Growth models for morphological traits of sunn hemp

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cláudia Marques de Bem

2017-10-01

Full Text Available The objective of the present study was to fit Gompertz and Logistic nonlinear to descriptions of morphological traits of sunn hemp. Two uniformity trials were conducted and the crops received identical treatment in all experimental area. Sunn hemp seeds were sown in rows 0.5 m apart with a plant density of 20 plants per row meter in a usable area of 52 m × 50 m. The following morphological traits were evaluated: plant height (PH, number of leaves (NL, stem diameter (SD, and root length (RL. These traits were assessed daily during two sowing periods—seeds were sown on October 22, 2014 (first period and December 3, 2014 (second period. Four plants were randomly collected daily, beginning 7 days after first period and 13 days after for second period, totaling 94 and 76 evaluation days, respectively. For Gompertz models the equation was used y=a*e^((?-e?^((b-c*xiand Logistic models the equation was used yi= a/(1+e^((-b-c*xi. The inflection points of the Gompertz and Logistic models were calculated and the goodness of fit was quantified using the adjusted coefficient of determination, Akaike information criterion, standard deviation of residuals, mean absolute deviation, mean absolute percentage error, and mean prediction error. Differences were observed between the Gompertz and Logistic models and between the experimental periods in the parameter estimate for all morphological traits measured. Satisfactory growth curve fittings were achieved for plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter in both models using the evaluation criteria: coefficient of determination (R², Akaike information criterion (AIC, standard deviation of residuals (SDR, mean absolute deviation (MAD, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE, and mean prediction error (MPE.

Development of a peptide substrate for detection of Sunn pest damage in wheat flour.

Science.gov (United States)

Hançerlioğulları, Begüm Zeynep; Köksel, Hamit; Dudak, Fahriye Ceyda

2018-05-07

Since the common protease substrates did not give satisfactory results for the determination of Sunn pest protease activity in damaged wheat, different peptide substrates derived from the repeat sequences of high molecular weight glutenin subunits were synthesized. Hydrolysis of peptides by pest protease was determined by HPLC. Among three peptides having the same consensus motifs, peptide1 (PGQGQQGYYPTSPQQ) showed the best catalytic efficiency. A novel assay was described for monitoring the enzymatic activity of protease extracted from damaged wheat flour. The selected peptide was labeled with a fluorophore (EDANS) and quencher (Dabcyl) to display fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The proteolytic activity was measured by the change in fluorescence intensity that occurred when the protease cleaved the peptide substrate. Furthermore, the developed assay was modified for rapid and easy detection of bug damage in flour. Flour samples were suspended in water and mixed with fluorescence peptide substrate. After centrifugation, the fluorescence intensities of the supernatants were determined which is proportional with the protease content of the flour. The total analysis time for the developed assay is estimated as 15 minutes. The developed assay permits a significant decrease in time and labor, offering sensitive detection of Sunn pest damage in wheat flour. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Microwave-assisted ionic liquid-mediated rapid catalytic conversion of non-edible lignocellulosic Sunn hemp fibres to biofuels.

Science.gov (United States)

Paul, Souvik Kumar; Chakraborty, Saikat

2018-04-01

Sunn hemp fibre - a cellulose-rich crystalline non-food energy crop, containing 75.6% cellulose, 10.05% hemicellulose, 10.32% lignin, with high crystallinity (80.17%) and degree of polymerization (650) - is identified as a new non-food substrate for lignocellulosic biofuel production. Microwave irradiation is employed to rapidly rupture the cellulose's glycosidic bonds and enhance glucose yield to 78.7% at 160 °C in only 46 min. The reactants - long-chain cellulose, ionic liquid, transition metal catalyst, and water - form a polar supramolecular complex that rotates under the microwave's alternating polarity and rapidly dissipates the electromagnetic energy through molecular collisions, thus accelerating glycosidic bond breakage. In 46 min, 1 kg of Sunn hemp fibres containing 756 g of cellulose produces 595 g of glucose at 160 °C, and 203 g of hydroxymethyl furfural (furanic biofuel precursor) at 180 °C. Yeast mediated glucose fermentation produces 75.6% bioethanol yield at 30 °C, and the ionic liquid is recycled for cost-effectiveness. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effekt av å benytte sosiale medier i kampanjer for å fremme sunne levevaner

OpenAIRE

Strømme, Hilde

2014-01-01

Hensikten med denne systematiske oversikten er å svare på spørsmålet: Hva er effekten av å benytte sosiale medier i kampanjer for å påvirke holdninger, kunnskap og atferd knyttet til sunne levevaner? Metode: Systematiske søk ble gjort i 11 bibliografiske baser. Tilleggssøk ble gjort i Google Scholar. Utvelgelse og vurdering av publikasjoner ble gjort av to personer uavhengig av hverandre. Risiko for systematiske feil ble vurdert med sjekklisten til Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation...

Detection of sunn pest-damaged wheat samples using visible/near-infrared spectroscopy based on pattern recognition.

Science.gov (United States)

Basati, Zahra; Jamshidi, Bahareh; Rasekh, Mansour; Abbaspour-Gilandeh, Yousef

2018-05-30

The presence of sunn pest-damaged grains in wheat mass reduces the quality of flour and bread produced from it. Therefore, it is essential to assess the quality of the samples in collecting and storage centers of wheat and flour mills. In this research, the capability of visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition methods was investigated for discrimination of wheat samples with different percentages of sunn pest-damaged. To this end, various samples belonging to five classes (healthy and 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% unhealthy) were analyzed using Vis/NIR spectroscopy (wavelength range of 350-1000 nm) based on both supervised and unsupervised pattern recognition methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) as the unsupervised techniques and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) as supervised methods were used. The results showed that Vis/NIR spectra of healthy samples were correctly clustered using both PCA and HCA. Due to the high overlapping between the four unhealthy classes (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%), it was not possible to discriminate all the unhealthy samples in individual classes. However, when considering only the two main categories of healthy and unhealthy, an acceptable degree of separation between the classes can be obtained after classification with supervised pattern recognition methods of SIMCA and PLS-DA. SIMCA based on PCA modeling correctly classified samples in two classes of healthy and unhealthy with classification accuracy of 100%. Moreover, the power of the wavelengths of 839 nm, 918 nm and 995 nm were more than other wavelengths to discriminate two classes of healthy and unhealthy. It was also concluded that PLS-DA provides excellent classification results of healthy and unhealthy samples (R 2  = 0.973 and RMSECV = 0.057). Therefore, Vis/NIR spectroscopy based on pattern recognition techniques

Soil microbial communities as affected by organic fertilizer and sunn hemp as a cover crop in organic sweet pepper production in Puerto Rico

Science.gov (United States)

Organic production in Puerto Rico is at an early stage and research is needed to validate the sustainability of different management practices. This research initiated evaluation of selected soil properties including the microbial communities to evaluate the effects of Tropic sunn (Crotalaria juncea...

Telaah Fenomenologis Patrimonialisme Budaya Politik Terhadap Konflik Sunnî-Shî‘Ah Madura

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jatim Jatim

2016-11-01

Full Text Available The article attempts to discover the violence conflict between the Sunnî and the Shî‘ah Muslim communities in Karang Gayam and Blu’uran, Sampang, Madura. The conflict between the two communities has occurred since 2005 to 2013, and has escalated from one event to another. The conflict has caused the expulsion of Shî‘ah people out of Madura island to the refugee’s flats of Puspa Agro Sidoarjo on June 20, 2013. Based on the evidences found, the research is intended to study the phenomenon using phenomenological and patrimonial-political-cultural approa-ches. The study finds that the conflict itself has been caused by a set of hatred discourses and accusation of being heretic, which have been intensely propagated by the local religious elites, i.e. kiai against the Shî‘ah community led by Tajul Muluk. Moreover, the conflict escalation was, among other, due mainly to the strength of patronage relations of the kiais to infiltrate their hegemony and produce the mass to commit violent actions. Incongruously, the power of patronage has been also benefited by the government and many political elites to maintain their political electability and votes. As a result, the government seems to be reluctant to show a firm attitude by enforcing the existing rules to deal with the issue.

Adubação NPK e calagem na produção de massa verde e sementes de crotalária Effect of NPK fertilization and liming on the green matter and seed production of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Antonio Luiz de Barros Salgado

1984-01-01

Full Text Available São relatados dois experimentos de campo visando avaliar o efeito de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na presença e na ausência de calcário, na produção de massa verde e de sementes de crotalária. Os experimentos foram realizados no Centro Experimental de Campinas e na Estação Experimental de Tatuí, em Latossolo Roxo, no ano agrícola de 1969/70. Os resultados obtidos mostram claramente que o efeito para a utilização do fósforo foi significativo em solos com menor teor deste elemento e que houve efeito altamente positivo para o emprego do calcário na localidade de Tatuí.Two field experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the effect of N, P, K fertilization, with and without liming, on the total green matter and seed production of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.. The experiments were done in the experimental stations of the Instituto Agronômico of State of São Paulo, Brazil, located in Campinas and Tatuí, during the years of 1969/1970, in soils of the group Latosol >. The results obtained indicated a positive effect of P fertilization on the sunn hemp yield, in the soils that presented less soil P content. Significant increases in yield were obtained with the application of dolomitic lime, specially in the experimental station of Tatuí.

Utilization of summer legumes as bioenergy feedstocks

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cantrell, Keri B.; Bauer, Philip J.; Ro, Kyoung S. [United States Department of Agriculture, ARS, Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, 2611 W. Lucas St. Florence, SC 29501 (United States)

2010-12-15

Sunn hemp (Crotolaria juncea), is a fast growing, high biomass yielding tropical legume that may be a possible southeastern bioenergy crop. When comparing this legume to a commonly grown summer legume - cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), sunn hemp was superior in biomass yield (kg ha{sup -1}) and subsequent energy yield (GJ ha{sup -1}). In one year of the study after 12 weeks of growth, sunn hemp had 10.7 Mg ha{sup -1} of biomass with an energy content of 19.0 Mg ha{sup -1}. This resulted in an energy yield of 204 GJ ha{sup -1}. The energy content was 6% greater than that of cowpeas. Eventhough sunn hemp had a greater amount of ash, plant mineral concentrations were lower in some cases of minerals (K, Ca, Mg, S) known to reduce thermochemical conversion process efficiency. Pyrolytic degradation of both legumes revealed that sunn hemp began to degrade at higher temperatures as well as release greater amounts of volatile matter at a faster rate. (author)

Rudy's Red Wagon: Communication Strategies in Contemporary Society.

Science.gov (United States)

Rein, Irving J.

The primary focus of this book is "the put-on" and other manipulative strategies. Manipulative forms of communication as used in contemporary society are examined in relation to advertisements and commercials, salesmen, political figures, authors, artists, educators and students. The book is a study of power--how the powerful and…

40 år gamle kvinner som bruker hormonregimer – sunne utvalg eller risikogrupper?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sidsel Graff-Iversen

2009-11-01

Full Text Available  SAMMENDRAGFormålet med denne artikkelen var å studere brukerne av kombinerte antikonsepsjonsmidler, regimer med progesteronalene og østrogensubstitusjon blant norske 40-åringer. Var det først og fremst lavrisikogrupper – friske ogrøykfrie kvinner – som brukte p-piller av kombinasjonstype, slik gjeldende anbefalinger råder til? Var progesteronbrukerneet utvalg av særlig helsebevisste kvinner? Hvor utbredt var bruken av østrogen i denne aldersgruppen?Var det tegn til at østrogenbrukerne er en “healthy selection”, slik utenlandske studier har vist?Materialet er fra 40-åringsundersøkelser i 11 norske fylker i tiden 1997-99. Resultatene viser at 3,5% avkvinnene brukte kombinerte antikonseptiva og at disse utgjorde et “sunt utvalg” med lave andeler røykere og godhelse. De 9,4% av kvinnene som brukte progesteron alene, skilte seg derimot lite fra premenopausale kvinner utenhormonbruk. De 2,4% av kvinnene som brukte østrogen, hadde mindre god helse, høyere andel røykere og lavereutdanningsnivå, sammenlignet med premenopausale kvinner. Men sammenligning innen gruppen av post- og perimenopausalekvinner viste ingen vesentlig forskjell mellom østrogenbrukerne og andre. Resultatet fra den førstekontrollerte studien av østrogen og hjertesykdom kom i 1998, men førte ikke til noen påviselig forskjell i seleksjonentil østrogenbruk fra 1997 til 1999.Konklusjonen er at kvinnene som brukte kombinerte antikonseptiva i 40-årsalderen var en “sunn seleksjon” itråd med det som blir anbefalt, mens de som brukte progesteron alene skilte seg lite ut fra kvinner som ikke bruktehormoner. Kvinner som brukte østrogen i denne unge alderen, sto fram som en helsemessig risikogruppe imaterialet som helhet, men skilte seg lite ut fra andre antatt post- eller perimenopausale kvinner i 40-årsalderen.Graff-Iversen, S. 40-year old female sex hormone users: healthy selections or risk groups? Results fromhealth surveys in 11 Norwegian

GRANULOMETRIC AND HUMIC FRACTIONS CARBON STOCKS OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER UNDER NO-TILLAGE SYSTEM IN UBERABA, BRAZIL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcos Gervasio Pereira

2011-12-01

Full Text Available The cover plant use preceding grain crops in Cerrado soil can increase the carbon stocks of chemical and physical fractions of soil organic matter (SOM. The present study aimed to quantify the carbon stocks of SOM granulometric and humic fractions in a Cerrado area under no-tillage system with different cover plant, and compare the results with those from conventional tillage and fallow areas, in Uberaba, MG, Brazil. The implemented cover crops were: millet, tropical grass and sunn hemp. Furthermore, an area was used in fallow and another as a control area (conventional tillage. After cover crop removal, the areas were subdivided for the corn and soybean plantation. Soil samples were collected in the 0.0-0.025, 0.025-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m depths, with posterior quantification of total organic carbon (TOC levels and chemical and granulometric fractionation of SOM. Humic acid carbon (C-HAF, fulvic acids (C-FAF and humin (C-HUM were quantified through these fractionations. The granulometric fractions consisted in particulate organic matter (POM and mineral organic matter (MOM. Using the carbon levels for each fraction, the respective stocks for each depth were calculated, including the 0.0-0.20 m layer. In the 0.0-0.20 m layer, TOC had the highest stocks for the millet area. The highest POM stocks were found for the corn plantation over sunn hemp and the fallow and soybean area over millet and tropical grass (0.0-0.20 m. In relation to the MOM stocks, the highest values were observed in the areas with millet, sunn hemp and tropical (palisade grass, all superior to those found in the conventional tillage and fallow areas, independent of evaluated culture (0.10-0.20 m. The highest C-HUM stocks were observed in the area with tropical grass (0.025-0.05 m and areas with tropical grass and sunn hemp (0.10-0.20 m, when compared to conventional tillage, independent of evaluated culture (corn and soybean. The highest C-FAH stocks in the depth of 0

Effect of winter cover crops on nematode population levels in north Florida.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, K-H; McSorley, R; Gallaher, R N

2004-12-01

Two experiments were conducted in north-central Florida to examine the effects of various winter cover crops on plant-parasitic nematode populations through time. In the first experiment, six winter cover crops were rotated with summer corn (Zea mays), arranged in a randomized complete block design. The cover crops evaluated were wheat (Triticum aestivum), rye (Secale cereale), oat (Avena sativa), lupine (Lupinus angustifolius), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum). At the end of the corn crop in year 1, population densities of Meloidogyne incognita were lowest on corn following rye or oat (P rye or lupine was planted into field plots with histories of five tropical cover crops: soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x S. sudanense), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), and corn. Population densities of M. incognita and Helicotylenchus dihystera were affected by previous tropical cover crops (P cover crops present at the time of sampling. Plots planted to sunn hemp in the fall maintained the lowest M. incognita and H. dihystera numbers. Results suggest that winter cover crops tested did not suppress plant-parasitic nematodes effectively. Planting tropical cover crops such as sunn hemp after corn in a triple-cropping system with winter cover crops may provide more versatile nematode management strategies in northern Florida.

Correlação entre os teores de líber e fibras em caules de crotalária e malva Correlation between bast and fiber content in sunn hemp and malva stalks

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anísio Azzini

1986-01-01

Full Text Available No presente estudo, estimou-se a correlação entre os teores de líber (casca e fibras em caules de crotalária (Crotalaria juncea L. e malva (Urena lobata L., com o objetivo de estabelecer um procedimento simples e rápido de análise de fibra. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os teores de líber e fibra estão relacionados entre si, com alto nível de significância (p > 0,99 para as correlações entre essas duas características tecnológicas. Os coeficientes de correlação observados, de 0,84 e 0,79, respectivamente, para crotalária e malva, permitem a avaliação indireta do teor de fibra liberiana através do teor de líber, estabelecendo um procedimento simples e rápido de análise de fibra, a ser utilizado especificamente em programas de melhoramento genético.In this paper it was estimated the correlation between the bast and fiber contents in suns hemp (Crotalaria juncea L. and malva (Urena lobata L. stalks. The results showed that fiber contents are related with a high level of signification (p > 0.99 for the correlation between these two technological characteristics. The correlation coefficients observed were of 0.84 and 0.79, respectively to sunn hemp and malva. These high levels of correlation showed that the fiber content may be evaluated indirectly through the bast content, establishing a simple and rapid procedure for fiber determination of both species.

Phytomass production and nutrient accumulation by green manure species

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Carlos Soares Mangaravite

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Green manuring is recognized as a viable alternative to improve nutrient cycling in soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytomass production and nutrient accumulation in shoots of the summer green manures jack bean [Canavalia ensiformis (L. DC.], dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajanvar var. Flavus DC., dwarf mucuna [Mucuna deeringiana (Bort Merr] and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L., under nitrogen fertilization and/or inoculation with N-fixing bacteria. A split plot design was arranged with the four Fabaceae species as main plots and nitrogen fertilization (with and without and inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria (with and without as the subplots, in a 2² factorial. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. In the conditions of this trial, the sunn hemp had the highest production of shoot phytomass (12.4 Mg ha-1 and nutrient accumulation, while the dwarf mucuna had the lowest production of shoot phytomass (3.9 Mg ha-1 and nutrient accumulation. The results showed no effect of nitrogen fertilization or inoculation with N-fixing bacteria on the production of shoot phytomass and nutrient accumulation, except for inoculation without nitrogen fertilization, resulting in greater P accumulation (p <0.05 in the sunn hemp and greater Zn and Mn accumulation in the dwarf mucuna. These findings indicate that N fertilization or inoculation with N2-fixing bacteria for Fabaceae are low efficiency practices in the edaphoclimatic conditions of this study.

Adequação de modelo aditivo-dominante em dois caracteres de crotalária: aditive-dominant in two traits of sunn hemp Adequacy of the model

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Manoel Albino Coelho de Miranda

1991-01-01

to the exploration of hybrid vigor in sunn hemp, since it is possible to control the polinization.

Review of the Oriental Monotypic Genus Pibrocha Kirkaldy (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoridae, Dorysarthrinae

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zhi-Shun Song

2011-10-01

Full Text Available The monotypic genus Pibrocha Kirkaldy, 1902, known only from Sri Lanka in the Oriental region, is closely related to Dorysarthrus Puton, 1895 from southwestern Asia and northern Africa (Palaearctic region. The genus is revised to include a first description of the male genital structures and a discussion of relationships between Pibrocha, Dorysarthrus and Dichoptera Spinola, 1839. A diagnostic key to the three genera and photos of their type species are provided for better comparison in these taxa. Pibrocha is assigned tentatively from Dictyopharidae to the subfamily Dorysarthrinae (Fulgoridae.

CULTIVO DE FEIJÃO E MILHO EM SUCESSÃO A PLANTAS DE COBERTURA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

JOSÉ LUIZ RODRIGUES TORRES

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Growing cover crops preceding planting common beans and corn may influence the yield of these cash crops. This study aimed to evaluate the biomass production and decomposition of crop residue cover and yield of maize and beans grown on these soils as coverings of plants. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in the 2011/12 harvest in Uberaba. With a randomized block designed in a split - plot scheme, seven cover crops were used : sunn hemp ( Crotalaria spectabilis , jack bean ( Canavalia ensiformis DC., mil- let ADR300, ADR500 and ENA2 ( Pennisetum glaucum L., Sorgo (S orghum bicolor L. and brachiária ( Urochloa brizantha cv Marandú, and subplots in annual succession crops (maize and bean. The millets ADR300, ADR500 and ENA2 among Poaceae and jack beans between Fabaceae produced more dry biomass (9.8, 8.9, 8.6 and 3.8 t ha - 1 , respectively; after 150 days of decomposition of plant residues of sunn hemp, jack bean, sorghum, brachiaria, millet ADR500, millet ENA2 and millet ADR300 were in the order of 67.9; 71.7; 53.8; 61.7; 49.9; 45.5 and 46.7%, respectively; the maize yield was higher when the culture was grown on resi- dues of millet ENA2 (7.2 t ha - 1 and jack bean (6.8 t ha - 1 , while the bean was higher when grown on millet ADR300 (1.3 t ha - 1 and sunn hemp (1.2 t ha - 1 .

Resultados experimentais com a cultura da Crotalaria juncea L. L., como planta produtora de celulose para papel Results from field trials with Crotalaria juncea L. as fiber plant for paper pulp

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Júlio César Medina

1961-01-01

Full Text Available São apresentados e discutidos os resultados de vários experimentos de campo realizados na Estação Experimental de Tatuí, do Instituto Agronômico, com a Crotalaria juncea L. como planta produtora de celulose para papel. Êsses resultados permitem fazer recomendações úteis sôbre o melhoramento técnico da cultura e da produção, no concernente às questões de variedades, espaçamento, densidade de semeação, época de semeação e época de colheita dos caules.This paper reports the results obtained in sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L. field trials carried out at the Tatui Experiment Station, São Paulo State. The trials were designed to study the effect of varieties, spacing x rate of seeding, time of sowing and time of harvesting on sunn hemp fiber production as a raw material for paper pulp. From the results achieved in these trials, the following recommendations can be made for growing sunn hemp as a fiber plant for paper pulp in the State of São Paulo. VARIETY: to use the common variety that is normally sowed for green manuring. TIME OF SOWING: to sow the seeds during october. RATE OF SEED SOWING AND SPACING: to sow the seeds at the rate of 100 lbs/ acre in rows spaced 8 inches apart. TIME OF HARVESTING: to harvest the stalks for mechanical fiber extraction when the seed pods are in the mature stage.

TRIPS (THYSANOPTERA ASOCIADOS A AGALLAS DE Ficus benjamina (LINNAEUS, 1767 (MORACEAE EN LA REGIÓN CENTRAL DE COLOMBIA GALL THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA OF Ficus benjamina (LINNAEUS, 1767 (MORACEAE IN CENTRAL REGION OF COLOMBIA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paula Sepúlveda Cano

2009-12-01

Full Text Available En Colombia han sido utilizados ampliamente árboles de Ficus benjamina como ornamentales en zonas verdes urbanas. En los últimos años, se ha observado en estas plantas un incremento en los síntomas de ataque de trips (hojas plegadas y necrosadas; pero a pesar de ello, es poco lo que se conoce sobre las especies que se encuentran presentes. Por esta razón, se realizó un reconocimiento de la entomofauna en varias ciudades del país, encontrando las especies de trips Gynaikothrips garitacambroneroi Retana, 2006 (fitófago y Androthrips ramachandrai Karny, 1896 (depredador, ambas reportadas por primera vez para Colombia. Adicionalmente, se recolectó el chinche depredador Montandoniola moraguesi (Puton asociado a estas agallas. Se presentan las diagnosis de las dos especies de trips apoyadas en fotografías de microscopía electrónica, con el ánimo de mostrar en detalle la morfología de estos insectosThe ficus tree Ficus benjamina has been introduced in Colombia as an ornamental in urban settings. In the last years an increment on symptoms of thrips attack (rolled and necrotic leaves have been more evident; however, little is known about the species of thrips causing such damage. This work is a preliminary survey in several cities of Colombia. The species of thrips resgistered were: Gynaikothrips garitacambroneroi Retana, 2006 (phytophagous and Androthrips ramachandrai Karny, 1896 (predator. Also was found a predatory true bug Montandoniola moraguesi (Puton associated with the galls produced by thrips. Some SEM photographs are present to show morphology details of two species of thrips associated with this tree.

Cover crop rotations in no-till system: short-term CO2 emissions and soybean yield

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

João Paulo Gonsiorkiewicz Rigon

Full Text Available ABSTRACT: In addition to improving sustainability in cropping systems, the use of a spring and winter crop rotation system may be a viable option for mitigating soil CO2 emissions (ECO2. This study aimed to determine short-term ECO2 as affected by crop rotations and soil management over one soybean cycle in two no-till experiments, and to assess the soybean yields with the lowest ECO2. Two experiments were carried out in fall-winter as follows: i triticale and sunflower were grown in Typic Rhodudalf (TR, and ii ruzigrass, grain sorghum, and ruzigrass + grain sorghum were grown in Rhodic Hapludox (RH. In the spring, pearl millet, sunn hemp, and forage sorghum were grown in both experiments. In addition, in TR a fallow treatment was also applied in the spring. Soybean was grown every year in the summer, and ECO2 were recorded during the growing period. The average ECO2 was 0.58 and 0.84 g m2 h–1 with accumulated ECO2 of 5,268 and 7,813 kg ha–1 C-CO2 in TR and RH, respectively. Sunn hemp, when compared to pearl millet, resulted in lower ECO2 by up to 12 % and an increase in soybean yield of 9% in TR. In RH, under the winter crop Ruzigrazz+Sorghum, ECO2 were lower by 17%, although with the same soybean yield. Soil moisture and N content of crop residues are the main drivers of ECO2 and soil clay content seems to play an important role in ECO2 that is worthy of further studies. In conclusion, sunn hemp in crop rotation may be utilized to mitigate ECO2 and improve soybean yield.

Sheikh al-Amin Mazrui (1891-1947) and the Dilemma of Islamic Law ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Sheikh al-Amin b. Ali al-Mazrui is regarded as the pioneer of reform activities within Sunnī Islam in East Africa. From the 1930s and 1940s, this scholar championed a call for Islamic reform by publicly and through numerous publications denouncing local practices prevalent among the Muslims in the region as religious ...

Incorporation of plant materials in the control of root pathogens in muskmelon

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Andréa Mirne de Macêdo Dantas

2013-12-01

Full Text Available The effect of plant materials[Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea, Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L., Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz and Neem (Azadirachta indica] and the times of incorporation of these materials in regards to the incidence of root rot in melon was evaluated in Ceará state, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a commercial area with a history of root pathogens in cucurbitaceae. The randomized block design was used, in a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of a combination of four plant materials (sunn hemp, castor beans, cassava and neem and a control with no soil incorporation of plant material and three times of incorporation (28, 21, and 14 days before the transplanting of the seedlings. Lower incidence of root rot was observed in practically all of the treatments where materials were incorporated at different times, with variation between the materials, corresponding with the time of incorporation, in relation to the soil without plant material. The pathogens isolated from the symptomatic muskmelon plants were Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Monosporascus cannonballus and Rhizoctonia solani, F. solani being encountered most frequently.

ATIVIDADE ALELOPÁTICA DE EXTRATOS DE PLANTAS DE COBERTURA SOBRE SOJA, PEPINO E ALFACE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

JOSELI VIVIANE DITZEL NUNES

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Allelopathy can be defined as any effect , direct or indirect, beneficial or harmful, a plant on the other, through the release of chemical compounds into the environment. Thus, this study aimed at evaluat- ing, in the laboratory, allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts from cover crops as canola (Brassica napus L. var, crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea, linseed (Linum usitatissimum L. and forage turnip (Raphanus sativus L. at 0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100% concentrations. The plants used in aqueous extracts were collected during their flowering period of each studied species. Germination tests were performed on seeds gerbox, fresh and dry seedlings biomass, root and shoots seedlings length. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD in factorial (5x5 with four replicates per treatment. According to these results, it can be concluded that the tested extracts showed allelopathic effect on seedlings of lettuce, cucumber and soybean on almost all parameters, but for soybean germination and dry mass percentage, this effect was not significant. The sunn hemp extract, despite concentration, contributed the most to increased germination and seedling growth. However, linseed extract showed opposite effect for these parameters in 100% concentrations.

Defining the Antigenic Structure of the Henipavirus Attachment (G) Glycoprotein: Implications for the Fusion Mechanism

Science.gov (United States)

2009-01-01

Morbillivirus Measles Virus Canine Distemper virus Rinderpest virus Respirovirus Bovine Parainfluenzavirus 3 Human Parainfluenzavirus 1,3...M. D. Curran, and B. K. Rima. 1997. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the large (L) genes of Phocine Distemper virus and Canine Distemper virus...components of Canine Distemper virus. J Gen Virol 66 ( Pt 3):443-56. 115. Parashar, U. D., L. M. Sunn, F. Ong, A. W. Mounts, M. T. Arif, T. G. Ksiazek

PRODUÇÃO DE FITOMASSA E DECOMPOSIÇÃO DE RESÍDUOS CULTURAIS DE PLANTAS DE COBERTURAS NO CULTIVO DA SOJA EM SUCESSÃO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

JOSÉ LUIZ RODRIGUES TORRES

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The plant species used as ground cover preceding the commercial crops cultivation in the Cerrado must be adapted to the climate and soil of the region, so they have high biomass productivity and offset the decomposition high rates that occurs in these regions. This study aimed to evaluate the biomass yield and the decomposition rate of residues of different cover crops preceding soybean cultivation in Uberaba-MG, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 2011/12 period in a randomized complete block design in plots with 2 m2 with treatments comprise the following covers: jack bean, millet, sunn hemp and brachiaria. It was evaluated: the dry biomass yield, the decomposition rate through of the bags decomposition, productivity, number of beans per plant, and mass of 100 soybean grains. The millet was the plant cover that showed the highest yield of dry biomass (5.22 Mg ha-1 during the study period. The decomposition of crop residues occurred at accelerated rate until to complete 120 days and after that the rate slowly up until 240 days. Sunn hemp and jack bean were the cover crops with the decomposition highest rates and the smaller half-lives were observed; soybean yield was not affected by the soil covers.

The Activity of Nodules of the Supernodulating Mutant Mtsunn Is not Limited by Photosynthesis under Optimal Growth Conditions

Science.gov (United States)

Cabeza, Ricardo A.; Lingner, Annika; Liese, Rebecca; Sulieman, Saad; Senbayram, Mehmet; Tränkner, Merle; Dittert, Klaus; Schulze, Joachim

2014-01-01

Legumes match the nodule number to the N demand of the plant. When a mutation in the regulatory mechanism deprives the plant of that ability, an excessive number of nodules are formed. These mutants show low productivity in the fields, mainly due to the high carbon burden caused through the necessity to supply numerous nodules. The objective of this study was to clarify whether through optimal conditions for growth and CO2 assimilation a higher nodule activity of a supernodulating mutant of Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula) can be induced. Several experimental approaches reveal that under the conditions of our experiments, the nitrogen fixation of the supernodulating mutant, designated as sunn (super numeric nodules), was not limited by photosynthesis. Higher specific nitrogen fixation activity could not be induced through short- or long-term increases in CO2 assimilation around shoots. Furthermore, a whole plant P depletion induced a decline in nitrogen fixation, however this decline did not occur significantly earlier in sunn plants, nor was it more intense compared to the wild-type. However, a distinctly different pattern of nitrogen fixation during the day/night cycles of the experiment indicates that the control of N2 fixing activity of the large number of nodules is an additional problem for the productivity of supernodulating mutants. PMID:24727372

The Activity of Nodules of the Supernodulating Mutant Mtsunn Is not Limited by Photosynthesis under Optimal Growth Conditions

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ricardo A. Cabeza

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Legumes match the nodule number to the N demand of the plant. When a mutation in the regulatory mechanism deprives the plant of that ability, an excessive number of nodules are formed. These mutants show low productivity in the fields, mainly due to the high carbon burden caused through the necessity to supply numerous nodules. The objective of this study was to clarify whether through optimal conditions for growth and CO2 assimilation a higher nodule activity of a supernodulating mutant of Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula can be induced. Several experimental approaches reveal that under the conditions of our experiments, the nitrogen fixation of the supernodulating mutant, designated as sunn (super numeric nodules, was not limited by photosynthesis. Higher specific nitrogen fixation activity could not be induced through short- or long-term increases in CO2 assimilation around shoots. Furthermore, a whole plant P depletion induced a decline in nitrogen fixation, however this decline did not occur significantly earlier in sunn plants, nor was it more intense compared to the wild-type. However, a distinctly different pattern of nitrogen fixation during the day/night cycles of the experiment indicates that the control of N2 fixing activity of the large number of nodules is an additional problem for the productivity of supernodulating mutants.

Crop sequences in no-tillage system: effects on soil fertility and soybean, maize and rice yield Sequências de culturas em semeadura direta: efeitos sobre a fertilidade do solo e a produtividade de soja, milho e arroz

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Adolfo Valente Marcelo

2009-04-01

Full Text Available Decomposing crop residues in no-tillage system can alter soil chemical properties, which may consequently influence the productivity of succession crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil chemical properties and soybean, maize and rice yield, grown in the summer, after winter crops in a no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil (21 ° 15 ' 22 '' S; 48 ° 18 ' 58 '' W on a Red Latosol (Oxisol, in a completely randomized block design, in strip plots with three replications. The treatments consisted of four summer crop sequences (maize monocrop, soybean monocrop, soybean/maize rotation and rice/bean/cotton rotation combined with seven winter crops (maize, sunflower, oilseed radish, pearl millet, pigeon pea, grain sorghum and sunn hemp. The experiment began in September 2002. After the winter crops in the 2005/2006 growing season and before the sowing of summer crops in the 2006/2007 season, soil samples were collected in the layers 0-2.5; 2.5-5.0; 5-10; 10-20; and 20-30 cm. Organic matter, pH, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and H + Al were determined in each soil sample. In the summer soybean/maize rotation and in maize the organic matter contents and P levels were lower, in the layers 0-10 cm and 0-20 cm, respectively. Summer rice/bean/cotton rotation increased soil K levels at 0-10 cm depth when sunn hemp and oilseed radish had previously been grown in the winter, and in the 0-2.5 cm layer for millet. Sunn hemp, millet, oilseed radish and sorghum grown in the winter increased organic matter contents in the soil down to 30 cm. Higher P levels were found at the depths 0-2.5 cm and 0-5 cm, respectively, when sunn hemp and oilseed radish were grown in the winter. Highest grain yields for soybean in monoculture were obtained in succession to winter oilseed radish and sunn hemp and in rotation with maize, after oilseed radish, sunn hemp and millet. Maize yields were highest in succession to winter oilseed radish

Mat, måltid og moral - hvordan spise rett og riktig?

OpenAIRE

Bugge, Annechen Bahr

2015-01-01

Matforbruk er i økende grad blitt et spørsmål om ansvar og omsorg. I den nyliberalistiske retorikken blir forbrukerne hele tiden oppfordret til å handle sunne, naturlige, økologiske, etiske produkter, samt å unngå billig, masseprodusert mat (hvor gjerne sukker, fett og salt er hovedingredienser). Det er ikke bare ansett som dårlig for kroppen, men også for våre omgivelser. Gjennom media, ekspertuttalelser, helse-/miljøkampanjer, produktlanseringer, reklame, dietter osv. blir også forbrukerne ...

15N-labeled nitrogen from green manure and ammonium sulfate utilization by the sugarcane ratoon

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ambrosano, Edmilson Jose; Rossi, Fabricio; Trivelin, Paulo Cesar Ocheuze; Cantarella, Heitor; Ambrosano, Glaucia Maria Bovi; Schammass, Eliana Aparecida; Muraoka, Takashi

2011-01-01

Legumes as green manure are alternative sources of nitrogen (N) for crops and can supplement or even replace mineral nitrogen fertilization due to their potential for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The utilization of nitrogen by sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) fertilized with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) and ammonium sulfate (AS) was evaluated using the 15 N tracer technique. N was added at the rate of 196 and 70 kg ha -1 as 15 N-labeled sunn hemp green manure (SH) and as ammonium sulfate (AS), respectively. Treatments were: (I) Control; (II) AS 15 N; (III) SH 15 N + AS; (IV) SH 15 N; and (V) AS 15 N + SH. Sugarcane was cultivated for five years and was harvested three times. 15 N recovery was evaluated in the two first harvests. In the sum of the three harvests, the highest stalk yields were obtained with a combination of green manure and inorganic N fertilizer; however, in the second cutting the yields were higher where SH was used than in plots with AS. The recovery of N by the first two consecutive harvests accounted for 19 to 21% of the N applied as leguminous green manure and 46 to 49% of the N applied as AS. The amounts of inorganic N, derived from both N sources, present in the 0-0.4 m layer of soil in the first season after N application and were below 1 kg ha -1 . (author)

{sup 15}N-labeled nitrogen from green manure and ammonium sulfate utilization by the sugarcane ratoon

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ambrosano, Edmilson Jose; Rossi, Fabricio, E-mail: ambrosano@apta.sp.gov.b [Agencia Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegocios (APTA), Piracicapa, SP (Brazil). Polo Rigional Centro Sul; Trivelin, Paulo Cesar Ocheuze [Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/USP), Piracicaba, SP (Brazil). Lab. de Isotopos Estaveis; Cantarella, Heitor [Agencia Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegocios (APTA/IAC), Campinas, SP (Brazil). Instituto Agronomico de Campinas. Centro de Solos e Recursos Agroambientais; Ambrosano, Glaucia Maria Bovi [Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP/FOP), Piracicaba, SP (Brazil). Fac. de Odontologia de Piracicaba. Dept. de Odontologia Social, Bioestatistica; Schammass, Eliana Aparecida [Agencia Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegocios (APTA/IZ), Nova Odessa, SP (Brazil). Instituto de Zootecnia; Muraoka, Takashi [Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/USP), Piracicaba, SP (Brazil). Lab. de Fertilidade do solo

2011-05-15

Legumes as green manure are alternative sources of nitrogen (N) for crops and can supplement or even replace mineral nitrogen fertilization due to their potential for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The utilization of nitrogen by sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) fertilized with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) and ammonium sulfate (AS) was evaluated using the {sup 15}N tracer technique. N was added at the rate of 196 and 70 kg ha{sup -1} as {sup 15}N-labeled sunn hemp green manure (SH) and as ammonium sulfate (AS), respectively. Treatments were: (I) Control; (II) AS{sup 15}N; (III) SH{sup 15}N + AS; (IV) SH{sup 15}N; and (V) AS{sup 15}N + SH. Sugarcane was cultivated for five years and was harvested three times. {sup 15}N recovery was evaluated in the two first harvests. In the sum of the three harvests, the highest stalk yields were obtained with a combination of green manure and inorganic N fertilizer; however, in the second cutting the yields were higher where SH was used than in plots with AS. The recovery of N by the first two consecutive harvests accounted for 19 to 21% of the N applied as leguminous green manure and 46 to 49% of the N applied as AS. The amounts of inorganic N, derived from both N sources, present in the 0-0.4 m layer of soil in the first season after N application and were below 1 kg ha{sup -1}. (author)

Hvilke reklameslagord for presumptivt sunne og usunne produkter foretrekker skoleelever?

OpenAIRE

Hansen, Inga-Linn N.

2011-01-01

Master i samfunnsernæring The purpose of the master study was to examine the effects on young adults of different health appeals (healthy versus unhealthy) in ads for different food products, inspired by Adams and Geuens (2007). Three products were selected; one with a healthy profile, a second who’s commonly perceived as unhealthy and a third who was more difficult to categorize as either healthy or unhealthy. The products was each given to different types of slogans (One healthy slogan a...

A Medicago truncatula tobacco retrotransposon insertion mutant collection with defects in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

Science.gov (United States)

Pislariu, Catalina I; Murray, Jeremy D; Wen, JiangQi; Cosson, Viviane; Muni, RajaSekhara Reddy Duvvuru; Wang, Mingyi; Benedito, Vagner A; Andriankaja, Andry; Cheng, Xiaofei; Jerez, Ivone Torres; Mondy, Samuel; Zhang, Shulan; Taylor, Mark E; Tadege, Million; Ratet, Pascal; Mysore, Kirankumar S; Chen, Rujin; Udvardi, Michael K

2012-08-01

A Tnt1-insertion mutant population of Medicago truncatula ecotype R108 was screened for defects in nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Primary screening of 9,300 mutant lines yielded 317 lines with putative defects in nodule development and/or nitrogen fixation. Of these, 230 lines were rescreened, and 156 lines were confirmed with defective symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mutants were sorted into six distinct phenotypic categories: 72 nonnodulating mutants (Nod-), 51 mutants with totally ineffective nodules (Nod+ Fix-), 17 mutants with partially ineffective nodules (Nod+ Fix+/-), 27 mutants defective in nodule emergence, elongation, and nitrogen fixation (Nod+/- Fix-), one mutant with delayed and reduced nodulation but effective in nitrogen fixation (dNod+/- Fix+), and 11 supernodulating mutants (Nod++Fix+/-). A total of 2,801 flanking sequence tags were generated from the 156 symbiotic mutant lines. Analysis of flanking sequence tags revealed 14 insertion alleles of the following known symbiotic genes: NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS3 (DMI3/CCaMK), ERF REQUIRED FOR NODULATION, and SUPERNUMERARY NODULES (SUNN). In parallel, a polymerase chain reaction-based strategy was used to identify Tnt1 insertions in known symbiotic genes, which revealed 25 additional insertion alleles in the following genes: DMI1, DMI2, DMI3, NIN, NODULATION SIGNALING PATHWAY1 (NSP1), NSP2, SUNN, and SICKLE. Thirty-nine Nod- lines were also screened for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis phenotypes, and 30 mutants exhibited defects in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Morphological and developmental features of several new symbiotic mutants are reported. The collection of mutants described here is a source of novel alleles of known symbiotic genes and a resource for cloning novel symbiotic genes via Tnt1 tagging.

Chiral anomalies and constraints on the gauge group in higher-dimensional supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Townsend, P.K.; Sierra, G.

1983-01-01

Chiral anomalies for gauge theories in any even dimension are computed and the results applied to supersymmetric theories in D=6, 8 and 10. For D=8 there is an anomalous chiral U(1) invariance, just as in D=4, except for certain special groups. For D=6 and D=10 there is no anomalous chiral U(1) symmetry, but the gauge current is anomalous except for certain ''anomaly-free'' groups. For D=6 the group is thereby constrained to be one of [SU(2), SU(3), exceptional], while for D=10 it is constrained to be one of [SU(n)n 8 ]. (orig.)

The one-loop partition function of N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory on RxS3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Spradlin, Marcus; Volovich, Anastasia

2005-01-01

We study weakly coupled SU(N)N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory on RxS 3 at infinite N, which has interesting thermodynamics, including a Hagedorn transition, even at zero Yang-Mills coupling. We calculate the exact one-loop partition function below the Hagedorn temperature. Our calculation employs the representation of the one-loop dilatation operator as a spin chain Hamiltonian acting on neighboring sites and a generalization of Polya's counting of necklaces (gauge-invariant operators) to include necklaces with a 'pendant' (an operator which acts on neighboring beads). We find that the one-loop correction to the Hagedorn temperature is δlnT H =+λ/8π 2

Dinâmica do potássio nos resíduos vegetais de plantas de cobertura no Cerrado Potassium dynamics in crop residues of cover plants in Cerrado

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Luiz Rodrigues Torres

2008-08-01

Full Text Available A produção de biomassa, a manutenção dos resíduos vegetais sobre o solo e sua posterior decomposição são fatores de grande importância no estudo da ciclagem de nutrientes. Este estudo foi desenvolvido na área experimental do CEFET-Uberaba-MG, onde foram avaliados oito tipos de coberturas vegetais: milheto (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes, braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha, sorgo-forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, guandu (Cajanus cajan (L. Mill sp., crotalária (Crotalarea juncea, aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb, pousio e área em preparo convencional de solo (testemunha em área de Cerrado, na região do Triângulo Mineiro. Avaliaram-se a fitomassa seca (FS, a decomposição dos resíduos em bolsas de decomposição, e a liberação de K. Utilizou-se um modelo matemático para descrever a decomposição dos resíduos e a liberação de K, e calcularam-se a constante de decomposição (k e o tempo de meia-vida (T½. O milheto, o sorgo e a crotalária foram as coberturas que apresentaram maiores produções de matéria seca. O maior acúmulo de K ocorreu em gramíneas e a maior liberação de K ocorreu no milheto, aveia, braquiária e crotalária nos primeiros 42 dias após manejo, nos dois períodos avaliados. A braquiária apresentou o menor T½ vida e a maior taxa de liberação de K.Crop residue production, plant residue maintenance and their decomposition are important factors in the understanding of nutrient recycling process. To evaluate K accumulation and release a study with eight cover crops types was developed: pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes, brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp, sunn hemp (Crotalarea juncea and black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb, fallow land and conventional culture (control in the experimental area of CEFET-Uberaba-MG, in a Cerrado area. The dry mass production, crop residue decomposition in litter bags

Decomposição e liberação de nitrogênio de resíduos culturais de plantas de cobertura em um solo de cerrado Cover crops residue decomposition and nitrogen release in a cerrado soil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Luiz Rodrigues Torres

2005-07-01

Full Text Available A produção de massa seca, a taxa de decomposição e a liberação de nitrogênio (N foram avaliadas em um experimento com sete tipos de cobertura vegetal: milheto pérola (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes, braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha, sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, guandu (Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp, crotalária juncea (Crotalarea juncea e aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb, em pousio e em área de cultivo convencional (testemunha, em solo de cerrado, em Uberaba, região do Triângulo Mineiro. Dentre as coberturas avaliadas, o milheto e a crotalária foram as que apresentaram a maior produção de massa seca, maior acúmulo e a maior liberação de N. A braquiária foi a cobertura que apresentou a maior taxa de decomposição. Todas as coberturas apresentaram a maior taxa de liberação de N até 42 dias após dessecação.Dry mass production, decomposition rate and nitrogen (N release were evaluated in a field experiment under seven cover crop types: pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum sin. typhoides, brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L. Mill sp, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb, compared to a fallow and a traditional cropping system (control in a cerrado soil (Uberaba-MG, Brazil. Among the tested cover crops, pearl millet and sunn hemp presented higher dry mass yield and nitrogen accumulation and release. Brachiaria grass had the highest decomposition rate and shortest half-life time. All crops reached the highest N liberation rate 42 days after desiccation.

A Medicago truncatula Tobacco Retrotransposon Insertion Mutant Collection with Defects in Nodule Development and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation1[W][OA

Science.gov (United States)

Pislariu, Catalina I.; D. Murray, Jeremy; Wen, JiangQi; Cosson, Viviane; Muni, RajaSekhara Reddy Duvvuru; Wang, Mingyi; A. Benedito, Vagner; Andriankaja, Andry; Cheng, Xiaofei; Jerez, Ivone Torres; Mondy, Samuel; Zhang, Shulan; Taylor, Mark E.; Tadege, Million; Ratet, Pascal; Mysore, Kirankumar S.; Chen, Rujin; Udvardi, Michael K.

2012-01-01

A Tnt1-insertion mutant population of Medicago truncatula ecotype R108 was screened for defects in nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Primary screening of 9,300 mutant lines yielded 317 lines with putative defects in nodule development and/or nitrogen fixation. Of these, 230 lines were rescreened, and 156 lines were confirmed with defective symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mutants were sorted into six distinct phenotypic categories: 72 nonnodulating mutants (Nod−), 51 mutants with totally ineffective nodules (Nod+ Fix−), 17 mutants with partially ineffective nodules (Nod+ Fix+/−), 27 mutants defective in nodule emergence, elongation, and nitrogen fixation (Nod+/− Fix−), one mutant with delayed and reduced nodulation but effective in nitrogen fixation (dNod+/− Fix+), and 11 supernodulating mutants (Nod++Fix+/−). A total of 2,801 flanking sequence tags were generated from the 156 symbiotic mutant lines. Analysis of flanking sequence tags revealed 14 insertion alleles of the following known symbiotic genes: NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), DOESN’T MAKE INFECTIONS3 (DMI3/CCaMK), ERF REQUIRED FOR NODULATION, and SUPERNUMERARY NODULES (SUNN). In parallel, a polymerase chain reaction-based strategy was used to identify Tnt1 insertions in known symbiotic genes, which revealed 25 additional insertion alleles in the following genes: DMI1, DMI2, DMI3, NIN, NODULATION SIGNALING PATHWAY1 (NSP1), NSP2, SUNN, and SICKLE. Thirty-nine Nod− lines were also screened for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis phenotypes, and 30 mutants exhibited defects in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Morphological and developmental features of several new symbiotic mutants are reported. The collection of mutants described here is a source of novel alleles of known symbiotic genes and a resource for cloning novel symbiotic genes via Tnt1 tagging. PMID:22679222

Sunn hemp as a ground cover to manage fall armyworm populations

Science.gov (United States)

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a serious pest of sweet corn in south Florida and a pest of other vegetable, row, and forage crops in the southeastern, mid-Atlantic, and central U.S. It is a migratory pest, moving north each season from overwintering areas in southern Texas and south...

Area-preserving diffeomorphisms and higher-spin algebras

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bergshoeff, E [European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva (Switzerland). Theory Div.; Blencowe, M P; Stelle, K S [Imperial Coll. of Science and Technology, London (UK). Blackett Lab.

1990-03-01

We show that there exists a one-parameter family of infinite-dimensional algebras that includes the bosonic d=3 Fradkin-Vasiliev higher-spin algebra and the non-Euclidean version of the algebra of area-preserving diffeomorphisms of the two-sphere S{sup 2} as two distinct members. The non-Euclidean version of the area preserving algebra corresponds to the algebra of area-preserving diffeomorphisms of the hyperbolic space S{sup 1,1}, and can be rewritten as lim{sub Nyieldsinfinity} su(N,N). As an application of our results, we formulate a new d=2+1 massless higher-spin field theory as the gauge theory of the area-preserving diffeomorphisms of S{sup 1,1}. (orig.).

Produtividade do cafeeiro Mundo Novo enxertado e submetido à adubação verde antes e após recepa da lavoura Productivity of grafted coffee during intercropping with five leguminous species in the western region of São Paulo State, Brazil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Edison Martins Paulo

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Estudaram-se a produção e o crescimento do cafeeiro Mundo Novo (Coffea arabica L. enxertado sobre o Apoatã IAC 2258 (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner submetido à adubação verde com as seguintes espécies leguminosas: crotalária espectábilis (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth., crotalária júncea (Crotalaria juncea L., guandu [Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.], mucuna anã (Stizolobium deeringeanum Bort. e soja IAC 9 [Glycine max (L. Merril] e um tratamento testemunha sem plantas leguminosas. As leguminosas foram semeadas a 50 cm da projeção da copa dos cafeeiros e incorporadas no florescimento. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Pólo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios da Alta Paulista, em Adamantina, no período de 1989 a 1995. Adotou-se o delineamento estatístico de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os adubos verdes crotalária espectábilis, crotalária júncea, mucuna anã e soja, durante o período experimental, e a crotalária espectábilis após a recepa, não diminuíram a produção do cafeeiro. O guandu, embora tenha aumentado o teor de matéria orgânica do solo, foi a única leguminosa que diminuiu a produção e o diâmetro do caule dos cafeeiros. O guandu e a crotalária júncea, respectivamente, produziram as maiores quantidades de fitomassa seca. A produção do café se correlacionou inversamente com a fitomassa seca das leguminosas e positivamente com altura e diâmetro do caule do cafeeiro.Yield of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica of grafted onto robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner Apoatã IAC 2258 was evaluated during six years of intercropping with five leguminous species: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L., Crotalaria spectabilis Roth., dwarf velvet bean (Stizolobium deeringeanum Bort., soybean Glycine max (L. Merryl] and pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.] in the Western region of São Paulo State, Brazil, from 1989 to 1995. Leguminous species were sown 50 cm

Effect of an anti-juvenile hormone agent (Precocene I) on Sunn pest ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

It can be said that the effect of precocene I was stage- and age-specific, that is, its effects were varied with stage of the insect and its age in that stage. When used in early growth stage, its effect was less. However, when used in the late developmental stage its effect was more apparent and increased mortality as well as ...

Hvordan etablere en sunn livsstil hos en overvektig inaktiv kvinne med psykisk utviklingshemning

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Christine Tørris

2015-06-01

Overweight and obesity are associated with increased health risks and shortened life span. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing, and a higher prevalence of obesity has been observed in persons with intellectual disability than in the general population. In this study, we want to establish a healthy lifestyle with a healthy diet and increased physical activity in an obese, inactive women with intellectual disability. Using interventions based on applied behavioural analysis, the women have established new habits in terms of diet and increased physical activity. The number of hours with physical activity per week has doubled, and both weight and waist circumference decreased during the eight weeks of the study. She maintained her new healthy lifestyle, after the study. More research is needed in interventions that can help reduce obesity in persons with intellectual disability.

Towards a manifestly gauge invariant and universal calculus for Jang-Mills theory

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Arnone, S.; Gatti, A.; Morris, T.R.

2002-01-01

A manifestly gauge invariant exact renormalization group for pure SU (N) Jang-Mills theory is proposed, along with the necessary gauge invariant regularisation which implements the effective cutoff. The latter is naturally incorporated by embedding the theory into a spontaneously broken SU(N/N) super-gauge theory, which guarantees finiteness to all orders in perturbation theory. The effective action, from which one extracts the physics, can be computed whilst manifestly preserving gauge invariance at each and every step. As an example, we give an elegant computation of the one-loop SU(N) Jang-Mills beta function, for the first time at finite N without any gauge fixing or ghosts. It is also completely independent of the details put in by hand, e.g. the choice of covariantisation and the cutoff profile, and, therefore, guides us to a procedure for streamlined calculations (Authors)

PENENTUAN KADAR NIKOTIN DALAM ASAP ROKOK

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dewi Susanna

2016-09-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this descriptive study is to assess smoke nicotine level of six cigarette brands soldin the markets. The samples consist of three brands of filtered cigarette and three brands of `kretek'  unfilteredcigarette. The nicotine content was measured from both main-stream smoke and side-stream smoke by usingHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography. Each of brand measured three times. The average of nicotine content in each cigarette was shown in the table including comparison between the main-stream smoke andthe side-stream smoke. It was found that the nicotine content of`kretek' cigarettes is higher than filteredcigarette. The highest nicotine content of the filtered cigarettes was in Filter "C" brand, meanwhile the lowestwas Filter "A" brand. The highest nicotine content of the`kretek'  cigarettes was in Filter "X" brand with thelowest nicotine content was in Filter "Z" brand. The nicotine cigarette content of main-stream smoke was 4 —6 fold than side-stream smoke. From this study, it can be recommended that nicotine content should be puton every cigarette pack label, and there should be a follow up study on other brand of cigarettes and also the effects of cigarettes on active and passive smokers.

Tillage systems and cover crops on soil physical properties after soybean cultivation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rafael B. Teixeira

Full Text Available ABSTRACT Soil management alters soil physical attributes and may affect crop yield. In order to evaluate soil physical attributes in layers from 0 to 0.40 m and soybean grain yield, in the 2012/2013 agricultural year, an essay was installed in the experimental area of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS/CPCS. Soil tillage systems were: conventional tillage (CT, minimum tillage (MT and no tillage (DS, the cover crops used were millet, sunn hemp and fallow. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots. For the layer of 0.20-0.30 m, millet provided the best results for soil bulk density, macro and microporosity. The resistance to penetration (RP was influenced in the layer of 0-0.10 m, and millet provided lower RP. The DS provided the lowest RP values for the layer of 0.10-0.20 m. The treatments did not influence yield or thousand-seed weight.

Center-vortex baryonic area law

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cornwall, John M.

2004-01-01

We correct an unfortunate error in an earlier work of the author, and show that in the center-vortex picture of QCD [gauge group SU(3)] the asymptotic quenched baryonic area law is the so-called Y law, described by a minimal area with three surfaces spanning the three quark world lines and meeting at a central Steiner line joining the two common meeting points of the world lines. (The earlier claim was that this area law was a so-called Δ law, involving three extremal areas spanning the three pairs of quark world lines.) By asymptotic we mean the Y law holds at asymptotically large quark separations from each other; at separations of the order of the gauge-theory scale length, there may be Δ-like contributions. We give a preliminary discussion of the extension of these results to SU(N),N>3. These results are based on the (correct) baryonic Stokes' theorem given in the earlier work claiming a Δ law. The Y-form area law for SU(3) is in agreement with the most recent lattice calculations

Green manures and levels of nitrogen topdressing in wheat crop under no-tillageAdubos verdes e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura na cultura do trigo sob plantio direto

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anísio da Silva Nunes

2011-10-01

Full Text Available Green manure is still a not widely used practice in wheat crop, although economic benefits and conservation of natural resources can be observed due to the adoption of this practice. This study was carried out at the Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating the effect of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa, associated with levels of mineral nitrogen topdressing in the agronomic performace of wheat crop under no-tillage. The treatments were constituted by green manures, fallow as a treatment-control and six doses of mineral nitrogen topdressing: zero, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1. Urea was used as nitrogen source. Evaluations of dry mass of cover crops, nitrogen contents in green manures shoot and in wheat leaves, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, one thousand-grains weight, hectolitric weight and yield were made. It was concluded that the use of green manures before wheat seeding promotes significant increases in crop yield, mainly when planted over to sunn hemp. The wheat yield response to mineral nitrogen application varied according to the preceding crop.A adubação verde ainda é uma prática pouco utilizada na cultura do trigo, embora proporcione benefícios do ponto de vista econômico e da preservação dos recursos naturais. Este estudo foi realizado em Dourados-MS, Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do cultivo de crotalária (Crotalaria juncea e ervilhaca peluda (Vicia villosa como adubos verdes, associados a doses de nitrogênio mineral em cobertura, no desempenho agronômico do trigo em sistema plantio direto. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos adubos verdes, um tratamento-testemunha em pousio e seis doses de nitrogênio mineral em adubação de cobertura do trigo: zero, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 kg ha-1, utilizando-se a ureia como fonte de nitrogênio. Foram realizadas avaliações de massa seca das coberturas vegetais, teores de nitrog

Cryptic diversity in Mediterranean gastropods of the genus Aplus (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Chrifa Aissaoui

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean gastropods previously ascribed to the buccinid genus Pollia Gray, 1837 are more correctly classified in the genus Aplus de Gregorio, 1885. Using an integrative taxonomy approach combining molecular, morphological and geographic data, we revisit the limits of the extant species in the area, and propose a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis based on 66 specimens from various localities in the Mediterranean Sea, including type localities of some nominal taxa. We used a preliminary morphological inspection, followed by a DNA-barcoding approach to propose species hypotheses, subsequently consolidated using additional data (phylogenetic, geographic and refined morphological data. Seven species hypotheses were eventually retained within our molecularly assayed samples, versus three classical morphologically recognized species. Among these, three correspond to Aplus dorbignyi (Payreaudeau, 1826 with its hitherto unrecognized geographical cognates A. gaillardoti (Puton, 1856 (eastern Mediterranean and Aplus nodulosus (Bivona Ant., 1832 (Sicily; two closely related, yet considerably divergent, lineages are treated as a single species under Aplus scaber (Locard, 1892; the classically admitted Aplus scacchianus (Philippi, 1844 is confirmed by molecular evidence; Mediterranean populations attributable to Aplus assimilis (Reeve, 1846 may represent either cryptic native populations or an ongoing invasion of the Mediterranean by what was hitherto considered to be a West African species; finally, specimens from the Strait of Gibraltar may represent an undescribed species, but we conservatively refrain from formally introducing it pending the analysis of more material, and it is compared with the similar Aplus campisii (Ardovini, 2014, recently described from Sicily and not assayed molecularly, and Aplus scaber.

Soil uses during the sugarcane fallow period: influence on soil chemical and physical properties and on sugarcane productivity

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roniram Pereira da Silva

2014-04-01

Full Text Available The planting of diversified crops during the sugarcane fallow period can improve the chemical and physical properties and increase the production potential of the soil for the next sugarcane cycle. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the influence of various soil uses during the sugarcane fallow period on soil chemical and physical properties and productivity after the first sugarcane harvest. The experiment was conducted in two areas located in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil (21º 14' 05'' S, 48º 17' 09'' W with two different soil types, namely: an eutroferric Red Latosol (RLe with high-clay texture (clay content = 680 g kg-1 and an acric Red Latosol (RLa with clayey texture (clay content = 440 g kg-1. A randomized block design with five replications and four treatments (crop sequences was used. The crop sequences during the sugarcane fallow period were soybean/millet/soybean, soybean/sunn hemp/soybean, soybean/fallow/soybean, and soybean. Soil use was found not to affect chemical properties and sugarcane productivity of RLe or RLa. The soybean/millet/soybean sequence improved aggregation in the acric Latosol.

Leseopplæring og fagenes literacy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Atle Skaftun

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Artikkelen er opprinnelig publisert i Leseboka. Leseopplæring i alle fag (Skaftun, Solheim, & Uppstad, 2015, og er et forsøk på å formulere et helhetlig perspektiv på lesing og literacy som bakgrunn for å forstå leseopplæring og fagenes literacy. Ulike forskningsinteresser blir knyttet sammen ved at literacy diskuteres som et spørsmål om tilgang på tre nivå: til skriften, til teksten og til tekstkulturen. Denne forståelsesrammen legges til grunn for å beskrive literacy opplæringen i skolen som en prosess der elevene kan inviteres til å delta i fagspesifikke og mer generelt et akademisk fellesskap. Kjernen i dette fellesskapet er en ambisjon om å stimulere elevenes språklige tenking gjennom erfaring med ulike tenkemåter i de ulike fagene, slik at de samlet tilegner seg et mangfold av strategier å velge blant i møtet med tekster og situasjoner som kaller på forståelse og sunn dømmekraft. Et slikt helhetlig perspektiv på literacy tilfører dybde til forståelsen av lesing som grunnleggende ferdighet.

Produção de fitomassa por plantas de cobertura e mineralização de seus resíduos em plantio direto Cover crops biomass production and its residues mineralization in a Brazilian no-till Oxisol

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jose Luiz Rodrigues Torres

2008-03-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de fitomassa seca, a taxa de decomposição das palhadas e as quantidades de macronutrientes (N, P, Ca, Mg e S liberadas dos resíduos vegetais de sete plantas de cobertura de solo, em condições de Cerrado, por dois anos. As plantas de cobertura avaliadas foram: milheto (Pennisetum americanum sin. typhoides, braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, sorgo forrageiro [Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench], guandu [Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.], crotalária juncea (Crotalaria juncea L., aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb e a vegetação espontânea de uma parcela em pousio. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, implantado em um Latossolo Vermelho, textura média. Avaliou-se a produção de fitomassa seca 110 dias após a semeadura. A taxa de decomposição foi quantificada por meio de sacolas de náilon contendo os resíduos culturais, coletadas em intervalos regulares. Observou-se que milheto e crotalária são as coberturas gramínea e leguminosa com maior produção de fitomassa seca e acúmulo de N, nos dois períodos avaliados. A maior taxa de decomposição das plantas de cobertura e de liberação de nutrientes ocorre aos 42 dias após a dessecação. Os maiores tempos de meia-vida foram observados no período de menor precipitação pluvial.The objective of this work was to evaluate dry biomass production, decomposition rate and macronutrients release (N, P, Ca, Mg and S of cover crops cultural residues, in a no-till savanna soil. The cover crops tested were: pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum sin. typhoides, brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench], pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.], sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L. and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb, compared to a fallow plot (control. The experiment was carried out in an Oxisol, medium texture. A randomized block design, in a split-plot array in time

Toward precision holography with supersymmetric Wilson loops

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Faraggi, Alberto [Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile,Casilla 306, Santiago (Chile); Zayas, Leopoldo A. Pando [The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics,Strada Costiera 11, 34014 Trieste (Italy); Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (United States); Silva, Guillermo A. [Instituto de Física de La Plata - CONICET & Departamento de Física - UNLP,C.C. 67, 1900 La Plata (Argentina); Trancanelli, Diego [Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo,05314-970 São Paulo (Brazil)

2016-04-11

We consider certain 1/4 BPS Wilson loop operators in SU(N)N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, whose expectation value can be computed exactly via supersymmetric localization. Holographically, these operators are mapped to fundamental strings in AdS{sub 5}×S{sup 5}. The string on-shell action reproduces the large N and large coupling limit of the gauge theory expectation value and, according to the AdS/CFT correspondence, there should also be a precise match between subleading corrections to these limits. We perform a test of such match at next-to-leading order in string theory, by deriving the spectrum of quantum fluctuations around the classical string solution and by computing the corresponding 1-loop effective action. We discuss in detail the supermultiplet structure of the fluctuations. To remove a possible source of ambiguity in the ghost zero mode measure, we compare the 1/4 BPS configuration with the 1/2 BPS one, dual to a circular Wilson loop. We find a discrepancy between the string theory result and the gauge theory prediction, confirming a previous result in the literature. We are able to track the modes from which this discrepancy originates, as well as the modes that by themselves would give the expected result.

Survival and preference of cotton boll weevil adults for alternative food sources

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. Pimenta

Full Text Available Abstract Plants that have potential as alternative food source (floral nectar, pollen and plant tissues to the boll weevil during the intercropping season were evaluated considering the prevalent conditions of Cerrado in the Central Brazil. Initially, we tested the nutritional adequacy for the survival of the insect of flower resource (pollen and nectar provided by eight plant species (fennel, mexican sunflower, castor bean, okra, hibiscus, sorghum, pigeonpea and sunn hemp. Subsequently, we tested if the resources provided by the selected plants continued to be exploited by the boll weevil in the presence of cotton plant, its main food source average longevity of boll weevil adults was significantly longer when they were fed on hibiscus’ flowers (166.6 ± 74.4 and okra flowers (34.7 ± 28.9 than when they fed on flowers of other six species. Subsequently, the preference of the boll weevil in the use of resources was compared between okra or hibiscus and cotton plants, in dual choice experiments. Boll weevils preferred plants of the three species in the reproductive stages than those in vegetative stages. Although the cotton plant in the reproductive stage was the most preferred plant of all, boll weevils preferred flowering okra and hibiscus than cotton at the vegetative stage.

Using different classification models in wheat grading utilizing visual features

Science.gov (United States)

Basati, Zahra; Rasekh, Mansour; Abbaspour-Gilandeh, Yousef

2018-04-01

Wheat is one of the most important strategic crops in Iran and in the world. The major component that distinguishes wheat from other grains is the gluten section. In Iran, sunn pest is one of the most important factors influencing the characteristics of wheat gluten and in removing it from a balanced state. The existence of bug-damaged grains in wheat will reduce the quality and price of the product. In addition, damaged grains reduce the enrichment of wheat and the quality of bread products. In this study, after preprocessing and segmentation of images, 25 features including 9 colour features, 10 morphological features, and 6 textual statistical features were extracted so as to classify healthy and bug-damaged wheat grains of Azar cultivar of four levels of moisture content (9, 11.5, 14 and 16.5% w.b.) and two lighting colours (yellow light, the composition of yellow and white lights). Using feature selection methods in the WEKA software and the CfsSubsetEval evaluator, 11 features were chosen as inputs of artificial neural network, decision tree and discriment analysis classifiers. The results showed that the decision tree with the J.48 algorithm had the highest classification accuracy of 90.20%. This was followed by artificial neural network classifier with the topology of 11-19-2 and discrimient analysis classifier at 87.46 and 81.81%, respectively

Properties of Gribov region and horizon function in the SU(N) Maximal Abelian Gauge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Capri, Marcio Andre Lopes; Gomez, A.J.; Guimaraes, M.S.; Lemes, Vitor Emanuel Rodino; Sorella, Silvio Paolo

2011-01-01

Full text: The problem of the Gribov copies deals with the impossibility of to choose a unique gauge condition in the quantization process in the Yang Mills theories. In the Landau gauge, several properties of the Gribov region are established, the implementation of the Gribov copies in the path integral is taking account by the introduction of the horizon function directly in the action giving rise to modifications in the ghost and gluon propagator in the infrared regime. However, is interesting to looking at other gauge choices for obtain additional information of the phenomena, and compare our results in the landau gauge. In this work we address the issue of the Gribov copies in SU(N),N ¿ 2, Euclidean Yang-Mills theories quantized in the maximal Abelian gauge. A few properties of the Gribov region in this gauge are established. Similarly to the case of SU(2), the Gribov region turns out to be convex, bounded along the off-diagonals directions in field space, and unbounded along the diagonal ones. The implementation of the restriction to the Gribov region in the functional integral is discussed through the introduction of the horizon function, whose construction will be outlined in detail. The influence of this restriction on the behavior of the gluon and ghost propagators of the theory is also investigated together with a set of dimension two condensates. (author)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and soil aggregation as affected by cultivation of various crops during the sugarcane fallow period

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Priscila Viviane Truber

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Management systems involving crop rotation, ground cover species and reduced soil tillage can improve the soil physical and biological properties and reduce degradation. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effect of various crops grown during the sugarcane fallow period on the production of glomalin and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in two Latosols, as well as their influence on soil aggregation. The experiment was conducted on an eutroferric Red Latosol with high-clay texture (680 g clay kg-1 and an acric Red Latosol with clayey texture (440 g kg-1 clay in Jaboticabal (São Paulo State, Brazil. A randomized block design involving five blocks and four crops [soybean (S, soybean/fallow/soybean (SFS, soybean/millet/soybean (SMS and soybean/sunn hemp/soybean (SHS] was used to this end. Soil samples for analysis were collected in June 2011. No significant differences in total glomalin production were detected between the soils after the different crops. However, total external mycelium length was greater in the soils under SMS and SHS. Also, there were differences in easily extractable glomalin, total glomalin and aggregate stability, which were all greater in the eutroferric Red Latosol than in the acric Red Latosol. None of the cover crops planted in the fallow period of sugarcane improved aggregate stability in either Latosol.

Studi Filologis Sharh Isagoge: Menelusuri Logika Aristotelian di Kalangan Muslim Klasik

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Koes Adiwidjajanto

2015-10-01

Full Text Available This article puts emphasis on Daljî, one of traditional Muslim scholars, about his writing “Ta‘lîqât ‘alâ Sharh Shaykh Islâm Zakarîyyâ al-Ansârî li Matn Isaghuji”, with philological approach. Such approache has been widely known in Islamic world as tahqîq al-nusûs, which focuses on presenting part of the text readable in different time and context, so it can be used and read in accordance with writer’s intention. What important from Daljî’s contribution in the study of traditional Aristotelian logic (mantiq is that his defense on this study has firm position, whereas another Sunnî Traditionalist especially the people who was known as Ahl al-hadîth like Ibn Salâh and Ibn Taymîyya considered it as innovation according to the authoritative Islamic teachings. In his ta‘lîq, Daljî followed the previous Muslim Scholar in writing logical method that was considerably known amongst its experts. The topics discussed in this study deal with explanations on kulliyât (generals, qadâyâ (prepositions, al-‘aks wa al-tanâqud (the contradictions, on qiyâsât (syllogism, on rhetoric and poetics.

Adubação nitrogenada para milho com o uso de plantas de cobertura e modos de aplicação de calcário Forms of lime application, cover crops and nitrogen rates in maize

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aguinaldo José Freitas Leal

2013-04-01

later divided into three subplots representing the N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg ha-1. Four liming forms were evaluated: lime rate incorporated in the 0 - 0.2 m soil layer in Oct/2001; total dose applied on the surface in Oct/2001; 1/2 amount applied in Oct/2001 and 1/2 in Aug/2002 on the surface; and 1/3 of the recommended dose applied in Mar/2001 + 1/3 in Oct/2001 + 1/3 in Aug/2002, all on the soil surface; plus a control treatment (no lime and two cover crops (sunn hemp and millet. Maize grain yield was not affected by the different liming forms. Sunn hemp proved more efficient than millet as cover crop preceding maize.

From passive houses to healthy houses: architecture, environment and a overall solution; Fra passivhus til sunne hus: arkitektur, miljoe og helhet

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Butters, Chris; Leland, Bente Nuth

2012-11-01

Energy and climate are key issues, but sustainable architecture involves much more: nature's cycles, materials, resilience over time, health. The trend towards passive house standard is positive, but tends to become dogmatic and far too narrowly focused on energy - and on theory rather than on real people. Buildings should be healthy, both for people and for the planet. Without a holistic approach, passive houses can introduce new risks, both technical, inefficient use of money, and risks to indoor environment. And if built in energy-intensive materials transported from far away, they can have just as large climate emissions as old buildings. Researchers, argue the authors, sometimes ignore the human ecological dimensions of sustainability, in their obsession with technical details. This book raises two types of critique of the passive house concept: one concerns technical differences, in particular a very sceptical look at mechanical ventilation; the other relates to people. For it is not only immigrants or the elderly who often fail to maintain buildings correctly, but many ordinary people too. Passive houses must be built with a high degree of precision, and operated correctly. In addition, builders often make errors; and technology fails quite often. In contrast to this, older buildings are 'forgiving' - they tolerate small leaks, amateur repairs, minor neglect. Simplicity is a key feature of good solutions. The authors argue that sustainable architecture must have real robustness. For sustainability depends on ordinary, fallible people. Beginning with a short history of ecological or 'green' architecture, and of the principles behind it, the book reminds us that the first houses to achieve passive standard were built and tested in Canada over 30 years ago. The book is illustrated with 14 buildings from Norway and Europe, many of them groundbreaking; about half are signed by the GAIA network of architects. These include houses designed especially for allergy-prone people, constructions with entirely non-toxic materials, old urban blocks refurbished to zero energy standard, and a school which achieves passive energy standard using no mechanical ventilation - something Norwegian researchers have declared {sup i}s impossible{sup .} The book is written for specialists as well as a general public. A key message is that passive buildings are not the only or necessarily best solution - there are many approaches. This, say the authors, is very important at a time when building regulations and research funds are being almost exclusively channelled towards the passive house approach. This is both politically risky, and it is bad science. The GAIA network in Scandinavia and beyond has pioneered the field of sustainable architecture for over 30 years. Their holistic approach is gaining increasing recognition. Beyond the theoretical research - and the greenwashing -- this book shows the way forward from the 'passive' era towards genuinely 'deep green' architecture.(Author)

Summer cover crops and soil amendments to improve growth and nutrient uptake of okra

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wang, Q.R.; Li, Y.C.; Klassen, W. [University of Florida, Homestead, FL (United States). Center for Tropical Research & Education

2006-04-15

A pot experiment with summer cover crops and soil amendments was conducted in two consecutive years to elucidate the effects of these cover crops and soil amendments on 'Clemson Spineless 80' okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) yields and biomass production, and the uptake and distribution of soil nutrients and trace elements. The cover crops were sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana), and sorghum sudan-grass (Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. sudanense) with fallow as the control. The organic soil amendments were biosolids (sediment from wastewater plants), N-Viro Soil (a mixture of biosolids and coal ash), coal ash (a combustion by-product from power plants), co-compost (a mixture of 3 biosolids: 7 yard waste), and yard waste compost (mainly from leaves and branches of trees and shrubs, and grass clippings) with a soil-incorporated cover crop as the control. As a subsequent vegetable crop, okra was grown after the cover crops, alone or together with the organic soil amendments, had been incorporated. All of the cover crops, except sorghum sudangrass in 2002-03, significantly improved okra fruit yields and the total biomass production. Both cover crops and soil amendments can substantially improve nutrient uptake and distribution. The results suggest that cover crops and appropriate amounts of soil amendments can be used to improve soil fertility and okra yield without adverse environmental effects or risk of contamination of the fruit. Further field studies will be required to confirm these findings.

Coberturas vegetais, doses de nitrogênio e inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense em arroz de terras altas no sistema plantio direto Cover crops, nitrogen rates and seeds inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in upland rice under no-tillage

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Douglas de Castilho Gitti

2012-01-01

], sunn hemp [Crotalaria juncea], pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan], Brachiaria ruziziensis, millet + sunn hemp and millet + pigeon pea, rates of nitrogen (N fertilization at sidedressing (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 and the effects of seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in upland rice under no-tillage system on crop growth and yield. The experimental design was in complete randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme 6x4x2 with four replications. The experiment was set up on a Red Oxisol in Selvíria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in 2011/2012. Pigeon pea preceding rice cropping provided higher rice yield only in comparison with B. ruziziensis. The rice yield as function of rates of N at sidedressing fit to a quadratic function. There was no influence of seeds inoculation with A. brasilense on rice yield, however, there was interaction between the inoculation and cover crops on the leaf of N content, number of panicles per m², dry rice plants and weight of 100 grains.

Coberturas vegetais, doses de nitrogênio e inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense em arroz de terras altas no sistema plantio direto Cover crops, nitrogen rates and seeds inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in upland rice under no-tillage

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Douglas de Castilho Gitti

2013-01-01

], sunn hemp [Crotalaria juncea], pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan], Brachiaria ruziziensis, millet + sunn hemp and millet + pigeon pea, rates of nitrogen (N fertilization at sidedressing (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 and the effects of seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in upland rice under no-tillage system on crop growth and yield. The experimental design was in complete randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme 6x4x2 with four replications. The experiment was set up on a Red Oxisol in Selvíria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in 2011/2012. Pigeon pea preceding rice cropping provided higher rice yield only in comparison with B. ruziziensis. The rice yield as function of rates of N at sidedressing fit to a quadratic function. There was no influence of seeds inoculation with A. brasilense on rice yield, however, there was interaction between the inoculation and cover crops on the leaf of N content, number of panicles per m², dry rice plants and weight of 100 grains.

Radioisotopes and Radiation in Animal and Plant Insect Pest Control; Emploi des radioisotopes et des rayonnements dans la lutte contre les insectes nuisibles aux plantes et aux animaux; Ispol'zovanie radioizotopov i radiashchi v bor'be s nasekomymi-vreditelyami rastenij i zhivotnykh; Utilizacion de los radioisotopos y de las radiaciones en la lucha contra los insectos nocivos para las plantas y los animales

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Andreev, S. V.; Martens, B. K.; Samojlova, V. A.; Molchanova, Z. I. [Vsesoyuznyj Institut Zashchity Rastenij, Leningrad, SSSR (Russian Federation)

1963-09-15

Crop-pest control is of major economic importance and demands the aid of the latest advances in science. Radioisotopes and radiation are being employed to increase the efficiency of existing insect pest control. They are extremely valuable, since improvements to existing methods depend on having detailed data on the bioecology, toxicology, and so on. Radioactive labelling of insects has been extremely promising in bioecology; the labelling of grain pests (Eurygaster integriceps Put., Hadena sordida Skh.) and grain-pest parasites (Meniscus agnatus Crow, Pseudogonia cinerascens Rond.) has provided information about their areas of migration, habitats, sizes of population and the feeding habits. The same technique was used to determine the rate of propagation of the Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineota Say), which is subject to quarantine controls; subsequently an extermination programme was carried out on the basis of the data obtained. It also provides a valuable means of studying the extremely complex problems of parasitism and predaceousness, in particular intermediate feeding cycles and chemotaxis. The feeding areas of field rodents have been mapped out with the help of a self-labelling, radioactive-bait technique. Pesticides synthesized with radioisotopes have been used in conjunction with radiochromatography, fluorimetry and other techniques to study the highly complex biochemical processes caused to toxicants in plants and insects. It has also been possible to determine the rate of hydrolysis of organic-phosphorus insecticide compounds of the thiphos and metaphos type as a function of the degree of development and the physiological state of plants as well as of environmental conditions. Data have been obtained on the length of time residual quantities of toxicants are retained in agriculture products following different periods of chemical treatment. Radioisotope techniques have yielded information on various metabolic processes exhibiting different

The Bacterial Community Structure and Dynamics of Carbon and Nitrogen when Maize (Zea mays L.) and Its Neutral Detergent Fibre Were Added to Soil from Zimbabwe with Contrasting Management Practices.

Science.gov (United States)

De la Cruz-Barrón, Magali; Cruz-Mendoza, Alejandra; Navarro-Noya, Yendi E; Ruiz-Valdiviezo, Victor M; Ortíz-Gutiérrez, Daniel; Ramírez-Villanueva, Daniel A; Luna-Guido, Marco; Thierfelder, Cristian; Wall, Patrick C; Verhulst, Nele; Govaerts, Bram; Dendooven, Luc

2017-01-01

Water infiltration, soil carbon content, aggregate stability and yields increased in conservation agriculture practices compared to conventionally ploughed control treatments at the Henderson research station near Mazowe (Zimbabwe). How these changes in soil characteristics affect the bacterial community structure and the bacteria involved in the degradation of applied organic material remains unanswered. Soil was sampled from three agricultural systems at Henderson, i.e. (1) conventional mouldboard ploughing with continuous maize (conventional tillage), (2) direct seeding with a Fitarelli jab planter and continuous maize (direct seeding with continuous maize) and (3) direct seeding with a Fitarelli jab planter with rotation of maize sunn hemp (direct seeding with crop rotation). Soil was amended with young maize plants or their neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and incubated aerobically for 56 days, while C and N mineralization and the bacterial community structure were monitored. Bacillus (Bacillales), Micrococcaceae (Actinomycetales) and phylotypes belonging to the Pseudomonadales were first degraders of the applied maize plants. At day 3, Streptomyces (Actinomycetales), Chitinophagaceae ([Saprospirales]) and Dyella (Xanthomonadales) participated in the degradation of the applied maize and at day 7 Oxalobacteraceae (Burkholderiales). Phylotypes belonging to Halomonas (Oceanospirillales) were the first degraders of NDF and were replaced by Phenylobacterium (Caulobacterales) and phylotypes belonging to Pseudomonadales at day 3. Afterwards, similar bacterial groups were favoured by application of NDF as they were by the application of maize plants, but there were also clear differences. Phylotypes belonging to the Micrococcaceae and Bacillus did not participate in the degradation of NDF or its metabolic products, while phylotypes belonging to the Acidobacteriaceae participated in the degradation of NDF but not in that of maize plants. It was found that agricultural

Legumes and forage species sole or intercropped with corn in soybean-corn succession in midwestern Brazil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gessí Ceccon

2013-02-01

Full Text Available The feasibility of no-tillage in the Cerrado (Savanna-like vegetation of Brazil depends on the production of sufficient above-ground crop residue, which can be increased by corn-forage intercropping. This study evaluated how above-ground crop residue production and yields of soybean and late-season corn in a soybean-corn rotation were influenced by the following crops in the year before soybean: corn (Zea mays L. intercropped with Brachiaria (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. ruziziensis, cv. comum., Panicummaximum cv. Tanzânia, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L., pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp]; sole corn, forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench (cv. Santa Elisa], and ruzi grass. In March 2005, corn and forage species were planted in alternate rows spaced 0.90 m apart, and sole forage species were planted in rows spaced 0.45 m apart. In October 2005, the forages were killed with glyphosate and soybean was planted. After the soybean harvest in March 2006, sole late-season corn was planted in the entire experimental area. Corn grain and stover yields were unaffected by intercropping. Above-ground crop residue was greater when corn was intercropped with Tanzania grass (10.7 Mg ha-1, Marandu (10.1 Mg ha-1, and Ruzi Grass (9.8 Mg ha-1 than when corn was not intercropped (4.0 Mg ha-1. The intercropped treatments increased the percentage of soil surface covered with crop residue. Soybean and corn grain yields were higher after sole ruzi grass and intercropped ruzi grass than after other crops. The intercropping corn with Brachiaria spp. and corn with Panicum spp. increases above-ground crop residue production and maintains nutrients in the soil without reducing late-season corn yield and the viability of no-till in the midwestern region of Brazil.

Utilization of nitrogen from green manure and mineral fertilizer by sugarcane Aproveitamento do nitrogênio da adubação verde e da fertilização mineral pela cana - de - açucar

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Edmilson José Ambrosano

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Given their potential for biological nitrogen fixation, legumes used as green manure are an alternative source of nitrogen to crops, and can supplement or even replace mineral nitrogen fertilization. The utilization of nitrogen by sugarcane (Saccharum spp. fertilized with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L. and ammonium sulphate (AS was evaluated using the 15N tracer technique. Amounts of 195.8 kg and 70 kg N per hectare, respectively, of sunn hemp and AS were added in the following treatments: without green manure and without AS; without green manure, with AS -15N; with green manure-15N and with AS; with green manure-15N, without AS; with green manure and with AS-15N. Four samples from the leaves +3 were collected and 2 m of the sugar cane row were harvested to estimate crop yield. The results for N contents (g kg-1, isotopic abundance of N (atoms % 15N in leaf +3 samples, and sugarcane productivity were used to calculate cumulative N, nitrogen in the plant derived from the fertilizer-Ndff (% and kg ha-1, as well as percent recovery of fertilizer N (R%. Sugarcane was analysed and pol and total recovered sugar calculated. The highest Ndff percentages were observed eight months after sugarcane planting for treatments containing green manure without mineral N, and green manure with mineral N, at 15.3 and 18.4%, respectively. The best nitrogen recovery was observed during harvest, 18 months after planting; the treatment containing mineral fertilizer showed 34.4% recovery, while the sum between mineral N plus green manure N showed 40.0%. Treatments containing green manure plus mineral N changed soil attributes, by increasing Ca and Mg contents, sum of bases, pH, and base saturation, and decreasing potential acidity. In the plant, those treatments increased Ca and K contents.Em função de seu potencial de fixação de nitrogênio, as leguminosas adubos verdes representam uma alternativa ao suprimento, substituição ou complementação da aduba

Use of Isotopes for Investigating the Behaviour and Ecology of Insect Pests in Some Recent Studies; Emploi des radioisotopes dans des recherches recentes sur le comportement et l'ecologie des insectes nuisibles; Ispol'zovanie radioizotopov dlya issledovaniya povedeniya i ehkologii nasekomykh-vreditelej v Irane; Empleo de isotopos en estudios recientes sobre el comportamiento y la ecologia de las plagas insectiles

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Quraishi Sayeed, M. [Cento Institute of Nuclear Science, Teheran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

1963-09-15

Investigations into the ecology, behaviour, dispersal and longevity of insects have always provided challenges to the entomologist. The use of isotopes is an effective tool and the following is a report on some interesting problems solved by their application. Anopheles stephensi is the main vector o f malaria in southern Iran. On P{sup 32}-labelled mosquitoes, the dispersal, behaviour, digestion of blood meal, maturation of ovaries and length of gonotrophic cycles were successfully worked out. It was found that in about 80% of the cases the mosquito needed two blood meals for the completion of the first cycle. The first cycle itself was completed in 4-5 d depending upon the temperature. Labelled mosquitoes which had emerged overnight were released in an isolated village. The ratio of active mosquitoes to total catch was worked out every day and thus, on the assumption that the natural population remained constant, the mortality rate, which was found to be exponential for the first six days, was worked out. The mating behaviour of the female was also studied by using normal females which had mated once with P{sup 32}-labelled males. It was found that the female mates more than once and that after mating with an active male, the spermathead became active. Counts of up to twice the background (12 counts/min) were obtained by using males giving about 15 000 counts/min. Studies of the injection of saliva in glucose solution during feeding were also made on P{sup 32}-labelled mosquitoes. Eurygaster integriceps is a serious pest of wheat in Iran, Pakistan and the Middle East. Using P{sup 32} activated wheat plants, the feeding behaviour of the first-instar nymph was investigated. Other foods, radioactively labelled, were also studied and it was found that feeding was essential for the first moult, even if the food consisted of water absorbed in a filter paper. (author) [French] Les recherches sur l'ecologie, le comportement, la dispersion et la longevite des insectes ont

Difficulties and Successes in the Mass Rearing of Insects in the Laboratory, and the Possibility of Autocidal Control of some Harmful Species; Trudnosti i uspekhi massovogo razvedeniya nasekomykh v laboratorii i vozmozhnosti samoistrebleniya nekotorykh vrednykh vidov

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Shumakov, E. M. [Rastenij, Vsesojuznyj Nauchno-Issledovatel' skij Institut Zashhity Leningrad, SSSR (Russian Federation)

1968-06-15

developing ways of overcoming the diapause in laboratory populations in order to ensure continuous rearing. This can be done either by reactivating the insects by temperature changes or by instituting a period of illumination which prevents die diapause from starting. A further possible method is that of selecting and crossing diapausing and non-diapausing strains of a given species. A number of species of Orthoptera having a fairly wide natural habitat have been used to show the possibility of autocidal control by adding to a natural population which normally has a diapause specimens of a non-diapausing population from other parts of the habitat. This possibility has been demonstrated for the cricket Teleogryllus corn modus Walk, in Australia and for sub-species of Locusta migratoria L. in the Old World. The development of this form of autocidal control of insects merits close attention. The work reported is devoted mainly to developing methods of autocidal control and techniques for mass laborarory breeding of such harmful species as Carpocapsa pomonella L., Eurygaster integriceps Put, and Locusta migratoria L. (author) [Russian] Prakticheskaja razrabotka metoda nypuska sterilizovannyh samcov, kak i voobshhe metodov samoistreblenija vrednyh nasekomyh, limitiruetsja trudnostjami massovogo razvedenija ih n iskusstvennyh uslovijah. Odnako, analiz uspeshnyh sluchaev reshenija jetoj problemy dlja rjada pidov Liplera, Lepidoptera i Orthoptera pozvoljaet nametit' vozmozhnye puti sozdanija tehniki massovogo razvedenija neobhodimyh ob{sup o}ktop. Naibolee trudnyj vopros obespechenija nasekomyh sootvetstvujushhim kormom v ljuboe vremja goda uspeshno razreshaetsja blagodarja progressu, dostignutomu v sozdanii sinteticheskih i polusinteticheskih pishhevyh sred dlja nasekomyh. Takie sredy razrabotany uzhe kak dlja polusaprofitiyh, tak i dlja rastitel'nojadnyh i hishhnyh vidov. Podbor receptov dlja takih sred opredeljaetsja pravil'nym vyborom neobhodimyh komponentov, v pervuju ochered

Identification and Expression Analysis of Medicago truncatula Isopentenyl Transferase Genes (IPTs Involved in Local and Systemic Control of Nodulation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mahboobeh Azarakhsh

2018-03-01

Full Text Available Cytokinins are essential for legume plants to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia. Recently, the expression level of cytokinin biosynthesis IPTs (ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASES genes was shown to be increased in response to rhizobial inoculation in Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum. In addition to its well-established positive role in nodule primordium initiation in root cortex, cytokinin negatively regulates infection processes in the epidermis. Moreover, it was reported that shoot-derived cytokinin inhibits the subsequent nodule formation through AON (autoregulation of nodulation pathway. In L. japonicus, LjIPT3 gene was shown to be activated in the shoot phloem via the components of AON system, negatively affecting nodulation. However, in M. truncatula, the detailed analysis of MtIPTs expression, both in roots and shoots, in response to nodulation has not been performed yet, and the link between IPTs and AON has not been studied so far. In this study, we performed an extensive analysis of MtIPTs expression levels in different organs, focusing on the possible role of MtIPTs in nodule development. MtIPTs expression dynamics in inoculated roots suggest that besides its early established role in the nodule primordia development, cytokinin may be also important for later stages of nodulation. According to expression analysis, MtIPT3, MtIPT4, and MtIPT5 are activated in the shoots in response to inoculation. Among these genes, MtIPT3 is the only one the induction of which was not observed in leaves of the sunn-3 mutant defective in CLV1-like kinase, the key component of AON, suggesting that MtIPT3 is activated in the shoots in an AON-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that MtIPTs are involved in the nodule development at different stages, both locally in inoculated roots and systemically in shoots, where their expression can be activated in an AON-dependent manner.

Adubação verde e sistemas de manejo do solo na produtividade do algodoeiro Green manure and soil management systems on cotton yield

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marco Antonio Camillo de Carvalho

2004-12-01

Full Text Available A adoção de sistemas de manejo conservacionistas e a sucessão de culturas com adubos verdes são práticas que visam preservar a qualidade do solo e do ambiente, sem prescindir da obtenção de produtividade elevada das culturas de interesse econômico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de sistemas de manejo do solo e adubos verdes na produtividade do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.. O experimento foi realizado num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, originalmente sob vegetação de Cerrado. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcela subdividida e quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, utilizaram-se quatro adubos verdes: mucuna-preta, guandu, crotalária e milheto, e área de pousio (vegetação espontânea. Nas subparcelas foram adotados dois sistemas de manejo do solo: plantio direto e preparo convencional (uma gradagem pesada + duas gradagens leves. Os sistemas de manejo do solo não interferiram na produtividade do algodoeiro. O algodoeiro apresentou produtividade semelhante quando cultivado em sucessão a diferentes espécies de adubos verdes, no sistema de plantio direto e convencional de preparo do solo.The adoption of conservation management system and succession of crops after green manures aim at preserving the environment and soil quality, without dispensing the largest cash crop yield. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil management systems and green manures on cotton yield (Gossypium hirsutum L.. The experiment was carried out in a Typic Hapludox, covered by Savannah vegetation. The experimental design used was that of randomized blocks, in a split plot scheme, with four replications. In plots, four green manures were used: black velvet bean, pigeon pea, sunn hemp, millet and fallow area (spontaneous vegetation. In subplots, two managament soil systems were used: no-tillage and conventional tillage (one disk harrow + two levelling harrow. Soil management systems do

Atributos físicos do solo e produtividade de milho em resposta a culturas de pré-safra Soil physical attributes and corn yield as a response to cover crops prior to corn

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eurico Lucas de Sousa Neto

2008-02-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico argiloso e a produtividade de milho em sistemas de manejo que incluem plantas de cobertura cultivadas em pré-safra (setembro a novembro. Foram utilizadas, durante quatro anos, as seguintes plantas de cobertura: crotalária (Crotalaria juncea; milheto (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes; lab-lab (Dolichus lablab em sistema de semeadura direta; e pousio cultivado em sistema de preparo convencional, antecedendo o cultivo de milho. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Amostras de solo indeformadas foram coletadas para determinações físicas e avaliou-se a produtividade de milho em área de 22,5 m². As plantas de cobertura no sistema de semeadura direta promoveram maior estabilidade de agregados e maior densidade do solo na camada superficial, sem alteração do conteúdo de água disponível às plantas. A utilização de lab-lab, em pré-safra, promoveu a menor produtividade de milho. A utilização de plantas de cobertura em pré-safra no sistema de semeadura direta de milho é viável no Estado de São Paulo.The objective of this work was to evaluate soil physical attributes and corn productivity of a Typic Hapludox in system including cover crops before corn. During four years the following cover crop species were used: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea; millet (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes; lab-lab (Dolichus lablab in no-tillage system. An additional treatment was used with a tillage system composed of a disk plow and two harrowing. The experiment was set up in randomized block with split-plot design, with four repetitions. Undisturbed soil samples were collected for physical determinations and corn yield was evaluated in 22.5 m² areas. The cover crop treatments in no-tillage promoted bigger aggregate stability and bulk density in the superficial layer, but did not affect the

The study of environmental impact quotient (EIQ of pesticides used in wheat and barley farms in Mashhad

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

L maleki

2016-05-01

integriceps in wheat, is not recommended and it should be replaced by Trichlorfon because of the risk of ecological destruction. Such ecological destruction is not much different among the various fungicides. The maximum and minimum amount of EIQ among the pesticides used in wheat farms in Mashhad were obtained in Diazinon and Deltamethrin, respectively. 2, 4- D and Fenoxaprop ethyl had the lowest and highest EIQ indices among the herbicides used in wheat farms. The lowest FUR-EIQ index in wheat fields was observed for the application of herbicides. The maximum value of this index was shown in the usage of fungicides. The highest value of the EIQ-FUR related to the Carbendazim fungicide. Due to low consumption of Detamethrin, it had the small value of this index. Considering EIQ-FUR, the use of Deltamethrin is considered to be more appropriate than Trichlorfon. Use of Iprdion for the disinfection of seeds, and Tribenuron-methyl for the elimination of weeds in wheat fields are the best choices since they had the lowest FUR-EIQ index. In barley cultivation, Carbendazim and Diazinon had the most and the least effects on farm worker component, respectively. In the consumer and leaching component, the most and the least effects were to the observed in Carbendazim as a fungicide and in the Deltamethrin as an insecticide, respectively. In terms of ecology, the Diazinon and Tribenuron-methyl components had the most and the least effect respectively. In this respect, the fungicides used for seed treatment did not show much difference. The maximum EIQ among the pesticides used in barley fields in Mashhad was observed in Carbendazim. Iprdion used for the disinfection of seeds had the lowest EIQ. Considering the herbicides 2, 4- D and Fenoxaprop ethyl had the lowest and highest values of EIQ, respectively. The evaluation of FUR-EIQ in barley fields in Mashhad showed that cyproconazole was the best fungicide used for seed disinfection and it is a good alternative for Carbendazim

Carbono, matéria orgânica leve e fósforo remanescente em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo Carbon, light organic matter and remaining phosphorus in different soil management systems

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcos Gervasio Pereira

2010-05-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT, matéria orgânica leve (MOL e fósforo remanescente (Prem, em áreas de cerrado sob sistema de plantio direto com diferentes cultivos de coberturas do solo, e compará-los aos de áreas sob preparo convencional e pousio. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, em um Latossolo Vermelho, de agosto de 2000 a março de 2007. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas constituídas pelos cinco sistemas de manejo do solo avaliados - pousio, preparo convencional e plantio direto com uso dos cultivos de cobertura crotalária (Crotalaria juncea, milheto (Pennisetum americanum e braquiária (Urochloa brizantha -, e as subparcelas pelos cultivos de soja e milho. Em março de 2007, coletaram-se amostras de solo das profundidades 0,0-0,025, 0,025-0,05, 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, das quais foram quantificados COT, MOL, estoques de COT e Prem. Em áreas sob plantio direto, o aumento nos teores de MOL pode reduzir a adsorção de fósforo ao solo. Sistemas de manejo que não envolvem revolvimento do solo favorecem o aumento do estoque de carbono orgânico nas camadas superficiais, enquanto o preparo convencional e o plantio direto com uso do milheto como planta de cobertura propiciam a incorporação mais profunda do carbono.The objective of this study was to evaluate the contents of total organic carbon (COT, light organic matter (MOL and remaining phosphorus (Prem on savanna areas under no tillage system using cover crops and to compare them to the ones observed under fallow and conventional tillage. The experiment was carried out in field conditions, in a Latossolo Vermelho (Rhodic Haplustox from August 2000 to March 2007. A randomized complete block design was used, in a split-plot arrangement, with plots consisting of the five soil management systems evaluated - fallow, conventional tillage, and no tillage using sunn hemp

Fitomassa e relação C/N em consórcios de sorgo e milho com espécies de cobertura Biomass and C/N ratio in intercrops of sorghum and maize with cover crops

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paulo Claudeir Gomes da Silva

2009-11-01

following treatments: monocultures of sorghum and maize and their intercrops with pigeon pea, sunn hemp, sunflower, turnip forage, white lupine, in the plots; and cut management times, at 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing, in the subplots. Intercrops of sorghum and maize with other species significantly outweighed the biomass productivity of their monocultures, which accumulated less N and had higher C/N ratio of biomass. The best cut management time is at 120 days after sowing of the cover crops, for dry biomass yield. Cutting at 90 days after sowing promoted the greater N accumulation and the lower C/N ratios.

Atributos físicos do solo sob diferentes preparos e coberturas influenciados pela distribuição de poros Soil physical attributes under different tillage systems and cover crops, as influenced by pore distribution

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eurâimi de Q. Cunha

2010-11-01

Full Text Available Com este trabalho se propõe avaliar a influência da distribuição de poros sobre alguns atributos físicos do solo sob semeadura direta (SD e preparo convencional (PC, cultivado com diferentes culturas de cobertura, no sistema de produção orgânica de feijão e milho. O trabalho foi conduzido em Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Em novembro de 2003 foram instalados quatro experimentos, dois em SD e dois em PC, um em cada manejo com feijão e o outro com milho. Foram comparados em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, crotalária, guandu, mucuna-preta, sorgo e pousio. Amostragens de solo das parcelas e de uma mata próxima foram realizadas nas profundidades de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, em novembro de 2007, para determinação do teor de matéria orgânica (M.O. e de atributos físicos do solo. O uso do solo sob vegetação de cerrado para a produção agrícola, independentemente do sistema de cultivo, resultou em redução na porosidade total (Pt, macroporosidade (Mp e capacidade de aeração do solo (CAS. Os atributos físicos do solo foram afetados favoravelmente pela M.O. As variações em Pt, Mp, CAS e capacidade de água disponível do solo podem ser explicadas pela variação na distribuição do tamanho de poros do solo, principalmente daqueles com ∅ > 0,075 mm.This study aimed to evaluate the influence of pore distribution on some physical attributes of soil under no-tillage (NT and conventional tillage (CT systems, cultivated with different cover crops, in organic production of common bean and corn. The work was carried out in Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, on an Oxisol. In November 2003 four experiments were installed, two of them under NT and the other two under CT. In each soil tillage system, an experiment was conducted with corn and another with common bean. Sunn hemp, pigeon pea, velvet bean, sorghum, and fallow were compared in a randomized block design, with four replications. Samples were

Al-Qāḍī al-Nu‘mān b. Muḥammad al-Maghribī (m. 363/974. Risālat Dhāt al-Bayān fī l-Radd ‘alā Ibn Qutayba or «The eloquent clarification for the refutation of Ibn Qutayba» (II

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hakim, Avraham

2010-12-01

suficiente para la realización de sus tareas que los kuttāb, o funcionarios del estado, memorizaran una serie de fórmulas legales simples, sin tener que aprenderse las largas disertaciones de los fuqahā’ o doctores de la ley. Al-Qādī al-Nu´mān, un faqīh famoso, se dedica en la epístola a demostrar que sin estas disertaciones no se podía aplicar la ley correctamente. En su texto se refiere a cada fórmula legal mencionada por su rival en Adab al-Kātib y demuestra cómo la ley se debería aplicar basándose en la autoridad de los imāmes del Ahl al-Bayt, la Familia del Profeta Muhammad. También refuta las distintas interpretaciones legales sunníes de estas mismas cuestiones.

Sucessão entre cultivos orgânicos de milho e couve consorciados com leguminosas em plantio direto Organic crop succession of maize and collard greens intercropped with legumes in no-tillage system

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

EE Silva

2011-03-01

oleracea L. var. acephala and corn (Zea mays L. intercropped with green manure legumes under no-tillage organic system. The study was conducted in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro State, during two years. We utilized dwarf velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana and showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis as green manure intercropped with collard greens and in succession sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens intercropped with corn. As a control, there was a single crop system of corn and collard greens. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks, a factorial 3 (crop system x 2 (doses of poultry bed manure, with four replications, in plots of 20 m². For the collard greens we applied 0 and 5.4 t ha-1 of poultry bed manure (2.7 t ha-1 in two applications in 2003; 0 (zero and 2.7 t ha-1 in 2004. In the monocrop system, the yield of collard greens was of 37.7 and 18.4 t ha-1, intercropped with dwarf velvet bean the yield reached 40.3 and 38.8 t ha-1 and, using showy crotalaria the yield was of 42.9 and 24.8 t ha-1, in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The corn was benefited from the residual effect of fertilizer with poultry bed manure increasing the production of ears from 25,625 to 27,916 ha-1. Crop succession of collard greens and corn, intercropped with annual legumes under organic fertilization as poultry bed manure, showed yield increase for collard greens and corn.

Legumes and forage species sole or intercropped with corn in soybean-corn succession in midwestern Brazil Espécies leguminosas e forrageiras, solteiras ou consorciadas com milho, na sucessão soja-milho no centro-oeste do Brasil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gessí Ceccon

2013-02-01

Full Text Available The feasibility of no-tillage in the Cerrado (Savanna-like vegetation of Brazil depends on the production of sufficient above-ground crop residue, which can be increased by corn-forage intercropping. This study evaluated how above-ground crop residue production and yields of soybean and late-season corn in a soybean-corn rotation were influenced by the following crops in the year before soybean: corn (Zea mays L. intercropped with Brachiaria (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. ruziziensis, cv. comum., Panicummaximum cv. Tanzânia, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L., pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp]; sole corn, forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench (cv. Santa Elisa], and ruzi grass. In March 2005, corn and forage species were planted in alternate rows spaced 0.90 m apart, and sole forage species were planted in rows spaced 0.45 m apart. In October 2005, the forages were killed with glyphosate and soybean was planted. After the soybean harvest in March 2006, sole late-season corn was planted in the entire experimental area. Corn grain and stover yields were unaffected by intercropping. Above-ground crop residue was greater when corn was intercropped with Tanzania grass (10.7 Mg ha-1, Marandu (10.1 Mg ha-1, and Ruzi Grass (9.8 Mg ha-1 than when corn was not intercropped (4.0 Mg ha-1. The intercropped treatments increased the percentage of soil surface covered with crop residue. Soybean and corn grain yields were higher after sole ruzi grass and intercropped ruzi grass than after other crops. The intercropping corn with Brachiaria spp. and corn with Panicum spp. increases above-ground crop residue production and maintains nutrients in the soil without reducing late-season corn yield and the viability of no-till in the midwestern region of Brazil.A viabilidade do plantio direto no Cerrado brasileiro depende da produção adequada de palha das culturas, que pode ser aumentada pela consorciação de milho (Zea mays L

Avaliação de coberturas mortas em cultura de alface sob manejo orgânico Evaluation of mulches on organically grown lettuce

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fabio F de Oliveira

2008-06-01

quando leguminosas foram utilizadas como cobertura morta.Soil mulching with legumes and grasses is an agricultural practice which promotes benefits to production systems. An experiment was carried out at Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro State, to evaluate the effects of mulch types on weed control and agronomic performance of organically grown lettuce. A randomized blocks design was adopted, with four replications and eight plants in the useful area of each plot. The treatments were: sugar cane (Saccharum sp. bagasse, bamboo (Bambuza sp., Cameroon grass (Penisetum purpureum, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea, mountain immortelle (Erythrina poeppigiana, gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan, velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens and control (no mulching. In situ decomposition and nitrogen release rates were estimated for each mulch. Two consecutive cycles of lettuce (cv. Regina were conducted in the same area to compare residual effects of mulching. There were greater accumulations of N in the legumes residues (with a maximum of 1.010 kg ha-1, at velvet bean. Legumes residues showed lower contents of remaining dry matter and N than grasses, at the end of the first cultivation cycle of lettuce (35 days after transplanting. Weed populations did not differ in relation to the mulch source, varying from 31 to 58 plants m-2. The reduction of weed infestation reached 83% as compared to the control treatment. In both crop cycles, lettuce shoot dry matter (315.8 to 366.0, and 202.9 to 225.0 g plant-1, respectively at the first and the second cultivation cycles, diameter (30.8 to 31.7, and 25.5 to 28.5 cm and N content (32.3 to 38.8, and 28.0 to 30.3 g kg-1 were greater in the treatments using legume mulches.

Helsekonsekvenser av vektendring - er slanking fordelaktig? En litteraturoversikt

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anne Johanne Søgaard

2009-11-01

etablertevektrelaterte sykdommer bør tilbys behandling. Det forebyggende arbeidet bør ellers fokusere på å endre strukturelleforhold i samfunnet – slik som lettere tilgang til sunn mat til en ”sunn” pris – og økte muligheter for og oppmuntringtil fysisk aktivitet i dagliglivet.Søgaard AJ. T he health consequences of weight change – is losing weight worth while?Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYBoth very lean and very obese individuals seem to have increased morbidity and mortality, but there is only a slightincrease in the risk of mortality within 9 units of body mass index (BMI = kg/m 2 – between BMI 19 and 27. Evidencesuggests that weight gain throughout life until BMI 27 do not increase mortality. But 20 kg and more weightgain from 18 years old is negative, the same is weight gain from a high weight at the age of 18. For some diseases –such as osteoporotic fractures, the risk decreases with weight gain and high BMI. Weight cycling may be an independentrisk factor for mortality and morbidity, but the evidence is insufficient for the time being. Even granting theexistence of an association between increasing BMI and higher mortality, it does not follow that losing weight willreduce the risk. Although intentional weight loss results in improvements in glycaemic control, dyslipidaemia andhypertension, the majority of studies fail to support the notion that weight loss reduces mortality rates. Our knowledgeis, however, mainly based on observational studies, which often have methodological flaws and limitations.This and other possible explanations for the apparent paradox, that weight loss do associate with favorable values onrisk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus, but not with reduced morbidity and mortality, arediscussed in this paper. Because of the lack of evidence supporting the long-term effectiveness of weight reductionmethods and because weight reduction probably is not without risks, obese healthy individuals should rather

Effects of Nitrogen and Desferal Treatments on CROTALARIA's (Crotalaria juncea Roth) Biomass Production

Science.gov (United States)

László Phd, M., ,, Dr.

2009-04-01

solution by various synthetic or natural chelates were assumed to be more efficient as micronutrient suppliers to plants than the uncelated micronutriens. Primary criterion for microelement complexes is a high complex stability. Various siderophores and synthetic chelates stability constants are well documented in many papers (Shenker at al. 1996). Desferal -chelating agent deferoxamin-methansulfonic- is a well know chelator with a high stability constant and micronutrient supplier potential to plant nutrition. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is one of the earliest, important and most distinctly named animal fodder and green manure plant. There is one of the most widely grown crop throughout the tropics, subtropics and temperate climate conditions. It is grown in rotation with rice, maize, tobacco, cotton, sugar cane, pineapples, coffee, orchard and in other crops. It is characterized by its rapid growth and high biomass production potential of green (60 t ha-1) and dry (20 t ha-1) material (Kiyoko 1996). As a green manure for example has been the key element in the maintenance of soil organic matter content, of soil fertility (Márton 2001). Crop is ploughed in after 2 months when the plants begin to flower as it decomposes more rapidly at this stage. The mentioned above yields wich on decomposition may add 80-100 kg ha-1 of N to the soil. Materials and Methods Field experiment was carried out on a chernozem meadow soil (Kunság- region of Hungary, Kunmadaras) in partly of experiment series (6 years) in 2001. The ploughed layer of region soils contained with about 2.6-3.4% humus and 40-42% clay, had a humus stability index of 0.9-2.5 by Márton (1997), pH (H2O) of 6.5-7.7, pH (KCl) of 5.3-6.8, y1 of 6.7-13.3. The topsoil was poorly supplied with all five macronutrients (N-NO3 1 mg 100 g-1, AL-soluble P2O5 14 mg 100 g-1, AL-K2O 36 mg 100 g-1, Ca 330 mg 100 g-1, Mg 43 mg 100 g-1) and with all four micronutrients (0.5m HNO3 soluble Cu 1 mg kg-1, Zn 1 mg kg-1, Mn 9 mg kg-1