2006 F606W data sets at a high signal-to-noise ratio. Additionally, we confirm the detection at F814W and present a new detection in F435W. Fomalhaut b's space motion may be consistent with it being in an apsidally aligned, non-debris ring-crossing orbit, although new astrometry is required for firmer conclusions. We cannot confirm that Fomalhaut b exhibits 0.7-0.8 mag variability cited as evidence for planet accretion or a semi-transient dust cloud. The new, combined optical spectral energy distribution and IR upper limits confirm that emission identifying Fomalhaut b originates from starlight scattered by small dust, but this dust is most likely associated with a massive body. The Subaru and IRAC/4.5 μm upper limits imply M J , still consistent with the range of Fomalhaut b masses needed to sculpt the disk. Fomalhaut b is very plausibly 'a planet identified from direct imaging' even if current images of it do not, strictly speaking, show thermal emission from a directly imaged planet.

The popularity of injections in the Third World: origins and consequences for poliomyelitis.

Science.gov (United States)

Wyatt, H V

1984-01-01

Paralysis from poliomyelitis may follow injections yet injections are extremely popular in the Third World. Some injections are given by hospital doctors and nurses but the majority are given by traditional healers, pharmacists and paramedical workers who have acquired syringes. Many injections may be given to a sick child. I suggest that the early use of vaccines did not persuade people of the mystic of injections and that the mystic predated the use of penicillin. The earliest mystical result would have been the injection of quinine for malaria and antrypal for sleeping sickness. The words brilliant, spectacular and dramatic were first used to describe the mass campaigns against yaws and kala-azar in the 1920s and 1930s. A single injection healed the ugly lesions in a week: cause and effect were visible. In the 1950s penicillin was used in mass eradication campaigns. The countries where injections are so popular correspond roughly with the areas of mass eradication programmes. Many or perhaps most of the injections are not sterile and present a great risk of attendant paralysis. Proof that injections are causal may be impossible. Meanwhile we need to know why injections are so popular and how they can be less so.

Direct Agglutination Test and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Urine Samples for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishma-niasis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sarkari B

2007-07-01

Full Text Available Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL or Kala azar is an infectious disease caused by various species of Leishmania parasites. The aim of this study was to detect and compare the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies in the urine of vis-ceral leishmaniasis patients using ELISA and DAT methods."nMethods: A total of 30 urine samples were collected from VL patients referred to Shiraz (southeast of Iran hospitals. Moreover 31 urine samples were collected from healthy individuals and patients with other diseases such as malaria, brucellosis, hydatidosis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Collected samples were examined to detect anti-Leishmania antibod-ies in urine, using ELISA and DAT."nResults: Anti-Leishmania antibody was detected in urine of 18 out of 30 (60% VL patients by DAT while ELISA detected anti-Leishmania antibodies in urine of 28 out of 30 (93.3% of VL cases. Sensitivity and specificity of urine-based DAT was 60% and 83.9%, respectively while sensitivity and specificity of urine-based ELISA were 93.3% and 93.5%, corre-spondingly. "nConclusion: Urine-based DAT and ELISA have a reasonable specificity and sensitivity in diagnosis of VL. Accordingly, urine-based ELISA might be a suitable alternative for serum based assays for diagnosis of VL.

Perbandingan Efek Musik Klasik Mozart dan Musik Tradisional Gamelan Jawa terhadap Pengurangan Nyeri Persalinan Kala I Fase Aktif pada Nulipara

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Nike Sari Oktavia

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Labor pain that may sometimes extreme in some pregnant women arises because of the physical reflection and psychological response of the mother. Music is proven to increase concentration, create comfort, and distract the feeling of pain in patients. The aim of this study was to explore wether Mozart classical music and Javanese gamelan music can decrease the level of pain in the process of labor and whether Mozart is better than gamelan in reducing pain in nulipara during stage 1 active phase of labor. This study was conducted by using quasy experiment method with a total of 30 nullipara patients in stage 1 active phase in RSIA Arvita Bunda, Sleman Yogyakarta during the period of December 2010 to March 2011. The subjects were divided into three groups: Mozart (n=10, Javanese gamelan (n=10, and control (n=10. Pain assesment were conducted twice for each group using the numerical rating scale (NRS, which was performed during the beginning of stage I active phase of labor and the end of stage 1 active phase of labor. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks (Z and Mann Whitney statistical tests. The results of this study showed a change in the median value from 7.5 with a range of 7–10 to median 6 (5–9 in Mozar group, from the median value of 7 (5–9 to 7.5 (5–10 in gamelan group and from median 7 (4–9 to 9.5 (6–10 in control group. There was a significant difference between Mozart and control groups (p=0.001, and between Javanese gamelan group and control group (p=0.022, and the comparison between Mozart classical music and Javanese gamelan music (p=0.124. It is concluded that Mozart classical music and Javanese gamelan relief pain in stage 1 active phase of nullipara and no differences are found between the two

Genetically Modified Organisms and Visceral Leishmaniasis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

NAHID eALI

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases. Since the eradication of small pox in 1976, many other potentially life compromising if not threatening diseases have been dealt with subsequently. This event was a major leap not only in the scientific world already burdened with many diseases but also in the mindset of the common man who became more receptive to novel treatment options. Among the many protozoan diseases, the leishmaniases have emerged as one of the largest parasite killers of the world, second only to malaria. There are three types of leishmaniases namely cutaneous (CL, mucocutaneous (ML and visceral (VL, caused by a group of more than 20 species of Leishmania parasites. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar is the most severe form and almost fatal if untreated. Since the first attempts at leishmanization, we have killed parasite vaccines, subunit protein or DNA vaccines, and now we have live recombinant carrier vaccines and live attenuated parasite vaccines under various stages of development. Although some research has shown promising results, many more potential genes need to be evaluated as live attenuated vaccine candidates. This mini-review attempts to summarize the success and failures of genetically modified organisms used in vaccination against some of major parasitic diseases for their application in leishmaniasis.

Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for leishmaniasis.

Science.gov (United States)

Gillespie, Portia M; Beaumier, Coreen M; Strych, Ulrich; Hayward, Tara; Hotez, Peter J; Bottazzi, Maria Elena

2016-06-03

A number of leishmaniasis vaccine candidates are at various stages of pre-clinical and clinical development. Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania and transmitted to humans by the bite of a sand fly. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, kala-azar) is a high mortality NTD found mostly in South Asia and East Africa, while cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a disfiguring NTD highly endemic in the Middle East, Central Asia, North Africa, and the Americas. Estimates attribute 50,000 annual deaths and 3.3 million disability-adjusted life years to leishmaniasis. There are only a few approved drug treatments, no prophylactic drug and no vaccine. Ideally, an effective vaccine against leishmaniasis will elicit long-lasting immunity and protect broadly against VL and CL. Vaccines such as Leish-F1, F2 and F3, developed at IDRI and designed based on selected Leishmania antigen epitopes, have been in clinical trials. Other groups, including the Sabin Vaccine Institute in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health are investigating recombinant Leishmania antigens in combination with selected sand fly salivary gland antigens in order to augment host immunity. To date, both VL and CL vaccines have been shown to be cost-effective in economic modeling studies. Copyright © 2016 World Health Organization. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Transporter genes identified in landraces associated with high zinc in polished rice through panicle transcriptome for biofortification.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

C N Neeraja

Full Text Available Polished rice is poor source of micronutrients, however wide genotypic variability exists for zinc uptake and remobilization and zinc content in brown and polished grains in rice. Two landraces (Chittimutyalu and Kala Jeera Joha and one popular improved variety (BPT 5204 were grown under zinc sufficient soil and their analyses showed high zinc in straw of improved variety, but high zinc in polished rice in landraces suggesting better translocation ability of zinc into the grain in landraces. Transcriptome analyses of the panicle tissue showed 41182 novel transcripts across three samples. Out of 1011 differentially expressed exclusive transcripts by two landraces, 311 were up regulated and 534 were down regulated. Phosphate transporter-exporter (PHO, proton-coupled peptide transporters (POT and vacuolar iron transporter (VIT showed enhanced and significant differential expression in landraces. Out of 24 genes subjected to quantitative real time analyses for confirmation, eight genes showed significant differential expression in landraces. Through mapping, six rice microsatellite markers spanning the genomic regions of six differentially expressed genes were validated for their association with zinc in brown and polished rice using recombinant inbred lines (RIL of BPT 5204/Chittimutyalu. Thus, this study reports repertoire of genes associated with high zinc in polished rice and a proof concept for deployment of transcriptome information for validation in mapping population and its use in marker assisted selection for biofortification of rice with zinc.

Evaluasi produk berlabel standar: Persepsi konsumen pria dan wanita

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Medi Yarmen

2017-05-01

Full Text Available Label standar adalah salah satu label produk yang sering dipakai oleh produsen untuk memasarkan suatu produk. Hal tersebut penting bagi perusahaan karena label standar memiliki hubungan yang erat dengan kualitas produk. Apalagi, kadang kala konsumen mengalami kesulitan dalam mengevaluasi kualitas suatu produk. Akibatnya, mereka sering mempertimbangkan informasi-informasi yang tertera pada suatu produk atau kemasannya, termasuk mempertimbangkan kehadiran label standar. Jenis kelamin konsumen merupakan salah satu faktor yang menentukan bagaimana konsumen menggunakan label standar dalam keputusannya membeli suatu produk. Sayangnya, penelitian yang menguji secara empiris terkait dengan peran jenis kelamin dalam keputusan pembelian produk berlabel standar masih sangat jarang dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah konsumen pria dan wanita memiliki perbedaan pertimbangan dalam mengevaluasi produk berlabel standar. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara teknik survei dengan kuesioner. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara teknik convenience sampling. Sebanyak 207 responden bersedia untuk berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Pada penelitian ini pengujian dilakukan pada dua aspek, yaitu (1 level pengenalan merek, dan (2 level keterlibatan produk. Berbagai produk yang diuji antara lain kalkulator, deterjen, laptop, smartphone, senter, dan kipas angin. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa secara umum pria dan wanita memiliki kesamaan pandangan dalam mengevaluasi produk berlabel standar. Meskipun begitu, hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukan bahwa dalam kondisi tertentu, pria dan wanita dapat memiliki perbedaan persepsi dalam mengevaluasi produk berlabel standar.

Documentation for Preservation: Methodology and a GIS Database of Three World Heritage Cities in Uzbekistan

Science.gov (United States)

Vileikis, O.; Escalante Carrillo, E.; Allayarov, S.; Feyzulayev, A.

2017-08-01

The historic cities of Uzbekistan are an irreplaceable legacy of the Silk Roads. Currently, Uzbekistan counts with four UNESCO World Heritage Properties, with hundreds of historic monuments and traditional historic houses. However, lack of documentation, systematic monitoring and a digital database, of the historic buildings and dwellings within the historic centers, are threatening the World Heritage properties and delaying the development of a proper management mechanism for the preservation of the heritage and an interwoven city urban development. Unlike the monuments, the traditional historic houses are being demolished without any enforced legal protection, leaving no documentation to understand the city history and its urban fabric as well of way of life, traditions and customs over the past centuries. To fill out this gap, from 2008 to 2015, the Principal Department for Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Objects of the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Uzbekistan with support from the UNESCO Office in Tashkent, and in collaboration with several international and local universities and institutions, carried out a survey of the Historic Centre of Bukhara, Itchan Kala and Samarkand Crossroad of Cultures. The collaborative work along these years have helped to consolidate a methodology and to integrate a GIS database that is currently contributing to the understanding of the outstanding heritage values of these cities as well as to develop preservation and management strategies with a solid base of heritage documentation.

Emergence periodicity of Phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti (Diptera: psychodidae): A laboratory study.

Science.gov (United States)

Dinesh, D S; Singh, A; Kumar, V; Kesari, S; Kumar, A J; Kishore, K; Roy, S P; Bhattacharya, S K; Das, P

2009-12-01

Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the vector for visceral leishmaniasis in India. The aspects of its biology such as feeding and man vector contact are associated with emergence periodicity of the adult. Hence, the present study was made to find out the actual emergence period of P. argentipes. Wild caught P. argentipes were confined in the rearing pots inside laboratory. The newly emerged adults were collected at hourly intervals and released in to separate polythene bags and were held at 4°C till death. Sand flies were segregated sex-wise after the death under a microscope. The emergence of adult was observed throughout the day. However, the male preferred dawn emergence and the female the dusk. Two peaks of emergence were found in a day; first one in the morning (0900h) and the second one in the evening (1800h). The ratio of both sexes was found to be about equal. The emergence of adult was found to be 77% out of total eggs laid, which was completed within 7-10 days from the 1st day of emergence under laboratory conditions (25°C to 31°C and 70% to 75% relative humidity). This study has important bearings to find out the actual time for personal protection against biting of sand flies to prevent the transmission of Kala-azar.

Transporter genes identified in landraces associated with high zinc in polished rice through panicle transcriptome for biofortification

Science.gov (United States)

Kulkarni, Kalyani S.; Madhu Babu, P.; Sanjeeva Rao, D.; Surekha, K.; Ravindra Babu, V

2018-01-01

Polished rice is poor source of micronutrients, however wide genotypic variability exists for zinc uptake and remobilization and zinc content in brown and polished grains in rice. Two landraces (Chittimutyalu and Kala Jeera Joha) and one popular improved variety (BPT 5204) were grown under zinc sufficient soil and their analyses showed high zinc in straw of improved variety, but high zinc in polished rice in landraces suggesting better translocation ability of zinc into the grain in landraces. Transcriptome analyses of the panicle tissue showed 41182 novel transcripts across three samples. Out of 1011 differentially expressed exclusive transcripts by two landraces, 311 were up regulated and 534 were down regulated. Phosphate transporter-exporter (PHO), proton-coupled peptide transporters (POT) and vacuolar iron transporter (VIT) showed enhanced and significant differential expression in landraces. Out of 24 genes subjected to quantitative real time analyses for confirmation, eight genes showed significant differential expression in landraces. Through mapping, six rice microsatellite markers spanning the genomic regions of six differentially expressed genes were validated for their association with zinc in brown and polished rice using recombinant inbred lines (RIL) of BPT 5204/Chittimutyalu. Thus, this study reports repertoire of genes associated with high zinc in polished rice and a proof concept for deployment of transcriptome information for validation in mapping population and its use in marker assisted selection for biofortification of rice with zinc. PMID:29394277

Validation of the use of an artificial mitochondrial reporter DNA vector containing a Cytomegalovirus promoter for mitochondrial transgene expression.

Science.gov (United States)

Yamada, Yuma; Ishikawa, Takuya; Harashima, Hideyoshi

2017-08-01

Mitochondria have their own gene expression system that is independent of the nuclear system, and control cellular functions in cooperation with the nucleus. While a number of useful technologies for achieving nuclear transgene expression have been reported, only a few have focused on mitochondria. In this study, we validated the utility of an artificial mitochondrial DNA vector with a virus promoter on mitochondrial transgene expression. We designed and constructed pCMV-mtLuc (CGG) that contains a CMV promotor derived from Cytomegalovirus and an artificial mitochondrial genome with a NanoLuc (Nluc) luciferase gene that records adjustments to the mitochondrial codon system. Nluc luciferase activity measurements showed that the pCMV-mtLuc (CGG) efficiently produced the Nluc luciferase protein in human HeLa cells. Moreover, we optimized the mitochondrial transfection of pCMV-mtLuc (CGG) using a MITO-Porter system, a liposome-based carrier for mitochondrial delivery via membrane fusion. As a result, we found that transfection of pCMV-mtLuc (CGG) by MITO-Porter modified with the KALA peptide (cationic amphipathic cell-penetrating peptide) showed a high mitochondrial transgene expression. The developed mitochondrial transgene expression system represents a potentially useful tool for the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology for controlling the intracellular microenvironment via the regulation of mitochondrial function and promises to open additional innovative research fields of study. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DIRECT IMAGING CONFIRMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A DUST-ENSHROUDED CANDIDATE EXOPLANET ORBITING FOMALHAUT

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Currie, Thayne [Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON (Canada); Debes, John [Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States); Rodigas, Timothy J. [Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States); Burrows, Adam [Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ (United States); Itoh, Yoichi [Nishi-Harima Observatory, University of Hyogo, Kobe (Japan); Fukagawa, Misato [Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka (Japan); Kenyon, Scott J. [Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA (United States); Kuchner, Marc [Stellar and Exoplanets Laboratory, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States); Matsumura, Soko, E-mail: currie@astro.utoronto.ca [Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD (United States)

2012-12-01

We present Subaru/IRCS J-band data for Fomalhaut and a (re)reduction of archival 2004-2006 HST/ACS data first presented by Kalas et al. We confirm the existence of a candidate exoplanet, Fomalhaut b, in both the 2004 and 2006 F606W data sets at a high signal-to-noise ratio. Additionally, we confirm the detection at F814W and present a new detection in F435W. Fomalhaut b's space motion may be consistent with it being in an apsidally aligned, non-debris ring-crossing orbit, although new astrometry is required for firmer conclusions. We cannot confirm that Fomalhaut b exhibits 0.7-0.8 mag variability cited as evidence for planet accretion or a semi-transient dust cloud. The new, combined optical spectral energy distribution and IR upper limits confirm that emission identifying Fomalhaut b originates from starlight scattered by small dust, but this dust is most likely associated with a massive body. The Subaru and IRAC/4.5 {mu}m upper limits imply M < 2 M{sub J} , still consistent with the range of Fomalhaut b masses needed to sculpt the disk. Fomalhaut b is very plausibly 'a planet identified from direct imaging' even if current images of it do not, strictly speaking, show thermal emission from a directly imaged planet.

RANCANG BANGUN SIMULASI PEWARNAAN SEPEDA MOTOR BERBASIS KOMPUTER

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hotmian Sitohang

2016-10-01

Full Text Available Belakang ini bisnis pewarnaan atau air brush motor sangat disukai. Setiap toko pengecatan atau pemasangan stiker selalu dipadati motor-motor yang baru maupun yang lama untuk  diwarnai atau di beri sticker agar warna asli tidak rusak dan pudar. Pewarnaan yang dilakukan pada sepeda motor meliputi pewarnaan body, tebeng depan, tebeng belakang, kaca lampu, spion, pelang dan bagian lainnya. Rata-rata para penggemar  pewarnaan kendaraan bermotor melakukan proses pewarnaan untuk tujuan  tertentu, misalnya motornya agar lebih menarik atau hanya ingin sekedar tampil beda.  Dari hasil observasi di Kota Palangka Raya terlihat setiap toko pewarnaan sepeda motor sangat diminati bahkan hampir setiap hari toko-toko pewarnaan penuh, sehingga membuat customer ngantri. Terkadang juga customer mau mewarnai tapi bingung menentukan warna apa yang sesuai dengan motornya. Sering kali juga terjadi sudah diwarnai ternyata tidak sesuai dengan cat awal motor atau warna nyorak. Penulis tertarik membuat simulasi pewarnaan motor berbasis komputer yang dimana nantinya akan dimasukkan gambar motor dan tinggal menyesuaikan seperti apa yang mau diwarnai. Bahkan disiapkan macam-macam pewarnaan motor yang populer saat ini. Aplikasi ini juga menyiapkan pewarnaan sebagian motor. Dimana kadang kala customer hanya mau mewarnai spion atau pelang, maka aplikasi ini akan memilih sesuai dengan yang mau diwarnai saja. Tujuan dari penelitian ini supaya mempermudah customer dalam menentukan pewarnaan motor, sedangkan manfaatnya untuk customer adalah lebih singkat waktu dan penyesuaian  warna motor.

Transporter genes identified in landraces associated with high zinc in polished rice through panicle transcriptome for biofortification.

Science.gov (United States)

Neeraja, C N; Kulkarni, Kalyani S; Madhu Babu, P; Sanjeeva Rao, D; Surekha, K; Ravindra Babu, V

2018-01-01

Polished rice is poor source of micronutrients, however wide genotypic variability exists for zinc uptake and remobilization and zinc content in brown and polished grains in rice. Two landraces (Chittimutyalu and Kala Jeera Joha) and one popular improved variety (BPT 5204) were grown under zinc sufficient soil and their analyses showed high zinc in straw of improved variety, but high zinc in polished rice in landraces suggesting better translocation ability of zinc into the grain in landraces. Transcriptome analyses of the panicle tissue showed 41182 novel transcripts across three samples. Out of 1011 differentially expressed exclusive transcripts by two landraces, 311 were up regulated and 534 were down regulated. Phosphate transporter-exporter (PHO), proton-coupled peptide transporters (POT) and vacuolar iron transporter (VIT) showed enhanced and significant differential expression in landraces. Out of 24 genes subjected to quantitative real time analyses for confirmation, eight genes showed significant differential expression in landraces. Through mapping, six rice microsatellite markers spanning the genomic regions of six differentially expressed genes were validated for their association with zinc in brown and polished rice using recombinant inbred lines (RIL) of BPT 5204/Chittimutyalu. Thus, this study reports repertoire of genes associated with high zinc in polished rice and a proof concept for deployment of transcriptome information for validation in mapping population and its use in marker assisted selection for biofortification of rice with zinc.

Non-invasive prenatal testing: a review of international implementation and challenges

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Allyse M

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Megan Allyse,1 Mollie A Minear,2 Elisa Berson,3 Shilpa Sridhar,3 Margaret Rote,3 Anthony Hung,3 Subhashini Chandrasekharan4 1Institute for Health and Aging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA, 2Duke Science & Society, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA, 3Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; 4Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Abstract: Noninvasive prenatal genetic testing (NIPT is an advance in the detection of fetal chromosomal aneuploidies that analyzes cell-free fetal DNA in the blood of a pregnant woman. Since its introduction to clinical practice in Hong Kong in 2011, NIPT has quickly spread across the globe. While many professional societies currently recommend that NIPT be used as a screening method, not a diagnostic test, its high sensitivity (true positive rate and specificity (true negative rate make it an attractive alternative to the serum screens and invasive tests currently in use. Professional societies also recommend that NIPT be accompanied by genetic counseling so that families can make informed reproductive choices. If NIPT becomes more widely adopted, States will have to implement regulation and oversight to ensure it fits into existing legal frameworks, with particular attention to returning fetal sex information in areas where sex-based abortions are prevalent. Although there are additional challenges for NIPT uptake in the developing world, including the lack of health care professionals and infrastructure, the use of NIPT in low-resource settings could potentially reduce the need for skilled clinicians who perform invasive testing. Future advances in NIPT technology promise to expand the range of conditions that can be detected, including single gene disorders. With these advances come questions of how to handle incidental findings and variants of unknown significance. Moving forward, it is essential that all stakeholders have

Assessment of quality of life in patients with post kalaazar dermal leishmaniasis.

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Pal, Biplab; Murti, Krishna; Siddiqui, Niyamat Ali; Das, Pradeep; Lal, Chandra Shekhar; Babu, Rajendra; Rastogi, Manoj Kumar; Pandey, Krishna

2017-07-24

Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a dermatological disorder caused by protozoal parasite Leishmania donovani. PKDL cases are thought to be a reservoir of parasites and may increase cases of visceral leishmaniasis. The disease is not life threatening but cosmetic disfigurement associated with it may impair the patients' quality of life. This study aimed to assess the health related quality of life in patients with post kalaazar dermal leishmanasis for the first time. A total of 92 PKDL cases and 96 healthy participants filled out the questionnaires. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and SF 36 questionnaire were used to assess the quality of life. Data on socio-demographic and clinical features were also collected. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS software (version 16), Student's t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for comparison of means. PKDL patients experienced very large impact on their quality of life. The mean score of DLQI was 11.41. Highest impact was found in symptoms and feelings and lowest impact was observed for personal relationship domain. Patients below 20 years age group found to have lower quality of life. There was a significant difference in mean DLQI scores with regard to age and severity of lesions (P  0.05). PKDL significantly impaired the patient's quality of life. Further studies to assess the impact of treatment on quality of life in these patients are recommended.

DOCUMENTATION FOR PRESERVATION: METHODOLOGY AND A GIS DATABASE OF THREE WORLD HERITAGE CITIES IN UZBEKISTAN

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O. Vileikis

2017-08-01

Full Text Available The historic cities of Uzbekistan are an irreplaceable legacy of the Silk Roads. Currently, Uzbekistan counts with four UNESCO World Heritage Properties, with hundreds of historic monuments and traditional historic houses. However, lack of documentation, systematic monitoring and a digital database, of the historic buildings and dwellings within the historic centers, are threatening the World Heritage properties and delaying the development of a proper management mechanism for the preservation of the heritage and an interwoven city urban development. Unlike the monuments, the traditional historic houses are being demolished without any enforced legal protection, leaving no documentation to understand the city history and its urban fabric as well of way of life, traditions and customs over the past centuries. To fill out this gap, from 2008 to 2015, the Principal Department for Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Objects of the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Uzbekistan with support from the UNESCO Office in Tashkent, and in collaboration with several international and local universities and institutions, carried out a survey of the Historic Centre of Bukhara, Itchan Kala and Samarkand Crossroad of Cultures. The collaborative work along these years have helped to consolidate a methodology and to integrate a GIS database that is currently contributing to the understanding of the outstanding heritage values of these cities as well as to develop preservation and management strategies with a solid base of heritage documentation.

YIELD PERFORMANCE AND ADAPTATION OF PROMISING AMPHIBIOUS RED RICE LINES ON SIX GROWING ENVIRONMENTS IN LOMBOK, INDONESIA

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I.G.P. Muliarta Aryana

2016-02-01

Full Text Available The objectives of this study were to examine yield performance of promising amphibious red rice lines, and to evaluate their adaptability to six growing environments in Lombok, Indonesia. Ten promising amphibious red rice lines were tested together with their three parents and one national cultivar (Aek Sibundong, during the rainy extended to dry season 2014 (JanuaryJune 2014. The ten promising lines were obtained from two population sources, while the three parents were AKBC52, AKBC86, and a local cultivar, i.e. Kala Isi Tolo (KIT. The testing environments were lowland in Mambalan village (West Lombok, medium highland in Mantang village (Central Lombok, and highland in East Sembalun village (East Lombok, and each location consisted of two systems, i.e. flooded and dry (upland systems. The experiment in each environment was designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design, with three replications and 14 genotypes as the treatments. Adaptation analysis was based on ANOVA using AMMI and Biplot. The results indicated that among the 14 genotypes, G10(F2BC4A52-42 showed the highest yield, with an average of 7.8 t ha-1 dry seeds. There was a significant Genotype x Environment interaction on the dry seed yield. Biplot analysis indicated that G2(F2BC4A52-44 and G8(F2BC4A52-37 were stable genotypes across locations.

Interstitial pulmonary alterations in visceral leishmaniasis: evaluation with high-resolution computed tomography; Alteracoes pulmonares intersticiais na leishmaniose visceral: avaliacao pela tomografia computadorizada de alta resolucao

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Costa, Norma Selma Santos; Cerri, Giovanni Guido [Sao Paulo Univ., SP (Brazil). Faculdade de Medicina. Dept. de Radiologia

1999-08-01

Visceral leishmaniasis, also called kala-azar, is a disease caused by a protozoan, the Leishmania donovani chagasi, that comprises reticuloendothelial system with involvement of the liver, spleen and bone marrow. It is endemic in some areas of northeastern Brazil and other countries of Latin America and Africa. The pathogenesis is related to the immunologic system of patients that present with the inability to activate the phagocytosis of the macrophages. As occurs in the liver and kidneys, the lungs are also involved with interstitial abnormalities caused by Leishmania that are not dependent upon the presence of the parasite. The histopathologic changes described are the involvement of inter alveolar septal in three different phases, irregularly and diffusely throughout the whole pulmonary parenchyma. This work analyzed high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax in 17 patients with visceral leishmaniasis in order to detect and characterize the abnormalities described in the anatomo pathologic findings reported in the literature. The HRCT is being used to evaluate chronic interstitial lung disease in a good correlation with histologic findings. The most common findings detected by HRCT were the reticular opacities that include peribronchovascular interstitial thickening and interlobular septal thickening an ground-glass opacity. The HRCT suggests that similar changes to that found in alveolar structures may occur in the secondary pulmonary lobule and that the involvement in the parenchymal interstitium represents the findings reported by pathological studies in visceral leishmaniasis. (author)

Ecological differentiation of members of the Culex pipiens complex, potential vectors of West Nile virus and Rift Valley fever virus in Algeria.

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Amara Korba, Raouf; Alayat, Moufida Saoucen; Bouiba, Lazhari; Boudrissa, Abdelkarim; Bouslama, Zihad; Boukraa, Slimane; Francis, Frederic; Failloux, Anna-Bella; Boubidi, Saïd Chaouki

2016-08-17

We investigated the ecological differentiation of two members of the Culex pipiens complex, Cx. p. pipiens form pipiens and Cx. p. pipiens form molestus in three sites, El-Kala, M'Sila and Tinerkouk in Algeria. These two forms are the most widespread mosquito vectors in temperate regions exhibiting important behavioural and physiological differences. Nevertheless, this group of potential vectors has been poorly studied, particularly in North Africa. Ten larval populations of Cx. p. pipiens were sampled from various above- and underground habitats in three zones representing the three bioclimatic regions in Algeria. The reproduction characteristics were also investigated in the laboratory to define the rates of autogeny and stenogamy. Identification of Cx. p. pipiens members present in Algeria was achieved using a molecular analysis with the microsatellite CQ11 locus. We detected larvae of Cx. p. pipiens in all areas suggesting that the species is a ubiquitous mosquito well adapted to various environments. To our knowledge, this study provides the first molecular evidence of the presence of the Cx. p. pipiens form molestus and hybrids (molestus/pipiens) in Algeria with a high proportion of molestus form (48.3 %) in comparison with hybrids (36.8 %) and pipiens form (14.9 %). Some unexpected correlations between the proportion of forms pipiens, molestus and hybrids, and mosquito biological characteristics were observed suggesting some epigenetic effects controlling Cx. p. pipiens mating and reproduction. Consequences for pathogen transmission are discussed.

Concept and canons of fasting in Ayurveda

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H Shripathi Adiga

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Ayurveda, manoeuvres mankind to head a healthy life in order to pursue four-fold bliss. With a view to combat physical and mental annoyances, classics have explicated two-fold therapeutic modalities; langhana/depletion and brihmana/nourishing. Upavasa /fasting is one among ten depletion therapies explained. It is envisioned at all three levels of Ayurvedic therapies- rational/objectively planned, psychological, and spiritual. Fasting is reckoned to be refraining from all forms of food intake for a given period, under supervision of a qualified physician. Acharya Charaka advocates fasting in diseases of milder intensity, in those due to aama (metabolic toxin, after purificatory procedures. Fasting person should avoid beautifying oneself, day sleep, sexual acts, and feasting prior and ulterior to fasting. Fasting is contraindicated in very young, elderly, emaciated, pregnant lady, and shortly after strenuous exercise. The principle avers that fasting kindles metabolic/digestive fire which, in absence of food, brings about paachana of vitiated doshas, thereby riposting health. Sound fasting ensues proper elimination of excretory wastes, clear belch, sweat, and taste for food. Benefits of fasting include lucidity of sense organs, lightness of body and mind, control of diseases, and enthusiasm. Yoga Shastra describes fasting with respect to three levels of food: physical, impressions, and associations and a means to unite three bodies: astral, physical, and causal. Ayurveda thus advocates fasting depending upon the dosha, agni, vaya, kala, and bala of the individual, as a preventive as well as therapeutic modality.

Isolation of imidacloprid degrading bacteria from industrial sites

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shahid, M.N.; Jabeen, F.

2009-01-01

Immidacloprid is a cyclodiene organochlorine used as an insecticide all over the world and possessing a serous environmental threat. It is mostly used for cotton insects (bollworm, aphid and white fly). For isolation of imidacloprid degrading bacteria, two soil samples were collected from industrial contaminated sites of Kala Shah Kahu district sheikupura, having ten year history of use. Soil samples were analyzed by measuring pH and electric conductivity. The isolation of imidacroprid degrading bacteria was performed by enrichment technique. Eight bacterial strains, S/sub 1-a/ S/2-2-b/ S/2-c/ S/2-d/ S/2-e/ S/sub 2-f/ and S/sub 2-g/ and S/sub e-a/ were isolated on the basis of their colony morphologies. The purified colonies were characterized morphologically, physiologically and biochemically. Gram staining was done and Gram negative strain were confirmed on MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue. Bacterial strains were also checked for different minimal media in which only carbon source was the imidcloprid. For this purpose. FTW, FTW without N/sub 2/ NSM, M/sub 9/ and MM/sub 2/ media were used and their optical densities were taken on spectrophotometer isolates were checked for resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. On these characteristics, S/sub 2-d/ and S/sub c-a/ were assigned to Enterobacteriaceae, S/sub 2-b/ to Pseudomonad and rest of the bacterial isolates were affiliated to bacillaceae. (author)

Physico-chemical changes in grains of some advance lines/ varieties of rice (oryza sativa l.) after parboiling

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Akhter, M.; Haider, Z.

2014-01-01

Some of the advance lines/varieties developed at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, including approved fragrant (Basmati) rice variety i.e., Basmati-2000, were used to assess interactive efficacy of parboiling on these varieties/lines and practical expediency of using standardized parboiling technique for improving nutritional, milling and cooking qualities of these lines/varieties. For this purpose, white milled and parboiled rice samples of ten lines/varieties were analyzed for nutritional quality parameters such as ash, dry matter, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, vitamin B6; milling quality parameters such as total milling recovery, head rice recovery, ratio of broken grains and cooking quality parameters such as curling, bursting and cooked grain length. The study showed significant variation in efficacy of parboiling to different varieties/lines. The results clearly showed average increase in mineral contents in terms of ash% increase, dry matter, longer cooked grain length and considerable rise in vitamin B6 contents, higher total milling recovery and head rice recovery in almost all the samples. While crude fiber, crude protein and crude fat decreased non-significantly. Furthermore, quality reducing factors such as number of broken grains, bursting and curling percentage of cooked rice were also reduced significantly in parboiled samples. It may, therefore, be suggested that parboiling offers a better alternative to conserve and increase nutritional, milling and cooking quality values of rice varieties/lines. Less percentage of broken, burst and curled grains may result in augmented net income. (author)

Seroprevalence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children up to 12 Years old Among Nomadic Tribes from Rural Areas of Pars Abad, Northwestern Iran: an Observational Study in 2015

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Hasan Ebrahimzade-Parikhani

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Background: Since Pars Abad district had been known as a focus of visceral leishmaniasis (VL in Ardabil Province but the prevalence of the disease in nomadic tribes has not been determined, thus, this study was conducted. Methods: This descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted on children up to 12yr old of nomadic tribes from Pars Abad County, Ardabil Province, Iran in 2015. For each individual, a questionnaire including age, sex, clinical manifestations, history of disease, and contact with reservoir hosts of VL were completed, separately. To determine VL seroprevalence, blood samples were collected from the children and after centrifugation, the plasma samples were tested using Direct Agglutination Test (DAT for detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS16.Results: From 776 children up to 12yr old, 2 (0.25% showed anti-L. infantum antibodies at titers 1:1600 and only one case (0.13% showed anti-Leishmania antibodies at titers 1:3200. The child with anti-L. infantum antibodies titers of 1:3200 showed mild fever for more than 2 months period, paleness, weakness and mild splenomegaly. After physical examination and confirmation of VL (kala-azar, the patient was treated with antileishmanial drugs.Conclusion: The findings indicated that L. infantum infection is being circulated with low prevalence in nomadic tribes of Pars Abad but it is necessary that the surveillance system is regularly monitored among physicians and pub­lic health managers in the studied areas.

Visceral Leishmaniasis in Southeastern Iran: A Narrative Review

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Iraj SHARIFI

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL has strong links with poverty, substantial medical and veterinary impacts. This review aimed to focus in studies published during 1994-2016 on VL in southeastern Iran.Methods: The present review is based on expert knowledge and historical studies published during the past 23 yr (1994-2016 on VL in southeastern Iran. In addition, related literature found in PubMed by using the keywords such as visceral leishmaniasis, kala-azar, and Leishmania infantum are included.Results: Overall, 118 children aged 4.2 yr were detected as infected with human VL (HVL. The majority of the cases were from Orzoieh district (37.1% in southwest of Kerman Province, followed by Sirjan (15.7%, Jiroft (14.8%, Kahnuj (9.3% and to lesser extent from other areas. The male to female ratio was 1.7. The three most frequent clinical features were represented by fever (100.0%, anemia (95.0% and splenomegaly (91.5%. Altogether, 42.0% of the VL cases developed secondary bacterial infections, the overall case-fatality rate was 3.4%, and majorities (88.0% of the VL patients were undernourished. Overall, 733 dogs and wild canines were examined by different techniques with various seroprevalence ranges.Conclusion: In southeastern Iran, VL is endemic in Orzoieh district in Kerman Province. While the dogs are implicated as the main domestic reservoir of VL, wide range of wild canines can serve as a secondary potential reservoir host.

Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes & assessment of vector control in two districts of West Bengal, India.

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Kumar, Vijay; Shankar, Lokesh; Kesari, Shreekant; Bhunia, Gouri Shankar; Dinesh, Diwakar Singh; Mandal, Rakesh; Das, Pradeep

2015-08-01

Kala-azar or visceral leishmanisis (VL) is known to be endemic in several States of India including West Bengal (WB). Only meager information is available on the vector dynamics of its vector species, Phlebotomus argentipes particularly in relation to control measure from this State. Hence, a pilot study was undertaken to assess the control strategy and its impact on vector in two endemic districts of WB, India. Two villages each from the two districts, Maldah and Burdwan, were selected for the study. Seasonal variation of sandflies was observed during pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons. Susceptibility test of P. argentipes against DDT and bioassay on DDT sprayed wall and on long lasting insecticide nets (LN) Perma Net [®] 2.0 were conducted as per the WHO standard methods. P. argentipes density was high during March to October. Susceptibility status of P. argentipes ranged from 40 to 61.54 per cent. Bioassay test showed 57.89 per cent mortality against LN PermaNet [®] -2.0. and 50 per cent against DDT on wall within 30 min of exposure. Despite the integrated vector management approach, the sandfly population was high in the study area. The reason could be development of resistance in P. argentipes against DDT and low effectiveness of LN PermaNet [®] -2.0. The more pragmatic step will be to conduct large studies to monitor the susceptibility level in P. argentipes against DDT.

In vitro evaluation of the effects of some plant essential oils on Ascosphaera apis, the causative agent of Chalkbrood disease

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Mohammad Javed Ansari

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Ascosphaera apis is one of the major fungal pathogens of honey bee broods and the causative agent of Chalkbrood disease. The factors responsible for the pathogenesis of Chalkbrood disease are still not fully understood, and the increasing resistance of A. apis to commonly used antifungal agents necessitates a search for new agents to control this disease. The in vitro antifungal activities of 27 plant essential oils against two isolates of A. apis (Aksu-4 and Aksu-9 were evaluated. Out of the 27 plant essential oils tested, 21 were found to be effective in killing both isolates of A. apis. Based on their minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC values, the effective oils were grouped into three categories: highly effective, moderately effective and minimally effective. Mountain pepper oil, Kala Bhangra oil, spearmint oil, babuna oil, betel leaf oil, carrot seed oil, cumin seed oil and clove bud oil were highly effective, with MBC values between 50.0 μg/mL and 600.0 μg/mL. Mountain pepper was the most effective essential oil, with an MBC value of 50.0 μg/mL. Citral and caryophyllene containing oils were the most effective with MIC 50 ppm. The essential oils tested exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against both strains of A. apis, and they may contain compounds that could play an important role in the treatment or prevention of Chalkbrood disease of honeybee.

Laiendatud kollektiivne litsents autoriõiguslikes ja autoriõigusega kaasnevates suhetes : [magistritöö] / Priit Kala ; Tartu Ülikool, õigusteaduskond ; juhendaja: Aleksei Kelli

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Kala, Priit, 1975-

2013-01-01

Autoriõiguse ja autoriõigusega kaasnevate õiguste kollektiivsest teostamisest laiendatud kollektiivse litsentsi rakendamise eeldusena, laiendatud kollektiivse litsentsi olemusest, õiguste omajate õiguskaitsest, laiendatud kollektiivse litsentsi rakendatavusest

CONTRIBUTION TO DETERMINING THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE WATER CHESTNUT TRAPA NATANS L. LAKE OUBEIRA EL-KALA AND DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRIENT AGAR

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MOHAMED SAHLI

2015-10-01

Full Text Available This work is aims to determining the biochemical composition of the flour water chestnut seeds and the development of a nutrient agar for bacteria and fungi in the presence and absence of oxytetracycline. The culture medium consists of the filtrate recovered after dispersion of the flour of the seeds in distilled water and the agar. The results show in the absence of oxytetracycline, bacterial and fungal strains develop. In the presence of the antibiotic to 0.25 mg·mL-1 and 0.5 mg·mL-1 bacteria are completely inhibited whereas fungi evolve. Statistical analysis reveals the existence of a very highly significant difference (P ≤ 0.001 between the effects of different concentrations of the bactericide deploying Pyrenophora tritici and Septoria nodorum. There is no influence of antibacterial concentrations on the growth of Fusarium sp.

Infecções experimentaes na Leishmaniose visceral americana Experimental infections in american visceral leishmaniasis

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Aristides Marques da Cunha

1938-01-01

Full Text Available Passando em revista as experiencias de infecção que effectuamos e que acabamos de relatar, vemos que, as culturas isoladas de casos de Leishmaniose visceral americana quer do homem quer do cão, são capazes de infectar hamsters, rhesus e cães de maneira identica ao que acontece com as outras formas de Kala-Azar. Notamos ainda que a evolução da doença e as lesões observadas nos animaes assim infectados, se assemelham ao que tem sido observado nessa enfermidade aproximando-a de maneira singular do Kala-Azar mediterraneo. É sobretudo no cão que a semelhança se torna mais patente. A infecção da pelle e as lesões por ella provocadas que observamos, não differem em nada das que tem sido descriptas na infecção natural do cão e já assignaladas tambem na infecção experimental desse animal, embora de maneira menos completa do que fazemos agora aqui. As lesões oculares com formação de placas de keratite, a infeccção massiça do intestino nos casos fataes de infecção e até mesmo as lesões do figado descriptas por Adler como peculiares á infecção experimental, (infiltração em torno da veia central do lobulo constituem outros tantos caracteres que mostram a completa analogia entre as infecções do cão que obtivemos e as já observadas no Kala-Azar mediterraneo. Além disso, a presença de Leishmanias na pelle, as vezes em grande numero e a constancia dessa localisação parasitaria, vem mostrar que o cão apresenta as condições necessarias para desempenhar o papel de depositario de virus tal como acontece no Kala-Azar mediterraneo, tanto mais que é elle encontrado naturalmente infectado, nas regiões em que grassa a doença. Mas não é só a infecção do cão que mostra essa semelhança; nos outros animaes tambem se verifica o mesmo facto e até pequenos signaes, taes como a tumefacção das patas assignalada nos hamsters infectados com Leishmania infantum, foram tambem observados aqui. Por outro lado, a reacção de

Elevated Serum ADA Activity as a Marker for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Indian Patients

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Vijayamahantesh; Amit, Ajay; Dikhit, Manas R.; Pandey, Raj K.; Singh, Kuljit; Mishra, Ritesh; Das, V. N. R; Das, Pradeep; Bimal, Sanjiva

2016-01-01

Serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity increases in diseases where cellular immunity is involved. Since cell-mediated immune responses play a paramount role in the pathogenesis and healing of the visceral leishmaniasis, therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the serum ADA activity in different pathological conditions. Adenosine deaminase was determined in sera of active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients (n = 39), active postkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) cases (n = 34) at the point of diagnosis and after treatment stages along with healthy controls (n = 30), endemic healthy subjects (n = 34) and endemic asymptomatic subjects (n = 34).Our in-vitro result revealed that monocytes secrete significant ADA level in response to Leishmania donovani (L.donovani) stimulation. The serum ADA activity in active VL and PKDL subjects were found to be significantly higher than that of respective treated cases and healthy controls. We also observed a marginal number (17.6%) of endemic asymptomatic subjects showed elevated serum ADA activity. Further, the ADA activity in PKDL was found to be decreased gradually during the different phases of treatment. Interestingly, 2 out of 32 treated VL cases found to have high serum ADA activity during follow up period were relapsed within few days. These results suggest the possibility of ADA as a marker of clinical pathogenesis and can be used as a surrogate marker in the diagnosis and prognosis of VL and PKDL. PMID:27186641

Elevated Serum ADA Activity as a Marker for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Indian Patients.

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Vijayamahantesh; Amit, Ajay; Dikhit, Manas R; Pandey, Raj K; Singh, Kuljit; Mishra, Ritesh; Das, V N R; Das, Pradeep; Bimal, Sanjiva

2016-01-01

Serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity increases in diseases where cellular immunity is involved. Since cell-mediated immune responses play a paramount role in the pathogenesis and healing of the visceral leishmaniasis, therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the serum ADA activity in different pathological conditions. Adenosine deaminase was determined in sera of active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients (n = 39), active postkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) cases (n = 34) at the point of diagnosis and after treatment stages along with healthy controls (n = 30), endemic healthy subjects (n = 34) and endemic asymptomatic subjects (n = 34).Our in-vitro result revealed that monocytes secrete significant ADA level in response to Leishmania donovani (L.donovani) stimulation. The serum ADA activity in active VL and PKDL subjects were found to be significantly higher than that of respective treated cases and healthy controls. We also observed a marginal number (17.6%) of endemic asymptomatic subjects showed elevated serum ADA activity. Further, the ADA activity in PKDL was found to be decreased gradually during the different phases of treatment. Interestingly, 2 out of 32 treated VL cases found to have high serum ADA activity during follow up period were relapsed within few days. These results suggest the possibility of ADA as a marker of clinical pathogenesis and can be used as a surrogate marker in the diagnosis and prognosis of VL and PKDL.

Monitoring drug effectiveness in kala-azar in Bihar, India: cost and feasibility of periodic random surveys vs. a health service-based reporting system.

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Malaviya, P; Singh, R P; Singh, S P; Hasker, E; Ostyn, B; Shankar, R; Boelaert, M; Sundar, S

2011-09-01

In 2009, a random survey was conducted in Muzaffarpur district to document the clinical outcomes of visceral leishmaniasis patients (VL) treated by the public health care system in 2008, to assess the effectiveness of miltefosine against VL. We analysed the operational feasibility and cost of such periodic random surveys as compared with health facility-based routine monitoring. A random sample of 150 patients was drawn from registers kept at Primary Health Care centres. Patient records were examined, and the patients were located at their residence. Patients and physicians were interviewed with the help of two specifically designed questionnaires by a team of one supervisor, one physician and one field worker. Costs incurred during this survey were properly documented, and vehicle log books maintained for analysis. Hundred and 39 (76.7%) of the patients could be located. Eleven patients were not traceable. Per patient, follow-up cost was US$ 15.51 and on average 2.27 patients could be visited per team-day. Human resource involvement constituted 75% of the total cost whereas involvement of physician costs 51% of the total cost. A random survey to document clinical outcomes is costly and labour intensive but gives probably the most accurate information on drug effectiveness. A health service-based retrospective cohort reporting system modelled on the monitoring system developed by tuberculosis programmes could be a better alternative. Involvement of community health workers in such monitoring would offer the additional advantage of treatment supervision and support. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

BioXSD: the common data-exchange format for everyday bioinformatics web services

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Kalaš, Matúš; Puntervoll, Pæl; Joseph, Alexandre; Bartaševičiūtė, Edita; Töpfer, Armin; Venkataraman, Prabakar; Pettifer, Steve; Bryne, Jan Christian; Ison, Jon; Blanchet, Christophe; Rapacki, Kristoffer; Jonassen, Inge

2010-01-01

Motivation: The world-wide community of life scientists has access to a large number of public bioinformatics databases and tools, which are developed and deployed using diverse technologies and designs. More and more of the resources offer programmatic web-service interface. However, efficient use of the resources is hampered by the lack of widely used, standard data-exchange formats for the basic, everyday bioinformatics data types. Results: BioXSD has been developed as a candidate for standard, canonical exchange format for basic bioinformatics data. BioXSD is represented by a dedicated XML Schema and defines syntax for biological sequences, sequence annotations, alignments and references to resources. We have adapted a set of web services to use BioXSD as the input and output format, and implemented a test-case workflow. This demonstrates that the approach is feasible and provides smooth interoperability. Semantics for BioXSD is provided by annotation with the EDAM ontology. We discuss in a separate section how BioXSD relates to other initiatives and approaches, including existing standards and the Semantic Web. Availability: The BioXSD 1.0 XML Schema is freely available at http://www.bioxsd.org/BioXSD-1.0.xsd under the Creative Commons BY-ND 3.0 license. The http://bioxsd.org web page offers documentation, examples of data in BioXSD format, example workflows with source codes in common programming languages, an updated list of compatible web services and tools and a repository of feature requests from the community. Contact: matus.kalas@bccs.uib.no; developers@bioxsd.org; support@bioxsd.org PMID:20823319

Imipramine is an orally active drug against both antimony sensitive and resistant Leishmania donovani clinical isolates in experimental infection.

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Sandip Mukherjee

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: In an endeavor to find an orally active and affordable antileishmanial drug, we tested the efficacy of a cationic amphiphilic drug, imipramine, commonly used for the treatment of depression in humans. The only available orally active antileishmanial drug is miltefosine with long half life and teratogenic potential limits patient compliance. Thus there is a genuine need for an orally active antileishmanial drug. Previously it was shown that imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant alters the protonmotive force in promastigotes, but its in vivo efficacy was not reported. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we show that the drug is highly active against antimony sensitive and resistant Leishmania donovani in both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes and in LD infected hamster model. The drug was found to decrease the mitochondrial transmembrane potential of Leishmania donovani (LD promastigotes and purified amastigotes after 8 h of treatment, whereas miltefosine effected only a marginal change even after 24 h. The drug restores defective antigen presenting ability of the parasitized macrophages. The status of the host protective factors TNF α, IFN γ and iNOS activity increased with the concomitant decrease in IL 10 and TGF β level in imipramine treated infected hamsters and evolution of matured sterile hepatic granuloma. The 10-day therapeutic window as a monotherapy, showing about 90% clearance of organ parasites in infected hamsters regardless of their SSG sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that imipramine possibly qualifies for a new use of an old drug and can be used as an effective orally active drug for the treatment of Kala-azar.

Pro-apoptotic effect of the landrace Bangla Mahoba of Piper betle on Leishmania donovani may be due to the high content of eugenol.

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Misra, Pragya; Kumar, Awanish; Khare, Prashant; Gupta, Swati; Kumar, Nikhil; Dube, Anuradha

2009-08-01

In the absence of effective and safe treatment for visceral leishmaniasis or Kala-azar - a devastating parasitic disease caused by Leishmania donovani - the search for anti-leishmanial agents from natural resources in common use is imperative. Recently, the comparative in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts from two landraces of Piper betle - P. betle landrace Bangla Mahoba (PB-BM) and P. betle landrace Kapoori Vellaikodi (PB-KV) - has been reported. Here, the putative pathway responsible for death induced by the effective extract of PB-BM methanolic extract in promastigotes, as well as the intracellular amastigote form of L. donovani, was assessed using various biochemical approaches. It was found that PB-BM was capable of selectively inhibiting both stages of Leishmania parasites by accelerating apoptotic events by generation of reactive oxygen species targeting the mitochondria without any cytotoxicity towards macrophages. The study was extended to determine the presence or absence of activity of the methanolic extract of PB-BM and PB-KV on the basis of differences in essential oil composition present in the extract assessed by GC and MS. The essential oil from PB-BM was found to be rich in eugenol compared with that from PB-KV. The anti-leishmanial efficacy of PB-BM methanolic extract mediated through apoptosis is probably due to the higher content of eugenol in the active landrace. This observation emphasizes the need to extend studies related to traditional medicines from bioactive plants below the species level to the gender/landrace level for better efficacy and reproducibility.

Mites and spiders act as biological control agent to sand flies

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Diwakar Singh Dinesh

2014-02-01

Full Text Available Objective: To find out natural biological control agents of sand flies vector of kala azar in Bihar, India. Methods: Sand flies collected from the field using CDC light trap installing overnight to the collection site scrutitinized for Phlebotomus argentipes, the established vector of visceral leishmaniasis. Blood fed adult females were confined in the insectary for its development of life cycle. During developmental stages 2nd to 4th instars larvae were examined closely by using compound microscope for mite infestation. Adult spider residing along with sand flies collected in trap were kept in cage along with sand flies and their activities were watched closely and recorded by video and picture. Results: Mites were found predating 2nd to 4th instars larvae only under the laboratory conditions and lowering down the population of sand flies up to basal level within 15 d after infestation. One specific spider was found eating blood fed female sand flies kept inside the cage (n=50 attacking on lower part of thoracic region to kill the sand fly and ate desired soft part. Conclusions: Both predators, mites and spiders are acting as biological control agents to larvae and adults of sand flies respectively resulting variable density of vectors due to variable association with these predators and also cause lowering the transmission of the disease as hidden natural controlling agent of sand flies. The extensive study will be of immense help in controlling sand flies without use of environmental pollutant i.e. chemical insecticide.

The Study of Sand Fly Fauna in an Endemic Focus for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Fasa from April to October in the year 2013

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Mehdi Sharafi

2015-02-01

Full Text Available Background & Objectives: Leishmaniasis as a zoonosis disease seen in three forms including Cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral (kala- azar. The Leishmania transferred by sand flies is the causative agent of this disease. Considering that leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in Fasa, this study was performed to determine the sand fly species of Fasa, Materials & Methods: In this cross- sectional study from April to September 2014, the fauna of sand flies was investigated. Sampling was done in villages with above, medium, and low incidence by using sticky traps every 15 days. Then, captured specimens were mounted and identified by specific key. Results: 3842 sand flies were captured for ecological studies. 2305 of them (60% were males and the rest of them were females. 1152 specimens (30% of them were from indoors and the rest were from outdoors. Totally, 10 species were identified including Phlebotomus. Papatasi, Ph. Alexandri, Ph. Sergenti, Ph. Mongolensis, Ph. Bergeroti, Ph. Caucasicus, Sergentomyia theodori, S. Baghdadis, S. sintuni, and S. antennata. Among captured specimens Phlebotomus Papatasi, Ph. Sergenti had the first and the second places, respectively. Conclusion: Sandflies in Fasa are very active with high prevalence and species diversity. Phlebotomus Papatasi as the predominant species transfers Leishmania from rodents to humans. This subject is related to the prevalence of rural leishmaniasis in this area. According to the semi-domestic vector, spraying is not helpful in a rural foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis. But the control of reservoir and educating the residents about prevention ways of bite are effective in disease control and prevention.

Environmental-impact assessment of dams and reservoir projects (review and a case study)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shah, S.M.

2009-01-01

Dams and reservoirs are among one of the most sensitive of all development Project, in terms of pervasiveness of their influence in altering the environmental conditions and resources. In the present study, major dams and reservoir projects are reviewed, from the environmental point of view. Dams and Reservoir projects bring about major changes in the immediate environment, thus affecting public health, settlements, farmlands, roads and historical sites. Impacts on human population and wildlife may be profound. Tropical diseases, involving fresh-water hosts or vectors in their transmission, are often common around new reservoirs. Large lakes create limnological changes, excessive evaporation, seepage, disturbance in water-table and increased tendencies of landslides and earthquakes. Micro climatic changes are possible, such as fog formation, increased cloudiness and modified rainfall-patterns. Retention of sediment results in silting up of reservoirs. Water shortages on mountain rivers may leave unsightly dry river-beds below a dam. Sediment deposition and growth of vegetation in reservoir affects the water-extraction for navigation power-generation and fishing. Various dams and reservoir projects in the world are critically studied, in terms of creating environmental impacts. The Kala Bagh Dam project (Pakistan), which is ready for construction, has been analysed as a case study, by matrix method. Analyses show that adverse effects of this dam are less than the benefits. It is recommended that based on the experience, appropriate lines and strategies may be drawn up to evaluate the local projects. Multidisciplinary experts need to be involved, for assessing environmental impacts and suggesting mitigation measures, to combat the adverse effects. (author)

Immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy in visceral leishmaniasis: promising treatments for this neglected disease

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Bruno Mendes Roatt

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Leishmaniasis has several clinical forms: self-healing or chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis or post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis; mucosal leishmaniasis; and visceral leishmaniasis, which is fatal if left untreated. The epidemiology and clinical features of VL vary greatly due to the interaction of multiple factors including parasite strains, vectors, host genetics, and the environment. HIV infection, augments the severity of VL increasing the risk of developing active disease by 100 to 2320 times. An effective vaccine for humans is not yet available. Resistance to chemotherapy is a growing problem in many regions, and the costs associated with drug identification and development, make commercial production for leishmaniasis, unattractive. The toxicity of currently drugs, their long treatment course, and limited efficacy are significant concerns. For cutaneous disease, many studies have shown promising results with immunotherapy/immunochemotherapy, aimed to modulate and activate the immune response to obtain a therapeutic cure. Nowadays, the focus of many groups centers on treating canine VL by using vaccines and immunomodulators with or without chemotherapy. In human disease, the use of cytokines like Interferon-γ associated with pentavalent antimonials demonstrated promising results in patients that did not respond to conventional treatment. In mice, immunomodulation based on monoclonal antibodies to remove endogenous immunosuppressive cytokines (interleukin-10 or block their receptors, antigen-pulsed syngeneic dendritic cells, or biological products like Pam3Cys (TLR ligand has already been shown as a prospective treatment of the disease. This review addresses VL treatment, particularly immunotherapy and/or immunochemotherapy as an alternative to conventional drug treatment in experimental models, canine VL, and human disease.

Novel covalent modification of human anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK and potentiation of crizotinib-mediated inhibition of ALK activity by BNP7787

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Parker AR

2015-02-01

Full Text Available Aulma R Parker,1 Pavankumar N Petluru,1 Vicki L Nienaber,2 Min Zhao,1 Philippe Y Ayala,1 John Badger,2 Barbara Chie-Leon,2 Vandana Sridhar,2 Cheyenne Logan,2 Harry Kochat,1 Frederick H Hausheer1 1BioNumerik Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Antonio, TX, USA; 2Zenobia Therapeutics, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA Abstract: BNP7787 (Tavocept, disodium 2,2’-dithio-bis-ethanesulfonate is a novel, investigational, water-soluble disulfide that is well-tolerated and nontoxic. In separate randomized multicenter Phase II and Phase III clinical trials in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC patients, treatment with BNP7787 in combination with standard chemotherapy resulted in substantial increases in the overall survival of patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung in the first-line treatment setting. We hypothesized that BNP7787 might interact with and modify human anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK. At least seven different variants of ALK fusions with the gene encoding the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4 are known to occur in NSCLC. EML4–ALK fusions are thought to account for approximately 3% of NSCLC cases. Herein, we report the covalent modification of the kinase domain of human ALK by a BNP7787-derived mesna moiety and the functional consequences of this modification in ALK assays evaluating kinase activity. The kinase domain of the ALK protein crystallizes as a monomer, and BNP7787-derived mesna-cysteine adducts were observed at Cys 1235 and Cys 1156. The BNP7787-derived mesna adduct at Cys 1156 is located in close proximity to the active site and results in substantial disorder of the P-loop and activation loop (A-loop. Comparison with the P-loop of apo-ALK suggests that the BNP7787-derived mesna adduct at Cys 1156 interferes with the positioning of Phe 1127 into a small pocket now occupied by mesna, resulting in a destabilization of the loop's binding orientation. Additionally, in vitro kinase activity assays indicate that BNP7787

Interaction of gelatin with polyenes modulates antifungal activity and biocompatibility of electrospun fiber mats

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Lakshminarayanan R

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Rajamani Lakshminarayanan,1,2 Radhakrishnan Sridhar,3,4 Xian Jun Loh,5 Muruganantham Nandhakumar,1 Veluchamy Amutha Barathi,1,6 Madhaiyan Kalaipriya,3,4 Jia Lin Kwan,1 Shou Ping Liu,1,2 Roger Wilmer Beuerman,1,2 Seeram Ramakrishna3,4,7 1Singapore Eye Research Institute, 2Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 5Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 3 Research Link, Singapore, 6Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 7NUS Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, Singapore Abstract: Topical application of antifungals does not have predictable or well-controlled release characteristics and requires reapplication to achieve therapeutic local concentration in a reasonable time period. In this article, the efficacy of five different US Food and Drug Administration-approved antifungal-loaded (amphotericin B, natamycin, terbinafine, fluconazole, and itraconazole electrospun gelatin fiber mats were compared. Morphological studies show that incorporation of polyenes resulted in a two-fold increase in fiber diameter and the mats inhibit the growth of yeasts and filamentous fungal pathogens. Terbinafine-loaded mats were effective against three filamentous fungal species. Among the two azole antifungals compared, the itraconazole-loaded mat was potent against Aspergillus strains. However, activity loss was observed for fluconazole-loaded mats against all of the test organisms. The polyene-loaded mats displayed rapid candidacidal activities as well. Biophysical and rheological measurements indicate strong interactions between polyene antifungals and gelatin matrix. As a result, the polyenes stabilized the triple helical

In vitro permissiveness of bovine neutrophils and monocyte derived macrophages to Leishmania donovani of Ethiopian isolate.

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Tasew, Geremew; Gadisa, Endalamaw; Abera, Adugna; Zewude, Aboma; Chanyalew, Menberework; Aseffa, Abraham; Abebe, Markos; Ritter, Uwe; van Zandbergen, Ger; Laskay, Tamás; Tafess, Ketema

2016-04-18

Epidemiological studies in Ethiopia have documented that the risk of visceral leishmaniasis (VL, Kala-azar) is higher among people living with domestic animals. The recent report on isolation of Leishmania donovani complex DNA and the detected high prevalence of anti-leishmanial antibodies in the blood of domestic animals further strengthen the potential role of domestic animals in the epidemiology of VL in Ethiopia. In mammalian hosts polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and macrophages are the key immune cells influencing susceptibility or control of Leishmania infection. Thus to substantiate the possible role of cattle in VL transmission we investigate the permissiveness of bovine PMN and monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) for Leishmania (L.) donovani infection. Whole blood was collected from pure Zebu (Boss indicus) and their cross with Holstein Friesian cattle. L. donovani (MHOM/ET/67/HU3) wild and episomal green fluorescent protein (eGFP) labelled stationary stage promastigotes were co-incubated with whole blood and MDM to determine infection of these cells. Engulfment of promastigotes by the cells and their transformation to amastigote forms in MDM was studied with direct microscopy. Microscopy and flow cytometry were used to measure the infection rate while PCR-RLFP was used to confirm the infecting parasite. L. donovani infected bovine whole blood PMN in the presence of plasma factors and all cellular elements. Morphological examinations of stained cytospin smears revealed that PMN engulfed promastigotes. Similarly, we were able to show that bovine MDM can be infected by L. donovani, which transformed to amastigote forms in the cells. The in vitro infection of bovine PMN and MDM by L. donovani further strengthens the possibility that cattle might serve as source of L. donovani infection for humans.

Epidemiological Aspects of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Baft District, Kerman Province, Southeast of Iran

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H Mahmoudvand

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar is an endemic disease in some areas of Iran. A cross- sectional study was conducted for sero-epidemiological survey of visceral leishmaniasis (VL in Baft district from Kerman Province, southeast of Iran.Methods: Blood samples were collected from children up to 12 years old and 10% of adult population from Baft villages with a multi-stage randomized cluster sampling. In addition, blood samples were collected from 30 domestic dogs from the same areas. All the collected blood sam­ples were tested by direct agglutination test (DAT for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibod­ies in both human and dog using the cut-off value of ≥1:3200 and ≥ 1:320, respectively. Parasitologi­cal, molecular, and pathological were performed on infected dogs. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare sero-prevalence values.Results: From 1476 collected human serum samples, 23 (1.55% showed anti-Leishmania antibod­ies at titers of 1:800 and 1:1600 whereas 14 (0.95% showed anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies at titers of ≤ 1:3200. No statistically significant difference was found between male (1.18 % and female (0.69% sero-prevalence (P=0.330. Children of 5-8 years showed the high­est sero-prevalence rate (3.22%. Seven out of 30 domestic dogs (23% showed anti-Leishmania antibodies at titers ≤1:320. Leishmania infantum was identified in five infected dogs by nested - PCR assay.Conclusion: It seems that visceral leishmaniasis is being endemic in southern villages of Baft district, southeast of Iran.

Elimination of neglected tropical diseases in the South-East Asia Region of the World Health Organization.

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Narain, Jai P; Dash, A P; Parnell, B; Bhattacharya, S K; Barua, S; Bhatia, R; Savioli, L

2010-03-01

The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which affect the very poor, pose a major public health problem in the South-East Asia Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). Although more than a dozen NTDs affect the region, over the past five years four of them in particular - leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) and yaws - have been targeted for elimination. These four were selected for a number of reasons. First, they affect the WHO South-East Asia Region disproportionately. For example, every year around 67% of all new leprosy cases and 60% of all new cases of visceral leishmaniasis worldwide occur in countries of the region, where as many as 850 million inhabitants are at risk of contracting lymphatic filariasis. In addition, several epidemiological, technological and historical factors that are unique to the region make each of these four diseases amenable to elimination. Safe and effective tools and interventions to achieve these targets are available and concerted efforts to scale them up, singly or in an integrated manner, are likely to lead to success. The World Health Assembly and the WHO Regional Committee, through a series of resolutions, have already expressed regional and global commitments for the elimination of these diseases as public health problems. Such action is expected to have a quick and dramatic impact on poverty reduction and to contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. This paper reviews the policy rationale for disease control in the WHO South-East Asia Region, the progress made so far, the lessons learnt along the way, and the remaining challenges and opportunities.

DSFL database: A hub of target proteins of Leishmania sp. to combat leishmaniasis

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Ameer Khusro

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne chronic infectious tropical dermal disease caused by the protozoa parasite of the genus Leishmania that causes high mortality globally. Among three different clinical forms of leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis (VL or kala-azar is a systemic public health disease with high morbidity and mortality in developing countries, caused by Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum or Leishmania chagasi. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine available till date for the treatment of leishmaniasis. On the other hand, the therapeutics approved to treat this fatal disease is expensive, toxic, and associated with serious side effects. Furthermore, the emergence of drug-resistant Leishmania parasites in most endemic countries due to the incessant utilization of existing drugs is a major concern at present. Drug Search for Leishmaniasis (DSFL is a unique database that involves 50 crystallized target proteins of varied Leishmania sp. in order to develop new drugs in future by interacting several antiparasitic compounds or molecules with specific protein through computational tools. The structure of target protein from different Leishmania sp. is available in this database. In this review, we spotlighted not only the current global status of leishmaniasis in brief but also detailed information about target proteins of various Leishmania sp. available in DSFL. DSFL has created a new expectation for mankind in order to combat leishmaniasis by targeting parasitic proteins and commence a new era to get rid of drug resistance parasites. The database will substantiate to be a worthwhile project for further development of new, non-toxic, and cost-effective antileishmanial drugs as targeted therapies using in vitro/in vivo assays.

Raad ja tema koda : Tallinna linna valitsemise ajaloost = Magistracy and its Stronghold : on the History of the Governance of the City of Tallinn / Tiina Kala

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Kala, Tiina

2004-01-01

Tallinna rae kujunemine, koosseis, ülesanded, asjaajamine ning kohtukorraldus. Tallinna õiguslik seisund Rootsi ja Vene ajal. Eestlaste mõju suurenemine Tallinna linnaomavalitsuses 19. ja 20. sajandi vahetusel. Enamlaste ja Saksa okupatsiooni aegne linnavõim. Tallinna Linnavalitsus Eesti Vabariigis 1919-1940. Nõukogude ja Saksa okupatsiooni aegne linnavõim alates 1940. aastast

Further studies on the phlebotomine sandflies of the kala-azar endemic lowlands of Humera-Metema (north-west Ethiopia with observations on their natural blood meal sources

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Hailu Asrat

2010-02-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL has been known to exist in northwest Ethiopia (Humera-Metema lowlands since the early 1970s associated with large scale agricultural development activities, often resulting in outbreaks. The latest outbreak of the disease that has started around 1995 in both regions, has led to the present preliminary entomological surveys (1996-2005 the results of which are reported here. Sandflies were collected using CDC light traps and Phlebotomus females were dissected for Leishmania detection and isolation; freshly fed Phlebotomus females collected were subsequently tested for their blood meal sources using ELISA. All Phlebotomus collections were identified to species. Results During the surveys (1996-2005, a total of 1963 sandflies of six Phlebotomus species (P. orientalis, P. papatasi, P. bergeroti, P. duboscqi, P. rodhaini and P. alexandri were recorded from the study areas: the predominant species was P. orientalis in both localities. None of the total 618 P. orientalis females dissected (506 from Metema and 112 from Humera, nor the total 114 females of four other species dissected (P. papatasi, P. duboscqi, P. bergeroti and P. rodhaini was infected with Leishmania promastigotes. ELISA-based blood meal analysis of 273 fresh fed P. orientalis females collected from Metema revealed a remarkably high bovine blood feeds (92% with only 2.2% of human blood feeds. Conclusion Based on abundance and other circumstantial evidences (its proven role in Sudan, P. orientalis is the most likely vector of VL in northwest Ethiopia, pending further clarifications. The zoophagic feeding behaviour of P. orientalis detected in the present study could have epidemiological significance, but more investigations are required in this and other behavioural characteristics towards appropriate management of the vector.

Eficácia do sulfato de aminosidine na leishmaniose visceral grave, resistente ao tratamento com antimonial pentavalente

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Cleudson Castro

1995-09-01

Full Text Available Descreve-se um caso de calazar grave resistente a dez cursos de antimonial petitavalente (glucantime à base de 20mg de Sb5/kg/dia, que respondeu favoravelmente ao sulfato de aminosidine intramuscular na dose de 20mg/kg/dia por 20 dias, repetido após 20 dias. O parasitismo esplénico passou de 50 parasitos por campo a 3 parasitos em 10 campos logo após a primeira série de sulfato de aminosidine, tornando-se negativo depois de sete meses. A melhora clínica foi imediata, com redução gradual da hepatoesplenomegalia, e desaparecimento 26 meses após. Neste período aumentou 13 kg. Após o uso de aminosidine a reação de Monténégro tornou-se positiva e as células mononucleares responderam quando estimuladas com antígenos de leishmânia.A grave kala-azar infection in a 14 years old boy is described. The leishmanial infection failed to respond to ten interrupted courses of glucantime of variable duration (14-56 days at a dose of 20mg Sb5/kg/day. However a favorable response ocurred to intramuscular aminosidine sulphate (20mg/kg/day for 20 days. This same regimen was repeated 20 days later. After the first treatment splenic puncture parasite density fell from 50 amastigotes per oil immersion field to 3 amastigotes in 10 fields. A further splenic puncture 7 months after treatment was negative. The marked hepatoesplenomegaly gradually resolved over 26 months follow up and he gained 13 kilogramas in weight. After aminosidine sulphate therapy his Montenegro reaction become positive and his lymphocytes responded to leishmania antigens.

Transmission Dynamics of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Indian Subcontinent - A Systematic Literature Review.

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Siddhivinayak Hirve

2016-08-01

Full Text Available As Bangladesh, India and Nepal progress towards visceral leishmaniasis (VL elimination, it is important to understand the role of asymptomatic Leishmania infection (ALI, VL treatment relapse and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL in transmission.We reviewed evidence systematically on ALI, relapse and PKDL. We searched multiple databases to include studies on burden, risk factors, biomarkers, natural history, and infectiveness of ALI, PKDL and relapse. After screening 292 papers, 98 were included covering the years 1942 through 2016. ALI, PKDL and relapse studies lacked a reference standard and appropriate biomarker. The prevalence of ALI was 4-17-fold that of VL. The risk of ALI was higher in VL case contacts. Most infections remained asymptomatic or resolved spontaneously. The proportion of ALI that progressed to VL disease within a year was 1.5-23%, and was higher amongst those with high antibody titres. The natural history of PKDL showed variability; 3.8-28.6% had no past history of VL treatment. The infectiveness of PKDL was 32-53%. The risk of VL relapse was higher with HIV co-infection. Modelling studies predicted a range of scenarios. One model predicted VL elimination was unlikely in the long term with early diagnosis. Another model estimated that ALI contributed to 82% of the overall transmission, VL to 10% and PKDL to 8%. Another model predicted that VL cases were the main driver for transmission. Different models predicted VL elimination if the sandfly density was reduced by 67% by killing the sandfly or by 79% by reducing their breeding sites, or with 4-6y of optimal IRS or 10y of sub-optimal IRS and only in low endemic setting.There is a need for xenodiagnostic and longitudinal studies to understand the potential of ALI and PKDL as reservoirs of infection.

Visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: modelling epidemiology and control.

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Anette Stauch

2011-11-01

Full Text Available In the Indian subcontinent, about 200 million people are at risk of developing visceral leishmaniasis (VL. In 2005, the governments of India, Nepal and Bangladesh started the first regional VL elimination program with the aim to reduce the annual incidence to less than 1 per 10,000 by 2015. A mathematical model was developed to support this elimination program with basic quantifications of transmission, disease and intervention parameters. This model was used to predict the effects of different intervention strategies.Parameters on the natural history of Leishmania infection were estimated based on a literature review and expert opinion or drawn from a community intervention trial (the KALANET project. The transmission dynamic of Leishmania donovani is rather slow, mainly due to its long incubation period and the potentially long persistence of parasites in infected humans. Cellular immunity as measured by the Leishmanin skin test (LST lasts on average for roughly one year, and re-infection occurs in intervals of about two years, with variation not specified. The model suggests that transmission of L. donovani is predominantly maintained by asymptomatically infected hosts. Only patients with symptomatic disease were eligible for treatment; thus, in contrast to vector control, the treatment of cases had almost no effect on the overall intensity of transmission.Treatment of Kala-azar is necessary on the level of the individual patient but may have little effect on transmission of parasites. In contrast, vector control or exposure prophylaxis has the potential to efficiently reduce transmission of parasites. Based on these findings, control of VL should pay more attention to vector-related interventions. Cases of PKDL may appear after years and may initiate a new outbreak of disease; interventions should therefore be long enough, combined with an active case detection and include effective treatment.

Endothelial glycocalyx conditions influence nanoparticle uptake for passive targeting

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Cheng MJ

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Ming J Cheng,1 Rajiv Kumar,2 Srinivas Sridhar,1–3 Thomas J Webster,1,4 Eno E Ebong1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, 2Department of Physics, Northeastern University, 3Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 4Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases are facilitated by endothelial cell (EC dysfunction and coincide with EC glycocalyx coat shedding. These diseases may be prevented by delivering medications to affected vascular regions using circulating nanoparticle (NP drug carriers. The objective of the present study was to observe how the delivery of 10 nm polyethylene glycol-coated gold NPs (PEG-AuNP to ECs is impacted by glycocalyx structure on the EC surface. Rat fat pad endothelial cells were chosen for their robust glycocalyx, verified by fluorescent immunolabeling of adsorbed albumin and integrated heparan sulfate (HS chains. Confocal fluorescent imaging revealed a ~3 µm thick glycocalyx layer, covering 75% of the ECs and containing abundant HS. This healthy glycocalyx hindered the uptake of PEG-AuNP as expected because glycocalyx pores are typically 7 nm wide. Additional glycocalyx models tested included: a collapsed glycocalyx obtained by culturing cells in reduced protein media, a degraded glycocalyx obtained by applying heparinase III enzyme to specifically cleave HS, and a recovered glycocalyx obtained by supplementing exogenous HS into the media after enzyme degradation. The collapsed glycocalyx was ~2 µm thick with unchanged EC coverage and sustained HS content. The degraded glycocalyx showed similar changes in EC thickness and coverage but its HS thickness was reduced to 0.7 µm and spanned only 10% of the original EC surface. Both dysfunctional models retained six- to sevenfold more PEG-AuNP compared to the healthy glycocalyx. The collapsed glycocalyx permitted NPs to cross the glycocalyx into

A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries.

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Al-Salem, Waleed; Herricks, Jennifer R; Hotez, Peter J

2016-08-22

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused predominantly by Leishmania donovani and transmitted by both Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus martini, is highly endemic in East Africa where approximately 30 thousands VL cases are reported annually. The largest numbers of cases are found in Sudan - where Phlebotomus orientalis proliferate in Acacia forests especially on Sudan's eastern border with Ethiopia, followed by South Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya and Uganda. Long-standing civil war and unrest is a dominant determinant of VL in East African countries. Here we attempt to identify the correlation between VL epidemics and civil unrest. In this review, literature published between 1955 and 2016 have been gathered from MSF, UNICEF, OCHA, UNHCR, PubMed and Google Scholar to analyse the correlation between conflict and human suffering from VL, which is especially apparent in South Sudan. Waves of forced migration as a consequence of civil wars between 1983 and 2005 have resulted in massive and lethal epidemics in southern Sudan. Following a comprehensive peace agreement, but especially with increased allocation of resources for disease treatment and prevention in 2011, cases of VL declined reaching the lowest levels after South Sudan declared independence. However, in the latest epidemic that began in 2014 after the onset of a civil war in South Sudan, more than 1.5 million displaced refugees have migrated internally to states highly endemic for VL, while 800,000 have fled to neighboring countries. We find a strong relationship between civil unrest and VL epidemics which tend to occur among immunologically naïve migrants entering VL-endemic areas and when Leishmania-infected individuals migrate to new areas and establish additional foci of disease. Further complicating factors in East Africa's VL epidemics include severe lack of access to diagnosis and treatment, HIV/AIDS co-infection, food insecurity and malnutrition. Moreover, cases of post-kala-azar dermal

Visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan: parasite identification in humans and dogs; host-parasite relationships.

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Dereure, Jacques; El-Safi, Sayda Hassan; Bucheton, Bruno; Boni, Mickaël; Kheir, Musa Mohamed; Davoust, Bernard; Pratlong, Francine; Feugier, Eric; Lambert, Monique; Dessein, Alain; Dedet, Jean Pierre

2003-10-01

In 1996, an epidemic outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) started in Barbar el Fugara, a village in Gedarif State (eastern Sudan). From 1997 to 2000, regular epidemiological studies were carried out in the human population, as well as in mammals and sand flies. In symptomatic patients, 46/69 lymph node, 6/20 post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and 1/4 cutaneous cultures in NNN medium were positive. In 69 dogs, 23/79 lymph node cultures were positive. In other mammals (47 rodents, five donkeys, one mongoose and one monkey) spleen and/or blood cultures were negative. Characterization of isolated strains (by starch gel electrophoresis and isoelectrofocusing) identified three zymodemes of Leishmania donovani, two of L. infantum and two of L. archibaldi complexes from patient samples and three zymodemes of L. donovani, three of L. infantum and two of L. archibaldi complexes from dog samples. Five of them were present in both man and dog. For the first time, a strain from a PKDL case was identified as L. infantum, and a child had the same L. infantum zymodeme in VL and in subsequent PKDL. Blood samples from dogs were studied by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The seroprevalence in dogs was 72.5%, 74.3% and 42.9% in 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively. By using CDC miniature light traps 12 745 sand flies were collected and then identified. Phlebotomus papatasi (7%) and P. orientalis (5%) were sympatric, mainly inside homes (85% and 75%, respectively). These results, the relative stability of seroprevalence in dogs and the intradomiciliar presence of P. orientalis, known as a vector of VL in Sudan, suggest several hypotheses: (i) man is responsible for the disease in dogs, (ii) the dog is the reservoir of VL, (iii) the dog is an intermediate host between a possible sylvatic cycle and the anthroponotic cycle. More extensive studies are needed to assess the transmission cycle of VL in this area of Sudan.

Some aspects of entomological determinants of Phlebotomus orientalis in highland and lowland visceral leishmaniasis foci in northwestern Ethiopia.

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Esayas Aklilu

Full Text Available Visceral leishmaniasis (VL is one of the major public health problems in northwest Ethiopia, mainly in Libo-Kemkem and Metema districts, where Phlebotomus orientalis is the most probable vector of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the physiological age, host preference and vectorial potential of P. orientalis in the highland and lowland foci of the region. Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps between May 2011 and April 2012 in Libo-Kemkem and October 2012 and September 2013 in Metema from household compounds, farm field and mixed forest. Females belonging to Phlebotomus were dissected for physiological age determination and Leishmania detection and isolation. Leishmania infections in sand flies were investigated using molecular methods. Freshly fed Phlebotomus females were tested to identify blood meal sources using PCR-RLB and ELISA. A total of 1149 (936 from Libo-Kemkem and 213 from Metema blood unfed female P. orientalis were dissected for age determination. The parity rate was 45.6% and 66.2% in Libo-Kemkem and Metema, respectively. None of 798 female P. orientalis dissected (578 from Libo-Kemkem and 220 from Metema was infected with Leishmania parasites. A total of 347 P. orientalis specimens collected from Libo-Kemkem were processed using PCR, of which 10 (2.8% specimens were found with DNA of Leishmania spp. Of a total 491 freshly fed female P. orientalis analyzed for blood meal origins by RLB-PCR and ELISA, 57.6% (67.8% from Libo-Kemkem and 49.8% from Metema were found to contain bovine blood while 4.9% (3.7% from Libo-Kemkem and 5.7% from Metema were of human blood. In conclusion, the present study showed parity difference between the two populations of P. orientalis and that both populations have strong zoophilic behavior. Based on the presented evidences, the species is strongly implicated as a vector of kala-azar in both areas. Therefore, vector control should be a component of a strategy to manage

Delineation of diverse macrophage activation programs in response to intracellular parasites and cytokines.

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Shuyi Zhang

2010-03-01

Full Text Available The ability to reside and proliferate in macrophages is characteristic of several infectious agents that are of major importance to public health, including the intracellular parasites Trypanosoma cruzi (the etiological agent of Chagas disease and Leishmania species (etiological agents of Kala-Azar and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Although recent studies have elucidated some of the ways macrophages respond to these pathogens, the relationships between activation programs elicited by these pathogens and the macrophage activation programs elicited by bacterial pathogens and cytokines have not been delineated.To provide a global perspective on the relationships between macrophage activation programs and to understand how certain pathogens circumvent them, we used transcriptional profiling by genome-wide microarray analysis to compare the responses of mouse macrophages following exposure to the intracellular parasites T. cruzi and Leishmania mexicana, the bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS, and the cytokines IFNG, TNF, IFNB, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17. We found that LPS induced a classical activation state that resembled macrophage stimulation by the Th1 cytokines IFNG and TNF. However, infection by the protozoan pathogen L. mexicana produced so few transcriptional changes that the infected macrophages were almost indistinguishable from uninfected cells. T. cruzi activated macrophages produced a transcriptional signature characterized by the induction of interferon-stimulated genes by 24 h post-infection. Despite this delayed IFN response by T. cruzi, the transcriptional response of macrophages infected by the kinetoplastid pathogens more closely resembled the transcriptional response of macrophages stimulated by the cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 than macrophages stimulated by Th1 cytokines.This study provides global gene expression data for a diverse set of biologically significant pathogens and cytokines and identifies the relationships between

Failure of miltefosine treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in children and men in South-East Asia.

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Bart Ostyn

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: High frequency of relapse in miltefosine-treated visceral leishmaniasis (VL patients in India and Nepal followed up for twelve months. OBJECTIVE: To identify epidemiological and clinical risk factors for relapse of VL in patients recently treated with standard dosing of miltefosine in India and Nepal. DESIGN: Prospective observational study in three Primary Health Centers and one reference center in Muzaffarpur district, Bihar, India; and two zonal hospitals and a university hospital in South-east Nepal; records of all consenting patients diagnosed with VL and treated with miltefosine according to the current treatment guidelines of the Kala azar elimination program between 2009 and 2011. RESULTS: We compared the clinical records of 78 cases of relapse with those of 775 patients who had no record of subsequent relapse. Relapse was 2 times more common amongst male patients (IRR 2.14, 95% CI 1.27-3.61, and 2 to 3 times more frequent in the age groups below 15 compared to the over 25 year olds (age 10 to 14: IRR 2.53; 95% CI 1.37-4.65 and Age 2 to 9: IRR 3.19; 95% CI 1.77-5.77. History of earlier VL episodes, or specific clinical features at time of diagnosis such as duration of symptoms or spleen size were no predictors of relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Young age and male gender were associated with increased risk of VL relapse after miltefosine, suggesting that the mechanism of relapse is mainly host-related i.e. immunological factors and/or drug exposure (pharmacokinetics. The observed decrease in efficacy of miltefosine may be explained by the inclusion of younger patients compared to the earlier clinical trials, rather than by a decreased susceptibility of the parasite to miltefosine. Our findings highlight the importance of proper clinical trials in children, including pharmacokinetics, to determine the safety, efficacy, drug exposure and therapeutic response of new drugs in this age group.

Application of mutagenesis for the improvement of an indigenous black seeded soybean variety of India

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Bhatnagar, P.S.; Tiwari, S.P.; Prabhakar

1990-01-01

Full text: The large scale cultivation of soybean in India (nearly 2 million ha at present) with yellow seeded varieties is a comparatively recent development. In early times, black seeded soybean was grown on a limited area, under local names like ''Bhat'', ''Bhatmash'', ''Kalitur'' or ''Kala Hulga''. These indigenous varieties are characterised by small black seeds, the ability to thrive well under suboptimal conditions, good seed germinability and organoleptic suitability for certain indigenous food preparations. However, they show low yield, long duration, high pod-shattering, vulnerability to insect-pests and diseases. Dry seeds of the variety ''Bhat'' were treated with gamma rays (15, 20 and 25 k) with and without additional exposure to UV (2 hours at 260 nm). In M 2 , the frequency of viable mutations ranged from 0.42 to 5.64%. Both macro- and micro-mutations were identified in the M 2 and M 3 generations. Agronomically useful mutants were evaluated in replicated trials for three consecutive years. A mutant ''T 1 54'', resulting from 20kR + UV, surpassed the parent and local checks in yield. Besides, the mutant has other improved desirable attributes viz., yellow seed coat, early maturity (110 days) and tolerance to yellow mosaic and bacterial pustules. The mutant has retained the good seed viability and tolerance to stress conditions as observed in the parent. It is semi-determinate in nature and possesses white flowers in contrast to purple flowers found in the parent variety ''Bhat''. This mutant, later named ''NRC-1'', was entered in the multi-locational varietal trials under the All-India Co-ordinated Research Project on Soybean in 1988. It has faired well in three zones to enmerit its promotion for large scale evaluation in the northern plain zone, the central zone and the southern zone. It has yielded up to 3.64 t/ha at Parbhani in the Central Zone. (author)

Cloning, characterization and sub-cellular localization of gamma subunit of T-complex protein-1 (chaperonin) from Leishmania donovani

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Bhaskar,; Kumari, Neeti [Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, PO Box 173, Lucknow (India); Goyal, Neena, E-mail: neenacdri@yahoo.com [Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, PO Box 173, Lucknow (India)

2012-12-07

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The study presents cloning and characterization of TCP1{gamma} gene from L. donovani. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer TCP1{gamma} is a subunit of T-complex protein-1 (TCP1), a chaperonin class of protein. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer LdTCP{gamma} exhibited differential expression in different stages of promastigotes. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer LdTCP{gamma} co-localized with actin, a cytoskeleton protein. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The data suggests that this gene may have a role in differentiation/biogenesis. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer First report on this chapronin in Leishmania. -- Abstract: T-complex protein-1 (TCP1) complex, a chaperonin class of protein, ubiquitous in all genera of life, is involved in intracellular assembly and folding of various proteins. The gamma subunit of TCP1 complex (TCP1{gamma}), plays a pivotal role in the folding and assembly of cytoskeleton protein(s) as an individual or complexed with other subunits. Here, we report for the first time cloning, characterization and expression of the TCP1{gamma} of Leishmania donovani (LdTCP1{gamma}), the causative agent of Indian Kala-azar. Primary sequence analysis of LdTCP1{gamma} revealed the presence of all the characteristic features of TCP1{gamma}. However, leishmanial TCP1{gamma} represents a distinct kinetoplastid group, clustered in a separate branch of the phylogenic tree. LdTCP1{gamma} exhibited differential expression in different stages of promastigotes. The non-dividing stationary phase promastigotes exhibited 2.5-fold less expression of LdTCP1{gamma} as compared to rapidly dividing log phase parasites. The sub-cellular distribution of LdTCP1{gamma} was studied in log phase promastigotes by employing indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The protein was present not only in cytoplasm but it was also localized in nucleus, peri-nuclear region, flagella, flagellar pocket and apical region. Co-localization of LdTCP1{gamma} with actin suggests

ERISA and health plans.

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Schmidt, P; Mazo, J; Ladenheim, K

1995-11-01

This Issue Brief is designed to provide a basic understanding of the relationship of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) to health plans. It is based, in part, on an Employee Benefit Research Institute-Education and Research Fund (EBRI-ERF) educational briefing held in March 1995. This report includes a section by Peter Schmidt of Arnold & Porter, a section about multiemployer plans written by Judy Mazo of The Segal Company; and a section about ERISA and state health reform written by Kala Ladenheim of the Intergovernmental Health Policy Project. Starting in the late 1980s, three trends converged to make ERISA a critical factor in state health reforms: increasingly comprehensive state health policy experimentation; changes in the makeup of the insurance market (including the rise in self-insurance and the growth of managed care); and increasingly expansive interpretations of ERISA by federal courts. The changing interpretations of ERISA's relationship to three categories of state health initiatives--insurance mandates, medical high risk pools, and uncompensated care pools--illustrate how these forces are playing out today. ERISA does have a very broad preemptive effect. Federal statutes do not need to say anything about preemption in order to preempt state law. For example, if there is a direct conflict, it would be quite clear under the Supremacy Clause [of the U.S. Constitution] that ERISA, or any federal statue, would preempt a directly conflicting state statute. States can indirectly regulate health care plans that provide benefits through insurance contracts by establishing the terms of the contract. And they also raise money by imposing premium taxes. But they cannot do the same with respect to self-funded plans. That is one of the factors that has caused a great rise in the number of self-funded plans. State regulation [of employee benefits] can create three kinds of problems: cost of taxes, fees, or other charges; cost of dealing

Seroepidemiology and molecular diversity of Leishmania donovani complex in Georgia.

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Babuadze, Giorgi; Farlow, Jason; de Koning, Harry P; Carrillo, Eugenia; Chakhunashvili, Giorgi; Murskvaladze, Mari; Kekelidze, Merab; Karseladze, Irakli; Kokaia, Nora; Kalandadze, Irine; Tsereteli, David; Markhvashvili, Ivane; Sidamonidze, Ketevan; Chanturia, Gvantsa; Adeishvili, Ekaterine; Imnadze, Paata

2016-05-13

Leishmaniasis includes multiple clinical syndromes, most notably visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal forms. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a potentially fatal disease endemic to large parts of Africa and Asia, and in South-Eastern Europe (Greece, Turkey, Georgia). Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by species of the L. donovani complex. In the classical epidemiological model the main reservoir for VL are canines. The study included a cohort of 513 individuals of both genders (190 males and 323 females) from the ages of 1 to 70 years that were screened in ten villages across two districts in Kakheti using the Kalazar Detect™ rK39 rapid diagnostic test. The phylogenetic diversity patterns of local strains, based on the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, were assessed for samples obtained from patients with suspected L. donovani infection, from canine reservoirs and from Phlebotomus sand flies obtained from different geographical areas of Georgia and from Azerbaijan. Out of a total of 600 domestic dog blood samples 95 (15.8 %) were positive by rK39 rapid diagnostic tests. For symptomatic domestic dogs, the testing of conjunctival swabs or bone marrow aspirates revealed a higher VL incidence in Kvareli District (Kvareli; 19.4 %, n = 329) compared with that observed for Sagarejo District (Sagarejo; 11.4 %, n = 271). A total of 231 sand flies of both genders were collected during the 2-month period; of the 114 females, 1.75 % were PCR positive for the presence of Leishmania spp. VL infection rates remain high in both canines and humans in Georgia, with disease in several known natural foci. The genetic relationships derived from rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence comparisons identified genetic subgroups, revealing preliminary insights into the genetic structure of L. donovani complex members currently circulating in the South Caucasus and demonstrates the utility of ITS-based genotyping

Persistence of phlebotomine Leishmania vectors in urban sites of Catania (Sicily, Italy).

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Lisi, Oscar; D'Urso, Vera; Vaccalluzzo, Valerio; Bongiorno, Gioia; Khoury, Cristina; Severini, Francesco; Di Muccio, Trentina; Gramiccia, Marina; Gradoni, Luigi; Maroli, Michele

2014-12-09

Pioneering research on "Mediterranean Kala-Azar" carried out by Adler and Theodor early in the past century (~1930s) had identified Catania city (Sicily) as a major focus of the disease nowadays known as zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Despite the fact that disease in both humans and dogs has continued to be highly prevalent in the Catania province up to the present times, research on Leishmania vectors in this urban focus dates back to that distant period. This study aimed to evaluate the persistence and current composition of the sand fly fauna in urban environments of Catania in recent years, 2006 and 2013. In 2006 fifty-one suitable collecting sites were identified within 44 sub-units of a grid drawn to include the urban Catania area. In 2013 the survey was restricted to four of the most productive and representative sites resulting from the 2006 survey. In both periods 3 collections per month were performed using standard sticky traps set for 3 days in wall holes/cavities along public roads, from the end of April through December. 43/51 sites (84.3%) were found positive for sand flies. The 2006 collections accounted for a total of 4341 specimens including six species. Among competent Leishmania vector species, P. perniciosus was the most prevalent (36.5%) being identified in all sand fly-positive sites, with significant abundance in those of the old city centre. Other species of interest were P. sergenti (2.5%) and P. neglectus (1.5%). The 2013 survey produced 1130 sand flies, of which 39.5% were P. perniciosus, 1.6% P. sergenti and 0.7% P. neglectus. A search for Leishmania DNA in a small sample of 72 P. perniciosus females revealed 11% infection prevalence. Our findings from an old urban focus of leishmaniasis demonstrate that phlebotomine sand flies have adapted fairly well to the drastic environmental changes that have occurred in cities of the Western world in the past century and still represent a potential risk for Leishmania transmission.

Leishmaniose visceral canina: avaliação da metodologia sorológica utilizada em inquéritos epidemiológicos

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Carlos A. da Costa

1991-03-01

Full Text Available Foi realizado um estudo comparativo da reação de imunofluorescência indireta em eluatos de sangue de cães infectados experimentalmente com diferentes tripanosomatídeos. Utilizaram-se como antigenopromastigotas de L. mexicana, L. braziliensis e L. chagasi. Os resultados mostraram que a sensibilidade do método foi de 87,5% para o diagnóstico do calazar canino, independentemente do antigeno empregado; e que ocorre reação cruzada com Leishmaniose tegumentar em 75% dos casos e com doença de Chagas em 83,3%. Levantamento epidemiológico em área de leishmaniose confirma que a reação de imunofluorescência em eluatos de sangue canino fornece reações cruzadas em cães infectados com Leishmania braziliensis e L. chagasi. Não se verificou reação cruzada pela RFC. Sugere-se a utilização da reação de imunofluorescência nas campanhas de saúde pública, mas é de se chamar a atenção para o fato de que as taxas de positividade não devem ser utilizadas como indicadores da prevalência do calazar canino.A comparative study was made of eluates of the blood of dogs experimentally infected with different trypanosomatids. Using antigens prepared from promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana, L. braziliensis and L. chagasi, assessments were made by the indirect immunofluorescence test. The results showed a sensitivity of 87,5% in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis, independent of antigen used. Cross-reactions occurred in 75% of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 83,3% of dogs with chagas' disease. An epidemiological survey in an area of leishmaniasis confirmed that immunofluorescence tests on eluates of dogs' blood give cross-reactions between L. braziliensis and L. chagasi. The results suggest that such testing could be useful in public health campaigns but attention is drawn to thefact that the level ofpositive reactions cannot be used as an indicator of the prevalence of canine kala-azar.

Cloning, characterization and sub-cellular localization of gamma subunit of T-complex protein-1 (chaperonin) from Leishmania donovani

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bhaskar,; Kumari, Neeti; Goyal, Neena

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► The study presents cloning and characterization of TCP1γ gene from L. donovani. ► TCP1γ is a subunit of T-complex protein-1 (TCP1), a chaperonin class of protein. ► LdTCPγ exhibited differential expression in different stages of promastigotes. ► LdTCPγ co-localized with actin, a cytoskeleton protein. ► The data suggests that this gene may have a role in differentiation/biogenesis. ► First report on this chapronin in Leishmania. -- Abstract: T-complex protein-1 (TCP1) complex, a chaperonin class of protein, ubiquitous in all genera of life, is involved in intracellular assembly and folding of various proteins. The gamma subunit of TCP1 complex (TCP1γ), plays a pivotal role in the folding and assembly of cytoskeleton protein(s) as an individual or complexed with other subunits. Here, we report for the first time cloning, characterization and expression of the TCP1γ of Leishmania donovani (LdTCP1γ), the causative agent of Indian Kala-azar. Primary sequence analysis of LdTCP1γ revealed the presence of all the characteristic features of TCP1γ. However, leishmanial TCP1γ represents a distinct kinetoplastid group, clustered in a separate branch of the phylogenic tree. LdTCP1γ exhibited differential expression in different stages of promastigotes. The non-dividing stationary phase promastigotes exhibited 2.5-fold less expression of LdTCP1γ as compared to rapidly dividing log phase parasites. The sub-cellular distribution of LdTCP1γ was studied in log phase promastigotes by employing indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The protein was present not only in cytoplasm but it was also localized in nucleus, peri-nuclear region, flagella, flagellar pocket and apical region. Co-localization of LdTCP1γ with actin suggests that, this gene may have a role in maintaining the structural dynamics of cytoskeleton of parasite.

A Powder Delivery System (PoDS) for Mars in situ Science

Science.gov (United States)

Bryson, C.; Blake, D.; Saha, C.; Sarrazin, P.

2004-12-01

the aerosol stream. Results of a number of tests of the prototype PoDS will be presented. [1] Blake D. F., Sarrazin P., Bish D. L., Feldman S., Chipera S. J, Vaniman D.T., and Collins S., 2004, Definitive Mineralogical Analysis of Mars Analog Rocks Using the CheMin XRD/XRF Instrument, LPSC XXXV abstr. #1794 (CD-ROM). [2] Finn J. E., McKay C. P. and Sridhar R. K., 1999, Martian Atmosphere Utilization by Temperature-Swing Adsorption, University of Arizona, Publication No.961597, http://stl.ame.arizona.edu/publications/961597.pdf [3] Hinds W. C., 1999, Aerosol Technology - Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp 15-67, 111-136.

Frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with infectious diseases using three different ELISA methods Freqüência de anticorpos antifosfolípides em pacientes com doenças infecciosas usando três diferentes testes de ELISA

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Mittermayer Barreto Santiago

2006-02-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: The standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA for anticardiolipin (aCL antibodies is the most important test for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS. However, the test is also positive in some infectious diseases and other non-related syndromes. It has been suggested that the detection of antibodies to a mixture of phospholipids or to beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-GP I has higher specificity for APS than the standard aCL ELISA. The aim of the present work is to compare the diagnostic specificity of three different antiphospholipid (aPL assays in patients with infectious diseases. METHODS: Antiphospholipid antibodies were searched by three ELISA techniques, namely standard aCL, APhL® ELISA kit and anti-beta2-GP I, in sera of patients with infectious diseases, including syphilis (69, leptospirosis (33 and visceral leishmaniasis (30. RESULTS: The frequency of positivity of IgG aPL in patients with syphilis, leptospirosis and Kala-azar was 13/69 (19%, 9/33 (27% and 2/30 (6%, respectively, using standard ELISA, versus only 1/69 (1.4%, 0/33 (0% and 0/30 (0% positivity by the APhL® ELISA kit. The positivity of the isotype IgM aPL was 10/69 (14%, 4/33 (12% and 1/30 (3%, respectively, by the standard ELISA, and 1/69 (1.4%, 0/33 (0% and 0/30 (0% by the APhL® ELISA kit. The presence of significant levels of IgG anti-beta2GPI was observed in 14/69 cases of syphilis (20%, 6/33 cases of leptospirosis (18% and 16/30 cases of Kala-azar (53%. The APhL® ELISA kit had superior performance showing the highest specificity: 97% (95% CI: 92%-99% for IgG compared to 81% (95% CI: 74%-87% for standard ELISA and 72% (95% CI: 64%-79% for anti-beta2 GPI assay. CONCLUSIONS: The APhL® ELISA kit proved to be significantly more specific than the aCL standard ELISA and the anti-beta2GPI ELISA, and it should be used to help in the diagnosis and confirmation of APS.OBJETIVO: O ensaio de enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA para a pesquisa de

Investigating water productivity and economic efficiency of wheat-crop under different sowing methods

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mirani, A.A.; Dahri, Z.H.

2011-01-01

This study was conducted at PARC's research station Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore, in order to calculate the water productivity and economic efficiency of wheat-crop under different sowing methods in a combined harvested paddy filed. The sowing methods were direct drilling with FMI Seeder, Zero tillage and conventional method. Data were collected during 2008-09. Wheat-yield was 2750 kg/ha, 2665 kg/ha and 2610 kg/ha for direct drilling with F MI Seeder, Zero tillage and conventional method, respectively. The direct drilling in heavy residue gave 5.4 % more yield than the conventional method and 3.2 % more yield than zero tillage. The zero tillage ensured 2.1% more yield than the conventional method. The net water applied as 323, 354, and 380 mm for direct drilling with FMI seeder, zero tillage and conventional methods respectively against the potential crop evapotranspiration of 383 mm. This indicates that the direct drilling of wheat-crop in heave rice stubbles saves 15% irrigation water as compared to conventional method and 8.8% over zero tillage. The zero tillage method saves 6.8 % of irrigation water over the conventional method. The water productivity was found to be 0.851 kg/m3. 0.753 kg/m/sup 3/ and 0.687 kg/m/sup 3/ for direct drilling with FMI Seeder, Zero tillage and conventional method respectively. This indicates that the direct drilling ensures 23.9% increase in water productivity over conventional method and 13.01% over zero tillage. The zero tillage gave 9.6% more water productivity than the conventional method. The costs of production for the three sowing methods were Rs. 39123/ha, Rs.43737/ha and Rs. 53047/ha for direct drilling, zero tillage and conventional method respectively. This indicates an overall saving of Rs. 13924/ha (26.2 %) by the direct drilling method as compared to the conventional method and Rs. 4613/ha (10.5%) over zero tillage method. The zero tillage saves Rs. 9319/ha (17.6 %) over the conventional method. Thus, the resource

Leishmania donovani isolates with antimony-resistant but not -sensitive phenotype inhibit sodium antimony gluconate-induced dendritic cell activation.

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Arun Kumar Haldar

2010-05-01

Full Text Available The inability of sodium antimony gluconate (SAG-unresponsive kala-azar patients to clear Leishmania donovani (LD infection despite SAG therapy is partly due to an ill-defined immune-dysfunction. Since dendritic cells (DCs typically initiate anti-leishmanial immunity, a role for DCs in aberrant LD clearance was investigated. Accordingly, regulation of SAG-induced activation of murine DCs following infection with LD isolates exhibiting two distinct phenotypes such as antimony-resistant (Sb(RLD and antimony-sensitive (Sb(SLD was compared in vitro. Unlike Sb(SLD, infection of DCs with Sb(RLD induced more IL-10 production and inhibited SAG-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and leishmanicidal effects. Sb(RLD inhibited these effects of SAG by blocking activation of PI3K/AKT and NF-kappaB pathways. In contrast, Sb(SLD failed to block activation of SAG (20 microg/ml-induced PI3K/AKT pathway; which continued to stimulate NF-kappaB signaling, induce leishmanicidal effects and promote DC activation. Notably, prolonged incubation of DCs with Sb(SLD also inhibited SAG (20 microg/ml-induced activation of PI3K/AKT and NF-kappaB pathways and leishmanicidal effects, which was restored by increasing the dose of SAG to 40 microg/ml. In contrast, Sb(RLD inhibited these SAG-induced events regardless of duration of DC exposure to Sb(RLD or dose of SAG. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of isogenic Sb(SLD expressing ATP-binding cassette (ABC transporter MRPA on SAG-induced leishmanicidal effects mimicked that of Sb(RLD to some extent, although antimony resistance in clinical LD isolates is known to be multifactorial. Furthermore, NF-kappaB was found to transcriptionally regulate expression of murine gammaglutamylcysteine synthetase heavy-chain (mgammaGCS(hc gene, presumably an important regulator of antimony resistance. Importantly, Sb(RLD but not Sb(SLD blocked SAG-induced mgammaGCS expression in DCs by

Lasteaia ja lõbumaja vahel : eesti proosa 2008 / Vaapo Vaher

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Vaher, Vaapo, 1945-

2009-01-01

Ülevaade 2008. aasta eesti proosast. Pikemalt käsitletakse järgmisi autoreid ja nende teoseid: Mihkel Raud "Musta pori näkku", Olev Remsu "Musketäride muundumised", Rein Põder "Juba olnud", Juhan Nurme "Ligimene", Jaan Tangsoo "Méduse'i parv", Esta Aksli "Tare poole tõttaja", Mari Saat "Lasnamäe lunastaja", Peeter Morgen "Sõnum", Mait Raun "Dr. Mööbi seiklused Inglismaal", Andrei Hvostov "Võõrad lood" ja "Projektijuht Posse", Chaneldior "Kontrolli alt väljas", Vahur Afanasjev "Kosmos", Egon Ilisson "Isased", Jaak Leer "Kaks kabanossi ja Maaja", Kärt Hellerma "Sinine missa", Elo Viiding "Püha Maama", Toomas Raudam "Miks ma ei taha olla kirjanik?", Mart Kivastik "Kurb raamat", Jüri Tuulik "Räim, pisike kena kala", Tarmo Teder "12 jõulujuttu", Dagmar Lamp (koostaja) "Tule, ma jutustan sulle loo", Eia Uus "Kahe näoga jumal", Barthol Lo Mejor "Popdada 2007-2008", Anti Saar "Nemad kaks", Ketlin Priilinn "Liiseli võti" ja "Vaim", Aita Kivi "Lähedal", Marje Ernits "Hoia mu kätt", Kati Murutar "Naisena sündinud : kakskümmend aastat hiljem", Tuule Lind "Pööratud tuul", Siiri Laidla "Lihtne lugu, ehk, Senta suvepuhkus", Kätlin Padesaar "Veel üks paradiis", Aimée Beekman "Proovielu", Lehte Hainslau "Kolmkõla, ehk, 3 kõla", Ira Lember "Ööviiulid", Tamur Kusnets "Hundipäikese aeg : metsiku jahi algus", Kaupo Pähkel "Ehatähe rüütel", Arvo Valton "Ülemiste vanake", Tiit Aleksejev "Palveränd", Ants Eret "Afgaanide vang", Mario Merirand "Afganistani päevik", Leo Kunnas "Gort Ashryn", Rein Raud "Vend", Peeter Sauter "Beibi bluu", Marion Andra "Pimend", Kristjan Sander "13 talvist hetke", Helga Nõu "Peaaegu geenius, ehk, Schrödingeri kassi otsimas", Tiit Sepa "Eefa hüüdnimega Siug", Kaarel ja Klaara Kivi "Varandus seinal", Merike Jürjo "Mälestusteta maja", Rein Vahisalu "Viies kabinet", Aarne Biin "Mees otsib naist", Erik Tohvri "Ümberasujad" ja "Sulasest sai peremees", Arnold Laugus "Elav maa", Jüri v. Grauberg "Selguse poole", J�

Lasteaia ja lõbumaja vahel : Eesti proosa 2008 / Vaapo Vaher

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Vaher, Vaapo, 1945-

2012-01-01

Ülevaade 2008. aasta eesti proosast. Pikemalt käsitletakse järgmisi autoreid ja nende teoseid: Mihkel Raud "Musta pori näkku", Olev Remsu "Musketäride muundumised", Rein Põder "Juba olnud", Juhan Nurme "Ligimene", Jaan Tangsoo "Méduse'i parv", Esta Aksli "Tare poole tõttaja", Mari Saat "Lasnamäe lunastaja", Peeter Morgen "Sõnum", Mait Raun "Dr. Mööbi seiklused Inglismaal", Andrei Hvostov "Võõrad lood" ja "Projektijuht Posse", Chaneldior "Kontrolli alt väljas", Vahur Afanasjev "Kosmos", Egon Ilisson "Isased", Jaak Leer "Kaks kabanossi ja Maaja", Kärt Hellerma "Sinine missa", Elo Viiding "Püha Maama", Toomas Raudam "Miks ma ei taha olla kirjanik?", Mart Kivastik "Kurb raamat", Jüri Tuulik "Räim, pisike kena kala", Tarmo Teder "12 jõulujuttu", Dagmar Lamp (koostaja) "Tule, ma jutustan sulle loo", Eia Uus "Kahe näoga jumal", Barthol Lo Mejor "Popdada 2007-2008", Anti Saar "Nemad kaks", Ketlin Priilinn "Liiseli võti" ja "Vaim", Aita Kivi "Lähedal", Marje Ernits "Hoia mu kätt", Kati Murutar "Naisena sündinud : kakskümmend aastat hiljem", Tuule Lind "Pööratud tuul", Siiri Laidla "Lihtne lugu, ehk, Senta suvepuhkus", Kätlin Padesaar "Veel üks paradiis", Aimée Beekman "Proovielu", Lehte Hainslau "Kolmkõla, ehk, 3 kõla", Ira Lember "Ööviiulid", Tamur Kusnets "Hundipäikese aeg : metsiku jahi algus", Kaupo Pähkel "Ehatähe rüütel", Arvo Valton "Ülemiste vanake", Tiit Aleksejev "Palveränd", Ants Eret "Afgaanide vang", Mario Merirand "Afganistani päevik", Leo Kunnas "Gort Ashryn", Rein Raud "Vend", Peeter Sauter "Beibi bluu", Marion Andra "Pimend", Kristjan Sander "13 talvist hetke", Helga Nõu "Peaaegu geenius, ehk, Schrödingeri kassi otsimas", Tiit Sepa "Eefa hüüdnimega Siug", Kaarel ja Klaara Kivi "Varandus seinal", Merike Jürjo "Mälestusteta maja", Rein Vahisalu "Viies kabinet", Aarne Biin "Mees otsib naist", Erik Tohvri "Ümberasujad" ja "Sulasest sai peremees", Arnold Laugus "Elav maa", Jüri v. Grauberg "Selguse poole", J�

Development of a rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis and assessment of cure of Leishmania infection.

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Verma, Sandeep; Singh, Ruchi; Sharma, Vanila; Bumb, Ram Avtar; Negi, Narendra Singh; Ramesh, V; Salotra, Poonam

2017-03-23

Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of diseases with great relevance to public health. Conventional diagnostic methods are time consuming, needing trained personnel. A robust, rapid and cost effective diagnostic test is warranted for on-time diagnosis and field application. We have developed a loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay with primers (n = 6) based on Leishmania donovani kDNA for detection of Leishmania infection, using a closed tube to prevent cross-contamination. The assay was used to detect Leishmania infection in biological samples obtained from patients of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The assay was positive for L. donovani, L. tropica and L. major parasites, with the highest sensitivity towards L. donovani (1 fg DNA). The high sensitivity of the assay for detection of L. donovani was reflected in its ability to detect parasite DNA within 30 min of amplification time with a threshold detection limit of ≥25 copies per reaction. The assay detected parasite in 64 of 66 VL blood samples (sensitivity, 96.9%; 95% CI: 89.6-99.2%), 15 of 15 VL bone marrow aspirate samples (sensitivity, 100%; 95% CI:79.6-100%), 65 of 67 PKDL tissue biopsy samples (sensitivity, 97%; 95% CI:89.7-99.2%). The assay was evaluated in a few cases of CL wherein it was found positive in 8 of 10 tissue biopsies (sensitivity, 80%; 95% CI: 49-94.3%). The assay was negative in all control blood (n = 76) and tissue biopsy (n = 24) samples (specificity, 100%; 95% CI: 96.3-100%). Further, the assay was evaluated for its utility in assessment of cure in treated VL and PKDL patients. The assay detected parasite DNA in 2 of 20VL blood samples and 2 of 21 PKDL tissue samples. Out of 4 cases that were positive for parasite DNA at post treatment stage, 2 patients (1VL and 1 PKDL) returned with relapse. The study demonstrated a Leishmania genus specific closed tube LAMP assay for reliable and rapid

Cholesterol Corrects Altered Conformation of MHC-II Protein in Leishmania donovani Infected Macrophages: Implication in Therapy

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Chakrabarti, Saikat; Roy, Syamal

2016-01-01

Background Previously we reported that Kala-azar patients show progressive decrease in serum cholesterol as a function of splenic parasite burden. Splenic macrophages (MΦ) of Leishmania donovani (LD) infected mice show decrease in membrane cholesterol, while LD infected macrophages (I-MΦ) show defective T cell stimulating ability that could be corrected by liposomal delivery of cholesterol. T helper cells recognize peptide antigen in the context of class II MHC molecule. It is known that the conformation of a large number of membrane proteins is dependent on membrane cholesterol. In this investigation we tried to understand the influence of decreased membrane cholesterol in I-MΦ on the conformation of MHC-II protein and peptide-MHC-II stability, and its bearing on the antigen specific T-cell activation. Methodology/Principal Findings MΦ of CBA/j mice were infected with Leishmania donovani (I-MΦ). Two different anti-Aκ mAbs were used to monitor the status of MHC-II protein under parasitized condition. One of them (11.5–2) was conformation specific, whereas the other one (10.2.16) was not. Under parasitized condition, the binding of 11.5–2 decreased significantly with respect to the normal counterpart, whereas that of 10.2.16 remained unaltered. The binding of 11.5–2 was restored to normal upon liposomal delivery of cholesterol in I-MΦ. By molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies we found that there was considerable conformational fluctuation in the transmembrane domain of the MHC-II protein in the presence of membrane cholesterol than in its absence, which possibly influenced the distal peptide binding groove. This was evident from the faster dissociation of the cognate peptide from peptide-MHC complex under parasitized condition, which could be corrected by liposomal delivery of cholesterol in I-MΦ. Conclusion The decrease in membrane cholesterol in I-MΦ may lead to altered conformation of MHC II, and this may contribute to a faster dissociation of

Glycoproteins in circulating immune complexes are biomarkers of patients with Indian PKDL: A study from endemic districts of West Bengal, India.

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Priyank Jaiswal

Full Text Available Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL occurs as dermal consequence of previous Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL infection and serves as an important reservoir for transmission of VL. Diagnosis of PKDL is often challenging for its symptomatic resemblance to other co-endemic diseases like Leprosy or Vitiligo. Parasitological examination by slit-skin smear and culture are the standard methods but lack high sensitivity. Thus, for efficient control of VL, reliable diagnostic and prognostic assay of PKDL are required.Previously, glycoproteins (9-OAcSA have been reported as promising biomarkers of Indian VL patients. However, till date, the status of glycans in Indian PKDL patients remains unexplored. Accordingly, in this study, the glyco-profile of PKDL Circulating Immune Complexes (CICs as compared to other cross diseases like Vitiligo and Leprosyhas been investigated. Further, a novel Glyco CIC assay has been developed for efficient Indian PKDL patient diagnosis.In the present study, 90 PKDL patients were enrolled from 3 VL endemic districts of West Bengal during 2015-16. Glycosylation profile of isolated CICs from sera of PKDL patients were initially analyzed through gradient SDS gel electrophoresis followed by PAS silver double staining, which revealed the presence of several glycan rich PKDL specific proteins of varying molecular weights. To further characterize the glyco-profile of acid dissociated affinity purified immuno-reactive antigens present in the CICs, glycosylation was demonstrated in these purified CIC antigens by DIG glycan differentiation kit with or without glycosidase as well as neuraminidase treatment. Diagnostic evaluation of the newly developed colorimetric Glyco CIC assay through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC curve analysis revealed excellent (0.99 AUC value as compared to other conventional serodiagnostic assays like PEG CIC, Parasite ELISA (IgG and IgM. Additionally, longitudinal monitoring of 18 PKDL patients further

Utilizing Remote Sensing to Explore Hydrological and Climatic Factors of Visceral Leishmaniasis in South Sudan

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Kruczkiewicz, A.; Sweeney, A.; Reid, C.; Seaman, J.; Abubakar, A.; Ritmeijer, K.; Jensen, K.; Schroeder, R.; McDonald, K. C.; Lessel, J.; Thomson, M. C.; Elnaiem, D.; Ceccato, P.

2014-12-01

Recent epidemics of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Sudan and South Sudan (locally known as Kala Azar) have caused an estimated 100,000 deaths and have renewed the impetus for defining the ecological boundaries of this vector borne disease. In the past 30 years outbreaks have occurred cyclically within this country, but recent shifts in endemicity have necessitated a more robust understanding of the drivers of the disease. Previous work (e.g. Gebre-Michael et al., 2004; Ashford & Thomson, 1991; Hoogstraal & Heyneman, 1969) has suggested that the primary biological vector in this region, the female sand fly Phlebotomus orientalis, exhibits sensitivities to environmental and climatic variables. Results of this study showed a relationship between precipitation and inundation during months of the transmission season (April-July) and the number of confirmed cases in the following September-January period. Particular months of the transmission season with below-average precipitation were better indicators of lagged reports of VL than others. During VL epidemics (2009, 2010, 2011) the month of June exhibited below average precipitation. The two largest epidemics (2010, 2011) were associated with years of below average precipitation in the month of April. Inundation during April-July (AMJJ) also exhibited a strong inverse relationship with reported VL cases in the following September- January (SONDJ). This relationship was best explored when comparing the VL case data of a specific medical center to the inundation anomalies. Results are typified by the Lankien Medical Center analysis where below average inundation during April displays an inverse relationship with VL cases in the following SONDJ. Drought may lead to below average inundation, which could allow for soils to maintain their fissures, thus maintaining the sand fly breeding habitat, resulting in a sustained breeding season for the sandflies (Quate, 1964). Above-average precipitation and inundation might have the

Örgütsel Bağlılık ile Örgütsel Sinizm ve Örgütsel Muhalefet Arasındaki İlişki The Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Organizational Cynicism and Organizational Dissent

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Kaya YILDIZ

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Organizatonal commitment is the teellings and relation employessto the organization they work. It is seen that organizational commitmentis affected by various factors and various factors are influenced byorganizational commitment. In recent years, organizational cynicismand organizational dissent are observed as new topic areasorganizational behaviour. In this regard, theachers’ cynicism anddissent perceptions are considered it is seen that to be important. Inthis framework, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationshipbetween primary school teachers’ organizational commitment andorganizational cynicism and organizational dissent perceptions. Thepopulation of the study is formed by primary school teachers (n:219working in the city center of Bolu in 2012-2013 academic year. Thedata were collected through “Organizational Commitment Scale”developed by Meyer and Allen (1984 adapted into Turkish by Boylu,Pelit and Güçer (2007 and “Organizational Cynicism Scale” developedby Brandes, Dharwadkar ve Dean (1999 adapted into Turkish byKalağan (2009 and Dissent Behaviours Sub-Scale of “OrganizationalDissent Scale” developed by Özdemir (2010. To analyze the data, SPSS16.0 program was used and descriptive statistics as; frequency,percentage, meanscore, standart deviation and correlation, were used.The findings of the study revealed correlation between primary schoolteachers’ organizational commitment and organizational cynicism andorganizational dissent perceptions. A high negative correlation wasfound between the organizational commitment and organizationalcynicism perceptions and a moderate negative correlation was foundbetween organizational commitment and organizational dissentperceptions of primary school teachers. Örgütsel bağlılık, işgörenin çalıştığı örgüte karşı hissettiği bağın bir ifadesidir. Örgütsel bağlılığın birçok değişkenden etkilendiği ve birçok değişkeni de etkilediği g

ANALYZING THE MATHEMATICAL DISPOSITION AND ITS CORRELATION WITH MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT OF ABSTRACT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

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Louise M. Saija

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Salah satu standar yang diberikan oleh National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM adalah disposisi matematik. Disposisi  bukan sekedar merujuk pada sikap tetapi suatu kecenderungan untuk berpikir dan bersikap dalam cara yang positif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa disposisi matematik dan hubungannya dengan hasil belajar matematika siswa-siswa sekolah menengah atas (SMA. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 149 siswa SMA di Bandung. Analisa statistik didasarkan pada korelasi peringkat Spearman dan uji-t. Ditemukan bahwa secara rata-rata,  disposisi matematik dari siswa-siswa SMA dikategorikan rendah. Selanjutnya, terdapat korelasi positif dan signifikan antara disposisi matematik dan hasil belajar matematika siswa-siswa SMA, walaupun nilai koefisien korelasinya tidak tinggi. Suatu observasi juga dilakukan untuk menganalisa hubungan ini, dan didapati bahwa walaupun beberapa siswa memiliki disposisi matematik yang baik, kadang kala mereka tidak dapat menyelesaikan ujian dengan baik, karena padatnya kurikulum, dan juga aktifitas sosial mereka, yang membuat hasil belajar matematika mereka lebih rendah. Temuan lainnya adalah bahwa siswa-siswa SMA memerlukan guru-guru matematika dengan lebih banyak strategi mengajar  agar mereka dapat memiliki disposisi matematik yang lebih baik.   Kata Kunci: Disposisi Matematik, Hasil Belajar Matematika       One of the evaluation standards given by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM was mathematical disposition. Disposition refers not simply to attitudes but to a tendency to think and to act in positive ways. This study aimed to analyze the mathematical disposition and its correlation with mathematics achievement of senior high school (SMA students. A total of 149 SMA students in Bandung were procured as samples. Statistical analysis was based on the Spearman rank correlation and on the t-test. The findings showed that at average, the mathematical disposition of the SMA

Liposomal drug delivery system from laboratory to clinic

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Kshirsagar N

2005-01-01

Full Text Available The main objective of drug delivery systems is to deliver a drug effectively, specifically to the site of action and to achieve greater efficacy and minimise the toxic effects compared to conventional drugs. Amongst various carrier systems, liposomes have generated a great interest because of their versatility. Liposomes are vesicular concentric bilayered structures, which are biocompatible, biodegradable and nonimmumnogenic. They can control the delivery of drugs by targeting the drug to the site of action or by site avoidance drug delivery or by prolonged circulation of drugs. Amphotericin B (Amp B remains the drug of choice in most systemic mycoses and also as a second line treatment for Kala azar. However, its toxic effects often limit its use. Although the liposome delivery system has been tried for several drugs, only a few have been used in patients due to the slow development of necessary large-scale pharmaceutical procedures. This paper reviews the development of the technique for liposomal Amphotericin B (L-Amp-LRC-1, FungisomeTM drug delivery system in our laboratory in collaboration with the department of Biochemistry, Delhi University in India and proving the safety and efficacy of this preparation in clinical practice. It also attempts to compare the efficacy and benefits of our product for Indian patients with those of similar products and it includes facts from the publications that flowed from our work. As compared to conventional Amp B, Fungisome is infused over a much shorter period requiring a smaller volume and no premedication. It was found to be safe in patients who had developed serious unacceptable toxicity with conventional Amp B. In renal transplant patients, Fungisome did not produce any nephrotoxicity. Fungisome is effective in fungal infections resistant to fluconazole, conventional Amp B and in virgin and resistant cases of visceral leishmaniasis. The cost of any drug is of great significance, especially in India

Real-time PCR in detection and quantitation of Leishmania donovani for the diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis patients and the monitoring of their response to treatment

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Ghosh, Prakash; Khan, Md. Anik Ashfaq; Duthie, Malcolm S.; Vallur, Aarthy C.; Picone, Alessandro; Howard, Randall F.; Reed, Steven G.

2017-01-01

Sustained elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) requires the reduction and control of parasite reservoirs to minimize the transmission of Leishmania donovani infection. A simple, reproducible and definitive diagnostic procedure is therefore indispensable for the early and accurate detection of parasites in VL, Relapsed VL (RVL) and Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients, all of whom are potential reservoirs of Leishmania parasites. To overcome the limitations of current diagnostic approaches, a novel quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method based on Taqman chemistry was devised for the detection and quantification of L. donovani in blood and skin. The diagnostic efficacy was evaluated using archived peripheral blood buffy coat DNA from 40 VL, 40 PKDL, 10 RVL, 20 cured VL, and 40 cured PKDL along with 10 tuberculosis (TB) cases and 80 healthy endemic controls. Results were compared to those obtained using a Leishmania-specific nested PCR (Ln-PCR). The real time PCR assay was 100% (95% CI, 91.19–100%) sensitive in detecting parasite genomes in VL and RVL samples and 85.0% (95% CI, 70.16–94.29%) sensitive for PKDL samples. In contrast, the sensitivity of Ln-PCR was 77.5% (95% CI, 61.55–89.16%) for VL samples, 100% (95%CI, 69.15–100%) for RVL samples, and 52.5% (95% CI, 36.13–68.49%) for PKDL samples. There was significant discordance between the two methods with the overall sensitivity of the qPCR assay being considerably higher than Ln-PCR. None of the assay detected L. donovani DNA in buffy coats from cured VL cases, and reduced infectious burdens were demonstrated in cured PKDL cases who remained positive in 7.5% (3/40) and 2.5% (1/40) cases by real-time PCR and Ln-PCR, respectively. Both assays were 100% (95% CI, 95.98–100) specific with no positive signals in either endemic healthy control or TB samples. The real time PCR assay we developed offers a molecular tool for accurate detection of circulating L

Pengaruh Pemijatan Perineum pada Primigravida terhadap Kejadian Ruptur Perineum saat Persalinan di Bidan Praktek Mandiri di Kota Bengkulu Tahun 2014

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Wewet Savitri

2015-01-01

Full Text Available AbstrakRuptur perineum merupakan salah satu komplikasi persalinan kala II yang dapat menyebabkan disfungsi organ reproduksi wanita, perdarahan dan laserasi. Sebanyak 85% wanita melahirkan pervaginam dapat mengalami ruptur perineum. Salah satu cara mengurangi ruptur perineum adalah dengan melakukan pemijatan perineum untuk meningkatkan kesehatan, aliran darah dan elastisitas perineum. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh pemijatan perineum pada primigravida terhadap kejadian ruptur perineum saat persalinan di Bidan Praktek Mandiri di Kota Bengkulu Tahun 2014. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi eksperimen dengan metode post test only control group design. Penelitian dilakukan di Bidan Praktek Mandiri (BPM kota Bengkulu dengan subjek 28 orang primigravida usia kehamilan 36 minggu yang terdiri dari 14 orang kelompok intervensi dan 14 orang kelompok kontrol. Penelitian dilakukan dari 10 Maret 2014 hingga 10 Mei 2014, kemudian data dianalisis dengan uji Chi Square. Kejadian ruptur perineum pada kelompok intervensi setelah dilakukan pemijatan perineum hanya 21,4% sementara pada kelompok kontrol 71,4%. Hasil penelitian membuktikan ada pengaruh pemijatan perineum pada primigravida terhadap kejadian ruptur perineum (p<0,05. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemijatan perineum pada primigravida berpengaruh terhadap kejadian ruptur perineum pada saat persalinan.Kata kunci: pemijatan perineum, primigravida, ruptur perineumAbstractPerineal rupture is one of the second stage of labor complications that can lead to dysfunction of the female reproductive organs, bleeding and lacerations. As many as 85% of women give birth vaginally may experience rupture of the perineum. A method of reduce perineal rupture is a perineal massage to promote health, blood flow and elasticity of the perineum. The objekctive of this study was to determine the effect of perineal massage on the incidence of perineal rupture in primigravid during childbirth in

Laissez faire or faire mourir. The significance of participation of the clergy in the contract of purchase and sale of annuities in Central Europe between the 14th and the 15th century / Krzysztof Olendzki ; komment. Tiina Kala

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Olendzki, Krzysztof

2009-01-01

Rendiseostust ja -müügist ning kiriklike institutsioonide osalusest selles. Raha tulu saamise eesmärgil väljalaenamist kritiseeriti. Intressi suurust üritati piirata või rendiselepinguid tühistada.

PREFACE: Preface

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Audoin, Bertrand; Dehoux, Thomas; Guillet, Yannick

2011-02-01

and the gala dinner took place in a wine chateau in the medieval village. We hope this experience will remain in the attendees' memories as a pleasant and convivial time. We would like to express our thanks to the members of the organizing committee, the scientific committee, and all our generous sponsors, either institutions or companies, for their help in making this event possible. We would also like to thank the scientists involved for their confidence in our organization, and for their contributions. As unanimously decided by the attendees, the next symposium will be held in Japan, most likely in 2012. The papers published in this volume of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series provide a collection of state-of-the-art and recent advances in research and applications of laser ultrasonics as presented at this second Symposium. Bertrand Audoin - Conference ChairThomas Dehoux - Conference proceedings co-editorYannick Guillet - Conference proceedings co-editor Conference photograph Scientific committee Bertrand AudoinUniversité Bordeaux 1, France Alain BlouinNRC, Canada Christ GlorieuxKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Vitalyi GusevUniversité du Maine, France Peter HessUniversity of Heidelberg, Germany Alexander A KarabutovMoscow State University, Russia Sridhar KrishnaswamyNorthwestern University, USA Humphrey MarisBrown University, USA Jean-Pierre MonchalinNRC, Canada Todd MurrayBoston University, USA Makoto OchiaiToshiba Corp, Japan Menglu QianTongji University, China Daniel RoyerEcole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie, France Hervé TrétoutDassault Aviation, France Hubert VoillaumeEADS, France Oliver B WrightHokkaido University, Japan Shu-yi ZhangNanjing University, China Organizing committee Bertrand AudoinChair Sandrine GuitLocal administrator Christophe Aristégui Thomas Dehoux Evelyne Dewayse Yannick Guillet Armelle Guilloux

Pelestarian Nilai-Nilai Civic Culture dalam Memperkuat Identitas Budaya Masyarakat: Makna Simbolik Ulos dalam Pelaksanaan Perkawinan Masyarakat Batak Toba di Sitorang

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Lopiana Margaretha Panjaitan

2016-10-01

Full Text Available Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami pelestarian nilai-nilai civic culture dalam memperkuat identitas budaya masyarakat Batak Toba melalui makna simbolik ulos dalam pelaksanaan upacara perkawinan. Fokus penelitian ini adalah upaya yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dalam melestarikan nilai-nilai civic culture, dan mengapa masyarakat Batak Toba perlu untuk melestarikan nilai-nilai civic culture tersebut. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, dan partisipasi langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1 ulos tidak bisa lepas dari kehidupann orang Batak Toba karena merupakan warisan nenek moyang sejak dahulu kala, ulos juga sebagai simbol kasih sayang di antara keluarga, yaitu antara orang tua dan anak, dan juga antar sesama anggota masyarakat; (2 upaya yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dan pemerintah dalam melestarikan nilai-nilai civic culture tersebut adalah dengan cara memberikan pemahaman dan penjelasan kepada generasi muda dan membangun sebuah cagar budaya; (3 alasan mengapa masyarakat Batak Toba perlu melestarikan nilai-nilai civic culture tersebut adalah agar warisan nenek moyang tetap terjaga karena di dalam makna simbolik ulos tersebut terdapat nilai-nilai luhur Pancasila, seperti nilai ketuhanan, kemanusiaan, persatuan, kerakyatan, dan keadilan.     Preservation of The Value of Civic Culture in Strengthening The Cultural Identity of The Community: Case Study on The Symbolic Meaning of Marriage of Ulos in The Implementation of Batak Toba Society in Sitorang. This reseach aims to understand the preservation the value of civic culture in strengthening the cultural identity of Batak Toba society through the symbolic meaning of ulos in the implementation of the marriage. This research focuses to have the efforts made by the community in preserving the value of civic culture, and to find out why the people of Batak Toba need to

Relieving idiopathic dental pain without drugs

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Haryono Utomo

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Background: Teeth are commonly obvious source of orofacial pain. Sometimes the pain source is undetectable, thus called as idiopathic dental pain. Since dentist wants to alleviate or eliminate the pains with every effort in their mind, a lot of drugs could be prescribed. Moreover, it is make sense that endodontic treatment or even tooth extraction will be done. Unfortunately, endodontic treatment may also initiate neuropathic tooth pain that is caused by nerve extirpation, thus worsen the pain. Therefore, another cause of dental pain such as referred pain, periodontal disease, or stress which related to psychoneuroimmunology should be considered. In order to prevent from unnecessary drugs or invasive treatment such as root canal treatment and extraction, correct diagnosis and preliminary non-invasive therapies should be done. Purpose: This review elucidates several therapies that could be done by dentists for relieving idiopathic dental pain which includes massage, the “assisted drainage” therapy, modulation of psychoneuroimmunologic status and dietary omega-3. Reviews: Understanding the basic pathogenesis of pain may help in elucidating the effects of non-drug pain therapy such as muscle massage, the “assisted drainage” therapy, omega-3 and psychological stress relieving. These measures are accounted for eliminating referred pain, reducing proinflammatory mediators and relieving unwanted stress reactions consecutively. Psychological stress increases proinflammatory cytokines and thus lowered pain threshold. Conclusion: As an individual treatment, this non-drug therapy is useful in relieving idiopathic dental pain; nevertheless, if they work together the result could be more superior.Latar belakang: Gigi adalah suatu penyebab umum dari nyeri orofasial. Kadang kala penyebab nyeri tidak dapat ditemukan, sehingga disebut sebagai nyeri gigi idiopatik. Karena dokter gigi berupaya untuk mengurangi atau menghilangkan nyeri dengan segala cara

An integrated campaign for investigation of winter-time continental haze over Indo-Gangetic Basin and its radiative effects

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Das, Sanat Kumar; Chatterjee, Abhijit; Ghosh, Sanjay K.; Raha, Sibaji

2015-01-01

An outflow of continental haze occurs from Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) in the North to Bay of Bengal (BoB) in the South. An integrated campaign was organized to investigate this continental haze during December 2013–February 2014 at source and remote regions within IGB to quantify its radiative effects. Measurements were carried out at three locations in eastern India; 1) Kalas Island, Sundarban (21.68°N, 88.57°E) — an isolated island along the north-east coast of BoB, 2) Kolkata (22.57°N, 88.42°E) — an urban metropolis and 3) Siliguri (26.70°N, 88.35°E) — an urban region at the foothills of eastern Himalayas. Ground-based AOD (at 0.5 μm) is observed to be maximum (1.25 ± 0.18) over Kolkata followed by Siliguri (0.60 ± 0.17) and minimum over Sundarban (0.53 ± 0.18). Black carbon concentration is found to be maximum at Kolkata (21.6 ± 6.6 μg·m −3 ) with almost equal concentrations at Siliguri (12.6 ± 5.2 μg·m −3 ) and Sundarban (12.3 ± 3.0 μg·m −3 ). Combination of MODIS-AOD and back-trajectories analysis shows an outflow of winter-time continental haze originating from central IGB and venting out through Sundarban towards BoB. This continental haze with high extinction coefficient is identified up to central BoB using CALIPSO observations and is found to contribute ~ 75% to marine AOD over central BoB. This haze produces significantly high aerosol radiative forcing within the atmosphere over Kolkata (75.4 Wm −2 ) as well as over Siliguri and Sundarban (40 Wm −2 ) indicating large forcing over entire IGB, from foothills of the Himalayas to coastal region. This winter-time continental haze also causes about similar radiative heating (1.5 K·day −1 ) from Siliguri to Sundarban which is enhanced over Kolkata (3 K·day −1 ) due to large emission of local urban aerosols. This high aerosol heating over entire IGB and coastal region of BoB can have considerable impact on the monsoonal circulation and more importantly, such haze

An integrated campaign for investigation of winter-time continental haze over Indo-Gangetic Basin and its radiative effects

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Das, Sanat Kumar, E-mail: sanatkrdas@gmail.com [Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, Kolkata (India); Center for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Bose Institute, Kolkata (India); Chatterjee, Abhijit [Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, Kolkata (India); Center for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Bose Institute, Kolkata (India); National Facility on Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Darjeeling (India); Ghosh, Sanjay K. [Center for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Bose Institute, Kolkata (India); National Facility on Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Darjeeling (India); Raha, Sibaji [Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, Kolkata (India); Center for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Bose Institute, Kolkata (India); National Facility on Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Darjeeling (India)

2015-11-15

An outflow of continental haze occurs from Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) in the North to Bay of Bengal (BoB) in the South. An integrated campaign was organized to investigate this continental haze during December 2013–February 2014 at source and remote regions within IGB to quantify its radiative effects. Measurements were carried out at three locations in eastern India; 1) Kalas Island, Sundarban (21.68°N, 88.57°E) — an isolated island along the north-east coast of BoB, 2) Kolkata (22.57°N, 88.42°E) — an urban metropolis and 3) Siliguri (26.70°N, 88.35°E) — an urban region at the foothills of eastern Himalayas. Ground-based AOD (at 0.5 μm) is observed to be maximum (1.25 ± 0.18) over Kolkata followed by Siliguri (0.60 ± 0.17) and minimum over Sundarban (0.53 ± 0.18). Black carbon concentration is found to be maximum at Kolkata (21.6 ± 6.6 μg·m{sup −3}) with almost equal concentrations at Siliguri (12.6 ± 5.2 μg·m{sup −3}) and Sundarban (12.3 ± 3.0 μg·m{sup −3}). Combination of MODIS-AOD and back-trajectories analysis shows an outflow of winter-time continental haze originating from central IGB and venting out through Sundarban towards BoB. This continental haze with high extinction coefficient is identified up to central BoB using CALIPSO observations and is found to contribute ~ 75% to marine AOD over central BoB. This haze produces significantly high aerosol radiative forcing within the atmosphere over Kolkata (75.4 Wm{sup −2}) as well as over Siliguri and Sundarban (40 Wm{sup −2}) indicating large forcing over entire IGB, from foothills of the Himalayas to coastal region. This winter-time continental haze also causes about similar radiative heating (1.5 K·day{sup −1}) from Siliguri to Sundarban which is enhanced over Kolkata (3 K·day{sup −1}) due to large emission of local urban aerosols. This high aerosol heating over entire IGB and coastal region of BoB can have considerable impact on the monsoonal circulation and more

Mediasi perbankan dalam kerangka penyelesaian sengketa perbankan secara sederhana, Cepat, dan biaya ringan

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noor hafidah

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Industri perbankan sebagai bagian dari Industri keuangan mempunyai karakteristik yang khusus sebagai lembaga keuangan. Karakteristik khusus tersebut tercermin dalam operasional perbankan yang memiliki fungsi Intermediary, yaitu menghimpun dan menyalurkan dana kepada masyarakat yang dilandasi oleh kepercayaan, serta layanan yang lebih kompleks yang meliputi pembiayaan makro, pembiayaan ekspor impor, transaksi derivatif, fasilitas pembayaran perdagangan internasional (letter of credit dan lain sebagainya.Layanan Perbankan yang sedemikian kompleks dalam prakteknya kadang kala bersentuhan dengan konflik atau sengketa. Sengketa dapat terjadi karena adanya perbedaan pendapat antara bank dengan nasabah mengenai kewajiban dan hak masing-masing, wanprestasi dari nasabah sebagai debitur, tindakan sepihak bank yang dianggap merugikan nasabah, dan sebagainya. Kenyataan demikian menuntut adanya pola penyelesaian sengketa yang efektif dan efisien.Dalam konteks penyelesaian sengketa secara demikian, Bank Indonesia sebagai bank sentral yang memiliki kewenangan dalam menata aktivitas perbankan di Indonesia telah mengeluarkan beberapa peraturan yang terkait dengan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa, antara lain Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor 8/5/PBI/2006 tanggal 30 Januari 2006 dan Surat Edaran Bank Indonesia Nomor 8/14/DPNP tanggal 1 Juni 2006 tentang Mediasi Perbankan.Pasal 1 angka 5 Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor 8/5/PBI/2006 menyatakan bahwa mediasi merupakan proses penyelesaian sengketa yang melibatkan mediator untuk membantu para pihak yang bersengketa guna mencapai penyelesaian dalam bentuk kesepakatan sukarela terhadap sebagian ataupun seluruh permasalahan yang disengketakanModel penyelesaian mediasi bagi kalangan perbankan merupakan model yang dianggap tepat karena hubungan bank dan nasabah mengandung kerahasiaan. Kerahasiaan dimaksud adalah kerahasiaan bank sebagaimana tersebut di dalam pasal 40 UU No. 10 tahun 1998 tentang Perbankan. Penyelesaian secara

Translasi Pencak Silat Kedalam Film Animasi (Studi Kasus Film Kung Fu Panda

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Riyo Ramadhan

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Sebagai tradisi yang telah membudaya dari sejak zaman dahulu kala, pencak silat lahir sebagai benteng kekuatan pertahanan diri sekaligus menjadi seni yang memperkaya khazanah kebudayaan bangsa Indonesia. Namun, kuatnya terpaan kebudayaan seni bela diri impor yang masuk (karate, kung fu, tae kwon do, muay thai, capoeira, dll, yang selalu didukung dengan berbagai kemasan media entertainment modern, membuat silat menjadi kalah populer bahkan di mata dan persepsi masyarakat Indonesia sendiri. Hal ini mengakibatkan para generasi muda memandang seni bela diri impor menjadi lebih superior ketimbang pencak silat. Jika hal ini terus berlangsung tanpa ada usaha untuk mengembangkan pencak silat melalui media modern, maka akan sangat sulit untuk mempertahankan dan mengembangkan tradisi ini di masa depan. Tujuan dari makalah ini ialah untuk membuktikan dan menggali potensi animasi sebagai media alternatif yang efektif untuk memvisualisasikan adegan dan cerita bertemakan pencak silat. Adapun studi kasus yang menjadi acuan dalam penelitian ialah film animasi “Kung Fu Panda”. Penelitian ini mengkaji studi kasus dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif, lalu dianalisis dengan pendekatan analisis deskriptif untuk mengkaji dan mengidentifikasi pemasalahan dan solusi. Pembahasan dari makalah lebih ditekankan pada kekuatan penyampaikan cerita melalui gambar (visual storytelling yang efektif terkait dengan pencak silat. Hasil dari penelitian ialah cara penyampaian pesan yang efektif mengenai elemen dan esensi pencak silat sebagai bentuk translasinya kedalam film animasi. Pesan tersebut dapat disampaikan dengan menggunakan aspek narasi, gesture, dan simbol yang diakomodasi dengan aspek visual storytelling. Translating Pencak Silat Into An Animation Film (Case Study The Film Kung Fu Panda Abstract. A tradition that has been part of Indonesian culture since ancient times, pencak silat was born as a form of self-defense and at the same time has grown into an

Aspectos da padronização de testes sorológicos para a doença de Chagas: um teste imunoenzimático para a triagem de doadores de sangue Standardization of serological tests in Chagas' disease: immunoenzimatic test for screening of blood bank donnors

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A. Walter Ferreira

1991-04-01

reagent (bioELISA cruzi, Biolab Diagnóstica S/A, Brasil, was tested in serum from 1648 patients 219 with Chagas disease and 104 with other diseases, plus a comparison with well standardized immunofluorescence and hemagglutination tests in 1325 sera. In the immunoenzimatic assays, the cut off was indicated by the absorbance value of a chagasic serum showing a minimal reactivity. ELISA sensibility was 0,9954 and specificity 0,9969, as conegativity. False positive results were absent with sera from sifilis, toxoplasmosis, mononucleosis and high titered sera for antistreptolysin 0 antibodies. However they were seen in 5 to 15 cases of tegu-mentar leishmaniosis, 1 of 12 Kala-azar 1 of 15 reumatoid arthritis and 1 of 12 sistemic lupus erythematosus. The high sensibility in chagasics and high specificity in the general population indicate the confiability of the imunoenzimatic assay for screening blood donors and even to confirm a clinical diagnosis of Chagas' disease.

L-shell bifurcation of electron outer belt at the recovery phase of geomagnetic storm as observed by STEP-F and SphinX instruments onboard the CORONAS-Photon satellite

Science.gov (United States)

Dudnik, Oleksiy; Sylwester, Janusz; Kowalinski, Miroslaw; Podgorski, Piotr

2016-07-01

's magnetic field asymmetry and/or fast radial and pitch-angle particle diffusion from the outer edge of the magnetosphere. 1. P.Podgórski, O.V.Dudnik, J.Sylwester, S.Gburek, M.Kowaliński, M.Siarkowski, S.Plocieniak, J.Bąkala. Joint analysis of SphinX and STEP-F instruments data on magnetospheric electron flux dynamics at low Earth orbit / in: Abstracts of 39th Scientific Assembly of COSPAR, Mysore, India, July 14-22, 2012, Panel PSW.3: "Space Weather Data: Observations and Exploitation for Research and Applications", STW-C-119 PSW.3-0028-12, P.112. 2. O.V.Dudnik, P.Podgórski, J.Sylwester, S.Gburek, M.Kowalinski, M.Siarkowski, S.Plocieniak, and J.Bakala. X-Ray Spectrophotometer SphinX and Particle Spectrometer STEP-F of the Satellite Experiment CORONAS-PHOTON. Preliminary Results of the Joint Data Analysis / Solar System Research, 2012, V.46, No.2, P.160-169, doi:10.1134/S0038094612020025. 3. O.V.Dudnik, P.Podgórski, J.Sylwester. New perspectives to study the splitting of drift shells at the outer magnetosphere by using STEP-F and SphinX instruments on board the CORONAS-Photon satellite / in: Abstract Book of the Conference "Progress on EUV&X-ray spectroscopy and imaging II", Wroclaw, Poland, November 17-19, 2015, P.8, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1872.4889.

Regrowth of arsenate–sulfate efflorescences on processing plant walls at the Ottery arsenic–tin mine, New South Wales, Australia: Implications for arsenic mobility and remediation of mineral processing sites

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hebbard, Emily R.; Wilson, Siobhan A.; Jowitt, Simon M.; Tait, Alastair W.; Turvey, Connor C.; Wilson, Harriet L.

2017-01-01

Processing equipment and buildings at derelict mine sites are commonly coated in metal- and metalloid-rich residues that can significantly contribute to acid and metalliferous drainage, potentially polluting soils and watercourses. Here, we describe arsenic-rich residues and efflorescences on processing buildings at the derelict Ottery As–Sn mine in New South Wales, Australia and use the resulting data to determine the mineral hosts for arsenic and their distribution at the site. X-ray diffraction (XRD), portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data are used to conduct mineralogical, geochemical and microstructural analysis of the efflorescences. Brickwork columns within As condenser buildings are coated primarily with gypsum (CaSO_4·2H_2O) and contain approximately 1–5 wt% As, but more sheltered columns are associated with efflorescences rich in arsenolite and claudetite (polymorphs of As_2O_3) and contain up to ∼70–80 wt% As. The efflorescences within the Ottery condensers commonly contain minor quartz (SiO_2), feldspars, and two uncharacterised phases, including a K-Al-As phase and a Ca-Na-K-Al-F-As phase that are likely similar to previously reported phases from an As processing site in Cornwall, UK. SEM imaging indicates that the weathering of mortar and bricks provides a source of cations for efflorescence formation, with grains of more resistant minerals (e.g., quartz) incorporated into the efflorescences. Arsenic does not appear to substitute significantly for S in gypsum but instead is generally hosted in (1) Al, Na, Ca and Fe-bearing arsenate minerals in weathered efflorescences and (2) in small grains of arsenolite in pore spaces within the brickwork, indicating that the bricks are a potentially long-lived source of As. The efflorescences on exposed columns at Ottery also regrow within 12 months after removal, releasing stored arsenic from the brickwork and causing a cyclical degradation of the buildings. Our

Karakter Geoarkeologis dan Proses Budaya Prasejarah Zona Poros Ponjong – Rongkop di Blok Tengah

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Jarwo Susetyo Edy Yuwono

2016-09-01

Full Text Available ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan di Zona Poros Ponjong - Rongkop, yaitu bagian dari Blok Tengah Gunungsewu di Pegunungan Selatan Jawa, yang posisinya diapit oleh dua depresi bekas danau purba, yaitu Ledok Wonosari dan Ledok Baturetno. Morfologinya berupa punggungan perbukitan karst berarah utara-selatan antara daerah Ponjong dan Rong-kop, membentuk semacam poros hampir tegak lurus terhadap bentangan umum Gunungsewu. Bagian paling utara ber-batasan dengan pegunungan non-karst dan memiliki topografi tertinggi di Blok Tengah Gunungsewu, sehingga menjadi wilayah hulu bagi sungai-sungai bawahtanah di Gunungkidul. Melalui beberapa survei ditemukan sejumlah 56 gua yang memiliki potensi arkeologis, tujuh di antaranya sudah diekskavasi dan terbukti menyimpan jejak-jejak hunian prase-jarah dari Kala Pleistosen Akhir - Holosen Awal. Pendekatan geoarkeologis sebagai studi gabungan antara arkeologi dan geomorfologi, dilakukan untuk membangun model-model integral mengenai hubungan sistematik antara manusia dengan bentanglahan karst Gunungsewu di area penelitian. Dua hal yang menjadi tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah: Pertama, menjelaskan karakter geoarkeologis Zona Poros Ponjong - Rongkop sebagai perpaduan antara aspek-aspek geomorfologis (morfologi, morfogenesis, morfokronologi, dan morfoaransemen dan aspek-aspek arkeologis (distri-busi gua dan potensi arkeologisnya. Tujuan ini dicapai melalui penilaian dan pemetaan distribusi potensi gua sebagai situs arkeologis, kemudian menganalisis hubungannya dengan aspek-aspek geomorfologis setempat. Kedua, menjelas-kan proses budaya prasejarah, yaitu bentuk dinamis dari budaya penghunian gua beserta faktor-faktor yang mempen-garuhinya. Metode untuk mencapai tujuan ini adalah dengan menganalisis konteks data arkeologis dan stratigrafi lantai gua yang pernah diekskavasi. Sintesis kajian atas kedua capaian tujuan ini memberikan penjelasan integral atas karakter geoarkeologis dan proses budaya prasejarah di area

How effective is dog culling in controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis? a critical evaluation of the science, politics and ethics behind this public health policy Quanto é efetivo o abate de cães para o controle do calazar zoonótico? uma avaliação crítica da ciência, política e ética por trás desta política de saúde pública

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Carlos Henrique Nery Costa

2011-04-01

Full Text Available INTRODUCTION: Zoonotic kala-azar, a lethal disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania is considered out of control in parts of the world, particularly in Brazil, where transmission has spread to cities throughout most of the territory and mortality presents an increasing trend. Although a highly debatable measure, the Brazilian government regularly culls seropositive dogs to control the disease. Since control is failing, critical analysis concerning the actions focused on the canine reservoir was conducted. METHODS: In a review of the literature, a historical perspective focusing mainly on comparisons between the successful Chinese and Soviet strategies and the Brazilian approach is presented. In addition, analyses of the principal studies regarding the role of dogs as risk factors to humans and of the main intervention studies regarding the efficacy of the dog killing strategy were undertaken. Brazilian political reaction to a recently published systematic review that concluded that the dog culling program lacked efficiency and its effect on public policy were also reviewed. RESULTS: No firm evidence of the risk conferred by the presence of dogs to humans was verified; on the contrary, a lack of scientific support for the policy of killing dogs was confirmed. A bias for distorting scientific data towards maintaining the policy of culling animals was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Since there is no evidence that dog culling diminishes visceral leishmaniasis transmission, it should be abandoned as a control measure. Ethical considerations have been raised regarding distorting scientific results and the killing of animals despite minimal or absent scientific evidenceINTRODUÇÃO: O calazar zoonótico, uma doença fatal causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, é considerada fora de controle, particularmente no Brasil, onde se urbaniza e a letalidade aumenta. Apesar de ser uma medida muito controversa, o governo brasileiro abate c

Design of the detector to observe the energetic charged particles: a part of the solar X-ray spectrophotometer ChemiX onboard Interhelio-Probe mission

Science.gov (United States)

Dudnik, Oleksiy; Sylwester, Janusz; Kowalinski, Miroslaw; Bakala, Jaroslaw; Siarkowski, Marek; Evgen Kurbatov, mgr..

2016-07-01

-layer detector stack: first two layers consist of silicon detectors; the third one is based on the p-terphenyl scintillation detector coupled with pixelated silicon photomultiplier. Coincidence logic allows collecting systematic data on particle variety and their energy with 1 and/or 10 s time resolutions. Digital processing unit is constructed based on FPGA Actel ProAsic M1A3PE1500, and contains each event processing logic, forms telemetry data and housekeeping frames, communicates with ChemiX digital processing unit and executes received telecommands. In order to increase the reliability and time resource of the BPM its digital processing unit and secondary power supply unit has backup sets. Switching between backup sets is commanded by externally orders. The BPM is capable to sort out in situ abundances of individual particle constituents from electrons up to oxygen nuclei. 1. O.V.Dudnik, E.V.Kurbatov, V.O.Tarasov, L.A.Andryushenko, I.L.Zajtsevsky, J.Sylwester, J.Bąkala, M.Kowaliński. Background particle detector for the solar X-ray photometer ChemiX of space mission "Interhelioprobe": an adjustment of breadboard model modules (in Russian) / ISSN 1561-8889: Kosmichna Nauka I Tekhnologiya, 2015, Vol.21, No.2, P.3-14. 2. O.V.Dudnik, E.V.Kurbatov, J.Sylwester, M.Siarkowski, P.Podgórski, M.Kowaliński. Background Particle Monitor - a part of the solar X-ray spectrophotometer ChemiX: principles of the operation and construction / in: Abstracts of 15th Ukrainian conference on space research, Odesa, Ukraine, August 24-28, 2015, P.80, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2284.2649. 3. O.V.Dudnik, E.V.Kurbatov, M.Kowaliński, M.Siarkowski, P.Podgórski, J.Sylwester. Operational features of Background Particle Monitor, a vital part of the solar X-ray spectrophotometer ChemiX / in: Abstract book of the Conference "Progress on EUV&X-ray spectroscopy and imaging II", Wroclaw, Poland, November 17 19, 2015, P.9, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1184.3604.

Editorial

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dana Kapitulčinová

2013-12-01

• March 30th–April 5th: International Spring School on Sustainable Development 2014 for Bachelor and Master students, more info here. We would be very happy to welcome you to any of these planned events. Now, back to the current English issue of Envigogika, we are very pleased to bring you several interesting and inspiring articles by authors from the Czech Republic, as well as farther afield (Slovenia, Australia. The articles encompass a wide range of themes relating to environmental education (EE and education for sustainable development (ESD, as well as sustainable development in more general terms. You can therefore read about: 1 Earthkeepers in the Czech Republic: Experience from the implementation process of an earth education programme (Reviewed Paper by Jan Činčera and Bruce Johnson. ‘Earthkeepers’ is an earth education programme developed by the international Institute for Earth Education. The authors report on the implementation and subsequent evaluation process of this programme for the first time in the Czech Republic – in the Bohemian Paradise Ecological Education Centre (Středisko ekologické výchovy Český ráj. The results of the study suggested that participation in the programme had a positive impact on pupils’ ecological knowledge and attitudes, and the authors discuss the potential for further dissemination of the programme in the Czech Republic. 2 LET’s start a new LETS: Learning from a case study in Brno, Czech Republic (Reviewed Paper by Lukáš Kala. The article introduces us to the so-called Local Exchange Trading System (LETS and the system’s recent history in the Czech Republic, and then reports on RozLEŤSe – a LETS system in the city of Brno, Czech Republic. The authors specifically examine the socio-demographic characteristics, motivations and organisational operations of the group and focus on the potential threats to the continued work of the LETS system. 3 Ethics and Ecoethics by Josef Petr Ondok: Between the

The origin of the Dargom canal in the oasis of Samarkand (Uzbekistan). A new scenario from geoarcheological data

Science.gov (United States)

Marconi, V.; Mantellini, S.; Picotti, V.; Gabbianelli, G.; Tosi, M.

2009-04-01

As the main oases developed in the arid regions of Central Asia, the region of Samarkand is the outcome of large hydraulic works carried out since the past times. The main result of such a great landscape transformation is a complex irrigation network formed by several artificial channels and useful for both urban water supply and irrigation purposes. Within the framework of the Italo-Uzbek Archaeological Project begun in 2001, a specific study was aimed to reconstruct the history of Dargom, the primary canal on the South of the city, and its relationships with the settlement dynamics. According to the most accepted theories, the Dargom was dug during the Achaemenid Age (6th-4th c. BC) as a consequence of a master plan linked to a strong central political power. The new investigations carried out by a joined team of Archaelogists and Geologists from the University Bologna allowed a new hypothesis on the way of digging and the chronology of the Dargom itself. The analyses on the historical settlement patterns seem to suggest a low development of Samarkand's territory during the Achaemenid times, whilst the increasing of sites during the Early Middle Age (5th-8th c.) can be explained throughout the rich trades along the Silk Road as well as the development of irrigated agriculture. The present-day Dargom is a high sinuosity channel deeply incised into the bedrock flowing to the east, strongly resembling a natural channel. It has been excavated for around 70 km along an apron of alluvial fans sourced by a southern mountain range. Its morphology clearly document a natural evolution after excavation: incision and meandering took place, likely due to the increasing gradient related to the headward migration of lowering of the base-level and the decrease of the bed load through time. Field survey around the fortress of Kafir Kala, the main archeological site geographically linked to the Dargom, allowed reconstructing the original bed of the canal, marked by a layer of

Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel’in Suda Halkalar Adlı Eserinde Su İmajları ve Benzetmeler Water Images and Metaphors in Suda Halkalar Which Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel’s Work

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Hüseyin DOĞRAMACIOĞLU

2012-09-01

yerine kullanılırken bazen de sevgili ile beraber düşünülen bir arka fon olarak kullanılmıştır. Şair su imajlarını karamsar tablolar halinde oluşturmuştur. Bu tablolarda şair ve sevgilisi vardır. Su imajları ve şairin hayalleri şiirin değişmez arka fonlarını oluştururlar. Şiirdeki arka fonlar birer leit motif olarak gider gelirler. Şairin oluşturduğu bu tablolarda görsellik ve kişisellik ön plana çıkar. Eserdeki benzetmeler ise klâsik Türk şiirindeki benzetmelerden farklı oluşturulmuştur. Bu benzetmeler şiire farklı anlam başkalaşmaları katmıştır. Benzetmeler yoluyla şiirin düşünsel temellere dayandırılması, şiire yeni anlam kapılarının açılması yeni Türk şiirinin ciddi kazanımlarından biri olarak düşünülebilir. Hem benzetmelerde hem de şiirde kullanılan su imajlarında geçmişin karamsar duygularla hatırlandığını ve geçmişe özlem duyulduğunu görmekteyiz. Bu yönüyle geçmiş; şairin hayallerini, matem duygusunu, su imajlarını ve benzetmeleri etkileyerek şiire yansır. Eserdeki benzetmeler muhayyel, görsel, şiirsel zemini güçlü benzetmeler şeklinde gruplandırılabilir. Bu benzetmelerde karamsarlık ve hüzün duyguları hâkimdir. Şairin kullandığı imajlar ve benzetmeler Türk şiiri için birer yenilik olarak değerlendirilebilir. Suda Halkalar adlı eser üzerine yapılan bu ilk araştırma, Çamlıbel’in şiiriyetini daha iyi anlamamıza ve edebî çizgisini belirlememize yardımcı olacaktır.

Hydrological Effects of Chashm Dam on the Downstream of Talar River Watershed

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Mohammad Reza Khaleghi

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction: In the last century, dams have constructed with the objective of water supplies for agriculture, drinking water and industry. However, the results from the performance review of dams show adverse effects on the downstream environment and the availability of water resources. The purpose of the Chashm dam construction on the TalarRiver's tributaries is the water supply for Semnan city. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in TalarRiver watershed. TalarRiveroriginatesfrom AlborzMountains in Mazandaran province, in the southern Caspian Sea basin, in north of Iran and flows parallel with the Firouzkooh-Ghaemshahr road and it arrives to the Caspian beach area in the Malek Kala village. In order to supply the water requirements of Semnan city, the construction of Chashm dam on the TalarRiver's tributaries placed on the agenda of the Ministry of Energy. However, because of the uncontrolled exploitation of agricultural streams and invasion of privacy riverbed, the TalarRiver has acute and critical conditions from the point of hydrologic and environmental. To study the hydrological impacts of Chashm dam, Talar watershed was considered with an area of approximately 1057 square kilometers of the Pole Sefid gauging station using a rainfall-runoff model. Results and Discussion: Simulation of the study area hydrological behavior shows that the Chashm Dam average water discharge is near to 8.6 million m3. This figure will be significant changes during wet and droughtperiods. The minimum and maximum monthly discharge of the Chashm Dam watershed in August and February is equal to 0.31 and 0.55 m3/s respectively. The minimum and maximum monthly water demand in turn in October and August is equal to 0.015 and 0.4 m3/s respectively and this shows that the river discharge in June is lower than the downstream water demand. Based on confirmed studies of the Kamandab Consulting Engineers, drinking water requirement of Semnan province, water

FILOSOFI DAN PENERAPAN KONSEPSI BUNGA PADMA DALAM PERWUJUDAN ARSITEKTUR TRADISIONAL BALI

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I Nyoman Widya Paramadhyaksa

2016-09-01

sacred flower in Hinduism and Buddhism. In Eastern art, padma is often used as a pedestal or character attributes of certain gods or goddess. In Bali, padma serves as the basic concept of the sacred structure form and eight directions. The splitting petals of padma are often associated with the presence of the eight cardinal directions guarded by eight major gods. This paper is a summary of the study which applied the methods of philosophical hermeneutics on the philosophy of padma and its relevance to the concept of the main wind direction known in the order of traditional Balinese architecture. In some parts, it is also described the application description of Padma concept various embodiments of the Balinese traditional architecture. The final result of this research shows that Padma concept applied on Bali island masterplan, Hindu temple mandalas, holy buildings and iconographic of traditional Balinese sacred statues. REFERENCES Altman, Nathaniel (2002. Sacred Water: The Spiritual Source of Life. New Jersey: Paulist Press. Beer, Robert (2003. The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols. Chicago: Serindia Publications, Inc. Debroy, Bibek dan Dipavali Debroy (2005. The History of Puranas. New Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. Dwipayana, A. A. G. N. Ari dan Putra, I Nyoman Darma (2004. Bali Menuju Jagaditha: aneka perspektif. Denpasar: Pustaka Bali Post. Eiseman, Fred B. dan Margaret H. Eiseman (1989. Bali, Sekala and Niskala: Essays on religion, ritual, and art. Volume 1. London: Periplus Editions. Gupte, Ramesh Shankar (1980. Iconography of the Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains. Delhi: D. B. Taraporevala Sons. Heine-Geldern, Robert (1956. Conceptions of State and Kingship in Southeast Asia. New York: SEAP Publications. Kapur, Sohaila (1983. Witchcraft in Western India. New Delhi: Orient Longman. MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (1974. A Prctical Sanskrit Dictionary: with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout. London: Oxford University Press. Manuaba

Sôbre alguns Phlebotomus e Brumptomyia da Colômbia (Diptera, Psychodidae

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Italo A. Sherlock

1962-09-01

Full Text Available The first case of Kala-azar in Colombia was discovered in Soledad, S. Vicente do Chucuri, Dept. Santander, by Gast-Galvis who viscerotomized a three year old girl deceased in December, 1943. In 1944, fifty-three Phlebotominae were collected in the chicken pen of the girl's house, two new species included. Mangabeira helped by A. Gast Galvis, Juan Antonio Montoya and E. Osorno Mesa, collected some Phlebotomus in that country. The geographical distribution of the species of Phlebotomus collected in Colombia (P. abonnenci, P. camposi, P. columbianus, P. dubitans, P. gasti, P. montoyai, P. saulensis, P. serranus, P. triramulus and two species of Brumptomyia (B. beaupertuyi and b mesari, are included. our description of the male P. columbianus is based on some specimens found in association with females. However, doubts exist about such association of sexes. There is no correspondence between the length of the spicules and the ducts of spermathecae. Besides, the specimens were not obtained by raising. The following new species are described and compared with previously known ones: a Phlebotomus gasti sp. n. differs from the other species by a protruding tubercle in the gubernaculum. It has also fewer setae in the tuft of the basistyle, a different length of the inferior gonapophyses, and a differently shaped clasper. b Phlebotomus dubitans sp. n. differs from P. walkeri and P. deanei (according to personal information from O. Theodor, who examined the types, they are identical to P. williamsi and P. sericeus respectively, mainly because these species have the inferior gonapophyses larger than the basistyle and fewer setae in the basistyle. P. evandroi is separated by the shape of the claspers and by the tuft of setae of the basistyle. P. marajoensis is the closest relative to P. dubitans. There is a possibility of their being synonymous. On the other hand, they can be differentiated by the existence of three extra distal spines in P. marajoensis

Influence of Aerosol Properties and the Respiratory Pattern upon Hazards Evaluation following Inhalation Exposure; Influence des Caracteristiques des Aerosols et du Regime de la Respiration sur l'Evaluation des Risques, a la Suite d'une Exposition par Inhalation; Vliyanie svojstv aehrozolej i obraztsa respiratora na otsenku opasnosti oblucheniya pri vdykhanii radioaktivnykh veshchestv; Influencia de las Propriedades de los Aerosoles y de su Esquema Repiratorio en la Evaluacion de los Riesgos Consecutivos a una Exposicion por Inhalacion

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Thomas, R. G. [Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Albuquerque, NM (United States)

1964-10-15

razmera vdyhaemyh chastic dlja rastvorimogo v tkanjah soedinenija (chlorid cezija) i dlja ''nerastvorimogo'' v tkanjah soedinenija (hlorid torija). Privedeny takzhe dokazatel'stva variacij raspredelenija jelementa v tkanjah i vydelenija v zavisimosti ot ego fiziko-himicheskogo sostojanija pri vdyhanii. Dannye, poluchennye v rezul'tate provedenija jeksperimentov s ajerozoljami mnogih soedinenij, v tom chisle upomjanutyh vyshe, ispol'zovany dlja pokaza unikal'nogo sootnoshenija mezhdu soderzhaniem soedinenij v organizme i vydeleniem s jekskrementami v techenie neskol'kih dnej posle obluchenija. Pokazany preimushhestva odnovremennogo provedenija dlja biologicheskih celej analiza mochi i kala. Na primere jetih dannyh pokazany pogreshnosti, voznikajushhie pri ispol'zovanii primenjaemyh v nastojashhee vremja metodov prakticheskoj ocenki opasnosti obluchenija na osnovanii otbora prob vozduha i metodik biologicheskogo analiza. (author)

Diagnosis and treatment of a local and afterwards generalized plutonium contamination; Diagnostic et traitement d'un cas d'intoxication par le plutonium local d'abord et generalise ensuite; Diagnoz i lechenie mestnogo i posledukshego generalizirovannogo porazheniya plutoniem; Diagnostico y tratamiento de una contaminacion local y luego general por plutonio

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Lafuma, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France)

1963-02-15

'yu DTRA. Posle avarii u postradavshego nemedlenno byli vzyaty dlya analiza i izmereniya aktivnosti krov', mocha i kal. Vposledstvii mocha bralas' ezhednevno. Vzyatie krovi i kala proizvodilos' v kazhdoj faze lecheniya. Rezul'taty izmerenij svidetel'stvuyut o bol'shoj ehffektivnosti DTRA pri vnutrennikh porazheniyakh plutoniem-239. Odnako predstavlyaetsya, chto protsentnoe soderzhanie v krovi plutoniya, kotoryj udalyaetsya pochkami, menyaetsya v zavisimosti ot vremeni. Ehtot protsentnyj pokazatel' vozrastaet, pokazyvaya tem samym, chto plutonij nakhoditsya v krovi v razlichnykh ionnykh i kolloidal'nykh formakh, kotorye udalyayutsya pochkami s razlichnoj skorost'yu. Poehtomu sozdaetsya vpechatlenie, chto aktivnost' mochi ne yavlyaetsya vernym priznakom vnutrennego zagryazneniya. (author)

Human Internal Contamination with Strontium-90 Titanate; Contamination Interne du Corps Humain par le Titanate de Strontium 90; 0412 041d 0414 ; Contaminacion Interna del Cuerpo Humano con Titanato de Estroncio-90

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Bradley, F. J.; Wald, N.; Wechsler, R. L. [Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (United States)

1964-11-15

'zovalis' tri metoda. Pervyj metod- izmerenie obluchenija vsego organizma. Ono provodilos' d-rom Ch.Millerom v Argonskoj nacional'noj laboratorii, chto pozvolilo opredelit' tol'ko verhnij predel iz-za nejarko vyrazhennogo spektra tormoznogo izluchenija stroncij-90 - ittrij-90 i ukazalo na pervonachal'noe soderzhanie radioaktivnosti vo vsem organizme ravnoe'4,8 mkkjuri. Vtoroj metod - sbor vsego kolichestva mochi i- kala dal 5 mkkjuri dlja pervyh 20 dnej.: Putem soedinenija jetogo kolichestva s predpolagaemym kolichestvom, ostavshimsja v organizme,bylo polucheno pervonachal'noe1 soderzhanie radioaktivnosti vo vsem-organizme 5,2. mkkjuri. Tretij metod -opredelenie .radioaktivnosti krovi ukazal na pervonachal'noe soderzhanie radioaktivnosti vo vsem organizme ravnoe -6 mkkjuri. Sootnoshenie vydelenija izotopa s mochoj i kalom v pervye 20.dnej sostavljalo 15,: 1 i 94% vydeljajushhegosja stroncija-90 prohodilo cherez zheludochno-kishechnyj trakt. Odnako interesno otmetit', chto znachitel'naja frakcjja byla nesomnenno rastvorima. K 20 dnju posle avarii bylo podschitano', chto zaderzhka izotopa v organizme sostavljala tol'ko 5% ot obshhego pogloshhenija. Daetsja opisanie metodov, ispol'zovavshihsja v jetot'period, dlja uvelichenija vyvedenija s'kalom s pomoshh'ju- MgSO i vydelenija s mochoj putem kombinacii gljukonata kal'cija's NH{sub 4}Cl. Predstavleny posledujushhie sposoby vyvedenija -odnovremennaja ocenka ostavshegosja v organizme kolichestva izotopa. (author)

Some Applications of Surface Barrier Solid-State Detectors for Alpha-Activity Detection and Measurement; Quelques Applications des Detecteurs a Semi-Conducteurs a Barriere de Surface pour Deceler et Mesurer l'Activite Alpha; Nekotorye vidy primeneniya detektorov tverdogo sostoyaniya s poverkhnostnym bar'erom dlya izmereniya i obnaruzheniya al'fa-aktivnosti; Aplicaciones de los Detectores de Semiconductores de Barrera Superficial a la Deteccion y Medicion de Emisores Alfa

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Perry, K. E.G. [Atomic Energy Establishment, Winfrith, Dorset (United Kingdom)

1965-10-15

i dlja special'nogo dozimetricheskogo obsledovanija po programme radiacionnoj bezopasnosti. Naibolee udobnym metodom opredelenija kolichestva plutonija, uderzhannogo v organizme cheloveka, podvergajushhegosja oblucheniju, javljaetsja sobiranie prob mochi i kala. Jeti proby obrabatyvajutsja himicheskim sposobom dlja izvlechenija plutonija, kotoryj otlagaetsja jelektroliticheskim sposobom na malye diski iz nerzhavejushhej stali dlja poluchenija tonkih ''istochnikov'' s nichtozhnym samopogloshheniem al'fa-aktivnosti. Pri normal'nyh uslovijah raboty professional'no podvergajushhegosja oblucheniju personala kolichestvo aktivnosti, sobiraemoj takim obrazom, chrezvychajno malo, chto vyzyvaet neobhodimost' ochen' tochuo izmerjat' ves'ma slabye aktivnosti v poluchennyh probah. Detektory tverdogo sostojanija imejut preimushhestvo pered detektorami drugih vidov (naprimer, pered scintilljacionnymi schetchikami ili proporcional'nymi schetchikami s gazovym potokom) v tom otnoshenii, chto oni dajut vozmozhnost' sil'no ponizit' fon, chto v svoju ochered' pozvoljaet obnaruzhivat' gorazdo bolee slabuju aktivnost'. Dlja jetih izmerenij shiroko primenjajutsja dva tipa priborov s ispol'zovaniem detektorov tverdogo sostojanija. Naibolee prostoj tip oborudovanija snabzhen detektorom dlja izmerenija obshhej al'fa-aktivnosti proby. Odnako esli imejutsja eshhe drugie al'fa-aktivnye radioizotopy, to dlja opredelenija dejstvitel'nogo soderzhanija plutonija detektory tverdogo sostojanija mogut byt' ispol'zovany bolee celesoobrazno v kachestve spektrometrov; analiz amplitudy impul'sov daet vozmozhnost' otlichit' jemissiju plutonija s jenergiej 5,14 Mjev ot al'fa-jemissij drugih radioizotopov. V nastojashhee vremja ispol'zujutsja dva tipa oborudovanija s primeneniem detektorov tverdogo sostojanija dlja analiza jenergij. Naibolee prostoj iz jetih priborov vkljuchaet detektor sostojanija diametrom 20 mm, prichem na vyhode jetogo detektora imeetsja kontur, vkljuchajushhij dva diskriminatora