21 CFR 1303.13 - Adjustments of aggregate production quotas.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Adjustments of aggregate production quotas. 1303.13 Section 1303.13 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE QUOTAS Aggregate Production and Procurement Quotas § 1303.13 Adjustments of aggregate production quotas. (a) The...

Boards and the Selection Procedures Post Gender Quotas

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Arna Arnardóttir, Auður; Sigurjonsson, Olaf; Terjesen, Siri

Purpose: Director Selection process can greatly effect board’s behavior and effectiveness and ultimately the firm’s performance and outcome. Director selection practices are hence important and yet underresearched topic, especially practices applied in the wake of gender quota legislations....... The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the extant literature by gaining greater understanding into how new female board members are recruited and selected when demand for one gender is high. Design/methodology/approach: Mixed research methodology was applied. Questionnaire (N=260) and in......-depth interviews (N=20) were conducted with Icelandic non-executive board directors, to identify the selection criteria that are deemed most important when selecting the new female director candidates taking seat on boards in the wake of gender quota legislation and compare those practices with previous selection...

Textiles Quotas

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

2006-01-01

Shanghai launched China’s first electronic trading platform for textiles export licenses yesterday, allowing firms to easily sell or buy quotas. The platform (www.e-tj.cn) is aimed at raising efficiency and curb-

Temporal Justice, Youth Quotas and Libertarianism

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Wissenburg, M.L.J.

2015-01-01

Quotas, including youth quotas for representative institutions, are usually evaluated from within the social justice discourse. That discourse relies on several questionable assumptions, seven of which I critically address and radically revise in this contribution from a libertarian perspective.

European Union Import Quotas on Chinese Textile and Clothing Exports in 2005

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Nedergaard, Peter

2009-01-01

? The rational choice inspired model put forward in this paper assumes that the EU's political system is a partial asymmetrical political equilibrium in which decisions taken by decision makers are a product of a supply and demand. By using this model, it is explained how the lifting of quotas on Chinese textile...... and clothing exports to WTO members on 1 January, 2005 and the political situation surrounding the French referendum on the Constitutional Treaty on 29 May, 2005, constitute key events in the decision making process....

Mastering the market of CO2 emission quotas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2004-05-01

On January 1, 2005, a system of trade of carbon dioxide emission quotas, also called 'market of tradable emission permits', will be implemented in the European Union. This system is one of the 3 flexibility mechanisms foreseen by the Kyoto protocol in order to reduce the global economic cost of the fight against climatic change. The aim of this seminar is to clarify the process of transfer of the European directive into French law. It comprises 8 presentations dealing with: the objectives of tradable emission quotas (greenhouse effect, Kyoto commitments, short and long term stakes); presentation of the European directive about the trade system of greenhouse gas emissions; transposition of the directive into French law (fields of application, sectors and facilities concerned, possible exemptions, first national plan of quotas allocation); voluntary emission abatement commitments by industrial companies member of the AERES; quotas recording and management, control of trades; companies strategy (investment for CO 2 abatement or purchase of quotas, impact on industries and competitiveness); experience feedback of emission quotas trading in foreign countries (international CO 2 market development); CO 2 emission quotas linked with cogeneration (emissions from cogeneration facilities, possible allocation, impact for cogeneration companies, approaches in other European countries in this domain); perspectives and conclusions. (J.S.)

76 FR 21418 - Fiscal Year 2011 Allocation of Additional Tariff-Rate Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar and...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-04-15

...-Rate Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar and Reallocation of Unused Fiscal Year 2011 Tariff-Rate Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar AGENCY: Office of the United States Trade Representative. ACTION: Notice...) for imported raw cane sugar and of country-by-country reallocations of the FY 2011 in-quota quantity...

77 FR 25012 - Fiscal Year 2012 Allocation of Additional Tariff-Rate Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar and...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-04-26

...-Rate Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar and Reallocation of Unused Fiscal Year 2012 Tariff-Rate Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar AGENCY: Office of the United States Trade Representative. ACTION: Notice...) for imported raw cane sugar and of country-by-country reallocations of the FY 2012 in-quota quantity...

Sharing a quota on cumulative carbon emissions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Raupach, Michael R.; Davis, Steven J.; Peters, Glen P.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe

2014-01-01

Any limit on future global warming is associated with a quota on cumulative global CO 2 emissions. We translate this global carbon quota to regional and national scales, on a spectrum of sharing principles that extends from continuation of the present distribution of emissions to an equal per-capita distribution of cumulative emissions. A blend of these endpoints emerges as the most viable option. For a carbon quota consistent with a 2 C warming limit (relative to pre-industrial levels), the necessary long-term mitigation rates are very challenging (typically over 5% per year), both because of strong limits on future emissions from the global carbon quota and also the likely short-term persistence in emissions growth in many regions. (authors)

Quota enforcement in resource industries

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hansen, Lars Gårn; Jensen, Frank; Nøstbakken, Linda

2014-01-01

-compliance and exogenous constraints on fines and enforcement budget. We propose a new enforcement system based on self-reporting of excess extraction and explicit differentiation of inspection rates depending on compliance history. We use differentiated inspections to induce firms to self-report excess extraction....... This system increases the effectiveness of the quota by allowing the regulator to implement a wider range of aggregate extraction targets than under traditional enforcement, while ensuring an efficient allocation of extraction. In addition, inspection costs can be reduced without reductions in welfare.......Quotas are frequently used in the management of renewable resources and emissions. However, in many industries there is concern about their basic effectiveness due to non-compliance. We develop an enforcement model of a quota-regulated resource and focus on a situation with significant non...

AKRO/SF: Community Development Quota (CDQ) System

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The Western Alaska Community Development Quota (CDQ) Program allocates a percentage of all Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands quotas for groundfish, prohibited species,...

Board Directors' Selection Process Following a Gender Quota

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Sigurjonsson, Olaf; Arnardottir, Audur Arna

-quota selection of new board directors as well as the attitudes of board members towards the quota and perceptions of the effect of quota on processes. We incorporate a dual qualitative and quantitative methodology with in-depth interviews with 20 board directors and chairs, and a survey of 260 directors who...... companies with 50 or more employees. Thereby legislatively going further than any other country, out of the fifteen that have amended and adopted gender quota legislation. This article utilizes resource dependency and status expectations theory lenses to explore how the new legislation affected the post...... conviction. Furthermore, there are different avenues to the board. Although initial attitudes towards quotas are more negative among men than women, these attitudes decrease over time. Finally, consistent with status expectation theory, male directors are more negative than their female counterparts about...

Quota sampling in internet research: practical issues.

Science.gov (United States)

Im, Eun-Ok; Chee, Wonshik

2011-07-01

Quota sampling has been suggested as a potentially good method for Internet-based research and has been used by several researchers working with Internet samples. However, very little is known about the issues or concerns in using a quota sampling method in Internet research. The purpose of this article was to present the practical issues using quota sampling in an Internet-based study. During the Internet study, the research team recorded all recruitment issues that arose and made written notes indicating the possible reasons for the problems. In addition, biweekly team discussions were conducted for which written records were kept. Overall, quota sampling was effective in ensuring that an adequate number of midlife women were recruited from the targeted ethnic groups. However, during the study process, we encountered the following practical issues using quota sampling: (1) difficulty reaching out to women in lower socioeconomic classes, (2) difficulty ensuring authenticity of participants' identities, (3) participants giving inconsistent answers for the screening questions versus the Internet survey questions, (4) potential problems with a question on socioeconomic status, (5) resentment toward the research project and/or researchers because of rejection, and (6) a longer time and more expense than anticipated.

OPEC production ceilings and quotas: an analytical review

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bakhtiari, A.M.S.

1992-01-01

After the onset of Gulf hostilities in August 1990, oil production, equivalent to some five million barrels per day, dried up. With two major exporters, Iraq and Kuwait, out of contention, other OPEC Members were suddenly free to produce and export at will. For the rest of 1990 and the whole of 1991, the issue of quotas was put on the backburner. Hence, the present analytical paper on past OPEC production quota agreements has been prepared. It is an attempt to correlate individual OPEC quotas with meaningful and tangible variables, using a curve-fitting computer programme. The main endeavour in this project is to find either a theoretical or an empirical basis for the generation of OPEC quotas. (author)

Emissions trading with offset markets and free quota allocations

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rosendahl, Knut Einar; Strand, Jon

2012-07-01

We study interactions between a 'policy bloc's' emissions quota market and an offset market where emissions offsets can be purchased from a non-policy 'fringe' of countries (such as for the CDM under the Kyoto Protocol). Policy-bloc firms are assumed to benefit from free quota allocations that are updated according to either past emissions or past outputs. We show that both overall abatement, and the allocation of given abatement between the policy bloc and the fringe, tend to be inefficient. When the policy-bloc quota market and offset markets are fully integrated (and firms buy offsets directly from the fringe), and all quotas and offsets must be traded at a single price, it is optimal for the policy bloc to either not constrain the offset market whatsoever, or to ban offsets completely. The former (latter) case occurs when free allocation of quotas is not too generous (very generous), and the offset market can profitably deliver large (only a small) quota amounts. Governments of policy countries would however instead prefer to buy offsets directly from the fringe at a price below the policy-bloc quota price. The offset price will then be below the marginal damage cost of emissions, and the quota price in the policy bloc above marginal damage cost. This solution is also inefficient as the policy bloc (acting as a monopsonist) purchases too few offsets from the fringe.(Author)

76 FR 50285 - Fiscal Year 2012 Tariff-Rate Quota Allocations for Raw Cane Sugar, Refined and Specialty Sugar...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-08-12

... for Raw Cane Sugar, Refined and Specialty Sugar and Sugar-Containing Products AGENCY: Office of the... quantity of the tariff-rate quotas for imported raw cane sugar, refined and specialty sugar and sugar...), the United States maintains tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) for imports of raw cane sugar and refined sugar...

Practical guidebook about the market of CO{sub 2} emission quotas; Guide pratique du marche des quotas d'emission de CO{sub 2}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2005-07-01

Since January 1, 2005, the European directive about the trading of CO{sub 2} emission quotas foresees the allocation of CO{sub 2} emission quotas to the industrial sectors that generate huge amounts of greenhouse gases (energy generation, cement, glass, steel-making, mineral and paper industries). A system of trading of CO{sub 2} quotas has been implemented and allows the companies to exchange, sale or purchase quotas in order to be conformable with the volume of CO{sub 2} they have been authorized to release in the atmosphere. This guidebook is a vade mecum of the management of emission quotas. It explains the actions of the international community in favor of the fight against greenhouse emissions, the 3 flexibility mechanisms, the French environmental policy, the European system of fight against climatic change, the CO{sub 2} quotas system and its practical implementation. (J.S.)

Regional allocation of carbon emission quotas in China: Evidence from the Shapley value method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, Yue-Jun; Wang, Ao-Dong; Da, Ya-Bin

2014-01-01

It is an important task for China to allocate carbon emission quotas among regions so as to realize its carbon reduction targets and establish the national cap-and-trade carbon market. Meanwhile, it is supposed to be cost-effective to jointly reduce China's carbon emissions through some collaborative activities among regions. Then a natural question is how to allocate the quotas among regions in light of the collaboration. For this purpose, the Shapley value method is adopted and the results show that, first, the regions with higher GDP, higher carbon outflow and higher carbon reduction connection should be allocated more carbon quotas. Moreover, when the collaboration is considered, the optimal allocation of carbon quotas among regions will change significantly compared to the basic quotas by the entropy method; and the Central region is allocated the largest proportion of carbon quota among regions, which indicates its largest radiation effect. Besides, the collaboration between the Central region and Northern coast region, and that between the Central region and the Eastern region should be paid close attention. These results may provide insightful support for decision makers to promote collaborative carbon reduction and allocate carbon quotas in China. - Highlights: • The paper allocates carbon quotas given the collaboration among regions in China. • The Shapley value method coupled with the entropy and gravity models is adopted. • The regions with higher GDP, carbon outflow and reduction connection allocate more. • The Central region has the largest radiation effect on others among all regions. • The collaboration of the Central and Northern coast regions should have priority

Practical guidebook about the market of CO2 emission quotas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2005-01-01

Since January 1, 2005, the European directive about the trading of CO 2 emission quotas foresees the allocation of CO 2 emission quotas to the industrial sectors that generate huge amounts of greenhouse gases (energy generation, cement, glass, steel-making, mineral and paper industries). A system of trading of CO 2 quotas has been implemented and allows the companies to exchange, sale or purchase quotas in order to be conformable with the volume of CO 2 they have been authorized to release in the atmosphere. This guidebook is a vade mecum of the management of emission quotas. It explains the actions of the international community in favor of the fight against greenhouse emissions, the 3 flexibility mechanisms, the French environmental policy, the European system of fight against climatic change, the CO 2 quotas system and its practical implementation. (J.S.)

National plan project of quotas allocation. Reference period

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2004-06-01

This document described the national plan project of greenhouse gases quotas allocation, in application of the directive 2003/87/CE. It is a preliminary document providing hypothesis, data and results which could well be modified. It presents in seven chapters the determination of the final quotas quantity, the determination of the final quotas quantity per each activity sectors and per installation, the technical aspects, the community policy and legislation, the public consultation and other criteria analysis. (A.L.B.)

National plan of quotas assignment. 2005-2007 reference period

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2004-07-01

This document described the national plan of greenhouse gases quotas allocation, in application of the directive 2003/87/CE. Data and results presented could well be modified in particular in function of corrective demands proposed by the owners since the beginning of the public consulting to the notification of the affected quotas quantity. It presents in seven chapters the determination of the final quotas quantity, the determination of the final quotas quantity per each activity sectors and per installation, the technical aspects, the community policy and legislation, the public consultation and other criteria analysis. (A.L.B.)

European Sugar Market – Impact of Quota System

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Irena Benešová

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The European agricultural market has been criticized for its heavy regulations and subsidization. The sugar market is one of the most regulated ones; however, this will change radically in 2017 when the current system of production quotas will end. The aim of this paper is to present the basic characteristics of the EU quota sugar market. The analysis identifies the main drivers of EU sugar market and their position within the EU sugar market. The paper identifies especially those drivers/companies/alliances which take control over the EU sugar production realized under the quota production system. The paper also highlights the level of EU sugar market concentration and also identifies those countries and companies which are the main leaders in the sugar production area realized under the quota system. Based on the results deriving from the paper, it is possible to characterize the EU sugar market as a heavily concentrated one – nearly 75% (10 mil. tonnes of the quota is controlled by five multinational companies only; these companies are operating more than 50% of all the available sugar plants located in the EU. These multinational alliances are also in control of the production capacities of their subsidiaries. In most countries, this causes serious problems as the given quota is controlled by one or two producers only. The EU sugar market is extremely concentrated especially if we take into consideration the location of each alliance’s headquarters. The majority of production capacities are under (the control of especially German and French companies. These two countries are also the main beneficiaries in relation to the EU sugar production quota system.

Why does Brazil need racial quotas? An analysis of the admission of quota students at the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense / UENF

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ludmila Gonçalves da Matta

2015-02-01

Full Text Available This paper presents the results of a study about the quota system at the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF. Quotas at UENF cover the following beneficiaries, after low-income verification: public school students, blacks, indigenous, people with physical disabilities, and children of police officers killed or disabled in the line of duty. The study focused on the comparative analysis of the 2008 and 2009 entrance examinations. The relationship between supply and demand for vacancies as well as the passing grades were analyzed. The analysis revealed that there is a greater demand for quotas in the courses in which the candidate/vacancy ratio is higher, and that quotas are unnecessary for approval in many courses.

75 FR 1589 - Amendment of Limitation of Duty- and Quota-Free Imports of Apparel Articles Assembled in...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-12

... on duty- and quota-free benefits. DATES: Effective Date: January 1, 2010. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Richard Stetson, International Trade Specialist, Office of Textiles and Apparel, U.S. Department of Commerce, (202) 482-3400. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Authority: Section 3103 of the Trade Act of...

76 FR 66915 - Amendment of Limitation of Duty- and Quota-Free Imports of Apparel Articles Assembled in...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-28

... on Duty and Quota Free Benefits. DATES: Effective Date: February 13, 2011. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Richard Stetson, International Trade Specialist, Office of Textiles and Apparel, U.S. Department of Commerce, (202) 482-3400. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Authority: Section 3103 of the Trade Act of...

76 FR 66914 - Amendment of Limitation of Duty- and Quota-Free Imports of Apparel Articles Assembled in...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-28

... Cap on Duty and Quota Free Benefits. DATES: Effective Date: October 1, 2011. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Richard Stetson, International Trade Specialist, Office of Textiles and Apparel, U.S. Department of Commerce, (202) 482-3400. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Authority: Section 3103 of the Trade Act of...

Policies and practices in the health-related reception of quota refugees in Denmark

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Frederiksen, Hanne W; Krasnik, Allan; Nørredam, Marie

2012-01-01

Quota refugees coming to Denmark are mandated refugee status offshore and approximately 500 quota refugees are resettled annually. Upon arrival to Denmark, quota refugees are received directly in the municipalities and municipal caseworkers therefore have the practical responsibility for their he......Quota refugees coming to Denmark are mandated refugee status offshore and approximately 500 quota refugees are resettled annually. Upon arrival to Denmark, quota refugees are received directly in the municipalities and municipal caseworkers therefore have the practical responsibility...

National plan of allocation of CO2 emission quotas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2006-01-01

The directive 2003/87/CE of the European parliament and council from October 13, 2003 establishes a trading system of CO 2 emission quotas for some companies of the energy generation industry, of the manufacturing industry and of services. These quotas are tradable and negotiable and an initial amount of quotas is allocated to these companies according to their facilities in concern. The national plan of quotas allocation must precise the total amount of tradable emissions and its share among the different sectors of activity and facilities. The first project of allocation plan was transmitted to the European Commission on July 6, 2004 after its public consultation between June 8 and June 29 2004. Modifications have been added to meet the requests of the Commission and the French plan was finally approved on December 17, 2004 for an annual amount of 156.51 Mt of CO 2 quotas during the 2005-2007 period. This paper precises the modifications requested by the commission, the modifications of the French juridical system necessary to complete the implementation of the French part of the European quotas trading system, the elaboration of the next allocation plan for the 2008-2012 period, and the link between the European emissions trading system and the 'joint implementation' and 'clean development ' mechanisms implemented by the Kyoto protocol. (J.S.)

Removing EU milk quotas, soft landing versus hard landing

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bouamra-Mechemache, Z.; Jongeneel, R.; Réquillart, V.

2008-01-01

This paper analyses EU dairy policy reforms and mainly focus on EU milk quota removal scenarios. The model used to evaluate the scenario is a spatial equilibrium model of the dairy sector. It integrates the main competitor of the EU on world markets, Oceania, as well as the main importing regions in

76 FR 59663 - Limitations of Duty- and Quota-Free Imports of Apparel Articles Assembled in Beneficiary Sub...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-09-27

... of Apparel Articles Assembled in Beneficiary Sub-Saharan African Countries From Regional and Third... Acceleration Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-274; Division D, Title VI, section 6002 of the Tax Relief and Health Care... beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries. Section 112(b)(3) of TDA 2000 provides duty- and quota-free...

77 FR 59913 - Limitations of Duty- and Quota-Free Imports of Apparel Articles Assembled in Beneficiary Sub...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-10-01

... the new 12-month cap on duty- and quota-free benefits. DATES: Effective October 1, 2012. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Don Niewiaroski, Jr., International Trade Specialist, Office of Textiles and Apparel, U.S... the Trade and Development Act of 2000 (TDA 2000), Public Law 106-200, as amended by Division B, Title...

ETS: free quotas for subsidy coal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mary, Olivier

2016-01-01

This article comments information published by a NGO according to which less than 10 per cent of investments financed through the 10c article of the ETS European directive have been made on technologies which emit less greenhouse gases, or on a diversification of the energy mix, and 90 pc of these quotas have been used in East European countries to modernize obsolete thermal plants, mainly coal plants, or to build new ones. These facts also highlight a flagrant lack of transparency in the award and use of these quotas

75 FR 39612 - Allocation of Second Additional Fiscal Year (FY) 2010 In-Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-09

...) 2010 In-Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar AGENCY: Office of the United States Trade Representative... the tariff-rate quota (TRQ) for imported raw cane sugar. DATES: Effective Date: July 9, 2010... cane and refined sugar. Section 404(d) (3) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (19 U.S.C. 3601(d)(3...

The Irish legislative gender quota: The first election

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Brennan Mary

2017-05-01

Full Text Available In 2012 legislative gender quotas were introduced as part of the Fine Gael/Labour coalition government’s political reform agenda. The legislation specifies that payments to political parties ‘shall be reduced by 50 per cent, unless at least 30 per cent of the candidates whose candidatures were authenticated by the qualified party at the preceding general election were women and at least 30 per cent were men’. The 30 per cent gender threshold came into effect at the 2016 general election. Research demonstrates that gender quotas work to increase women’s political descriptive representation, but to do so, political parties must engage with them in ‘goodwill’, be ‘wellintentioned’ or place women in ‘winnable seats’. This article examines if this was the case at the 2016 general election. Using statistics, as well as drawing from interviews with party strategists, the article assesses the impact of gender quotas on women’s candidate selection and election. We conclude that parties did embrace the spirit of the gender quota law but resistance remains.

Export quotas and policy constraints in the Indian textile and garment industries

OpenAIRE

Kathuria, Sanjay; Bhardwaj, Anjali

1998-01-01

The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing will abolish all quota restrictions in trade in textiles and clothing by the year 2005. Dismantling the quota regime represents both an opportunity (for developing countries to expand exports) and a threat (because quotas will no longer guarantee markets and even the domestic market will be open to competition). Data about the real burden imposed by distorting but nontransparent policies under the quota regime are inadequate, so the authors interviewed t...

Dilemmas in the Danish Approach to Gender Quotas and Gender Equality

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Siim, Birte; Agustin, Lise Rolandsen

The paper addresses the dilemmas, contradictions and paradoxes in the Danish approach to gender quotas and gender equality. Gender theory has presented diverse arguments for gender quota: justice, resources and women’s interests. Gender quota can be understood as a means to achieve gender parity...... and gender justice in all arenas of society political and economic life. The belief in gender theory and research has been that gender quota would and should be a means to achieve equal rights and gender equality. Recently a new discourse and rhetoric of profitability of gender equality within a range...... of institutions from business to higher education has become prominent in many arenas. One example is the Report on gender equality between men and women in the EU, which argues that gender quotas are not only beneficial for women’s rights but also for industry, for society, and for men...

Energy consumption quota management of Wanda commercial buildings in China

Science.gov (United States)

Sun, D. B.; Xiao, H.; Wang, X.; Liu, J. J.; Wang, X.; Jin, X. Q.; Wang, J.; Xie, X. K.

2016-08-01

There is limited research of commercial buildings’ energy use data conducted based on practical analysis in China nowadays. Some energy consumption quota tools like Energy Star in U.S or VDI 3807 in Germany have limitation in China's building sector. This study introduces an innovative methodology of applying energy use quota model and empirical management to commercial buildings, which was in accordance of more than one hundred opened shopping centers of a real estate group in China. On the basis of statistical benchmarking, a new concept of “Modified coefficient”, which considers weather, occupancy, business layout, operation schedule and HVAC efficiency, is originally introduced in this paper. Our study shows that the average energy use quota increases from north to south. The average energy use quota of sample buildings is 159 kWh/(m2.a) of severe cold climate zone, 179 kWh/(m2.a) of cold zone, 188 kWh/(m2.a) of hot summer and cold winter zone, and 200 kWh/(m2.a) of hot summer and warm winter zone. The energy use quota model has been validated in the property management for year 2016, providing a new method of commercial building energy management to the industry. As a key result, there is 180 million energy saving potential based on energy quota management in 2016, equals to 6.2% saving rate of actual energy use in 2015.

Catch-Quota Management - an example of result based fisheries management

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kirkegaard, Eskild; Schou, Mogens; Dalskov, Jørgen

The European Commission tabled in July 2011 a proposal for a revision of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). A central element of the revision is the introduction of a quota management system where all fish caught count against the quotas. The principle of full accountability of the catch...... is a complete change from present management where only the fish landed count against the quotas. The principle of full accountability opens for the introduction of a result based fisheries management strategy, where a fishery is regulated by clearly stated results and the fisher enjoys a maximum of freedom...... to plan and conduct the fishing operation to meet these results. Experiences from Danish trials with Catch Quota Management (CQM) conducted in 2008 to 2012 is presented and the possibilities of simplifying the current EU fisheries management and control regulations under a CQM system are evaluated...

The merits of non-tradable quotas as a domestic policy instrument to prevent firm closure

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hagem, Cathrine

2001-05-01

There is a concern in many countries that a domestic tradable quota system for greenhouse gases, where all emitters must pay for their quotas, may lead to closures of emissions-intensive industrial companies. Allocating quotas free of charge to companies operating in competitive markets has been suggested as a means to reduce the likelihood of closures. Two different designs of quota systems are studied within a two-period model: one where the quotas given free of charge are tradable, and one where the quotas are non-tradable. The two quota systems are compared with respect to their ability both to induce the firms to implement investment in abatement technology and to prevent or postpone closures. (author)

Quota regulation as energy political tool. Feasibility study; Kvoteregulering som energipolitisk virkemiddel. Konsekevensanalysen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2006-06-15

The overall aim of the project was to determine what effect the energy policy introduced through the law on CO{sub 2}-quotas would have on the development the energy sector in Denmark. The energy policy is a market-based approach where the individual stakeholders choose how they will react within the boundaries of the allocated quotas. Options include the purchasing of quotas on the open market, investment in CDM/JI activities, the implementation of energy efficiency initiatives or fuel substitution. The focus of the study was on how the affected companies reacted to the implementation of a CO{sub 2}-quota. This was done by undertaking a series of interviews that resulted in a stakeholder analysis of companies encompassed by the CO2-quota law. A series of national consequences of the law on CO{sub 2}-quotas were then determined based on the stakeholder analysis. According to the results of the stakeholder analysis the following consequences were determined for the periods 2005-2007 and 2008-2012 as a result of quota regulation: 1) In the electricity sector no additional investments will be made in energy efficiency initiatives or fuel substitution projects than were already planned before quota regulation was introduced. 2) The heating sector will carry out isolated energy efficiency projects, but generally these are not socio-economically viable. 3) Industry will carry out isolated energy efficiency initiatives and renewable energy projects. Only 1.2 million tonnes of CO{sub 2} will be reduced annually through these initiatives compared to the estimated annual shortfall of 8 13 million tonnes CO{sub 2}. The shortfall will be made up through the purchase of quotas on the open market. This study indicates, therefore, that quota regulation will make a limited contribution to further initiatives in energy efficiency and renewable energy. If further energy efficiency initiatives are desired it will be necessary to implement other regulatory incentives. With regards to

Consequences of the quota requirement for energy efficiency. Can a Swedish quota obligation systems give less energy usage?; Konsekvenser av kvotplikt foer energieffektivisering. Kan ett svenskt kvotpliktssystem ge mindre energianvaendning?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bjoerkroth, Sara; Bladh, Mats; Holmberg, Rurik; Lock, Anna; Naderi, Ronak; Widerstroem, Glenn

2012-11-01

The Agency has on behalf of the government investigated what the consequences would be of the introduction of a compulsory quota system in Sweden. Under the proposed new EU directive on energy efficiency, all Member States should introduce a compulsory quota system, where energy companies actively initiate measures for energy efficiency among end users. In Sweden, a quota obligation system of this kind would mean energy efficiency of about 3 TWh per year, which can be difficult to achieve. The Swedish Energy Agency suggests that if a compulsory quota system is introduced, the quota obligation should be placed on the network companies. If not, there is a risk of complications in the Swedish and Nordic electricity market. The Energy Markets Inspectorate consider that the quota obligation can not be on the network companies because of their function as regulated monopoly. The Swedish Energy Agency suggests that efficiency measures can be implemented in all sectors, including transport.

Gender quotas for women in national politics: A comparative analysis across development thresholds.

Science.gov (United States)

Rosen, Jennifer

2017-08-01

Women's share of global lower or single house parliamentary seats has increased by over 70% over the course of the 21st century. Yet these increases have not been uniform across countries. Rather countries with low levels of socioeconomic development have outpaced developed democracies in terms of the gains made in the formal political representation of women. One reasonable explanation for this trend is the adoption in many poorer countries of national gender quota legislation, that is, affirmative action laws intended to compensate for sex discrimination in the electoral process. Yet, cross-national analyses examining quotas as an explanatory factor typically use a simple binary (yes/no) variable that either conflates the diverse intra-quota variations into a single variable or includes only one part of the many quota variations. By contrast, using an originally compiled dataset that includes 167 countries from 1992 to 2012, this paper employs measures of gender quota legislation that capture the complexity and considerable diversity of existing quota legislation. These measures allow us to identify the specific factors that have helped so many less developed countries rise to the top of international rankings in recent years. The findings indicate that the effect of each type of gender quota, as well as other explanatory variables, do not operate in the same way across all countries. Specifically, voluntary political party quotas are substantially more effective in developed countries, while reserved seat quotas are only significant in least developed countries. Electoral candidate quotas, on the other hand, can be significant across all countries, however only have a positive effect when they are accompanied by placement mandates that ensure women are placed in winnable positions, sanctions for non-compliance that are significant enough to force adherence, and a minimum mandated threshold of at least 30%. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

50 CFR 679.41 - Transfer of quota shares and IFQ.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Section 679.41 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND... ALASKA Individual Fishing Quota Management Measures § 679.41 Transfer of quota shares and IFQ. (a... from the QS holder's immediate family to receive survivorship transfer privileges in the event of the...

21 CFR 1303.23 - Procedure for fixing individual manufacturing quotas.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

...) In fixing individual manufacturing quotas for a basic class of controlled substance listed in Schedule I or II, the Administrator shall allocate to each applicant who is currently manufacturing such... quotas for a basic class of controlled substance listed in Schedule I or II, the Administrator shall...

Research on the optimization of quota design in real estate

Science.gov (United States)

Sun, Chunling; Ma, Susu; Zhong, Weichao

2017-11-01

Quota design is one of the effective methods of cost control in real estate development project and widely used in the current real estate development project to control the engineering construction cost, but quota design have many deficiencies in design process. For this purpose, this paper put forward a method to achieve investment control of real estate development project, which combine quota design and value engineering(VE) at the stage of design. Specifically, it’s an optimizing for the structure of quota design. At first, determine the design limits by investment estimate value, then using VE to carry on initial allocation of design limits and gain the functional target cost, finally, consider the whole life cycle cost (LCC) and operational problem in practical application to finish complex correction for the functional target cost. The improved process can control the project cost more effectively. It not only can control investment in a certain range, but also make the project realize maximum value within investment.

Quotas, Relocation and Jobs

Science.gov (United States)

Blumrosen, Alfred

1975-01-01

This testimony, before a public hearing of the New York City Commission on Human Rights in May 1974, has two express focuses: one is the question of quotas, and the other is the problem of relocation of plants and facilities in the suburban areas and the consequent difficulties minorities face in retaining equal employment opportunities.…

Gender quotas in development programming

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Windt, van der Peter; Humphreys, Macartan; Sanchez de la Sierra, Raul

2018-01-01

We examine whether gender quotas introduced by development agencies empower women. As part of a development program, an international organization created community management committees in 661 villages to oversee village level program expenditures. In a randomly selected half of these villages the

Why quota trade should be restricted: The arguments behind the EU position on emissions trading

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Westskog, Hege

2001-01-01

In this paper I try to clarify the background and arguments behind the EU position on emissions trading in negotiating the Kyoto Protocol and their suggestions of how the supplementary cap in the Kyoto agreement can be operationalized. I discuss economic arguments for restricting quota trade with a focus on the market power issue, transaction costs, and ancillary benefits of reducing emissions of climate gases. I also address the problem of hot air as an important argument to restrict quota trade, and arguments for restrictions connected to technological innovation. Finally, I look into the ethical considerations of restrictions. (author)

Why quota trade should be restricted: The arguments behind the EU position on emissions trading

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Westskog, Hege

2001-07-01

In this paper I try to clarify the background and arguments behind the EU position on emissions trading in negotiating the Kyoto Protocol and their suggestions of how the supplementarity cap in the Kyoto agreement can be operationalized. I discuss economic arguments for restricting quota trade with a focus on the market power issue, transaction costs, and ancillary benefits of reducing emissions of climate gases. I also address the problem of hot air as an important argument to restrict quota trade, and arguments for restrictions connected to technological innovation. Finally, I look into the ethical considerations of restrictions. (author)

Optimizing Board Effectiveness with Gender Diversity : Are Quotas the Answer?

OpenAIRE

Annemarie Durbin

2011-01-01

Women are underrepresented on corporate boards but are quotas the answer? Not according to the author. Annemarie Durbin cites evidence that using quotas to increase female representation can lead to tokenism, diminish the overall value of diversity on boards, affect board dynamics, and potentially lead to diluted commitments from existing female board directors. She recommends that, instea...

Evaluating the Results of Quota Systems in Politics in Latin America

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mala Htun

2001-01-01

Full Text Available This article discusses the varying effects of quota systems, as they emerge from a scenario of women’s increased inroads into politics in Latin America, expressed in the increased number of women in elected offices, the implementation of quota systems and increased presence of the issue of gender equality in political agendas. The character of the electoral system, as based on “open” or “closed” lists; the absence or presence of a norm of a compulsory competitive position for women within political parties and political parties’ commitment to quota policies are the crucial factors that determine variation.

Carbon quota price and CDM potentials after Marrakesh

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wenying Chen

2003-01-01

The Kyoto Protocol sets quantified GHG emission reduction commitments for Annex I Parties. But their emission reduction requirements related to BAU projections, one of the key factors to effect on future carbon market, are uncertain. Both the decisions made in Bonn and Marrakesh would have further consequences for how the future carbon market will take shape. This paper, with application of the carbon emission reduction trading model, evaluates future carbon quota price and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) potentials under different BAU projections, and does sensitivity analysis on carry-over of AAUs, CERs and ERUs, implementation rate, transaction cost, holding of CERs in Non-Annex I Parties, etc. to assess the impacts of relevant decisions of COP6-bis and COP7 on the carbon market. Under different BAU projections, future carbon quota price and CDM potentials could vary widely. Carry over of AAUs, CERs, ERUs, and holding of CERs in Non-Annex I Parties could raise both quota price and total CDM potentials considerably. Implementation rate could have big impacts on both carbon quota price and CDM potentials, especially for the cases formerly with relatively high CDM potentials, and it could also change the regional distribution of CDM potentials. Transaction cost's effect on the carbon market would be comparatively low, but would become unignorable in the market whose quota price is low. It would lead to a downward trend in price while upward in CDM potentials when increasing the implementation rate or lowering transaction cost. Withdrawal of USA would dramatically shrink carbon price and credit amount, and large numbers of hot air and sink credits would further greatly crowd out the CDM projects; carry over of AAUs, CERs and ERUs, holding of CERs in Non-Annex I Parties, prompt start of CDM projects, etc., would, however, enhance the total CDM credits to ensure more investment and technology flow to developing countries to promote their sustainable development

Carbon quota price and CDM potentials after Marrakesh

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chen Wenying

2003-01-01

The Kyoto Protocol sets quantified GHG emission reduction commitments for Annex I Parties. But their emission reduction requirements related to BAU projections, one of the key factors to effect on future carbon market, are uncertain. Both the decisions made in Bonn and Marrakesh would have further consequences for how the future carbon market will take shape. This paper, with application of the carbon emission reduction trading model, evaluates future carbon quota price and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) potentials under different BAU projections, and does sensitivity analysis on carry-over of AAUs, CERs and ERUs, implementation rate, transaction cost, holding of CERs in Non-Annex I Parties, etc. to assess the impacts of relevant decisions of COP6-bis and COP7 on the carbon market. Under different BAU projections, future carbon quota price and CDM potentials could vary widely. Carry over of AAUs, CERs, ERUs, and holding of CERs in Non-Annex I Parties could raise both quota price and total CDM potentials considerably. Implementation rate could have big impacts on both carbon quota price and CDM potentials, especially for the cases formerly with relatively high CDM potentials, and it could also change the regional distribution of CDM potentials. Transaction cost's effect on the carbon market would be comparatively low, but would become unignorable in the market whose quota price is low. It would lead to a downward trend in price while upward in CDM potentials when increasing the implementation rate or lowering transaction cost. Withdrawal of USA would dramatically shrink carbon price and credit amount, and large numbers of hot air and sink credits would further greatly crowd out the CDM projects; carry over of AAUs, CERs and ERUs, holding of CERs in Non-Annex I Parties, prompt start of CDM projects, etc., would, however, enhance the total CDM credits to ensure more investment and technology flow to developing countries to promote their sustainable development

Resource control in ATLAS distributed data management: Rucio Accounting and Quotas

CERN Document Server

Barisits, Martin-Stefan; The ATLAS collaboration; Garonne, Vincent; Lassnig, Mario; Beermann, Thomas Alfons; Vigne, Ralph

2015-01-01

The ATLAS Distributed Data Management system manages more than 160PB of physics data across more than 130 sites globally. Rucio, the next generation Distributed Data Management system of the ATLAS experiment, replaced DQ2 in December 2014 and will manage the experiments data throughout Run 2 of the LHC and beyond. The previous data management system pursued a rather simplistic approach for resource management, but with the increased data volume and more dynamic handling of data workflows required by the experiment, a more elaborate approach to this issue is needed. Rucio was delivered with an initial quota system, but during the first months of operation it turned out to not fully satisfy the collaborations resource management needs. We consequently introduce a new concept of declaring quota policies (limits) for accounts in Rucio. This new quota concept is based on accounts and RSE (Rucio storage element) expressions, which allows the definition of hierarchical quotas in a dynamic way. This concept enables t...

50 CFR 635.27 - Quotas.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... landings, the period of time remaining in the current fishing year, current and historical landings trends... the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows: § 635.27 Quotas. (d) Atlantic..., current and historical landings trends, and any other relevant factors, NMFS will file for publication...

The emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced by a new proposal for trade of quotas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2004-01-01

The emission quota system will stimulate enterprises that do not currently have to pay a CO 2 tax and which are not subjected to any other political instrument to cut their emissions of greenhouse gases. Consequently, the main part of the total Norwegian emission of greenhouse gases will be covered by climate policy instruments. The quota system enters into force on January 1, 2005, from which date the EU quota system will also be in force. The quota system will comprise CO 2 emissions from oil refineries, iron and steel manufacturers, producers of cement, lime, glass and ceramic products, and certain energy plants. Not all firms that are obliged to obtain quotas will receive as many quotas as they are expected to need. Norway introduced a CO 2 tax in 1991 and is among the countries with the strongest and most extensive political instruments against emission of greenhouse gases

7 CFR 1463.106 - Base quota levels for eligible tobacco producers.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Base quota levels for eligible tobacco producers... TOBACCO TRANSITION PROGRAM Tobacco Transition Payment Program § 1463.106 Base quota levels for eligible... farm's average yield for 2001, 2002, and 2003 to get the 2004 farm base pounds total. 2 Multiply any...

Greenhouse gas quotas on the Norwegian continental shelf

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Torvanger, Asbjoern; Godal, Odd; Kolshus, Hans H.; Aaheim, Asbjoern

2002-01-01

This report discusses advantages and disadvantages of voluntary quota obligations in a greenhouse gas emissions trading system at the company level, and advantages and disadvantages associated with various initial allocation mechanisms in a quota system. The analysis is based on the situation for the Norwegian oil industry in an early Norwegian emissions trading system in the period 2005-2007, and on oil companies' participation in international emissions trading under the Kyoto Protocol in the period 2008-2012. The report has been commissioned by the Norwegian Oil Industry Association, and was written in the period March-April 2002. (author)

78 FR 55099 - Established Aggregate Production Quotas for Schedule I and II Controlled Substances and...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-09-09

... aggregate production quotas, an additional 25% of the estimated medical, scientific, and research needs as... Production Quotas for Schedule I and II Controlled Substances and Established Assessment of Annual Needs for... initial 2014 aggregate production quotas for controlled substances in Schedules I and II of the Controlled...

Application of first order rate kinetics to explain changes in bloom toxicity—the importance of understanding cell toxin quotas

Science.gov (United States)

Orr, Philip T.; Willis, Anusuya; Burford, Michele A.

2018-04-01

Cyanobacteria are oxygenic photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria that can form potentially toxic blooms in eutrophic and slow flowing aquatic ecosystems. Bloom toxicity varies spatially and temporally, but understanding the mechanisms that drive these changes remains largely a mystery. Changes in bloom toxicity may result from changes in intracellular toxin pool sizes of cyanotoxins with differing molecular toxicities, and/or from changes in the cell concentrations of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacterial species or strains within bloom populations. We show here how first-order rate kinetics at the cellular level can be used to explain how environmental conditions drive changes in bloom toxicity at the ecological level. First order rate constants can be calculated for changes in cell concentration (μ c: specific cell division rate) or the volumetric biomass concentration (μ g: specific growth rate) between short time intervals throughout the cell cycle. Similar first order rate constants can be calculated for changes in nett volumetric cyanotoxin concentration (μ tox: specific cyanotoxin production rate) over similar time intervals. How μ c (or μ g ) covaries with μ tox over the cell cycle shows conclusively when cyanotoxins are being produced and metabolised, and how the toxicity of cells change in response to environment stressors. When μ tox/μ c>1, cyanotoxin cell quotas increase and individual cells become more toxic because the nett cyanotoxin production rate is higher than the cell division rate. When μ tox/μ c=1, cell cyanotoxin quotas remains fixed because the nett cyanotoxin production rate matches the cell division rate. When μ tox/μ ccyanotoxin cell quota decreases because either the nett cyanotoxin production rate is lower than the cell division rate, or metabolic breakdown and/or secretion of cyanotoxins is occurring. These fundamental equations describe cyanotoxin metabolism dynamics at the cellular level and provide the necessary

Quotas for the select few

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marcan, P.

2007-01-01

Carbon dioxide quotas are no longer a topic only for politicians or Nobel prize winners or a subject of ambitious EU energetic strategies. For the third year they have also been a factor European companies have to take into account when calculating their plans for the forthcoming period. It is a fact that during the first trading period of the emission trading scheme that ends this year, the emission permits represented a big profit making opportunity for Slovak companies. Or compliance with the new rules at least did not cost them anything. But this pleasant position may change in the upcoming 5-year period starting in January. The new emission quota for the 2008 - 2012 period which Brussels has approved for Slovakia will have an impact on individual companies. And so many companies that had a reserve hidden in the original requirement will have to calculate with a certain limitation as far as their free space for ecological manoeuvres is concerned. However, there is still a group of select companies that will get more: power generating companies controlled by the state. (authors)

21 CFR 1303.22 - Procedure for applying for individual manufacturing quotas.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... manufacturing quotas. Any person who is registered to manufacture any basic class of controlled substance listed in Schedule I or II and who desires to manufacture a quantity of such class shall apply on DEA Form 189 for a manufacturing quota for such quantity of such class. Copies of DEA Form 189 may be obtained...

Russian quota sales: Free sale of ''hot air'' is not likely

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Moe, Arild

2000-01-01

The article discusses emission quota transactions and emission regulation measures related to the Kyoto protocol. The focus is on the problems in the Russian economy during the 1990s, the pollution aspects and their management and possible future developments in the economy. Problems with the quota management versus joint national and international action is mentioned

The quest for human development and the concept of quota system ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

It is believed that Nigeria as a nation, in the quest to achieve human development has adopted the concept of quota system. Quota system in the tertiary education ensures that all the federating units that make up Nigeria are represented in the admission process. This is necessitated by the multi-ethnic and multi-religious ...

An Adjustment Restriction on Fish Quota

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dijk, van Diana; Hendrix, E.M.T.; Haijema, Rene; Groeneveld, R.A.; Ierland, van E.C.

2017-01-01

Management objectives of the European Union for North Sea fish stocks are shifting towards considering both biological sustainability and economic benefits. As part of multiannual management plans, an adjustment restriction on fish quota has been introduced. Its objective is to obtain an

50 CFR 622.42 - Quotas.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... million kg). The Gulf migratory group is divided into eastern and western zones separated by 87°31′06″ W. long., which is a line directly south from the Alabama/Florida boundary. Quotas for the eastern and western zones are as follows: (A) Eastern zone—2.25 million lb (1.02 million kg), which is further divided...

Future policy options for EU beet production: quotas - yes or no?

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Smit, A.B.; Helming, J.F.M.

2012-01-01

Abolishment of EU sugar quotas will lead to lower sugar and sugar beet prices in the EU, leading to lower margins for farms. At the same time, expansion of sugar beet growing and processing in a quota-free situation can decrease fixed cost per ha of sugar beet and per kg of sugar, making both sugar

Gender Quotas on Board of Directors

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Smith, Nina

2013-01-01

Beside arguments of fairness and equal opportunities, it is often argued that gender diversity on boards of directors may improve firm performance, but the empirical results are mixed and often negative. Based on the available research, gender quotas on boards of directors cannot be justified...

Quotas and Decentralization (Indonesia) | IDRC - International ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

International Development Research Centre Government of Canada ... Although there has been general compliance with the quota for women candidates, ... party policies and mechanisms that tend to create or break down barriers to women. ... Call for new OWSD Fellowships for Early Career Women Scientists now open.

A comparison of biogenic iron quotas during a diatom spring bloom using multiple approaches

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A. L. King

2012-02-01

Full Text Available Biogenic Fe quotas were determined using three distinct techniques on samples collected concurrently in the subtropical Pacific Ocean east of New Zealand. Fe quotas were measured using radioisotope uptake experiments (24 h incubation, bulk filtration and analysis by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS, and single-cell synchrotron x-ray fluorescence (SXRF analysis over a sixteen-day period (year days 263 to 278 of 2008 during a quasi-Lagrangian drifter experiment that tracked the evolution of the annual spring diatom bloom within a counter-clockwise open-ocean eddy. Overall, radioisotope uptake-determined Fe quotas (washed with oxalate reagent to remove extracellular Fe were the lowest (0.5–1.0 mmol Fe:mol P; 4–8 μmol Fe:mol C, followed by single-cell Fe quotas (2.3–7.5 mmol Fe:mol P; 17–57 μmol Fe:mol C, and the highest and most variable quotas were from the bulk filtration ICPMS approach that used the oxalate reagent wash, corrected for lithogenic Fe using Al (0.8–21 mmol Fe:mol P; 4–136 μmol Fe:mol C. During the evolution of the spring bloom within the eddy (year days 263 to 272, the surface mixed layer inventories of particulate biogenic elements (C, N, P, Si and chlorophyll increased while Fe quotas estimated from all three approaches exhibited a general decline. After the onset of the bloom decline, the drogued buoys exited the eddy center (days 273 to 277. Fe quotas returned to pre-bloom values during this part of the study. Our standardized and coordinated sampling protocols reveal the general observed trend in Fe quotas: ICPMS > SXRF > radioisotope uptake. We discuss the inherent differences between the techniques and argue that each technique has its individual merits and uniquely contributes to the characterization of the oceanic particulate Fe pool.

21 CFR 1303.12 - Procurement quotas.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE QUOTAS Aggregate Production and... substance, and, if a controlled substance listed in any schedule, the schedule number and Administration... Administration. See the Table of DEA Mailing Addresses in § 1321.01 of this chapter for the current mailing...

Implementing a system of emissions trading to manage GHGs; La mise en oeuvre des systemes de quotas d'emission echangeables dans la gestion des emissions de GES

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Webster, A. [Sherbrooke Univ., PQ (Canada)

2005-06-01

The exact geographical location of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has no bearing on climate change. In this context the Kyoto Protocol recognizes mechanisms of flexibility for countries to attain their GHG emissions reductions. Emission trading takes advantage of this flexibility, allowing GHGs to be sold, traded, or stockpiled. An emission quota allows the owner of an energy facility to emit a certain amount of GHGs throughout the year. If this quota is not used, it can be stockpiled for the following year or it could be traded to another enterprise and owner. If the amount of emissions exceeds the initial quotas, facilities can adopt different strategies, such as reducing their GHG purchasing quotas from national enterprises that have reduced their emissions or purchase quotas from international markets. The initial allocation of quotas is an important political decision since it determines the initial distribution of the GHG reduction effort. The establishment of a quota system can contribute to economical competition and can be used to fulfill environmental objectives regarding energy source development. It is also the most effective way to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and the associated environmental impacts. This paper reviewed the regulations regarding the design of the quota system; how the ceiling of emission levels was determined; the criteria for allocating the quotas and the rules for the exchange of emission quotas. Canada and the European countries have expressed interest in this system of emissions trading. 7 refs.

75 FR 14479 - Reallocation of Unused Fiscal Year 2010 Tariff-Rate Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar

Science.gov (United States)

2010-03-25

...-Rate Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar AGENCY: Office of the United States Trade Representative. ACTION... (TRQ) for imported raw cane sugar. DATES: Effective Date: March 25, 2010. ADDRESSES: Inquiries may be... (HTS), the United States maintains TRQs for imports of raw cane and refined sugar. Section 404(d)(3) of...

75 FR 26316 - Allocation of Additional Fiscal Year (FY) 2010 In-Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar

Science.gov (United States)

2010-05-11

...-Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar AGENCY: Office of the United States Trade Representative. ACTION: Notice...) for imported raw cane sugar. DATES: Effective Date: May 11, 2010. ADDRESSES: Inquiries may be mailed... (HTS), the United States maintains TRQs for imports of raw cane and refined sugar. Section 404(d)(3) of...

Impact of Carbon Quota Allocation Mechanism on Emissions Trading: An Agent-Based Simulation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wei Jiang

2016-08-01

Full Text Available This paper establishes an agent-based simulation system of the carbon emissions trading in accordance with the complex feature of the trading process. This system analyzes the impact of the carbon quota allocation mechanism on emissions trading for three different aspects including the amount of emissions reduction, the economic effect on the emitters, and the emissions reduction cost. Based on the data of the carbon emissions of different industries in China, several simulations were made. The results indicate that the emissions trading policy can effectively reduce carbon emissions in a perfectly competitive market. Moreover, by comparing separate quota allocation mechanisms, we obtain the result that the scheme with a small extent quota decrease in a comprehensive allocation mechanism can minimize the unit carbon emission cost. Implementing this scheme can also achieve minimal effects of carbon emissions limitation on the economy on the basis that the environment is not destroyed. However, excessive quota decrease cannot promote the emitters to reduce emission. Taking into account that several developing countries have the dual task of limiting carbon emissions and developing the economy, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive allocation mechanism of the carbon quota and increase the initial proportion of free allocation.

50 CFR 680.40 - Crab Quota Share (QS), Processor QS (PQS), Individual Fishing Quota (IFQ), and Individual...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CONTINUED) SHELLFISH FISHERIES OF THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OFF ALASKA Quota... the Internet or requested from the Regional Administrator. (ii) An application for crab QS or PQS may... be notified by an IAD, that the applicant did not meet the burden of proof to change the information...

Evidence from the 1920s U.S.Immigration Quota Acts

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ager, Philipp; Hansen, Casper Worm

2017-01-01

in population growth in areas with larger pre-existing immigrant communities of affected nationalities. This effect was largely driven by the policy-restricted supply of immigrants from quota-affected nationalities and lower fertility of first- and second-generation immigrant women. In the more affected areas...... labor productivity growth in manufacturing declined substantially and native workers were pushed into lower-wage occupations. While native white workers faced sizable earnings losses, black workers benefited from the quota system and improved their relative economic status within the more affected areas....

76 FR 74009 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Quota Transfer

Science.gov (United States)

2011-11-30

.... 101228634-1149-02] RIN 0648-XA825 Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Quota... a portion of its 2011 commercial bluefish quota to New York State. By this action, NMFS adjusts the... Specialist, (978) 281-9224. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Regulations governing the bluefish fishery are found...

78 FR 64182 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Quota Transfer

Science.gov (United States)

2013-10-28

.... 130104009-3416-02] RIN 0648-XC921 Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Quota... Jersey is transferring a portion of its 2013 commercial bluefish quota to the State of New York. By this... Management Specialist, 978-281-9224. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Regulations governing the bluefish fishery...

77 FR 76424 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Quota Transfer

Science.gov (United States)

2012-12-28

.... 120201086-2418-02] RIN 0648-XC394 Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Quota... Florida is transferring a portion of its 2012 commercial bluefish quota to the State of New York. By this... Management Specialist, 978-281-9224. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Regulations governing the bluefish fishery...

Impacts of Renewable Energy Quota System on China's Future Power Sector

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Xiong, Weiming; Zhang, Da; Mischke, Peggy

2014-01-01

As the biggest carbon emitting sector which produces 44% of current national carbon emission in China, the coal-dominated power sector has a tremendous potential for CO2 mitigation in the next two decades. Renewable energy quota system is currently discussed as a potential future policy instrument...... for the power sector, which requires certain fraction of renewable energy in total power generation for each province and grid zone. The quantitative studies on renewable energy quota for China are still very limited. Based on a least-cost and technology-rich power generation and transmission expansion model...... for China, this study examines the impacts of renewable energy quota system and carbon cap policy instruments on the future Chinese power sector. Various scenarios are examined toward 2030 and their future power generation mix, capacity installations and carbon emission are discussed. This study concludes...

Refugee Quota Trading within the Context of EU-ENP Cooperation: Rational, Bounded Rational and Ethical Critiques

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mollie Gerver

2013-02-01

Full Text Available In 1997 Peter Schuck proposed a ‘refugee quota trading’ mechanism, whereby countries voluntarily form a union, each country accepting a quota of refugees and able to buy and sell the quota to other states within and even outside of the union. Today, the EU arguably has a de facto cash transfer mechanism both within the EU and between the EU and European Neighbourhood Policy countries. This article explores the question of refugee quota trading, explaining why current EU policy fails to increase refugee protection. Throughout the critique, states are treated either as rational actors or actors with present-preference bias, the latter largely ignored in current discussions on international refugee ‘burden sharing’. In addition, the ethics of refugee quota trading is presented using arguments distinct from that of Anker et al. (1998 who argue that refugee quota trading creates a ‘commodification’ of refugees. One could argue that refugees’ protection is being commodified, not refugees themselves. However, when states are provided funds not to deport refugees, this can be a type of reward for not taking an action that states ought to follow regardless of the reward. Just as there are non-utilitarian reasons not to rely on rewards alone for lowering the crime rates for heinous crimes within states, there may be non-utilitarian arguments against refugee quota trading.

Analysing the Effects of a Pigs Production Quota within a Dynamic CGE Framework

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Adams, Philip D; Hansen, Lill Thanning; Jacobsen, Lars Bo

2001-01-01

In this paper we address the issue of timing and announcement within a dynamic applied general equilibrium model of the Danish economy. Specifically we analyse the introduction of a quota on the production of pigs. Two scenarios are analysed, namely the introduction of a once-off quota without any...

78 FR 54399 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Quota Transfer

Science.gov (United States)

2013-09-04

.... 130104009-3416-02] RIN 0648-XC815 Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Quota... North Carolina is transferring a portion of its 2013 commercial bluefish quota to the Commonwealth of... governing the bluefish fishery are found at 50 CFR part 648. The regulations require annual specification of...

Biomethane as a fuel. Quota transfer; Biomethan als Kraftstoff. Quotenuebertragung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2011-07-15

Biomethane from biomass replaces fossil natural gas. Just as natural gas, it can be easily used in the transport sector. The advantages of biomethane as a fuel are numerous: high contribution to climate protection, technically acceptable admixture, price advantage over gasoline, eligibility to the biofuel quota. This brochure provides information on: (a) Role of biomethane to meet the biofuel targets of the Federal Government; (b) Eligibility of biomethane to the biofuel quota; (c) Business models for marketing of biomethane as a fuel; (d) Benefits of bio-methane for various actors.

Liability rules for international trading of greenhouse gas emissions quotas

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Haites, E.; Missfeldt, F.

2001-01-01

To reduce the costs of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the Kyoto protocol, international trades of emissions quotas are allowed. The revenue from the sale of quotas may exceed the sanctions for non-compliance if these penalties are weak or poorly enforced. Under...... these circumstances emissions trading enables a country to benefit financially through non-compliance. To counter non-compliance due to trading a range of liability proposals have been suggested. Using a simple global model, we analyze the economic and environmental performance of these proposals for the first...

77 FR 58969 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Quota Transfer

Science.gov (United States)

2012-09-25

.... 120201086-2418-02] RIN 0648-XC235 Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Quota... North Carolina is transferring a portion of its 2012 commercial bluefish quota to the State of New... governing the bluefish fishery are found at 50 CFR part 648. The regulations require annual specification of...

Economic Analysis of the Effects of the Expiry of the EU Milk Quota System

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Réquillart, V.; Bouamra-Mechemache, Z.; Jongeneel, R.

2008-01-01

This report has been prepared to provide a quantitative assessment of the impact of the abolition of EU milk quotas on the EU dairy sector, including the different policy approaches of gradual phasing out and abrupt abolition of milk quotas

76 FR 42160 - Allocation of Additional Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 In-Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar

Science.gov (United States)

2011-07-18

...-Quota Volume for Raw Cane Sugar AGENCY: Office of the United States Trade Representative. ACTION: Notice...) for imported raw cane sugar. USTR is also reallocating a portion of the unused original FY 2011 TRQ... imports of raw cane and refined sugar. Section 404(d)(3) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (19 U.S.C...

Impacts of Renewable Energy Quota System on China's Future Power Sector

OpenAIRE

Xiong, Weiming; Zhang, Da; Mischke, Peggy; Zhang, Xiliang

2014-01-01

As the biggest carbon emitting sector which produces 44% of current national carbon emission in China, the coal-dominated power sector has a tremendous potential for CO2 mitigation in the next two decades. Renewable energy quota system is currently discussed as a potential future policy instrument for the power sector, which requires certain fraction of renewable energy in total power generation for each province and grid zone. The quantitative studies on renewable energy quota for China are ...

Risks prevention and fight against the pollutions. Publication of the practical guideline of the CO{sub 2} emissions quotas market; Prevention des risques et lutte contre les pollutions. Guide pratique du marche des quotas d'emissions de CO{sub 2}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2005-07-01

Since January 2005 the directive on the emissions quotas exchange is applied in the 25 countries of the European Union. This text allocates emissions quotas to enterprises which generates many greenhouse gases. Hopeful these quotas, the European Union should decrease the emissions of 8% in 2010. This guide is devoted to the 1126 french sites concerned by the directive. It constitutes a reference for the quotas management and will help the enterprises to combine the fight against the climatic change with the economic competition. (A.L.B.)

78 FR 29331 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Western Alaska Community Development Quota Program

Science.gov (United States)

2013-05-20

... before July 19, 2013. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Jennifer Jessup, Departmental Paperwork... economies in western Alaska. CDQ and prohibited species quota (PSQ) allocations are made to CDQ groups.... Information is collected only through quota transfers in this collection. II. Method of Collection Respondents...

CO2 emissions of installations concerned by the directive quotas 2003/87/CE

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2003-01-01

This document provides data on the the carbon dioxide emissions: emissions of reference for the allocation (t CO 2 ), annual allocation of quotas (t CO 2 ), % of reduction for 2005-2007 against reference emissions, % of reduction for 2005-2007 against the 2002 emissions, allocation of quotas for the period 2005-2007 (t CO 2 ). (A.L.B.)

77 FR 57180 - Fiscal Year 2013 Tariff-rate Quota Allocations for Raw Cane Sugar, Refined and Specialty Sugar...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-09-17

... Sugar, Refined and Specialty Sugar, and Sugar-Containing Products AGENCY: Office of the United States... quantity of the tariff-rate quotas for imported raw cane sugar, refined and specialty sugar, and sugar... imports of raw cane sugar and refined sugar. Pursuant to Additional U.S. Note 8 to Chapter 17 of the HTS...

78 FR 47580 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Scup Fishery; Adjustment to the 2013 Winter II Quota

Science.gov (United States)

2013-08-06

... the 2013 Winter II Quota AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and... adjusts the 2013 Winter II commercial scup quota. This action complies with Framework Adjustment 3 to the... the rollover of unused commercial scup quota from the Winter I period to the Winter II period. DATES...

77 FR 52624 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Scup Fishery; Adjustment to the 2012 Winter II Quota

Science.gov (United States)

2012-08-30

... the 2012 Winter II Quota AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and... adjusts the 2012 Winter II commercial scup quota. This action complies with Framework Adjustment 3 to the... the rollover of unused commercial scup quota from the Winter I period to the Winter II period. DATES...

75 FR 54290 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Scup Fishery; Adjustment to the 2010 Winter II Quota

Science.gov (United States)

2010-09-07

... the 2010 Winter II Quota AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and... adjusts the 2010 Winter II commercial scup quota. This action complies with Framework Adjustment 3... process to allow the rollover of unused commercial scup quota from the Winter I period to the Winter II...

76 FR 47491 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Scup Fishery; Adjustment to the 2011 Winter II Quota

Science.gov (United States)

2011-08-05

... the 2011 Winter II Quota AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and... adjusts the 2011 Winter II commercial scup quota. This action complies with Framework Adjustment 3... process to allow the rollover of unused commercial scup quota from the Winter I period to the Winter II...

[Import and export of licorice and its products in China].

Science.gov (United States)

Ma, Shuai; Wang, Nuo; Yang, Guang; Que, Ling

2017-06-01

Licorice is an important harmonic drug which has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. However, with the increasing demand of industrial production, the licorice resources in our country have been reduced rapidly and we have to import licorice resources from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan consequently. In order to find out the trade flow of licorice resources and evaluate the status of Chinese licorice in the world trade, the trade situation of licorice and its products from 2011 to 2015 May in Chinese customs was investigated and analyzed in this paper. The import and export volumes of licorice were declining; the import and export volumes of licorice were relatively concentrated in international trade, with greater risks of trade; and export quota management was not well executed. As one of the strategic resources of medicine, licorice resources must be based on domestic development, and we should adjust the export quota management from passive quota to active quota management and improve the intrinsic value of licorice resources to establish the international market position of our licorice and control the pricing power in international market. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Preferences for government enforcement of a common pool harvest quota: Theory and experimental evidence from fishing communities in Colombia

OpenAIRE

Maria Alejandra Velez; John K. Stranlund; James J. Murphy

2012-01-01

We examine individual harvesters’ preferences for government enforcement of a quota imposed on the exploitation of a common pool resource. We develop a model of Nash behavior by identical risk neutral harvesters to explain individual equilibrium preferences for enforcement of an efficient harvest quota. If the quota is not enforced well, we demonstrate that individual harvesters will always prefer increased enforcement—either increased monitoring or increased penalties—of the quota. We conduc...

Economic analysis of the Canada-United States softwood lumber dispute : playing the quota game

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kooten, van G.C.

2002-01-01

The Canada-U.S. Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) was the latest measure to restrict Canadian exports of softwood lumber to the United States. Rather than a countervail duty or export tax, SLA employed a quota that provides a large windfall (quota) rent to Canadian lumber producers in addition to

Quota disputes and subsistence whaling in Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Tejsner, Pelle

2014-01-01

In Qeqertarsuaq (Disco Island), northwest Greenland, local disputes about the allocation of annual whaling quotas for beluga and narwhals feature as a source of conflict between state-imposed categories of occupational and non-occupational hunters. The national authorities’ co-management regime...

Gender Quotas for Corporate Boards

OpenAIRE

Elomäki, Anna

2017-01-01

Gender quotas for corporate boards can be seen as a way of drawing attention to gendered power within the economy as well as a way to democratize the economy, yet the debate about them has focused on the economic and business benefits of gender equality rather than on gender justice or democracy. This article examines how women’s under-representation in economic decision-making was constituted as an economic problem in the European Union’s gender-equality policies and how the economization of...

The implementing of the CO2 quotas system most of the enterprises reduced their emissions intensity

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2007-05-01

In 2005, first year of its implementing, the system of the european CO 2 exchange quotas concerned 600 enterprises in France. For 20 euros the ton of CO 2 , the allocated quotas represent 1,2% of the enterprises turnover. But the repartition appears very disparate in accordance with the sectors and the enterprise size. The authors presents the system and analyze the results for the year 2005 in France showing that main of the enterprises exceed the quotas allocation. (A.L.B.)

Risks prevention and fight against the pollutions. Publication of the practical guideline of the CO2 emissions quotas market

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2005-01-01

Since January 2005 the directive on the emissions quotas exchange is applied in the 25 countries of the European Union. This text allocates emissions quotas to enterprises which generates many greenhouse gases. Hopeful these quotas, the European Union should decrease the emissions of 8% in 2010. This guide is devoted to the 1126 french sites concerned by the directive. It constitutes a reference for the quotas management and will help the enterprises to combine the fight against the climatic change with the economic competition. (A.L.B.)

75 FR 47258 - Determination of Total Amounts of Fiscal Year 2011 Tariff-Rate Quotas for Raw Cane Sugar and...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-08-05

... Determination of Total Amounts of Fiscal Year 2011 Tariff-Rate Quotas for Raw Cane Sugar and Certain Sugars...) 2011 in-quota aggregate quantity of the raw, as well as, refined and specialty sugar Tariff-Rate Quotas (TRQ) as required under the U.S. World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments. The FY 2011 raw cane sugar...

76 FR 61074 - USDA Increases the Fiscal Year 2011 Tariff-Rate Quota for Refined Sugar

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-03

... Quota for Refined Sugar AGENCY: Office of the Secretary, USDA. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Secretary of Agriculture today announced an increase in the fiscal year (FY) 2011 refined sugar tariff-rate quota (TRQ) of... INFORMATION: A quantity of 22,000 MTRV for sugars, syrups, and molasses (collectively referred to as refined...

Dilemmas in the Danish approach to gender equality : gender equality without gender quota

OpenAIRE

ROLANDSEN AGUSTÍN, Lise; SIIM, Birte

2015-01-01

The paper addresses the dilemmas, contradictions and paradoxes in the Danish approach to gender quotas and gender equality and discusses the intersections of citizenship, democracy and gender justice. Gender research understands gender quota as a means to achieve equal rights, gender equality and gender parity. Gender theory has conceptualized gender parity as one step towards achieving gender justice in all arenas of social, political and economic life. The Danish cases illustrate that conte...

78 FR 37237 - Proposed Adjustments to the Aggregate Production Quotas for Schedule I and II Controlled...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-06-20

... class of controlled substance listed in schedules I and II and for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and... disposal by the registrants holding individual manufacturing quotas for the class; (2) whether any... the Aggregate Production Quotas for Schedule I and II Controlled Substances and Assessment of Annual...

Inequality in education and quotas for black students in universities

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eunice R. Durham

Full Text Available This article discusses the proposed definition of quotas for black students in universities in view of the widespread inequalities in the Brazilian educational system. The author defends that the proposed measure would lead to limitations and distortions, for it is based on rigid, artificial categories, in sharp contrast with the country's ethnic heterogeneity, and fails to consider key factors in the schooling experience of afro-descendants. The study of statistical series has shown that in spite of the progress made, there is still a great educational gap dividing white students from black and mulatto students. This led the author to conclude that public initiatives geared to reinforcing basic skills would constitute a more effective affirmative action than the establishment of quotas.

Looking back and moving forward: A closer look at the Dutch gender quota

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Annika Galle

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The Dutch Civil Code stipulates that, for balanced gender representation, 30% of seats on the boards of large corporations should be occupied by women. If a company does not meet this requirement, the company is compelled to be transparent in its annual report by means of the ‘comply or explain’ principle. This article analyses the application of this rule through content analysis of the annual reports of 52 listed companies in 2012 and 49 in 2013. The article discusses whether this rule has the desired effect of creating transparency on the gender quota. The conclusion is that ‘the comply or explain’ mechanism is inadequate without further measures, including sanctions. For 2012, 21% of the companies researched made no mention in their annual report of the application of the gender quota. In 2013, 18% of the companies made no mention of it. The companies that did indicate that they did not meet the quota failed to provide the required transparency. The reasons cited for not meeting the quota are nothing more than clichéd phrases, lacking any specificity. If the Netherlands wants to achieve the European and Dutch targets with the aid of the ’comply or explain’ mechanism, the government will have to introduce additional mechanisms, including sanctions - or, alternatively, steer an entirely different course.

The Quota-Based Compensation Plan in Fashion Retailing Industry under Asymmetric Information

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mingzhu Yu

2014-01-01

Full Text Available We study a compensation plan problem in the fashion retailing industry, which involves a risk-neutral fashion retailer and a risk-neutral salesperson, in a two-stage game framework with asymmetric information. In the first stage, the fashion retailer provides a menu of compensation plans to the salesperson who decides which plan to sign based on his superior market demand information. Confronted with the asymmetric demand information, the fashion retailer could observe market information from the salesperson's response by designing a menu of compensation plans rather than a single one to the salesperson. In the second stage, the fashion retailer then makes production decision and the salesperson determines his selling effort. We consider both adverse selection and moral hazard. We adopt the quota-based plan to derive the fashion retailer’s optimal compensation plan design and the salesperson's best response. We emphasize the impact of the quota level on the system outcomes. The results reveal that a higher quota level is disadvantageous to the fashion retailer but advantageous to the salespersons.

Effect of production quotas on economic and environmental values of growth rate and feed efficiency in sea cage fish farming.

Science.gov (United States)

Besson, M; de Boer, I J M; Vandeputte, M; van Arendonk, J A M; Quillet, E; Komen, H; Aubin, J

2017-01-01

In sea cage fish farming, production quotas aim to constrain the impact of fish farming on the surrounding ecosystem. It is unknown how these quotas affect economic profitability and environmental impact of genetic improvement. We combined bioeconomic modelling with life cycle assessment (LCA) to calculate the economic (EV) and environmental (ENV) values of thermal growth coefficient (TGC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of sea bass reared in sea cages, given four types of quota commonly used in Europe: annual production (Qprod), annual feed distributed (Qannual_feed), standing stock (Qstock), and daily feed distributed (Qdaily_feed). ENV were calculated for LCA impact categories climate change, eutrophication and acidification. ENV were expressed per ton of fish produced per year (ENV(fish)) and per farm per year (ENV(farm)). Results show that irrespective of quota used, EV of FCR as well as ENV(fish) and ENV(farm) were always positive, meaning that improving FCR increased profit and decreased environmental impacts. However, the EV and the ENV(fish) of TGC were positive only when quota was Qstock or Qdaily_feed. Moreover, the ENV(farm) of TGC was negative in Qstock and Qdaily_feed quotas, meaning that improving TGC increased the environmental impact of the farm. We conclude that Qstock quota and Qdaily_feed quota are economically favorable to a genetic improvement of TGC, a major trait for farmers. However, improving TGC increases the environmental impact of the farm. Improving FCR represents a good opportunity to balance out this increase but more information on its genetic background is needed to develop breeding programs improving FCR.

Effect of production quotas on economic and environmental values of growth rate and feed efficiency in sea cage fish farming.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M Besson

Full Text Available In sea cage fish farming, production quotas aim to constrain the impact of fish farming on the surrounding ecosystem. It is unknown how these quotas affect economic profitability and environmental impact of genetic improvement. We combined bioeconomic modelling with life cycle assessment (LCA to calculate the economic (EV and environmental (ENV values of thermal growth coefficient (TGC and feed conversion ratio (FCR of sea bass reared in sea cages, given four types of quota commonly used in Europe: annual production (Qprod, annual feed distributed (Qannual_feed, standing stock (Qstock, and daily feed distributed (Qdaily_feed. ENV were calculated for LCA impact categories climate change, eutrophication and acidification. ENV were expressed per ton of fish produced per year (ENV(fish and per farm per year (ENV(farm. Results show that irrespective of quota used, EV of FCR as well as ENV(fish and ENV(farm were always positive, meaning that improving FCR increased profit and decreased environmental impacts. However, the EV and the ENV(fish of TGC were positive only when quota was Qstock or Qdaily_feed. Moreover, the ENV(farm of TGC was negative in Qstock and Qdaily_feed quotas, meaning that improving TGC increased the environmental impact of the farm. We conclude that Qstock quota and Qdaily_feed quota are economically favorable to a genetic improvement of TGC, a major trait for farmers. However, improving TGC increases the environmental impact of the farm. Improving FCR represents a good opportunity to balance out this increase but more information on its genetic background is needed to develop breeding programs improving FCR.

Quota election system as a way of achieving descriptive and substantive representation of women in parliaments

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mršević Zorica

2007-01-01

Full Text Available In ten chapters of the text are analyzed issues of under representation of women in legislative bodies (descriptive representation matched with possibilities of their substantive representation. The substantive representation means contribution of women MPs in development and promotion of "women's politics" and politics of representing specific interest of women's part of population. In chapters under the titles, Underrepresented sex, Quota term, and Myths on quotas, are presented the main characteristics of the issues of women's under representation from political mainstream and decision-making bodies. There is also analyzed quota preferential electoral system as a solution. The gist of the text is comprised in the chapter Why Quotas where are presented the classical arguments for quotas as a specific measure of affirmative action. The way from increasing quantitative presence of women in legislative bodies to increasing the qualitative level of their activities in there is elaborated in the chapters Increasing numbers and achieving quality, Issues of women's political efficiency, Criteria of changes, and Inter parliamentarian activities of women. In the chapter Women's issues and women's perspectives is defined difference between these two aspects of women's MPs activities. Women's issues are those issues influencing directly women on physical or social way (e.g. breast cancer, reproductive rights, gender based discrimination, politics of child's care. The women's perspectives are specific women's interest and views of all other political issues.

Environmental taxes and quotas in the presence of distorting taxes in factor markets

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Parry, Ian W.H.

1997-01-01

Environmental quotas tend to compound the welfare cost of pre-existing tax distortions in the labor market. Under plausible parameters, this source of welfare loss can easily be large enough to outweigh the entire partial equilibrium welfare gain from the quota. Environmental taxes induce the same interaction effect, however they also raise government revenues. If the revenues are used to reduce distortionary taxes, then most of this interaction effect can be offset. Therefore, revenue-raising can be a necessary condition for environmental policies to increase welfare

Cotistas e não-cotistas: rendimento de alunos da Universidade de Brasília Quota and non-quota system: performance of students at University of Brasília

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jacques Velloso

2009-08-01

Full Text Available O texto discute o rendimento no curso de três turmas de alunos que ingressaram na Universidade de Brasília em 2004, 2005 e 2006, mediante vestibulares com dois sistemas de seleção, o de reserva de 20% das vagas para negros e o tradicional, de livre competição. Compararam-se as médias das notas de dois grupos de alunos em cada carreira, cotistas e não-cotistas, considerando o nível de prestígio social do curso e sua área do conhecimento do vestibular - Humanidades, Ciências e Saúde. Em linhas gerais, no conjunto das três turmas de cada área, os resultados mostraram que em aproximadamente dois terços ou mais das carreiras não houve diferenças expressivas entre as médias dos dois grupos ou estas foram favoráveis aos cotistas - apesar de exceção num único ano, nas Ciências. A principal tendência constatada, que encontrou eco em evidências empíricas de outras instituições, foi a da ausência de diferenças sistemáticas de rendimento a favor dos não-cotistas, contrariando previsões de críticos do sistema de cotas, no sentido de que este provocaria uma queda no padrão acadêmico da universidade.The text deals with the academic achievement of three cohorts of students who entered the University of Brasília in 2004, 2005 and 2006, by means of entrance exams involving two selection processes: a 20% quota for black students and traditional evaluation procedures. Achievement was measured by the average grades obtained in courses followed by two groups of students in each career, those from the quota system and those from the non-quota system. Careers were classified according to their social prestige and their areas in the entrance exams - Humanities, Sciences and Health. Broad data trends indicated that, for the three cohorts in all areas, in approximately two thirds (or more of the careers there were no meaningful differences between the average grades of the two groups, or these were favorable to students from the quota

Quota System And Educational Reforms In Nigeria | Obielumani ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

As a result of the multi-ethnic nature of Nigeria and the desire of all to have quality education as a way of breaking the barriers of poverty, disease and ignorance, the struggle to have access to education has become more aggressive hence the introduction of quota system policy by the Federal Government as an instrument ...

Quotas and intersectionality: ethnicity and gender in candidate selection

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Celis, K.; Erzeel, S.; Mügge, L.; Damstra, A.

2014-01-01

Gender equality is not fully realised when it is restricted to ethnic majority men and women. This article examines how gender quotas as a form of equality policy affect ethnic minority groups, in particular, the gender balance among ethnic minority candidates for political office. Our analysis

Use of linear and areal habitat models to establish and distribute beaver Castor fiber harvest quotas in Norway

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Howard Parker

2013-12-01

Full Text Available In Norway the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber harvest is quota-regulated. Once the annual quota for each municipality has been determined it is distributed to landowner-organized beaver management units. Municipal wildlife managers can choose between two distributional models: the traditional “areal model” whereby each management unit receives its portion of the municipal quota based on the relative area of beaver habitat within the township that it contains, or the more recently developed “linear model” based on the relative length of beaver-utilized shoreline it contains. The linear model was developed in an attempt to increase the precision of the quota distribution process and is based on the fact that beaver occupy landscapes in a linear fashion along strips of shoreline rather than exploiting extensive areas. The assumption was that the linear model would provide a more precise and just method of distributing the municipal quota among landowners. Here we test the hypothesis that the length of beaverutilized shoreline is a better predictor of beaver colony density than the area of beaver habitat on 13 beaver management units of typical size (794 – 2200 hectares in Bø Township, Norway, during 2 years. As hypothesized, the number of beaver occupied sites on management units correlated significantly (p≤ 0.001 with the length of beaver-utilized shoreline, but not with the area of beaver habitat. Therefore municipalities should employ the linear model when a precise distribution of quotas is necessary. The density of Eurasian beaver colonies at the landscape scale (>100 km2 in south-central Scandinavia averages approximately 1 occupied site per 4 km2. This figure can be employed by municipal wildlife managers to estimate the colony density in their townships, and to calculate municipal quotas, when more precise census information is lacking.

21 CFR 1315.22 - Procedure for applying for individual manufacturing quotas.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... factors that the applicant finds relevant to the fixing of the individual manufacturing quota, including... economic and physical availability of raw materials for use in manufacturing and for inventory purposes...

Quotas and women's substantive representation: Evidence from a content analysis of Ugandan plenary debates

OpenAIRE

Clayton, Amanda; Josefsson, Cecilia; Wang, Vibeke

2017-01-01

Despite the popularity of electoral gender quotas, the substantive impact of quotas on the plenary behavior of members of parliament (MPs) has yet to be thoroughly empirically explored, and in particular, there is a dearth of evidence from non-Western cases. Here we create a unique content analysis dataset from 14 years (1998–2011) of plenary debates, including the contents of more than 150,000 unique MP speeches recorded in some 40,000 pages of the Ugandan parliamentary Hansard to test how M...

Impact of Quota System and Catchment Area Policy on the University Admissions in North Central Nigeria

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Joachim Chinweike Omeje

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The quota system and the catchment areas are federal government policies formulated to bridge the gap between the educationally developed states and the educationally less developed states. Sequel to the enactment of these policies, government established several universities across the country to create equal opportunity for all candidates. In spite of the astronomical growth of the universities in Nigeria, both the federal and the state governments have not been able to contend with the surging demand for the university education, hence the adoption of the quota system and catchment area policies. Serious concerns were expressed by relevant stakeholders on their perceived impact of the quota system and the catchment area on admissions into the federal and state universities in North Central Nigeria. This study therefore examined the impact of the quota system and catchment area policies on students’ admissions in North Central Nigeria. A research question and a null hypothesis guided the study. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population for the study was 14,347 staff in the federal and state universities in North Central Nigeria. A sample of 1,435 was drawn through stratified proportionate sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaire and interviews. Mean scores and standard deviations were used to answer the research question, whereas t-test statistics were used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the results showed, among others, that the impact of the quota system and catchment area policies on students’ admission was to a high extent.

The Gender Quota Campaign in Sierra Leone: An Interview with ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2011-10-19

Oct 19, 2011 ... What led you to study the question of quotas for women in positions of political office? ... They have to fight like men fight to get into parliament. ... If you are talking about sexual and reproductive rights that affect women, most ...

Um modelo de otimização para alíquotas do IPTU socialmente mais justas

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Delfino Sá

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Este artigo apresenta um modelo de otimização matemática não linear que determina novas alíquotas para o Imposto sobre a Propriedade Predial e Territorial Urbana (IPTU incidente sobre os apartamentos residenciais no município do Salvador (BA. São considerados a progressividade das alíquotas, os valores venais dos imóveis, as rendas médias dos contribuintes e as usuais metodologias de cálculo do valor do imposto. Os resultados obtidos na aplicação desse modelo demonstram ser possível tratar de forma objetiva e socialmente mais justa a definição das alíquotas de IPTU para todos os tipos de imóveis de um município.

Distinguishing values from science in decision making: Setting harvest quotas for mountain lions in Montana

Science.gov (United States)

Mitchell, Michael S.; Cooley, Hilary; Gude, Justin A.; Kolbe, Jay; Nowak, J. Joshua; Proffitt, Kelly M.; Sells, Sarah N.; Thompson, Mike

2018-01-01

The relative roles of science and human values can be difficult to distinguish when informal processes are used to make complex and contentious decisions in wildlife management. Structured Decision Making (SDM) offers a formal process for making such decisions, where scientific results and concepts can be disentangled from the values of differing stakeholders. We used SDM to formally integrate science and human values for a citizen working group of ungulate hunting advocates, lion hunting advocates, and outfitters convened to address the contentious allocation of harvest quotas for mountain lions (Puma concolor) in west‐central Montana, USA, during 2014. A science team consisting of mountain lion biologists and population ecologists convened to support the working group. The science team used integrated population models that incorporated 4 estimates of mountain lion density to estimate population trajectories for 5 alternative harvest quotas developed by the working group. Results of the modeling predicted that effects of each harvest quota were consistent across the 4 density estimates; harvest quotas affected predicted population trajectories for 5 years after implementation but differences were not strong. Based on these results, the focus of the working group changed to differences in values among stakeholders that were the true impediment to allocating harvest quotas. By distinguishing roles of science and human values in this process, the working group was able to collaboratively recommend a compromise solution. This solution differed little from the status quo that had been the focus of debate, but the SDM process produced understanding and buy‐in among stakeholders involved, reducing disagreements, misunderstanding, and unproductive arguments founded on informal application of scientific data and concepts. Whereas investments involved in conducting SDM may be unnecessary for many decisions in wildlife management, the investment may be beneficial for

OPEC ducks quota issue amid glut worries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1991-01-01

This paper reports that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries has ducked the question of reestablishing quotas despite the looming prospect of a second quarter oil price slide. OPEC ministers meeting in Vienna late last month approved continuing free-for-all production in the first quarter and ordered the ministerial monitoring committee to tackle the question of second quarter production levels when it meets in Geneva Feb. 12. Oil markets responded to the lack of action by dropping futures prices

76 FR 78044 - Controlled Substances: Established Aggregate Production Quotas for 2012

Science.gov (United States)

2011-12-15

... substances into the illicit market. Through the quota system, DEA limits the amount of those substances and... Betacetylmethadol 2 g Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl 2 g Beta-hydroxyfentanyl 2 g Betameprodine 2 g Betamethadol 2 g...

Pricing in quota obligation schemes for renewable energy. A stochastic model with reference to the Swedish quota obligation; Preisbildung in Quotenmodellen zur Foerderung Erneuerbarer Energien. Modellierung mit stochastischem Ansatz am Beispiel des schwedischen Quotenmodells

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dees, Philipp

2013-12-11

The PhD thesis develops a stochastic model to explain pricing in Quota Obligation schemes for renewable energy (RE). It is based on the fact that electricity production from RE is depending on weather and other conditions, which leads to a random fluctuation. In the developed model the price for RE is depending on the probability of a lack of certificates at the end of an obligation period. In contrast to deterministic models, the stochastic model has a direct link between the price for RE and their high investment costs. Moreover, the stochastic model can be used to describe the development of prices over an obligation period. The model is adopted to the Swedish quota obligation. It is shown that the real RE prices there are much higher than the estimated prices derived from the model. This result is consistent to the fact that installed RE capacity in Sweden is much higher than necessary to fulfill the quota obligation.

Analyse multi-échelle du comouvement entre les prix du quota carbone, du crédit carbone, et des produits énergétiques

OpenAIRE

Nsouadi, Clarda

2016-01-01

The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the carbon price quota structure, the analysis of its fluctuation, and the interactions that may exist between on the one hand the EU system of emission quota exchange (ETS) and the mechanism for clean development (CDM) and on the other hand between carbon quota market and the quota in the energy sector. For this study, we introduced the hypothesis of heterogeneity of agents' behavior on the carbon market where coexist multip...

Introduction of the Quota System in Sudan and its Impact on ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

1 mars 2011 ... In the latest general election, a 25% women's quota was agreed upon and implemented. ... and its impact on women's engagement in politics both within political parties and in general. ... Bulletin de BRAS - Janvier 2018.

Incentivising selective fishing under catch quotas: using an FCube modelling approach to evaluate management options for North Sea mixed fisheries

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Condie, Harriet M.; Dolder, Paul J.; Catchpole, Thomas L.

Reforms of EU Common Fisheries Policy will make fundamental changes to European fisheries management, including a discard ban with catch quotas for regulated species and management to achieve MSY. We evaluate the impact of these changes on revenue of North Sea demersal finfish fleets and fish...... stocks. With no change in behaviour, revenue is reduced by a mean of 31% compared to current management in the first year, but partly recovers by year 3, as fishing mortality is reduced and stocks increase. There are large differences in revenue changes between fleets, varying from -99% to +36...... in revenue create a strong incentive to avoid catching the limiting species, particularly if it is not a primary target. Selectivity changes that avoid 30% cod catch reduced the economic impact for some fleets in moving to catch quotas. Increased flexibility will therefore be important in maintaining...

Price and welfare effects of emission quota allocation

OpenAIRE

Golombek, Rolf; Kittelsen, Sverre A.C.; Rosendahl, Knut Einar

2011-01-01

Abstracts with downloadable Discussion Papers in PDF are available on the Internet: http://www.ssb.no Abstract: We analyze how different ways of allocating emission quotas may influence the electricity market. Using a large-scale numerical model of the Western European energy market, we show that different allocation mechanisms can have very different effects on the electricity market, even if the total emission target is fixed. This is particularly the case if output-based alloca...

Investment behaviour in individual nontransferable quota systems

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jensen, Frank; Andersen, Jesper Levring; Jensen, Carsten Lynge

2012-01-01

This article studies the investment behaviour of the Danish demersal fishery in the North Sea. For the study period, this fishery is regulated by variants of individual nontransferable quotas. It is shown that interest rates and capital stocks are primary determinants of investments. Another......, the variance of the estimated parameters is lower in the disaggregated models. This result arises because vessels in the disaggregated models are more homogeneous. Furthermore, investments in machinery, electronics and vessels are governed by one year lagged variables, while investment in gears is governed...

Are individual transferable quotas an adequate solution to overfishing and overcapacity? Evidence from Danish fisheries

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Merayo Garcia, Eugenia; Nielsen, Rasmus; Hoff, Ayoe

2018-01-01

Individual Transferable Quotas stand in large parts of the fisheries economic literature as the panacea that solves all problems of overfishing and overcapacity of world´s fisheries. However, they are also criticized by a number of authors based on their negative social effects. Individual...... in local fishing communities compared to the national average was found. The Danish experience proves that Individual Transferable Quotas can be an adequate solution with regards to overfishing and overcapacity with also positive effects on the environment due to reduced fuel consumption and fishing...

[Work quota setting and man-hour productivity estimation in pathologists].

Science.gov (United States)

Svistunov, V V; Makarov, S V; Makarova, A E

The paper considers the development and current state of the regulation of work quota setting and remuneration in pathologists. Reasoning from the current staff standards for morbid anatomy departments (units), the authors present a method to calculate the load of pathologists. The essence of the proposed method is demonstrated using a specific example.

Quota regime for renewable energy sources and Green Labels trading in the electricity market of the Netherlands

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Drillisch, J.

1998-01-01

The renewables quota regime combined with a ''green electricity'' labelling and trading system, implemented by the Dutch association of distribution undertakings, is the first of its kind in Europe. The distribution undertakings are bound by a commitment to take and distribute ''green label'' electricity from renewables amounting to approx. 3% of their total sales to contractual customers. This is a modest percentage, but the quota regime already proved to be a promoter of close-to-the-market generation technologies. It would be too early now to make a final statement on the quota regime's influence on enhanced use of renewable energy sources. Practice so far also revealed the need for some modifications in the design of the pricing system for''green electricity''. Current debates consider integration of renewable energy sources abroad. The first accounting date for giving evidence of compliance with the commitment to green label quotas is late in the year 2000. This will be the test for the system and the efficiency of sanctions provided for in case of non-compliance. It will be a task of the future to examine whether it might be appropriate to establish a similar system for the heat market. (RHM/CB) [de

The interaction between the energy markets and the CO2 quota market

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jensen, Trond

2006-01-01

The article briefly discusses the results of a new power market analysis and points out that the quota trade contributes to increased costs in the fossil power production. The role of the power demanding industry is reviewed

Resource control in ATLAS distributed data management: Rucio Accounting and Quotas

CERN Document Server

Barisits, Martin-Stefan; The ATLAS collaboration

2015-01-01

The ATLAS Distributed Data Management system stores more than 160PB of physics data across more than 130 sites globally. Rucio, the next-generation data management system of ATLAS has been introduced to cope with the anticipated workload of the coming decade. The previous data management system DQ2 pursued a rather simplistic approach for resource management, but with the increased data volume and more dynamic handling of data workflows required by the experiment, a more elaborate approach to this issue is needed. This document describes how resources, like storage, accounts and replication requests, are accounted in Rucio. Especially the measurement of used logical storage space is fundamentally different in Rucio than it’s predecessor DQ2. We introduce a new concept of declaring quota policies (limits) for accounts in Rucio. This new quota concept is based on accounts and RSE (Rucio storage element) expressions, which allows the definition of account limits in a dynamic way. This concept enables the opera...

THE RISE AND DECLINE OF RENT-SEEKING ACTIVITY IN THE BRAZILIAN COFFEE SECTOR: LESSONS FROM THE IMPOSITION AND REMOVAL OF COFFEE EXPORT QUOTAS

OpenAIRE

Jarvis, Lovell S.

2004-01-01

Brazil, the world's largest coffee exporter, encouraged efforts in the 1960s to form the International Coffee Agreement (ICA), which restricted total coffee exports via country export quotas. The quotas led to significant domestic quota rents in producing countries. This paper analyzes the effects of rent seeking in Brazil. The Brazilian Institute of Coffee (IBC), which was responsible for coffee policy, was the focus of rent seeking. The paper models the policy instruments used by the IB...

Higher education: free tuition vs. quotas vs. targeted vouchers

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eduardo de Carvalho Andrade

2010-03-01

Full Text Available This paper compares theoretically three alternative university systems: the current one adopted in Brazil, in which students who perform better in the entering exam obtain the right to attend the public university without paying the full tuition; a system of affirmative action quotas in public universities, to benefit low income students; and a targeted vouchers system that can be used either to pay private or public university tuiton. The comparison indicates that the last system leads to: (i a higher quality of the labor force; (ii a more efficient allocation of resources; and (iii a greater social mobility.Este trabalho compara, do ponto de vista teórico, três sistemas universitários alternativos: o atual adotado pelo Brasil, no qual os alunos das universidades públicas, que são praticamente gratuitas, são escolhidos através de um processo seletivo; um sistema de quotas nas universidades públicas para beneficiar estudantes de baixa renda; e um sistema de vouchers direcionados para estudantes de baixa renda que podem ser utilizados nas universidades privadas ou públicas. A comparação destes três sistemas indica que o último é o mais eficiente, pois gera: (i maior qualidade da mão de obra; (ii alocação mais eficiente dos recursos; e (iii maior mobilidade social.

Environmental policy in Norway: emission quotas to the processing industries, taxation of the oil companies

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tjernshaugen, Andreas

2002-01-01

In a white paper on the climate policy, the Norwegian Government proposes a variety of political instruments. In the years 2005 to 2007, the Government will give priority to a quota system for the industrial sectors that are currently exempt from the CO 2 tax. At the same time, the tax on oil- and gas extraction and on traffic will be continued. In addition, a series of measures are evaluated against specific emission sources such as waste management and oil heating. For the years 2008 to 2012, which is the period of commitment under the Kyoto protocol, the CO 2 will be replaced by a broad quota system that will apply to all sources that can be technically included

Stakeholder analysis. Report no. 1: Companies' overall strategies and evaluation of the effect of quota regulation; Aktoeranalysen. Repport nr. 1: Virksomhedernes overordnede strategier og vurdering af betyningen af kvotereguleringen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2006-03-15

The overall aim of the project was to determine what effect the energy policy introduced through the law on CO{sub 2}-quotas would have on the development the energy sector in Denmark. The energy policy is a market-based approach where the individual stakeholders choose how they will react within the boundaries of the allocated quotas. Options include the purchasing of quotas on the open market, investment in CDM/JI activities, the implementation of energy efficiency initiatives or fuel substitution. The focus of the study was on how the affected companies reacted to the implementation of a CO{sub 2}-quota. This was done by undertaking a series of interviews that resulted in a stakeholder analysis of companies encompassed by the CO2-quota law. A series of national consequences of the law on CO{sub 2}-quotas were then determined based on the stakeholder analysis. According to the results of the stakeholder analysis the following consequences were determined for the periods 2005-2007 and 2008-2012 as a result of quota regulation: 1) In the electricity sector no additional investments will be made in energy efficiency initiatives or fuel substitution projects than were already planned before quota regulation was introduced. 2) The heating sector will carry out isolated energy efficiency projects, but generally these are not socio-economically viable. 3) Industry will carry out isolated energy efficiency initiatives and renewable energy projects. Only 1.2 million tonnes of CO2 will be reduced annually through these initiatives compared to the estimated annual shortfall of 8 13 million tonnes CO{sub 2}. The shortfall will be made up through the purchase of quotas on the open market. This study indicates, therefore, that quota regulation will make a limited contribution to further initiatives in energy efficiency and renewable energy. If further energy efficiency initiatives are desired it will be necessary to implement other regulatory incentives. With regards to the

78 FR 21584 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; 2013 Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Quota Specifications

Science.gov (United States)

2013-04-11

... and for 2012, inclusive of dead discards (ICCAT Recommendation 10-03--Supplemental Recommendation by... 858.4 mt, which is 185.2 mt less than the amount of quota (inclusive of dead discards) allowed under... locations will be physically accessible to people with disabilities. Requests for sign language...

78 FR 30865 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Tilefish Individual Fishing Quota Program

Science.gov (United States)

2013-05-23

... Northeastern U.S. EEZ. II. Method of Collection The IFQ Allocation permit application, IFQ holder cap form, and... before July 22, 2013. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Jennifer Jessup, Departmental Paperwork... applications to ensure that IFQ allocation holders are provided a statement of their annual catch quota, and...

77 FR 16209 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Tilefish Individual Fishing Quota Program

Science.gov (United States)

2012-03-20

... Northeastern U.S. EEZ. II. Method of Collection The IFQ Allocation permit application, IFQ ownership cap form... before May 21, 2012. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Jennifer Jessup, Departmental Paperwork... applications to ensure that IFQ allocation owners are provided a statement of their annual catch quota, and for...

77 FR 16210 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Tilefish Individual Fishing Quota Program

Science.gov (United States)

2012-03-20

... Northeastern U.S. EEZ. II. Method of Collection The IFQ Allocation permit application, IFQ ownership cap form... before May 21, 2012. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Jennifer Jessup, Departmental Paperwork... applications to ensure that IFQ allocation owners are provided a statement of their annual catch quota, and for...

77 FR 44161 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; 2012 Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Quota Specifications

Science.gov (United States)

2012-07-27

... order to stay within the ICCAT-recommended U.S. quota, close directed BFT fisheries in the event that... 5, 2011) to consider information about the Deepwater Horizon/BP oil spill and alleged illegal... and use the best available science on the effects of the Deepwater Horizon/BP oil spill and the...

[The law of quotas for people with disabilities in Brazilian companies: the impact and possible alternatives].

Science.gov (United States)

Zanitelli, Leandro Martins

2013-07-01

This paper consists of a theoretical analysis of the impact of the Brazilian law establishing quotas for people with disabilities in companies with one hundred or more employees, as well as the possible impact of some alternative legal measures: incentives (fiscal incentives and tradable rights) and information disclosure policies. The analysis is based on work regarding the efficacy of legal norms in general, and particularly the literature concerning the cost and cognitive effects of those norms. Given its exclusively theoretical character, the paper does not affirm the superiority of any regulatory strategy over the current law, but draws attention to the likely reasons for the failure of the quota system and for the potential and inconveniences of its proposed alternatives.

75 FR 5760 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Western Alaska Community Development Quota Program

Science.gov (United States)

2010-02-04

... before April 5, 2010. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Diana Hynek, Departmental Paperwork... and diversified local economies in western Alaska. CDQ and prohibited species quota (PSQ) allocations... collection. II. Method of Collection Respondents have a choice of either electronic or paper forms. Methods...

75 FR 82295 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Atlantic Bluefish Fishery; Quota Transfer

Science.gov (United States)

2010-12-30

.... 100204079-0199-02] RIN 0648-XA084 Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Atlantic Bluefish Fishery... the Commonwealth of Virginia is transferring commercial bluefish quota to the State of North Carolina... INFORMATION: Regulations governing the Atlantic bluefish fishery are found at 50 CFR part 648. The regulations...

Implications of the Abolition of Milk Quota System for Polish Agriculture – Simulation Results Based on the AG MEMOD Model

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mariusz Hamulczuk

2009-09-01

Full Text Available The objective of the study was to asses the economics effects of the dairy policy reform sanctioned by CAP Health Check on the agricultural market in Poland. The paper presents a theoretical study of the production control program as well as a model based quantitative analysis of the implications of the reform on the agricultural markets. The partial equilibrium model AGMEMOD was used for simulation. The results obtained indicate that the expansion and subsequently the elimination of milk quota system lead to the growth of milk production and consumption in Poland which confirms the hypothesis derived from theoretical study. As a consequence, the growth of the production of most of dairy products and the decrease of their prices is expected. As the growth of dairy consumption is smaller than the growth of milk production the increase of self-sufficiency in the dairy market is predicted. The comparison of the scale of price adjustment resulting from the dairy reform to the market price changes observed recently leads to the conclusion that global market factors will probably be more important for the future development of milk production and prices in Poland than the milk quota abolition. Nevertheless, the reform constitutes a significant change in business conditions for producers and consumers of milk and dairy products. As a consequence, milk production will become more market based, as far as market prices, production costs and milk yields are concerned. Simulation results from the AGMEMOD model confirm the opinion brought by other authors that the abolition of milk quotas will lead to the decline of dairy farmer income. The main beneficiaries of the reform would become the consumers who could take advantage of the decline in prices of the dairy products.

Tobacco smoking surveillance: is quota sampling an efficient tool for monitoring national trends? A comparison with a random cross-sectional survey.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Romain Guignard

Full Text Available OBJECTIVES: It is crucial for policy makers to monitor the evolution of tobacco smoking prevalence. In France, this monitoring is based on a series of cross-sectional general population surveys, the Health Barometers, conducted every five years and based on random samples. A methodological study has been carried out to assess the reliability of a monitoring system based on regular quota sampling surveys for smoking prevalence. DESIGN / OUTCOME MEASURES: In 2010, current and daily tobacco smoking prevalences obtained in a quota survey on 8,018 people were compared with those of the 2010 Health Barometer carried out on 27,653 people. Prevalences were assessed separately according to the telephone equipment of the interviewee (landline phone owner vs "mobile-only", and logistic regressions were conducted in the pooled database to assess the impact of the telephone equipment and of the survey mode on the prevalences found. Finally, logistic regressions adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were conducted in the random sample in order to determine the impact of the needed number of calls to interwiew "hard-to-reach" people on the prevalence found. RESULTS: Current and daily prevalences were higher in the random sample (respectively 33.9% and 27.5% in 15-75 years-old than in the quota sample (respectively 30.2% and 25.3%. In both surveys, current and daily prevalences were lower among landline phone owners (respectively 31.8% and 25.5% in the random sample and 28.9% and 24.0% in the quota survey. The required number of calls was slightly related to the smoking status after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSION: Random sampling appears to be more effective than quota sampling, mainly by making it possible to interview hard-to-reach populations.

76 FR 61472 - Revised Fiscal Year 2011 Tariff-Rate Quota Allocations for Refined Sugar

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-04

... any agricultural product among supplying countries or customs areas. The President delegated this... Agriculture established the FY 2011 (October 1, 2010--September 30, 2011) refined sugar TRQ at an aggregate... 35,300 MTRV. The remaining 111,078 MTRV of the increased in-quota quantity may be supplied by any...

Market Power and Unites States Sectoral Textile Imports

OpenAIRE

S Shahnawaz

2004-01-01

This paper estimates US textiles import elasticities with 20 of its largest textiles exporters by utilizing cointegration methodology. The soon-to-be-implemented abolition of quotas on textiles makes the study of these import elasticities especially relevant to many developing countries particularly to those that have a significant textiles component in their exports. The study uses disaggregated data (4 digit ISIC) to separately consider seven textiles sub-sectors and calculates income and p...

Holland bought Slovakian's emission quotas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

TREND

2003-01-01

It is not a direct trade but more an environmental investment. Dutch government decided to buy over 5 million tons of carbon dioxide emission quotas of Rumania, Hungary and Slovakia. But this is not a direct purchase; it is related to investments into major projects that would decrease emission of greenhouse gases in the mentioned countries. Holland will improve its emission balance set by Kyoto Protocol and 'on the other hand we will offer eastern European countries technologies they are missing,' explained the main objectives of Dutch environmental projects Erik Saat from Senter agency at Dutch Ministry of Economy. The Dutch agency has so far selected one project in Slovakia - absorption of methane gas on waste dumps of eight Slovak towns. This project in value of 5 million Euro will decrease the emission by an equivalent of 500 thousand tons of CO 2 . Slovak Ministry of Environment that has to approve these projects welcomes any activity that would lead to decreasing greenhouse gas pollution. Every three months Senter agency select the best projects submitted in order to fulfil the commitments resulting from Kyoto Protocol. (Author)

77 FR 15712 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; 2012 Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Quota Specifications

Science.gov (United States)

2012-03-16

... annual meeting, ICCAT recommended a TAC of 1,750 mt annually for 2011 and for 2012, inclusive of dead... 868.6 mt, which is 175 mt less than the amount of quota (inclusive of dead discards) allowed under... 182.0 SUBQUOTAS: SUBQUOTAS: School 94.9 School 94.9 Reserve 17.6 Reserve 17.6 North 36.5 North 36.5...

Gender discrimination before mandated quotas? Evidence from Norway: 1989 to 2002

OpenAIRE

Strøm, Øystein R.

2015-01-01

Is the low percentage of women on boards due to discrimination? Discrimination has a time dimension; it is repeated period after period and is thus highly persistent. This persistence is tested with data from Norway before quota regulations were instituted in 2003. The data consist of an unbalanced panel sample of all non-financial listed companies from 1989 to 2002. Persistence implies a serial correlation close to one. The main finding is low persistence, implying no discrimination in the s...

THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ON THE LIMITATION OF IMPORT CATTLE TO COMPANY’S STRATEGY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF MAINTAINING COMPANY PERFORMANCE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marhendra A.V.H.

2017-11-01

Full Text Available This research aims to determine the company's strategy in order to maintain the company's performance as a result of import cattle quota restriction. The policy of import cattle restriction imposed by the Indonesian government certainly has a significant impact on cattle importing companies, especially PT Karunia Alam Sentosa Abadi (KASA, Lampung - Indonesia. PT Karunia Alam Sentosa Abadi (KASA enforces various-new business strategies to maintain the company performance from quota import policy. The results of the study show that there are several strategies applied by the company such as Volume to Performance Strategy, Average Daily Gain (ADG improvement, Marketing Network Evaluation, Leasing Company Facilities, and Daily Workforce Reduction.

Modelo para redistribuição de cotas de emissão de gases do efeito estufa baseado em medidas de eficiência técnica Greenhouse gases emission quotas distribution model based on technical efficiency measurements

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marco Aurélio Macedo

2010-01-01

Full Text Available O Protocolo de Kyoto representa um importante compromisso ecológico assumido por diversos países, com destaque à questão das cotas de carbono permitidas a cada país emitir. Para decidir de maneira mais justa sobre esta divisão, recorreu-se aos modelos Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA. É aqui proposta uma variante do modelo DEA com Ganhos de Soma Zero (DEA-GSZ, que permite o comportamento híbrido dos retornos de escala na fronteira de eficiência. Este modelo foi usado no estudo da redistribuição de cotas de CO2 entre países. Os resultados mostram-se mais adequados do que aqueles obtidos com o modelo DEA-GSZ clássico.The Kyoto Protocol is an important ecological compromise undertaken by many countries. One of its most important points is the carbon emission quota allowed to each country. In order to fairly allocate these quotas, we used the DEA models. The Zero Sum Gains Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA (ZSG-DEA model with hybrid returns to scale was proposed to solve this problem. This model was used to reallocate the CO2 quotas among the countries. The results found were more adequate than those obtained by the classic ZSG-DEA models.

77 FR 58051 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Commercial Quota Harvested for the...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-09-19

.... 120201086-2418-02] RIN 0648-XC236 Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Bluefish Fishery; Commercial...: NMFS announces that the 2012 bluefish commercial quota allocated to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has been harvested. Vessels issued a commercial Federal fisheries permit for the bluefish fishery may...

CO2 Capture Rate Sensitivity Versus Purchase of CO2 Quotas. Optimizing Investment Choice for Electricity Sector

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Coussy Paula

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Carbon capture technology (and associated storage, applied to power plants, reduces atmospheric CO2 emissions. This article demonstrates that, in the particular case of the deployment phase of CO2 capture technology during which CO2 quota price may be low, capturing less than 90% of total CO2 emissions from power plants can be economically attractive. Indeed, for an electric power company capture technology is interesting, only if the discounted marginal cost of capture is lower than the discounted marginal cost of purchased quotas. When CO2 price is low, it is interesting to have flexibility and reduce the overall capture rate of the site, by stopping the capture system of one of the combustion trains if the site has multiple ones, or by adopting less than 90% CO2 capture rate.

76 FR 39019 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Quotas and Atlantic Tuna Fisheries...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-07-05

... for the more selective, directed fishing categories, and be a de facto reallocation of quota shares... of post-release mortality received substantial attention at the 2010 ICCAT meeting and NMFS... would not help for giant BFT that may not fit in the hold. NMFS should allow the tail to be cut but...

OPEC abandons quotas, more violence in Nigeria and British give away gas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon

2006-01-01

OPEC ministers meeting in Vienna on 11th September agreed to leave the production ceiling unchanged at 28 mn bpd. The cartel, however, is to move away from formal quotas to a system of adjusting total production to world demand. The change recognizes the fact that many OPEC countries cannot produce their full quota allowances. The new policy is described by OPEC as trying ''to ensure that supply and demand (remain) in balance with prices at reasonable levels''. ''Reasonable levels'' were not defined in the communique, but most ministers agreed they should be in the region to $60-65/bbl. The oil markets were sceptical and prices fell below $60, reaching a seven-month low at the start of October. Nigeria announced a production cut of 120,000 bpd, though this may be a recognition of the difficulty of producing oil there at present. During September, the country was plagued by further violence in the Niger Delta, including attacks on oil workers, kidnappings and sabotage to oil installations. Oil workers went on strike for two days, threatening further walk-outs. By late September, nearly 875,000 bpd of production was estimated shut-in as a result of the current unrest. Shell said it had suspended plans to repair damaged facilities in the Niger Delta because of the continuing high level of violence. (author)

Racial quotas in letters from readers of the “Caros Amigos” magazine: a dialogic perspective

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Irene de Lima Freitas

2013-06-01

Full Text Available In this article we intend to demonstrate some results obtained in our dissertation, which was presented in the second semester of 2011. In the research, we analyzed texts from printed media inserted in a discursive chain of conflicts and clashes, a real platform for polemicconcerning the system of quotas in Brazil. Our purpose is to analyze the way in which the dialogic interactions are generated among the participants of the discursive event: how the author dialogues with the object of discourse and with the addressee, having as the basis for our work the Bakhtin Circle’s dialogical theory of discourse. The results highlight the fact that the positioning assumed by the interlocutors is built from the value attributed to its construction by the other; the clash among the interlocutors is constitutive of the utterances; and the dialogic analysis of the media utterances contributes to a better understanding of the social nature of discourse and of the themes which are relevant to society, in this case, the quotas.

Inclusion in higher education: trajetórias acadêmicas of students with disabilities that entered state university in rio grande south by quota system

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marilú Mourão Pereira

2008-12-01

Full Text Available This work intends to present the results of research done in the State University of Rio Grande do Sul, where he sought to analyze the academic trajectory of students with disabilities, who joined the system of quotas in the period from 2002 to 2005. This study aimed at understanding the process of implementation of quotas from affirmative action in higher education, as a possible contribution to the inclusion of students with disabilities at the University. The methodological approach was kind of qualitative and instruments used. In addition to students with disabilities, this study was to subject some managers who were involved with the subject at the University. The study was developed from the identification and characterization of pupils who joined the university by quota systems, followed by research and analysis of the trajectories of students with disabilities, for access and during the course. We interviewed 16 students with physical disabilities, hearing and vision, and ten managers of the University. The deployment of the system of quotas for students with disabilities, this is a University as a political action and democratization of access to higher education and is in line with the Constitutional principles, guaranteeing the rights of Persons with Disabilities. This, however, has not been enough to ensure the permanence of such students at the University. The results show the occurrence of difficulties which are concentrated in the process of teaching and learning need specific actions, directed to that portion of the population academic.

Protecting Marine Biodiversity: A Comparison of Individual Habitat Quotas (IHQs) and Marine Protected Areas

OpenAIRE

Kurt Schnier; Dan Holland

2005-01-01

Fisheries managers in the United States are required to identify and mitigate the adverse impacts of fishing activity on essential fish habitat (EFH). There are additional concerns that the viability of noncommercial species, animals that are habitat dependent and/or are themselves constituents of fishery habitat may still be threatened. We consider a cap-and-trade system for habitat conservation, individual habitat quotas for fisheries, to achieve habitat conservation and species protection ...

Individual transferable quotas and conservation: a critical assessment

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

James Acheson

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Individual transferable quotas (ITQs have become a popular management tool for fisheries. They have been promoted in some quarters and seriously criticized in others because of their social and economic impacts. A more serious problem is that ITQs provide exclusive access to public resources presumably in return for some public benefit, namely conservation; however, in a high percentage of cases they do not conserve fish stocks. In this article, we focus on the reasons that ITQs do not conserve stocks. We point to a number of phenomena identified in the literature as affecting stocks of fish, including problems with total allowable catch (TAC, ecological hierarchy theory, r and K species, the Allee effect, scale and metapopulation structure, the need to have selective gear, and the continuation of roving bandit incentives. Despite their growing popularity with managers, ITQs do not solve any of these problems. We argue there may be better ways to manage. One possibility is what we call parametric management.

7 CFR 718.206 - Determining farms, tracts, allotments, quotas, and bases when reconstitution is made by division.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... transferring owner and transferee shall file a signed written memorandum of understanding of the designation... allotments, quotas, and bases shall be apportioned in the manner agreed to in writing by all interested heirs... totals of the parent farm than the cropland method would; and (ii) Obtains written consent of all owners...

Estimating the Costs to Consumers of the U.S. Sugar Quota: An Exercise for Introductory Economics Classes.

Science.gov (United States)

Williams, Andrew T.

1997-01-01

Provides a classroom exercise using the restrictive tariffs on sugar to examine issues of protectionism and international trade. Discusses related issues such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and the formation of large regional trading blocks. Includes a hands-on calculation of the economic impact of the quota on consumers. (MJP)

75 FR 53013 - Fiscal Year 2011 Tariff-rate Quota Allocations for Raw Cane Sugar, Refined and Specialty Sugar...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-08-30

... for Raw Cane Sugar, Refined and Specialty Sugar, and Sugar-containing Products; Revision AGENCY... August 17, 2010 concerning Fiscal Year 2011 tariff-rate quota allocations of raw cane sugar, refined and special sugar, and sugar-containing products. USTR is revising the effective date of that notice to...

Evaluating fishery rehabilitation under uncertainty: A bioeconomic analysis of quota management for the Green Bay yellow perch fishery

Science.gov (United States)

Johnson, B.L.; Milliman, S.R.; Bishop, R.C.; Kitchell, J.F.

1992-01-01

The fishery for yellow perch Perca flavescens in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, is currently operating under a rehabilitation plan based on a commercial harvest quota. We developed a bioeconomic computer model that included links between population density and growth, recruitment, and fishing effort for this fishery. Random variability was included in the stock-recruitment relation and in a simulated population assessment. We used the model in an adaptive management framework to evaluate the effects of the rehabilitation plan on both commercial and sport fisheries and to search for ways to improve the plan. Results indicate that the current quota policy is a member of a set of policies that would meet most management goals and increase total value of the fishery. Sensitivity analyses indicate that this conclusion is robust over a wide range of biological conditions. We predict that commercial fishers will lose money relative to the baseline condition, but they may receive other benefits from the elimination of the common-property nature of the fishery. The prospect exists for managing variability in harvest and stock size and for maximizing economic returns in the fishery, but more information is required, primarily on sportfishing effort dynamics and angler preferences. Stock-recruitment relations, density dependence of growth, and dynamics of sportfishing effort are the primary sources of uncertainty limiting the precision of our predictions. The current quota policy is about as good as other policies at reducing this uncertainty and appears, overall, to be one of the best choices for this fishery. The analytical techniques used in this study were primarily simple, heuristic approaches that could be easily transferred to other studies.

A política de cotas na América Latina Evaluating the Results of Quota Systems in Politics in Latin America

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

MALA HTUN

2001-01-01

Full Text Available Tendo como pano de fundo o avanço na liderança das mulheres na América Latina, marcado pelo aumento do número de mulheres em cargos eletivos, pela adoção da política de cotas em muitos países e pelo crescimento do tema da igualdade entre mulheres e homens nos programas políticos, analisa-se a variação dos efeitos das políticas de cotas. Entre os fatores determinantes para os resultados destas políticas estão: a natureza do sistema eleitoral, com base em listas abertas ou listas fechadas; a existência ou não da norma de obrigatoriedade de posição competitiva das mulheres na lista partidária; e, finalmente, o compromisso partidário, no qual as políticas de cotas estão inseridas.This article discusses the varying effects of quota systems, as they emerge from a scenario of women's increased inroads into politics in Latin America, expressed in the increased number of women in elected offices, the implementation of quota systems and increased presence of the issue of gender equality in political agendas. The character of the electoral system, as based on "open" or "closed" lists; the absence or presence of a norm of a compulsory competitive position for women within political parties and political parties' commitment to quota policies are the crucial factors that determine variation.

Structuring a Multiproduct Sales Quota-Bonus Plan for a Heterogeneous Sales Force: A Practical Model-Based Approach

OpenAIRE

Murali K. Mantrala; Prabhakant Sinha; Andris A. Zoltners

1994-01-01

This paper presents an agency theoretic model-based approach that assists sales managers in determining the profit-maximizing structure of a common multiproduct sales quota-bonus plan for a geographically specialized heterogeneous sales force operating in a repetitive buying environment. This approach involves estimating each salesperson's utility function for income and effort and using these models to predict individual sales achievements and the associated aggregate profit for the firm und...

78 FR 56646 - Determination of Total Amounts of Fiscal Year 2014 WTO Tariff-Rate Quotas for Raw Cane Sugar and...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-09-13

... Secretary Determination of Total Amounts of Fiscal Year 2014 WTO Tariff- Rate Quotas for Raw Cane Sugar and Certain Sugars, Syrups and Molasses AGENCY: Office of the Secretary, USDA. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The... sugar at 1,117,195 metric tons raw value (MTRV). The Secretary also announces the establishment of the...

Long-term forecasting of sales of the products of a company in International markets of enriched uranium under restrictions and quotas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Klimanov, S.G.; Kryanev, A.V.; Rostovskij, N.S.; Sliva, D.E.; Smirnov, D.S.; Kharitonov, V.V.

2016-01-01

A technique of forecasting company sales in the international regional markets of enriched uranium under imposed restrictions and quotas has been developed by the authors on the basis on scenario forecasts of the demand for company products and has been implemented as a set of computer software [ru

Microcystin quota, cell division and microcystin net production of precultured Microcystis aeruginosa CYA 228 (Chroococcales, Cyanophyceae) under field conditions

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lyck, S.; Christoffersen, K.

2003-01-01

compared with previous data obtained from batch cultures. Growth of an easily recognizable unicellular culture alga in the field made it possible to evaluate different ways of expressing mcyst field data as the ratio of mcyst to dry weight, protein or chlorophyll a (Chl a) against the mcyst quota...

A human-scale perspective on global warming: Zero emission year and personal quotas

Science.gov (United States)

Rojas, Maisa; Mac Lean, Claudia

2017-01-01

This article builds on the premise that human consumption of goods, food and transport are the ultimate drivers of climate change. However, the nature of the climate change problem (well described as a tragedy of the commons) makes it difficult for individuals to recognise their personal duty to implement behavioural changes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, this article aims to analyse the climate change issue from a human-scale perspective, in which each of us has a clearly defined personal quota of CO2 emissions that limits our activity and there is a finite time during which CO2 emissions must be eliminated to achieve the “well below 2°C” warming limit set by the Paris Agreement of 2015 (COP21). Thus, this work’s primary contribution is to connect an equal per capita fairness approach to a global carbon budget, linking personal levels with planetary levels. Here, we show that a personal quota of 5.0 tons of CO2 yr-1 p-1 is a representative value for both past and future emissions; for this level of a constant per-capita emissions and without considering any mitigation, the global accumulated emissions compatible with the “well below 2°C” and 2°C targets will be exhausted by 2030 and 2050, respectively. These are references years that provide an order of magnitude of the time that is left to reverse the global warming trend. More realistic scenarios that consider a smooth transition toward a zero-emission world show that the global accumulated emissions compatible with the “well below 2°C” and 2°C targets will be exhausted by 2040 and 2080, respectively. Implications of this paper include a return to personal responsibility following equity principles among individuals, and a definition of boundaries to the personal emissions of CO2. PMID:28628676

A human-scale perspective on global warming: Zero emission year and personal quotas.

Science.gov (United States)

de la Fuente, Alberto; Rojas, Maisa; Mac Lean, Claudia

2017-01-01

This article builds on the premise that human consumption of goods, food and transport are the ultimate drivers of climate change. However, the nature of the climate change problem (well described as a tragedy of the commons) makes it difficult for individuals to recognise their personal duty to implement behavioural changes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, this article aims to analyse the climate change issue from a human-scale perspective, in which each of us has a clearly defined personal quota of CO2 emissions that limits our activity and there is a finite time during which CO2 emissions must be eliminated to achieve the "well below 2°C" warming limit set by the Paris Agreement of 2015 (COP21). Thus, this work's primary contribution is to connect an equal per capita fairness approach to a global carbon budget, linking personal levels with planetary levels. Here, we show that a personal quota of 5.0 tons of CO2 yr-1 p-1 is a representative value for both past and future emissions; for this level of a constant per-capita emissions and without considering any mitigation, the global accumulated emissions compatible with the "well below 2°C" and 2°C targets will be exhausted by 2030 and 2050, respectively. These are references years that provide an order of magnitude of the time that is left to reverse the global warming trend. More realistic scenarios that consider a smooth transition toward a zero-emission world show that the global accumulated emissions compatible with the "well below 2°C" and 2°C targets will be exhausted by 2040 and 2080, respectively. Implications of this paper include a return to personal responsibility following equity principles among individuals, and a definition of boundaries to the personal emissions of CO2.

A THRESHOLD-VAR APPROACH TO ASSESS THE EFFICACY OF THE EU IMPORT REGIME

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fabio Gaetano Santeramo

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The efficacy of the entry price policy in the European fresh fruits and vegetables sector is not well understood. We investigate econometrically the efficacy of the import policy. The analysis estimates a threshold vector autoregressive model using data on imports the main competing country on the European Union domestic markets. Our results allow concluding on the insulating effects induced by the entry price system. We argue that the quota restrictions are likely to provide larger contribution to the domestic market stabilization. Policy implications are provided.

Public and private in italian health care: trends and market quotas

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maria Michela Gianino

2006-12-01

Full Text Available

Background: The Italian healthcare system has two components: public and private healthcare providers. Both deliver services on behalf of and payable by the national health care service. This study explores therelationships between public and private healthcare providers.

Methods: The number of hospital admissions and length of stay or number of times the service was accessed stratified by year 2000, 2001, 2002; DRG; type of hospital admission (ordinary or day hospital/surgery; health provider category: public institutions without a specific reference territory, public institutions with a specific reference territory and accredited private institutions and medical or surgery DRGs. A distinction is made between those DRGs defined as belonging to the private sector and those falling within the public sector, assuming there is a majority market portion for services primarily supplied by the private sector. Case-mix index was utelised as the indicator for the complexity of the cases treated and the comparative performance index was used as the indicator for efficiency. Lastly in order to evaluate the services delivered with an inappropriate organizational profile reference is made the rulings defining Essential Level of assistance.

Results: The results showed a shift in the reallocation of service volumes for ordinary admissions towards the private sector; the reallocation relates to the volumes but not to the types of cases treated, since the DRG mix remained substantially unchanged over the 3-year period and those DRG that absorb 51% of services were essentially constant. The private sector never achieved a market majority quota but rather controlled market niches with minority quotas. The private institutions treated less complex cases and worked with lower efficiency levels than the public sector. There was also a shift in the distribution of admissions from ordinary admissions to

77 FR 51751 - Assessment of Fees for Dairy Import Licenses for the 2013 Tariff-Rate Import Quota Year

Science.gov (United States)

2012-08-27

... Agriculture's costs of administering the licensing system under this regulation. The regulation at 7 CFR 6.33... system, and $125,280.00 represents other miscellaneous costs, including travel, postage, publications... DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Foreign Agricultural Service Assessment of Fees for Dairy Import...

76 FR 60801 - Assessment of Fees for Dairy Import Licenses for the 2012 Tariff-Rate Import Quota Year

Science.gov (United States)

2011-09-30

... for the 2012 calendar year. Notice: The total cost to USDA of administering the licensing system for... administering the licensing system, and $125,280 represents other miscellaneous costs, including travel, postage... DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Foreign Agricultural Service Assessment of Fees for Dairy Import...

THE QUOTA RULE (AGE RESTRICTION IN THE THIRD LEAGUE IN TERMS OF ACTORS (DRAMATIS PERSONAE IN FOOTBALL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mert Kerem Zelyurt

2017-12-01

Full Text Available In 2016 it was seen that the “quota rule” (age restriction which was put into practice in 2009 for the 3. League football teams in order to enable young players to have a better chance in squads and bring these players to the national teams have been changed because of not getting the desired results. In the study, the effects of 2009 quota rule which was established as a legal obligation to the football teams were examined in the extent of players, coaches, and the club managers (dramatis personae. The study was designed as “Semi-structured in-depth interview” (Qualitative Method method. According to “Theoretical Sampling Method” the sample of the study was formed through 6 players, 4 club managers and 5 coaches all of which are active in the third football league. The interviews recorded in February 2017 and May 2017, which vary from 6 minutes to 29 minutes in length according to the samples, were converted into text and categorized under 4 themes in findings section. The themes are: 1. being dropped out of squad 2. Problems relating the squads and the quality of the football 3.The problem of player training in the third league for the national team and transfer mobility to upper leagues 4. The fall in wages, the problem of becoming unemployed and being obliged to play in the amateur football league. As it can be concluded from the themes which frame the narrations by the samples including different experiences considering their status and roles in terms of quota rule practice; some outcomes during the period in which the rule had been practiced (particularly due to the version before the change were witnessed such as the deterioration in the quality of football, technical problems relating squads, the problem of vertical and horizontal professional mobility of the players and the fall in wages. In the last instance; it can be concluded that it is necessary to analyze legal sanctions relating a multivariate and intricate field such

7 CFR 6.21 - Definitions.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... managing the Dairy Tariff-Rate Import Quota Licensing System, currently the Import Policies and Programs... the Secretary of Agriculture IMPORT QUOTAS AND FEES Dairy Tariff-Rate Import Quota Licensing § 6.21..., 7, 8, 12, 14, 16-23 and 25 to Chapter 4 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule. Customs. The United...

Gender balance on company boards: a summary from a research project about the impact of the Norwegian gender quota legislation

OpenAIRE

2015-01-01

This report summarizes main findings from the research project: Effects of gender balance in corporate boards. The project is financed by the Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion. The report consists of nine chapters. The introductory chapter will provide key information about the gender quota legislation, as well as describe the policy process that led to the gender balance legislation; the second chapter will present some of the existing research on the gender balance regulat...

La régulation des industries culturelles à l’heure d’Internet et les enjeux pour la diversité culturelle: Le cas des quotas radiophoniques français

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alexandre Joux

2016-06-01

Full Text Available La convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles, adoptée à l’UNESCO en 2005, redonne à l’instance internationale sa légitimité pour traiter des sujets liés aux politiques culturelles nationales. Ceux-ci avaient été déportés vers l’OMC dans les années 1990 à l’occasion des débats sur l’exception culturelle. Dix ans après l’adoption de la Convention de 2005, le développement de plates-formes mondiales de distribution des biens et services culturels remet toutefois en question, non pas les politiques culturelles nationales que la convention a sanctuarisés, mais leur efficacité à l’heure d’Internet. Ces évolutions obligent à comprendre la diversité culturelle au prisme de l’analyse économique pour imaginer des formes nouvelles et internationales de régulation des flux des produits des industries culturelles, ce qu’a révélé le débat français sur le projet de modification, en 2015, des quotas radiophoniques. Les quotas et les contraintes de programmation qu’ils imposent, en ne s’appliquant pas aux plates-formes de streaming musical, pourraient en effet et paradoxalement fragiliser les acteurs régulés sur qui repose la politique de diversité, sauf à étendre aux acteurs non-médiatiques le principe des quotas.

Cotas para negros no Ensino Superior e formas de classificação racial Quotas for blacks in higher education and forms of racial classification

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

André Augusto Brandão

2007-04-01

Full Text Available Este artigo apresenta e discute dados referentes à aplicação de um questionário voltado para variáveis de classificação racial e opinião sobre a política de cotas para negros em uma amostra de 476 alunos do último ano do Ensino Médio da rede pública de um município periférico da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Buscamos compreender os elementos que informam as classificações de cor ou raça, bem como o posicionamento que esses alunos tomavam frente à política de cotas que poderia beneficiá-los no acesso a uma universidade pública. Deve-se ressaltar que os alunos entrevistados estariam em breve frente à possibilidade de disputar uma vaga no Ensino Superior em um vestibular com cotas raciais numa universidade pública que mantém um campus no próprio município onde estudam e residem. Essa problemática e esse tipo de investigação nos parecem fundamentais na atualidade, pois as cotas para negros que vêm sendo implantadas desde 2003 em várias instituições de Ensino Superior têm sofrido críticas e atravessado controvérsias jurídicas também por conta das formas de classificação propostas. Na pesquisa realizada, foi possível avançar na discussão de como as opções de classificação racial até o momento utilizadas nessas políticas se relacionam com os formatos de auto-identificação e de identificação do outro, comumente presentes no cotidiano das escolas pesquisadas, bem como verificar como a idéia de cota racial é avaliada pelos seus possíveis beneficiários.This article presents and discusses data obtained with the application of a questionnaire focused on variables for racial classification and opinion about the policy of quotas for blacks; the questionnaire was applied to a sample of 476 pupils from the last year of secondary education of the public school system of a peripheral town in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro. We have tried to understand the elements that shape the

Analysis of the System of Racial Quotas in Brazil as Affirmative Action Combined with the General Right to Equality

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alisson Magela Moreira Damasceno

2016-10-01

Full Text Available This article aims to discuss the system of racial quotas in Brazil, considering them as unequal treatment, which aims to promote equality. In the light of the thought of Alexy, it has been proposed to analyze the General Equality Law, to then justify the reasons for the unequal state treatment. Such unequal treatment in such cases will be addressed from the perspective of affirmative action. These measures are promoted in order to promote social redemption of company shares historically segregated. Thus, this study proposes an analysis of the general right to equality in the construction and application of the law.

Coordinación de canales de suministro en un modelo tipo Supply channel coordination in a newsvendor model with two allocation quotas

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

César Escalante Coterio

2011-06-01

Full Text Available La motivación para este trabajo proviene de un artículo escrito en 2007 por Jianli Li and Liwen Liu , quienes extienden el problema clásico del vendedor de periódicos conformando una cadena simple de suministros en el que el minorista realiza un pedido al fabricante, y si éste no satisface la demanda, tiene la posibilidad de realizar un segundo pedido dentro de un cupo limitado y condicionado por el fabricante. Ellos analizan cómo establecer un mecanismo de coordinaci´on entre las dos partes para que la ganancia esperada del sistema sea máxima. En este trabajo se amplia el modelo descrito, permitiendo que el minorista pueda recurrir a un segundo cupo de reserva al final del periodo, bajo condiciones similares, buscando optimizar la ganancia esperada del sistema. Se estudian la posibilidad de coordinaci´on del canal y el mecanismo para lograrla.The motivation for this paper arises from an article written by Jianli Li and Liwen Liu in 2007, extending the classical newsvendor model to a supply chain where the dealer, after depletion of an initial order, is given the option of a second order within an allocation quota prescribed and conditioned by the manufacturer. The paper analyzes coordination of the channel in order to improve the expected benefits of the system.This paper extends the model to allow the newsvendor a second allocation quota at the end of the period, under similar conditions. The possibilities andincentives for channel coordination are studied.

Sistema de cotas: um debate. Dos dados à manutenção de privilégios e de poder Quota system: a debate. From data to the conservation of privileges and power

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Delcele Mascarenhas Queiroz

2006-10-01

Full Text Available Este artigo analisa o impacto da implantação do sistema de cotas em uma universidade federal, a UFBA. Inicialmente, compara os resultados de duas pesquisas realizadas pelo DataFolha, em distintos momentos, para apontar a mudança ocorrida na percepção dos brasileiros sobre as relações raciais no país e, conseqüentemente, no debate sobre a questão. Num segundo momento, se detém no debate ocorrido na própria Instituição, no contexto da discussão sobre o sistema de cotas, para evidenciar os argumentos que aí emergiram. Examina os dados de desempenho dos estudantes nos vestibulares de 2005 e 2006, e também do seu desempenho durante o curso, nos dois primeiros semestres de 2005, comparando os cotistas e os não-cotistas, para argumentar em favor do sistema de cotas, evidenciando seu efeito para ampliar o acesso de estudantes negros oriundos do sistema público de ensino à Universidade.This article examines the implementation of quotas system in Federal University of Bahia. Initially, it compares the results of two surveys of DataFolha Institute in 2005 and 2006 to reflect the changes of perception of Brazilian people about affirmative action to blacks. Secondly, the authors emphasize the debate on quotas system between teachers in the Federal University of Bahia. The text points out the performance of students who were admitted by the quotas system during two semesters. The goal is to show how the affirmative action provoked the access of blacks students who is originating from public schools.

Los "sistemas de cuota" y sus efectos en los parlamentos y en los partidos políticos The "quota system" and its impact on national parliaments and political parties

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gema Sánchez Medero

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Las cuotas de género se han convertido en el medio ideal para garantizar la integración e incorporación de las mujeres en la vida política. Cada vez son más los países y los partidos que han apostado por este tipo de medidas, y la cuestión es averiguar el impacto que están teniendo. De ahí que en este artículo nos hayamos centrado en evaluar el resultado que han logrado las cuotas de género no sólo a la hora de aumentar la participación de las mujeres en los ámbitos políticos sino también en los espacios de poderGender quotas have become the ideal means to ensure the integration and mainstreaming of women in political life. More and more countries and parties have backed such measures. The question is to determine the impact they are having. Hence in this article we have focused on evaluating the results achieved by gender quotas in increasing the participation of women not only in the political field but also in areas of power

Mitos e controvérsias sobre a política de cotas para negros na educação superior Myths and controversies on the policies of quotas for blacks in higher education

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mariluce Bittar

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Neste texto, analisa-se o processo de implantação da política de cotas para negros na educação superior, tomando como base a implementação dessa política na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS. Investigou-se, também, em que medida o sistema de reserva de vagas para negros pode ser considerado uma estratégia de acesso e permanência dos estudantes negros na educação superior. Para atingir tal objetivo, foram entrevistados alunos que ingressaram, pelo sistema de cotas para negros, no Processo Seletivo de 2004 da UEMS nos cursos de Direito e Enfermagem e analisados documentos e legislações referentes à implantação desse sistema na UEMS. Os dados revelaram que os alunos negros compreendem o sistema de cotas como um direito e que a permanência nos cursos depende de ações efetivas, por parte da Universidade, como bolsas de estudo e apoio pedagógico. As cotas representam uma ação afirmativa no sentido de se garantir o respeito à diversidade racial e a superação das desigualdades historicamente construídas.In this text the process of implantation of the politics of quotas for blacks in the higer education is analyzed, taking as base the implementation of this politics in the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS. It was investigated, also, where measured the system of vacant reserve for blacks it can be considered a strategy of access and permanence of the black students in the higer education. To reach such objective, pupils who had entered, for the system of quotas for blacks in the Selective Process of 2004 of the UEMS, in the courses of right and nursing had been interviewed, and analyzed referring documents and legislations to the implantation of this system in the UEMS. The data had disclosed that the black pupils understand the system of quotas as a right and that the permanence in the courses depends on action effective, on the part of the University, as pedagogical support and scholarships. The

A Política de Quotas em Portugal: O papel dos partidos políticos e do feminismo de Estado

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rosa Monteiro

2012-11-01

Full Text Available A designada Lei da Paridade representa um marco importantíssimo na promoção da igualdade de mulheres e homens em Portugal. A sua relevância advém de vários factores, dentre os quais se destaca o seu impacto num sistema eleitoral que a inércia do sistema político-partidário tem sido incapaz de alterar. Na análise do surgimento das políticas de quotas em Portugal, o papel do principal mecanismo oficial para a igualdade, ou seja, da Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género, e das suas redes não tem sido estudado. Ora, como refere Mona Lena Krook, esforços para aumentar o número de mulheres em cargos políticos raramente acontecem na ausência de mobilização de mulheres. Adoptando a abordagem do feminismo de Estado, exploro aqui o papel da Comissão como uma entidade decisiva na apresentação das reivindicações feministas perante o Estado, um papel que tem sido sistematicamente ignorado, e explicito a forma como este mecanismo e as associações de mulheres em seu torno contribuíram para a promoção da agenda da participação das mulheres na política em Portugal.

78 FR 8434 - Dairy Tariff-Rate Import Quota Licensing Program

Science.gov (United States)

2013-02-06

... by the United States of Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture. Under these TRQs, a low tariff rate.... High-tier tariff rates were reduced by 15 percent over the 6 years following Uruguay Round Agreement... 1960s, and expanded when the United State implemented the Uruguay Round Agreement. Applicants for the...

Feed-in tariffs versus quotas: how to promote renewable s and stimulate technical progress for cost decrease?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Menanteau, Ph.; Finon, D.; Lamy, M.L.

2002-01-01

Incentive schemes for the development of renewable energy sources may focus on quantities (defining national targets and setting up bidding systems, or quota systems providing for green certificate trading), or they may focus on prices (feed-in tariffs). Whatever the system chosen, the role of the public authorities is quite specific: to stimulate technical progress and speed up the technological learning processes so that ultimately renewable energy technologies will be able to compete with conventional technologies, once the environmental costs have been internalized. A comparison of instruments must thus take into account the characteristics of the innovation process and adoption conditions (uncertainties regarding cost curves, learning effects) which means also looking at dynamic efficiency criteria. The paper concludes that a system of feed-in tariffs is more efficient than a bidding system, but highlights the theoretical interest of green certificate trading which must be confirmed through practice, given the influence of market structures and rules on the performance of this type of approach. (author)

7 CFR 6.32 - Globalization of licenses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Globalization of licenses. 6.32 Section 6.32 Agriculture Office of the Secretary of Agriculture IMPORT QUOTAS AND FEES Dairy Tariff-Rate Import Quota Licensing § 6.32 Globalization of licenses. If the Licensing Authority determines that entries of an article...

7 CFR 6.20 - Introduction.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Introduction. 6.20 Section 6.20 Agriculture Office of the Secretary of Agriculture IMPORT QUOTAS AND FEES Dairy Tariff-Rate Import Quota Licensing § 6.20 Introduction. (a) Presidential Proclamation 6763 of December 23, 1994, modified the Harmonized Tariff Schedule...

Energy taxes in practice. Energy tax - electricity tax - biofuel quota - energy tax compliance. 3. upd. and rev. ed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Stein, Roland M.; Thoms, Anahita

2016-01-01

You need a quick and easy overview of the legal provisions of the energy tax law? You would like to understand the relationship between the European and national regulations and their impact on the daily practice? This manual prepares the energy tax, electricity tax and biofuel quota law for you clearly on and illustrated by examples, what to look in practice in order to avoid pitfalls. It picks up especially contentious issues and problems, discusses the relevant case law and the relevant regulations and finally gives precise recommendations for daily practice. Based on practice notes, examples and diagrams you can easily identify how to transfer the legal requirements on the own workspaces or optionally can use tax breaks. This includes information on both simplified - and thus less subject to error - methods and to tax exemptions and credits. The manual is complemented by forms, extracts from the Combined Nomenclature and an online material collection with regulatory and legal texts. [de

76 FR 63538 - Adjustment of Appendices to the Dairy Tariff-Rate Import Quota Licensing Regulation for the 2011...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-13

... country of origin. The Import Policies and Export Reporting Division, Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S... 1 Appendix 2 Sum of tariff origin Appendix 1 & 2 Tokyo R. Uruguay R. schedule NON-CHEESE ARTICLES... 201,635 201,635 [[Page 63540

Cota racial e estado: abolição do racismo ou direitos de raça? Racial quota and government: racism erradication or race rights?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Celia Maria Marinho de Azevedo

2004-04-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste artigo é examinar a proposta corrente de racialização da população brasileira pelo Estado, com vistas a amparar programas de ação afirmativa para o atendimento específico daqueles que se autodenominarem negros. Analisa-se, inicialmente, o ressurgimento da noção de raça entre acadêmicos, políticos e militantes do anti-racismo, bem como as dificuldades de se delimitar quem é negro no Brasil. Em seguida, examina-se o modelo de cota racial dos Estados Unidos e seu apregoado sucesso. Por fim, busca-se avaliar até que ponto a instituição de cota racial no emprego e na universidade deveria se impor como a única opção política para aqueles que pretendem a abolição do racismo na sociedade brasileira.The objective of this article is to examine the current government proposal of "racialization" in the Brazilian population, in order to offer support to affirmative action programs that meet the specific needs of those who classify themselves as black. Firstly we focused on the revival of the notion of race among scholars, politicians, and anti-racism activists, as well as on the difficulty in determining who is black in Brazil. Next we examined the racial quota system in the United States and its proclaimed success. Finally, we assessed the extent to which the introduction of racial quota in employment and university enrollment should be imposed as the sole political option for those intending to eliminate racism in Brazilian society.

A ten year perspective on power balances and CO2 emissions in Northern Europe

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tennbakk, Berit; Torgersen, Lasse

2003-10-01

The electric power balance and electricity trade will change a lot in Northern Europe over the next decade. Independent of the price of emission quotas, the balance will worsen, especially for Sweden and Germany, but the absolute numbers are strongly dependent on the demand growth. New production capacity will be built primarily in the Netherlands and Norway. Finland will also have a growing need of imported power until the new nuclear power plant is running, around 2012. Denmark will remain a net exporter. If the construction of new generating capacity is slowed down by economic or administrative reasons, the raising prices will lead to higher production in the Nordic coal fired plants. The CO 2 emissions will increase and the Nordic countries will become net importers of emission quotas, even at a quota price of 20 Euros per ton CO 2 , since new natural gas plants in Norway and Netherlands will outperform existing coal plants in Poland and Germany at high quota prices

The Icelandic ITQ System

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Christensen, Anne-Sofie; Hegland, Troels Jacob; Oddsson, Geir

2009-01-01

volume of landings is constituted by pelagic species. Cod, which is mainly caught in the Icelanders’ own exclusive economic zone, is the economically most important fish. The aim of this chapter is to evaluate the Icelandic individual transferable quota shares system with its management innovations, e.......g. harvest control rule for cod, cod equivalents, temporary closed areas, community quotas and features for regulation of quota concentration. The evaluation considers four possible fisheries management objectives, namely biological robustness, cost-effectiveness of management, economic efficiency......ABSTRACT: The fisheries sector is tremendously important for Iceland: the export of fish products accounts for a large part of the value of exported goods. Fisheries policy in Iceland is, consequently, of national importance to a degree that is not comparable to any of the EU member states...

Unilateral regulation of bilateral trade in greenhouse gas emission permits

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rehdanz, Katrin; Tol, Richard S.J.

2005-01-01

This paper considers the coordination of domestic markets for tradable emission permits where countries determine their own emission reduction targets, using a two-country model. Linking such schemes is beneficial to both countries but may cause the exporting country to decrease its emission reduction target and export more permits. This in turn would not only reduce the costs for both countries as less emissions have to be reduced, but it also lowers the environmental benefits of the importing country. One price instrument (tariff) and two quantity instruments (discount, quota) to prevent the exporting country from issuing more permits are examined. Each instrument restricts trade and alters the terms of trade for the two countries. The importing country (and regulator) prefers an import tariff and an import quota to a carbon discount. If the exporting country releases additional permits, the importing country should not try to keep total emissions constant, as that would be ineffective and maybe even counterproductive. Instead, the importing country should aim to keep the total import constant; this would impose costs on the exporting country that are independent of the policy instrument; an import quota would be the cheapest option for the importing country. An import quota would also stress the idea of supplementary of the flexible mechanism as it increases the share of emissions reduced domestically. Compliance and liability issues constrain the market further. However, both the importing and the exporting country would prefer that the permit seller is liable in case of non-compliance, as sellers' liability would less constrain the market

Large Scale Management of Physicists Personal Analysis Data Without Employing User and Group Quotas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Norman, A.; Diesbug, M.; Gheith, M.; Illingworth, R.; Lyon, A.; Mengel, M.

2015-01-01

The ability of modern HEP experiments to acquire and process unprecedented amounts of data and simulation have lead to an explosion in the volume of information that individual scientists deal with on a daily basis. Explosion has resulted in a need for individuals to generate and keep large personal analysis data sets which represent the skimmed portions of official data collections, pertaining to their specific analysis. While a significant reduction in size compared to the original data, these personal analysis and simulation sets can be many terabytes or 10s of TB in size and consist of 10s of thousands of files. When this personal data is aggregated across the many physicists in a single analysis group or experiment it can represent data volumes on par or exceeding the official production samples which require special data handling techniques to deal with effectively.In this paper we explore the changes to the Fermilab computing infrastructure and computing models which have been developed to allow experimenters to effectively manage their personal analysis data and other data that falls outside of the typically centrally managed production chains. In particular we describe the models and tools that are being used to provide the modern neutrino experiments like NOvA with storage resources that are sufficient to meet their analysis needs, without imposing specific quotas on users or groups of users. We discuss the storage mechanisms and the caching algorithms that are being used as well as the toolkits are have been developed to allow the users to easily operate with terascale+ datasets. (paper)

Kynjakvótar og mögulegar hindranir á leið kvenna til æðstu stjórnunar

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Guðbjörg Linda Rafnsdóttir

2012-12-01

Full Text Available The main goal of the article is twofold. On the one hand to analyse the attitude towards gender quotas and gender balance in business management. On the other hand to understand which barriers women face on the way to top-level positions. We use three datasets; a telephone survey based on national register, a questionnaire among managers and interviews with managers and board members. The results show that even if managers and people in general see it as important to increase the number of women in economic decision-making, there is some scepticism towards gender quotas, especially among male managers. We also see gender differences in the view of what explains the fact that fewer women than men belong to the top leadership of business. As Iceland is the second country in the world to implement a law on gender quota in company boards, it is important to research the effects of the legislation and to see if, for example, the quotas result in more women being promoted to leading positions in business in general.

VENDOR SELECTION AND DETERMINING PROCUREMENT QUOTAS IN CONDITIONS WHEN DISCOUNTS ARE OFFERED ON THE TOTAL VALUE OF THE CONTRACTED PROCUREMENT OF MANY DIFFERENT PRODUCTS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zoran Babic

2012-04-01

Full Text Available Vendor selection is a very significant business problem for ensuring the competitiveness on the market. That is why companies pay great attention to this problem. To solve the vendor selection problems can be applied to a number of quantitative methods. Depending on the goals of the company the vendor selection can be a mono-criterion or multi-criterion programming problem. This paper deals with the problem of vendor selection and determining procurement quotas from selected vendors under conditions where vendors offer discounts to the total order value within a specified period where the buyer buys more products from the vendors. The total value of procurement costs in a given period is taken as an optimization criterion. In this paper the specific flour purchase problem is solved for a company that manufactures bakery products

VENDOR SELECTION AND DETERMINING PROCUREMENT QUOTAS IN CONDITIONS WHEN DISCOUNTS ARE OFFERED ON THE TOTAL VALUE OF THE CONTRACTED PROCUREMENT OF MANY DIFFERENT PRODUCTS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zoran Babić

2012-04-01

Full Text Available Vendor selection is a very significant business problem for ensuring the competitiveness on the market. That is why companies pay great attention to this problem. To solve the vendor selection problems can be applied to a number of quantitative methods. Depending on the goals of the company the vendor selection can be a mono-criterion or multi-criterion programming problem. This paper deals with the problem of vendor selection and determining procurement quotas from selected vendors under conditions where vendors offer discounts to the total order value within a specified period where the buyer buys more products from the vendors. The total value of procurement costs in a given period is taken as an optimization criterion. In this paper the specific flour purchase problem is solved for a company that manufactures bakery products.

Global climate regulation and border adjustment mechanisms: the case of carbon importers inclusion in the european trading scheme

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2008-06-01

The creation of an inclusion mechanism applied to imports whose production process increases significantly the global climate risk is looked upon as a solution to a collective-action problem. Such a mechanism would provide those States that will sign the next United Nations Convention on Climate Change with a potential remedy if and when gaps between quantified objects, to which all are committed, entail significant competition distortions. Whether this mechanism assumes the form of an external carbon tax or consists in including importers in the European system of CO 2 quota exchanges, it would surely respond to the re-distributive need generated by global warming, provided that the proceeds are used to help bring industrial production in developing countries up to standard. These restrictive measures aimed at preserving the planet are probably compatible with the extraordinary regimes applied by the WTO, which already uses exogenous non-trade norms to arbitrate conflicts. This would validate further the legitimacy of authority transfers onto the WTO, whose scope of legal authority increases constantly, along with that of conflicts that stem from collective preferences. (author)

Sectoral and regional expansion of emissions trading

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Boehringer, Christoph; Bouwe, Dijkstra; Rosendahl, Knut Einar

2011-07-01

We consider an international emissions trading scheme with partial sectoral and regional coverage. Sectoral and regional expansion of the trading scheme is beneficial in aggregate, but not necessarily for individual countries. We simulate international CO{sub 2} emission quota markets using marginal abatement cost functions and the Copenhagen 2020 climate policy targets for selected countries that strategically allocate emissions in a bid to manipulate the quota price. Quota exporters and importers generally have conflicting interests about admitting more countries to the trading coalition, and our results indicate that some countries may lose substantially when the coalition expands in terms of new countries. For a given coalition, expanding sectoral coverage makes most countries better off, but some countries (notably the USA and Russia) may lose out due to loss of strategic advantages. In general, exporters tend to have stronger strategic power than importers.(Author)

Trade-Based Estimation of Bluefin Tuna Catches in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, 2005–2011

Science.gov (United States)

Gagern, Antonius; van den Bergh, Jeroen; Sumaila, Ussif Rashid

2013-01-01

The Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean stock of Bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus (BFTE) has long been considered overfished and at risk of collapse. Although ICCAT quotas for this stock have decreased considerably over the past years, uncertainty exists about the degree of catch beyond this quota. The extent of such catch is an important piece of information in stock assessment models as well as being an indicator of the effectiveness of fisheries management. We present a model using Bluefin tuna trade data to infer actual catches. Basing our calculations on 25 countries involved in BFTE trade, we estimate that between 2005 and 2011, allowable quotas were exceeded by 44 percent. This gap between catch and quotas has slightly increased over past years, leading to estimated excess catches of 57 percent for the period between 2008 and 2011. To improve assessments, preparation and design of BFTE management, we suggest that the estimated total removals reported in this paper be included in stock assessment models for BFTE. An implication of our findings is that ICCAT member states should take stronger measures to monitor and enforce compliance with quotas. PMID:23922870

78 FR 46565 - Assessment of Fees for Dairy Import Licenses for the 2014 Tariff-Rate Import Quota Year

Science.gov (United States)

2013-08-01

... in order to defray the Department of Agriculture's costs of administering the licensing system under... related to administering the licensing system, and $125,280.00 represents other miscellaneous costs... / Thursday, August 1, 2013 / Notices#0;#0; [[Page 46565

75 FR 53271 - Assessment of Fees for Dairy Import Licenses for the 2011 Tariff-Rate Import Quota Year

Science.gov (United States)

2010-08-31

... costs of administering the licensing system under this regulation. The regulation at 7 CFR 6.33(a) also... directly related to administering the licensing system, and $53,000 represents other miscellaneous costs... / Tuesday, August 31, 2010 / Notices#0;#0; [[Page 53271

Um modelo de otimização para alíquotas do IPTU socialmente mais justas Un modelo de optimización de las tasas de impuestos a la propiedad socialmente más justo An optimization model for rates of socially fairer property tax

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Delfino Sá

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Este artigo apresenta um modelo de otimização matemática não linear que determina novas alíquotas para o Imposto sobre a Propriedade Predial e Territorial Urbana (IPTU incidente sobre os apartamentos residenciais no município do Salvador (BA. São considerados a progressividade das alíquotas, os valores venais dos imóveis, as rendas médias dos contribuintes e as usuais metodologias de cálculo do valor do imposto. Os resultados obtidos na aplicação desse modelo demonstram ser possível tratar de forma objetiva e socialmente mais justa a definição das alíquotas de IPTU para todos os tipos de imóveis de um município.En este trabajo se presenta un modelo de optimización matemática no lineal que determinan las nuevas tarifas del Impuesto Inmobiliario Urbano - Impuesto sobre la propiedad aplicado en apartamentos residenciales en la ciudad de Salvador (BA. Ellos se consideran la progresividad de los tipos impositivos, el mercado de valores de las propiedades, los ingresos medios de los contribuyentes y de los métodos habituales de cálculo de la cuantía del impuesto. Los resultados demuestran que la aplicación de este modelo se puede tratar de manera objetiva y socialmente más justo fijar los tipos de impuestos a la propiedad para todos los tipos de propiedades en un municipio.This article presents a nonlinear mathematical optimization model that determines new rates for the Urban Property Tax (IPTU on the residential apartments in the city of Salvador (BA. It considers the progressive increase in rates, the market values of properties, the taxpayers' average incomes, and the usual methodologies of the tax system. The results obtained in applying this model demonstrate that is possible to set tax rates in an objective and equitable manner in all kinds of urban property.

Oil demand continues to grow in the U.S. and worldwide

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tippee, B.; Beck, R.J.

1995-01-01

Rising oil consumption is challenging the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries production quota--but not the group's ability to meet demand. In the second half of 1995, the oil market will continue to need more oil from OPEC members than the group claims to be willing to produce with its quota at 24.52 million b/d. If the quota really limited supply, ingredients would be in place for a significant price hike. Growth in a non-OPEC production intensities temptations on OPEC members to cheat on quotas and has become a key factor in the market. OPEC producers have seen that if they don't meet incremental demand at the current price, other producers will. OPEC eventually will have to raise its quota or acknowledge that the artificial production limit lacks meaning. At present, the only real limit to supply is production capacity, which remains in excess relative to demand and which has demonstrated its ability to grow both within and outside of OPEC when prices rise. The paper discusses worldwide trends, pressures on OPEC, world crude prices, US prices, natural gas prices, US energy demand, natural gas use, gas supply, US demand for petroleum products, imports, and inventories

15 CFR 2011.206 - Suspension or revocation of individual certificates.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... Agreements OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE ALLOCATION OF TARIFF-RATE QUOTA ON IMPORTED... appealed to the Director, Import Policy and Trade Analysis Division, Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), U...

The Preparedness of the Indonesian Garment Exporters in the Post-MFA Scenario: An Analysis from the Survey

OpenAIRE

Shihab, Muchsin; K. Jain, Sudhir

2004-01-01

The clothing or garments industry has developed rapidly during the past some decades and has contributed to the economic growth of many nations, both developed and developing countries. This industry has been very much regulated by many bilateral agreements such as Multi Fiber Arrangement (MFA), a quota arrangement made by the importing countries. As MFA (quota regime) comes to an end by 2005 and integrates into the WTO regime, it will bring opportunities to highly competitive and proactive g...

Comparing the importance of different aspects of quality of life to older adults across diverse cultures.

Science.gov (United States)

Molzahn, Anita E; Kalfoss, Mary; Schick Makaroff, Kara; Skevington, Suzanne M

2011-03-01

there is limited research examining the relative importance of aspects of quality of life (QOL) to older adults across cultures. to examine the relative importance of 31 internationally agreed areas of QOL to older adults in 22 countries in relation to health status, age and level of economic development. a survey quota sampling design was used to collect cross-cultural data. This study reports a secondary analysis of WHOQOL-OLD pilot study, which was collected simultaneously in 22 centres. a variety of community, primary, secondary and tertiary health care settings located in Australia, France, Switzerland, England, Scotland, USA, Israel, Spain, Japan, China (mainland and Hong Kong), Turkey, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Hungary, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Brazil and Uruguay. the total sample contained 7,401 people over 60 years with a mean age of 73.1 years; 57.8% were women and 70.1% considered themselves 'healthy'. there were significant differences in the importance given to various aspects of QOL for people living in medium and high-development countries. Culture explained 15.9% of the variance in the importance ratings of QOL. However, the interaction showed that cultural differences were reduced once health status, gender and age were taken into account. The importance of QOL to age bands in different cultures was not significantly affected by whether or not participants perceived themselves to be healthy. understanding the self-reported importance of diverse aspects of QOL for different cultures and for healthy and less healthy people may assist national and international policy makers to decide on priorities for the development of programmes for the ageing population.

Simultaneous attainment of energy goals by means of green certificates and emission permits

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jensen, Stine Grenaa; Skytte, Klaus

2003-01-01

We discuss the analytical effects of introducing emission permits and green certificates and the corresponding quotas as regulatory mechanisms to, respectively, reduce emissions from electricity production and ensure a certain deployment of renewable energy. The different case studies in this paper show that both instruments can be used in order to reach an emission goal or a goal of renewable energy. However, the combination of these instruments and the way they are used, is shown to be important for the price faced by consumers. It is shown that the effect on the consumer price is not an unambiguous increase with the introduction of a green quota. There is a choice between quotas leading to a lower consumer price and quotas leading to a higher consumer price. As a result of this it is shown that it is always optimal to reach a renewable energy deployment goal by the use of green certificates. However, to reach an emission goal it is sometimes most favourable, with respect to consumer prices, to use green certificates and sometimes to use emission permits

The trophy hunting of African lions: scale, current management practices and factors undermining sustainability.

Science.gov (United States)

Lindsey, Peter Andrew; Balme, Guy Andrew; Funston, Paul; Henschel, Philipp; Hunter, Luke; Madzikanda, Hilary; Midlane, Neil; Nyirenda, Vincent

2013-01-01

The trophy hunting of lions Panthera leo is contentious due to uncertainty concerning conservation impacts and because of highly polarised opinions about the practice. African lions are hunted across at least ~558,000 km(2), which comprises 27-32% of the lion range in countries where trophy hunting of the species is permitted. Consequently, trophy hunting has potential to impart significant positive or negative impacts on lions. Several studies have demonstrated that excessive trophy harvests have driven lion population declines. There have been several attempts by protectionist non-governmental organisations to reduce or preclude trophy hunting via restrictions on the import and export of lion trophies. We document the management of lion hunting in Africa and highlight challenges which need addressing to achieve sustainability. Problems include: unscientific bases for quota setting; excessive quotas and off-takes in some countries; fixed quotas which encourage over-harvest; and lack of restrictions on the age of lions that can be hunted. Key interventions needed to make lion hunting more sustainable, include implementation of: enforced age restrictions; improved trophy monitoring; adaptive management of quotas and a minimum length of lion hunts of at least 21 days. Some range states have made important steps towards implementing such improved management and off-takes have fallen steeply in recent years. For example age restrictions have been introduced in Tanzania and in Niassa in Mozambique, and are being considered for Benin and Zimbabwe, several states have reduced quotas, and Zimbabwe is implementing trophy monitoring. However, further reforms are needed to ensure sustainability and reduce conservation problems associated with the practice while allowing retention of associated financial incentives for conservation.

The trophy hunting of African lions: scale, current management practices and factors undermining sustainability.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Peter Andrew Lindsey

Full Text Available The trophy hunting of lions Panthera leo is contentious due to uncertainty concerning conservation impacts and because of highly polarised opinions about the practice. African lions are hunted across at least ~558,000 km(2, which comprises 27-32% of the lion range in countries where trophy hunting of the species is permitted. Consequently, trophy hunting has potential to impart significant positive or negative impacts on lions. Several studies have demonstrated that excessive trophy harvests have driven lion population declines. There have been several attempts by protectionist non-governmental organisations to reduce or preclude trophy hunting via restrictions on the import and export of lion trophies. We document the management of lion hunting in Africa and highlight challenges which need addressing to achieve sustainability. Problems include: unscientific bases for quota setting; excessive quotas and off-takes in some countries; fixed quotas which encourage over-harvest; and lack of restrictions on the age of lions that can be hunted. Key interventions needed to make lion hunting more sustainable, include implementation of: enforced age restrictions; improved trophy monitoring; adaptive management of quotas and a minimum length of lion hunts of at least 21 days. Some range states have made important steps towards implementing such improved management and off-takes have fallen steeply in recent years. For example age restrictions have been introduced in Tanzania and in Niassa in Mozambique, and are being considered for Benin and Zimbabwe, several states have reduced quotas, and Zimbabwe is implementing trophy monitoring. However, further reforms are needed to ensure sustainability and reduce conservation problems associated with the practice while allowing retention of associated financial incentives for conservation.

The Customs Regulation of Export-Import Operations in the Context of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between Ukraine and the EU

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kuzmin Oleh Ye.

2017-05-01

Full Text Available The article is concerned with the problems of reforming the customs regulation of export-import operations in the context of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between Ukraine and the EU. Both the goods and the territorial structures of Ukraine’s export-import activities with the EU Member States were analyzed. Trends in the cooperation of the foreign economic actors in the Lviv region with the EU counterparts were explored. The key activities carried out in Ukraine in the sphere of customs regulation in the context of implementation of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between Ukraine and the EU have been outlined and characterized, in particular: administration of tariff quotas, issuance of certificates by the customs authorities for the transport of EUR 1 goods, granting of the status of authorized exporter to economic entities, launching of an automated system of customs services «One-stop window», transition to electronic declaration, etc. The results, problematic issues and benefits of implementing the above activities in the sphere of customs regulation of the export-import activities of enterprises have been characterized.

Bio-MTBE. A new option to fulfil biofuel quota for gasoline; Bio-MTBE. Eine neue Option zur Erfuellung der Biokraftstoffquote in Ottokraftstoffen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Busch, Oliver M.; Schade, Arnd; Locher, Annette [Evonik Industries AG, Essen (Germany)

2013-05-15

To meet the legally required bio-fuel quota in gasoline, an alternative to the ethanol blend E10 is nowavailable for nearly one year. Evonik Industries has introduced a bio-version of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), an anti-knock agent, on the market. Chemically, both products are identical, because in production methanol is exchanged for bio-methanol. Bio-methanol is produced from raw glycerine, which arises as a byproduct from biodiesel production. This makes bio-MTBE an ideal bio-fuel component as defined by the EU's Renewable Energy Directive: Fuel components made from waste and residues are ''double counted'' regarding their bio-energy content. The product is widely used in the German and Dutch markets. In both countries, bio- MTBE is legally recognized as a bio-fuel component fulfilling double counting requirements. In the meantime, also other European countries have been introducing double counting for second-generation biofuel components. The EU Commission proposed to allow components based on residual materials to be calculated fourfold in the future. Should this be the case, bio-MTBE would become significantly more valuable. (orig.)

Translating Institutional Templates: A Historical Account of the Consequences of Importing Policing Models into Argentina

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Matías Dewey

2017-01-01

Full Text Available This article focuses on the translation of the French and English law enforcement models into Argentina and analyzes its consequences in terms of social order. Whereas in the former two models the judiciary and police institutions originated in large-scale processes of historical consolidation, in the latter these institutions were implanted without the antecedents present in their countries of origin. The empirical references are Argentine police institutions, particularly the police of the Buenos Aires Province, observed at two moments in which the institutional import was particularly intense: towards the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, and at the end of the twentieth century. By way of tracing these processes of police constitution and reform, we show how new models of law enforcement and policing interacted with indigenous political structures and cultural frames, as well as how this constellation produced a social order in which legality and illegality are closely interwoven. The article is an attempt to go beyond the common observations regarding how an imported model failed; instead, it dissects the effects the translation actually produced and how the translated models transform into resources that reshape the new social order. A crucial element, the article shows, is that these resources can be instrumentalized according to »idiosyncrasies«, interests, and quotas of power.

The Importance of Target Market Selection for More Profitable Olive Oil Exports by Turkey: A Case Study

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mustafa METE

2015-12-01

Full Text Available In this study, the quotas and taxes implemented by EU to Turkey were examined and it was observed that these policies have negative effects on Turkey’s olive oil exports. Due to the restrictive policies and low profitability in the entry to the EU market, it was determined that Turkey should be directed to the markets that have higher profitability compared with the exports to EU countries. These detections were carried out in accordance with the information obtained from International Trade Center (ITC and Market Access Database (MAD. As a result of the detections it has been found that exports to the EU countries are more profitable and the entry to the market is easier than to the US. As a result of the researches in ITC and MAD databases, actual companies in oil imports in the US market have been determined and it has shown by examining a bill of loading sample that the firms that make olive oils exports in Turkey easily enter new target markets if they know the usage of the databases

Participation des jeunes femmes à la vie politique au Soudan ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Outputs. Reports. Impact of quota on candidates : beyond numbers. Reports. Women in political parties' structures : the quota types discourse. Reports. Quota in Sudanese electoral law : achievements or challenges and lessons learned. Reports. Quota debate : research finding report; annex II ...

Economic effort management in multispecies fisheries: the FcubEcon model

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hoff, Ayoe; Frost, Hans; Ulrich, Clara

2010-01-01

Applying single-species assessment and quotas in multispecies fisheries can lead to overfishing or quota underutilization, because advice can be conflicting when different stocks are caught within the same fishery. During the past decade, increased focus on this issue has resulted in the developm......Applying single-species assessment and quotas in multispecies fisheries can lead to overfishing or quota underutilization, because advice can be conflicting when different stocks are caught within the same fishery. During the past decade, increased focus on this issue has resulted...... optimal manner, in both effort-management and single-quota management settings.Applying single-species assessment and quotas in multispecies fisheries can lead to overfishing or quota underutilization, because advice can be conflicting when different stocks are caught within the same fishery. During...

Development of a breeding objective for Estonian Holstein cattle

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

E. PÄRNA

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Economic weights for milk carrier (water plus lactose, fat and protein yields, calving interval, age at first service, interval between the first service and conception of heifers and length of productive life of Estonian Holsteins were estimated under assumed milk production quota and for non-quota conditions. A bio-economic model of an integrated production system of a closed herd was used. Economic values of milk carrier yield and length of productive life differed between quota and non-quota conditions, but there were only minor differences between those marketing systems in economic values for functional traits. The standardised economic values of the most important traits varied in magnitude between18 to 81% of the economic value for milk yield. Discounting had a substantial impact on the economic value of length of productive life. When defining the breeding objective for Estonian Holstein, the interval between the first service and conception of heifers, and the length of productive life should be included in the breeding goal along with the traits with the highest economic value, milk, fat and protein yield. In the optimum breeding objective, relative weights of production vs. functional traits were 79 and 21%, respectively.;

Ex-USSR: Oil exporter or importer?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Khartukov, E.M.

1993-01-01

Political disintegration and economic perestroika in the former Soviet Union (FSU) have major international ramifications and some of these can be found in the oil sector. An overview is presented of the FSU oil industry, including the conditions preceding and following the breakup. Early effects of the breakup included shortages of liquid fuels and the introduction of a strict export quota and license system. The likelihood of disruptions in oil exports, caused by political clashes between Russia and the other oil-transporting republics is low. Rapid decentralization of the Soviet oil trade is likely to bring forth currency-starved national exporters that may add substantially to international market competition and further undercut unstable world oil prices. In the short term, the FSU oil industry will suffer from inevitable imbalances which will manifest themselves in regional oil shortages and gluts spreading towards neighbouring international markets. In the medium and longer term the cooperating parts will become more self-reliant or infrastructurally independent and will speed natural growth and integration into neighbouring petroleum markets. Crude oil and oil product balances of the FSU republics are presented. 2 refs., 2 figs., 7 tabs

The environmental agreement may lead to large losses for the oil producers. The Kyoto mechanisms are very important to Norway

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1999-01-01

The article presents an economic model study of the implications of an climatic agreement. Two main scenarios are presented: 1) The Kyoto protocol is extended to 2020. 2) All counties ratify a climatic agreement. The conclusions are that the Kyoto protocol may have great effects on the oil and gas markets and large economic consequences for Norway. It is therefore mandatory to extensively use the Kyoto mechanisms such as trade with quotas, common implementation and the green development mechanism

Genetic variation for characters of importance for growth in Salix viminalis L. Final report; Genetisk variation foer karaktaerer av betydelse foer tillvaext hos Salix viminalis L. Slutrapport

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Roennberg-Waestljung, Ann Christin; Gullberg, Urban [Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala (Sweden). Dept. of Plant Biology

2000-04-01

The overall goal for this project was to study the genetic variation and the genetic relationships for different growth characters and for water use efficiency (WUE) in Salix viminalis and also to use this knowledge to formulate breeding goals for Salix. Two factorial crossings with Swedish and Polish origin, each with 320 families have been used. Part of the Polish material was used to study the genetic variation for carbon isotope quota. Carbon isotope quota gives a measure of the WUE for the plant. Crossings have been made to change and improve the WUE in Salix viminalis. Construction of a genetic linkage map has started and the map can be used to identify genetic markers for WUE. The results show that most of the growth characters have both additive genetic variation and also a high degree of dominance genetic variation. A strategy in the breeding where both additive and dominance variation can be utilized should be adopted. WUE show mainly additive genetic variation but also a high heritability. This gives great opportunities to improve Salix material for WUE through recurrent selection.

Cartel surprised by quota reduction

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Debnar, M.

2003-01-01

Development of world prices of petroleum in April - September 2003 are analysed. OPEC accepted a decision to lower oil production in 900 thousands barrels per day to 24.5 millions barrels per day from 1 November 2003. Although Russian Federation reports higher oil production every month, it does not represent danger for OPEC for the present. Problem is to import the oil. Situation will change dramatically from 2008. Russian Federation plans anyway to build gigantic pipeline to Murmansk port in Barents Sea. Thanks to it Russian oil export to USA should sharply extend. It was reported by Russian Minister of economy German Gref with note that construction of pipeline is priority for Russian Federation, which wants to diversification its oil export from traditional Europe. Project of pipeline construction from Western Siberia to deep water of Murmansk terminal was published by five oil companies leaded by Lukoil and Yukos already at the end of last year. Pipeline should cost 4 billions USD and it should transport up to 2.4 millions barrels of oil per day. In the meantime Caspian oil should start to flow to Europe

15 CFR 2011.204 - Entry of specialty sugars.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE ALLOCATION OF TARIFF-RATE QUOTA ON IMPORTED SUGARS, SYRUPS AND... present a certificate to the appropriate customs official at the date of entry of specialty sugars. Entry...

Renewable energy covernance systems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hvelplund, F.

2001-01-01

The 'political quota-/certificate price market' system introduces an inefficient competition between energy robots, and weakens the increasingly important competition between equipment producers. It hampers the competition between investors by making it difficult for neighbours and local investors to invest in wind turbines. Due to its mono price character, it gives too high profits to wind turbine owners at very good wind sites, and not high enough to wind turbine owners at poor wind sites. The 'political quota-/certificate price market' system is very far from being a market model, as the RE amount is politically decided and the certificate market price is also political influenced. The conclusion, therefore, is that it is time to find a RE governance model that considers the specific needs and characteristics of RE technologies. The present analysis strongly indicates that a 'political price-/amount market' model in this connection is far better than the 'political quota-/certificate price market' model. Furthermore, a common EU model, based on the principle of site efficiency, would be much more flexible, cheaper and easier to pursue than the 'political quota-/certificate price market', or mono price model, which is designed for uranium and fossil fuel technologies, and represents a governance model designed for the technologies of yesterday. (EHS)

Strategic partitioning of emissions allowances in the EU ETS

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Boehringer, Christoph (Carl von Ossietzky Univ. Oldenburg (Germany)); Rosendahl, Knut Einar (Research Dept., Statistics Norway, Oslo (Norway))

2008-07-01

The EU ETS opens up for strategic partitioning of emissions allowances by the Member States. In this paper we examine the potential effects of such strategic behavior on quota prices and abatement costs. We show that although marginal abatement costs in the sectors outside the EU ETS become quite differentiated, the effects on the quota price and total abatement costs are small. More abatement, however, takes place in the old Member States that are importers of allowances, compared to the cost-effective outcome. Single countries can nevertheless significantly affect the outcome of the EU ETS by exploiting their market power

Developing Economies and Global Governance: Will IMF Rethink Its Orthodox View?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Manjula Jain

2018-01-01

Full Text Available It has been constantly viewed that the developed economies unevenly ruled the governance structures in the international organizations such as International Monetary Fund (MF. The continuous development in Emerging and Developing Economies (EDEs over the last 20 years witnessed their growing importance in the world economy, but at the same time little increase in their voice in the IMF. There are reasons for the discontent of the EDEs in the present structure such as the increase of regional monetary arrangements, uneven distribution of quota shares, IMF quota reforms, and IMF voting structure. The world economy is witnessing a tremendous growth of these EDEs and is now at the verge where Asian economies are capable of leading, rather than the North Atlantic economies. This issue should be acknowledged properly and must be responded adequately. This paper makes an attempt to understand the prime issues that should be fixed in the current quotas system and voting structure in the IMF.

75 FR 15401 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Science.gov (United States)

2010-03-29

...) the accuracy of the agency's estimate of burden including the validity of the methodology and...) governs the administration of the import licensing system applicable to most dairy products subject to... converted existing absolute quotas to TRQs. Imports of nearly all cheese made from cow's milk (except soft...

78 FR 77657 - Fisheries of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and South Atlantic; Amendment 40 to the Fishery...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-12-24

... program that keeps the sector from exceeding its quota. The recreational sector is managed under a quota and NMFS projects the season length based on the quota and recent years' harvest trends. Due to the...

Cotas tarifárias e o impacto sobre as exportações agrícolas brasileiras na União Européia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Honório Kume

2007-06-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de cotas tarifárias adicionais para as exportações brasileiras de produtos agrícolas, com base na proposta européia de maio de 2004 no âmbito das negociações para um acordo de livre-comércio Mercosul- União Européia. A análise teórica do funcionamento dos três instrumentos da cota tarifária (seu volume e as tarifas intra e extracota revela que, dependendo da demanda, apenas um deles efetivamente restringe as importações. Assim, a oferta de cotas adicionais não implica necessariamente um aumento equivalente na quantidade exportada. Na estimativa de ganho de receita deve ser considerada também a variação na renda da cota. Além disso, a administração da cota terá um papel crucial na alocação dessa renda. Caso seja o Mercosul a fazê-la, as estimativas indicam um aumento de US$ 728 milhões na receita de divisas, bastante próximo do valor da cota total oferecida a preços correntes, sendo US$ 252 milhões resultantes da apropriação das rendas das cotas e US$ 476 milhões do incremento nas exportações. Se o controle das cotas for realizado pela União Européia, o ganho do Brasil decorrerá exclusivamente do aumento das exportações, atingindo apenas 63,7% do valor da cota citada.This paper aims to evaluate the effects of additional tariff quotas on some Brazilian agricultural exports. The study focuses on the European offer in the negotiations for a Mercosur-European Union free trade agreement in May 2004. The economic analysis of the tariff quota shows that - given the demand curve - only one of the three components (the volume and the intra and extra tariffs rates will effectively pose a restriction to the imports. So, the concession of an additional quota does not necessarily imply an equivalent increase in exports. In the estimation of the gains, one must consider the change in the quota rent. Besides the administration of the quota systems will play crucial role

Acesso à universidade pública através de cotas: uma reflexão a partir da percepção dos alunos de um pré-vestibular inclusivo Acceso a la universidad pública a través de cuotas Quotas for assessing public university: una reflexión a partir de la percepción de los alumnos de un programa preuniversitario inclusivo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Simão Dias Vasconcelos

2005-12-01

cuotas basado en el color de la piel, un criterio reconocidamente pasible de errores y preconceptos. Se pretende estimular el debate sobre formas alternativas de ampliar el acceso a la universidad pública, tales como los cursos pre-universitarios inclusivos que tienen aumentado la competitividad de alumnos de la red pública.Quotas for the access to the university have been implemented without a proper debate among the segments involved, including teachers and candidates to a university degree. In this research, we aimed at assessing the perception of students from a socially inclusive pre-university course about quota implementation. Most students were favorable, and considered as priority to benefit former students of public schools, instead of minorities based on color/race. Over half of the students showed interest in being benefited by the quotas, as long as in the category of public school students. The same students would consider the approval of another student benefited by the quotas with a lower score to be unfair, if that meant their exclusion form the university. It is discussed in the article the inadequacy of a quota system based solely on the color of the skin, a criterion widely recognized as subjected to errors and prejudice. We intend to stimulate the debate about alternative ways to increase the access to public universities, such as pre-university courses that have improved the competitiveness of former public school students.

Renegotiation-proof equilibria in a global emission game when players are impatient

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Finus, M.; Rundshagen, B. [Department of Economics, University of Hagen, Hagen (Germany)

1999-10-01

In a two-country model, in which countries differ with respect to the perception of environmental damages and abatement costs, the stability of international environmental agreements is analyzed in a dynamic framework. Three types of agreements are considered: A socially optimal solution, a uniform emission tax (a tax equally applied in both countries) and a uniform emission reduction quota (an equal percentage emission reduction from a base year). Stability is checked for these agreements according to the concept of renegotiation-proofness. It is shown that the stability requirements depend crucially on the parameters defining the interests of the two countries and the type of agreement. Moreover, it is demonstrated that if punishment options are restricted for some reason the stability of an agreement may suffer. One important result of the paper is that if countries exhibit asymmetric interests, stability in the quota regime is higher than in the tax regime and in the social optimum. This might explain why emission reduction quotas have been so popular in international politics despite recommendations of economists to use market-based instruments. 28 refs.

Renegotiation-proof equilibria in a global emission game when players are impatient

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Finus, M.; Rundshagen, B.

1998-01-01

In a two-country model, in which countries differ with respect to the perception of environmental damages and abatement costs, the stability of international environmental agreements is analyzed in a dynamic framework. Three types of agreements are considered: A socially optimal solution, a uniform emission tax (a tax equally applied in both countries) and a uniform emission reduction quota (an equal percentage emission reduction from a base year). Stability is checked for these agreements according to the concept of renegotiation-proofness. It is shown that the stability requirements depend crucially on the parameters defining the interests of the two countries and the type of agreement. Moreover, it is demonstrated that if punishment options are restricted for some reason the stability of an agreement may suffer. One important result of the paper is that if countries exhibit asymmetric interests, stability in the quota regime is higher than in the tax regime and in the social optimum. This might explain why emission reduction quotas have been so popular in international politics despite recommendations of economists to use market-based instruments. 28 refs

Does timing and announcement matter?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Adams, Philip D; Andersen, Lill Thanning; Jacobsen, Lars Bo

We address the issue of timing and announcement within a dynamic applied general equilibrium model of the Danish economy. Specifically we analyse the introduction of a quota on the production of pigs. Two scenarios are analysed, namely the introduction of a once-off quota without any previous...... and rental rates when making their investment decisions. Hence, the capital stock starts to adjust from the start of the simulation. When the quota is implemented without warning investors adjusts fully when the quota is implemented. However, the environmental gains are obtained faster in this case due...

The landing obligation in view of different management regimes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Frost, Hans Staby; Hoff, Ayoe

2017-01-01

The European Union adopted a landing obligation in 2015 implying that all catches of fish subject to quota management must be landed. We compare and contrast the economic consequences for fisheries of the landing obligation in view of the management system on which it is super-imposed. Four types...... the strongest influence on both industry profitability and catch of unwanted species in the case of management with shared non-transferable quotas. In addition, the move from management with shared quotas to individual transferable quotas (ITQ) increases industry profitability and reduces unwanted catches...

Changes in taxation and their impact on economic growth in the European Union

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Irena Szarowská

2011-01-01

Full Text Available The aim of the paper is to analyze changes in taxation and their impact on economic growth in the European Union. The analysis is performed on adjusted annual panel data of 24 European Union countries in a period 1995–2008. Panel regression with fixed effects is used as a basic method of research. The panel regression is based on analysis the effect of total tax quota changes on GDP growth in model 1, of changes in its components (social contribution, direct and indirect tax quotas in model 2 and of personal and corporate income tax quota changes in model 3. Results of empirical tests verify statistically significant negative effect of tax burden on GDP growth. Total tax quota increased by 1% decreases the GDP growth rate by 0.29% in the same year. Estimations confirm a statistically significant negative effect of direct taxes on GDP growth as well. A cut in the direct tax quota by 1% raises the GDP growth rate by 0.43%. The model also presents a high negative impact of an increase in the corporate income tax quota on GDP growth (a value of the regression coefficient is minus 1.28%. The effect of social contribution quota on GDP growth is not statistically significant in any estimation.

The Commodity and its Exchange

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Høst, Jeppe Engset

2015-01-01

and the value of the quota are examined through the concrete exchange of fishing rights, and it is explained why quota trade can give rise to speculation and monopolies. In the final part of the chapter, it is argued that the value of transferable fishing quotas rely on a social relation between owners...

Phormidium autumnale Growth and Anatoxin-a Production under Iron and Copper Stress

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francine M. J. Harland

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Studies on planktonic cyanobacteria have shown variability in cyanotoxin production, in response to changes in growth phase and environmental factors. Few studies have investigated cyanotoxin regulation in benthic mat-forming species, despite increasing reports on poisoning events caused by ingestion of these organisms. In this study, a method was developed to investigate changes in cyanotoxin quota in liquid cultures of benthic mat-forming cyanobacteria. Iron and copper are important in cellular processes and are well known to affect growth and selected metabolite production in cyanobacteria and algae. The effect of iron (40–4000 μg L−1 and copper (2.5–250 μg L−1 on growth and anatoxin-a quota in Phormidium autumnale was investigated in batch culture. These concentrations were chosen to span those found in freshwater, as well as those previously reported to be toxic to cyanobacteria. Anatoxin-a concentrations varied throughout the growth curve, with a maximum quota of between 0.49 and 0.55 pg cell−1 measured within the first two weeks of growth. Growth rates were significantly affected by copper and iron concentrations (P < 0.0001; however, no statistically significant difference between anatoxin-a quota maxima was observed. When the iron concentrations were 800 and 4000 μg L−1, the P. autumnale cultures did not firmly attach to the substratum. At 250 μg L−1 copper or either 40 or 4000 μg L−1 iron, growth was suppressed.

Crisis Management in Youth Leadership - an Evaluation of Paul's ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Youths are considered important and cherished in every part of the world. The men, women and youths constitute the lay members of the church with each group contributing its own quota in both the church and the society. However, despite the importance attached to the youths and the fact that there cannot be a happy ...

Efficient Environmental Policy with Imperfect Compliance

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sandmo, A. [Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen (Norway)

2002-09-01

Discussions of efficient environmental policy tend to recommend taxes rather than quotas on grounds of efficiency; a uniform tax will equalize marginal abatement cost between polluters. When polluters' actions are imperfectly observable, the distinction between taxes and quotas becomes less clear. Taxes may be evaded by underreporting of emissions, while quota violations will not always be discovered. This paper explores the conditions under which the efficiency properties of taxes continue to hold even when evasion is possible, and the extent to which the fine for quota violations plays the same role as a tax on emissions with similar efficiency properties.

Implementation of the European directive for the market of negotiable CO2 emission permits

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Coussy, P.

2004-01-01

The European directive 87/2003/CE, establishing a system of exchange of greenhouse gas emission quotas, was adopted on July 22, 2003. Before the opening of the gas market on July 1, 2005, the industrialists will have to integrate in their strategic development plan the existence of a new financial asset: the CO 2 quota. At a time when all member states are preparing their 'climate plan', a given number of CO 2 emission quotas will be assigned to industrialists. They will have to stay below these quotas otherwise financial sanctions will be imposed. (J.S.)

Economic gains from introducing international ITQs - the case of the mackerel and herring fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Thøgersen, Thomas Talund; Eigaard, Ole Ritzau; Fitzpatrick, M.

2015-01-01

Achieving a balance between fishing capacity and fishing opportunities is one of the major challenges in European fisheries. One way to achieve this is to introduce individual tradable quotas or similar management measures. In several mackerel and herring fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic...... that the gross cash flow can be improved by 21% by allowing the mackerel and herring quotas to be traded internationally in the Northeast Atlantic. This rent gain arises mainly from increased productivity by allowing tradability between areas and fleets. The analysis also shows that the Danish pelagic fleet...... will gain from increasing its share of mackerel and herring quotas, whereas the Irish fleets are incentivised to sell quota, if individual quotas are allowed to be traded among countries. This result is in line with the qualitative analyses that show that Irish fishermen targeting herring in the Celtic Sea...

O desafio da convivência: assessoria de diversidade e apoio aos cotistas (2004-2008 El desafío de la convivencia: asesoría de diversidad y apoyo a los cotizantes (2004-2008 The challenge of conviviality: advisory For diversity and support to quota holders (2004-2008

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jaqueline Gomes de Jesus

2013-01-01

a 35 estudiantes universitarios oriundos del Sistema de Cotas para Negros asistentes al CCN. Los datos de evocación fueron analizados utilizando el software Evoc. Los resultados indican que el CCN, en el período analizado, era reconocido por sus usuarios como un espacio de abrigo ante a una organización académica heterogénea, marcada por prejuicios. Son discutidas las limitaciones y las posibilidades de intervención desde el uso del CCN, y una agenda de propuestas para la ADAC, con foco en la gestión de la diversidad.In 2003, the University of Brasília adopted a policy of affirmative action for black people, the System of Quotas for Blacks. In 2004 the Advisory for Diversity and Support to Quota Holders was created. Faced with the demands of the social movement for a support room for students, the Black Conviviality Center was developed, a space opened to the entire academic community. This article presents the experience of the Advisory to 2008 and analyzes the challenges of conviviality between quota students and academic space, through a qualitative research on perceptions, feelings and expectations about the Center, in the form of questionnaires which contained an evocation question to the Center, applied to 35 college students from the System of Quotas for Blacks who attended the Center. The evocation data were analyzed using the software Evoc. The results indicate that the Center, in the analyzed period, was recognized by its users as a welcoming space, compared to a heterogeneous academic organization, marked by prejudices. The limitations and possibilities of interventions for the use of CCN are discussed, and an agenda for the Advisory is proposed, with a focus on diversity management.

Regulating renewable resources under uncertainty

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hansen, Lars Gårn

) that a pro-quota result under uncertainty about prices and marginal costs is unlikely, requiring that the resource growth function is highly concave locally around the optimum and, 3) that quotas are always preferred if uncertainly about underlying structural economic parameters dominates. These results...... showing that quotas are preferred in a number of situations qualify the pro fee message dominating prior studies....

New policies may call for new approaches: the case of the Swedish Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) fisheries in the Kattegat and Skagerrak

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hornborg, Sara; Jonsson, Patrik; Sköld, Mattias

2017-01-01

-evaluations of current practice are important as a basis for management actions. The Swedish fishery for Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) in the Kattegat–Skagerrak area provides an interesting case study of relevance to emerging policies. Sprung from an unbalance in available fish- and Nephrops quotas...

Etnoarcheologia dei paesaggi alpini di alta quota nelle Alpi occidentali: un bilancio preliminare / Ethnoarchaeology of Western Alpine upland landscapes: preliminary results

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francesco Carrer

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Lo studio dell’interazione tra gruppi umani e ambiente montano è centrale nell’attuale ricerca archeologica. L’etnoarcheologia contribuisce analizzando questa interazione nei contesti moderni e contemporanei, con lo scopo di creare modelli analogici per interpretare il passato e di comprendere più a fondo le strategie umane storiche e attuali. Il progetto EthWAL (Etnoarcheologia dei paesaggi alpini di alta quota nelle Alpi occidentali, nato nel 2013, si pone come punto di riferimento per lo studio delle attività umane nelle alte quote alpine in epoca moderna e contemporanea. È un progetto multidisciplinare (unisce i metodi archeologici a quelli etnografici e storiografici, alle analisi spaziali e alle analisi dei suoli e multiscalare (dalla piccola alla grande scala. Particolare attenzione è data alle capanne pastorali tradizionali. I risultati di questo progetto saranno utili all’archeologia e permetteranno la valorizzazione delle caratteristiche culturali dei paesaggi di alta montagna. The study of the interaction between human groups and mountain environment is crucial for archaeological research. Ethnoarchaeology contributes the analysis of this interaction in modern and contemporary contexts, aimed at creating analogical models for interpreting the past and understanding human strategies in historical and modern periods. The EthWAL project (Ethnoarchaeology of Western Alpine upland Landscapes, started in 2013, and aims to be a reference for the study of human activities in the alpine uplands during the modern and contemporary age. This is a multidisciplinary (associating archaeological methods to ethnography, historiography, spatial analysis and soil analysis and multiscalar project (small to large scale. Specific attention is given to traditional pastoral huts. The results of this project will be useful for archaeology and contribute to the management of cultural heritage in high altitude landscapes.

Data-poor management of African lion hunting using a relative index of abundance.

Science.gov (United States)

Edwards, Charles T T; Bunnefeld, Nils; Balme, Guy A; Milner-Gulland, E J

2014-01-07

Sustainable management of terrestrial hunting requires managers to set quotas restricting offtake. This often takes place in the absence of reliable information on the population size, and as a consequence, quotas are set in an arbitrary fashion, leading to population decline and revenue loss. In this investigation, we show how an indirect measure of abundance can be used to set quotas in a sustainable manner, even in the absence of information on population size. Focusing on lion hunting in Africa, we developed a simple algorithm to convert changes in the number of safari days required to kill a lion into a quota for the following year. This was tested against a simulation model of population dynamics, accounting for uncertainties in demography, observation, and implementation. Results showed it to reliably set sustainable quotas despite these uncertainties, providing a robust foundation for the conservation of hunted species.

Prices vs. quantities. Incentives for renewable power generation. Numerical analysis for the European power market

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nagl, Stephan

2013-02-15

In recent years, many countries have implemented policies to incentivize renewable power generation. This paper outlines the effects of weather uncertainty on investment and operation decisions of electricity producers under a feed-in tariff and renewable quota obligation. Furthermore, this paper tries to quantify the sectoral welfare and investments risks under the different policies. For this purpose, a spatial stochastic equilibrium model is introduced for the European electricity market. The numerical analysis suggests that including the electricity market price in renewable policies (wholesale price + x) reduces the loss of sectoral welfare due to a renewable policy by 11-20 %. Moreover, investors face an only slightly higher risk than under fixed price compensations. However, electricity producers face a substantially larger investment risk when introducing a renewable quota obligation without the option of banking and borrowing of green certificates. Given the scenario results, an integration of the hourly market price in renewable support mechanisms is mandatory to keep the financial burden to electricity consumers at a minimum. Additionally, following the discussion of a European renewable quota after 2020, the analysis indicates the importance of an appropriate banking and borrowing mechanism in light of stochastic wind and solar generation.

Coal in Spain: grasping the political nettle might open up imports

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1996-12-01

Coal is still a major item on Spain`s economic and political agenda. The government sought, and found, a stronger ally - the electricity generating companies, the consumers of 90% of all coal burnt in Spain. Josep Pique, the Industry Minister, told the generating companies that they would have to make across-the-board price reductions per kilowatt hour sold in 1997. The figure aimed at is 3% in 1997: industrial users get the lion`s share of the reductions. At the same the operating companies were called upon to sign an agreement, dubbed a protocol, which would allow them to recover so-called `write-off` costs (coal subsidies, cancelled investments in nuclear power, etc.) via tariff surcharges. At one level, the government is trying to place all the operators, Endesa, Iberdrola, Fesca, Sevillana, Union Fenosa and Hidrocantabrico under starter`s orders for the free-competition race, when large and medium-sized electricity users will be able to negotiate individual supply contracts from rival operators, who will also have to bid for the right to supply the national grid. However, there is a lot of bucking and rearing as the bigger companies, Endesa and Iberdrola particularly, come up to the stalls. One of the Endesa`s main complaints is that because of its state-owned status, it has been compelled to retain a much larger proportion of coal-fired plant than its rivals and that it can only compete on equal terms if it can replace its domestic coal quota with coal imports. The article presents the latest position of the government which promises no immediate changes to coal subsidies and separating rules for free-market electricity generation from any commitment to a gradual closure of Spanish mines, in an attempt to pacify mine owners, (following a bid by Endesa to control Fesca and Sevillinana). 3 photos.

The Icelandic ITQ System

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Christensen, Anne-Sofie; Hegland, Troels Jacob; Oddsson, Geir

2009-01-01

volume of landings is constituted by pelagic species. Cod, which is mainly caught in the Icelanders’ own exclusive economic zone, is the economically most important fish. The aim of this chapter is to evaluate the Icelandic individual transferable quota shares system with its management innovations, e...

Algeria's big south

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Roberts, J.

1998-01-01

The implications of the civil war in Algeria for the oil and gas industry there are discussed. Topics covered include repairing pipelines, risks for oil and gas workers, the importance of revenues for the Algerian economy, quota busting, and security implications for the European business. (UK)

Determinants of OPEC production: Implications for OPEC behavior

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kaufmann, Robert K.; Bradford, Andrew; Belanger, Laura H.; Mclaughlin, John P.; Miki, Yosuke

2008-01-01

We estimate models that identify the economic and organizational determinants of crude oil production by individual OPEC nations. To clarify the interpretation of econometric results, we model production with specifications that resolve the statistical ordering of variables and estimate models with techniques that can cope with stochastic trends in the time series. We also analyze the short-run dynamics for asymmetries that may carry important insights about OPEC behavior. Results indicate that Quotas are an important determinant of production and their effects generally are symmetric, which implies that OPEC is an organization that influences production and ultimately prices. Real prices generally have a positive effect on production and the size of this effect may depend on spare capacity, which implies that OPEC behaviors also embody competitive elements. Finally all nations other than Saudi Arabia show some form of production sharing behavior, which may imply that OPEC shares mismatches between the call for OPEC production and OPEC quotas. (author)

Imported palm oil for biofuels in the EU: Profitability, greenhouse gas emissions and social welfare effects

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Saikkonen, Liisa; Ollikainen, Markku; Lankoski, Jussi

2014-01-01

We examine the social desirability of renewable diesel production from imported palm oil in the EU when greenhouse gas emissions are taken into account. Using a partial market equilibrium model, we also study the sectoral social welfare effects of a biofuel policy consisting of a blend mandate in a small EU country (Finland), when palm oil based diesel is used to meet the mandated quota for biofuels. We develop a market equilibrium model for three cases: i) no biofuel policy, ii) biofuel policy consisting of socially optimal emission-based biofuel tax credit and iii) actual EU biofuel policy. Our results for the EU biofuel market, Southeast Asia and Finland show very little evidence that a large scale use of imported palm oil in diesel production in the EU can be justified by lower greenhouse gas emission costs. Cuts in emission costs may justify extensive production only if low or negative land-use change emissions result from oil palm cultivation and if the estimated per unit social costs of emissions are high. In contrast, the actual biofuel policies in the EU encourage the production of palm oil based diesel. Our results indicate that the sectoral social welfare effects of the actual biofuel policy in Finland may be negative and that if emissions decrease under actual biofuel policy, the emission abatement costs can be high regardless of the land use change emissions. - Highlights: • We study the social desirability of renewable diesel production from palm oil in EU. • We also study sectoral social welfare impacts of actual biofuel policy in Finland. • Life cycle GHG emission costs of diesels are included in the economic analysis. • Extensive use of palm oil diesel in EU is difficult to justify by climate benefits. • The social welfare effects of the actual biofuel policy in Finland can be negative

Ações afirmativas: polêmicas e possibilidades sobre igualdade racial e o papel do estado Affirmative actions: polemics and possibility about racial equality and the role of the state

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sales Augusto dos Santos

2008-12-01

Full Text Available O artigo analisa a importância do papel do Estado para a implementação das políticas públicas de a��ão afirmativa, especialmente para estudantes negros ingressarem no ensino superior público. Argumenta-se que a ação afirmativa é uma das alternativas para reduzir ou minimizar a desigualdade de inserção entre estudantes negros e brancos de escolas públicas e/ou particulares no ensino superior, especialmente por meio de uma de suas técnicas de implementação: o sistema de cotas. Embora haja vários argumentos contra o sistema de cotas, os autores se concentraram em debater ou contra-argumentar apenas um: o de que o sistema de cotas poderá gerar conflitos raciais no Brasil.The article analyses the importance of the role of the State for the implementation of public policies of affirmative action, especially for black students to enter public higher education. It argues that affirmative action is one of the alternatives to reduce or minimize the inequality in this field between black and white students and/or students from public schools and private schools, in particular by means of one of its techniques of implementation: the quota system. In spite of there being various arguments against the quota system, the authors concentrate on debating or counter-arguing only one: that the quota system may generate racial conflicts in Brazil.

Nothing Changes, Really: Why Women Who Break Through the Glass Ceiling End Up Reinforcing It.

Science.gov (United States)

Faniko, Klea; Ellemers, Naomi; Derks, Belle; Lorenzi-Cioldi, Fabio

2017-05-01

Two correlational studies conducted in Switzerland ( N = 222) and Albania ( N = 156) explained the opposition of female managers to gender quotas by examining the origins and consequences of the "Queen Bee (QB)-phenomenon," whereby women who have been successful in male-dominated organizations do not support the advancement of junior women. Results disconfirm previous accounts of the QB-phenomenon as indicating competitiveness among women. Instead, the tendency of women managers to consider themselves as different from other women, and their opposition to gender quotas, emerged when junior women were addressed but not when they considered their direct competitors, other women managers. Personal sacrifices women managers reported having made for career success predicted self-distancing from junior women and opposition to gender quotas targeting these women. We provide a more nuanced picture of what the QB-response is really about, explaining why women managers oppose quotas for junior women, while supporting quotas for women in the same rank.

Nothing Changes, Really: Why Women Who Break Through the Glass Ceiling End Up Reinforcing It

Science.gov (United States)

Faniko, Klea; Ellemers, Naomi; Derks, Belle; Lorenzi-Cioldi, Fabio

2017-01-01

Two correlational studies conducted in Switzerland (N = 222) and Albania (N = 156) explained the opposition of female managers to gender quotas by examining the origins and consequences of the “Queen Bee (QB)-phenomenon,” whereby women who have been successful in male-dominated organizations do not support the advancement of junior women. Results disconfirm previous accounts of the QB-phenomenon as indicating competitiveness among women. Instead, the tendency of women managers to consider themselves as different from other women, and their opposition to gender quotas, emerged when junior women were addressed but not when they considered their direct competitors, other women managers. Personal sacrifices women managers reported having made for career success predicted self-distancing from junior women and opposition to gender quotas targeting these women. We provide a more nuanced picture of what the QB-response is really about, explaining why women managers oppose quotas for junior women, while supporting quotas for women in the same rank. PMID:28903635

Evaluating expansion strategies for startup European Union dairy farm businesses.

Science.gov (United States)

McDonald, R; Shalloo, L; Pierce, K M; Horan, B

2013-06-01

A stochastic whole-farm simulation model was used to examine alternative strategies for new entrant dairy farmers to grow and develop dairy farm businesses in the context of European Union (EU) milk quota abolition in 2015. Six alternative strategies were compared: remain static, natural growth expansion, waiting until after EU milk quota abolition to expand, a full-scale expansion strategy without milk quotas and not incurring super levy penalties, a full-scale expansion strategy with milk quotas and incurring super levy penalties, and once-a-day milking until EU milk quota abolition, followed by full-scale expansion. Each discrete whole farm investment strategy was evaluated over a 15-yr period (2013-2027) using multiple financial stability and risk indicators, including overall discounted farm business profitability, net worth change, return on investment, and financial risk. The results of this study indicate that, although associated with increased risk, dairy farm expansion will ensure the future profitability of the farm business. Within the context of EU milk quotas until 2015, the most attractive expansion strategy is to increase cow numbers while avoiding super levy fines using once-a-day milking techniques, increasing to the full capacity of the dairy farm once milk quotas are removed. In contrast, the results also indicate that dairy farms that remain static will experience a significant reduction in farm profitability in the coming year due to production cost inflation. Cash flow deficits were observed during the initial year of expansion and, therefore, rapidly expanding dairy farm businesses require a significant cash reserve to alleviate business risk during the initial year of expansion. The results of this analysis also indicate that dairy farm businesses that expand using lower cost capital investments and avoid milk quota super levy fines significantly reduce the financial risks associated with expansion. Copyright © 2013 American Dairy Science

77 FR 73969 - International Fisheries; Pacific Tuna Fisheries; Fishing Restrictions in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

Science.gov (United States)

2012-12-12

... overfishing of the stock. DATES: Comments must be submitted in writing by January 11, 2013. A public hearing... effort quotas are an important step for reducing the overfishing of bluefin tuna. In 2011, NMFS determined overfishing is occurring on Pacific bluefin tuna based on stock assessment results of the...

15 CFR 2011.202 - Definitions.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... authority hereafter may be delegated to act in his place. (i) Specialty sugar means brown slab sugar (also... TRADE REPRESENTATIVE ALLOCATION OF TARIFF-RATE QUOTA ON IMPORTED SUGARS, SYRUPS AND MOLASSES Specialty Sugar § 2011.202 Definitions. Unless the context otherwise requires, for the purpose of this subpart...

OPEC and Venezuelan oil production. Evidence against a cartel hypothesis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reynolds, Douglas B.; Pippenger, Michael K. [Department of Economics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK (United States)

2010-10-15

This study revisits the OPEC cartel hypothesis using a case study. A test is conducted to see if Venezuela has its production Granger cause its OPEC quota or whether the OPEC quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. The results show both occur at different times. In the short run, OPEC's oil production quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. However, shortly after cuts, Venezuela cheats on agreements, suggesting a tit-for-tat oligopoly game, which is not anti-competitive. In the long run, we show that Venezuelan oil production Granger causes OPEC's quota for Venezuela, but not vice versa. Having Venezuelan oil production Granger cause OPEC quotas for Venezuela in the long run suggests OPEC does not coordinate outputs as much as it reacts to them. The evidence suggests Venezuela is not a part of an OPEC anti-competitive syndicate even though we show that Venezuelan oil production is low. An alternative explanation for why Venezuela and possibly other OPEC members have low oil production outputs is that institutions and risk aversion, not cartel participation, is the cause. A vector error correction model shows that there is no tendency for Venezuelan oil production to converge to OPEC's quota for Venezuela. (author)

OPEC and Venezuelan oil production: Evidence against a cartel hypothesis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reynolds, Douglas B., E-mail: DBReynolds@Alaska.ed [Department of Economics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK (United States); Pippenger, Michael K. [Department of Economics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK (United States)

2010-10-15

This study revisits the OPEC cartel hypothesis using a case study. A test is conducted to see if Venezuela has its production Granger cause its OPEC quota or whether the OPEC quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. The results show both occur at different times. In the short run, OPEC's oil production quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. However, shortly after cuts, Venezuela cheats on agreements, suggesting a tit-for-tat oligopoly game, which is not anti-competitive. In the long run, we show that Venezuelan oil production Granger causes OPEC's quota for Venezuela, but not vice versa. Having Venezuelan oil production Granger cause OPEC quotas for Venezuela in the long run suggests OPEC does not coordinate outputs as much as it reacts to them. The evidence suggests Venezuela is not a part of an OPEC anti-competitive syndicate even though we show that Venezuelan oil production is low. An alternative explanation for why Venezuela and possibly other OPEC members have low oil production outputs is that institutions and risk aversion, not cartel participation, is the cause. A vector error correction model shows that there is no tendency for Venezuelan oil production to converge to OPEC's quota for Venezuela.

OPEC and Venezuelan oil production: Evidence against a cartel hypothesis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reynolds, Douglas B.; Pippenger, Michael K.

2010-01-01

This study revisits the OPEC cartel hypothesis using a case study. A test is conducted to see if Venezuela has its production Granger cause its OPEC quota or whether the OPEC quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. The results show both occur at different times. In the short run, OPEC's oil production quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. However, shortly after cuts, Venezuela cheats on agreements, suggesting a tit-for-tat oligopoly game, which is not anti-competitive. In the long run, we show that Venezuelan oil production Granger causes OPEC's quota for Venezuela, but not vice versa. Having Venezuelan oil production Granger cause OPEC quotas for Venezuela in the long run suggests OPEC does not coordinate outputs as much as it reacts to them. The evidence suggests Venezuela is not a part of an OPEC anti-competitive syndicate even though we show that Venezuelan oil production is low. An alternative explanation for why Venezuela and possibly other OPEC members have low oil production outputs is that institutions and risk aversion, not cartel participation, is the cause. A vector error correction model shows that there is no tendency for Venezuelan oil production to converge to OPEC's quota for Venezuela.

Bangladesh’s Apparel Sector in Post-MFA Period : A Benchmarking Study on the Ongoing Restructuring Process

OpenAIRE

Mustafizur Rahman; Debapriya Bhattacharya; Khondaker Golam Moazzem

2012-01-01

The phase-out of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) on 31 December, 2004 has important implications for all agents in the value chain including apparel manufacturers, exporters, importers, retailers and consumers. This has made possible for apparel manufacturing and exporting countries to operate without the restrictions of the quota; has provided importers an opportunity for open sourcing and retailers to take advantage of competitively priced supply; and provided broader choices and lower pr...

75 FR 22095 - USDA Reassigns Domestic Cane Sugar Allotments and Increases the Fiscal Year 2010 Raw Sugar Tariff...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-27

... USDA Reassigns Domestic Cane Sugar Allotments and Increases the Fiscal Year 2010 Raw Sugar Tariff-Rate... announced a reassignment of surplus sugar under domestic cane sugar allotments of 200,000 short tons raw value (STRV) to imports, and increased the fiscal year (FY) 2010 raw sugar tariff-rate quota (TRQ) by...

75 FR 38764 - USDA Reassigns Domestic Cane Sugar Allotments and Increases the Fiscal Year 2010 Raw Sugar Tariff...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-06

... USDA Reassigns Domestic Cane Sugar Allotments and Increases the Fiscal Year 2010 Raw Sugar Tariff-Rate... announced a reassignment of surplus sugar under domestic cane sugar allotments of 300,000 short tons raw value (STRV) to imports, and increased the fiscal year (FY) 2010 raw sugar tariff-rate quota (TRQ) by...

76 FR 20305 - USDA Reassigns Domestic Cane Sugar Allotments and Increases the Fiscal Year 2011 Raw Sugar Tariff...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-04-12

... USDA Reassigns Domestic Cane Sugar Allotments and Increases the Fiscal Year 2011 Raw Sugar Tariff-Rate... announced a reassignment of surplus sugar under domestic cane sugar allotments of 325,000 short tons raw value (STRV) to imports, and increased the fiscal year (FY) 2011 raw sugar tariff-rate quota (TRQ) by...

78 FR 59917 - Limitations of Duty- and Quota-Free Imports of Apparel Articles Assembled in Beneficiary Sub...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-09-30

... of Apparel Articles Assembled in Beneficiary Sub-Saharan African Countries From Regional and Third... 6002 of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (TRHCA 2006), Public Law 109-432, and section 1... apparel articles wholly assembled in one or more beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries from fabric...

76 FR 41300 - Probable Economic Effect of Providing Duty-Free, Quota-Free Treatment for Imports From Least...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-07-13

... CONTACT: Project Leader Philip Stone, Office of Industries (202-205-3424 or philip.stone@usitc.gov ), or..., 2011. By order of the Commission. James R. Holbein, Secretary to the Commission. [FR Doc. 2011-17575...

77 FR 59913 - Amendment of Limitation of Duty- and Quota-Free Imports of Apparel Articles Assembled in...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-10-01

... of Commerce, (202) 482-3400. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Authority: Section 3103 of the Trade Act of... Trade Representative's Notice of Authority and Further Assignment of Functions, 67 FR 71606 (November 25... Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) beneficiary countries. Section 204(b)(3)(B)(iii...

The Impact of Variable Phytoplankton Stoichiometry on Projections of Primary Production, Food Quality, and Carbon Uptake in the Global Ocean

Science.gov (United States)

Kwiatkowski, Lester; Aumont, Olivier; Bopp, Laurent; Ciais, Philippe

2018-04-01

Ocean biogeochemical models are integral components of Earth system models used to project the evolution of the ocean carbon sink, as well as potential changes in the physical and chemical environment of marine ecosystems. In such models the stoichiometry of phytoplankton C:N:P is typically fixed at the Redfield ratio. The observed stoichiometry of phytoplankton, however, has been shown to considerably vary from Redfield values due to plasticity in the expression of phytoplankton cell structures with different elemental compositions. The intrinsic structure of fixed C:N:P models therefore has the potential to bias projections of the marine response to climate change. We assess the importance of variable stoichiometry on 21st century projections of net primary production, food quality, and ocean carbon uptake using the recently developed Pelagic Interactions Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies Quota (PISCES-QUOTA) ocean biogeochemistry model. The model simulates variable phytoplankton C:N:P stoichiometry and was run under historical and business-as-usual scenario forcing from 1850 to 2100. PISCES-QUOTA projects similar 21st century global net primary production decline (7.7%) to current generation fixed stoichiometry models. Global phytoplankton N and P content or food quality is projected to decline by 1.2% and 6.4% over the 21st century, respectively. The largest reductions in food quality are in the oligotrophic subtropical gyres and Arctic Ocean where declines by the end of the century can exceed 20%. Using the change in the carbon export efficiency in PISCES-QUOTA, we estimate that fixed stoichiometry models may be underestimating 21st century cumulative ocean carbon uptake by 0.5-3.5% (2.0-15.1 PgC).

7 CFR 6.3 - Requests by interested persons for action by Department of Agriculture.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Requests by interested persons for action by Department of Agriculture. 6.3 Section 6.3 Agriculture Office of the Secretary of Agriculture IMPORT QUOTAS... Agriculture. (a) Section 22. A request for action under section 22 should be submitted in duplicate to the...

7 CFR 6.9 - Information.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Information. 6.9 Section 6.9 Agriculture Office of the Secretary of Agriculture IMPORT QUOTAS AND FEES General Provisions § 6.9 Information. Persons desiring information from the Department of Agriculture regarding section 22 or section 8(a), or any action with...

The Employment Challenge of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing: Scenario and Strategies for Pakistan

NARCIS (Netherlands)

K.A. Siegmann (Karin Astrid)

2005-01-01

textabstractAbstract In January 2005, the quota system for imports of textiles and clothing was phased out and gave way to more liberalized global trade in textiles and clothing. The T&C industry is Pakistan’s main export engine. It is also a major industrial employer, and one of the few sectors

Dilemmas in the Danish Approach to Gender Equality

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Agustin, Lise Rolandsen; Siim, Birte

and gender parity. Gender theory has conceptualized gender parity as one step towards achieving gender justice in all arenas of social, political and economic life. The Danish cases illustrate that context matters and question gender quota as a universal strategy to achieve gender equality. The empirical......The paper addresses the dilemmas, contradictions and paradoxes in the Danish approach to gender quotas and gender equality and discusses the intersections of citizenship, democracy and gender justice. Gender research understands gender quota as a means to achieve equal rights, gender equality...... to a limited extent addresses the impact of these policies and their implications for lived practice. One issue concerns the paradox of the relatively high female representation in politics without the adoption of gender quotas. A second issue concerns the gap between gender equality policies. Denmark lacks...

Powernext Carbon rises in power

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Conil-Lacoste, J.F.

2007-01-01

Powernext Carbon, the French CO 2 stock exchange, allows industrialists to trade CO 2 emission quotas. Those who have exhausted their allocated quotas can purchase new ones to other industrialists who have emitted less CO 2 than expected. Thanks to Powernext Carbon, the 'polluter pays principle' finally finds a concrete implementation. This article is an interview of J.F. Conil-Lacoste, general director of Powernext, who clarifies some points of the carbon trading system: lessons learnt after 18 months of activity of Powernext Carbon, measures to be implemented to encourage the development of Powernext Carbon, changes made in the 2008-2012 quotas allocation plan of the French government, mechanism of credits for emissions abatement and their role in CO 2 abatement, relevance of a quotas system for individuals. (J.S.)

The importance of self-management in the prevention and treatment of excessive weight and obesity.

Science.gov (United States)

Tóthová, Valérie; Bártlová, Sylva; Šedová, Lenka; Olišarová, Věra; Prokešová, Radka; Adámkova, Věra; Mauritzová, Ilona; Trešlová, Marie; Chloubová, Ivana; Mikšová, Zdeňka

2015-01-01

The aim of this research into 'self-management' was to determine to what extent respondents were aware of their status as overweight or obese. For respondents who indicated that they were overweight or obese, the goal was to determine whether they tried to lose weight, what steps they took to control their, and what specific methods they used. Information was collected using semi-structured interviews from May 31, 2014, to January 30, 2015. Data processing was performed using statistical analysis of the social data SASDM 01/04/10 software. The total study group consisted of 600 respondents, including 302 from the Roma minority, and 298 from the non-Roma majority population (control group). Respondents were selected specifically from South Bohemia Region of the Czech Republic. The sample from the Roma minority was constructed using the snowball method (Snowball Sampling). The control sample of non-Roma was selected through quota sampling. The results indicate that the respondents from both the Roma minority and the non-Roma control group generally recognized when they were overweight or obese, or they were aware of it to a much lesser extent than objective indicators revealed. More than two thirds of the respondents who admitted they were overweight or obese (N = 143) reported that they had suffered from overweight or obesity since they were young adults. Significantly more members of the majority population had tried to lose weight using self-management, whereas the level of effort was significantly less among members of the Roma minority (P = 0). Nevertheless, Roma respondents significantly more often reported (P < 0.01) that they had agreed on a specific weight loss plan with a doctor. The results of our research show that in the context of prevention, it is important to promote self-managed skills, habits and other characteristics that can play an important role in the prevention and treatment of obesity and overweight.

The international cooperation for sustainable development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ruiz, Francisco; Soto, David

1998-02-01

This article notices the importance of the environmental issue for the international cooperation and the legislative progress about it in Colombia. Also, it study the changes in the cooperation system, from one based in quotas to other based in the demand, and the adjustments required in developing countries to adapt to the new scheme

Environmental market failures. Are there any local market-based corrective mechanisms for global problems?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ayres, R.U.

1997-01-01

The paper reviews various policy tools that have been discussed in the literature, including legal, administrative and fiscal (tax) schemes, as well as tradeable emission permits and concludes that none of them are really suitable for dealing with global problems. An alternative is suggested, namely the use of tradeable individual consumption quotas for traded commodities at the national level, to be extended later to the global level by trading quotas among nations (assuming agreement can be reached on the basis for determining quotas). 28 refs

What happens to drinking when alcohol policy changes? A review of five natural experiments for alcohol taxes, prices, and availability.

Science.gov (United States)

Nelson, Jon P; McNall, Amy D

2017-05-01

Natural experiments are an important alternative to observational and econometric studies. This paper provides a review of results from empirical studies of alcohol policy interventions in five countries: Denmark, Finland, Hong Kong, Sweden, and Switzerland. Major policy changes were removal of quotas on travelers' tax-free imports and reductions in alcohol taxes. A total of 29 primary articles are reviewed, which contain 35 sets of results for alcohol consumption by various subpopulations and time periods. For each country, the review summarizes and examines: (1) history of tax/quota policy interventions and price changes; (2) graphical trends for alcohol consumption and liver disease mortality; and (3) empirical results for policy effects on alcohol consumption and drinking patterns. We also compare cross-country results for three select outcomes-binge drinking, alcohol consumption by youth and young adults, and heavy consumption by older adults. Overall, we find a lack of consistent results for consumption both within- and across-countries, with a general finding that alcohol tax interventions had selective, rather than broad, impacts on subpopulations and drinking patterns. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.

CITES Under the Lens of the IUCN Red List

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jouvet, Lionel; Conde, Dalia Amor; Stärk, Johanna

The illegal international wildlife trade is a major threat to biodiversity by directly diminishing populations numbers. Additional threats are the potential introduction of invasive species and the spread of diseases, either due to intentional or accidental releases of confiscated animals...... of species under CITES is mainly based on the species extinction risk, on which export quotas are determined. Here we analyzed which species listed in CITES overlap with those listed as threated by human extraction under the IUCN Red List. Additionally, we assessed for how many species it is possible......, which can flag CITES and IUCN Specialist Groups (SSC) of possible important overlaps to consider. Moreover, with the connection to animal life history databases, and experts from the SSC it will be possible to obtain better data to estimate quotas. These will certainly promote a closer collaboration...

Slovak companies not pleased by compromise with Brussels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marcan, P.

2005-01-01

The sale and purchase of carbon dioxide emissions used to be a topic only of interest to environmentalists - until it started to be about money. Industrial associations in Western Europe started fighting for higher quotas earlier than in Slovakia. Initially, Slovak companies were satisfied with the quotas proposed as these did not force them to decrease production, or invest extensively in more environmentally friendly production, or purchase emission permits for exceeding the quotas set. Everything changed after the European Commission approved the Slovak plan in autumn last year. This set a limit 14% lower than the original proposal. The largest Slovak producer of carbon dioxide - U.S.Steel Kosice - challenged the new quotas directly at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. But other producers also object. 'The decrease is an unfortunate and strategically bad move for Slovakia,' said the Head of the Environmental Department at Slovenske elektrarne (Slovak Electric), Branislav Mihaly. And added that the Ministry of Environment was fully responsible for this situation. 'Including the political responsibility of Minister Laszlo Miklos,' he added. Given a quota reduction of 14%, he considers it very likely that Slovak Electric will follow the example of the Kosice steel works. The state must allocate the new quotas before the end of February. The Ministry announced that for large sources, it would seek solutions by individual negotiations. For smaller sources there would be a flat rate decrease. In theory, if companies were to take full advantage of the original quotas, the new allocation plan would cost them 40 to 50 mil. EUR (1.6 -2 bill. Slovak crowns). TREND based its calculation on the current market price of emissions - 8-10 EUR/ton of carbon dioxide

Integration, Trade Policy and European Footwear Trade

OpenAIRE

Winters, L. Alan

1992-01-01

This paper constructs a simulation model of the EC footwear market with which to consider the effects of EC trade policies. It examines the Southern enlargement of the EC, the quotas imposed on Korean and Taiwanese sales - initially in France and Italy and subsequently, in line with the `1992' programme, EC-wide - and the liberalization of imports from Eastern Europe. Import restrictions are shown to be costly - especially those against Eastern Europe.

Lessons for fisheries management from the EU cod recovery plan

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kraak, S.B.M.; Bailey, N.; Cardinale, M.

2013-01-01

Member States to 'buy back' or increase fishing effort for fleet segments engaged in cod-avoidance measures. The stipulated fishing mortality reductions have not been achieved. On the positive side, the 'buy-back' instrument has led to increased uptake of selective gear and implementation of permanent...... in targeted fisheries, although fishers experienced them as prohibiting the full uptake of other quotas. Recommendations for future plans include (i) management through catch rather than landings quotas, (ii) the internalisation of the costs of exceeding quotas, (iii) use of more selective gear types, (iv...

Outdoor recreation behaviors and preferences of urban racial/ethnic groups: an example from the Chicago area

Science.gov (United States)

John F. Dwyer; Susan C. Barro

2001-01-01

A study of outdoor recreation preferences and behavior of Non-Hispanic White Americans (n=618), African Americans (n=647), and Hispanic Americans (n=346) in Cook County, Illinois was conducted in early 1999. Respondents were contacted in a phone survey using random digit dialing and a quota for each group. Important similarities and differences were found among these...

Fiscal and Accounting Aspects Concerning Social Liabilities

OpenAIRE

Paliu-Popa, Lucia

2008-01-01

Considering that both financial units and their employees contribute to establishing some funds of national importance for the social security, the purpose of this paper is to make a presentation of the contributions paid by employees and employers in 2007 and 2008, specifying the corresponding quotas and their evolution, as well as how they are pointed out in accounting.

78 FR 18879 - Fisheries Off West Coast States; Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery; Trawl Rationalization Program...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-03-28

... control date, investment and dependence, disruption, efficiency, employment, current and historic participation, communities), NMFS has concluded there are fundamental and compelling reasons to maintain the...' dependence and investments, reducing future quota leasing or acquisition costs, reducing quota to recent non...

Effect of phosphorus stress on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and phosphorus uptake.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sajeela Ghaffar

Full Text Available This study was designed to advance understanding of phosphorus regulation of Microcystis aeruginosa growth, phosphorus uptake and storage in changing phosphorus (P conditions as would occur in lakes. We hypothesized that Microcystis growth and nutrient uptake would fit classic models by Monod, Droop, and Michaelis-Menten in these changing conditions. Microcystis grown in luxury nutrient concentrations was transferred to treatments with phosphorus concentrations ranging from 0-256 μg P∙L-1 and luxury nitrogen. Dissolved phosphorus concentration, cell phosphorus quota, P uptake rate and cell densities were measured at day 3 and 6. Results showed little relationship to predicted models. Microcystis growth was asymptotically related to P treatment from day 0-3, fitting Monod model well, but negatively related to P treatment and cell quota from day 3-6. From day 0-3, cell quota was negatively related to P treatments at <2 μg∙L-1, but increased slightly at higher P. Cell quota decreased greatly in low P treatments from day 3-6, which may have enabled high growths in low P treatments. P uptake was positively and linearly related to P treatment during both periods. Negative uptake rates and increases in measured culture phosphorus concentrations to 5 μg∙L-1 in the lowest P treatments indicated P leaked from cells into culture medium. This leakage during early stages of the experiment may have been sufficient to stimulate metabolism and use of intracellular P stores in low P treatments for rapid growth. Our study shows P regulation of Microcystis growth can be complex as a result of changing P concentrations, and this complexity may be important for modeling Microcystis for nutrient and ecosystem management.

76 FR 3090 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Alaska Region; Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-01-19

... submitted on or before March 21, 2011. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Diana Hynek, Departmental... fisheries. Program components include quota share allocation, processor quota share allocation, individual... Binding Arbitration process, and fee collection. II. Method of Collection Responses are mailed, except the...

Analysing trade-offs between milk, feed and manure production on Dutch dairy farms

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Samson, Sabrina; Gardebroek, C.; Jongeneel, R.A.

2017-01-01

The abolition of milk quota fuels environmental concerns in the Netherlands. A microeconomic model is developed to analyse the technical relations between milk, roughage and manure production. Production functions for milk, feed and roughage are estimated based on milk quota and manure constraints.

Evaluation of electrophoretic profile and albumin quota in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with distemper showing or not neurvous signs Avaliação do perfil eletroforético e da cota de albumina do líquido cerebrospinal de cães acometidos pela cinomose apresentando ou não sinais neurológicos

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

F.G.V. Gama

2007-02-01

Full Text Available The electrophoretic profile of cerebrospinal fluid proteins and albumin quota was studied in healthy dogs and dogs with distemper in either nervous or non-nervous phases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF samples from 30 dogs were collected by puncture of the cisterna magna. The total protein content, the albumin quota, and the electrophoretic fraction of CSF proteins in agarose gel plates were evaluated. Results were similar in healthy dogs and dogs with distemper and no nervous signs, but were significantly increased in the group of dogs with distemper showing nervous signs. The study of CSF protein profile proved useful and contributed significantly on the detection of central nervous system disorders and damages to the blood-brain barrier during the nervous phase of distemper.Estudaram-se o perfil eletroforético das proteínas liquóricas e a cota de albumina em cães sem e com cinomose na fase neurológica e não-neurológica. A punção da cisterna magna para a obtenção de amostras de liquor realizou-se em 30 cães. Analisaram-se teores de proteínas totais, cota de albumina e fracionamento eletroforético das proteínas liquóricas em gel de agarose. Os resultados foram semelhantes nos cães normais e nos cães com cinomose sem sinais neurológicos e significativamente elevados no grupo de cães com cinomose apresentando sinais neurológicos. O estudo do quadro protéico do líquido cérebroespinhal foi útil e contribuiu significativamente na detecção de lesões ao sistema nervoso central e de danos à barreira hematoencefálica durante a fase neurológica da cinomose.

78 FR 56657 - Notice of Solicitation of Applications for Allocation of Tariff Rate Quotas on the Import of...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-09-13

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Notice of Solicitation of Applications...: International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce. ACTION: The Department of Commerce (``Department... 30003, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1401 Constitution Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20230 (telephone: (202...

78 FR 56658 - Notice of Solicitation of Applications for Allocation of Tariff Rate Quotas on the Import of...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-09-13

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Notice of Solicitation of Applications... Weave Such Fabrics in the United States AGENCY: Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. ACTION: The Department of Commerce (Department) is soliciting applications for an allocation of...

75 FR 53565 - Adjustment of Appendices to the Dairy Tariff-Rate Import Quota Licensing Regulation for the 2010...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-09-01

...;Prices of new books are listed in the first FEDERAL REGISTER issue of each #0;week. #0; #0; #0; #0;#0...,671 38,922 Other Countries 49,246 24,689 Any Country 4,981,312 1,674,999 DRIED SKIM MILK (NOTE 7) 5...

77 FR 51681 - Adjustment of Appendices to the Dairy Tariff-Rate Import Quota Licensing Regulation for the 2012...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-08-27

...;Prices of new books are listed in the first FEDERAL REGISTER issue of each #0;week. #0; #0; #0; #0;#0...,935 Any Country 4,506,977 2,149,334 6,656,311 DRIED SKIM MILK (K-NOTE 7)..... 5,261,000 5,261,000 5...

78 FR 46491 - Adjustment of Appendices to the Dairy Tariff-Rate Import Quota Licensing Regulation for the 2013...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-08-01

...;Prices of new books are listed in the first FEDERAL REGISTER issue of each #0;week. #0; #0; #0; #0;#0...,935 Any Country 4,392,977 2,263,334 6,656,311 DRIED SKIM MILK (NOTE 7) 5,261,000 5,261,000 5,261,000 5...

Regulating groundwater use in developing countries

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hansen, Lars Gårn; Jensen, Frank; Amundsen, Eirik S

2014-01-01

. For this reason, classical public intervention instruments, such as consumption fees or tradable quotas, are infeasible. Here we present a theoretical foundation for a new public regulatory instrument that can potentially generate the same efficiency-inducing incentives as fees and tradable quotas, but without...

Optimal management under institutional constraints: : Determining a total allowable catch for different fleet segments in the northeast arctic cod fishery

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Richter, Andries; Eikeset, Anne Maria; Van Soest, Daan; Diekert, Florian Klaus; Stenseth, Nils Chr.

Many real world fisheries have an individual vessel quota system with restrictions on transferability of quota or entrance of new vessels into the fishery. While the standard economic reasoning is that these institutional constraints lead to welfare losses, the size of those losses and optimal

Asie centrale | Page 89 | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Read more about Global Financial Crisis and Vulnerability in Cambodia. Langue English. Read more about Quotas and Decentralization (Indonesia). Langue English. Read more about Quotas et décentralisation (Indonésie). Langue French. Read more about Managing International Labour Migration in ASEAN. Langue ...

75 FR 81142 - Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act Provisions; Fisheries of the...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-12-27

... and ocean quahogs from the Exclusive Economic Zone to prevent overfishing and to allow harvesting of... appropriate. The fishing quotas must be in compliance with overfishing definitions for each species. In... same ocean quahog overfishing definition. When the two quota amounts (ocean quahog and Maine ocean...

76 FR 65180 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Application to Shuck Surf Clams/Ocean Quahogs...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-20

.... Method of Collection Requests from allocation holders to transfer quota use paper applications or an... submitted on or before December 19, 2011. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Diana Hynek... transferable quota (ITQ) allocation holders in order to process and track requests from the allocation holders...

78 FR 54195 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Atlantic Commercial Shark Fisheries

Science.gov (United States)

2013-09-03

.... 110831548-3536-02] RIN 0648-XC836 Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Atlantic Commercial Shark Fisheries...) dressed weight (dw) of non-blacknose small coastal shark (SCS) quota from the Atlantic region to the Gulf... Atlantic shark permitted vessels. DATES: The quota transfer is effective from September 2, 2013 until...

A mixed integer linear program for an integrated fishery | Hasan ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

... and labour allocation of quota based integrated fisheries. We demonstrate the workability of our model with a numerical example and sensitivity analysis based on data obtained from one of the major fisheries in New Zealand. Keywords: mixed integer linear program, fishing, trawler scheduling, processing, quotas ORiON: ...

7 CFR 718.110 - Adjustments.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... MARKETING QUOTAS, ACREAGE ALLOTMENTS, AND PRODUCTION ADJUSTMENT PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO MULTIPLE PROGRAMS... in order to avoid a marketing quota penalty if such person: (1) Notifies the county committee of such... committee; and (2) Pays the cost of a farm inspection to determine the adjusted acreage prior to the date...

78 FR 68716 - Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Three Synthetic Phenethylamines Into...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-11-15

... the United States and possible deadly drug interactions between 25I-NBOMe and FDA-approved medications..., 823, 871(b), as of November 15, 2013. 3. Labeling and packaging. All labeling and packaging... November 15, 2013 to comply with all labeling and packaging requirements. 4. Quotas. Quotas for 25I-NBOMe...

75 FR 42133 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comments Requested: Application...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-20

... Form/Collection: Application for Individual Manufacturing Quota for a Basic Class of Controlled... Schedule I or II and who desires to manufacture a quantity of such class, or who desires to manufacture... 189 for a manufacturing quota for such quantity of such class or List I chemical. (5) An estimate of...

Economic Growth and Budget Constraints: EU Countries Panel Data Analysis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zimčík Petr

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to identify the impacts of different taxes and expenditures on economic growth. The research is focused on 20 selected European Union Member States. These countries are equally divided into four groups based on their average tax burden as presented in the World Tax Index. A comparison of fiscal attributes among these groups is important for the analysis. Annual government finance data from the years 1995 to 2012 are used for an empirical study. The indicators observed are real GDP change, the composition and volume of total government expenditures, tax quotas of individual taxes and total budget balance. These indicators are used within an endogenous growth model together with capital stock and an approximation of human capital. A panel regression with fixed effects is used as an analytic tool. The main results are that an increase in social contributions, property, production and personal income tax quotas has an adverse effect on economic growth.

75 FR 60137 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comments Requested: Application...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-09-29

... the Form/Collection: Application for Individual Manufacturing Quota for a Basic Class of Controlled... Schedule I or II and who desires to manufacture a quantity of such class, or who desires to manufacture... 189 for a manufacturing quota for such quantity of such class or List I chemical. (5) An estimate of...

A Tale of Two Indias

Science.gov (United States)

Sidhu, Jonathan

2007-01-01

The latest battle between India's increasingly successful haves and left-behind have-nots is playing out in the country's educational system. India's Supreme Court recently upheld a stay against a quota system for low-caste and historically oppressed Indians, who are officially called Other Backward Classes. The decision could halt quotas for…

Potential advantages and disadvantages of an endgame strategy: a ‘sinking lid’ on tobacco supply

Science.gov (United States)

Wilson, Nick; Thomson, George W; Edwards, Richard; Blakely, Tony

2013-01-01

Background One possible supply-side strategy for the tobacco endgame is a government-mandated ‘sinking lid’ on tobacco supply (tradeable but decreasing quotas on sales or imports). Methods We considered literature on quota systems and from a tobacco endgame workshop at the University of Michigan. Findings Likely strengths of the sinking lid strategy include: (1) that it can provide a clear timetable and an unambiguous signal of a tobacco end-date; (2) that supply reduction is likely to increase product price levels, and there is very strong evidence that increasing price is a highly effective tobacco control intervention. Its feasibility is also supported by the growing international experience with, and political acceptability of, using quota and auction systems in other domains (eg, greenhouse gases, other air pollutants and for fisheries). However, the main disadvantages of this strategy are probably the need for strong political will and high public support (to pass a new law), potential legal challenges by industry (eg, under trade agreements), and vulnerability to problems from illegal supplies of tobacco and from corruption. Conclusions The sinking lid strategy is a plausible option that is worth considering when investigating possible tobacco endgame strategies, though it may be most applicable in well-organised jurisdictions with low (<15%) adult smoking prevalence. This idea could benefit from further research, such as studies in virtual worlds, and real-world testing on small island jurisdictions, or closed systems, such as military bases. PMID:23591499

Potential advantages and disadvantages of an endgame strategy: a 'sinking lid' on tobacco supply.

Science.gov (United States)

Wilson, Nick; Thomson, George W; Edwards, Richard; Blakely, Tony

2013-05-01

One possible supply-side strategy for the tobacco endgame is a government-mandated 'sinking lid' on tobacco supply (tradeable but decreasing quotas on sales or imports). We considered literature on quota systems and from a tobacco endgame workshop at the University of Michigan. Likely strengths of the sinking lid strategy include: (1) that it can provide a clear timetable and an unambiguous signal of a tobacco end-date; (2) that supply reduction is likely to increase product price levels, and there is very strong evidence that increasing price is a highly effective tobacco control intervention. Its feasibility is also supported by the growing international experience with, and political acceptability of, using quota and auction systems in other domains (eg, greenhouse gases, other air pollutants and for fisheries). However, the main disadvantages of this strategy are probably the need for strong political will and high public support (to pass a new law), potential legal challenges by industry (eg, under trade agreements), and vulnerability to problems from illegal supplies of tobacco and from corruption. The sinking lid strategy is a plausible option that is worth considering when investigating possible tobacco endgame strategies, though it may be most applicable in well-organised jurisdictions with low (<15%) adult smoking prevalence. This idea could benefit from further research, such as studies in virtual worlds, and real-world testing on small island jurisdictions, or closed systems, such as military bases.

Soil Salt Distribution and Tomato Response to Saline Water Irrigation under Straw Mulching.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yaming Zhai

Full Text Available To investigate better saline water irrigation scheme for tomatoes that scheduling with the compromise among yield (Yt, quality, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE and soil salt residual, an experiment with three irrigation quotas and three salinities of irrigation water was conducted under straw mulching in northern China. The irrigation quota levels were 280 mm (W1, 320 mm (W2 and 360 mm (W3, and the salinity levels were 1.0 dS/m (F, 3.0 dS/m (S1 and 5.0 dS/m (S2. Compared to freshwater, saline water irrigations decreased the maximum leaf area index (LAIm of tomatoes, and the LAIm presented a decline tendency with higher salinity and lower irrigation quota. The best overall quality of tomato was obtained by S2W1, with the comprehensive quality index of 3.61. A higher salinity and lower irrigation quota resulted in a decrease of individual fruit weight and an increase of the blossom-end rot incidence, finally led to a reduction in the tomato Yt and marketable yield (Ym. After one growth season of tomato, the mass fraction of soil salt in plough layer under S2W1 treatment was the highest, and which presented a decline trend with an increasing irrigation quota. Moreover, compared to W1, soil salts had a tendency to move to the deeper soil layer when using W2 and W3 irrigation quota. According to the calculation results of projection pursuit model, S1W3 was the optimal treatment that possessed the best comprehensive benefit (tomato overall quality, Yt, Ym, IWUE and soil salt residual, and was recommended as the saline water irrigation scheme for tomatoes in northern China.

Soil Salt Distribution and Tomato Response to Saline Water Irrigation under Straw Mulching.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhai, Yaming; Yang, Qian; Wu, Yunyu

2016-01-01

To investigate better saline water irrigation scheme for tomatoes that scheduling with the compromise among yield (Yt), quality, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and soil salt residual, an experiment with three irrigation quotas and three salinities of irrigation water was conducted under straw mulching in northern China. The irrigation quota levels were 280 mm (W1), 320 mm (W2) and 360 mm (W3), and the salinity levels were 1.0 dS/m (F), 3.0 dS/m (S1) and 5.0 dS/m (S2). Compared to freshwater, saline water irrigations decreased the maximum leaf area index (LAIm) of tomatoes, and the LAIm presented a decline tendency with higher salinity and lower irrigation quota. The best overall quality of tomato was obtained by S2W1, with the comprehensive quality index of 3.61. A higher salinity and lower irrigation quota resulted in a decrease of individual fruit weight and an increase of the blossom-end rot incidence, finally led to a reduction in the tomato Yt and marketable yield (Ym). After one growth season of tomato, the mass fraction of soil salt in plough layer under S2W1 treatment was the highest, and which presented a decline trend with an increasing irrigation quota. Moreover, compared to W1, soil salts had a tendency to move to the deeper soil layer when using W2 and W3 irrigation quota. According to the calculation results of projection pursuit model, S1W3 was the optimal treatment that possessed the best comprehensive benefit (tomato overall quality, Yt, Ym, IWUE and soil salt residual), and was recommended as the saline water irrigation scheme for tomatoes in northern China.

Enhancing Incentive Programs with Proximal Goals and Immediate Feedback: Engineered Labor Standards and Technology Enhancements in Stocker Replenishment

Science.gov (United States)

Goomas, David T.; Ludwig, Timothy D.

2007-01-01

Under baseline conditions warehouse stockers (n = 23) could earn incentives if their team performed above the team quota of 18 cases stocked per hour. They were also subject to disciplinary action if they failed to regularly meet individual stocking quotas. In spite of these contingencies the stockers failed to receive bonus payments most of the…

Mission Climate study note n.8, april 2006; Mission climat note d'etude n. 8, avril 2006

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dufour, C.; Leseur, A

2006-07-01

In order to reduce the emissions, in the framework of the Kyoto protocol, the European Union implemented a market of CO{sub 2} emission quotas, which began in January 2005. The study of the first National Plans of quotas allocation in Europe shows the necessity of the homogenization some allocation rules. This note presents in a first part the evaluation one year after the beginning of the market, in a second part the geographical and sectoral repartition of the quotas, in a third part the allocation methods and the main principles applied differently in function of the countries. The last part is devoted to the transition between the phase I and phase II and the banking. (A.L.B.)

The Functional and the Disfuctional Conflict Dimension of Workers and Its Influence on the Productivity of Human Resources

OpenAIRE

Sutisna, Deden

2012-01-01

Textile companies in West Java have a very strategic position and role in the region´s development. Compared with other sectors, the sector is able to absorb a large workforce and support the nation´s textile exports. This sector is not likely to escape if there is a conflict, because this sector is very strong with labor, raw materials imported from the import quota and highly dependent on the market.The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the composition of ...

76 FR 1402 - Notice of allocation of Tariff Rate Quotas (TRQ) on the Import of Certain Worsted Wool Fabrics...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-01-10

...--Rochester, NY, Elevee Custom Clothing--Van Nuys, CA, Retail Brand Alliance, Inc. d/b/a Brooks Brothers--New... provides that HTS 9902.51.16 is for the benefit of persons (including firms, corporations, or other legal...

77 FR 64798 - Correction to the Amendment of the Limitation of Duty- and Quota-Free Imports of Apparel Articles...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-10-23

... From Regional Country Fabric AGENCY: Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (CITA... Annex to the World Trade Organization Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), and the conversion... COMMITTEE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TEXTILE AGREEMENTS Correction to the Amendment of the...

Management of fisheries by Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulation ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

spamer

1997) and inshore or deep-sea commercial fisheries (Patterson 1998, Hutchings and Ferguson. 2000). Treatment of ... in 2000/01 to restrict fishing effort (days at sea) on the basis of quota size and vessel efficiency. .... fleet was restricted to port after May 2001. The under- reported catch for 1998/99, when the quota was 80.1.

The current shortage and future surplus of doctors: a projection of the future growth of the Japanese medical workforce.

Science.gov (United States)

Takata, Hideaki; Nagata, Hiroshi; Nogawa, Hiroki; Tanaka, Hiroshi

2011-05-27

Starting in the late 1980s, the Japanese government decreased the number of students accepted into medical school each year in order to reduce healthcare spending. The result of this policy is a serious shortage of doctors in Japan today, which has become a social problem in recent years. In an attempt to solve this problem, the Japanese government decided in 2007 to increase the medical student quota from 7625 to 8848. Furthermore, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), Japan's ruling party after the 2009 election, promised in their manifesto to increase the medical student quota to 1.5 times what it was in 2007, in order to raise the number of medical doctors to more than 3.0 per 1000 persons. It should be noted, however, that this rapid increase in the medical student quota may bring about a serious doctor surplus in the future, especially because the population of Japan is decreasing.The purpose of this research is to project the future growth of the Japanese medical doctor workforce from 2008 to 2050 and to forecast whether the proposed additional increase in the student quota will cause a doctor surplus. Simulation modeling of the Japanese medical workforce. Even if the additional increase in the medical student quota promised by the DPJ fails, the number of practitioners is projected to increase from 286 699 (2.25 per 1000 persons) in 2008 to 365 533 (over the national numerical goal of 3.0 per 1000) in 2024. The number of practitioners per 1000 persons is projected to further increase to 3.10 in 2025, to 3.71 in 2035, and to 4.69 in 2050. If the additional increase in the medical student quota promised by the DPJ is realized, the total workforce is projected to rise to 392 331 (3.29 per 1000 persons) in 2025, 464 296 (4.20 per 1,000 persons) in 2035, and 545 230 (5.73 per 1000 persons) in 2050. The plan to increase the medical student quota will bring about a serious doctor surplus in the long run.

Zero inflated Poisson and negative binomial regression models: application in education.

Science.gov (United States)

Salehi, Masoud; Roudbari, Masoud

2015-01-01

The number of failed courses and semesters in students are indicators of their performance. These amounts have zero inflated (ZI) distributions. Using ZI Poisson and negative binomial distributions we can model these count data to find the associated factors and estimate the parameters. This study aims at to investigate the important factors related to the educational performance of students. This cross-sectional study performed in 2008-2009 at Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) with a population of almost 6000 students, 670 students selected using stratified random sampling. The educational and demographical data were collected using the University records. The study design was approved at IUMS and the students' data kept confidential. The descriptive statistics and ZI Poisson and negative binomial regressions were used to analyze the data. The data were analyzed using STATA. In the number of failed semesters, Poisson and negative binomial distributions with ZI, students' total average and quota system had the most roles. For the number of failed courses, total average, and being in undergraduate or master levels had the most effect in both models. In all models the total average have the most effect on the number of failed courses or semesters. The next important factor is quota system in failed semester and undergraduate and master levels in failed courses. Therefore, average has an important inverse effect on the numbers of failed courses and semester.

The Economic Impact of the Homeland Security Advisory System: The Cost of Heightened Border Security

Science.gov (United States)

2008-12-01

Protection’s office responsible for securing the United States’ land border in the Detroit area. PoD provides a wide rage of cargo processing functions...a wide range of threats. Improper trademark labeling, tariffs, import quotas, agricultural issues, narcotics, human trafficking, and terrorism are...unloaded a truck, CBP agents search through the cargo. They open boxes, use hand-held radiation detectors, canines , and x-ray machines to inspect the

Report on the behalf of the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Armed Forces Commission on: the bill project (accelerated procedure) authorizing the ratification of the joint procurement agreement for a designation by auction of common bid platforms, and the bill project (accelerated procedure) authorizing the ratification of the joint procurement agreement for a designation by auction of an auction monitor. Nr 171

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Boulaud, Didier

2011-01-01

This document first presents the currently operating greenhouse gas emission quota trading scheme and its evolution according to which quotas will be put up for auction. Then, it more precisely describes different aspects of this arrangement: general economy of the auction system, common auction platforms, auction monitor, and market procedures. Consequences on the French law are presented. The ratification procedure is discussed

Study on the carry capacity of edible jellyfish fishery in Liaodong Bay

Science.gov (United States)

You, Kui; Bian, Yongning; Ma, Caihua; Chi, Xupeng; Liu, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Yuyu

2016-06-01

Jellyfish fishing is a special type of fishery that mainly exists in some countries of East and Southeast Asia. China has the largest jellyfish fishery yield in the world with an annual harvest of around 300 thousand tons. Liaodong Bay is the most important jellyfish fishery ground in China. However, due to the high benefits of jellyfish fishery, which leads to illegal and out-of-season jellyfish fishing occurring each year in Liaodong Bay. Illegal jellyfish fishery in Liaodong Bay is a typical example of the tragedy of the commons. The key problem is that fishermen seek to an illegally initiate jellyfish fishing as early as possible. In this paper, basing on the data of edible jellyfish's biology and ecology, we mainly analyzed the history of jellyfish fishery in China, especially in Liaodong bay, and then we calculated the carry capacity of edible jellyfish in Liaodong Bay which is about 300 thousand tons one year. This number is equal to the recent annual yield of edible jellyfish in China. Furthermore, basing on the carry capacity and reasonable quotas price analysis, we set up a Jellyfish fishing quotas and deficit quotas buyback system which could be a suitable and effective solution for jellyfish fishery management and development in Liaodong Bay at the underlying roots. Although China is the first country with edible jellyfish aquaculture, the annual yield of jellyfish aquaculture is only one fifth of jellyfish fishing. So, there is a very bright developing prospect about edible jellyfish aquaculture in China.

Management of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus in the arctic Atlantic

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Øystein Wiig

2014-12-01

of protection afforded to walrus habitat in many areas depends entirely on the rigor with which the Environmental Impact Assessments are conducted. Basic information on walrus such as numbers and stock discreteness is often lacking and sufficient lead-time is required to collect baseline data. Moreover, although most environmental protection legislation considers ‘cumulative impacts’, practical application remains problematic. The effectiveness of environmental protection regulations depends on industry compliance and the management authorities’ ability to enforce compliance. Because walrus are found in remote locations, enforcement remains a challenge. Increased human activity allowed by the current change in distribution and quality of arctic sea ice poses new threats to walrus if not well regulated. International agreements have varying importance for management within and among member states. Regulations governing international trade serve to identify illegally obtained products and to encourage range states to have a sustainable quota system. International cooperation in information sharing has had clear benefits for management of walruses in the past. The maintenance and expansion of these international efforts will improve the management of Atlantic walruses in the future.

OPENING GLOBAL MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURE: THE NEXT WTO ROUND

OpenAIRE

Sumner, Daniel A.

2000-01-01

More open international markets benefit the economy as a whole, as well as most U.S. agricultural producers. The Uruguay Round Agreement laid out a useful framework. Specifically addressed here is why the key to further liberalizing agricultural trade is reduction of tariffs as comprehensively and rapidly as politics will allow. Other issues such as export subsidies, tariff-rate quota quantities, and developing-country relationships are also important, especially while tariffs are coming down...

GENDER DALAM KOMUNIKASI POLITIK AKTIVIS PARTAI ISLAM (Analisis Terhadap Aktivis PBB, PPP dan PKS di Padang

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alqanitah Pohan

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Affirmative action in gender mainstreaming at politic party, is marked with the existence of quota 30% women role in nomination quota of legislative member inviting pro and contra. There are two perspectives in looking at this gender. First, positivistic perspective (or objective which sees that women have to be given opportunity in political space, its importance if women to have make of policy. Proper women isn’t it well-balance position with men in legislative because amount residents of more women compared to men. Second the naturalistic perspective (or subjective. Which my tries to express that women have their own responsible and their readiness of women to enter political world. The activities of model political communications of Islamic activist party, activist humanity and with candidate elector of legislative general election 2004 there are three models which conventional model, contemporary model and mutant model.Keywords : Gender, Islamic Activist Party and Political Communications ModelCopyright © 2012 by Kafa`ah All right reservedDOI : 10.15548/jk.v2i1.37

IMMIGRATION VERSUS OUTSOURCING: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY¡¯S VIEW

OpenAIRE

SIMONTINI DAS; AJITAVA RAYCHAUDHURI; SAIKAT SINHA ROY

2012-01-01

This paper provides a comparative study between temporary immigration policy and product outsourcing process, from the low-income developing country¡¯s point of view, which is supply side constrained by the availability of skilled labour. A two-country general equilibrium model establishes an inverse relationship between temporary immigration quota and product outsourcing. Though temporary immigration quota enhances world welfare and the developed country welfare, its impact on welfare level ...

Nuclear power - an inland energy source, in a way. Nuclear electricity generation permits a balanced energy mix

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kalthoff, B.

1997-01-01

The primary energy demand of Germany currently is met to more than 50 per cent by imports of crude oil, natural gas and coal, with crude oil imports representing by far the largest quota, due to minor inland resources. Nuclear power is the energy source that reduces the country's dependence on imports, so that, also thanks to the nuclear energy source, oil consumption in Germany could be cut back to half in the years from 1970 until 1995. Although nuclear fuels have to be imported, too, uranium resources are plenty, and fuel supplies in the nuclear fuel cycle are guaranteed, so that this energy source can be considered as a quasi inland energy source. (orig.) [de

The Abundance of Toxic Genotypes Is a Key Contributor to Anatoxin Variability in Phormidium-Dominated Benthic Mats

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Susanna A. Wood

2017-10-01

Full Text Available The prevalence of benthic proliferations of the anatoxin-producing cyanobacterium Phormidium are increasing in cobble-bed rivers worldwide. Studies to date have shown high spatial and temporal variability in anatoxin concentrations among mats. In this study we determined anatoxin quotas (toxins per cell in field samples and compared these results to the conventionally-used concentrations (assessed per dry weight of mat. Three mats were selected at sites in two rivers and were sampled every 2–3 h for 24–26 h. The samples were lyophilized and ground to a fine homogenous powder. Two aliquots of known weights were analyzed for anatoxin congeners using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, or digital droplet PCR with Phormidium-specific anaC primers to measure absolute quantities of gene copies. Anatoxin concentrations in the mats varied 59- and 303-fold in the two rivers over the study periods. A similar pattern was observed among gene copies (53- and 2828-fold. When converted to anatoxin quotas there was markedly less variability (42- and 16-fold, but significantly higher anatoxin quotas were observed in mats from the second river (p < 0.001, Student’s t-test. There were no obvious temporal patterns with high and low anatoxin concentrations or quotas measured at each sampling time and across the study period. These results demonstrate that variability in anatoxin concentrations among mats is primarily due to the abundance of toxic genotypes. No consistent modulation in anatoxin production was observed during the study, although significant differences in anatoxin quotas among rivers suggest that site-specific physiochemical or biological factors may influence anatoxin production.

Sustainably Harvesting a Large Carnivore? Development of Eurasian Lynx Populations in Norway During 160 Years of Shifting Policy

Science.gov (United States)

Linnell, John D. C.; Broseth, Henrik; Odden, John; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland

2010-05-01

The management of large carnivores in multiuse landscapes is always controversial, and managers need to balance a wide range of competing interests. Hunter harvest is often used to limit population size and distribution but is proving to be both controversialand technically challenging. Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx) are currently managed as a game species in Norway. We describe an adaptive management approach where quota setting is based on an annual census and chart the population development through the period 1996-2008, as management has become significantly more sophisticated and better informed by the increased availability of scientific data. During this period the population has been through a period of high quotas and population decline caused by fragmented management authority and overoptimistic estimates of lynx reproduction, followed by a period of recovery due to quota reductions. The modern management regime is placed in the context of shifting policy during the last 160 years, during which management goals have moved from extermination stimulated by bounties, through a short phase of protection, and now to quota-regulated harvest. Much management authority has also been delegated from central to local levels. We conclude that adaptive management has the potential to keep the population within some bounded limits, although there will inevitably be fluctuation.

On the General Theory of Thermal and Gravitational Excitation of Atmospheric Oscillations

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

f. Mariani

1959-06-01

Full Text Available In questo lavoro si considera in forma generale la teoria delle oscillazionidi marea della atmosfera, di origine sia gravitazionale sia termica,assumendo la corretta variazione con la quota della accelerazione di aravità g e del raggio vettore R. La equazione fondamentale che descrive il fenomenodi marea viene risolta separatamente nei due casi di oscillazionipuramente gravitazionali e di oscillazioni puramente termiche, per un modellodi atmosfera {fig. 1 ottenuto approssimando con tratti lineari la effettivavariazione con la quota della scala delle altezze H.Rispetto al caso classico che g ed R non variino con la quota, si constatanel caso puramente gravitazionale un aumento del periodo di risonanzadella atmosfera di qualche minuto-, la ampiezza di risonanza al suoloè invece circa 1.5 volte inferiore-, il più notevole effetto è tuttavia un notevoleinnalzamento, da circa 35 a circa 80 km, della quota a cui la oscillazionedi pressione cambia di segno. Risultati sostanzialmente analoghi valgonoper la oscillazione di origine puramente termica, in quanto in condizionidi risonanza le oscillazioni della pressione nei due casi tendono aidentificarsi.Si calcola infine la ampiezza di oscillazione della temperatura prodottadalla oscillazione di pressione e si trova che essa è dell'ordine dei decimidi grado centigrado, in accordo con le indicazioni sperimentali.

Controlling groundwater pumping online.

Science.gov (United States)

Zekri, Slim

2009-08-01

Groundwater over-pumping is a major problem in several countries around the globe. Since controlling groundwater pumping through water flow meters is hardly feasible, the surrogate is to control electricity usage. This paper presents a framework to restrict groundwater pumping by implementing an annual individual electricity quota without interfering with the electricity pricing policy. The system could be monitored online through prepaid electricity meters. This provides low transaction costs of individual monitoring of users compared to the prohibitive costs of water flow metering and monitoring. The public groundwater managers' intervention is thus required to determine the water and electricity quota and watch the electricity use online. The proposed framework opens the door to the establishment of formal groundwater markets among users at very low transaction costs. A cost-benefit analysis over a 25-year period is used to evaluate the cost of non-action and compare it to the prepaid electricity quota framework in the Batinah coastal area of Oman. Results show that the damage cost to the community, if no active policy is implemented, amounts to (-$288) million. On the other hand, the implementation of a prepaid electricity quota with an online management system would result in a net present benefit of $199 million.

How can the Thai Foundation Garment Industry compete successfully in International Supply Networks?

OpenAIRE

Ngamdumrongkiat, Sumate

2012-01-01

The apparel industry is a significant income source for developing countries. Thailand is one of the largest textile and garment industries in South East Asia (Lotharukpong, nd) and it is the second most important industrial segment regarding to employment (SourceAsean.com, 2010). From the interviewing with TGMA, Thai Foundation garment industry is one of world-class industries in Asia and has potentially grown in the future. After the quota liberation in 2005, Thai foundation garment industr...

Genetic aspects of milk coagulation properties in Italian Holstein cows

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

G. Bittante

2010-01-01

Full Text Available In Italy, the quota of national production of cow milk destined for cheese yield isabout 73% of total marketable milk (Osservatorio del latte, 2002. Hence, the improvement of renneting propertiesof milk is an important objective for the dairy sector. Favorable conditions of milk reactivity with rennet,curd formation rate and curd strength, as well as curd syneresis, have a positive effect on the wholecheese-making process and, later, on the ripening development of cheese.

Japanese Agricultural Policies Towards 2000: Swimming with the Tide

OpenAIRE

Riethmuller, Paul C.; Kobayashi, S.; Shogenji, S.

1996-01-01

Japanese agricultural policy has undergone substantial change in the last year. Since the completion of the Uruguay Round, the rice market has been partially opened, import quotas on agricultural products have been replaced by tariffs and there has been a general shift away from consumer funding of agricultural programs to funding by taxpayers. These changes are making Japanese agricultural policies more transparent and more open to scrutiny. There is now recognition in Japan that the changes...

The impact of 4Ps on Purchase Decision: A case of Apple in Hanoi, Vietnam

OpenAIRE

Bui Trung Thieu

2016-01-01

By using quantitative research methods and deductive reasoning, this research paper aims to address the importance of four marketing mix components (4Ps) on purchase decisions of customers of Apple Inc., by launching a survey in Hanoi, Vietnam, to generate primary data. The chosen sampling technique is quota sampling and several “quotas” were built. Descriptive analysis and hypothetical analysis (t-test, one-way ANOVA and Regression) using SPSS 20.0 are applied. Other implications of the rese...

The Medical School Retention Game

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

O'Neill, Lotte Dyhrberg; Hartvigsen, Jan; Wallstedt, Birgitta

2011-01-01

grades (quota 1), while the other half went through a composite non-grade based admission test (quota 2). Educational as well as social predictor variables (doctor parent, origin in the developed world, parenthood, parents live together, parent on benefit, university educated parents) were also examined...... of the aforementioned social variables contributed significantly to the dropout model. Interestingly, students composite admission test scores from the quota 2 process did not predict dropout either. DISCUSSION Selection by admission-testing appeared to have an independent, protective effect on dropout in this setting...... despite the lack of association between admission test scores and dropout. Pre-university grade point averages are merely broad measures of basic academic skills, and not measures of motivation for any particular program. One explanation for our result could be that, there is in fact an independent...

Tradable permits of greenhouse gas emission: elements for an economic analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Quirion, Philippe

2011-01-01

In this HDR (Accreditation to supervise researches), the author proposes an overview of his research works on tradable emission permits, a topic he addressed in 1999. By referring to his various publications and reports, he comments the choice made between tax and quotas at the national level in presence of international tradable quotas. He discusses whether quotas are more acceptable by enterprises. He comments the determination of emission objectives by using absolute levels or by adopting levels proportional to production: context, model and hypothesis, instruments of public policy (absolute objective, price based instrument, relative objective), role of relative caps, comparison with the Newell and Pizer model. He discusses whether competitiveness can be protected without sacrificing economic efficiency, the commitment of developing countries in climate change mitigation. He finally gives his opinion on the ETS, and discusses new research perspectives [fr

Importance measures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gomez Cobo, A.

1997-01-01

The presentation discusses the following: general concepts of importance measures; example fault tree, used to illustrate importance measures; Birnbaum's structural importance; criticality importance; Fussel-Vesely importance; upgrading function; risk achievement worth; risk reduction worth

Affirmative action and team performance

OpenAIRE

Kölle, Felix

2016-01-01

We experimentally investigate spillover effects of affirmative action policies in tournaments on subsequent team performance and the willingness to work in teams. In three different team environments, we find that such policies in form of gender quotas do not harm performance and cooperation within teams, and do not weaken people's willingness to work in teams. Our results, thus, provide further evidence that gender quotas can have the desired effect of promoting women without harming efficie...

Report on the behalf of the Foreign Affairs Commission on: the bill adopted by the Senate and authorizing the ratification of the joint procurement agreement for a designation by auction of common bid platforms, and the bill adopted by the Senate authorizing the ratification of the joint procurement agreement for a designation by auction of an auction control. Nr 4092 and Nr 4093

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guillet, Jean-Jacques

2011-01-01

This report presents the carbon quota system as an alternative to a system based on carbon taxing. It discusses the dismissal of carbon taxing and the implementation of a system based on quotas. It outlines how useful but fragile this system is, describes the three allocation stages, and presents the auction system. Then, it discusses the objectives of both agreements, comments the case of States which do not participate to the common platform

Screening synteny blocks in pairwise genome comparisons through integer programming.

Science.gov (United States)

Tang, Haibao; Lyons, Eric; Pedersen, Brent; Schnable, James C; Paterson, Andrew H; Freeling, Michael

2011-04-18

It is difficult to accurately interpret chromosomal correspondences such as true orthology and paralogy due to significant divergence of genomes from a common ancestor. Analyses are particularly problematic among lineages that have repeatedly experienced whole genome duplication (WGD) events. To compare multiple "subgenomes" derived from genome duplications, we need to relax the traditional requirements of "one-to-one" syntenic matchings of genomic regions in order to reflect "one-to-many" or more generally "many-to-many" matchings. However this relaxation may result in the identification of synteny blocks that are derived from ancient shared WGDs that are not of interest. For many downstream analyses, we need to eliminate weak, low scoring alignments from pairwise genome comparisons. Our goal is to objectively select subset of synteny blocks whose total scores are maximized while respecting the duplication history of the genomes in comparison. We call this "quota-based" screening of synteny blocks in order to appropriately fill a quota of syntenic relationships within one genome or between two genomes having WGD events. We have formulated the synteny block screening as an optimization problem known as "Binary Integer Programming" (BIP), which is solved using existing linear programming solvers. The computer program QUOTA-ALIGN performs this task by creating a clear objective function that maximizes the compatible set of synteny blocks under given constraints on overlaps and depths (corresponding to the duplication history in respective genomes). Such a procedure is useful for any pairwise synteny alignments, but is most useful in lineages affected by multiple WGDs, like plants or fish lineages. For example, there should be a 1:2 ploidy relationship between genome A and B if genome B had an independent WGD subsequent to the divergence of the two genomes. We show through simulations and real examples using plant genomes in the rosid superorder that the quota

Declino del prodotto agricolo: misure e spiegazioni. ( Decline in the share of the agricultural product: measurements and explanations

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

P. ERCOLANI

2013-12-01

Full Text Available La riduzione della quota dell'agricoltura del prodotto costituisce il cambiamento più importante nella struttura dell'offerta associato con la crescita del reddito. Questo è così costante che può essere considerato una delle "leggi" dell'economia, tuttavia, al fine di comprendere un fenomeno complesso in termini di sviluppo economico, la ricerca di uniformità dovrebbe rappresentare solo l'inizio, non la conclusione dell'analisi. Questo lavoro si concentra sul modello di agricoltura di quota,  tra paesi  nel tempo, e considera i fattori che determinano il relativo declino del prodotto agricolo. I singoli autori  hanno contribuito alla determinazione delle differenze sistemiche tra i paesi dell'agricoltura quota di prodotto. Poi, una valutazione quantitativa dei fattori che hanno causato il declino è presentato.The reduction of agriculture’s share of product constitutes the most important change in the structure of supply associated with income growth. This is so constant that it can be considered one of the “laws” of economics, however, in order to understand such a complex phenomenon in terms of economic development, the search for uniformity should represent only the beginning, not the conclusion of the analysis. This work focuses on the pattern of agriculture’s share, both among countries and over time, and considers the factors which determine the relative decline of the agricultural product. The author singles out the factors other than income that have contributed to the determination of systemic differences among countries in agriculture’s share in product. Then, a quantitative assessment of the factors which have caused the decline is presented.JEL: N50, O13, Q10

Permutation importance: a corrected feature importance measure.

Science.gov (United States)

Altmann, André; Toloşi, Laura; Sander, Oliver; Lengauer, Thomas

2010-05-15

In life sciences, interpretability of machine learning models is as important as their prediction accuracy. Linear models are probably the most frequently used methods for assessing feature relevance, despite their relative inflexibility. However, in the past years effective estimators of feature relevance have been derived for highly complex or non-parametric models such as support vector machines and RandomForest (RF) models. Recently, it has been observed that RF models are biased in such a way that categorical variables with a large number of categories are preferred. In this work, we introduce a heuristic for normalizing feature importance measures that can correct the feature importance bias. The method is based on repeated permutations of the outcome vector for estimating the distribution of measured importance for each variable in a non-informative setting. The P-value of the observed importance provides a corrected measure of feature importance. We apply our method to simulated data and demonstrate that (i) non-informative predictors do not receive significant P-values, (ii) informative variables can successfully be recovered among non-informative variables and (iii) P-values computed with permutation importance (PIMP) are very helpful for deciding the significance of variables, and therefore improve model interpretability. Furthermore, PIMP was used to correct RF-based importance measures for two real-world case studies. We propose an improved RF model that uses the significant variables with respect to the PIMP measure and show that its prediction accuracy is superior to that of other existing models. R code for the method presented in this article is available at http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/ approximately altmann/download/PIMP.R CONTACT: altmann@mpi-inf.mpg.de, laura.tolosi@mpi-inf.mpg.de Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Weakening of one more alcohol control pillar: a review of the effects of the alcohol tax cuts in Finland in 2004.

Science.gov (United States)

Mäkelä, Pia; Osterberg, Esa

2009-04-01

To review the consequences of the changes in Finnish alcohol policy in 2004, when quotas for travellers' tax-free imports of alcoholic beverages from other European Union (EU) countries were abolished, Estonia joined the EU and excise duties on alcoholic beverages were reduced in Finland by one-third, on average. A review of published research and routinely available data. Finland. Prices of alcoholic beverages, recorded and unrecorded alcohol consumption, data on criminality and other police statistics, alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations, service use. Alcohol consumption increased 10% in 2004, clearly more than in the early 2000s. With few exceptions, alcohol-related harms increased. Alcohol-induced liver disease deaths increased the most, by 46% in 2004-06 compared to 2001-03, which indicates a strong effect on pre-2004 heavy drinkers. Consumption and harms increased most among middle-aged and older segments of the population, and harms in the worst-off parts of the population in particular. Alcohol taxation and alcohol prices affect consumption and related harms, and heavy drinkers are responsive to price. In Finland in 2004, the worst-off parts of the population paid the highest price in terms of health for cuts in alcohol prices. The removal of travellers' import quotas, which was an inherent part of creating the single European market, had serious public health consequences in Finland.

Renewable Energy Policy Fact sheet - Romania

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2017-07-01

The EurObserv'ER policy profiles give a snapshot of the renewable energy policy in the EU Member States. The promotion of renewable electricity in Romania relies primarily on a renewable quota scheme. Since 2017 the scheme has been closed for new projects. Renewable heating and cooling is promoted through investment subsidies. Renewable energy sources in the transport sector are promoted by a bio-fuels quota scheme and indirectly through a subsidy scheme for the purchase of electric vehicles

Debates on women's representation in Austria. Or : The development of the pitfalls of a conservative gender regime

OpenAIRE

GRESCH, Nora; SAUER, Birgit

2015-01-01

Nearly 30 years after the first gender quota regulation was introduced in Austria and the establishment of gender equality legislation and institutions, the proportion of women in public offices rose within this time, but has stagnated roughly at 30% for the recent years. To understand this cleavage of the gender equality claim and the stagnation regarding women’s participation in decision-making processes, we will critically explore the gender quota policies in Austria from the perspective o...

Timing and Commitment of Environmental Policy, Adoption of New Technology, and Repercussions on R and D

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Requate, T.

2005-01-01

We investigate the interplay between environmental policy, incentives to adopt new technology, and repercussions on R and D. We study a model where a monopolistic upstream firm engages in R and D and sells advanced abatement technology to polluting downstream firms. We consider four different timing and commitment regimes of environmental tax and permit policies: ex post taxation (or issuing permits), interim commitment to a tax rate (a quota of permits) after observing R and D success but before adoption, and finally two types of ex antecommitment before R and D activity, one with a unique tax rate (quota of permits), the other one with a menu of tax rates (permit quotas). We study the second best tax and permit policies and rank these with respect to welfare. In particular, we find that commitment to a menu of tax rate dominates all other policy regimes

Analysis of a commitment period reserve at national and global levels

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Missfeldt, F.; Haites, E.

2002-01-01

of (a) X% of five times the Party's most recently reviewed emissions inventory; and (b) Y% of the Party's initial assigned amount. The agreement reached at the resumed sixth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) sets X = 100% and Y = 90%. This paper analyses different specifications (values...... of X and Y) of the commitment period reserve in terms of potential non-compliance due to overselling and restricted sales of quota surplus to compliance needs of the seller. To eliminate potential non-compliance due to overselling, Y must be equal to 100% and X must be greater than 105%. Specifications...... that limit potential non-compliance due to overselling, may temporarily restrict sales of quota surplus to the compliance of some countries. The Annex II Parties are less likely to face restrictions on sales of surplus quota than other Annex B countries. The risk of temporarily restricted sales is reduced...

Tejnefiskeri efter jomfruhummer. Et litteraturstudie

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Frandsen, Rikke; Krag, Ludvig Ahm; Andersen, Bo Sølgaard

The Danish quota for Norway lobster is fished by use of trawl. In the past 5 years, between 10 and 70 % of the quota has not been exploited. This is partly on account of restricted quotas on some of the other species that are targeted in this mixed species fishery. Furthermore, in order to protect...... cod, trawling is banned in some areas including areas known as Norway lobster grounds. Creels are highly selective gears both with regards to sizes and species and they lead to high quality landings. Compared to trawling, stationary gears such as creels also have much less impact on the benthic...... habitat and reduce fuel consumption. Commercial creeling for Norway lobster is for example found in Sweden, Norway, Scotland, and the Faroe Islands. However, all available literature report low catch rates and the viability of the fishery therefore depends upon fuel savings and the opportunity to achieve...

Father's Rights to Paid Parental Leave in the Nordic Countries

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Rostgaard, Tine; Haas, L.

2011-01-01

to what extent government-provided, paid parental leave and quotas for fathers could bring about equality in the division of leave between men and women by focusing on the pioneers in the field, the Nordic countries – the first nations to offer fathers parental leave and introduce quotas. First, we......European Union policy encourages men and women to share parental leave to balance work and family life and promote gender equality in the labor market. A new directive extends parental leave to four months and introduces a quota, so one month is reserved for each parent. This article explores...... describe the extent to which parental leave policies have been established and implemented in a way that is likely to promote equal sharing of leave. Next, we evaluate the impact of particular configurations of gender equality incentives in present parental leave policies for the actual division of leave...

Trophy Hunting and Sustainability: Temporal Dynamics in Trophy Quality and Harvesting Patterns of Wild Herbivores in a Tropical Semi-Arid Savanna Ecosystem.

Science.gov (United States)

Muposhi, Victor K; Gandiwa, Edson; Bartels, Paul; Makuza, Stanley M; Madiri, Tinaapi H

2016-01-01

The selective nature of trophy hunting may cause changes in desirable phenotypic traits in harvested species. A decline in trophy size of preferred species may reduce hunting destination competitiveness thus compromising the sustainability of trophy hunting as a conservation tool. We explored the trophy quality and trends in harvesting patterns (i.e., 2004-2015) of Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), African elephant (Loxodonta africana), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and sable (Hippotragus niger) in Matetsi Safari Area, northwest Zimbabwe. We used long-term data on horn and tusk size, age, quota size allocation and offtake levels of selected species. To analyse the effect of year, area and age on the trophy size, quota size and offtake levels, we used linear mixed models. One sample t-test was used to compare observed trophy size with Safari Club International (SCI) minimum score. Trophy sizes for Cape buffalo and African elephant were below the SCI minimum score. Greater kudu trophy sizes were within the minimum score threshold whereas sable trophy sizes were above the SCI minimum score between 2004 and 2015. Age at harvest for Cape buffalo, kudu and sable increased whilst that of elephant remained constant between 2004 and 2015. Quota size allocated for buffalo and the corresponding offtake levels declined over time. Offtake levels of African elephant and Greater kudu declined whilst the quota size did not change between 2004 and 2015. The quota size for sable increased whilst the offtake levels fluctuated without changing for the period 2004-2015. The trophy size and harvesting patterns in these species pose a conservation and management dilemma on the sustainability of trophy hunting in this area. We recommend: (1) temporal and spatial rotational resting of hunting areas to create refuge to improve trophy quality and maintenance of genetic diversity, and (2) introduction of variable trophy fee pricing system based on trophy size.

Trophy Hunting and Sustainability: Temporal Dynamics in Trophy Quality and Harvesting Patterns of Wild Herbivores in a Tropical Semi-Arid Savanna Ecosystem.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Victor K Muposhi

Full Text Available The selective nature of trophy hunting may cause changes in desirable phenotypic traits in harvested species. A decline in trophy size of preferred species may reduce hunting destination competitiveness thus compromising the sustainability of trophy hunting as a conservation tool. We explored the trophy quality and trends in harvesting patterns (i.e., 2004-2015 of Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer, African elephant (Loxodonta africana, greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros and sable (Hippotragus niger in Matetsi Safari Area, northwest Zimbabwe. We used long-term data on horn and tusk size, age, quota size allocation and offtake levels of selected species. To analyse the effect of year, area and age on the trophy size, quota size and offtake levels, we used linear mixed models. One sample t-test was used to compare observed trophy size with Safari Club International (SCI minimum score. Trophy sizes for Cape buffalo and African elephant were below the SCI minimum score. Greater kudu trophy sizes were within the minimum score threshold whereas sable trophy sizes were above the SCI minimum score between 2004 and 2015. Age at harvest for Cape buffalo, kudu and sable increased whilst that of elephant remained constant between 2004 and 2015. Quota size allocated for buffalo and the corresponding offtake levels declined over time. Offtake levels of African elephant and Greater kudu declined whilst the quota size did not change between 2004 and 2015. The quota size for sable increased whilst the offtake levels fluctuated without changing for the period 2004-2015. The trophy size and harvesting patterns in these species pose a conservation and management dilemma on the sustainability of trophy hunting in this area. We recommend: (1 temporal and spatial rotational resting of hunting areas to create refuge to improve trophy quality and maintenance of genetic diversity, and (2 introduction of variable trophy fee pricing system based on trophy size.

How important is importance for prospective memory? A review

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Stefan eWalter

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Forgetting to carry out an intention as planned can have serious consequences in everyday life. People sometimes even forget intentions that they consider as very important. Here, we review the literature on the impact of importance on prospective memory performance. We highlight different methods used to manipulate the importance of a prospective memory task such as providing rewards, importance relative to other ongoing activities, absolute importance, and providing social motives. Moreover, we address the relationship between importance and other factors known to affect prospective memory and ongoing task performance such as type of prospective memory task (time-, event- or activity-based, cognitive loads, and cue focality. Finally, we provide a connection to motivation, we summarize the effects of task importance and we identify important venues for future research.

How important is importance for prospective memory? A review

Science.gov (United States)

Walter, Stefan; Meier, Beat

2014-01-01

Forgetting to carry out an intention as planned can have serious consequences in everyday life. People sometimes even forget intentions that they consider as very important. Here, we review the literature on the impact of importance on prospective memory performance. We highlight different methods used to manipulate the importance of a prospective memory task such as providing rewards, importance relative to other ongoing activities, absolute importance, and providing social motives. Moreover, we address the relationship between importance and other factors known to affect prospective memory and ongoing task performance such as type of prospective memory task (time-, event-, or activity-based), cognitive loads, and processing overlaps. Finally, we provide a connection to motivation, we summarize the effects of task importance and we identify important venues for future research. PMID:25018743

Top-Level Management in Large Companies: Persistent Male-Dominated Structures Leave Little Room for Women

OpenAIRE

Elke Holst; Julia Schimeta

2012-01-01

The aim of recruiting more women into top-level management positions in business is attracting increasing interest among the general public and policy-makers alike. Calls for a quota for women and the widely publicized appointment of four women to the executive boards of DAX 30 companies in 2011 still does not detract from the fact that women continue to play a marginal role in the most important economic decision-making processes in Germany's largest companies. Again in 2011, only three perc...

THE FUNCTIONAL AND THE DISFUCTIONAL CONFLICT DIMENSION OF WORKERS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF HUMAN RESOURCES (A SURVEY ON DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN INVESMENT OF TEXTILE COMPANIES IN WEST JAVA)

OpenAIRE

Sutisna, Deden

2012-01-01

Textile companies in West Java have a very strategic position and role in the region's development. Comparedwith other sectors, the sector is able to absorb a large workforce and support the nation's textile exports. Thissector is not likely to escape if there is a conflict, because this sector is very strong with labor, raw materialsimported from the import quota and highly dependent on the market.The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the composition of the organization...

Adaptive Importance Sampling with a Rapidly Varying Importance Function

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Booth, Thomas E.

2000-01-01

It is known well that zero-variance Monte Carlo solutions are possible if an exact importance function is available to bias the random walks. Monte Carlo can be used to estimate the importance function. This estimated importance function then can be used to bias a subsequent Monte Carlo calculation that estimates an even better importance function; this iterative process is called adaptive importance sampling.To obtain the importance function, one can expand the importance function in a basis such as the Legendre polynomials and make Monte Carlo estimates of the expansion coefficients. For simple problems, Legendre expansions of order 10 to 15 are able to represent the importance function well enough to reduce the error geometrically by ten orders of magnitude or more. The more complicated problems are addressed in which the importance function cannot be represented well by Legendre expansions of order 10 to 15. In particular, a problem with a cross-section notch and a problem with a discontinuous cross section are considered

Cosmopolitan egalitarianism and greenhouse effect

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gosseries, A.

2006-01-01

In this paper, I look at the way in which a maximin egalitarian theory of justice should deal with the greenhouse effect and its consequences. I adopt both a cosmopolitan and a 'local' approach (in Elster's sense). The paper concentrates on three dimensions of a Kyoto-type international regime raising issues of justice: the determination of a global cap on emissions for a given period, the way in which emission quotas should be distributed among countries for each period, and the questions arising from the tradability of such quotas. Regarding the cap issue, it is subject to both inter-generational and intra-generational constraints of justice. I show that a weak intra-generational principle of compensation is likely to lead to radically demanding implications. As to the initial allocation issue, I look at five possible reasons why egalitarians may want to depart from a population-based allocation among countries. Special attention is devoted to three of them: grand-fathering, the disadvantageous geographical specificities of some countries and historical emissions. I specify the extent to which such a departure from a population-based mode of allocation can be justified on egalitarian grounds. Finally, I look at possible objections to the tradability of such quotas, concluding that they are not sufficient to shift toward non-tradable quotas. (author)

Cosmopolitan egalitarianism and greenhouse effect; Egalitarisme cosmopolite et effet de serre

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gosseries, A. [Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium)

2006-07-01

In this paper, I look at the way in which a maximin egalitarian theory of justice should deal with the greenhouse effect and its consequences. I adopt both a cosmopolitan and a 'local' approach (in Elster's sense). The paper concentrates on three dimensions of a Kyoto-type international regime raising issues of justice: the determination of a global cap on emissions for a given period, the way in which emission quotas should be distributed among countries for each period, and the questions arising from the tradability of such quotas. Regarding the cap issue, it is subject to both inter-generational and intra-generational constraints of justice. I show that a weak intra-generational principle of compensation is likely to lead to radically demanding implications. As to the initial allocation issue, I look at five possible reasons why egalitarians may want to depart from a population-based allocation among countries. Special attention is devoted to three of them: grand-fathering, the disadvantageous geographical specificities of some countries and historical emissions. I specify the extent to which such a departure from a population-based mode of allocation can be justified on egalitarian grounds. Finally, I look at possible objections to the tradability of such quotas, concluding that they are not sufficient to shift toward non-tradable quotas. (author)

How important is importance for prospective memory? A review

OpenAIRE

Walter, Stefan; Meier, Beat

2014-01-01

Forgetting to carry out an intention as planned can have serious consequences in everyday life. People sometimes even forget intentions that they consider as very important. Here, we review the literature on the impact of importance on prospective memory performance. We highlight different methods used to manipulate the importance of a prospective memory task such as providing rewards, importance relative to other ongoing activities, absolute importance, and providing social motives. Moreover...

The good deals of polluting rights

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Remoue, A.; Maincent, G.

2009-01-01

In the framework of the Kyoto protocol, 38 industrialized countries have committed themselves to reduce by 5.2% the emissions of 6 greenhouse gases from now to 2012. The next step is to reach 20% of abatement by 2020. A stock exchange for polluting rights has been implemented by the European Union. Companies with greenhouse gas emissions lower than the established limit can sale their quotas and in case of overrun, companies can compensate by purchasing quotas. In Europe, 12125 industrial sites are amenable to emission limits for greenhouse gases. However, the decay of economic activity during the first quarter of 2009 has led to a drop of the carbon stock rate. Moreover, the carbon market has been used more to generate cash than to incite to green investments. Nevertheless, some companies are preparing the future and have started their energy transition or are betting on alternative ways to gain quotas. (J.S.)

Urea utilization in growing lambs. 7

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ulbrich, M.

1989-01-01

The utilization quota of NPN and pure feed protein for body protein synthesis was calculated on the basis of N balance experiments with 15 N-labelled urea with the help of model concepts of a 3-pool model and its mathematical usage. In lambs weighing 13 kg the efficiency of amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis in the non-amino acid N pool was 64%. This results in a total utilization quota for NPN and pure protein in the ration of 40% and 60%, resp. Lambs weighing 27 kg showed an efficiency in amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis in the non-AA N pool of 77% and in the AA N pool of 60%. The total utilization quota of NPN was 47% and that of pure protein 56%. The pure protein in the ration was thus about twice as well utilized for total protein synthesis and for protein syntesis for crude protein retention as the NPN compounds in the ration. (author)

Response of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii to iron stress

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Harrison, G.I.; Morel, F.M.M.

1986-01-01

The coastal diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii responds to iron limitation with decreasing growth rate, decreasing quotas of cellular iron, and increasing rates of maximum short term uptake. Growth response to steady iron limitation can be modeled according to the equations of Droop and Monod. The cellular iron quota varies from about 2 to 25 x 10 -1 mol iron per liter-cell with increasing iron; the half-saturation constant for growth, Kμ, is 1.1 x 10 -21 M (free ferric ion). In contrast, the half-saturation constant for 59 I iron uptake, K/sub rho/ is about 3 x 10 -19 M; the maximum iron uptake rate (rho/sub max/) is increased several-fold under iron limitation, resulting in a potential short term uptake rate that is a few hundred times the steady state rate. At a fixed concentration of free manganese ion, the cellular manganese quota is increased several-fold in iron-limited cultures compared to iron-sufficient cultures

The impact of paternity leave on fathers' future earnings.

Science.gov (United States)

Rege, Mari; Solli, Ingeborg F

2013-12-01

Using Norwegian registry data, we investigate the effect of paternity leave on fathers' long-term earnings. If the paternity leave increased long-term father involvement, then we should expect a reduction in fathers' long-term earnings as they shift time and effort from market to home production. For identification, we use the Norwegian introduction of a paternity-leave quota in 1993, reserving four weeks of the total of 42 weeks of paid parental leave exclusively for the father. The introduction of the paternity-leave quota led to a sharp increase in rates of leave-taking for fathers. We estimate a difference-in-differences model that exploits differences in fathers' exposure to the paternity-leave quota by the child's age and year of observation. Our analysis suggests that four weeks of paternity leave during the child's first year decreases fathers' future earnings, an effect that persists through our last point of observation, when the child is 5 years old. A battery of robustness tests supports our results.

Affirmative Action: Reservation Seats untuk Perempuan di Parlemen India

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Evi Yunita Kurniaty

2015-12-01

Full Text Available The study aims to help us understand and analyze women's efforts in the policy-making process to increase their political participation in the constitutional and electoral processes. We can also see the extent to which the values rooted in the patriarchal culture in a society and what can be done and reduce them. Affirmative action is carried out in India by applying the system of reservation seats for women in the Indian Parliament. This is done in India is proven to increase the number of women in the Indian Parliament. By the way there are quotas for women as a strategy for accessing the political arena has growing support among MPs. In this study, Indonesia could get a reservation seats of learning about the system is done. To increase the representation in the "area" is very difficult to be touched by a quota system which is run now, it can be done with reservation seats quota to ensure women's representation in parliament.

Country policy profile - Denmark. December 2015

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2015-12-01

In Denmark, electricity from renewable sources is promoted through a premium tariff and net-metering. Furthermore, loan guarantees are provided for local initiatives for the construction of wind energy plants. Small scale installations for renewable electricity generation that are categorised as strategically important receive support through subsidies. RES for heating are supported through exemption of various taxes that apply for fossil fuels for heating (carbon dioxide taxes supply, import and production of fossil fuels for heating purposes). Biogas is further supported by a direct premium tariff. RES for transport are generally supported through a quota system. bio-fuels for transport profit from tax incentives (RES LEGAL Europe, 2014)

The impact of 4Ps on Purchase Decision: A case of Apple in Hanoi, Vietnam

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bui Trung Thieu

2016-01-01

Full Text Available By using quantitative research methods and deductive reasoning, this research paper aims to address the importance of four marketing mix components (4Ps on purchase decisions of customers of Apple Inc., by launching a survey in Hanoi, Vietnam, to generate primary data. The chosen sampling technique is quota sampling and several “quotas” were built. Descriptive analysis and hypothetical analysis (t-test, one-way ANOVA and Regression using SPSS 20.0 are applied. Other implications of the research and limitations were also discussed below.

Impact of policies regulating foreign physician migration to Switzerland: a modelling case study in anaesthesia.

Science.gov (United States)

Haller, Guy; Combescure, Christophe; Mamie, Chantal; Zoccatelli, Davide; Clergue, François

2015-05-22

Several countries have developed policies that restrict or limit duration of stay, clinical privileges or the number of residency permits allocated to migrating physicians. Switzerland is currently preparing a new law limiting overall foreign immigration. The impact of such restrictive policies is currently unknown. In a case study of anaesthesia care in Switzerland we modelled, trends in the size of physicians' workforce until 2024, following the implementation of a strict quota policy for foreign medical trainees. We developed a computer-based Markov model with Monte-Carlo simulations to project, in the context of a strict quota policy for foreign trainees, supply and demand for anaesthesia positions until 2024. We used data from a cross-sectional study performed in the French- and Italian-speaking cantons of Switzerland and the Health dataset from the OECD. With 8 to 12 (95% CI 4-20) anaesthetists retiring per year, the implementation of strict quotas of foreign graduates would result in a 38% decrease in the number of anaesthetists in intermediary (senior registrars) positions by 2024. This decrease would be particularly important in district hospitals where nearly half (49%) of the non-Swiss anaesthetists are practising. Swiss graduates are unlikely to balance the shortage. Despite efforts by Swiss universities to increase the number of medical graduates, their number has dropped from 10.5 to 9.7/100 000 inhabitants between 2000 and 2012, due to the growth of the population. This case study in Latin Switzerland shows that a restrictive policy limiting foreign immigration of trainees would result in a major deficit in the number of anaesthetists available to meet population needs. These aspects should be carefully considered when countries develop restrictions and limitations of foreign immigration.

Repositioning in the Global Apparel Value Chain in the Post-MFA Era: Strategic Issues and Evidence from Sri Lanka

OpenAIRE

Prema-chandra Athukorala; Raveen Ekanayake

2014-01-01

A widely-held view in the lead-up to the abolition of the Multi-fiber Arrangement (MFA) quotas in 2005 was that, in a quota-free global market, large low cost countries (in particular China and India) and countries in proximity to the major markets (such as Mexico, Turkey and countries in the European periphery) would crowd out export performance of the other developing countries. The post-MFA world apparel trade has, however, brought in many surprises: a number of 'predicted losers' have mai...

Using the renewable energy sources in the market conditions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kozlov, V.B.

2000-01-01

Raper studies the peculiarities of financing of projects for the renewable energy sources (RES) in cooperation with the Kyoto protocol as to the regulating principles of purchase (sale) of quotas for greenhouse gas release. The records of the results obtained in the West European countries and USA as to payment of green electricity generated on the basis of RES application is analyzed. Preliminary estimation of cost ratio of quotas for releases of greenhouse gases for conventional power plants and RES based ones is presented [ru

Upgrading in the global apparel value chain : an analysis on Asian developing countries' competition with China in exporting apparels

OpenAIRE

Bakken, Ingvild

2014-01-01

The purpose of this research is to examine how regional suppliers of apparels have performed in the global apparel industry compared to China during the past two decades, and particularly after the phase out of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), which up to 2004 applied quotas to exports of clothing in the largest end markets. The speculation prior to the quota phase out was that large increases of Chinese exports would be at the expense of other Asian suppliers. This thesis effort to trace w...

Imposto de importação e evasão fiscal: uma investigação do caso brasileiro

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maria da Conceição Sampaio de Sousa

2008-03-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho mensura o impacto das alíquotas do imposto de importação sobre a evasão fiscal nas importações brasileiras oriundas dos Estados Unidos. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que as alíquotas tarifárias influenciam a evasão sob suas diferentes formas: subfaturamento e classificação incorreta de mercadorias. Estes resultados corroboram o modelo básico de evasão proposto por Allingham (1972 e se insere no debate sobre a relação entre a magnitude das alíquotas e o potencial para evasão. Nossos resultados mostram, ainda, a existência de não linearidades na relação entre alíquotas e evasão. Nos vários modelos testados, esse efeito cresce com a magnitude das tarifas, sugerindo que maiores alíquotas aumentam o custo de oportunidade da tributação e geram maiores incentivos para a sonegação. Por fim, com respeito à relação entre o nível de complexidade da estrutura tributária e a evasão, nosso trabalho sugere que uma maior diferenciação entre alíquotas, dificulta a administração tarifária e pode levar a evasão.In this paper we measure the effect of tax rates on tax evasion using data on the trade flow between Brazil and the United States. Our results show that increases in the tax rates lead to higher evasion on two different ways: under invoicing and mislabeling higher taxed products as lower ones. These results corroborate the theoretical predictions of the Allingham (1972 model and contribute to the recent debate on the influence of tax rates on evasion. We also point out to the existence of nonlinearities in the relationship between tax rates and evasion by showing that higher rates raise the opportunity costs of paying taxes and thus encourage evasion. Finally, our results suggest that relatively high rates and a complex set of rules, especially for customs taxes, result in large potential rewards for taxpayers willing to bribe to cut their own tax burden and/or speed up customs clearance of

China's Rare Earth Supply Chain: Illegal Production, and Response to new Cerium Demand

Science.gov (United States)

Nguyen, Ruby Thuy; Imholte, D. Devin

2016-07-01

As the demand for personal electronic devices, wind turbines, and electric vehicles increases, the world becomes more dependent on rare earth elements. Given the volatile, Chinese-concentrated supply chain, global attempts have been made to diversify supply of these materials. However, the overall effect of supply diversification on the entire supply chain, including increasing low-value rare earth demand, is not fully understood. This paper is the first attempt to shed some light on China's supply chain from both demand and supply perspectives, taking into account different Chinese policies such as mining quotas, separation quotas, export quotas, and resource taxes. We constructed a simulation model using Powersim Studio that analyzes production (both legal and illegal), production costs, Chinese and rest-of-world demand, and market dynamics. We also simulated new demand of an automotive aluminum-cerium alloy in the US market starting from 2018. Results showed that market share of the illegal sector has grown since 2007-2015, ranging between 22% and 25% of China's rare earth supply, translating into 59-65% illegal heavy rare earths and 14-16% illegal light rare earths. There will be a shortage in certain light and heavy rare earths given three production quota scenarios and constant demand growth rate from 2015 to 2030. The new simulated Ce demand would require supply beyond that produced in China. Finally, we illustrate revenue streams for different ore compositions in China in 2015.

Biomass power generation in competitive markets - The impact of instruments and regulations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ackermann, Thomas; Soeder, Lennart

1999-01-01

This paper presents and briefly evaluates the most important existing market instruments and market schemes which support the development of renewable energy generation as well as the impact of market regulations on the development of biomass power generation. The evaluation of the existing instruments focuses on the incentives provided by the various instruments to reduce production costs. The instruments and schemes are: Feed-in Tariffs, Net Metering, Bidding Process, Fixed Quotas, Green Certificate Trading, Green Power Exchange, Green Pricing. Feed-in tariffs and net metering are important instruments to get the different technologies 'off the ground', however, they can only be considered an interim solution as they do not necessarily lead to cost reduction. A bidding process is one way to achieve these cost reductions, but high transaction costs will support the development of large renewable energy projects, which is not always the desired effect. Fixed quotas combined with green certificate trading or a power exchange in combination with Green Pricing seem to lead to similar costs reduction, however, so far there is only limited experience with such instruments. The analysis of the impact of market regulations focuses on international electricity markets with a power exchange. Such markets exist, for example, in Scandinavia, England and Wales, Australia, New Zealand and California. The analysis showed that new distributed generation, for example based on biomass, faces significant market barriers. Furthermore, distributed generation is not treated equally within the market regulations compared to large-scale power generation

Climate agreements under limited participation, asymmetric information and market imperfections

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hagem, Cathrine

1996-12-31

This thesis relates to climate agreements and cost efficiency by analysing the formation of a system of quota leading to distributed discharge of emissions between countries. Main fields concerned are the greenhouse effect, the political process, efficient and cost-effective climate agreements, and climate agreements under limited participation, asymmetric information and market imperfections covering fields like limited participation in climate agreements, limited participation and indirect impact on non-participating countries` emissions, limited participation and direct impact on non-participating countries` emissions under asymmetric information, and non-competitive market for tradeable quotas. 166 refs., 7 tabs.

Country policy profile - Belgium. December 2015

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2015-12-01

In Belgium renewable energy is a regional matter, with exceptions for offshore wind power, hydropower and renewable energy sources used in transport which are governed by national regulations. Electricity from renewable sources is promoted mainly through a quota system based on the trade of certificates. Net metering regulation is in place in the regions Brussels, Flanders and Wallonia. For renewable heating and cooling, companies are eligible for a tax deduction on investment costs. The main support scheme for renewable energy sources used in transport is a quota system (RES-Legal Europe, 2014)

Linking effort and fishing mortality in a mixed fisheries model

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Thøgersen, Thomas Talund; Hoff, Ayoe; Frost, Hans Staby

2012-01-01

in fish stocks has led to overcapacity in many fisheries, leading to incentives for overfishing. Recent research has shown that the allocation of effort among fleets can play an important role in mitigating overfishing when the targeting covers a range of species (multi-species—i.e., so-called mixed...... fisheries), while simultaneously optimising the overall economic performance of the fleets. The so-called FcubEcon model, in particular, has elucidated both the biologically and economically optimal method for allocating catches—and thus effort—between fishing fleets, while ensuring that the quotas...

Quota Swapping, Relative Stability, and Transparency

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hoefnagel, E.W.J.; Vos, de B.I.; Buisman, F.C.

2015-01-01

One of the oldest elements of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is the principle of ‘relative stability’. Relative stability means that yearly established Total Allowable Catches (TACs) for each fish stock are divided between the Member States of the European Union (EU) according to a fixed

Linking promotion strategies for RES-E and for demand-side conservation in a dynamic European electricity market: Lessons from the EU projects OPTRES, FORRES and GREEN-X. Volume 1

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Faber, Thomas; Resch, Gustav; Haas, Reinhard; Huber, Claus; Ragwitz, Mario

2007-01-01

The objective of this paper is to describe the derivation of least-cost strategies for an significant increase of electricity generation from renewables (RES-E) with minimal costs for European citizens and to investigate the role of accompanying demand-side conservation (DSC) activities. The analyses are conducted by using the model GREEN-X funded by the EC. It allows analyses for both, the EU as a whole as well as for every single member state. Within the model the most important RES-E (e.g. biomass, wind-onshore and off-shore, geothermal, PV, solar thermal ...) technologies are described for every EU-15 country by means of dynamic cost-resource curves. Demand-side conservation measures are considered by aggregated cost-resource curves. To analyse various scenarios different policy schemes can be selected, (e.g. feed-in tariffs, tendering systems, investment subsidies, tax incentives, quotas, tradable certificates) and modelled in a dynamic framework. The corresponding costs and benefits for companies and consumers are an output.The major result is that DSC plays an important role for increasing the share of RES-E. E.g. the same deployment of RES in a conservation scenario leads to 28 % of RES-E by 2020 while in the BAU-scenario this share is only 20 %. Moreover, a certain quota of RES - e.g. 20 % - can be reached much cheaper if a certain share of money is invested in DSC. The core conclusion of this analysis is: On EU level it is of superior importance to introduce integrated policies - policies focusing on the promotion of RES and on energy conservation simultaneously - to reap the utmost benefits from public money invested

Black and african students: individuals present, absent voices

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roseane Maria de Amorim

2015-08-01

Full Text Available This paper aims to describe and analyze some data from an extension project and research titled “The narratives of the self and the effects of affirmative action policies to black students who need of affirmative action and Africans." We have as central issues of our work the following questions: What do the students who need of affirmative action and not unitholders know about the quotas? What do the various African groups who are at university know about the quotas and their experience as a student in the Alagoas’ State? In methodological terms, we use some procedures and instruments of action research to raise our diagnostic procedures and social intervention. It is concluded after investigation that the affirmative action policies in college should be the subject of constant debate whether in academia or in society. There is ignorance on the part of students who need of affirmative action, not unitholders and africans student about the racial quotas, the policies of affirmative action and the collective human rights achievements and socio-historical character.

A licence to print money

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Trong, Maj Dang

2004-01-01

January 1, 2005, marks the beginning of trade with CO 2 emission quotas in the EU25. This involves considerable risk as well as possibilities for companies and shareholders. The power companies of the EU25 are responsible for over 55 per cent of the emissions that are covered by the emission directive, and the market is expected to represent values for more than 20 million euros per year. The Kyoto protocol instructs the EU members to cut their total emission of greenhouse gases by 8 per cent in 2012 compared to the 1990 level. In 2003 the EU agreed upon a common European arrangement for trade with emission permits (the quota directive). For the time being this trade will only cover emission of CO 2 . This arrangement means that companies may trade CO 2 emission quotas from 2005. The trade regime in the EU comprises more than 12000 energy producers and energy-intensive activities. The Environment Commissioner is worried that the total amount of pollution permits becomes too large

Modeling continuous cultures of microalgae colimited by nitrogen and phosphorus.

Science.gov (United States)

Bougaran, Gaël; Bernard, Olivier; Sciandra, Antoine

2010-08-07

It is well documented that the combination of low nitrogen and phosphorus resources can lead to situations where colimitation of phytoplankton growth arises, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we propose a Droop-based model built on the idea that colimitation by nitrogen and phosphorus arises from the uptake of nitrogen. Indeed, since N-porters are active systems, they require energy that could be related to the phosphorus status of the cell. Therefore, we assumed that N uptake is enhanced by the P quota. Our model also accounts for the biological observations that uptake of a nutrient can be down-regulated by its own internal quota, and succeeds in describing the strong contrast for the non-limiting quotas under N-limited and P-limited conditions that was observed on continuous cultures with Selenastrum minutum and with Isochrysis affinis galbana. Our analysis suggests that, regarding the colimitation concept, N and P would be better considered as biochemically dependent rather than biochemically independent nutrients. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of External Disturbing Gravity Field on Spacecraft Guidance and Surveying Line Layout for Marine Gravity Survey

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

HUANG Motao

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Centred on the support requirement of flying track control for a long range spacecraft, a detail research is made on the computation of external disturbing gravity field, the survey accuracy of gravity anomaly on the earth' surface and the program of surveying line layout for marine gravity survey. Firstly, the solution expression of navigation error for a long range spacecraft is analyzed and modified, and the influence of the earth's gravity field on flying track of spacecraft is evaluated. Then with a given limited quota of biased error of spacecraft drop point, the accuracy requirement for calculating the external disturbing gravity field is discussed and researched. Secondly, the data truncation error and the propagated data error are studied and estimated, and the quotas of survey resolution and computation accuracy for gravity anomaly on the earth' surface are determined. Finally, based on the above quotas, a corresponding program of surveying line layout for marine gravity survey is proposed. A numerical test has been made to prove the reasonableness and validity of the suggested program.

Thermococcus kodakarensis modulates its polar membrane lipids and elemental composition according to growth stage and phosphate availability

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Travis B. Meador

2014-01-01

Full Text Available We observed significant changes in the elemental and intact polar lipid (IPL composition of the archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis (KOD1 in response to growth stage and phosphorus supply. Reducing the amount of organic supplements and phosphate in growth media resulted in significant decreases in cell size and cellular quotas of carbon (C, nitrogen (N, and phosphorus (P, which coincided with significant increases in cellular IPL quota and IPLs comprising multiple P atoms and hexose moieties. Relatively more cellular P was stored as IPLs in P-limited cells (2-8% compared to control cells (< 0.8%. We also identified a specific IPL biomarker containing a phosphatidyl-N-acetylhexoseamine headgroup that was relatively enriched during rapid cell division. These observations serve as empirical evidence of IPL adaptations in Archaea that will help to interpret the distribution of these biomarkers in natural systems. The reported cell quotas of C, N, and P represent the first such data for a specific archaeon and suggest that thermophiles are C-rich compared to the cell carbon-to-volume relationship reported for planktonic bacteria.

IMPORTANT NOTIFICATION

CERN Multimedia

HR Department

2009-01-01

Green plates, removals and importation of personal effects Please note that, as from 1 April 2009, formalities relating to K and CD special series French vehicle plates (green plates), removals and importation of personal effects into France and Switzerland will be dealt with by GS Department (Building 73/3-014, tel. 73683/74407). Importation and purchase of tax-free vehicles in Switzerland, as well as diplomatic privileges, will continue to be dealt with by the Installation Service of HR Department (Building 33/1-011, tel. 73962). HR and GS Departments

COMMERCIAL FRESHWATER FISHERIES IN REPUBLIC OF CROATIA IN 2009 AND 2010

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Josip Suić

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Commercial freshwater fisheries in Republic of Croatia is regulated according to the Freshwater Fisheries Act (2001 and special sub-acts regarding commercial freshwater fisheries, as well as other sub-laws which deal with fish sizes, no-fishing periods and estimation of damages on fish stocks. Subjects of regulations are the areas for commercial fisheries, commercial fishermen exams, fishing permits, fishing tools and gear, yearly allowed catch quotas and catch data delivery. All the sub-acts are presented, as well the explanations of the key terminology and activities. The commercial fisheries catch data for 2009 were collected, analyzed and finally interacted to the yearly allowed catch quotas. According to the results of the analysis of particular interactions of catch/total catch, as well as the interaction between particular fish species and yearly allowed catch quotas, it is obvious that only the amount of carp catch on the Dunav in 2009 goes beyond the yearly allowed catch quota. According to the vast lack of inspectors, on local and state level as well, it is expected that after accepting of the new inspection regulations and competences, as well the lifting of the ban of recruiting state employees, it would be possible to ensure the more efficient surveillance and control of whole fisheries sector, also markets and restaurants. This will surely help decreasing of the black market. Also, according to the new Freshwater Fisheries Act, which is in the process of adoption, new regulations that relate to fish market will be accepted (landing places, first sell, first buyer.

Green business will remain green

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marcan, P.

2008-01-01

It all started with two words. Climate change. The carbon dioxide trading scheme, which was the politicians' idea on solving the number one global problem, followed. Four years ago, when the project was begun, there was no data for project initiation. Quotas for polluters mainly from energy production and other energy demanding industries were distributed based on spreadsheets, maximum output and expected future development of economies. Slovak companies have had a chance to profit from these arrangements since 2005. Many of them took advantage of the situation and turned the excessive quotas into an extraordinary profit which often reached hundreds of million Sk. The fact that the price of free quotas offered for sale dropped basically to 0 in 2006 only proved that the initial distribution was too generous. And the market reacted to the first official measurements of emissions. Slovak companies also contributed to this development. However, when planning the maximum emission volumes for 2008-2012 period, in spite of the fact that actual data were available, their expectations were not realistic. A glance at the figures in the proposal of the Ministry of Environment is sufficient to realize that there will be no major change in the future. And so for many Slovak companies business with a green future will remain green for the next five years. The state decided to give to selected companies even more free space as far as emissions are concerned. The most privileged companies can expect quotas increased by tens of percent. (author)

An investigation on the impacts of regulatory interventions on wind power expansion in generation planning

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alishahi, Ehsan; Moghaddam, Mohsen P.; Sheikh-El-Eslami, Mohammad K.

2011-01-01

Large integration of intermittent wind generation in power system has necessitated the inclusion of more innovative and sophisticated approaches in power system investment planning. This paper presents a novel framework on the basis of a combination of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) algorithm and game theory to study the impacts of different regulatory interventions to promote wind power investment in generation expansion planning. In this study, regulatory policies include Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) incentive, quota and tradable green certificate. The intermittent nature and uncertainties of wind power generation will cause the investors encounter risk in their investment decisions. To overcome this problem, a novel model has been derived to study the regulatory impacts on wind generation expansion planning. In our approach, the probabilistic nature of wind generation is modeled. The model can calculate optimal investment strategies, in which the wind power uncertainty is included. This framework is implemented on a test system to illustrate the working of the proposed approach. The result shows that FITs are the most effective policy to encourage the rapid and sustained deployment of wind power. FITs can significantly reduce the risks of investing in renewable energy technologies and thus create conditions conducive to rapid market growth. - Highlights: → The impacts of regulatory policies to promote wind power investment are investigated. → These policies include Feed-in-Tariff (FIT), quota and tradable green certificate. → Result shows that FIT is an effective policy to motivate the rapid growth of wind power. → In quota, customers are forced to provide the quota decided by regulators from wind.

Country policy profile - Austria. October 2014

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2014-10-01

Renewable energy policy in Austria exists on three levels: the Federal level, the regional level of the provinces (Bundeslaender) and the local level of municipalities. In Austria, electricity from renewable sources is supported mainly through a feed-in tariff. Since 2002, the Eco Electricity Act (Oekostromgesetz) sets feed-in tariffs for different renewable energy sources. The levels of feed-in tariffs are annually adapted and set in the Eco Electricity Ordinance (Oekostromverordnung). No use is made of any other instruments, such as quotas or certificates. Feed-in tariffs are basically set in annual regulations and may be set for several years. There is a special annual reduction in the feed-in tariff (8 %) for photovoltaic systems. Unless new tariffs are set, the feed-in tariff is reduced by 1 % per annum for all other technologies. Measures in individual provinces (investment funds and support programmes on state level) most notably in the renewable heat sectors are further important support schemes. The most substantial form of supporting small-scale RES heating and cooling is provided by the Environmental Assistance in Austria (UFI) programme. There are special investment incentives for solar thermal installations, heat pumps, geothermal and biomass heating plants. In Austria, the main support scheme for renewable energy sources used in transport is a quota system

Methods used to conduct the pan-European Union survey on consumer attitudes to physical activity, body weight and health.

Science.gov (United States)

Kearney, J M; Kearney, M J; McElhone, S; Gibney, M J

1999-03-01

The purpose of conducting this survey was to identify data on consumer attitudes towards and beliefs about physical activity, body weight and health among the 15 countries of the EU. A cross-sectional study to get a picture of the attitudes to physical activity, body weight and health in the EU. For this, it was considered important that samples be nationally representative so that inferences drawn from the data could be applied to the population in each country as well as to the EU population as a whole. Using a non-probability sampling method employing quota controls (and the national weight) we obtained large sample sizes from each country which were nationally representative in terms of the variables age, sex and regional distribution. To ensure samples were truly nationally representative a national weight was used when analysing the data using the same characteristics as those used to define quotas. When examining pooled estimates for the total EU sample a population weight was applied. In total, 15,239 subjects aged 15 years and upwards in the EU completed the survey. This article gives details on the methods used in carrying out the survey from design of the questionnaire to sample selection, questionnaire administration and analysis of the data. The methods and their limitations are discussed.

Country policy profile - Austria. August 2015

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2015-08-01

Renewable energy policy in Austria exists on three levels: the Federal level, the regional level of the provinces (Bundeslaender) and the local level of municipalities. In Austria, electricity from renewable sources is supported mainly through a feed-in tariff. Since 2002, the Eco Electricity Act (Oekostromgesetz) sets feed-in tariffs for different renewable energy sources. The levels of feed-in tariffs are annually adapted and set in the Eco Electricity Ordinance (Oekostromverordnung). No use is made of any other instruments, such as quotas or certificates. Feed-in tariffs are basically set in annual regulations and may be set for several years. There is a special annual reduction in the feed-in tariff for photovoltaic systems. Unless new tariffs are set, the feed-in tariff is reduced by 1 % per annum for all other technologies. Measures in individual provinces (investment funds and support programmes on state level) most notably in the renewable heat sectors are further important support schemes. The most substantial form of supporting small-scale RES heating and cooling is provided by the Environmental Assistance in Austria (UFI) programme. There are special investment incentives for solar thermal installations, heat pumps, geothermal and biomass heating plants. In Austria, the main support scheme for renewable energy sources used in transport is a quota system

As cotas por sexo para a competição legislativa: o caso brasileiro em comparação com experiências internacionais

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Araújo Clara

2001-01-01

Full Text Available This article analyzes a specific type of affirmative action focusing on women, i.e., a quota policy for legislative candidacies, taking the Brazilian experience as the empirical base. Using a comparison with similar approaches to this policy and their results in different countries, the paper evaluates the impacts on legislative elections in Brazil since 1996, when such quotas were adopted in the country for the first time. After concluding that the policy has had little impact on the election pattern of women candidates in Brazil (unlike the experience in other countries, the article discusses possible explanatory factors.

Vietnamese Garment Enterprises After the Termination of the Multi-Fiber Agreement

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Schaumburg-Müller, Henrik

in the basic institutional international trade arrangements. The focus is on Vietnam and the Vietnamese garment suppliers looking at how they have performed after the removal of the quota systems and what kind of strategies they have pursued. The results show that Vietnamese suppliers have been able to compete...... internationally after the quota removals although many of them appear to be locked in the low value end of the chain. The data show, however, that they are not only able to compete and grow but also to change between buyers and markets, which provides them with the flexibility of shifting between chains....

Kepemimpinan perempuan dan pilkada serentak

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Inggar Saputra

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Women who run in local elections (constituencies are still considered minimal. This condition is very apprehensive because the constitution has mandated the quota of 30 percent of women who must be filled political parties. But the quota has not been met due to the lack of political participation of women in the struggle for power in politics. Participation is low due to gender discrimination that shaped the social and psychological environment of women itself, thus narrowing women's political opportunities. Therefore, political parties are expected to seriously encourage the participation and political education of women.

The Preparedness of the Indonesian Garment Exporters in the Post-MFA Scenario: An Analysis from the Survey

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Muchsin Shihab

2004-09-01

Full Text Available The clothing or garments industry has developed rapidly during the past some decades and has contributed to the economic growth of many nations, both developed and developing countries. This industry has been very much regulated by many bilateral agreements such as Multi Fiber Arrangement (MFA, a quota arrangement made by the importing countries. As MFA (quota regime comes to an end by 2005 and integrates into the WTO regime, it will bring opportunities to highly competitive and proactive garment exporting countries whereas the challenges will be faced more by the less competitive countries. Issues related to environment and social compliance, technology requirements etc. have been brought into surface by the importing countries, which may worsen the condition. Under the above scenario, it is imperative that certain proactive measures be taken. Thus, the broad objective of this study is to analyze the response of the garment exporters from Indonesia towards the emerging issues related to environmental and social compliance, technology requirements etc. The present study is a questionnaire-based study. The samples have been selected from the Directories of largest exporters in the country. With reminders and persuasion, the final number of useable responses has been 115 Indonesian garment exporters. Seven factors of the emerging issues were identified by using factor analysis. In addition, factors of competitiveness, and the strategies adopted by the exporters have also been analyzed. The findings show that the overall perceptions of the Indonesia garment exporters indicate that Indonesia is less competitive as compared to other competing countries.

Perceived cultural importance and actual self-importance of values in cultural identification.

Science.gov (United States)

Wan, Ching; Chiu, Chi-yue; Tam, Kim-pong; Lee, Sau-lai; Lau, Ivy Yee-man; Peng, Siqing

2007-02-01

Cross-cultural psychologists assume that core cultural values define to a large extent what a culture is. Typically, core values are identified through an actual self-importance approach, in which core values are those that members of the culture as a group strongly endorse. In this article, the authors propose a perceived cultural importance approach to identifying core values, in which core values are values that members of the culture as a group generally believe to be important in the culture. In 5 studies, the authors examine the utility of the perceived cultural importance approach. Results consistently showed that, compared with values of high actual self-importance, values of high perceived cultural importance play a more important role in cultural identification. These findings have important implications for conceptualizing and measuring cultures. ((c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).

IMPORT COMPONENTS AND IMPORT MULTIPLIERS IN INDONESIAN ECONOMY: WORLD INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Muchdie Muchdie

2018-03-01

Full Text Available This paper calculates, presents and discusses on import components and the impact of final demand change on Indonesian imports using Indonesian 36 sector input-output tables of years: 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 from World Input-Output Tables. The results showed that firstly, Indonesian import components of input were, on average, more than 20 percent; meaning that input that locally provided were less than 80 percent. Secondly, Indonesian import of input had increased significantly from US$ 36,011 million in 2000 to US$ 151,505 million in 2014. Thirdly, Indonesian imports have been dominated by Sector-3: Manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco products, Sector-4: Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather products, Sector-24: Construction, Sector-25: Wholesale and retail trade and repair, and Sector-26: Transportation and post services. Fourthly, by country of origin, Indonesian imports have been dominated by Japan, Korea, the USA, Australia, and China. Imports from Australia, Japan, and the US have been decreased significantly, but import from China has steadily increased. Finally, highest sectoral import multipliers occurred if final demands change in Sector-1: Crop and animal production, forestry, fishing and aquaculture, Sector-2: Mining and quarrying, Sector-23: Water collection; sewerage; waste collection, treatment and disposal activities, and Sector-30: Real estate activities, but there was no significant difference of import multipliers for country origin of import.

AND/OR Importance Sampling

OpenAIRE

Gogate, Vibhav; Dechter, Rina

2012-01-01

The paper introduces AND/OR importance sampling for probabilistic graphical models. In contrast to importance sampling, AND/OR importance sampling caches samples in the AND/OR space and then extracts a new sample mean from the stored samples. We prove that AND/OR importance sampling may have lower variance than importance sampling; thereby providing a theoretical justification for preferring it over importance sampling. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that AND/OR importance sampling is ...

The Paradoxical Impact of Globalisation on Women’s Political Representation: A Review of Situations In Southeast Asia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nur Azizah

2015-02-01

Full Text Available The representation of women in a political system is a good test of its claims to democracy. Although there are some progress, the level of women political representation in Southeast Asian countries is still low. Women activists propose the adoption of gender quotas as a fast track to address this issue, but the implementation find many obstacles. This article base of my research which want to examine the impact of globalisation for women’s political representation in Southeast Asian countries. The discussion begin with the overview of women’s political representation issue and some theoretical framewoks for adressing that issue. It identified that globalisation has positive and negative impacts on women’s representation. On the one hand, it encourages the emergence of a global gender equality regime which influences pattern of women’s political representation among Southeast Asian countries. Yet, on the otherhand, itpromotes neo-liberalism ideology which is “inherently oppose to policy interventionism”and it also promotes liberal democratic practices, which oppose affirmative policy for women, included gender quota in parliament.We concludes that the paradoxical impact of globalisation causes progress for increasing women’s representation in Southeast Asian countries move slowly. The efforts for increasing women’s representation in some Southeast Asian countries have not been supported by governments’ “intervention” policies such as gender quota and social welfare policies. Southeast Asian countries are also trapped in a liberal democracy practice which promotes ‘one person one vote’ (equality of opportunity. Thus, the opposition to affirmative action (equality of result is so high. Although some Southeast Asian countries have women quota articles, the implementation has been undermined so far.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, dihydroanatoxin-a and dihydrohomoanatoxin-a production by Phormidium autumnale.

Science.gov (United States)

Heath, Mark W; Wood, Susanna A; Barbieri, Rafael F; Young, Roger G; Ryan, Ken G

2014-12-15

Anatoxins are powerful neuromuscular blocking agents produced by some cyanobacteria. Consumption of anatoxin-producing cyanobacterial mats or the water containing them has been linked to numerous animal poisonings and fatalities worldwide. Despite this health risk, there is a poor understanding of the environmental factors regulating anatoxin production. Non-axenic Phormidium autumnale strain CAWBG557 produces anatoxin-a (ATX), homoanatoxin-a (HTX) and their dihydrogen-derivatives dihydroanatoxin-a (dhATX) and dihydrohomoanatoxin-a (dhHTX). The effects of varying nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the production of these four variants were examined in batch monocultures. The anatoxin quota (anatoxin per cell) of all four variants increased up to four fold in the initial growth phase (days 0-9) coinciding with the spread of filaments across the culture vessel during substrate attachment. Dihydroanatoxin-a and dhHTX, accounted for over 60% of the total anatoxin quota in each nitrogen and phosphorus treatment. This suggests they are being internally synthesised and not just derived following cell lysis and environmental degradation. The four anatoxin variants differed in their response to varying nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Notably, dhATX quota significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.03) when nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were elevated (nitrogen = 21 mg L(-1); phosphorus = 3 mg L(-1)), while HTX quota increased when the phosphorus concentrations were reduced (ca. < 0.08 mg L(-1)). This is of concern as HTX has a high toxicity and anatoxin producing P. autumnale blooms in New Zealand usually occur in rivers with low water column dissolved reactive phosphorus. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Impact of Market Regulations on the Development of Wind Power - An International Comparison

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ackermann, Thomas; Soeder, Lennart

2000-01-01

This paper presents and briefly evaluates the most important existing market regulations and market schemes regarding its influence on the development of wind power. The evaluation of the existing market regulations focuses on the incentives provided by the various instruments to reduce production costs. The instruments and schemes are: Feed-in Tariffs, Net Metering, Bidding Process, Fixed Quotas, Green Certificate Trading, Green Power Exchange, Green Pricing. In addition, the impact of market regulations for international electricity markets with a power exchange are investigated. The analysis showed that new wind power generation can faces significant market barriers. (author)

The Potential of Economic Model Predictive Control for Spray Drying Plants

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Petersen, Lars Norbert; Poulsen, Niels Kjølstad; Niemann, Hans Henrik

In 2015 the milk quota system in the European Union will be completely liberalized. As a result, analysts expect production of skimmed and whole milk powder to increase by 5-6% while its price will decline by about 6-7%. Multi-stage spray drying is the prime process for the production of food...... powders. The process is highly energy consuming and capacity depends among other factors on correct control of the dryer. Consequently efficient control and optimization of the spray drying process has become increasingly important to accommodate the future market challenges. The goal of the presentation...

Calanus spp.-Vectors for the biotoxin, domoic acid, in the Arctic marine ecosystem?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Tammilehto, A.; Nielsen, Torkel Gissel; Krock, B.

2012-01-01

Three Calanus species, Calanus glacialis, Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus hyperboreus, which are the most important zooplankton herbivores in Western Greenland, were fed with unialgal cultures of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia seriata and non-toxic Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima. All three copepod speci...... are potential vectors for domoic acid to higher trophic levels in the Arctic...... cell quota of P. seriata during the experiment on C. glacialis than on the other two copepod species. The depuration experiment on C. glacialis indicated that the copepods still retained domoic acid after 10 h of depuration in filtered sea water. The results show that the three Calanus species...

Country policy profile - Sweden. December 2015

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2015-12-01

The main support mechanism for electricity from RES is a quota system that is based on a certificate trading system. Furthermore, tax incentives are in place and PV installations are subsidised with grants. Promotion of heating from RES is mainly promoted through tax exemptions. Households may deduct investments of renewable energy heating installations replacing heating systems based on fossil fuels from tax. Heating from RES further benefits from an exemption of various taxes, as carbon dioxide taxes on supply, import and production of fossil fuels for heating purposes, which apply for fossil fuels (RES LEGAL Europe, 2014)

Country policy profile - Czech Republic. December 2015

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2015-12-01

In the Czech Republic, RES electricity is supported through FITs and FIPs called green bonus. Plant operators can choose between these two options. RES heat is generally supported through subsidies; however, the subsidy cohesion program for the programming period 2014-2020 has not been adopted jet. A very important incentive is an Exemption from Real Estate Tax. Currently, the Czech Republic has only introduced a building obligation for the use of renewable heating and the exemplary role of public authorities. The main incentive for renewable energy use in transport is a quota system. bio-fuels are exempt from consumption tax

Country policy profile - Czech Republic. February 2015

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2015-02-01

In the Czech Republic, RES electricity is supported through FITs and FIPs called green bonus. Plant operators can choose between these two options. RES heat is generally supported through subsidies; however, the subsidy cohesion program for the programming period 2014-2020 has not been adopted jet. A very important incentive is an Exemption from Real Estate Tax. Currently, the Czech Republic has only introduced a building obligation for the use of renewable heating and the exemplary role of public authorities. The main incentive for renewable energy use in transport is a quota system. bio-fuels are exempt from consumption tax

Country policy profile - Sweden. August 2015

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2015-08-01

The main support mechanism for electricity from RES is a quota system that is based on a certificate trading system. Furthermore, tax incentives are in place and PV installations are subsidised with grants. Promotion of heating from RES is mainly promoted through tax exemptions. Households may deduct investments of renewable energy heating installations replacing heating systems based on fossil fuels from tax. Heating from RES further benefits from an exemption of various taxes, as carbon dioxide taxes on supply, import and production of fossil fuels for heating purposes, which apply for fossil fuels (RES LEGAL Europe, 2014)

The elusive importance effect: more failure for the Jamesian perspective on the importance of importance in shaping self-esteem.

Science.gov (United States)

Marsh, Herbert W

2008-10-01

Following William James (1890/1963), many leading self-esteem researchers continue to support the Individual-importance hypothesis-that the relation between specific facets of self-concept and global self-esteem depends on the importance an individual places on each specific facet. However, empirical support for the hypothesis is surprisingly elusive, whether evaluated in terms of an importance-weighted average model, a generalized multiple regression approach for testing self-concept-by-importance interactions, or idiographic approaches. How can actual empirical support for such an intuitively appealing and widely cited psychological principle be so elusive? Hardy and Moriarty (2006), acknowledging this previous failure of the Individual-importance hypothesis, claim to have solved the conundrum, demonstrating an innovative idiographic approach that provides clear support for it. However, a critical evaluation of their new approach, coupled with a reanalysis of their data, undermines their claims. Indeed, their data provide compelling support against the Individual-importance hypothesis, which remains as elusive as ever.

Assessment of Trade Policy in Terms of Export Diversification in Azerbaijan

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sevda Shakir Imamverdiyeva

2015-09-01

Full Text Available We analyze current status of of Azerbaijan export diversification and foreign trade policy in independent years (up from1991. The main focuse is on the tariffs and non-tariff measures of the Republic of Azerbaijan. We analyze foreign trade policy instruments of Azerbaijan one by one and compeare them with similar mechanisms of other countries. Our results show that that the foreign trade policy is very favorable for increasing foreign trade volume, and diversification of non-oil export in Azerbaijan. We find that Azerbaijan’s the maximum import tariffs level is 15%, and simple average is 9.4%. At the same time, until now Azerbaijani Government does not use most non-tariff barriers, including import quantity quotas, export subsidy, damping, anti-dumping etc.

Promoting energy-saving and environmentally friendly generation dispatching model in China: Phase development and case studies

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ding, Yi; Yang, Hongliang

2013-01-01

Energy saving and environmental protection are important conditions for the sustainable development of Chinese economy. However current widely used generation scheduling model based on predefined production quota and tariff results in heavy energy consumption and severe environment pollution. From...... 2007, as concerns over energy shortage and environmental pollution, the Chinese authorities introduced the implementation of energy-saving generation dispatching model, which is an important approach to facilitating energy-saving and reduction of pollutant emission. The objective of implementing energy......-saving generation dispatching model is to prioritize the use of renewable energy resources and new power plants with high efficiency without compromising power system security and reliability. This paper analyzes the necessity and feasibility of implementing energy-efficient and environmentally friendly generation...

Introduction

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Høst, Jeppe Engset

2015-01-01

This chapter introduces the notion and theme of market-based fisheries management. The introduction of market mechanisms to distribute and manage fishing quota has internationally occurred since the 1980s but is increasingly on the political agenda. As privatization and transferability are promoted...... internationally, and by big players, it becomes even more crucial to understand its social and environmental implications. This chapter looks at the broader lines in the fisheries research and discusses the diverging views on market-based fisheries management. On one side market mechanisms are promoted...... for efficiency and fleet adaptation, and on the other, quota markets are accused of causing concentration and disturbing social relations....

Market-Based Fisheries Management

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Høst, Jeppe Engset

a timely, critical insight into the social, cultural and economic aspects and consequences of market-based fisheries management. The privatization of fish quotas in Denmark represents one of the most far-reaching and comprehensive privatization schemes of its kind and has been widely promoted as a market......-based system with innovative social safeguards. This work critically examines this privatization of fish resources, combining quantitative and qualitative material to provide new understanding of fish quotas and their social value. Scholars with an interest in privatization and the socio-economic aspects...... of fisheries, and those working with NGOs, fishers and fisheries, and concerned with political conflicts will all value the research presented here....

Danish desire to harmonise energy taxation now

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Morch, Stein

2003-01-01

International environmental regulation with CO 2 quotas will not be in harmony with continued national tax schemes. Such schemes should be immediately removed or at least coordinated with the other Nordic countries. So far energy and environmental taxes have been of purely national concern, the result of which has been very different prices among the countries. On the wholesale side, the Nordic countries are connected with a well-functioning market with one price as long as net grid capacity is sufficient. But the picture is very different when taxes and subsidies are included. In 2003, the EU passed a directive about CO 2 quotas, which will be implemented in 2005

Organizing and operating the green certificates market in Romania

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jisa, Mihaela; Sandulescu, Alexandru; Stanciulescu, Georgeta; Stanciu, Nadina

2006-01-01

The promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources, RES, represents an imperative of the present period of time justified by the environment protection, the increasing of energy independence against the imports - through the diversification of energy supply sources - as well as economic and social reasons. The Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market represents the first step of European Union in complying with the Kyoto targets of reducing the greenhouse gases. Romania was one of the first EU candidate countries transposing the Directive 2001/77/EC provisions into its own legislation (see Governmental Decision - GD no. 443/2003 amended by GD no.958/2005). The indicative target for 2010 was fixed at 33%, representing the share of E-RES in the gross national electricity consumption. The contents of the paper is as follows: 1. Introduction; 2. Legal Framework; 2.1. Primary legislation on RES; 2.2. Secondary legislation on RES; 3. The E-RES Promotion system in Romania; 4. The Operation of green certificates market; 4.1. Setting up the mandatory quotas; 4.2. Qualify the E-RES; 4.3. Issuing the green certificates; 4.4. Trading the green certificates; 4.5. Competencies and attributions regarding the organisation and operation of the green certificates market; 4.6. The allocation of the money obtained from suppliers for non-purchased green certificates to fulfil the imposed mandatory quota; 5. The results of the GCs transactions on the centralized market; 6. Conclusion. The paper concludes by underlining that: - the legal framework of regulation is complete and it ensures the operating of promotion system of E-RES; - eighteen suppliers did not comply with their annual mandatory quota (752 green certificates); - the Romanian indicative target for 2010 regarding the share of E-RES in the gross national electricity consumption was

Investing in an coal power plant and CO2 constraints. What do risk decision-making models tell us?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Taverdet-Popiolek, N.

2010-01-01

Face with the challenge of climate change, Europe implemented a CO 2 quota market in 2005, in order to encourage industries to reduce their emissions. The first operating phase of that market was not a constraint for them, as quotas were generously allocated and prices relatively low. However it looks as though the second phase (2013-2020, will be more of an incitement as the quota allocation will not be free and market prices will probably be higher. So, faced with the CO 2 price risk, is there any point in European electricity companies investing in coal plants that emit huge amounts of CO 2 , per kWh produced? Or is it preferable for them to wait, even though it would meat making no profit for four years, for the second phase of the quota market, in order to become more familiar with the rules? To provide answers to those questions, we have modelled both scenarios: investing immediately (irreversible decision) or waiting for 2013 (decision that implies the possibility of choosing in full knowledge of the facts). The models we chose are very simple (two periods only, with stable prices within them) and place the risk mainly in the price of CO 2 , for which two scenarios are considered in the second period: price of CO 2 , low high. They show that the expected price of CO 2 has a strong influence on the decision to invest and that industries take a stance based on their anticipation of that price and the likeliness of the scenarios. The profitability of the coal industry is weakened by the CO 2 price risk, unless the price of electricity follows that of carbon (which was not considered in the model) although the electricity price scenario is a relatively favourable one. (author)

Are carbon credits effective?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

2010-01-01

Is it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by assigning a value to CO 2 ? That's the concept behind carbon credits. Their advantage: they set targets but let companies decide how to meet them. Of all the processes that can be used to reduce air pollution, the cap and trade system is the best way to meet global targets on a national or continental scale. The system's efficiency is based on setting a ceiling for emissions: this is the cap. The emissions quotas are negotiable goods that can be traded on a market: this is the 'trade'. No company can exceed its quotas, but it can choose how to meet them: decreasing its emissions by changing its production processes, buying carbon credits sold by companies that have exceeded their targets, or using clean development mechanisms. For a carbon credit system to function correctly on an economic level, it's essential to meet one condition: don't allocate too many emissions quotas to the companies involved. If they receive too many quotas, it's not hard for them to meet their objectives without changing their production processes. The supply of carbon credits currently exceeds demand. The price per ton of CO 2 is collapsing, and companies that have exceeded their targets are not rewarded for their efforts. Efficient though it may be, the cap and trade system cannot be the only way to fight CO 2 emissions. In Europe, it presently covers 40% of the CO 2 emissions by targeting utilities and industries that consume the most fossil fuels. But it cannot be extended to some sectors where pollution is diffuse. In transportation, for example, it's not possible to impose such a requirement. For that sector, as well as for the building sector, a suitable system of taxes might be effective and incentive

Climate impacts from import of waste fuels; Klimatpaaverkan fraan import av braennbart avfall

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haraldsson, Maarten; Sundberg, Johan (Profu, Moelndal (Sweden))

2009-04-15

Imports of combustible waste has increased in recent years and imported waste has become an increasingly important fuel in the Swedish district heating systems. The projections for the next few years show that the imports can be much higher, partly due to reduced amounts of waste in the wake of economic downturn the world economy, partly because several new incinerators will be put into operation. In a environmental perspective, imports are controversial and it has been proposed that imports should be restricted. This report provides an assessment of the climate impact of importing waste for combustion. The report shows that greenhouse gas emissions due to imports of waste to the Swedish district heating plants in 2007 was reduced by 500 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide. This is equivalent to the emissions from 300 000 Swedes car journeys a year, or 2.5% of the total emission reduction target set by the Government for the non-trading sector until 2020. Imports of wood waste-chips accounts for the largest reduction, but the study shows that imports of other types of waste contribute to a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases. The reasons for the reduction is that the use of imported waste fuel substitute for other heating and electricity generation, which gives the consequence that emissions are avoided. The largest emission reductions are obtained, however, by the importation of household waste by replacing the alternative waste treatment of the corresponding waste in the country of origin. In the countries from which imports of waste currently takes place there is a lack of treatment capacity for organic waste. The alternative treatment available is primarily deposition. This treatment causes significant emissions of methane, which is a very strong greenhouse gas. The shipment of waste that occur as a result of imports gives a marginal contribution of greenhouse gases, compared against the emission reductions outlined above

Sistema de cotas, trajetórias educacionais e assistência estudantil: por uma educação inclusiva

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carla Silva Machado

2016-08-01

Full Text Available The present text aims to discuss the current Brazilian university setting based on the context of the quota system. Thus, we have used the studies by Ferraro (2011 and Carvalho and Rezende (2012, so that we can en compass the path of the quota student since basic education, highlighting the school trajectory of black boys. Then, we discuss how the positions regarding the quota system happen in the academic circles and how the affirmative action policy here discussed is related to the concept of equity, as proposed by López (2005. From the concept of equity, we conduct a brief history of the quota system introduction in Brazilian universities, emphasizing the isolated actions of some universities until the approval of the Law 12.711, which deals with the quotas national policy. Finally, we discuss the changes that occurred in the university students since the establishment of the quota system and the transformations occurred in the student assistance, not only in terms of resources but also regarding a proposal that no longer encompasses only economical help, it also includes pedagogical and social inclusion of the students in the Brazilian public university system. We highlight that the core purpose of this article is, based on bibliographic research, to establish the various hurdles faced by black and poor students on their path to higher education, and the need to adopt the quota system as a way of dealing with such obstacles. O presente texto visa abordar o atual cenário universitário brasileiro a partir da conjuntura do sistema de cotas. Para tal, foram utilizados os estudos de Ferraro (2011 e Carvalho e Rezende (2012, de forma a englobar a trajetória do aluno cotista desde a educação básica, destacando a trajetória escolar dos meninos negros. Em seguida, discute-se como se dão os posicionamentos acerca da política de cotas no seio das discussões acadêmicas e de que forma a política de ação afirmativa aqui abordada se

Trade in electricity certificates: a new means for stimulating electricity from renewable energy sources: final report from the electricity certificate inquiry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2001-01-01

We recommend the introduction of a quota-based Swedish certificate system to promote production of electricity from renewable energy sources commencing on 1 January 2003. We recommend that the certificate system should be based on the following principles: The quota obligation should be set for the years 2003 to 2010 and for all intervening years. The quota is expressed as a share of the total amount of electricity used. It is proposed that as a guideline, a target of an increase in electricity production from renewable energy sources of 10 TWh, in a period from 2003 to 2010 inclusive, is adopted. It is estimated that approximately half of this increase can come from expansion of existing production and half from new plants. The following electricity production plants are to be entitled to certificates provided they comply with the requirement that electricity is to be produced from renewable energy sources and that they meet the environmental criteria set, including fuel requirements, where electricity is produced with the aid of: 1. wind power, 2. solar energy, 3. geothermal energy, 4. certain types of biofuel, 5. wave energy, 6. hydroelectric power at existing plants which, at the time of the Electricity Certificate law coming into effect, have a capacity not exceeding 1 500 kilowatt, 7. hydroelectric power at plants which have not been in operation after 1 July 2001 but which were commissioned after the coming into effect of the Electricity Certificate law, 8. increased installed capacity at existing hydroelectric power plants to the extent that capacity is increased by measures undertaken after 1 July 2002, and 9. hydroelectric power produced at plants, which started operation for the first time after 1 July 2002. The quota period is defined as one calendar year. Certificates may be 'banked' by those subject to quota should they have more certificates at the end of the quota period than need to be submitted. A certificate is valid for an unlimited period of

Southeast Asia Report, No. 1248

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

1983-01-01

..., Mokhtar To Visit Morocco, Mokhtar Discusses Al-Quds Meeting, Subroto Discusses OPEC Meeting, OPEC To Discuss Quotas, Ambassadors Present Credentials, LAPAN's Launches Succeed, Jakarta Police Commander...

Renewable Energy Policy Fact sheet - United Kingdom

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2017-07-01

The EurObserv'ER policy profiles give a snapshot of the renewable energy policy in the EU Member States. In the United Kingdom RES-E are supported through a feed-in tariff, Contracts for Difference scheme, a quota system and tax regulation mechanism. For RES-H and C a subsidy and price-based mechanisms are available for supporting RES-H installations. Furthermore, a quota system for biofuels and a grant scheme for transport is in place. A training programme for RES-E plant installers is in place, as well as a certification programme for RES-E installations. An overarching Renewable Energy Roadmap relating to RES-E has been laid down and implemented

Renewable Energy Policy Fact sheet - Poland

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2017-09-01

The EurObserv'ER policy profiles give a snapshot of the renewable energy policy in the EU Member States. Mid-2016 Poland revamped its national support scheme for electricity from renewable energy sources, started to phase out a certificates-backed renewable electricity quota scheme, and put in place a feed-in tariff/feed-in premium (FiT/FiP) system in place with the support levels being determined by approved tender bids. Furthermore, a fiscal and soft loan instrument is used for supplementary support. Three subsidy instruments and a soft loan instrument are deployed for the promotion of renewable heat. Renewable energy in transport is promoted through a bio-fuels quota scheme

Powernext Carbon, an organized market at the service of the fight against greenhouse effect.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2006-01-01

The European Community directive no 2003/87/CE aims at fighting against climatic change by the implementation of a greenhouse gas emissions trading system. This architecture has been precised in the European Regulation no 2216/2004 relative to the normalized and secured registers system. This document describes the principles of Powernext Carbon, the quotas trading market, launched by Powernext in partnership with Caisse des Depots and Euronext: context, size of the European CO 2 market, regulatory situation, Powernext Carbon - the European CO 2 quotas stock exchange (partnership, architecture, spot products, European members network), theory and practice of Powernext Carbon continuous market (reference electronic platform, 3-step negotiation, invoicing and added value tax, tariffing. (J.S.)

Powernext Carbon, an organized market at the service of the fight against greenhouse effect..; Powernext Carbon, un marche organise au service de la lutte contre l'effet de serre..

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2006-07-01

The European Community directive no 2003/87/CE aims at fighting against climatic change by the implementation of a greenhouse gas emissions trading system. This architecture has been precised in the European Regulation no 2216/2004 relative to the normalized and secured registers system. This document describes the principles of Powernext Carbon, the quotas trading market, launched by Powernext in partnership with Caisse des Depots and Euronext: context, size of the European CO{sub 2} market, regulatory situation, Powernext Carbon - the European CO{sub 2} quotas stock exchange (partnership, architecture, spot products, European members network), theory and practice of Powernext Carbon continuous market (reference electronic platform, 3-step negotiation, invoicing and added value tax, tariffing. (J.S.)

Quotas and Decentralization (Indonesia) | CRDI - Centre de ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Over the past decade, the Government of Indonesia has taken steps to enhance the participation of women in public office. One element of the strategy is decentralization, promoted under the slogan, "local autonomy for people empowerment and welfare." Support for gender mainstreaming was proclaimed and in 2003 an ...

Pacific Coast Groundfish Individual Fishing Quota Database

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — On January 11, 2011, NOAA Fisheries implemented a new fishery management system for the West Coast Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program as specified in the...

50 CFR 648.291 - Individual fishing quota.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... include payment via a credit card, as specified in the cost-recovery bill, or via direct automated... pursuant to the above authorization will count against the IFQ Allocation permit, if issued. If the...

Support systems for the diffusion of renewable energy technologies-an investor perspective

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dinica, Valentina

2006-01-01

Concern over climate change impacts and the projected depletion of fossil fuels has urged more governments to adopt policies that stimulate the diffusion of renewable energy technologies (RET). With an increasingly diverse suite of support instruments, the question emerges as to which instruments or combinations are able to achieve faster, more substantial diffusion results. Although various support instruments were extensively addressed in policy studies, there is still no consensus. This is partly because many policy studies take a policy-maker approach in comparing support instruments, leaving relationships between policy design and policy results as a black box. This paper proposes an investor-oriented perspective to analyze the diffusion potential of support systems for RET. The main argument is that it is not the type of support instrument but rather its risk/profitability characteristics that influence investor behavior and the rate of diffusion. The two instruments most frequently discussed and compared are the feed-in-tariff and the quota model. The analysis in this paper concludes that policy design is crucial: while often feed-in tariffs are applauded and quota system feared, feed-in tariffs may also bring about disappointing diffusion results when poorly designed while quota systems may be also conceived as attractive instruments for independent power producers

NATIONAL HISTORICAL EVENTS IN IRANIAN COLLECTIVE MEMORY

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hamid Ebadollahi Chanzanagh

2013-01-01

Full Text Available This study aims to investigate presence of nationalhistorical events in Iraniancollective memory. According to social theorists remembering is a socialphenomenon which occurs in social cadres. In Iranian social context, ethnicity,generation, religion and education are important social cadres of memory. 384national samples from three different ethnicities,Azeri, Gilaki and Kurd, werechosen by quota sampling. Results of survey indicated three social cadres ofgeneration, religion and education explained remembering national historicalevents and Iranian collective memory is basically rooted in national historicalevents rather than ethnic one. ‘The 1979 Islamic revolution’, ‘Iran’s oilnationalization and the following 1953 Iranian coupd’état’ from the last centuryevents and ‘Iranian constitutional revolution’, ‘Russo-Persian wars’ from prior tothe last century events are the most important national events remembered byIranian.

OCTG outlook

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Perkins, C.A. Jr.

1991-01-01

This paper reports that over the next year, the major trends in the oil field tubular industry are expected to be largely unchanged. Pipe demand will be constrained as drilling continues at moderate levels. There is more than ample domestic pipe manufacturing capacity available to meet this demand. The mills will provide pipe distributors with quick delivery and competitive prices. VRA quotas for steel imports will expire, but foreign pipe mills will not gain market share. Operators should be able to get the pipe they need when they need it, just in time, and at competitive prices. Thus operators will be able to drill with minimum inventory of their own

Genetics of ovulation rate in farm animals

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rohit Kumar

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Rate of ovulation (i.e. fecundity is largely influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The ovarian growth factorsincluding members of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs play a central role in determining ovulation quota and litter size.Naturally occurring mutation in sheep and knock-out and knock–down studies in murine indicated the importance of bonemorphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15, growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9 and bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B(BMPR1B genes in mammals. These factors have major regulatory roles during the gonadotrophin-independent and -dependent stages of follicle development. Understanding of BMPs in reproduction assists in the treatment of infertility/sterility in animals.

Algeria: World Oil Report 1991

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1991-01-01

This paper reports that Algeria is positioned to achieve important, new natural gas markets. Over half of its hydrocarbon income is from exports of gas and derived products, liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and condensates, which are not subject to Opec quotas. Officials are moving away from inflexible past policies and are becoming vastly more realistic now that foreign investment laws have been liberalized and there is a need to attract foreign investors. Sonatrach must address three key issues to consolidate recent progress. Sales to existing customers in Europe, like Italy, must be expanded; new customers and markets need to found: and U.S. liquified natural gas (LNG) markets must be revived

Country policy profile - Sweden. October 2014

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2014-10-01

The main support mechanism for electricity from RES is a quota system that is based on a certificate trading system. Furthermore, tax incentives are in place and PV installations are subsidised with grants. Promotion of heating from RES is mainly promoted through tax exemptions. Households may deduct investments of renewable energy heating installations replacing heating systems based on fossil fuels from tax. Heating from RES further benefits from an exemption of various taxes, as carbon dioxide taxes on supply, import and production of fossil fuels for heating purposes, which apply for fossil fuels (Source, RES LEGAL Europe, www.res-legal.eu/search-by-country/sweden/)

Living with the consequences of criticality incident

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tanaka, Y.

2001-01-01

The response of population in Tokai-Mura and Japan on the Tokai-Mura reprocessing plant accident of 30 September, 1999 at the nuclear fuel production plant is considered. Results of the public opinion poll on the question under consideration, response of mass media are presented. On evidence of the questioning high quota of people (58 %) advocates further development of the nuclear energetics in spite of fears induced by the accident. However positive attitude to the nuclear energetics reduces from 60 % to 58 %, negative attitude increases from 31 % to 37 %. The accident has an important bearing on regional residents because of its direct effect [ru

7 CFR 718.3 - State committee responsibilities.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... AGRICULTURE FARM MARKETING QUOTAS, ACREAGE ALLOTMENTS, AND PRODUCTION ADJUSTMENT PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO... digital images. (b) The State committee shall submit to the Deputy Administrator requests to deviate from...

75 FR 27990 - Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council (MAFMC); Public Meetings

Science.gov (United States)

2010-05-19

... Monitoring Committee's recommendations and SSC advice for 2011 quota levels and associated management... setting processes; and, discuss the mechanics of how the August specification setting process will be...

Import-Export Business Plan

OpenAIRE

Asad, Muhammad

2014-01-01

Import export businesses, also known as international trading, are one of the hottest commercial trends of this decade. Since the owner of an import export enterprise, can work as a distributor by focusing on exporting and importing goods and services that cannot be obtained on national soil. With a rapidly growing population of about 150 million, Pakistan is a major country, recognized by the international community, and is one of the most important actors in the Islamic world. Based on its ...

77 FR 70714 - Electronic Import Inspection Application and Certification of Imported Products and Foreign...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-11-27

... Import Inspection Application and Certification of Imported Products and Foreign Establishments..., the egg products import regulations provide for foreign country (not establishment) certification to... imported egg products at this time. The Agency will propose foreign establishment certification in a...

77 FR 14304 - Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Sablefish Managed Under the Individual...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-03-09

...; Sablefish Managed Under the Individual Fishing Quota Program AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS...: NMFS is opening directed fishing for sablefish with fixed gear managed under the Individual Fishing...

Managing uncertainty in fishing and processing of an integrated ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

trawler scheduling, catch quota, processing and labour allocation, and inventory control. .... of trawlers, a number of processing plants and market requirements. ...... Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Analysis of soybean production and import trends and its import factors in Indonesia

Science.gov (United States)

Ningrum, I. H.; Irianto, H.; Riptanti, E. W.

2018-03-01

This study aims to analyze the factors affecting soybean imports in Indonesia and to know the trend and projection of Indonesian soybean production as well as the import in 2016-2020. The basic method used in this research is the description analysis method. The data used are secondary data in the form of time series data from 1979-2015. Methods of data analysis using simultaneous equations model with 2SLS (Two Stage Least Square) method and Trend analysis. The results showed that the factors affecting soybean imports in Indonesia are consumption and production. Consumption has positive effect while production is negatively affected. The percentage changed in soybean imports is greater than the percentage change in consumption and production of soybeans. Consumption is positively influenced by imports and production, while production is influenced positively by consumption and negative by imports. The production trend of soybean in 2016-2020 has a tendency to increase with a percentage of 11.18% per year. Production in 2016 is projected at 1.110.537 tons while in 2020 it will increase to 1,721,350 tons. The import trend in 2016-2020 has a tendency to increase with an average percentage of 4.13% per year. Import in 2016 is projected at 2.224.188 tons while in 2020 it will increase to 2.611.270 tons.

Enhancing importance-performance analysis

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Eskildsen, Jacob Kjær; Kristensen, Kai

2006-01-01

Purpose: The interpretation of the importance/performance map is based on an assumption of independence between importance and performance but many studies question the validity of this assumption. The aim of this research is to develop a new typology for job satisfaction attributes as well...... as a new importance/performance map that can be an aid for organizations when they prioritize their improvement actions based on a job satisfaction study. Design/methodology/approach: A typology for possible relationships between importance and performance in job satisfaction studies is developed based...... on theoretical considerations. This typology is then applied and validated on approximately 10,000 responses from the European Employee Index 2002. Ultimately a new importance/performance map for priority setting in job satisfaction studies is developed based on the new typology for possible relationships...

Importance classification

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mizumachi, Wataru; Kobayashi, Masahide

2008-01-01

Conventionally, the design of a nuclear reactor has been performed from a viewpoint of a safety function and the importance on earthquake-proof on the basis of not giving off the mainly included radioactivity outside. In this Niigataken-Chuetsuoki earthquake, there is almost no damage to the system, components and structure on safe also in the earthquake beyond assumption, and the validity of the design was checked. But, the situation peculiar to a big earthquake was also generated. The emergency plan room which should serve as a connection center with the exterior was not able to open a door and use at the beginning. Fire-extinguishing system piping fractured and self-defense fire fighting was not made. And so on. Discussion from the following three viewpoints was performed. 1st: The importance from a viewpoint which should maintain a function also with the disaster in case of an earthquake like an emergency plan room etc. 2nd: In the earthquake, since the safe system and un-safe system was influenced, the importance from a viewpoint which may have influence safely inquired when the un-safe system broke down. 3rd: Although it was not directly related safely, discussion from a viewpoint which influences fear of insecurity, such as taking out smoke, for example, was performed (author)

THE IMPACT OF REFORMING WHEAT IMPORTING STATE-TRADING ENTERPRISES ON THE QUALITY OF WHEAT IMPORTED

OpenAIRE

Lavoie, Nathalie

2003-01-01

Recent surveys of wheat importers indicate that countries that import wheat via a state trader are less sensitive to quality issues in import decision making than countries that import wheat through private traders. This study examines conceptually and empirically the impact of the deregulation of wheat imports on the quality and source of wheat imports.

indonesia : tous les projets | Page 2 | CRDI - Centre de recherches ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Sujet: MIGRANT WORKERS, FOREIGN WORKERS, WORKING CONDITIONS, ... Région: Central Asia, Far East Asia, South Asia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore ... Quotas et décentralisation (Indonésie).

golden crabbers focus group transcript

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC) considered (but ultimately rejected) instituting a golden crab individual transferable quota (ITQ) program in...

golden crabbers cost data

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC) considered (but ultimately rejected) instituting a golden crab individual transferable quota (ITQ) program in...

7 CFR 996.40 - Handling standards.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... other means that is acceptable to the Inspection Service. The crop year or quota year shown on the... Epstein, Deputy Administrator, Science and Technology Programs, AMS, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW...

78 FR 20618 - New England Fishery Management Council; Public Meeting

Science.gov (United States)

2013-04-05

... affecting New England fisheries in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). DATES: The meeting will be held on... to discuss quota trading, assessment timing, alternative management strategies and the U.S./Canada...

On the effectiveness of regulatory vs voluntary vs strategies for increasing the share of renewable in electricity generation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haas, Reinhard; Huber, Claus; Resch, Gustav; Faber, Thomas [Vienna Univ. of Technology, Energy Economics Group, Vienna (Austria)

2003-09-01

The promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES-E) has a high priority in the energy policy strategies of many countries world-wide. To meeting this objective in recent years a wide variety of deployment strategies and dissemination programmes for RES-E has been launched by quite different organizations and institutions. The core focus of this paper is to extract under which conditions various strategies are effective for substantially boosting RES in the future. Moreover, it is analysed what are the most important regulatory conditions for implementing voluntary (Green Pricing, voluntary green electricity trade) and regulatory (TGC-based quotas, bidding feed-in tariffs) promotion strategies for RES-E. The most important results and conclusions of this analysis are: Regardless which instrument is chosen the careful design of a strategy is of paramount importance; Focus on new capacities: It is of paramount importance that a promotional system does not mix existing (at least fully depreciated) and new capacities. Hence, Green Pricing strategies as well as regulatory approaches should have a strong focus on new capacity; Credibility: To provide confidence among the industry and investors it must be guaranteed by highly credible sources that a strategy survives a certain planning horizon; Feed-in tariffs are an effective instrument if a policy is introduced on a national level and if the rates are optimally designed e.g. using a stepped feed-in tariff; Of high relevance for quotas based on tradable certificates is that the penalty for not purchasing a certificate is higher than the worst case of investment; With respect to voluntary strategies -e.g. Green Power Marketing- the minimum requirement for a label is that it guarantees at least that the proportional increase in total electricity demand is provided by new capacities; With respect to international trading of Green electricity at least one of the following conditions must be fulfilled

Conflict, local power holders and womenWomen´s rights claiming in ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

virtual

; support women´s initiatives; promote participation in local mechanisms for Justice and Peace; promote women as autonomous political actors: quota, procedures and budgets. 2. PROTECTION: Governments should provide special protection ...

WTO Agricultural Tariffication with Lessons for Tariff Adoption

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jeong¡-Bin Im

2005-06-01

Full Text Available According to the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA, all agricultural non-tariff trade barriers should be converted into equivalent tariffs and further, reduced over time. However each member country has the authority to choose the tariff types when it converts NTBs to tariffs such as ad valorem tariff and specific tariff. The paper tries to find the reason for the choice of a certain type of tariff in the process of tariffication after the UR negotiation on agriculture. To achieve this goal, the paper analyses the effects of tariffication of a fixed quota into tariffs on price, trade and welfare in a number of scenarios related to the sources of uncertainty. In this paper, we examine the nonequivalence of specific tariff and ad valorem tariff, which are general type of tariffs used in the most of countries. The paper has shown that the two types of tariffs selected by tariffication of import quota are not generally equivalent in both their effects on price and trade stability and welfare with the trade model under uncertainty. The main conclusion of this study is that there is no general presumption that one tariff regime is superior to the other tariff regime under conditions of uncertainty. The precise source of uncertainty and the properties of the relevant demand and supply functions might affect the determination of tariff type selected after tariffication of non-tariff barriers.

A comparison between parents of children with cochlear implants and parents of children with hearing aids regarding parental distress and treatment expectations.

Science.gov (United States)

Spahn, Claudia; Richter, Bernhard; Burger, Thorsten; Löhle, Erwin; Wirsching, Michael

2003-09-01

The aim of the present study was to compare the parents of children with a hearing aid (HA) and children with a cochlear implant (CI) regarding their psychological distress, their expectations from treatment, their family climate, and the way they first obtained information on HA/CI. 154 parents (return quota 41%; 81 mothers and 73 fathers) of 90 children with a HA and 103 parents (return quota 59%; 57 mothers and 46 fathers) of 57 children with a CI were interviewed by means of a questionnaire. Both groups of parents felt distressed, particularly at the time of diagnosis. Their psychological well-being was gradually stabilized in the further course of rehabilitation. Due to the operation associated with it, fitting with a CI brought on a phase of heightened parental psychological distress compared with less invasive treatment with a HA. Regarding family climate, more distress was found in parents of CI children than in parents of HA children. Expectations from therapy appeared realistic in both parental groups; however, after CI fitting, the parents of the CI children showed heightened expectations by comparison with the parents of the HA children. The results of our study suggest that the parents of hearing impaired children fitted with a HA or a CI may be divided into two subgroups with divergent psychosocial parameters. For the counseling of the parents of hearing impaired children in clinical practice, it would seem important to take these specific differences into consideration.

THE 2003 -2007 MINIMUM, MAXIMUM AND MEDIUM DISCHARGE ANALYSIS OF THE LATORIŢA-LOTRU WATER SYSTEM

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Simona-Elena MIHĂESCU

2010-06-01

Full Text Available The 2003 -2007 minimum, maximum and medium discharge analysis of the Latoriţa-Lotru water system From a functional point of view, the Lotru and Latoriţa make up a water system by the junction of the two high hydro energetic potential water flows. The Lotru springs from the Parâng Massif with a spring quota of over 1900m and an outfall quota of 298m, which makes for an altitude difference of 1602m; it is the affluent of the Olt River, has a course length of 76 km and a minimum discharge of 20m3/s. Its reception hollow is of 1024 km2. Latoriţa springs from the Latoriţa Mountains, it is a small river with an average discharge of 2.7m3/s and is an affluent of the Lotru. Together, the two make up a high hydro energetic potential system, valorized in the system of lakes which serve the Ciunget Hydro-Electric Power Plant. Galbenu and Petrimanu are two reservoirs built on the Latoriţa River and on the Lotru, we have Vidra reservoir, Balindru, Mălaia and Brădişor. The discharge analysis of these rivers is very important in view of a good risk management, especially consisting in floods and high level waters, even in the case of artificial water flows such as the Latoriţa-Lotru water system.

Saudi Arabia plans future strategy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Roberts, John.

1996-01-01

The future strategy of Saudi Arabia with respect to its oil production capacity is discussed. A major uncertainty affecting planning is the prospect of an Iraqi return to the market as and when Saddam Hussein falls or he manages to comply fully with all the UN resolutions and sanctions are lifted. It is believed that Iraq could at very short notice be capable of exporting 2mb/d of crude rising to 2.5 mb/d within a few months. This is 10% of OPEC's physically traded crude. Also taken seriously are Baghdad's assertions that Iraq will have a production capacity of about 6mb/d by the year 2000. Saudi officials are concerned that OPEC is not ready to tackle the impact of an Iraqi return to the market at a time when some OPEC members are producing above quota anyway. The most likely outcome is thought to be that OPEC would simply raise their nominal production ceiling. Against this background, Saudi Arabia has embarked on the exploitation of the gigantic oil reserves of the Shaybah field. This development offers the kingdom an ability, on the one hand, to increase its earnings while remaining within its OPEC quota and, on the other hand, to increase output substantially should it ever appear that its best interests are served by not adhering to quotas. (UK)

Investigation of the solubility of He in pressure-gassed and irradiated nickel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Driesch, H.J. von den.

1980-06-01

The behaviour of helium in nickel and gold was investigated in pressure-gassed, homogeneously implanted surface loaded samples doped by the (p,α) and (d,a) nuclear reactions. The following results were obtained: The helium content of gassed nickel foil was mostly determined by a surface oxide film with a thickness that shows a temperature dependence similar to the helium content. Such an effect could not be detected in gassed gold foils. At gasification pressures above 300 bar a deformation of the samples could be observed that can be attributed to a change of the temperature distribution or of the convection flow. A helium solubility could not be detected for pure undeformed nickel. An upper limit of solubility of Ssub(He) -11 atom quota at 1500 K could be estimated from the measured data. Homogeneously implanted nickel samples released 1-30% of their helium content in several degassing stages at 600, 800 and 1200 K. The helium amount released, before the melting of the material is a clear function of the concentration in the investigated concentration range (10 -11 -10 -4 atom quota). A preirradiation of the samples with 6 MeV protons leads at high helium concentrations to an increased helium release before the melting of the samples. The largest quota of helium (70 to 99%) is released only during the melting of the nickel. (orig./RW) [de

After Brussels its Bratislava

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Beer, G.

2005-01-01

On Monday steel works U.S. Steel, s.r.o., Kosice (USSK) filed an suit against Slovak Ministry of Environment with the Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic (SR). Together with the mother company United States Steel Corporation they claim that the provisions of contract the company signed with Slovak Republic on purchase of Vychodoslovenske zeleziarne (VSZ) were broken. They officially announced their intention to claim compensation for all 'financial losses related to illegal decrease of carbon dioxide quotas.' The company has also filed a suit with the European Court of Justice against European Commission. The difference between the original quotas granted to the company and the current volumes is 830-thousand tons a year. The market price payable for CO 2 emissions has not been defined yet. 'The higher will be the interest in increased limits the higher will be their price,' admits spokesman of the company, Jan Baca. But the prices could get close to the maximum amount represented by a penalty of 40 EUR for releasing 1 ton of carbon dioxide above the limit. The final allocation grants the steel works a quota 8% lower then the original agreement with SR. The company keeps stressing that since it gained control over the steel works in 2000 it has invested about 180 mil. USD into environmental activities

Public interest group involvement

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shelley, P.

1986-01-01

Including public interest groups in the siting process for nuclear waste disposal facilities is of great importance. Controversial sitings often result in litigation, but involving public interest groups early in the process will lessen the change of this. They act as surrogates for the general public and should be considered as members of the team. It is important to remember though, that all public interest groups are different. In choosing public panels such as public advisory committees, members should not be chosen on the basis of some quota. Opposition groups should not be excluded. Also, it is important to put the right person in charge of the committee. The goal of public involvement is to identify the conflicts. This must be done during the decision process, because conflicts must be known before they can be eliminated. Regarding litigation, it is important to ease through and around legal battles. If the siting process has integrity and a good faith effort has been shown, the court should uphold the effort. In addition, it is important to be negotiable and to eliminate shortcuts

Social capital survey in groundfish

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Quota allocations to groups of self-selecting permit holders (known as sector allocations) are increasingly being considered as a way to provide fishermen with...

AKRO: Standard Prices

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Standard prices are generated for cost recovery programs in the Individual Fishing Quota (IFQ) halibut and sablefish, BSAI Rationalized crab, and Central Gulf of...

Agricultural price and income policy in the EC : alternative policies and their implications

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Meester, G.

1980-01-01

Alternative forms of income policy without direct supply control. Alternative forms of income policy with direct supply control: quota arrangements. The influence of EC policy on the world market prices of agricultural produce

Search Results | Page 818 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 8171 - 8180 of 8494 ... ... compliance with laws on the fight against tobacco is inadequate, and the influence of ... WOMEN'S RIGHTS POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR POLITICAL ... Women in political parties' structures : the quota types discourse.

50 CFR 648.321 - Framework adjustment process.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... actions over the span of at least two Council meetings (the initial meeting agenda must include... bait fisheries; (21) Changes to seasonal quotas in the skate bait or wing fisheries; (22) Reduction of...

Importance analysis for reconfigurable systems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Si, Shubin; Levitin, Gregory; Dui, Hongyan; Sun, Shudong

2014-01-01

Importance measures are used in reliability engineering to rank the system components according to their contributions to proper functioning of the entire system and to find the most effective ways of reliability enhancement. Traditionally, the importance measures do not consider the possible change of system structure with the improvement of specific component reliability. However, if a component's reliability changes, the optimal system structure/configuration may also change and the importance of the corresponding component will depend on the chosen structure. When the most promising component reliability improvement is determined, the component importance should be taken into account with respect to the possible structure changes. This paper studies the component reliability importance indices with respect to the changes of the optimal component sequencing. This importance measure indicates the critical components in providing the system reliability enhancement by both enhancing the component's reliability and reconfiguring the system. Examples of linear consecutive-k-out-of-n: F and G systems are considered to demonstrate the change of the component Birnbaum importance with the optimal system reconfiguration. The results show that the change of the importance index corresponds to the change of the system optimal configuration and the importance index can change not monotonically with the variation of the component reliability

A road to more and cheaper energy conservation. Evaluation of all the Danish energy saving activities; En vej til flere og billigere energibesparelser. Evaluering af samtlige danske energispareaktiviteter

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Togeby, M.; Dyhr-Mikkelsen, K.; Damgaard, C.K. (and others)

2008-12-15

In total, about 650 million DKK yearly is used in Denmark for energy conservation incentives - 300 million DKK for the electric utilities' energy saving activities, 250 million DKK for energy labelling of buildings, and 100 million DKK for electric power saving activities. The present evaluation of all the Danish energy conservation activities has been performed based on the energy political agreements of 10 June 2005 and of 21 February 2008. The objective is to strengthen and develop the Danish energy savings efforts based on the experiences with the present activities and incentives. The evaluation is performed through data compilations from interviews with selected target groups and from questionnaires to the electric utilities. Furthermore, a statistical analysis was performed of the development of the energy consumption in eight countries, and information of other countries' energy conservation activities was compiled. The energy saving activities and incentives that are evaluated are: Taxes and CO{sub 2} quotas, the electric utilities' activities, energy labelling of buildings, the Electric Power Saving Trust, building codes, labelling of appliances, energy conservation requirements for public workplaces, agreement with the energy intensive industry, and the Energy Conservation Fund. The evaluation of these nine energy saving activities and incentives shows, that they were established over several years as answers to different energy political requirements. The coordination of these activities is in some cases insufficient. At the same time, the implementation of EU's CO{sub 2} quota system is a challenge to the other incentives. For example, the quota system has increased the incentive for electric power savings because of a higher power price but on the other hand it does not result in CO{sub 2} reductions within the actual quota period. Several of the savings systems seem to have too little focus on a systematic documentation of their

Renewable energies development: what contribution of the carbon market?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bordier, Cecile

2008-12-01

In the climate-energy package, the European Union has committed to achieve objectives differentiated by countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and developing renewable energies. Part of the emissions reduction must be achieved through a common mechanism to all Member States: the European CO 2 trading market (EU ETS) covers about 40% of emissions of gas European greenhouse from five major industrial sectors, including power generation. The development of renewable energy is the responsibility of each member state. To meet its commitments in terms of renewable energy, each Member State may adopt economic incentives: tendering, purchase prices or green certificates. This Climate Report describes two national policies with different instruments: aid mechanism by prices in France and definition of quantitative targets in the UK. The author attempts to evaluate these policies for the production of renewable electricity in terms of cost per ton of carbon avoided to compare with the price of carbon quotas in the EU ETS. The results show that the cost of national incentive policies for renewable energy per ton of CO 2 avoided varies significantly from one country to another, but in both cases higher than the quota price on the European market. It is difficult to draw definitive conclusions on economic effectiveness of different policy instruments. The first phase of the European exchange of CO 2 quotas market has induced a stress relatively low, weighing mainly on the electricity generation sector. The allocations to the electricity sector have been reduced from 2008 and quotas will be auctioned from 2013 within the limits of an overall ceiling will decrease year by year. This increase in stress on emissions should play a key role in the deployment of CO 2 emission reduction solutions in this sector, including the development of renewable energies. The incentive mechanisms at the national level could complement the impact of the European carbon market by accelerating

The importance of coughs

African Journals Online (AJOL)

2012-03-14

Mar 14, 2012 ... how important it can be. It is at best ... e. rise of intrathoracic pressure up to 200mm Hg., f. glottic opening and ... The differential diagnosis may be reviewed from knowledge .... cigarette smoking is an important example. 3.

78 FR 40317 - Highly Migratory Species; Atlantic Shark Management Measures; Amendment 5a

Science.gov (United States)

2013-07-03

... using the TAC from the Hayes et al. (2009) stock assessment after accounting for all sources of... Horizon/BP oil spill fishing closures. Because the preferred quota is based on recent annual landings, it...

ater hy ater uota Systems In hina are ot orkin

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

commerce and urban communities compete for ... China's Heihe River Basin by Junlian Zhang, College of Resource and Environment,. China Agricultural ... Adherence to water quotas in five irrigation areas in Zhangye City. Hongshuihe. 4.1.

50 CFR 648.161 - Closures.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Bluefish Fishery § 648.161 Closures. (a) EEZ closure. NMFS shall close the EEZ to fishing for bluefish by... dealer permit holders that no commercial quota is available for landing bluefish in that state. ...