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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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File list: Pol.Myo.10.RNA_polymerase_II.AllCell [Chip-atlas[Archive

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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File list: Pol.Pan.05.RNA_polymerase_II.AllCell [Chip-atlas[Archive

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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File list: Pol.Emb.05.RNA_polymerase_II.AllCell [Chip-atlas[Archive

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

Full Text Available Pol.YSt.20.RNA_polymerase_II.AllCell sacCer3 RNA polymerase RNA polymerase II Yeast... strain http://dbarchive.biosciencedbc.jp/kyushu-u/sacCer3/assembled/Pol.YSt.20.RNA_polymerase_II.AllCell.bed ...

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Lifescience Database Archive (English)

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Mitotic Transcriptional Activation: Clearance of Actively Engaged Pol II via Transcriptional Elongation Control in Mitosis.

Science.gov (United States)

Liang, Kaiwei; Woodfin, Ashley R; Slaughter, Brian D; Unruh, Jay R; Box, Andrew C; Rickels, Ryan A; Gao, Xin; Haug, Jeffrey S; Jaspersen, Sue L; Shilatifard, Ali

2015-11-05

Although it is established that some general transcription factors are inactivated at mitosis, many details of mitotic transcription inhibition (MTI) and its underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We have identified mitotic transcriptional activation (MTA) as a key regulatory step to control transcription in mitosis for genes with transcriptionally engaged RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to activate and transcribe until the end of the gene to clear Pol II from mitotic chromatin, followed by global impairment of transcription reinitiation through MTI. Global nascent RNA sequencing and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrate the existence of transcriptionally engaged Pol II in early mitosis. Both genetic and chemical inhibition of P-TEFb in mitosis lead to delays in the progression of cell division. Together, our study reveals a mechanism for MTA and MTI whereby transcriptionally engaged Pol II can progress into productive elongation and finish transcription to allow proper cellular division. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Involvement of specialized DNA polymerases Pol II, Pol IV and DnaE2 in DNA replication in the absence of Pol I in Pseudomonas putida

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sidorenko, Julia; Jatsenko, Tatjana; Saumaa, Signe; Teras, Riho; Tark-Dame, Mariliis; Horak, Rita; Kivisaar, Maia

2011-01-01

The majority of bacteria possess a different set of specialized DNA polymerases than those identified in the most common model organism Escherichia coli. Here, we have studied the ability of specialized DNA polymerases to substitute Pol I in DNA replication in Pseudomonas putida. Our results revealed that P. putida Pol I-deficient cells have severe growth defects in LB medium, which is accompanied by filamentous cell morphology. However, growth of Pol I-deficient bacteria on solid rich medium can be restored by reduction of reactive oxygen species in cells. Also, mutants with improved growth emerge rapidly. Similarly to the initial Pol I-deficient P. putida, its adapted derivatives express a moderate mutator phenotype, which indicates that DNA replication carried out in the absence of Pol I is erroneous both in the original Pol I-deficient bacteria and the adapted derivatives. Analysis of the spectra of spontaneous Rif r mutations in P. putida strains lacking different DNA polymerases revealed that the presence of specialized DNA polymerases Pol II and Pol IV influences the frequency of certain base substitutions in Pol I-proficient and Pol I-deficient backgrounds in opposite ways. Involvement of another specialized DNA polymerase DnaE2 in DNA replication in Pol I-deficient bacteria is stimulated by UV irradiation of bacteria, implying that DnaE2-provided translesion synthesis partially substitutes the absence of Pol I in cells containing heavily damaged DNA.

Human Pol ζ purified with accessory subunits is active in translesion DNA synthesis and complements Pol η in cisplatin bypass.

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, Young-Sam; Gregory, Mark T; Yang, Wei

2014-02-25

DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ) is a eukaryotic B-family DNA polymerase that specializes in translesion synthesis and is essential for normal embryogenesis. At a minimum, Pol ζ consists of a catalytic subunit Rev3 and an accessory subunit Rev7. Mammalian Rev3 contains >3,000 residues and is twice as large as the yeast homolog. To date, no vertebrate Pol ζ has been purified for biochemical characterization. Here we report purification of a series of human Rev3 deletion constructs expressed in HEK293 cells and identification of a minimally catalytically active human Pol ζ variant. With a tagged form of an active Pol ζ variant, we isolated two additional accessory subunits of human Pol ζ, PolD2 and PolD3. The purified four-subunit Pol ζ4 (Rev3-Rev7-PolD2-PolD3) is much more efficient and more processive at bypassing a 1,2-intrastrand d(GpG)-cisplatin cross-link than the two-subunit Pol ζ2 (Rev3-Rev7). We show that complete bypass of cisplatin lesions requires Pol η to insert dCTP opposite the 3' guanine and Pol ζ4 to extend the primers.

Human PrimPol activity is enhanced by RPA.

Science.gov (United States)

Martínez-Jiménez, María I; Lahera, Antonio; Blanco, Luis

2017-04-10

Human PrimPol is a primase belonging to the AEP superfamily with the unique ability to synthesize DNA primers de novo, and a non-processive DNA polymerase able to bypass certain DNA lesions. PrimPol facilitates both mitochondrial and nuclear replication fork progression either acting as a conventional TLS polymerase, or repriming downstream of blocking lesions. In vivo assays have shown that PrimPol is rapidly recruited to sites of DNA damage by interaction with the human replication protein A (RPA). In agreement with previous findings, we show here that the higher affinity of RPA for ssDNA inhibits PrimPol activities in short ssDNA templates. In contrast, once the amount of ssDNA increases up to a length in which both proteins can simultaneously bind ssDNA, as expected during replicative stress conditions, PrimPol and RPA functionally interact, and their binding capacities are mutually enhanced. When using M13 ssDNA as template, RPA stimulated both the primase and polymerase activities of PrimPol, either alone or in synergy with Polε. These new findings supports the existence of a functional PrimPol/RPA association that allows repriming at the exposed ssDNA regions formed in the leading strand upon replicase stalling.

Arabidopsis Pol II-Dependent in Vitro Transcription System Reveals Role of Chromatin for Light-Inducible rbcS Gene Transcription1

Science.gov (United States)

Ido, Ayaka; Iwata, Shinya; Iwata, Yuka; Igarashi, Hisako; Hamada, Takahiro; Sonobe, Seiji; Sugiura, Masahiro; Yukawa, Yasushi

2016-01-01

In vitro transcription is an essential tool to study the molecular mechanisms of transcription. For over a decade, we have developed an in vitro transcription system from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)-cultured cells (BY-2), and this system supported the basic activities of the three RNA polymerases (Pol I, Pol II, and Pol III). However, it was not suitable to study photosynthetic genes, because BY-2 cells have lost their photosynthetic activity. Therefore, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in vitro transcription systems were developed from green and etiolated suspension cells. Sufficient in vitro Pol II activity was detected after the minor modification of the nuclear soluble extracts preparation method; removal of vacuoles from protoplasts and L-ascorbic acid supplementation in the extraction buffer were particularly effective. Surprisingly, all four Arabidopsis Rubisco small subunit (rbcS-1A, rbcS-1B, rbcS-2B, and rbcS-3B) gene members were in vitro transcribed from the naked DNA templates without any light-dependent manner. However, clear light-inducible transcriptions were observed using chromatin template of rbcS-1A gene, which was prepared with a human nucleosome assembly protein 1 (hNAP1) and HeLa histones. This suggested that a key determinant of light-dependency through the rbcS gene transcription was a higher order of DNA structure (i.e. chromatin). PMID:26662274

Observatorio de Política Internacional II. AMERICAS - Ecuador. Política y fútbol

OpenAIRE

Neira Fernández, Enrique

2007-01-01

Observatorio de Política Internacional II. AMÉRICAS (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Nicaragua. Un remedo revolucionario Bolivia. ¿Una o dislocada? Paraguay. El ex obispo presidente Perú. El rojo sangre de sendero luminoso Estados Unidos. Panorama tras las elecciones primarias RECIENTES Año 2007 Argentina. Contundente triunfo de Cristina Fernández Bolivia. Nuevos rumbos ¡no más embrollo! Ecuador. Nueva constitución, nuevo rumbo Guatemala....

Murine mammary tumor virus pol-related sequences in human DNA: characterization and sequence comparison with the complete murine mammary tumor virus pol gene

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Deen, K.C.; Sweet, R.W.

1986-01-01

Sequences in the human genome with homology to the murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV) pol gene were isolated from a human phage library. Ten clones with extensive pol homology were shown to define five separate loci. These loci share common sequences immediately adjacent to the pol-like segments and, in addition, contain a related repeat element which bounds this region. This organization is suggestive of a proviral structure. The authors estimate that the human genome contains 30 to 40 copies of these pol-related sequences. The pol region of one of the cloned segments (HM16) and the complete MMTV pol gene were sequenced and compared. The nucleotide homology between these pol sequences is 52% and is concentrated in the terminal regions. The MMTV pol gene contains a single long open reading frame encoding 899 amino acids and is demarcated from the partially overlapping putative gag gene by termination codons and a shift in translational reading frame. The pol sequence of HM16 is multiply terminated but does contain open reading frames which encode 370, 105, and 112 amino acids residues in separate reading frames. The authors deduced a composite pol protein sequence for HM16 by aligning it to the MMTV pol gene and then compared these sequences with other retroviral pol protein sequences. Conserved sequences occur in both the amino and carboxyl regions which lie within the polymerase and endonuclease domains of pol, respectively

Replication restart in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli involving pols II, III, V, PriA, RecA and RecFOR proteins.

Science.gov (United States)

Rangarajan, Savithri; Woodgate, Roger; Goodman, Myron F

2002-02-01

In Escherichia coli, UV-irradiated cells resume DNA synthesis after a transient inhibition by a process called replication restart. To elucidate the role of several key proteins involved in this process, we have analysed the time dependence of replication restart in strains carrying a combination of mutations in lexA, recA, polB (pol II), umuDC (pol V), priA, dnaC, recF, recO or recR. We find that both pol II and the origin-independent primosome-assembling function of PriA are essential for the immediate recovery of DNA synthesis after UV irradiation. In their absence, translesion replication or 'replication readthrough' occurs approximately 50 min after UV and is pol V-dependent. In a wild-type, lexA+ background, mutations in recF, recO or recR block both pathways. Similar results were obtained with a lexA(Def) recF strain. However, lexA(Def) recO or lexA(Def) recR strains, although unable to facilitate PriA-pol II-dependent restart, were able to perform pol V-dependent readthrough. The defects in restart attributed to mutations in recF, recO or recR were suppressed in a recA730 lexA(Def) strain expressing constitutively activated RecA (RecA*). Our data suggest that in a wild-type background, RecF, O and R are important for the induction of the SOS response and the formation of RecA*-dependent recombination intermediates necessary for PriA/Pol II-dependent replication restart. In con-trast, only RecF is required for the activation of RecA that leads to the formation of pol V (UmuD'2C) and facilitates replication readthrough.

Evidence that Mediator is essential for Pol II transcription, but is not a required component of the preinitiation complex in vivo.

Science.gov (United States)

Petrenko, Natalia; Jin, Yi; Wong, Koon Ho; Struhl, Kevin

2017-07-12

The Mediator complex has been described as a general transcription factor, but it is unclear if it is essential for Pol II transcription and/or is a required component of the preinitiation complex (PIC) in vivo. Here, we show that depletion of individual subunits, even those essential for cell growth, causes a general but only modest decrease in transcription. In contrast, simultaneous depletion of all Mediator modules causes a drastic decrease in transcription. Depletion of head or middle subunits, but not tail subunits, causes a downstream shift in the Pol II occupancy profile, suggesting that Mediator at the core promoter inhibits promoter escape. Interestingly, a functional PIC and Pol II transcription can occur when Mediator is not detected at core promoters. These results provide strong evidence that Mediator is essential for Pol II transcription and stimulates PIC formation, but it is not a required component of the PIC in vivo.

Role for the MED21-MED7 Hinge in Assembly of the Mediator-RNA Polymerase II Holoenzyme*

Science.gov (United States)

Sato, Shigeo; Tomomori-Sato, Chieri; Tsai, Kuang-Lei; Yu, Xiaodi; Sardiu, Mihaela; Saraf, Anita; Washburn, Michael P.; Florens, Laurence; Asturias, Francisco J.; Conaway, Ronald C.

2016-01-01

Mediator plays an integral role in activation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription. A key step in activation is binding of Mediator to Pol II to form the Mediator-Pol II holoenzyme. Here, we exploit a combination of biochemistry and macromolecular EM to investigate holoenzyme assembly. We identify a subset of human Mediator head module subunits that bind Pol II independent of other subunits and thus probably contribute to a major Pol II binding site. In addition, we show that binding of human Mediator to Pol II depends on the integrity of a conserved “hinge” in the middle module MED21-MED7 heterodimer. Point mutations in the hinge region leave core Mediator intact but lead to increased disorder of the middle module and markedly reduced affinity for Pol II. These findings highlight the importance of Mediator conformation for holoenzyme assembly. PMID:27821593

Molecular Architecture of the Human Mediator–RNA Polymerase II–TFIIF Assembly

Science.gov (United States)

Bernecky, Carrie; Grob, Patricia; Ebmeier, Christopher C.; Nogales, Eva; Taatjes, Dylan J.

2011-01-01

The macromolecular assembly required to initiate transcription of protein-coding genes, known as the Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC), consists of multiple protein complexes and is approximately 3.5 MDa in size. At the heart of this assembly is the Mediator complex, which helps regulate PIC activity and interacts with the RNA polymerase II (pol II) enzyme. The structure of the human Mediator–pol II interface is not well-characterized, whereas attempts to structurally define the Mediator–pol II interaction in yeast have relied on incomplete assemblies of Mediator and/or pol II and have yielded inconsistent interpretations. We have assembled the complete, 1.9 MDa human Mediator–pol II–TFIIF complex from purified components and have characterized its structural organization using cryo-electron microscopy and single-particle reconstruction techniques. The orientation of pol II within this assembly was determined by crystal structure docking and further validated with projection matching experiments, allowing the structural organization of the entire human PIC to be envisioned. Significantly, pol II orientation within the Mediator–pol II–TFIIF assembly can be reconciled with past studies that determined the location of other PIC components relative to pol II itself. Pol II surfaces required for interacting with TFIIB, TFIIE, and promoter DNA (i.e., the pol II cleft) are exposed within the Mediator–pol II–TFIIF structure; RNA exit is unhindered along the RPB4/7 subunits; upstream and downstream DNA is accessible for binding additional factors; and no major structural re-organization is necessary to accommodate the large, multi-subunit TFIIH or TFIID complexes. The data also reveal how pol II binding excludes Mediator–CDK8 subcomplex interactions and provide a structural basis for Mediator-dependent control of PIC assembly and function. Finally, parallel structural analysis of Mediator–pol II complexes lacking TFIIF reveal that TFIIF plays a key role in

DNA-binding determinants promoting NHEJ by human Polμ.

Science.gov (United States)

Martin, Maria Jose; Juarez, Raquel; Blanco, Luis

2012-12-01

Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), the preferred pathway to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs) in higher eukaryotes, relies on a collection of molecular tools to process the broken ends, including specific DNA polymerases. Among them, Polµ is unique as it can catalyze DNA synthesis upon connection of two non-complementary ends. Here, we demonstrate that this capacity is intrinsic to Polµ, not conferred by other NHEJ factors. To understand the molecular determinants of its specific function in NHEJ, the interaction of human Polµ with DNA has been directly visualized by electromobility shift assay and footprinting assays. Stable interaction with a DNA gap requires the presence of a recessive 5'-P, thus orienting the catalytic domain for primer and nucleotide binding. Accordingly, recognition of the 5'-P is crucial to align the two DNA substrates of the NHEJ reaction. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrates the relevance of three specific residues (Lys(249), Arg(253) and Arg(416)) in stabilizing the primer strand during end synapsis, allowing a range of microhomology-induced distortions beneficial for NHEJ. Moreover, our results suggest that the Polµ BRCT domain, thought to be exclusively involved in interaction with NHEJ core factors, has a direct role in binding the DNA region neighbor to the 5'-P, thus boosting Polµ-mediated NHEJ reactions.

Promoter2.0: for the recognition of PolII promoter sequences

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Knudsen, Steen; Knudsen, Steen

1999-01-01

Motivation : A new approach to the prediction of eukaryotic PolII promoters from DNA sequence takesadvantage of a combination of elements similar to neural networks and genetic algorithms to recognize a set ofdiscrete subpatterns with variable separation as one pattern: a promoter. The neural...... of optimization, the algorithm was able todiscriminate between vertebrate promoter and non-promoter sequences in a test set with a correlationcoefficient of 0.63. In addition, all five known transcription start sites on the plus strand of the completeadenovirus genome were within 161 bp of 35 predicted...

Reexamination of human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I/II) prevalence.

Science.gov (United States)

Zucker-Franklin, D; Pancake, B A; Marmor, M; Legler, P M

1997-06-10

In the United States, blood donors are being screened for infection with human T cell lymphotropic viruses I and II (HTLV-I/II) by serologic means, which detect antibodies to the structural proteins of these viruses. Because patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) usually do not have such antibodies even though their cells harbor HTLV-I Tax and/or pol proviral sequences, it was questioned whether the prevalence of HTLV infection among healthy blood donors may also be underestimated by current means of testing. To examine this possibility, a study on specimens of relatives of mycosis fungoides patients (MFR) was begun. In addition, to collect data more expeditiously, a cohort of former injection drug users (IDUs) was tested by routine serologic methods, as well as by PCR/Southern blot analysis for Tax, pol, and gag proviral sequences and Western blot analysis for antibodies to the Tax gene product. To date, 6/8 MFRs and 42/81 (51.8%) of HIV-negative IDUs proved to be positive for HTLV, whereas routine serology identified none of the MFR and only 18/81 (22.2%) of the IDUs. Among the latter test subjects, the incidence of HTLV-I also proved to be 10 times higher than expected. Therefore, it is likely that among healthy blood donors infection with HTLV-I/II is more prevalent than is currently assumed. Since Tax is the transforming sequence of HTLV-I/II, testing for Tax sequences and antibodies to its gene product may be desirable in blood transfusion and tissue donor facilities.

Observatorio de Política Internacional II. AMERICAS - Elecciones en U.S.A.

OpenAIRE

Neira Fernández, Enrique

2007-01-01

Observatorio de Política Internacional II. AMÉRICAS (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Nicaragua. Un remedo revolucionario Bolivia. ¿Una o dislocada? Paraguay. El ex obispo presidente Perú. El rojo sangre de sendero luminoso Estados Unidos. Panorama tras las elecciones primarias RECIENTES Año 2007 Argentina. Contundente triunfo de Cristina Fernández Bolivia. Nuevos rumbos ¡no más embrollo! Ecuador. Nueva constitución, nuevo rumbo Guatemala....

Reexamination of human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I/II) prevalence

Science.gov (United States)

Zucker-Franklin, Dorothea; Pancake, Bette A.; Marmor, Michael; Legler, Patricia M.

1997-01-01

In the United States, blood donors are being screened for infection with human T cell lymphotropic viruses I and II (HTLV-I/II) by serologic means, which detect antibodies to the structural proteins of these viruses. Because patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) usually do not have such antibodies even though their cells harbor HTLV-I Tax and/or pol proviral sequences, it was questioned whether the prevalence of HTLV infection among healthy blood donors may also be underestimated by current means of testing. To examine this possibility, a study on specimens of relatives of mycosis fungoides patients (MFR) was begun. In addition, to collect data more expeditiously, a cohort of former injection drug users (IDUs) was tested by routine serologic methods, as well as by PCR/Southern blot analysis for Tax, pol, and gag proviral sequences and Western blot analysis for antibodies to the Tax gene product. To date, 6/8 MFRs and 42/81 (51.8%) of HIV-negative IDUs proved to be positive for HTLV, whereas routine serology identified none of the MFR and only 18/81 (22.2%) of the IDUs. Among the latter test subjects, the incidence of HTLV-I also proved to be 10 times higher than expected. Therefore, it is likely that among healthy blood donors infection with HTLV-I/II is more prevalent than is currently assumed. Since Tax is the transforming sequence of HTLV-I/II, testing for Tax sequences and antibodies to its gene product may be desirable in blood transfusion and tissue donor facilities. PMID:9177230

A compromised yeast RNA polymerase II enhances UV sensitivity in the absence of global genome nucleotide excision repair.

Science.gov (United States)

Wong, J M; Ingles, C J

2001-02-01

Nucleotide excision repair is the major pathway responsible for removing UV-induced DNA damage, and is therefore essential for cell survival following exposure to UV radiation. In this report, we have assessed the contributions of some components of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription machinery to UV resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of the gene encoding the Pol II elongation factor TFIIS (SII) resulted in enhanced UV sensitivity, but only in the absence of global genome repair dependent on the RAD7 and RAD16 genes, a result seen previously with deletions of RAD26 and RAD28, yeast homologs of the human Cockayne syndrome genes CSB and CSA, respectively. A RAD7/16-dependent reduction in survival after UV irradiation was also seen in the presence of mutations in RNA Pol II that confer a defect in its response to SII, as well as with other mutations which reside in regions of the largest subunit of Pol II not involved in SII interactions. Indeed, an increase in UV sensitivity was achieved by simply decreasing the steadystate level of RNA Pol II. Truncation of the C-terminal domain and other RNA Pol II mutations conferred sensitivity to the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea and induction of RNR1 and RNR2 mRNAs after UV irradiation was attenuated in these mutant cells. That UV sensitivity can be a consequence of mutations in the RNA Pol II machinery in yeast cells suggests that alterations in transcriptional programs could underlie some of the pathophysiological defects seen in the human disease Cockayne syndrome.

Inference of RNA polymerase II transcription dynamics from chromatin immunoprecipitation time course data.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ciira wa Maina

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Gene transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II (pol-II is a key step in gene expression. The dynamics of pol-II moving along the transcribed region influence the rate and timing of gene expression. In this work, we present a probabilistic model of transcription dynamics which is fitted to pol-II occupancy time course data measured using ChIP-Seq. The model can be used to estimate transcription speed and to infer the temporal pol-II activity profile at the gene promoter. Model parameters are estimated using either maximum likelihood estimation or via Bayesian inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. The Bayesian approach provides confidence intervals for parameter estimates and allows the use of priors that capture domain knowledge, e.g. the expected range of transcription speeds, based on previous experiments. The model describes the movement of pol-II down the gene body and can be used to identify the time of induction for transcriptionally engaged genes. By clustering the inferred promoter activity time profiles, we are able to determine which genes respond quickly to stimuli and group genes that share activity profiles and may therefore be co-regulated. We apply our methodology to biological data obtained using ChIP-seq to measure pol-II occupancy genome-wide when MCF-7 human breast cancer cells are treated with estradiol (E2. The transcription speeds we obtain agree with those obtained previously for smaller numbers of genes with the advantage that our approach can be applied genome-wide. We validate the biological significance of the pol-II promoter activity clusters by investigating cluster-specific transcription factor binding patterns and determining canonical pathway enrichment. We find that rapidly induced genes are enriched for both estrogen receptor alpha (ERα and FOXA1 binding in their proximal promoter regions.

Genomic binding profiles of functionally distinct RNA polymerase III transcription complexes in human cells.

Science.gov (United States)

Moqtaderi, Zarmik; Wang, Jie; Raha, Debasish; White, Robert J; Snyder, Michael; Weng, Zhiping; Struhl, Kevin

2010-05-01

Genome-wide occupancy profiles of five components of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) machinery in human cells identified the expected tRNA and noncoding RNA targets and revealed many additional Pol III-associated loci, mostly near short interspersed elements (SINEs). Several genes are targets of an alternative transcription factor IIIB (TFIIIB) containing Brf2 instead of Brf1 and have extremely low levels of TFIIIC. Strikingly, expressed Pol III genes, unlike nonexpressed Pol III genes, are situated in regions with a pattern of histone modifications associated with functional Pol II promoters. TFIIIC alone associates with numerous ETC loci, via the B box or a novel motif. ETCs are often near CTCF binding sites, suggesting a potential role in chromosome organization. Our results suggest that human Pol III complexes associate preferentially with regions near functional Pol II promoters and that TFIIIC-mediated recruitment of TFIIIB is regulated in a locus-specific manner.

RNA Pol II promotes transcription of centromeric satellite DNA in beetles.

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Zeljka Pezer

Full Text Available Transcripts of centromeric satellite DNAs are known to play a role in heterochromatin formation as well as in establishment of the kinetochore. However, little is known about basic mechanisms of satellite DNA expression within constitutive heterochromatin and its regulation. Here we present comprehensive analysis of transcription of abundant centromeric satellite DNA, PRAT from beetle Palorus ratzeburgii (Coleoptera. This satellite is characterized by preservation and extreme sequence conservation among evolutionarily distant insect species. PRAT is expressed in all three developmental stages: larvae, pupae and adults at similar level. Transcripts are abundant comprising 0.033% of total RNA and are heterogeneous in size ranging from 0.5 kb up to more than 5 kb. Transcription proceeds from both strands but with 10 fold different expression intensity and transcripts are not processed into siRNAs. Most of the transcripts (80% are not polyadenylated and remain in the nucleus while a small portion is exported to the cytoplasm. Multiple, irregularly distributed transcription initiation sites as well as termination sites have been mapped within the PRAT sequence using primer extension and RLM-RACE. The presence of cap structure as well as poly(A tails in a portion of the transcripts indicate RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription and a putative polymerase II promoter site overlaps the most conserved part of the PRAT sequence. The treatment of larvae with alpha-amanitin decreases the level of PRAT transcripts at concentrations that selectively inhibit pol II activity. In conclusion, stable, RNA polymerase II dependant transcripts of abundant centromeric satellite DNA, not regulated by RNAi, have been identified and characterized. This study offers a basic understanding of expression of highly abundant heterochromatic DNA which in beetle species constitutes up to 50% of the genome.

Los grandes, el poder y la cultura política de la nobleza en el reinado de Carlos II

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Adolfo CARRASCO MARTÍNEZ

2009-12-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: Este artículo se centra en los comportamientos políticos de la aristocracia española durante el reinado de Carlos II. Se estudian las actitudes colectivas del grupo y la evolución de la cultura política nobiliaria en el contexto de las profundas transformaciones que el ejercicio del poder experimentó en el periodo. Grandes y títulos hubieron de dar respuesta a la sucesión de escenarios políticos y, al mismo tiempo, influyeron decisivamente en la marcha de los asuntos. El progresivo deterioro de la autoridad regia determinó el paso a una poliarquía, a un modelo de múltiples centros de poder de equilibrios precarios que reflejaba el debate sobre el absolutismo y la participación política de la alta nobleza. Factores externos, como la cuestión sucesoria y la injerencia de las potencias extranjeras, y factores internos, como la incapacidad nobiliaria de cohesionarse en un proyecto común, la esperanza en liderazgos imposibles y las limitaciones de su cultura política, produjeron la rápida degeneración de la poliarquía en un régimen caótico en el crepúsculo del siglo XVII.ABSTRACT: This paper is focused on the political behaviour of the Spanish aristocracy under the reign of Charles II. It examines the group's general attitudes and the evolution of the noble political consciousness in a context where the exercise of power underwent deep changes. Grandees and titles had to react towards the series of political scenes and at the same time, they decisively had an influence over the course of events. The progressive impairment of the royal authority gave place to a polyarchy, a model of manifold control centres of precarious balance, which reflected the debate between the absolutism and the upper nobility's political concern. External factors, such as successory matters and foreign countries interference, and internal factors, like the noble inability to integrate themselves into a common project, the expectation around

Explosive mutation accumulation triggered by heterozygous human Pol ε proofreading-deficiency is driven by suppression of mismatch repair

Science.gov (United States)

Campbell, Brittany B; Ungerleider, Nathan; Light, Nicholas; Wu, Tong; LeCompte, Kimberly G; Goksenin, A Yasemin; Bunnell, Bruce A; Tabori, Uri; Shlien, Adam

2018-01-01

Tumors defective for DNA polymerase (Pol) ε proofreading have the highest tumor mutation burden identified. A major unanswered question is whether loss of Pol ε proofreading by itself is sufficient to drive this mutagenesis, or whether additional factors are necessary. To address this, we used a combination of next generation sequencing and in vitro biochemistry on human cell lines engineered to have defects in Pol ε proofreading and mismatch repair. Absent mismatch repair, monoallelic Pol ε proofreading deficiency caused a rapid increase in a unique mutation signature, similar to that observed in tumors from patients with biallelic mismatch repair deficiency and heterozygous Pol ε mutations. Restoring mismatch repair was sufficient to suppress the explosive mutation accumulation. These results strongly suggest that concomitant suppression of mismatch repair, a hallmark of colorectal and other aggressive cancers, is a critical force for driving the explosive mutagenesis seen in tumors expressing exonuclease-deficient Pol ε. PMID:29488881

RNA-DNA Differences Are Generated in Human Cells within Seconds after RNA Exits Polymerase II

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Isabel X. Wang

2014-03-01

Full Text Available RNA sequences are expected to be identical to their corresponding DNA sequences. Here, we found all 12 types of RNA-DNA sequence differences (RDDs in nascent RNA. Our results show that RDDs begin to occur in RNA chains ∼55 nt from the RNA polymerase II (Pol II active site. These RDDs occur so soon after transcription that they are incompatible with known deaminase-mediated RNA-editing mechanisms. Moreover, the 55 nt delay in appearance indicates that they do not arise during RNA synthesis by Pol II or as a direct consequence of modified base incorporation. Preliminary data suggest that RDD and R-loop formations may be coupled. These findings identify sequence substitution as an early step in cotranscriptional RNA processing.

El proyecto neoliberal del rey Abdallah II. para Jordania: zonas francas y política exterior

OpenAIRE

Rodríguez Mojica, Erika Liliana

2016-01-01

Esta monografía busca explicar los intereses y resultados parciales obtenidos por la monarquía del Reino Hachemí de Jordania en el proyecto neoliberal de apertura económica y creación de zonas francas bajo el gobierno de Abdallah II., especialmente la región fronteriza de Al-Karameh y la relación bilateral con Irak, como parte de su política económica nacional e internacional. Para el análisis se utilizarán dos teorías de Relaciones Internacionales; la teoría de interdependencia compleja de R...

As políticas activas e passivas do mercado de trabalho

OpenAIRE

Novo, Álvaro; Centeno, Mário

2008-01-01

A generalidade dos países utiliza políticas destinadas a minorar os custos sociais e individuais do desemprego. Os economistas classificam estas políticas do mercado de trabalho em dois grupos: (i) políticas activas e (ii) políticas passivas. As primeiras têm como objectivo dotar os desempregados com as qualificações necessárias para minimizar a duração do desemprego, enquanto as segundas visam garantir uma fonte de rendimento durante o período de desemprego, sendo particularmente úteis para ...

Relationship between RNA polymerase II and efficiency of vaccinia virus replication

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wilton, S.; Dales, S.

1989-01-01

It is clear from previous studies that host transcriptase or RNA polymerase II (pol II) has a role in poxvirus replication. To elucidate the participation of this enzyme further, in this study the authors examined several parameters related to pol II during the cycle of vaccinia virus infection in L-strain fibroblasts, HeLa cells, and L 6 H 9 rat myoblasts. Nucleocytoplasmic transposition of pol II into virus factories and virions was assessed by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting by using anti-pol II immunoglobulin G. RNA polymerase activities were compared in nuclear extracts containing cured enzyme preparations. Rates of translation into cellular or viral polypeptides were ascertained by labeling with [ 35 S]methionine. In L and HeLa cells, which produced vaccinia virus more abundantly, the rate of RNA polymerase and translation in controls and following infection were higher than in myoblasts. The data on synthesis and virus formation could be correlated with observations on transmigration of pol II, which was more efficient and complete in L and HeLa cells. The stimulus for pol II to leave the nucleus required the expression of both early and late viral functions. On the basis of current and past information, the authors suggest that mobilization of pol II depends on the efficiency of vaccinia virus replication and furthermore that control over vaccinia virus production by the host is related to the content or availability (or both) of pol II in different cell types

Pol II promoter prediction using characteristic 4-mer motifs: a machine learning approach

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Shoyaib Mohammad

2008-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Eukaryotic promoter prediction using computational analysis techniques is one of the most difficult jobs in computational genomics that is essential for constructing and understanding genetic regulatory networks. The increased availability of sequence data for various eukaryotic organisms in recent years has necessitated for better tools and techniques for the prediction and analysis of promoters in eukaryotic sequences. Many promoter prediction methods and tools have been developed to date but they have yet to provide acceptable predictive performance. One obvious criteria to improve on current methods is to devise a better system for selecting appropriate features of promoters that distinguish them from non-promoters. Secondly improved performance can be achieved by enhancing the predictive ability of the machine learning algorithms used. Results In this paper, a novel approach is presented in which 128 4-mer motifs in conjunction with a non-linear machine-learning algorithm utilising a Support Vector Machine (SVM are used to distinguish between promoter and non-promoter DNA sequences. By applying this approach to plant, Drosophila, human, mouse and rat sequences, the classification model has showed 7-fold cross-validation percentage accuracies of 83.81%, 94.82%, 91.25%, 90.77% and 82.35% respectively. The high sensitivity and specificity value of 0.86 and 0.90 for plant; 0.96 and 0.92 for Drosophila; 0.88 and 0.92 for human; 0.78 and 0.84 for mouse and 0.82 and 0.80 for rat demonstrate that this technique is less prone to false positive results and exhibits better performance than many other tools. Moreover, this model successfully identifies location of promoter using TATA weight matrix. Conclusion The high sensitivity and specificity indicate that 4-mer frequencies in conjunction with supervised machine-learning methods can be beneficial in the identification of RNA pol II promoters comparative to other methods. This

Roles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerases Polη and Polζ in response to irradiation by simulated sunlight

Science.gov (United States)

Kozmin, Stanislav G.; Pavlov, Youri I.; Kunkel, Thomas A.; Sage, Evelyne

2003-01-01

Sunlight causes lesions in DNA that if unrepaired and inaccurately replicated by DNA polymerases yield mutations that result in skin cancer in humans. Two enzymes involved in translesion synthesis (TLS) of UV-induced photolesions are DNA polymerase η (Polη) and polymerase ζ (Polζ), encoded by the RAD30A and REV3 genes, respectively. Previous studies have investigated the TLS roles of these polymerases in human and yeast cells irradiated with monochromatic, short wavelength UVC radiation (254 nm). However, less is known about cellular responses to solar radiation, which is of higher and mixed wavelengths (310–1100 nm) and produces a different spectrum of DNA lesions, including Dewar photoproducts and oxidative lesions. Here we report on the comparative cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of simulated sunlight (SSL) and UVC radiation on yeast wild-type, rad30Δ, rev3Δ and rev3Δ rad30Δ strains. The results with SSL support several previous interpretations on the roles of these two polymerases in TLS of photodimers and (6–4) photoproducts derived from studies with UVC. They further suggest that Polη participates in the non-mutagenic bypass of SSL-dependent cytosine-containing Dewar photoproducts and 8-oxoguanine, while Polζ is mainly responsible for the mutagenic bypass of all types of Dewar photoproducts. They also suggest that in the absence of Polζ, Polη contributes to UVC- and SSL-induced mutagenesis, possibly by the bypass of photodimers containing deaminated cytosine. PMID:12888515

Human pituitary and placental hormones control human insulin-like growth factor II secretion in human granulosa cells

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ramasharma, K.; Li, C.H.

1987-01-01

Human granulosa cells cultured with calf serum actively proliferated for 18-20 generations and secreted progesterone into the medium; progesterone levels appeared to decline with increase in generation number. Cells cultured under serum-free conditions secreted significant amounts of progesterone and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). The progesterone secretion was enhanced by the addition of human follitropin, lutropin, and chorionic gonadotropin but not by growth hormone. These cells, when challenged to varying concentrations of human growth hormone, human chorionic somatomammotropin, human prolactin, chorionic gonadotropin, follitropin, and lutropin, secreted IGF-II into the medium as measured by specific IGF-II RIA. Among these human hormones, chorionic gonadotropin, follitropin, and lutropin were most effective in inducing IGF-II secretion from these cells. When synthetic lutropin-releasing hormone and α-inhibin-92 were tested, only lutropin-releasing hormone was effective in releasing IGF-II. The results described suggest that cultured human granulosa cells can proliferate and actively secrete progesterone and IGF-II into the medium. IGF-II production in human granulosa cells was influenced by a multi-hormonal complex including human growth hormone, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin

Architecture of the RNA polymerase II-Mediator core initiation complex.

Science.gov (United States)

Plaschka, C; Larivière, L; Wenzeck, L; Seizl, M; Hemann, M; Tegunov, D; Petrotchenko, E V; Borchers, C H; Baumeister, W; Herzog, F; Villa, E; Cramer, P

2015-02-19

The conserved co-activator complex Mediator enables regulated transcription initiation by RNA polymerase (Pol) II. Here we reconstitute an active 15-subunit core Mediator (cMed) comprising all essential Mediator subunits from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cryo-electron microscopic structure of cMed bound to a core initiation complex was determined at 9.7 Å resolution. cMed binds Pol II around the Rpb4-Rpb7 stalk near the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD). The Mediator head module binds the Pol II dock and the TFIIB ribbon and stabilizes the initiation complex. The Mediator middle module extends to the Pol II foot with a 'plank' that may influence polymerase conformation. The Mediator subunit Med14 forms a 'beam' between the head and middle modules and connects to the tail module that is predicted to bind transcription activators located on upstream DNA. The Mediator 'arm' and 'hook' domains contribute to a 'cradle' that may position the CTD and TFIIH kinase to stimulate Pol II phosphorylation.

Mechanism of selective recruitment of RNA polymerases II and III to snRNA gene promoters.

Science.gov (United States)

Dergai, Oleksandr; Cousin, Pascal; Gouge, Jerome; Satia, Karishma; Praz, Viviane; Kuhlman, Tracy; Lhôte, Philippe; Vannini, Alessandro; Hernandez, Nouria

2018-05-01

RNA polymerase II (Pol II) small nuclear RNA (snRNA) promoters and type 3 Pol III promoters have highly similar structures; both contain an interchangeable enhancer and "proximal sequence element" (PSE), which recruits the SNAP complex (SNAPc). The main distinguishing feature is the presence, in the type 3 promoters only, of a TATA box, which determines Pol III specificity. To understand the mechanism by which the absence or presence of a TATA box results in specific Pol recruitment, we examined how SNAPc and general transcription factors required for Pol II or Pol III transcription of SNAPc-dependent genes (i.e., TATA-box-binding protein [TBP], TFIIB, and TFIIA for Pol II transcription and TBP and BRF2 for Pol III transcription) assemble to ensure specific Pol recruitment. TFIIB and BRF2 could each, in a mutually exclusive fashion, be recruited to SNAPc. In contrast, TBP-TFIIB and TBP-BRF2 complexes were not recruited unless a TATA box was present, which allowed selective and efficient recruitment of the TBP-BRF2 complex. Thus, TBP both prevented BRF2 recruitment to Pol II promoters and enhanced BRF2 recruitment to Pol III promoters. On Pol II promoters, TBP recruitment was separate from TFIIB recruitment and enhanced by TFIIA. Our results provide a model for specific Pol recruitment at SNAPc-dependent promoters. © 2018 Dergai et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

The SOS and RpoS Regulons Contribute to Bacterial Cell Robustness to Genotoxic Stress by Synergistically Regulating DNA Polymerase Pol II.

Science.gov (United States)

Dapa, Tanja; Fleurier, Sébastien; Bredeche, Marie-Florence; Matic, Ivan

2017-07-01

Mitomycin C (MMC) is a genotoxic agent that induces DNA cross-links, DNA alkylation, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MMC induces the SOS response and RpoS regulons in Escherichia coli SOS-encoded functions are required for DNA repair, whereas the RpoS regulon is typically induced by metabolic stresses that slow growth. Thus, induction of the RpoS regulon by MMC may be coincidental, because DNA damage slows growth; alternatively, the RpoS regulon may be an adaptive response contributing to cell survival. In this study, we show that the RpoS regulon is primarily induced by MMC-induced ROS production. We also show that RpoS regulon induction is required for the survival of MMC-treated growing cells. The major contributor to RpoS-dependent resistance to MMC treatment is DNA polymerase Pol II, which is encoded by the polB gene belonging to the SOS regulon. The observation that polB gene expression is controlled by the two major stress response regulons that are required to maximize survival and fitness further emphasizes the key role of this DNA polymerase as an important factor in genome stability. Copyright © 2017 by the Genetics Society of America.

Rapid Genome-wide Recruitment of RNA Polymerase II Drives Transcription, Splicing, and Translation Events during T Cell Responses

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Kathrin Davari

2017-04-01

Full Text Available Summary: Activation of immune cells results in rapid functional changes, but how such fast changes are accomplished remains enigmatic. By combining time courses of 4sU-seq, RNA-seq, ribosome profiling (RP, and RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II ChIP-seq during T cell activation, we illustrate genome-wide temporal dynamics for ∼10,000 genes. This approach reveals not only immediate-early and posttranscriptionally regulated genes but also coupled changes in transcription and translation for >90% of genes. Recruitment, rather than release of paused RNA Pol II, primarily mediates transcriptional changes. This coincides with a genome-wide temporary slowdown in cotranscriptional splicing, even for polyadenylated mRNAs that are localized at the chromatin. Subsequent splicing optimization correlates with increasing Ser-2 phosphorylation of the RNA Pol II carboxy-terminal domain (CTD and activation of the positive transcription elongation factor (pTEFb. Thus, rapid de novo recruitment of RNA Pol II dictates the course of events during T cell activation, particularly transcription, splicing, and consequently translation. : Davari et al. visualize global changes in RNA Pol II binding, transcription, splicing, and translation. T cells change their functional program by rapid de novo recruitment of RNA Pol II and coupled changes in transcription and translation. This coincides with fluctuations in RNA Pol II phosphorylation and a temporary reduction in cotranscriptional splicing. Keywords: RNA Pol II, cotranscriptional splicing, T cell activation, ribosome profiling, 4sU, H3K36, Ser-5 RNA Pol II, Ser-2 RNA Pol II, immune response, immediate-early genes

Influenza Virus Mounts a Two-Pronged Attack on Host RNA Polymerase II Transcription.

Science.gov (United States)

Bauer, David L V; Tellier, Michael; Martínez-Alonso, Mónica; Nojima, Takayuki; Proudfoot, Nick J; Murphy, Shona; Fodor, Ervin

2018-05-15

Influenza virus intimately associates with host RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and mRNA processing machinery. Here, we use mammalian native elongating transcript sequencing (mNET-seq) to examine Pol II behavior during viral infection. We show that influenza virus executes a two-pronged attack on host transcription. First, viral infection causes decreased Pol II gene occupancy downstream of transcription start sites. Second, virus-induced cellular stress leads to a catastrophic failure of Pol II termination at poly(A) sites, with transcription often continuing for tens of kilobases. Defective Pol II termination occurs independently of the ability of the viral NS1 protein to interfere with host mRNA processing. Instead, this termination defect is a common effect of diverse cellular stresses and underlies the production of previously reported downstream-of-gene transcripts (DoGs). Our work has implications for understanding not only host-virus interactions but also fundamental aspects of mammalian transcription. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

La ciencia política, ciencia noética del orden.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Felipe Cárdenas Támara.

2010-07-01

Full Text Available This work has the following fundamental purposes: i to respond by way of a critical review to the statements on political science's object of study made by Rodrigo Losada and Andrés Casas in their recently published book Enfoques para el análisis político. Historia, epistemología y perspectivas de la ciencia política (Approaches for Political Analysis. History, Epistemology and Perspectives of Political Science, 2008; ii to reflect on the theoretical reductionism in the conceptualization of the object of study of political science, present in some contemporary schools of thought, and, iii to suggest the need to expand our understanding of our political reality from the intellectual perspective proposed by Eric Voegelin, who argued that political science is a noetic scientific discipline centered on the study of order and the experience of order in societies and human cultures. The contribu-tion of the article refers to the reconstitution and resignification of political science as a scientific noetic discipline and to the multiple transdisciplinary fields that such a condition makes possible.

Identification of sequences in herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP22 that influence RNA polymerase II modification and viral late gene expression.

Science.gov (United States)

Bastian, Thomas W; Rice, Stephen A

2009-01-01

Previous studies have shown that the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early protein ICP22 alters the phosphorylation of the host cell RNA polymerase II (Pol II) during viral infection. In this study, we have engineered several ICP22 plasmid and virus mutants in order to map the ICP22 sequences that are involved in this function. We identify a region in the C-terminal half of ICP22 (residues 240 to 340) that is critical for Pol II modification and further show that the N-terminal half of the protein (residues 1 to 239) is not required. However, immunofluorescence analysis indicates that the N-terminal half of ICP22 is needed for its localization to nuclear body structures. These results demonstrate that ICP22's effects on Pol II do not require that it accumulate in nuclear bodies. As ICP22 is known to enhance viral late gene expression during infection of certain cultured cells, including human embryonic lung (HEL) cells, we used our engineered viral mutants to map this function of ICP22. It was found that mutations in both the N- and C-terminal halves of ICP22 result in similar defects in viral late gene expression and growth in HEL cells, despite having distinctly different effects on Pol II. Thus, our results genetically uncouple ICP22's effects on Pol II from its effects on viral late gene expression. This suggests that these two functions of ICP22 may be due to distinct activities of the protein.

IGF-II receptors and IGF-II-stimulated glucose transport in human fat cells

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sinha, M.K.; Buchanan, C.; Raineri-Maldonado, C.; Khazanie, P.; Atkinson, S.; DiMarchi, R.; Caro, J.F.

1990-01-01

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) receptors have been described in rat but not in human adipocytes. In both species, IGF-II has been reported to stimulate glucose transport by interacting with the insulin receptor. In this study, we have unequivocally demonstrated the presence of IGF-II receptors in human adipocytes. 125I-labeled IGF-II specifically binds to intact adipocytes, membranes, and lectin-purified detergent solubilized extracts. Through the use of 0.5 mM disuccinimidyl suberate, 125I-IGF-II is cross-linked to a 260-kDa protein that is identified as the IGF-II receptor by displacement experiments with unlabeled IGF-II, IGF-I, and insulin and either by immunoprecipitation or by Western blot analysis with mannose 6-phosphate receptor antibodies. The concentrations of IGF-II required for half-maximal and maximal stimulation of glucose transport in human adipocytes are 35 and 100 times more than that of insulin. The possibility of IGF-II stimulating glucose transport by interacting predominantly with the insulin receptor is suggested by the following: (1) the concentration of IGF-II that inhibits half of insulin binding is only 20 times more than that of insulin; (2) the lack of an additive effect of IGF-II and insulin for maximal stimulation of glucose transport; (3) the ability of monoclonal insulin receptor antibodies to decrease glucose transport stimulated by submaximal concentrations of both IGF-II and insulin; and (4) the ability of IGF-II to stimulate insulin receptor autophosphorylation albeit at a reduced potency when compared with insulin

Cuando todo es político, ¿qué es la política?: una acotación empírica desde el post-humanismo Cuando todo es político, ¿qué es la política?: una acotación empírica desde el post-humanismo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fernando Calonge Reíllo

2009-04-01

Full Text Available Este artículo intenta contribuir a resolver una de las más marcadas deficiencias que se atribuyen al paradigma post-humanista. En la medida en que desde dicho paradigma se señala que la ontología es política, se dificulta al mismo tiempo la comprensión de un sentido particular y específico de política. Desde esta visión, todo es político y, en consecuencia, nada es político. En el artículo reviso algunas de las soluciones que se han aportado para solventar esta carencia y añado las limitaciones que presentan. Buscando una vía para evitar la acusación, ofrezco una lectura post-humanista de las migraciones, para el caso concreto de las mujeres inmigrantes en la Comunidad de Madrid.Apartir de esa lectura, planteo la interrogación sobre qué constituyó, en concreto, la especificidad de las mujeres que migraron por razones políticas. A raíz de esta elucidación induzco unos mínimos criterios para caracterizar a la ‘migración política’, que la diferencie de otros tipos de migraciones. Desde esta elucidación realizo una extrapolación al campo más general de la política para el post-humanismo. Habiendo elucidado el hecho político de las migraciones políticas, intento establecer, dentro del paradigma post-humanista, qué constituye finalmente una noción específica y concreta sobre lo político que subsane la crítica de partida sobre la falta de especificidad de la política para el post-humanismo.In this article I will try to solve one of the most acute deficiencies in the post-humanist paradigm. As it is known, in this paradigm it is argued that ontology is political, therefore it has to be concluded that everything is political. In that case, post-humanism is accused of lacking a specific sense for the term ‘politics’. In the article, I review some of the solutions that have been proposed to give a more specific sense of politics and I include the reasons why such solutions are inadequate. Searching for a way to

Ups and Downs of Poised RNA Polymerase II in B-Cells.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Phuong Dao

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Recent genome-wide analyses have uncovered a high accumulation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II at the 5' end of genes. This elevated Pol II presence at promoters, referred to here as Poll II poising, is mainly (but not exclusively attributed to temporal pausing of transcription during early elongation which, in turn, has been proposed to be a regulatory step for processes that need to be activated "on demand". Yet, the full genome-wide regulatory role of Pol II poising is yet to be delineated. To elucidate the role of Pol II poising in B cell activation, we compared Pol II profiles in resting and activated B cells. We found that while Pol II poised genes generally overlap functionally among different B cell states and correspond to the functional groups previously identified for other cell types, non-poised genes are B cell state specific. Focusing on the changes in transcription activity upon B cell activation, we found that the majority of such changes were from poised to non-poised state. The genes showing this type of transition were functionally enriched in translation, RNA processing and mRNA metabolic process. Interestingly, we also observed a transition from non-poised to poised state. Within this set of genes we identified several Immediate Early Genes (IEG, which were highly expressed in resting B cell and shifted from non-poised to poised state after B cell activation. Thus Pol II poising does not only mark genes for rapid expression in the future, but it is also associated with genes that are silenced after a burst of their expression. Finally, we performed comparative analysis of the presence of G4 motifs in the context of poised versus non-poised but active genes. Interestingly we observed a differential enrichment of these motifs upstream versus downstream of TSS depending on poising status. The enrichment of G4 sequence motifs upstream of TSS of non-poised active genes suggests a potential role of quadruplexes in expression

[Effect of Mn(II) on the error-prone DNA polymerase iota activity in extracts from human normal and tumor cells].

Science.gov (United States)

Lakhin, A V; Efremova, A S; Makarova, I V; Grishina, E E; Shram, S I; Tarantul, V Z; Gening, L V

2013-01-01

The DNA polymerase iota (Pol iota), which has some peculiar features and is characterized by an extremely error-prone DNA synthesis, belongs to the group of enzymes preferentially activated by Mn2+ instead of Mg2+. In this work, the effect of Mn2+ on DNA synthesis in cell extracts from a) normal human and murine tissues, b) human tumor (uveal melanoma), and c) cultured human tumor cell lines SKOV-3 and HL-60 was tested. Each group displayed characteristic features of Mn-dependent DNA synthesis. The changes in the Mn-dependent DNA synthesis caused by malignant transformation of normal tissues are described. It was also shown that the error-prone DNA synthesis catalyzed by Pol iota in extracts of all cell types was efficiently suppressed by an RNA aptamer (IKL5) against Pol iota obtained in our work earlier. The obtained results suggest that IKL5 might be used to suppress the enhanced activity of Pol iota in tumor cells.

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Una paz esquiva

OpenAIRE

Neira Fernández, Enrique

2007-01-01

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Una paz secuestrada

OpenAIRE

Neira Fernández, Enrique

2007-01-01

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

The cyclin-dependent kinase 8 module sterically blocks Mediator interactions with RNA polymerase II

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Elmlund, Hans; Baraznenok, Vera; Lindahl, Martin

2006-01-01

CDK8 (cyclin-dependent kinase 8), along with CycC, Med12, and Med13, form a repressive module (the Cdk8 module) that prevents RNA polymerase II (pol II) interactions with Mediator. Here, we report that the ability of the Cdk8 module to prevent pol II interactions is independent of the Cdk8......-dependent kinase activity. We use electron microscopy and single-particle reconstruction to demonstrate that the Cdk8 module forms a distinct structural entity that binds to the head and middle region of Mediator, thereby sterically blocking interactions with pol II....

RNA polymerase II transcriptional fidelity control and its functional interplay with DNA modifications

Science.gov (United States)

Xu, Liang; Wang, Wei; Chong, Jenny; Shin, Ji Hyun; Xu, Jun; Wang, Dong

2016-01-01

Accurate genetic information transfer is essential for life. As a key enzyme involved in the first step of gene expression, RNA polymerase II (Pol II) must maintain high transcriptional fidelity while it reads along DNA template and synthesizes RNA transcript in a stepwise manner during transcription elongation. DNA lesions or modifications may lead to significant changes in transcriptional fidelity or transcription elongation dynamics. In this review, we will summarize recent progress towards understanding the molecular basis of RNA Pol II transcriptional fidelity control and impacts of DNA lesions and modifications on Pol II transcription elongation. PMID:26392149

La carrera política y el capital político

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Manuel Alcántara-Sáez

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Se trata de una propuesta de naturaleza teórica para el estudio de las carreras políticas desde la perspectiva de la existencia de tres momentos diferentes (entrada, desempeño y salida, en conformidad con el uso del capital político que gestionan los políticos. Se abordan teóricamente distintos patrones de capital político así como su impacto sobre las trayectorias políticas seguidas. El peso del tiempo transcurrido y los ingresos recibidos por la actividad política son igualmente considerados. Político es aquella persona que es elegida en un proceso electoral y/o que es nominada en un puesto de confianza por alguien elegido, también lo es quien tiene un cargo orgánico en una institución como un partido político. A ello debe sumarse recibir una remuneración por esa actividad.

Nature of the Nucleosomal Barrier to RNA Polymerase II | Center for Cancer Research

Science.gov (United States)

In the cell, RNA polymerase II (pol II) efficiently transcribes DNA packaged into nucleosomes, but in vitro encounters with the nucleosomes induce catalytic inactivation (arrest) of the pol II core enzyme. To determine potential mechanisms making nucleosomes transparent to transcription in vivo, we analyzed the nature of the nucleosome-induced arrest. We found that the arrests

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Una nueva estrategia de paz

OpenAIRE

Neira Fernández, Enrique

2007-01-01

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Los momentos de la paz

OpenAIRE

Neira Fernández, Enrique

2012-01-01

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

A visibilidade política na série The Crown

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Giovana dos Passos Colling

2018-02-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho tem por objetivo compreender como se configura a visibilidade política na trama da série The Crown, produzida pela Netflix, por meio da análise dos três primeiros episódios. A partir do enredo da série, que conta a história da família real britânica na época em que a Raínha Elizabeth II assume o trono e suas novas responsabilidades políticas, é possível perceber e analisar as relações de poder entre a política, a sociedade e a mídia, além de temáticas como imagem pública, escândalo político, relações políticas entre países e discurso midiático. A análise de conteúdo se dá a partir dos autores Gomes, Thompson e Weber. Assim, torna-se perceptível a indissociabilidade entre a mídia, a sociedade e a política para a manutenção de um governo estável, que se utilizando da visibilidade midiática de maneira favorável, estabelece uma comunicação eficiente e uma imagem pública forte e positiva.

Eco RI RFLP in the human IGF II gene

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cocozza, S; Garofalo, S; Robledo, R; Monticelli, A; Conti, A; Chiarotti, L; Frunzio, R; Bruni, C B; Varrone, S

1988-03-25

The probe was a 500 bp cDNA containing exons 2-3 and 4 of the human IGF II gene. The clone was isolated by screening a human liver cDNA library with synthetic oligonucleotides. Eco RI digestion of genomic DNA and hybridization with the IGF II probe detects a two allele polymorphism with allelic fragments of 13.5 kb and 10.5 kb. The frequency was studied 38 unrelated Caucasians: Human IGF II gene was localized on the short arm of chromosome 11 (p15) by in situ hybridization. Codominant segregation was observed in 2 Caucasian families (10 individuals).

Genome-wide analysis of KAP1, the 7SK snRNP complex, and RNA polymerase II

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Ryan P. McNamara

2016-03-01

Full Text Available The transition of RNA polymerase II (Pol II from transcription initiation into productive elongation in eukaryotic cells is regulated by the P-TEFb kinase, which phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of paused Pol II at promoter-proximal regions. Our recent study found that P-TEFb (in an inhibited state bound to the 7SK snRNP complex interacts with the KAP1/TRIM28 transcriptional regulator, and that KAP1 and the 7SK snRNP co-occupy most gene promoters containing paused Pol II. Here we provide a detailed experimental description and analysis of the ChIP-seq datasets that have been deposited into Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO: GS72622, so that independent groups can replicate and expand upon these findings. We propose these datasets would provide valuable information for researchers studying mechanisms of transcriptional regulation including Pol II pausing and pause release. Keywords: P-TEFb/7SK snRNP, KAP1, RNA polymerase II, ChIP-seq, Transcription elongation

Interdisciplinary Evaluation of Broadly-Reactive HLA Class II Restricted Epitopes Eliciting HIV-Specific CD4+T Cell Responses

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Buggert, M.; Norström, M.; Lundegaard, Claus

2011-01-01

, the functional and immunodominant discrepancies of CD4+ T cell responses targeting promiscuous MHC II restricted HIV epitopes remains poorly defined. Thus, utilization of interdisciplinary approaches might aid revealing broadly- reactive peptides eliciting CD4 + T cell responses. Methods: We utilized the novel...... bioinformatic prediction program NetMHCIIpan to select 64 optimized MHC II restricted epitopes located in the HIV Gag, Pol, Env, Nef and Tat regions. The epitopes were selected to cover the global diversity of the virus (multiple subtypes) and the human immune system(diverse MHC II types). Optimized...

Autoridades locales y partidos políticos en Andalucía durante la II República

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

OCTAVIO RUIZ MANJÓN

1979-01-01

Full Text Available Se presenta una tentativa de análisis del comportamiento de los gobernadores provinciales andaluces en su relación con las organizaciones políticas locales entre los años 1931 y 1936. Se establecen vínculos entre tales comportamientos y la sucesión de eventos políticos nacionales y locales. Para ello se emplea la información disponible en la Gaceta de Madrid (el órgano oficial español de la administración pública, así como recortes de la prensa local procedente de las ochos provincias andaluzas. Se analiza la estabilidad de los gobiernos en el ejercicio de sus responsabilidades mediante la comparación del promedio general presentado por cada provincia. Se comparan las fluctuaciones entre los porcentajes con las fluctuaciones generales que tienen lugar en la vida política en cada período considerado. Se concluye que la vida política local, su estructura organizativa y los sucesos que en ella acaecen tienen escasa influencia en la elección y estabilidad de los gobernantes.

Transcription-factor occupancy at HOT regions quantitatively predicts RNA polymerase recruitment in five human cell lines.

KAUST Repository

Foley, Joseph W; Sidow, Arend

2013-01-01

BACKGROUND: High-occupancy target (HOT) regions are compact genome loci occupied by many different transcription factors (TFs). HOT regions were initially defined in invertebrate model organisms, and we here show that they are a ubiquitous feature of the human gene-regulation landscape. RESULTS: We identified HOT regions by a comprehensive analysis of ChIP-seq data from 96 DNA-associated proteins in 5 human cell lines. Most HOT regions co-localize with RNA polymerase II binding sites, but many are not near the promoters of annotated genes. At HOT promoters, TF occupancy is strongly predictive of transcription preinitiation complex recruitment and moderately predictive of initiating Pol II recruitment, but only weakly predictive of elongating Pol II and RNA transcript abundance. TF occupancy varies quantitatively within human HOT regions; we used this variation to discover novel associations between TFs. The sequence motif associated with any given TF's direct DNA binding is somewhat predictive of its empirical occupancy, but a great deal of occupancy occurs at sites without the TF's motif, implying indirect recruitment by another TF whose motif is present. CONCLUSIONS: Mammalian HOT regions are regulatory hubs that integrate the signals from diverse regulatory pathways to quantitatively tune the promoter for RNA polymerase II recruitment.

Transcription-factor occupancy at HOT regions quantitatively predicts RNA polymerase recruitment in five human cell lines.

KAUST Repository

Foley, Joseph W

2013-10-20

BACKGROUND: High-occupancy target (HOT) regions are compact genome loci occupied by many different transcription factors (TFs). HOT regions were initially defined in invertebrate model organisms, and we here show that they are a ubiquitous feature of the human gene-regulation landscape. RESULTS: We identified HOT regions by a comprehensive analysis of ChIP-seq data from 96 DNA-associated proteins in 5 human cell lines. Most HOT regions co-localize with RNA polymerase II binding sites, but many are not near the promoters of annotated genes. At HOT promoters, TF occupancy is strongly predictive of transcription preinitiation complex recruitment and moderately predictive of initiating Pol II recruitment, but only weakly predictive of elongating Pol II and RNA transcript abundance. TF occupancy varies quantitatively within human HOT regions; we used this variation to discover novel associations between TFs. The sequence motif associated with any given TF\\'s direct DNA binding is somewhat predictive of its empirical occupancy, but a great deal of occupancy occurs at sites without the TF\\'s motif, implying indirect recruitment by another TF whose motif is present. CONCLUSIONS: Mammalian HOT regions are regulatory hubs that integrate the signals from diverse regulatory pathways to quantitatively tune the promoter for RNA polymerase II recruitment.

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Siempre es tarde para la paz

OpenAIRE

Neira Fernández, Enrique

2007-01-01

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Viraje en el proceso de paz

OpenAIRE

Neira Fernández, Enrique

2007-01-01

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

Characterization of Mycobacterium smegmatis PolD2 and PolD1 as RNA/DNA polymerases homologous to the POL domain of bacterial DNA ligase D.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhu, Hui; Bhattarai, Hitesh; Yan, Han-Guang; Shuman, Stewart; Glickman, Michael S

2012-12-21

Mycobacteria exploit nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) to repair DNA double-strand breaks. The core NHEJ machinery comprises the homodimeric DNA end-binding protein Ku and DNA ligase D (LigD), a modular enzyme composed of a C-terminal ATP-dependent ligase domain (LIG), a central 3'-phosphoesterase domain (PE), and an N-terminal polymerase domain (POL). LigD POL is proficient at adding templated and nontemplated deoxynucleotides and ribonucleotides to DNA ends in vitro and is the catalyst in vivo of unfaithful NHEJ events involving nontemplated single-nucleotide additions to blunt DSB ends. Here, we identify two mycobacterial proteins, PolD1 and PolD2, as stand-alone homologues of the LigD POL domain. Biochemical characterization of PolD1 and PolD2 shows that they resemble LigD POL in their monomeric quaternary structures, their ability to add templated and nontemplated nucleotides to primer-templates and blunt ends, and their preference for rNTPs versus dNTPs. Deletion of polD1, polD2, or both from a Mycobacterium smegmatis strain carrying an inactivating mutation in LigD POL failed to reveal a role for PolD1 or PolD2 in templated nucleotide additions during NHEJ of 5'-overhang DSBs or in clastogen resistance. Whereas our results document the existence and characteristics of new stand-alone members of the LigD POL family of RNA/DNA polymerases, they imply that other polymerases can perform fill-in synthesis during mycobacterial NHEJ.

The type II collagen fragments Helix-II and CTX-II reveal different enzymatic pathways of human cartilage collagen degradation

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Charni-Ben Tabassi, N; Desmarais, S; Jensen, Anne-Christine Bay

2008-01-01

human recombinant cathepsins (Cats) and matrix-metalloproteases (MMPs). Next, we analyzed the spontaneous release of Helix-II and CTX-II from cartilage sections of patients with knee OA who were immediately deep frozen after joint replacement to preserve endogenous enzyme activity until assay. Cartilage....... Cat D was unable to digest intact cartilage. MMPs-1, -3, -7, -9, and -13 efficiently released CTX-II, but only small amount of Helix-II. Neither CTX-II nor Helix-II alone was able to reflect accurately the collagenolytic activity of Cats and MMPs as reflected by the release of hydroxyproline. In OA...

Os direitos humanos e a política internacional

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rossana Rocha Reis

2006-11-01

Full Text Available O artigo trata da questão do crescente reconhecimento internacional dos direitos humanos desde o fim da II Guerra Mundial e discute os efeitos desse processo sobre a política internacional. De modo geral os argumentos sobre o papel dos direitos humanos na política internacional dividem-se entre os que acham que eles não passam de retórica para encobrir interesses particulares, e os que enxergam na sua afirmação um potencial transformador da ordem internacional. No contexto atual,em que se discute a adoção de mecanismos coercitivos mais fortes para a proteção dos direitos humanos, como as intervenções humanitárias, por exemplo, essa discussão torna-se mais complexa e mais urgente.

Dual pathway for angiotensin II formation in human internal mammary arteries

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Voors, A. A.; Pinto, Y. M.; Buikema, H.; Urata, H.; Oosterga, M.; Rooks, G.; Grandjean, J. G.; Ganten, D.; van Gilst, W. H.

1998-01-01

1. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is thought to be the main enzyme to convert antiotensin I to the vasoactive angiotensin II. Recently, in the human heart, it was found that the majority of angiotensin II formation was due to another enzyme, identified as human heart chymase. In the human

Molecular cloning of the human casein kinase II α subunit

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Meisner, H.; Heller-Harrison, R.; Buxton, J.; Czech, M.P.

1989-01-01

A human cDNA encoding the α subunit of casein kinase II and a partial cDNA encoding the rat homologue were isolated by using a Drosophila casein kinase II cDNA probe. The 2.2-kb human cDNA contains a 1.2-kb open reading frame, 150 nucleotides of 5' leader, and 850 nucleotides of 3' noncoding region. Except for the first 7 deduced amino acids that are missing in the rat cDNA, the 328 amino acids beginning with the amino terminus are identical between human and rat. The Drosophila enzyme sequence is 90% identical with the human casein kinase II sequence, and there is only a single amino acid difference between the published partial bovine sequence and the human sequence. In addition, the C-terminus of the human cDNA has an extra 53 amino acids not present in Drosophila. Northern analysis of rat and human RNA showed predominant bands of 5.5, 3.1, and 1.8 kb. In rat tissues, brain and spleen had the highest levels of casein kinase II α subunit specific RNA, while skeletal muscle showed the lowest. Southern analysis of human cultured cell and tissue genomic DNA using the full-length cDNA probe revealed two bands with restriction enzymes that have no recognition sites within the cDNA and three to six bands with enzymes having single internal sites. These results are consistent with the possibility that two genes encode the α subunits

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - El proceso de paz en sala de emergencia

OpenAIRE

Neira Fernández, Enrique

2007-01-01

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

Fluctuations of pol I and fibrillarin contents of the nucleoli.

Science.gov (United States)

Hornáček, M; Kováčik, L; Mazel, T; Cmarko, D; Bártová, E; Raška, I; Smirnov, E

2017-07-04

Nucleoli are formed on the basis of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clusters called Nucleolus Organizer Regions (NORs). Each NOR contains multiple genes coding for RNAs of the ribosomal particles. The prominent components of the nucleolar ultrastructure, fibrillar centers (FC) and dense fibrillar components (DFC), together compose FC/DFC units. These units are centers of rDNA transcription by RNA polymerase I (pol I), as well as the early processing events, in which an essential role belongs to fibrillarin. Each FC/DFC unit probably corresponds to a single transcriptionally active gene. In this work, we transfected human-derived cells with GFP-RPA43 (subunit of pol I) and RFP-fibrillarin. Following changes of the fluorescent signals in individual FC/DFC units, we found two kinds of kinetics: 1) the rapid fluctuations with periods of 2-3 min, when the pol I and fibrillarin signals oscillated in anti-phase manner, and the intensities of pol I in the neighboring FC/DFC units did not correlate. 2) fluctuations with periods of 10 to 60 min, in which pol I and fibrillarin signals measured in the same unit did not correlate, but pol I signals in the units belonging to different nucleoli were synchronized. Our data indicate that a complex pulsing activity of transcription as well as early processing is common for ribosomal genes.

Human urotensin-II is an endothelium-dependent vasodilator in rat small arteries

Science.gov (United States)

Bottrill, Fiona E; Douglas, Stephen A; Hiley, C Robin; White, Richard

2000-01-01

The possible role of the endothelium in modulating responses to human urotensin-II (U-II) was investigated using isolated segments of rat thoracic aorta, small mesenteric artery, left anterior descending coronary artery and basilar artery.Human U-II was a potent vasoconstrictor of endothelium-intact isolated rat thoracic aorta (EC50=3.5±1.1 nM, Rmax=103±10% of control contraction induced by 60 mM KCl and 1 μM noradrenaline). However the contractile response was not significantly altered by removal of the endothelium or inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with L-NAME (100 μM). Human U-II did not cause relaxation of noradrenaline-precontracted, endothelium-intact rat aortae.Human U-II contracted endothelium-intact rat isolated left anterior descending coronary arteries (EC50=1.3±0.8 nM, Rmax=20.1±4.9% of control contraction induced by 10 μM 5-HT). The contractile response was significantly enhanced by removal of the endothelium (Rmax=55.4±16.1%). Moreover, human U-II caused concentration-dependent relaxation of 5-HT-precontracted arteries, which was abolished by L-NAME or removal of the endothelium.No contractile effects of human U-II were found in rat small mesenteric arteries. However the peptide caused potent, concentration- and endothelium-dependent relaxations of methoxamine-precontracted vessels. The relaxant responses were potentiated by L-NAME (300 μM) but abolished in the additional presence of 25 mM KCl (which inhibits the actions of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor).The present study is the first to show that human U-II is a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator in some rat resistance vessels, and acts through release of EDHF as well as nitric oxide. Our findings have also highlighted clear anatomical differences in the responses of different vascular beds to human U-II which are likely to be important in determining the overall cardiovascular activity of this peptide. PMID:10952676

Reconstitution of active human core Mediator complex reveals a critical role of the MED14 subunit.

Science.gov (United States)

Cevher, Murat A; Shi, Yi; Li, Dan; Chait, Brian T; Malik, Sohail; Roeder, Robert G

2014-12-01

The evolutionarily conserved Mediator complex is a critical coactivator for RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-mediated transcription. Here we report the reconstitution of a functional 15-subunit human core Mediator complex and its characterization by functional assays and chemical cross-linking coupled to MS (CX-MS). Whereas the reconstituted head and middle modules can stably associate, basal and coactivator functions are acquired only after incorporation of MED14 into the bimodular complex. This results from a dramatically enhanced ability of MED14-containing complexes to associate with Pol II. Altogether, our analyses identify MED14 as both an architectural and a functional backbone of the Mediator complex. We further establish a conditional requirement for metazoan-specific MED26 that becomes evident in the presence of heterologous nuclear factors. This general approach paves the way for systematic dissection of the multiple layers of functionality associated with the Mediator complex.

DNA polymerase iota (Pol ι) promotes invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Science.gov (United States)

Zou, Shitao; Shang, Zeng-Fu; Liu, Biao; Zhang, Shuyu; Wu, Jinchang; Huang, Min; Ding, Wei-Qun; Zhou, Jundong

2016-05-31

DNA polymerase iota (Pol ι) is an error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) that contributes to the accumulation of DNA mutations. We recently showed that Pol ι is overexpressed in human esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) tissues which promotes ESCC' progression. The present study was aimed at investigating the molecular mechanisms by which Pol ι enhances the invasiveness and metastasis of ESCC cells. We found that the expression of Pol ι is significantly higher in ESCCs with lymph node metastasis compared to those without lymph node metastasis. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed an inverse correlation between Pol ι expression and patient prognosis. The expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), two essential regulators of cells' invasiveness, were positively associated with Pol ι expression in ESCC tissues. Ectopic expression of Pol ι enhanced the motility and invasiveness of ESCC cells as evaluated by wound-healing and transwell assays, respectively. A xenograft nude mouse model showed that Pol ι promotes the colonization of ESCC cells in the liver, lung and kidney. Signaling pathway analysis identified the JNK-AP-1 cascade as a mediator of the Pol ι-induced increase in the expression of MMP-2/9 and enhancement of ESCC progression. These data demonstrate the underlying mechanism by which Pol ι promotes ESCC progression, suggesting that Pol ι is a potential novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ESCC.

Proviral HIV-genome-wide and pol-gene specific Zinc Finger Nucleases: Usability for targeted HIV gene therapy

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Wayengera Misaki

2011-07-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Infection with HIV, which culminates in the establishment of a latent proviral reservoir, presents formidable challenges for ultimate cure. Building on the hypothesis that ex-vivo or even in-vivo abolition or disruption of HIV-gene/genome-action by target mutagenesis or excision can irreversibly abrogate HIV's innate fitness to replicate and survive, we previously identified the isoschizomeric bacteria restriction enzymes (REases AcsI and ApoI as potent cleavers of the HIV-pol gene (11 and 9 times in HIV-1 and 2, respectively. However, both enzymes, along with others found to cleave across the entire HIV-1 genome, slice (SX at palindromic sequences that are prevalent within the human genome and thereby pose the risk of host genome toxicity. A long-term goal in the field of R-M enzymatic therapeutics has thus been to generate synthetic restriction endonucleases with longer recognition sites limited in specificity to HIV. We aimed (i to assemble and construct zinc finger arrays and nucleases (ZFN with either proviral-HIV-pol gene or proviral-HIV-1 whole-genome specificity respectively, and (ii to advance a model for pre-clinically testing lentiviral vectors (LV that deliver and transduce either ZFN genotype. Methods and Results First, we computationally generated the consensus sequences of (a 114 dsDNA-binding zinc finger (Zif arrays (ZFAs or ZifHIV-pol and (b two zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs which, unlike the AcsI and ApoI homeodomains, possess specificity to >18 base-pair sequences uniquely present within the HIV-pol gene (ZifHIV-polFN. Another 15 ZFNs targeting >18 bp sequences within the complete HIV-1 proviral genome were constructed (ZifHIV-1FN. Second, a model for constructing lentiviral vectors (LVs that deliver and transduce a diploid copy of either ZifHIV-polFN or ZifHIV-1FN chimeric genes (termed LV- 2xZifHIV-polFN and LV- 2xZifHIV-1FN, respectively is proposed. Third, two preclinical models for controlled testing of

Proviral HIV-genome-wide and pol-gene specific zinc finger nucleases: usability for targeted HIV gene therapy.

Science.gov (United States)

Wayengera, Misaki

2011-07-22

Infection with HIV, which culminates in the establishment of a latent proviral reservoir, presents formidable challenges for ultimate cure. Building on the hypothesis that ex-vivo or even in-vivo abolition or disruption of HIV-gene/genome-action by target mutagenesis or excision can irreversibly abrogate HIV's innate fitness to replicate and survive, we previously identified the isoschizomeric bacteria restriction enzymes (REases) AcsI and ApoI as potent cleavers of the HIV-pol gene (11 and 9 times in HIV-1 and 2, respectively). However, both enzymes, along with others found to cleave across the entire HIV-1 genome, slice (SX) at palindromic sequences that are prevalent within the human genome and thereby pose the risk of host genome toxicity. A long-term goal in the field of R-M enzymatic therapeutics has thus been to generate synthetic restriction endonucleases with longer recognition sites limited in specificity to HIV. We aimed (i) to assemble and construct zinc finger arrays and nucleases (ZFN) with either proviral-HIV-pol gene or proviral-HIV-1 whole-genome specificity respectively, and (ii) to advance a model for pre-clinically testing lentiviral vectors (LV) that deliver and transduce either ZFN genotype. First, we computationally generated the consensus sequences of (a) 114 dsDNA-binding zinc finger (Zif) arrays (ZFAs or ZifHIV-pol) and (b) two zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) which, unlike the AcsI and ApoI homeodomains, possess specificity to >18 base-pair sequences uniquely present within the HIV-pol gene (ZifHIV-polFN). Another 15 ZFNs targeting >18 bp sequences within the complete HIV-1 proviral genome were constructed (ZifHIV-1FN). Second, a model for constructing lentiviral vectors (LVs) that deliver and transduce a diploid copy of either ZifHIV-polFN or ZifHIV-1FN chimeric genes (termed LV- 2xZifHIV-polFN and LV- 2xZifHIV-1FN, respectively) is proposed. Third, two preclinical models for controlled testing of the safety and efficacy of either of these

Química general II

OpenAIRE

Olba Torrent, Amparo

2018-01-01

El document forma part dels materials docents programats mitjançant l'ajut del Servei de Política Lingüística de la Universitat de València Temes de l'assignatura: Química general II del primer curs del Grau de Química Topics of the course: General Chemistry II in the first year of the Degree in Chemistry

Dinâmica Institucional, Políticas Públicas e o Desempenho Político Ambiental Brasileiro

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Diego de Freitas Rodrigues

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Este estudo buscou analisar os efeitos da interdependência entre instituições políticas e modelos de desenvolvimento no desempenho de políticas ambientais no Brasil. A hipótese central do trabalho é que, dada a interdependência entre os organismos responsáveis pelas políticas ambientais e padrões de desenvolvimento pouco responsivos à complexidade ambiental, ocorre uma dispersão de poder decisório incentivando o modelo de desenvolvimento de alto carbono. Além de revisão da literatura em Políticas Públicas e Economia Ecológica, foram operacionalizadas (1 uma análise do desenho político-institucional brasileiro e (2 o quadro de gastos públicos do governo federal brasileiro com meio ambiente. Dois resultados foram observados: 1o o desenho e as competências das instituições políticas responsáveis pela formulação e implementação de políticas públicas interferem na maior eficiência de políticas ambientais; 2o quanto maior a abertura institucional, maior a tendência de paralisia decisória na formulação e implementação de políticas públicas ambientais.

Reconstitution of active human core Mediator complex reveals a pivotal role of the MED14 subunit

Science.gov (United States)

Cevher, Murat A.; Shi, Yi; Li, Dan; Chait, Brian T.; Malik, Sohail; Roeder, Robert G.

2014-01-01

The evolutionarily conserved Mediator complex is a critical coactivator for RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-mediated transcription. Here, we report the reconstitution of a functional 15-subunit human core Mediator complex and its characterization by functional assays and chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry (CX-MS). Whereas the reconstituted head and middle modules can stably associate, only with incorporation of MED14 into the bi-modular complex does it acquire basal and coactivator functions. This results from a dramatically enhanced ability of MED14-containing complexes to associate with Pol II. Altogether, our analyses identify MED14 as both an architectural and a functional backbone of the Mediator complex. We further establish a conditional requirement for metazoan-specific MED26 that becomes evident in the presence of heterologous nuclear factors. This general approach paves the way for systematically dissecting the multiple layers of functionalities associated with the Mediator complex. PMID:25383669

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Colombia. Crónica de un proceso de paz fracasado

OpenAIRE

Neira Fernández, Enrique

2007-01-01

Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

The World War II Era and Human Rights Education

Science.gov (United States)

Waters, Stewart; Russell, William B., III

2012-01-01

International revulsion at the violation of human rights during World War II helped spark a global movement to define and protect individual human rights. Starting with the creation of war crimes tribunals after the war, this newfound awareness stimulated a concerted international effort to establish human rights for all, both in periods of war…

RecQL5 promotes genome stabilization through two parallel mechanisms--interacting with RNA polymerase II and acting as a helicase.

Science.gov (United States)

Islam, M Nurul; Fox, David; Guo, Rong; Enomoto, Takemi; Wang, Weidong

2010-05-01

The RecQL5 helicase is essential for maintaining genome stability and reducing cancer risk. To elucidate its mechanism of action, we purified a RecQL5-associated complex and identified its major component as RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Bioinformatics and structural modeling-guided mutagenesis revealed two conserved regions in RecQL5 as KIX and SRI domains, already known in transcriptional regulators for Pol II. The RecQL5-KIX domain binds both initiation (Pol IIa) and elongation (Pol IIo) forms of the polymerase, whereas the RecQL5-SRI domain interacts only with the elongation form. Fully functional RecQL5 requires both helicase activity and associations with the initiation polymerase, because mutants lacking either activity are partially defective in the suppression of sister chromatid exchange and resistance to camptothecin-induced DNA damage, and mutants lacking both activities are completely defective. We propose that RecQL5 promotes genome stabilization through two parallel mechanisms: by participation in homologous recombination-dependent DNA repair as a RecQ helicase and by regulating the initiation of Pol II to reduce transcription-associated replication impairment and recombination.

Clustered epitopes within the Gag-Pol fusion protein DNA vaccine enhance immune responses and protection against challenge with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing HIV-1 Gag and Pol antigens

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bolesta, Elizabeth; Gzyl, Jaroslaw; Wierzbicki, Andrzej; Kmieciak, Dariusz; Kowalczyk, Aleksandra; Kaneko, Yutaro; Srinivasan, Alagarsamy; Kozbor, Danuta

2005-01-01

We have generated a codon-optimized hGagp17p24-Polp51 plasmid DNA expressing the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag-Pol fusion protein that consists of clusters of highly conserved cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes presented by multiple MHC class I alleles. In the hGagp17p24-Polp51 construct, the ribosomal frameshift site had been deleted together with the potentially immunosuppressive Gag nucleocapsid (p15) as well as Pol protease (p10) and integrase (p31). Analyses of the magnitude and breadth of cellular responses demonstrated that immunization of HLA-A2/K b transgenic mice with the hGagp17p24-Polp51 construct induced 2- to 5-fold higher CD8 + T-cell responses to Gag p17-, p24-, and Pol reverse transcriptase (RT)-specific CTL epitopes than the full-length hGag-PolΔFsΔPr counterpart. The increases were correlated with higher protection against challenge with recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs) expressing gag and pol gene products. Consistent with the profile of Gag- and Pol-specific CD8 + T cell responses, an elevated level of type 1 cytokine production was noted in p24- and RT-stimulated splenocyte cultures established from hGagp17p24-Polp51-immunized mice compared to responses induced with the hGag-PolΔFsΔPr vaccine. Sera of mice immunized with the hGagp17p24-Polp51 vaccine also exhibited an increased titer of p24- and RT-specific IgG2 antibody responses. The results from our studies provide insights into approaches for boosting the breadth of Gag- and Pol-specific immune responses

Cultura y Política en América Latina

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Nelson Acosta Espinosa

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Se analiza la relación entre dos dimensiones civilizacionales: formas culturales y expresión política. Se hace referencia a los aportes que sobre esta problemática ha proporcionado la sociología clásica, en particular Durkheim y Weber. Igualmente se revisan los formulados por la teoría de la transición (Gino Germani, Torcuato Di Tella y los contenidos en el libro editado por Lawrence Harrison y Samuel Huntington: Culture Matters. How values shape human progress. Se presta especial atención al concepto de capital social. Asimismo, se discute la relación entre universalismo y particularismo en términos del debate teórico presente en la filosofía política contemporánea, y se formula una hipótesis explicativa sobre la situación política actual que enfrenta Venezuela.

Engajamento cívico e escolaridade superior: as eleições de 2014 e o comportamento político dos brasileiros

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André Luiz Vieira Dias

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a influência da escolaridade sobre o comportamento político dos brasileiros. Supõe-se que a escolaridade é capaz de despertar um comportamento mais interessado, participativo e coerente, portanto, engajado, dos cidadãos. Nesse sentido, busca-se verificar (i se os cidadãos brasileiros são informados e interessados por política; (ii motivados em participar das eleições e outras atividades políticas e (iii sua avaliação e satisfação em relação ao processo democrático. Destaca-se o comportamento daqueles que possuem o ensino superior completo, em comparação aos demais níveis de escolaridade, no intuito de identificar padrões comportamentais distintos. A partir dos dados obtidos pelo ESEB 2014, além da análise descritiva dos dados, aplicou-se o modelo de regressão logística, relacionando a variável escolaridade superior a outras variáveis agrupadas em quatro categorias: (a aspectos socioeconômicos; (b informação e interesse por política; (c participação nas eleições, em atividades políticas tradicionais e em outras atividades políticas; (d avaliação e satisfação política. Dessa maneira, verifica-se (i que os brasileiros são pouco ou nada interessados por política; (ii participam das eleições mas não das atividades tradicionais e novas formas de engajamento político; (iii apoiam e estão razoavelmente satisfeitos com a democracia. Em relação aos mais escolarizados, temos o predomínio de mulheres, um público mais jovem e com renda familiar sutilmente superior à dos menos escolarizados. Aqueles que possuem o ensino superior completo tendem a se comportar de forma distinta: são levemente mais informados e interessados por política; apesar dos baixos percentuais encontrados, são os que mais participam das atividades políticas em geral; são os que mais apoiam a democracia, porém os mais insatisfeitos com o seu funcionamento. Esse estudo nos permite

Estudo Pré-Clínico de Stent com Polímero Biodegradável e Liberação Abluminal de Sirolimus

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Celso Kiyochi Takimura

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Fundamento: Stents recobertos com polímeros bioabsorvíveis e fármacos apenas na face abluminal podem ser mais seguros que stents farmacológicos com polímeros permanentes. Objetivo: Relatar os resultados experimentais com o stent Inspiron(r, um stent recoberto com polímero bioabsorvível e com liberação de sirolimus apenas da face abluminal, recentemente aprovado para uso clínico. Métodos: Foram implantados 45 stents nas artérias coronárias de 15 porcos e, no 28° dia pós-implante, foram obtidos os resultados angiográficos, de ultrassonografia intracoronária e de histomorfologia. Cinco grupos foram avaliados: Grupo I (nove stents sem recobrimento; Grupo II (nove stents com polímero bioabsorvível nas faces luminal e abluminal; Grupo III (oito stents com polímero bioabsorvível na face abluminal; Grupo IV (nove stents com polímero bioabsorvível e sirolimus nas faces luminal e abluminal; e Grupo V (dez stents com polímero bioabsorvível e sirolimus na face abluminal exclusivamente. Resultados: Observamos, para os Grupos I, II, III, IV e V respectivamente: porcentual de estenose de 29 ± 20; 36 ± 14; 33 ± 19; 22 ± 13 e 26 ± 15 (p = 0,443; perda luminal tardia (em mm de 1,02 ± 0,60; 1,24 ± 0,48; 1,11 ± 0,54; 0,72 ± 0,44 e 0,78 ± 0,39 (p = 0,253; área neointimal (em mm2 de 2,60 ± 1,99; 2,74 ± 1,51; 2,74 ± 1,30; 1,30 ± 1,14 e 0,97 ± 0,84 (p = 0,001; Grupos IV e V versus Grupos I, II e III e porcentual de área neointimal de 35 ± 25; 38 ± 18; 39 ± 19; 19 ± 18 e 15 ± 12 (p = 0,001; Grupo IV e V versus Grupo I, II e III. Os escores de injúria e inflamação foram baixos e sem diferenças entre os grupos. Conclusão: O stent Inspiron(r foi seguro e inibiu significativamente a hiperplasia neointimal observada no 28° dia pós-implante em artérias coronárias porcinas.

c-Jun binds the N terminus of human TAF(II)250 to derepress RNA polymerase II transcription in vitro.

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Lively, T N; Ferguson, H A; Galasinski, S K; Seto, A G; Goodrich, J A

2001-07-06

c-Jun is an oncoprotein that activates transcription of many genes involved in cell growth and proliferation. We studied the mechanism of transcriptional activation by human c-Jun in a human RNA polymerase II transcription system composed of highly purified recombinant and native transcription factors. Transcriptional activation by c-Jun depends on the TATA-binding protein (TBP)-associated factor (TAF) subunits of transcription factor IID (TFIID). Protein-protein interaction assays revealed that c-Jun binds with high specificity to the largest subunit of human TFIID, TAF(II)250. The region of TAF(II)250 bound by c-Jun lies in the N-terminal 163 amino acids. This same region of TAF(II)250 binds to TBP and represses its interaction with TATA boxes, thereby decreasing DNA binding by TFIID. We hypothesized that c-Jun is capable of derepressing the effect of the TAF(II)250 N terminus on TFIID-driven transcription. In support of this hypothesis, we found that c-Jun increased levels of TFIID-driven transcription in vitro when added at high concentrations to a DNA template lacking activator protein 1 (AP-1) sites. Moreover, c-Jun blocked the repression of TBP DNA binding caused by the N terminus of TAF(II)250. In addition to revealing a mechanism by which c-Jun activates transcription, our studies provide the first evidence that an activator can bind directly to the N terminus of TAF(II)250 to derepress RNA polymerase II transcription in vitro.

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) in human brain: regional distribution of IGF II and of higher molecular mass forms

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Haselbacher, G.K.; Schwab, M.E.; Pasi, A.; Humbel, R.E.

1985-01-01

Twenty-four distinct areas of human brain were analyzed for the presence of insulin-like growth factor (IGF). As reported for cerebrospinal fluid, only IGF II-like immunoreactivity, but no significant amounts of IGF I-like immunoreactivity, could be found. Upon gel permeation chromatography, two to five distinct size classes were separated on the basis of their immunoreactivity. Radioimmunoassays and a bioassay also gave results indistinguishable from those of serum IGF II. The highest amounts of IGF II-like immunoreactivity occur in the anterior pituitary. This is up to 100 times more than in most other brain regions analyzed. The higher molecular mass immunoreactive species were partially characterized. After immunoaffinity purification, the 38- and 26-kDa species are active in a bioassay. Specific IGF-binding protein activity could be shown after purification of the 38- and 26-kDa species on an IGF-affinity column. The 13-kDa species released significant amounts of 7.5-kDa material. The results are interpreted as evidence for the presence of IGF II synthesized locally in human brain

Cultura e políticas sociais : uma visão a partir da cultura política

OpenAIRE

Corrêa, Helena Ariane Borges

2008-01-01

A dissertação parte do questionamento de por que fatores culturais não são considerados na formulação de políticas públicas. Para tanto são analisadas e discutidas duas vertentes tradicionalmente separadas na ciência política: culturalismo e institucionalismo, que aqui serão trabalhadas em um nível de análise menos abstrato, relacionando elementos de cultura política com políticas públicas. Com isto o trabalho procura mostrar a relevância do estudo de fatores culturais em políticas sociais e ...

[RNA polymerase II and pre-mRNA splicing factors in diplotene oocyte nuclei of the giant African gastropod Achatina fulica].

Science.gov (United States)

Stepanova, I S; Bogoliubov, D S

2003-01-01

The nuclear distribution of pre-mRNA splicing factors (snRNPs and SR-protein SC35) and unphosphorylated from of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) was studied using fluorescent and immunoelectron cytochemistry in diplotene oocytes of the gastropod Achatina fulica. Association of Pol II and splicing factors with oocyte nuclear structures was analysed. The antibodies against splicing factors and Pol II were shown to label perichromatin fibrils at the periphery of condensed chromatin blocks as well as those in interchromatin regions of nucleoplasm. The revealed character of distribution of snRNPs, SC35 protein, and Pol II, together with the decondensed chromatin and absence of karyosphere, enable us to suggest that oocyte chromosomes maintain their transcriptional activity at the diplotene stage of oogenesis. In A. fulica oocytes, sparse nuclear bodies (NBs) of a complex morphological structure were revealed. These NBs contain snRNPs rather than SC35 protein. NBs are associated with a fibrogranular material (FGM), which contains SC35 protein. No snRNPs were revealed in this material. Homology of A. fulica oocyte nuclear structures to Cajal bodies and interchromatin granule clusters is discussed.

Genome-wide RNA polymerase II profiles and RNA accumulation reveal kinetics of transcription and associated epigenetic changes during diurnal cycles.

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Gwendal Le Martelot

Full Text Available Interactions of cell-autonomous circadian oscillators with diurnal cycles govern the temporal compartmentalization of cell physiology in mammals. To understand the transcriptional and epigenetic basis of diurnal rhythms in mouse liver genome-wide, we generated temporal DNA occupancy profiles by RNA polymerase II (Pol II as well as profiles of the histone modifications H3K4me3 and H3K36me3. We used these data to quantify the relationships of phases and amplitudes between different marks. We found that rhythmic Pol II recruitment at promoters rather than rhythmic transition from paused to productive elongation underlies diurnal gene transcription, a conclusion further supported by modeling. Moreover, Pol II occupancy preceded mRNA accumulation by 3 hours, consistent with mRNA half-lives. Both methylation marks showed that the epigenetic landscape is highly dynamic and globally remodeled during the 24-hour cycle. While promoters of transcribed genes had tri-methylated H3K4 even at their trough activity times, tri-methylation levels reached their peak, on average, 1 hour after Pol II. Meanwhile, rhythms in tri-methylation of H3K36 lagged transcription by 3 hours. Finally, modeling profiles of Pol II occupancy and mRNA accumulation identified three classes of genes: one showing rhythmicity both in transcriptional and mRNA accumulation, a second class with rhythmic transcription but flat mRNA levels, and a third with constant transcription but rhythmic mRNAs. The latter class emphasizes widespread temporally gated posttranscriptional regulation in the mouse liver.

Association with Aurora-A Controls N-MYC-Dependent Promoter Escape and Pause Release of RNA Polymerase II during the Cell Cycle

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Gabriele Büchel

2017-12-01

Full Text Available MYC proteins bind globally to active promoters and promote transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II. To identify effector proteins that mediate this function, we performed mass spectrometry on N-MYC complexes in neuroblastoma cells. The analysis shows that N-MYC forms complexes with TFIIIC, TOP2A, and RAD21, a subunit of cohesin. N-MYC and TFIIIC bind to overlapping sites in thousands of Pol II promoters and intergenic regions. TFIIIC promotes association of RAD21 with N-MYC target sites and is required for N-MYC-dependent promoter escape and pause release of Pol II. Aurora-A competes with binding of TFIIIC and RAD21 to N-MYC in vitro and antagonizes association of TOP2A, TFIIIC, and RAD21 with N-MYC during S phase, blocking N-MYC-dependent release of Pol II from the promoter. Inhibition of Aurora-A in S phase restores RAD21 and TFIIIC binding to chromatin and partially restores N-MYC-dependent transcriptional elongation. We propose that complex formation with Aurora-A controls N-MYC function during the cell cycle.

Comprehensive RNA Polymerase II Interactomes Reveal Distinct and Varied Roles for Each Phospho-CTD Residue

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Kevin M. Harlen

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Transcription controls splicing and other gene regulatory processes, yet mechanisms remain obscure due to our fragmented knowledge of the molecular connections between the dynamically phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Pol II C-terminal domain (CTD and regulatory factors. By systematically isolating phosphorylation states of the CTD heptapeptide repeat (Y1S2P3T4S5P6S7, we identify hundreds of protein factors that are differentially enriched, revealing unappreciated connections between the Pol II CTD and co-transcriptional processes. These data uncover a role for threonine-4 in 3′ end processing through control of the transition between cleavage and termination. Furthermore, serine-5 phosphorylation seeds spliceosomal assembly immediately downstream of 3′ splice sites through a direct interaction with spliceosomal subcomplex U1. Strikingly, threonine-4 phosphorylation also impacts splicing by serving as a mark of co-transcriptional spliceosome release and ensuring efficient post-transcriptional splicing genome-wide. Thus, comprehensive Pol II interactomes identify the complex and functional connections between transcription machinery and other gene regulatory complexes.

A política da Igreja Universal e seus reflexos nos campos religioso e político brasileiros

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Oro Ari Pedro

2003-01-01

Full Text Available Este texto versa sobre a inserção da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD na política nacional e seus efeitos nos campos religioso e político. Em razão da eficácia de seu carisma institucional, a Universal procedeu, dentro do próprio grupo religioso, a uma ressemantização do ato de votar em particular e da percepção da política em geral, inscrevendo-os em sua lógica religiosa. Isso é uma importante chave explicativa para o elevado grau de fidelidade de votos e o êxito político cada vez maior constatado nas últimas eleições. Ademais, a prática política da Universal está produzindo um efeito mimético em outra igrejas evangélicas, que tendem a imitar seu modelo de fazer política. Sua inserção política, sobretudo por intermédio do Partido Liberal, não passa despercebida pelos partidos, constituindo-se, assim, em um ator relevante na atual conjuntura política brasileira.

Política, marketing e neoliberalismo

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Pedro Roberto Ferreira

2004-07-01

Full Text Available O texto contém uma análise da relação política e sua possível consciência no seu momento específico compreendido pelo processo eleitoral (Londrina - eleições 92. Como este processo eleitoral em nossos dias, nutre-se de algumas técnicas conhecidas como Marketing Político-Eleitoral, e de como estas, contribuem para uma dinâmica de esvaziamento da vida política propriamente dita. Procura ainda, conectar esse esvaziamento político e suas consequências, com o avanço da concepção neoliberal cujo ápice parece fazer coincidir a política como mais uma manifestação de Mercado.

Cinco anos da política nacional de humanização: trajetória de uma política pública Five years of the National Policy of Humanization: the trajectory of a public policy

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Dário Frederico Pasche

2011-11-01

Full Text Available O artigo apresenta o cenário de emergência e a trajetória da Política Nacional de Humanização HumanizaSUS, que como política pública foi construída para enfrentar e superar os desafios enunciados pela sociedade brasileira quanto à qualidade e à dignidade no cuidado em saúde; redesenhar e articular iniciativas de humanização do SUS e enfrentar problemas no campo da gestão e da organização do trabalho em saúde. Destacando-a como política pública, os autores analisam suas principais apostas e ofertas teórico-metodológicas para o enfrentamento de problemas na gestão e nas práticas de atenção em saúde, apontando para a necessidade de se combinar estratégias nos planos macro e micropolítico, sem dissociá-las. A análise enfoca mudanças na composição e nas estratégias de ação, as quais incluem a mobilização social, o apoio a instâncias de gestão, os serviços e as equipes de saúde e o desenvolvimento de processos de formação de apoiadores institucionais. Apresenta alguns resultados obtidos nos seus primeiros cinco anos de existência, bem como limites e perspectivas, considerando o desafio da Política de Humanização do SUS se constituir efetivamente em política pública, o que não pode ser alcançado sem a mobilização das forças sociais que se agenciam para além do Estado.This article presents the context of the emergence and implementation of the National Policy of Humanization (NPH, which was devised as a public policy to address and overcome the challenges perceived by Brazilian society regarding the quality and dignity of healthcare. The aims include redesigning and joint initiatives for the humanization of care, and providing solutions for problems in the field of management and organization of the health workforce. Highlighting it as a public policy, the authors analyze the main focus and theoretical and methodological approaches to cope with problems in management and practice of healthcare

Oxidative Metabolites of Curcumin Poison Human Type II Topoisomerases†

Science.gov (United States)

Ketron, Adam C.; Gordon, Odaine N.; Schneider, Claus; Osheroff, Neil

2013-01-01

The polyphenol curcumin is the principal flavor and color component of the spice turmeric. Beyond its culinary uses, curcumin is believed to positively impact human health and displays antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and chemopreventive properties. It also is in clinical trials as an anticancer agent. In aqueous solution at physiological pH, curcumin undergoes spontaneous autoxidation that is enhanced by oxidizing agents. The reaction proceeds through a series of quinone methide and other reactive intermediates to form a final dioxygenated bicyclopentadione product. Several naturally occurring polyphenols that can form quinones have been shown to act as topoisomerase II poisons (i.e., increase levels of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage). Because several of these compounds have chemopreventive properties, we determined the effects of curcumin, its oxidative metabolites, and structurally related degradation products (vanillin, ferulic acid, and feruloylmethane), on the DNA cleavage activities of human topoisomerase IIα and IIβ. Intermediates in the curcumin oxidation pathway increased DNA scission mediated by both enzymes ~4-5–fold. In contrast, curcumin and the bicyclopentadione, as well as vanillin, ferulic acid, and feruloylmethane, had no effect on DNA cleavage. As found for other quinone-based compounds, curcumin oxidation intermediates acted as redox-dependent (as opposed to interfacial) topoisomerase II poisons. Finally, under conditions that promote oxidation, the dietary spice turmeric enhanced topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage. Thus, even within the more complex spice formulation, oxidized curcumin intermediates appear to function as topoisomerase II poisons. PMID:23253398

Angiotensin II attenuates the natriuresis of water immersion in humans

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Schou, Morten; Gabrielsen, Anders; Bruun, Niels Eske

2002-01-01

The hypothesis was tested that suppression of generation of ANG II is one of the mechanisms of the water immersion (WI)-induced natriuresis in humans. In one protocol, eight healthy young males were subjected to 3 h of 1) WI (WI + placebo), 2) WI combined with ANG II infusion of 0.5 ng. kg(-1). min...

Políticas de reconhecimento uma novidade das políticas sociais do PT?

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Krischke, Paulo Jose Duval da Silva

2004-01-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho levanta a hipótese de que as ações de governo do PT estão inovando significativamente na necessária convergência (cf. Fraser, 1999; Honnetch, 2003 entre as tradicionais políticas de redistribuição sócio-econômica, e uma nova diretriz de reconhecimento das diferenças sócio-políticas e culturais. O argumento retoma a trajetória sindical do PT e os efeitos das políticas participativas, nas mudanças da cultura política em várias partes do país. Entre esses efeitos, o crescente apoio à democracia parece relacionar-se ao reconhecimento do direito à diferença e ao pluralismo - principalmente entre a juventude e naqueles locais onde o PT tem governado na última década

Nucleosome Positioning and NDR Structure at RNA Polymerase III Promoters

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Helbo, Alexandra Søgaard; Lay, Fides D; Jones, Peter A

2017-01-01

Chromatin is structurally involved in the transcriptional regulation of all genes. While the nucleosome positioning at RNA polymerase II (pol II) promoters has been extensively studied, less is known about the chromatin structure at pol III promoters in human cells. We use a high...

Excess Polθ functions in response to replicative stress in homologous recombination-proficient cancer cells

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T. Goullet de Rugy

2016-10-01

Full Text Available DNA polymerase theta (Polθ is a specialized A-family DNA polymerase that functions in processes such as translesion synthesis (TLS, DNA double-strand break repair and DNA replication timing. Overexpression of POLQ, the gene encoding Polθ, is a prognostic marker for an adverse outcome in a wide range of human cancers. While increased Polθ dosage was recently suggested to promote survival of homologous recombination (HR-deficient cancer cells, it remains unclear whether POLQ overexpression could be also beneficial to HR-proficient cancer cells. By performing a short interfering (siRNA screen in which genes encoding druggable proteins were knocked down in Polθ-overexpressing cells as a means to uncover genetic vulnerabilities associated with POLQ overexpression, we could not identify genes that were essential for viability in Polθ-overexpressing cells in normal growth conditions. We also showed that, upon external DNA replication stress, Polθ expression promotes cell survival and limits genetic instability. Finally, we report that POLQ expression correlates with the expression of a set of HR genes in breast, lung and colorectal cancers. Collectively, our data suggest that Polθ upregulation, besides its importance for survival of HR-deficient cancer cells, may be crucial also for HR-proficient cells to better tolerate DNA replication stress, as part of a global gene deregulation response, including HR genes.

Edad y cultura política

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MANUEL JUSTEL

1992-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se analiza la evolución de algunos aspectos de la cultura política y democrática durante los años ochenta: información y competencia política, participación política, actitudes hacia los partidos y orientaciones políticas. Los datos proceden de sendas encuestas realizadas en 1980 y 1989. Mediante análisis de cohortes de edad, controlando sexo y nivel de estudios, se comprueba el grado diferencial de expansión de actitudes democráticas en los grupos de edad, controlando sexo y nivel de estudios, se comprueba el grado diferencial de expansión de actitudes democráticas en los grupos de edad, el efecto homogeneizador que conlleva y el influjo estratégico de la educación. En el marco teórico de la socialización política en edad adulta y de las relaciones entre sistema social y sistema político, se interpretan los cambios de actitudes distinguiendo efectos de ciclo vital, de cohorte y de periodo. Al mismo tiempo, se discuten algunas consecuencias políticas del envejecimiento poblacional y se constata de un grado notable de plasticidad actitudinal y de adhesión creciente a la democracia de las cohortes de edad avanzada.

Effects of Olive Metabolites on DNA Cleavage Mediated by Human Type II Topoisomerases

Science.gov (United States)

2016-01-01

Several naturally occurring dietary polyphenols with chemopreventive or anticancer properties are topoisomerase II poisons. To identify additional phytochemicals that enhance topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage, a library of 341 Mediterranean plant extracts was screened for activity against human topoisomerase IIα. An extract from Phillyrea latifolia L., a member of the olive tree family, displayed high activity against the human enzyme. On the basis of previous metabolomics studies, we identified several polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, verbascoside, tyrosol, and caffeic acid) as potential candidates for topoisomerase II poisons. Of these, hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and verbascoside enhanced topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage. The potency of these olive metabolites increased 10–100-fold in the presence of an oxidant. Hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and verbascoside displayed hallmark characteristics of covalent topoisomerase II poisons. (1) The activity of the metabolites was abrogated by a reducing agent. (2) Compounds inhibited topoisomerase II activity when they were incubated with the enzyme prior to the addition of DNA. (3) Compounds were unable to poison a topoisomerase IIα construct that lacked the N-terminal domain. Because hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and verbascoside are broadly distributed across the olive family, extracts from the leaves, bark, and fruit of 11 olive tree species were tested for activity against human topoisomerase IIα. Several of the extracts enhanced enzyme-mediated DNA cleavage. Finally, a commercial olive leaf supplement and extra virgin olive oils pressed from a variety of Olea europea subspecies enhanced DNA cleavage mediated by topoisomerase IIα. Thus, olive metabolites appear to act as topoisomerase II poisons in complex formulations intended for human dietary consumption. PMID:26132160

Dual pathway for angiotensin II formation in human internal mammary arteries

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Voors, AA; Pinto, YM; Buikema, H; Urata, H; Oosterga, M; Roos, G; Grandjean, JG; Ganten, D; van Gilst, WH

1 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is thought to be the main enzyme to convect antiotensin I to the vasoactive angiotensin II. Recently, in the human heart, it was found that the majority of angiotensin ZI formation was due to another enzyme, identified as human heart chymase. In the human

Unidad 4: Crear Polígonos

OpenAIRE

Gómez Trigueros, Isabel María

2015-01-01

En esta unidad aprenderéis a crear vuestros propios polígonos con Google Earth para delimitar un área geográfica. Podréis modificar el tamaño de los polígonos, el color del área y su perímetro, incluso elaborar polígonos en 3D para superponer distintas variables sobre un paisaje concreto.

Economía Política I, 2010-11

OpenAIRE

Antón Pérez, José Ignacio

2010-01-01

I. Materiales de clase: Teoría: 0. Conceptos básicos; 1. El problema económico; 2. Las ganancias derivadas del comercio; 3. Elementos básicos de la oferta y la demanda; 4. Elasticidades; 5. La medición del bienestar y la política económica; 6. La empresa: producción, costes y beneficios; 7. Las empresas en los mercados competitivos; Ejercicios: Ejercicios del Tema 2; Ejercicios del Tema 3; Ejercicios del Tema 4; Ejercicios del Tema 5; Ejercicios del Tema 6 y 7; Ejercicios de Repaso. II. Bibli...

Reflexiones ético-políticas sobre los derechos colectivos de los pueblos indígenas; Reflexões ético-políticas sobre os direitos coletivos dos povos indígenas; Ethical-political reflections on the collective rights of indigenous peoples

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Ana Luisa Guerrero Guerrero

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Resumen: En esta ocasión abordaré algunas cuestiones sobre las implicaciones ético-políticas del reconocimiento internacional de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, ya que en ellos se encuentran concepciones que enriquecen la defensa de la integridad humana y que vienen a ser un eje de sustento que se incorpora al ya existente de la tradición occidental moderna de los derechos humanos, acontecimiento que motiva reflexiones sobre las relaciones entre el poder político y estos pueblos en nuestra región. Palabras clave: Derechos Humanos, pueblos indígenas, política   Resumo: Nesta ocasião, abordarei algumas questões sobre as implicações ético-políticas do reconhecimento internacional dos direitos dos povos indígenas, uma vez que contêm conceitos que enriquecem a defesa da integridade humana e que se tornam um eixo de subsistência incorporado para a atual tradição ocidental moderna dos direitos humanos, evento que motiva as reflexões sobre as relações entre o poder político e essas pessoas em nossa região. Palavras-chave: Direitos humanos, povos indígenas, política   Abstrac: On this occasion I will address some questions about the ethical-political implications of the international recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples, since they contain concepts that enrich the defense of human integrity and that become an axis of livelihood that is incorporated to the existing one of the modern western tradition of the human rights, event that motivates reflections on the relations between the political power and these people in our region. Keywords: Human rights, indigenous peoples, politics

Gramsci between Machiavelli and Marx: from negative determination of human to ontonegative determination of politics Gramsci entre Maquiavel e Marx: da negatividade do homem a ontonegatividade da política

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Claudinei Cássio Rezende

2008-12-01

Full Text Available In one of his central categories, Gramsci establishes a connection between the Machiavellian and Marxian political conceptions, in a manner that each one writes to the revolutionary class of their time. Nevertheless, a more rigorous critic at Marx’s propositions unveils to us that the proletarian class isn’t just the progressist class of his time, in the same manner that the bourgeois was in the Iluminism, like Gramsci thinks, but it is, actually, the universal sphere and the only one qualifi ed to accomplish a human emancipation. Consequently, the connection between Machiavelli and Marx does not exist, once Marx conceives the ontological work as the central attribute of humanization, and conceives the politics as temporary; while Machiavelli conceives the politics as the founder act of all sociability. Keywords: Machiavelli. Marx. Gramsci. Ontonegative determination of politics. Human emancipation. Em uma de suas categorias centrais, Gramsci estabelece uma identidade direta entre as politicidades maquiaveliana e marxiana, de sorte que cada um escreve para a classe da vanguarda política de sua época. No entanto, uma crítica mais rigorosa aos escritos marxianos nos revela que o proletariado não é somente a classe progressista de sua época, da maneira que a burguesia fora no iluminismo, como quer Gramsci, mas é, em verdade, a esfera universal e a única capaz de levar a cabo uma emancipação humana total. Doravante, a identidade entre Marx e Maquiavel inexiste na medida em que o primeiro, de magnitude filosófica distinta, concebe o trabalho ontologicamente como atributo central da humanização, apreendendo a política como uma figura transitória superável, enquanto o segundo concebe a política como o ato fundador de toda sociabilidade. Palavras-chave: Maquiavel. Marx. Gramsci. Ontonegatividade da política. Emancipação humana.

Enhanced casein kinase II activity in human tumour cell cultures

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Prowald, K; Fischer, H; Issinger, O G

1984-01-01

Casein kinase II (CKII) activity is enhanced as much as 2-3 fold in established and 4-5-fold in transformed human cell lines when compared to that of fibroblasts and primary human tumour cell cultures where CKII activity never exceeded a basic level. The high activity of CKII in transformed cells...

Mentir en la vida política

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Martínez de la Escalera, Ana María

2005-06-01

Full Text Available In this paper the act of lying is seen as a necessary component of the political discourse of the polis. Plato and Arendt are examined as the representatives of a line of thought in which the political realm needs the act of lying. The actual problematic of lying in politics is debated.

El texto «Mentir en política» aborda el papel que la mentira ha jugado en el lenguaje de la política y el lugar problemático que la Filosofía política le ha otorgado. Se escogen dos autores, Platón y Arendt, para mostrar la necesidad de incluir el discurso mentiroso como un componente esencial de la vida política de la ciudad. En breve, se trata de analizar los límites que la ciudad impone al discurso de lo político y de la política.

Functional substitution for TAF(II)250 by a retroposed homolog that is expressed in human spermatogenesis.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, P Jeremy; Page, David C

2002-09-15

TAF(II)250, the largest subunit of the general transcription factor TFIID, is expressed from the human X chromosome, at least in somatic cells. In male meiosis, however, the sex chromosomes are transcriptionally silenced, while the autosomes remain active. How then are protein-encoding genes transcribed during human male meiosis? Here we present a novel autosomal human gene, TAF1L, which is homologous to TAF(II)250 and is expressed specifically in the testis, apparently in germ cells. We hypothesize that during male meiosis, transcription of protein-encoding genes relies upon TAF1L as a functional substitute for TAF(II)250. Like TAF(II)250, the human TAF1L protein can bind directly to TATA-binding protein, an essential component of TFIID. Most importantly, transfection with human TAF1L rescued the temperature-sensitive lethality of a hamster cell line mutant in TAF(II)250. TAF1L lacks introns and evidently arose by retroposition of a processed TAF(II)250 mRNA during primate evolution. The observation that TAF1L can functionally replace TAF(II)250 provides experimental support for the hypothesis that during male meiosis, autosomes provide cellular functions usually supplied by the X chromosome in somatic cells.

Structural basis for the initiation of eukaryotic transcription-coupled DNA repair.

Science.gov (United States)

Xu, Jun; Lahiri, Indrajit; Wang, Wei; Wier, Adam; Cianfrocco, Michael A; Chong, Jenny; Hare, Alissa A; Dervan, Peter B; DiMaio, Frank; Leschziner, Andres E; Wang, Dong

2017-11-30

Eukaryotic transcription-coupled repair (TCR) is an important and well-conserved sub-pathway of nucleotide excision repair that preferentially removes DNA lesions from the template strand that block translocation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB, also known as ERCC6) protein in humans (or its yeast orthologues, Rad26 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhp26 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe) is among the first proteins to be recruited to the lesion-arrested Pol II during the initiation of eukaryotic TCR. Mutations in CSB are associated with the autosomal-recessive neurological disorder Cockayne syndrome, which is characterized by progeriod features, growth failure and photosensitivity. The molecular mechanism of eukaryotic TCR initiation remains unclear, with several long-standing unanswered questions. How cells distinguish DNA lesion-arrested Pol II from other forms of arrested Pol II, the role of CSB in TCR initiation, and how CSB interacts with the arrested Pol II complex are all unknown. The lack of structures of CSB or the Pol II-CSB complex has hindered our ability to address these questions. Here we report the structure of the S. cerevisiae Pol II-Rad26 complex solved by cryo-electron microscopy. The structure reveals that Rad26 binds to the DNA upstream of Pol II, where it markedly alters its path. Our structural and functional data suggest that the conserved Swi2/Snf2-family core ATPase domain promotes the forward movement of Pol II, and elucidate key roles for Rad26 in both TCR and transcription elongation.

El marketing político

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Alvaro H. Cifuentes G.

2015-04-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN Si un candidato desea ser elegido, las técnicas de marketing aplicadas a la política, le son imprescindibles. El marketing político (Politing es el análisis  metódico de los diferentes segmentos que integran el ámbito político de una sociedad y de los factores que puedan modificarlos. Se aplican al candidato, a los votantes, al análisis de la publicidad política, a los simpatizantes, a desconocedores  del partido y a los indecisos. Los candidatos colombianos lo están aplicando, y compañías nuestras exportan servicios  de asesoría de países suramericanos.Promocionar  un candidato implica estructurar una compañía tal como una empresa, aplicando técnicas de ventas, de fijación de cuotas y de planeación estratégica.

Radioimmunodetection of human pancreatic tumor xenografts using DU-PAN II monoclonal antibody

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nakamura, Kayoko; Kubo, Atsushi; Hashimoto, Shozo; Furuuchi, Takayuki; Abe, Osahiko; Takami, Hiroshi.

1988-01-01

The potential of DU-PAN II, monoclonal antibody (IgM), which was raised against the human tumor cell line, was evaluated for radioimmunodetection of human pancreatic tumors (PAN-5-JCK and EXP-58) grown in nude mice. 125 I-labeled DU-PAN II was accumulated into PAN-5-JCK producing DU-PAN II antigen with a tumor-to-blood ratio of 2.72 ± 3.00, but it did not localize in EXP-58 because of insufficient DU-PAN II. There was no significant uptake of 125 I-nonimmunized IgM in PAN-5-JCK. These facts indicated the specific tumor uptake of DU-PAN II. Excellent images of the tumor PAN-5-JCK were obtained 3 days after the injection of 125 I-DU-PAN II. Gel chromatography was also investigated with respect to the plasma taken from mice injected with antibody, or incubated with antibody in vitro. The results indicate that circulating antigen affected the tumor uptake of DU-PAN II: The more the tumor grew, the higher the amount of antigen excreted into the blood, leading to the degradation of DU-PAN II before it reached the tumor sites. Consequently, the immunoscintigram of the small tumor was remarkably clear. The catabolism and the radiolysis of the labeled IgM injected are critical points in applying immunoscintigraphy. (author)

Política externa como política pública: uma análise pela regulamentação constitucional brasileira (1967-1988

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Michelle Ratton Sanchez

2006-11-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho é relacionar os debates sobre política externa e política pública, a partir de uma perspectiva constitucional. Para afastar o consenso de que a política externa sempre foi considerada como "externa" aos estados e distinta de toda e qualquer política doméstica - e assim de toda e qualquer política pública -, buscou-se identificar as políticas interna, externa e internacional como um continuum de um mesmo processo decisório. A partir desses pressupostos teóricos, apresentou-se uma análise da distribuição de competências da política externa brasileira nas constituições de 1967 e 1988, com o intuito de identificar, no contexto de redemocratização do Brasil possíveis alterações na regulamentação da política externa que sugerissem a incorporação de uma concepção de gestão poliárquica, que a aproximasse das demais políticas públicas. Por fim, compararam-se os mecanismos disponíveis na Constituição de 1988 para o controle da política externa e das políticas públicas em geral, a fim de proceder-se à sua aproximação e verificar a aplicabilidade dos mecanismos relativos às políticas públicas para controle da política externa.

Cloning and expression of a novel human profilin variant, profilin II

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Honoré, B; Madsen, Peder; Andersen, A H

1993-01-01

We have isolated a 1.7 kbp cDNA encoding a 140 amino acid protein (15.1 kDa, pI 5.91) with a high sequence similarity (62%) to human profilin (profilin I). We have termed this variant profilin II. Northern blot analysis showed that profilin II is highly expressed in brain, skeletal muscle and kid...

Mitochondrial DNA replication: a PrimPol perspective

Science.gov (United States)

Bailey, Laura J.

2017-01-01

PrimPol, (primase–polymerase), the most recently identified eukaryotic polymerase, has roles in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA maintenance. PrimPol is capable of acting as a DNA polymerase, with the ability to extend primers and also bypass a variety of oxidative and photolesions. In addition, PrimPol also functions as a primase, catalysing the preferential formation of DNA primers in a zinc finger-dependent manner. Although PrimPol's catalytic activities have been uncovered in vitro, we still know little about how and why it is targeted to the mitochondrion and what its key roles are in the maintenance of this multicopy DNA molecule. Unlike nuclear DNA, the mammalian mitochondrial genome is circular and the organelle has many unique proteins essential for its maintenance, presenting a differing environment within which PrimPol must function. Here, we discuss what is currently known about the mechanisms of DNA replication in the mitochondrion, the proteins that carry out these processes and how PrimPol is likely to be involved in assisting this vital cellular process. PMID:28408491

An RNA polymerase II-and AGO4-associated protein acts in RNA-directed DNA methylation

KAUST Repository

Gao, Zhihuan

2010-04-21

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mark in many eukaryotes. In plants, 24-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) bound to the effector protein, Argonaute 4 (AGO4), can direct de novo DNA methylation by the methyltransferase DRM2 (refs 2, 4-6). Here we report a new regulator of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in Arabidopsis: RDM1. Loss-of-function mutations in the RDM1 gene impair the accumulation of 24-nucleotide siRNAs, reduce DNA methylation, and release transcriptional gene silencing at RdDM target loci. RDM1 encodes a small protein that seems to bind single-stranded methyl DNA, and associates and co-localizes with RNA polymerase II (Pol II, also known as NRPB), AGO4 and DRM2 in the nucleus. Our results indicate that RDM1 is a component of the RdDM effector complex and may have a role in linking siRNA production with pre-existing or de novo cytosine methylation. Our results also indicate that, although RDM1 and Pol V (also known as NRPE) may function together at some RdDM target sites in the peri-nucleolar siRNA processing centre, Pol II rather than Pol V is associated with the RdDM effector complex at target sites in the nucleoplasm. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

La escisión entre Ciencia Política y realidad política: el caso de la Seguridad Democrática

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Carlos Andrés Ramírez González

2014-12-01

Full Text Available La política de seguridad democrática, adoptada por el Presidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez durante su periodo de gobierno, resultó en un viraje fundamental en los rumbos del país luego del fallido proceso de paz del gobierno Pastrana. En este sentido, el presente trabajo busca demostrar que la Ciencia Política abordó el fenómeno político en contravía con el curso de los hechos, de tal manera que mientras la política de Seguridad Democrática propugnaba por un aumento en la ofensiva militar, la visión desde la Ciencia Política se concentraba en la manera de llegar a unos diálogos de paz o una salida concertada al conflicto. Esto, por tanto, se puede traducir en un rechazo al punto de vista preponderante y a una postura alternativa en el estudio de la realidad política nacional. Para demostrar lo anterior, se realiza una revisión documental aplicada a artículos académicos en cuatro revistas de Ciencia Política del país: Análisis Político, Colombia Internacional, Papel Político y Estudios Políticos durante el periodo de publicación de 2002 a 2012.

Spectroscopic characterization of furosemide binding to human carbonic anhydrase II.

Science.gov (United States)

Ranjbar, Samira; Ghobadi, Sirous; Khodarahmi, Reza; Nemati, Houshang

2012-05-01

This study reports the interaction between furosemide and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) using fluorescence, UV-vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Fluorescence data indicated that furosemide quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of the enzyme via a static mechanism and hydrogen bonding and van der Walls interactions play the major role in the drug binding. The binding average distance between furosemide and hCA II was estimated on the basis of the theory of Förster energy transfer. Decrease of protein surface hydrophobicity was also documented upon furosemide binding. Chemical modification of hCA II using N-bromosuccinimide indicated decrease of the number of accessible tryptophans in the presence of furosemide. CD results suggested the occurance of some alterations in α-helical content as well as tertiary structure of hCA II upon drug binding. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elecciones 2003: spots políticos y cultura política

OpenAIRE

Concepción Virriel

2004-01-01

El presente trabajo aborda el tema de las elecciones federales de 2003, en especial el fenómeno del abstencionismo. Para ello se vincula el comportamiento electoral en dichas elecciones con la cultura política, en donde los aspectos básicos son la cultura del fraude heredada de los gobiernos priístas y la redefinición de los partidos políticos ante una nueva coyuntura, y cómo éstos aspectos influyeron en la forma de comunicarse mediante sus spots. El análisis de dichos spots comprende el anál...

Dilemas da cooperação: conflitos gerados pela política das "Listas Negras" no Brasil durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial Dilemmas of cooperation: the conflicts provoked by the policy of "Black Lists" in Brazil during World War II

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Tania Quintaneiro

2006-12-01

Full Text Available No artigo são analisados os conflitos políticos gerados pela implementação das "Listas Negras" norte-americanas entre órgãos estatais e interesses privados no Brasil durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.The article analyses the political conflicts caused by the implementation of American Black Lists between State agencies and private interests in Brazil during World War II.

Las rentas de las exportaciones y la política comercial con oligopolio

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Marcos Ávalos

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Para una industria oligopólica, este ensayo analiza la manera cómo la políti -ca comercial puede depender de la naturaleza competitiva de los mercados.Estudiamos los efectos de las fusiones nacionales y extranjeras en la políticaco mer cial óp ti ma del país de re fe ren cia y en las ren tas de las ex por ta cio nes yel bienestar interno. Hay cuatro resultados principales: i se de mues tra quesi el país de referencia aplica su política comercial óptima, siempre perderáa resultas de una fusión extranje ra; ii cuan do el país de re fe ren cia apli ca supolítica comercial óptima, una fusión extranjera disminuirá las rentas de lasexportaciones; iii cuando el gobierno responde óptimamente a una fusióninterna, ésta no afectará el bienestar nacional, y iv cuan do el go bier no res -pon de óp ti ma men te a una fu sión in ter na, ésta no afec ta rá las ren tas de lasexportaciones.

Las políticas públicas y la necesidad de una verdadera política social en Venezuela

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Elys Gilbrando Mora Belandria

2002-01-01

Full Text Available El propósito de este artículo consiste en plantear algunos problemas que bloquean el camino hacia el desarrollo político y constituyen tarea urgente para el gobierno. Asimismo se trata de hacer un aporte abordando áreas estratégicas importantes en las estructuras del poder como es el caso de las políticas públicas, tal vez la más reciente e innovadora corriente de análisis presente en la Ciencia Política, incluyendo la política social como una de las exigencias de los ciudadanos frente al Estado y la democracia. Bajo este punto de vista las políticas públicas son consideradas una estrategia básica para legitimar el rendimiento del gobierno. Por último se abordan ciertos resultados de la mala política y sus efectos sobre la democracia pues, así lo entendemos, en Venezuela las tareas del gobierno en materia de políticas públicas han estado marcadas por una visión formalmente bien intencionada, pero que operativamente ha sido bloqueada por factores perturbadores como por ejemplo: la inconsistencia en la toma de decisiones, el centralismo, la corta visión para acercarse a los parámetros de una gerencia pública moderna, la excesiva politización de los trámites administrativos para emprender acciones concretas y la relación asimétrica entre el tamaño del Estado y la calidad del Estado, todo lo cual impide la realización correcta de los procedimientos para profundizar en la tarea obtener logros efectivos y eficientes en materia de política social y el avance hacia la modernización del sector público. .

Grupos Políticos Romanos (150-133 a.C.

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Enrique GARCÍA RIAZA

2009-11-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: Este trabajo analiza el tejido político de la aristocracia romana en los años centrales del siglo II a.C, momento en el que los condicionantes socio-económicos derivados de la expansión mediterránea generan, a un tiempo, un aumento de las reivindicaciones de la plebe, y una importante acentuación de las rivalidades internas en el seno de la aristocracia. Con estas premisas, abordamos el estudio de los grupos de solidaridad política constituidos en torno a determinados individuos y familias. La significación de la figura de Escipión Emiliano no debe ocultar el papel de Mételo Macedónico, de los Calpurnios Pisones y, especialmente, de los Claudio-Fulvios, quienes ensayarán, de forma paralela a Emiliano, una nueva vía de protagonismo basada en la política social. ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the political organization of the Roman aristocracy during the central years of the Ilnd. Century b.C. The Roman conquest of the Mediterranean World, achieved by means of a considerable military effort, was responsible of the development in Italy of new social and economical factors. The growing popular claims and the acentuation of aristocratical competition are the main features of this trend. A prosopographical research makes it clear that some relevant political groups have been traditionaly hidden because of an excesive focus on Scipio Aemilianus. Thus, Metellus Macedonicus, the Calpurnii Pisones and, above all, the Claudii-Fulvii played a decisive paper in the context of political struggle, and some of their members even shared with Scipio an interest in pro-popular politics.

Fronteras morales y políticas sexuales: apuntes sobre 'la política LGBT' y el deseo del Estado

OpenAIRE

Hernández, Franklin Gil

2013-01-01

A partir de un seguimiento de políticas (gubernamentales, de los movimientos sociales y de la vida cotidiana) en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia), relacionadas con la ampliación de ciudadanías sexuales, este artículo trata sobre los territorios morales que dichas políticas crean, y sobre los cuerpos que desea el Estado o que reclaman ser deseados por él. Particularmente se analizan la 'política LGBT' y la 'política gay' en un contexto local y su paradójica contribución a la normalización de la ...

Identification and characterization of the human type II collagen gene (COL2A1).

OpenAIRE

Cheah, Kathryn; Stoker, N.G.; Griffin, J.R.; Grosveld, Frank; Solomon, E.

1985-01-01

textabstractThe gene contained in the human cosmid clone CosHcol1, previously designated an alpha 1(I) collagen-like gene, has now been identified. CosHcol1 hybridizes strongly to a single 5.9-kilobase mRNA species present only in tissue in which type II collagen is expressed. DNA sequence analysis shows that this clone is highly homologous to the chicken alpha 1(II) collagen gene. These data together suggest that CosHcol1 contains the human alpha 1(II) collagen gene COL2A1. The clone appears...

Isolation of an insulin-like growth factor II cDNA with a unique 5' untranslated region from human placenta

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shen, Shujane; Daimon, Makoto; Wang, Chunyeh; Ilan, J.; Jansen, M.

1988-01-01

Human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) cDNA from a placental library was isolated and sequenced. The 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) sequence of this cDNA differs completely from that of adult human liver and has considerable base sequence identity to the same region of an IGF-II cDNA of a rat liver cell line, BRL-3A. Human placental poly(A) + RNA was probed with either the 5'-UTR of the isolated human placental IGF-II cDNA or the 5'-UTR of the IGF-II cDNA obtained from adult human liver. No transcripts were detected by using the 5'-UTR of the adult liver IGF-II as the probe. In contrast, three transcripts of 6.0, 3.2, and 2.2 kilobases were detected by using the 5'-UTR of the placental IGF-II cDNA as the probe or the probe from the coding sequence. A fourth IGF-II transcript of 4.9 kilobases presumably containing a 5'-UTR consisting of a base sequence dissimilar to that of either IGF-II 5'-UTR was apparent. Therefore, IGF-II transcripts detected may be products of alternative splicing as their 5'-UTR sequence is contained within the human IGF-II gene or they may be a consequence of alternative promoter utilization in placenta

The TFIID components human TAF(II)140 and Drosophila BIP2 (TAF(II)155) are novel metazoan homologues of yeast TAF(II)47 containing a histone fold and a PHD finger.

Science.gov (United States)

Gangloff, Y G; Pointud, J C; Thuault, S; Carré, L; Romier, C; Muratoglu, S; Brand, M; Tora, L; Couderc, J L; Davidson, I

2001-08-01

The RNA polymerase II transcription factor TFIID comprises the TATA binding protein (TBP) and a set of TBP-associated factors (TAF(II)s). TFIID has been extensively characterized for yeast, Drosophila, and humans, demonstrating a high degree of conservation of both the amino acid sequences of the constituent TAF(II)s and overall molecular organization. In recent years, it has been assumed that all the metazoan TAF(II)s have been identified, yet no metazoan homologues of yeast TAF(II)47 (yTAF(II)47) and yTAF(II)65 are known. Both of these yTAF(II)s contain a histone fold domain (HFD) which selectively heterodimerizes with that of yTAF(II)25. We have cloned a novel mouse protein, TAF(II)140, containing an HFD and a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, which we demonstrated by immunoprecipitation to be a mammalian TFIID component. TAF(II)140 shows extensive sequence similarity to Drosophila BIP2 (dBIP2) (dTAF(II)155), which we also show to be a component of Drosophila TFIID. These proteins are metazoan homologues of yTAF(II)47 as their HFDs selectively heterodimerize with dTAF(II)24 and human TAF(II)30, metazoan homologues of yTAF(II)25. We further show that yTAF(II)65 shares two domains with the Drosophila Prodos protein, a recently described potential dTAF(II). These conserved domains are critical for yTAF(II)65 function in vivo. Our results therefore identify metazoan homologues of yTAF(II)47 and yTAF(II)65.

BcII RFLP for the human vimentin gene

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marcus, E M; Smith, B A; Telenius, H; Ponder, B A.J.; Mathew, C G.P. [Haddow Laboratories, Surrey (England); Landsvater, R M; Buys, C H.C.M. [State Univ. of Groningen (Netherlands); Ferrari, S [Temple University Medical School, Philadelphia, PA (USA)

1988-09-26

A 1.1 kb cDNA clone (hp4F1) encoding the human vimentin gene was identified in a human library by screening with 4F1, a hamster vimentin cDNA. BcII (TGATCA) recognizes a two allele polymorphism: bands A1 at 8.1 kb, and A2 at 3.6 kb. The allele frequency was determined in 47 unrelated Caucasian individuals. The RFLP was mapped to chromosome 10pter-10q23 using somatic cell hybrids and to 10p13 by in situ hybridization. Co-dominant segregation was observed in 2 informative families.

Eclalbasaponin II induces autophagic and apoptotic cell death in human ovarian cancer cells

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Yoon Jin Cho

2016-09-01

Full Text Available Triterpenoids echinocystic acid and its glycosides, isolated from several Eclipta prostrata, have been reported to possess various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-diabetic activity. However, the cytotoxicity of the triterpenoids in human cancer cells and their molecular mechanism of action are poorly understood. In the present study, we found that eclalbasaponin II with one glucose moiety has potent cytotoxicity in three ovarian cancer cells and two endometrial cancer cells compared to an aglycone echinocystic acid and eclalbasaponin I with two glucose moiety. Eclalbasaponin II treatment dose-dependently increased sub G1 population. Annexin V staining revealed that eclalbasaponin II induced apoptosis in SKOV3 and A2780 ovarian cancer cells. In addition, eclalbasaponin II-induced cell death was associated with characteristics of autophagy; an increase in acidic vesicular organelle content and elevation of the levels of LC3-II. Interestingly, autophagy inhibitor BaF1 suppressed the eclalbasaponin II-induced apoptosis. Moreover, eclalbasaponin II activated JNK and p38 signaling and inhibited the mTOR signaling. We further demonstrated that pre-treatment with a JNK and p38 inhibitor and mTOR activator attenuated the eclalbasaponin II-induced autophagy. This suggests that eclalbasaponin II induces apoptotic and autophagic cell death through the regulation of JNK, p38, and mTOR signaling in human ovarian cancer cells.

Hydroxyl Radical Formation from HULIS and Fe(II) Interactions: Fulvic Acid-Fe(II) Complexes in Simulated and Human Lung Fluids

Science.gov (United States)

Gonzalez, D.

2017-12-01

Inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has long been associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the causative agents and underlying mechanisms for these health effects have yet to be identified. One hypothesis is that PM2.5 deposited in the alveoli produce an excess of highly reactive radicals, leading to oxidative stress. The OH radical may be the most physiologically damaging, capable of oxidizing of lipids, proteins and DNA. Due to the variability and uncertainty in PM2.5 composition, the components that contribute to OH formation are not well understood. Soluble Fe is a component of PM2.5that produces OH under physiological conditions. Humic-like substances are water soluble organics found in biomass burning and tobacco smoke. Humic-like substances are capable of binding to Fe and enhancing OH formation, but this chemistry is not well understood. In this work, we use soil derived fulvic acid as a surrogate for Humic-like substances and investigate its effect on OH formation from Fe(II) under conditions relevant to the lungs. We use a fluorescent OH trapping probe, chemical kinetics and thermodynamic modeling to investigate OH formation from fulvic acid and Fe(II) dissolved in simulated and human lung fluids. In simulated lung fluid, we find that fulvic acid binds to Fe(II) and enhances the rate of key reactions that form OH. When fulvic acid is added to human lung fluids containing Fe(II), an enhancement of OH formation is observed. In human lung fluid, fulvic acid and metal binding proteins compete for Fe binding. These metal binding proteins are typically not found in simulated lung fluids. Results show that fulvic acid strongly binds Fe(II) and catalyzes key reactions that form OH in both simulated and human lung fluids. These results may help explain the role of Humic-like substances and Fe in oxidative stress and adverse health outcomes. Furthermore, we suggest that future studies employ simulated lung fluids containing metal binding proteins

Regulated gene expression in cultured type II cells of adult human lung

OpenAIRE

Ballard, Philip L.; Lee, Jae W.; Fang, Xiaohui; Chapin, Cheryl; Allen, Lennell; Segal, Mark R.; Fischer, Horst; Illek, Beate; Gonzales, Linda W.; Kolla, Venkatadri; Matthay, Michael A.

2010-01-01

Alveolar type II cells have multiple functions, including surfactant production and fluid clearance, which are critical for lung function. Differentiation of type II cells occurs in cultured fetal lung epithelial cells treated with dexamethasone plus cAMP and isobutylmethylxanthine (DCI) and involves increased expression of 388 genes. In this study, type II cells of human adult lung were isolated at ∼95% purity, and gene expression was determined (Affymetrix) before and after culturing 5 days...

A histone map of human chromosome 20q13.12.

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Pelin Akan

Full Text Available We present a systematic search for regulatory elements in a 3.5 Mb region on human chromosome 20q13.12, a region associated with a number of medical conditions such as type II diabetes and obesity.We profiled six histone modifications alongside RNA polymerase II (PolII and CTCF in two cell lines, HeLa S3 and NTERA-2 clone D1 (NT2/D1, by chromatin immunoprecipitation using an in-house spotted DNA array, constructed with 1.8 kb overlapping plasmid clones. In both cells, more than 90% of transcription start sites (TSSs of expressed genes showed enrichments with PolII, di-methylated lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me2, tri-methylated lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me3 or acetylated H3 (H3Ac, whereas mono-methylated lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me1 signals did not correlate with expression. No TSSs were enriched with tri-methylated lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3 in HeLa S3, while eight TSSs (4 expressed showed enrichments in NT2/D1. We have also located several CTCF binding sites that are potential insulator elements.In summary, we annotated a number of putative regulatory elements in 20q13.12 and went on to verify experimentally a subset of them using dual luciferase reporter assays. Correlating this data to sequence variation can aid identification of disease causing variants.

Croce, Gramsci e a "autonomia da política"

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Álvaro Bianchi

2007-11-01

Full Text Available Na reflexão que Gramsci desenvolveu nos Quaderni del carcere, o tema da autonomia da política ocupa uma importante posição. Foi com base nessa reflexão que Gramsci desenvolveu sua pesquisa a respeito de política e da possibilidade de uma ciência política. Segundo Benedetto Croce, cabia a Nicolau Maquiavel o mérito de ter afirmado pela primeira vez a autonomia da política. Para Croce, essa autonomia permitia estabelecer uma distinção radical entre ética e política e entre "filosofia da política" e "ciência empírica da política". Gramsci tomou criticamente a reflexão croceana como ponto de partida de sua leitura de Maquiavel. O reconhecimento da autonomia da política implicava que esta não poderia ser reduzida à religião ou à ética. Como campo do conhecimento e como atividade, a ciência política e a política tinham regras próprias, que as distinguiam de outras formas do conhecimento e da atividade humana. Mas tal "autonomia" não implicava, para o marxista sardo, uma separação radical entre política e moral. Por essa razão, Gramsci encontrava em Maquiavel um precursor da filosofia da práxis em sentido pleno, ou seja, o criador de uma "ciência-ação revolucionária".

A role for human mitochondrial complex II in the production of reactive oxygen species in human skin

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Alasdair Anderson

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The mitochondrial respiratory chain is a major generator of cellular oxidative stress, thought to be an underlying cause of the carcinogenic and ageing process in many tissues including skin. Previous studies of the relative contributions of the respiratory chain (RC complexes I, II and III towards production of reactive oxygen species (ROS have focussed on rat tissues and certainly not on human skin which is surprising as this tissue is regularly exposed to UVA in sunlight, a potent generator of cellular oxidative stress. In a novel approach we have used an array of established specific metabolic inhibitors and DHR123 fluorescence to study the relative roles of the mitochondrial RC complexes in cellular ROS production in 2 types of human skin cells. These include additional enhancement of ROS production by exposure to physiological levels of UVA. The effects within epidermal and dermal derived skin cells are compared to other tissue cell types as well as those harbouring a compromised mitochondrial status (Rho-zero A549. The results show that the complex II inhibitor, TTFA, was the only RC inhibitor to significantly increase UVA-induced ROS production in both skin cell types (P<0.05 suggesting that the role of human skin complex II in terms of influencing ROS production is more important than previously thought particularly in comparison to liver cells. Interestingly, two-fold greater maximal activity of complex II enzyme was observed in both skin cell types compared to liver (P<0.001. The activities of RC enzymes appear to decrease with increasing age and telomere length is correlated with ageing. Our study showed that the level of maximal complex II activity was higher in the MRC5/hTERT (human lung fibroblasts transfected with telomerase cells than the corresponding wild type cells (P=0.0012 which can be considered (in terms of telomerase activity as models of younger and older cells respectively.

Espacios de socialización política y representaciones de la política en la Universidad de Antioquia

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Deicy Patricia Hurtado Galeano

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo describe los procesos de socialización política de los universitarios a través de las interacciones cara a cara —en la familia, en el vecindario, en la universidad— y de los medios de comunicación análogos —televisión, radio, prensa— y virtuales —redes sociales, blogs—. Una vez analizado cómo se informan sobre política y en qué espacios hablan de estos temas, se analiza el interés en la política, así como las imágenes que los universitarios tienen de esta. Con base en estas variables se concluye que la Universidad es un entorno político en el que no puede verificase una apatía política en los actores clave de la vida universitaria —estudiantes, profesores y empleados administrativos—, no solo porque sí les interesan estos asuntos, sino porque se informan y conversan sobre política en distintos espacios de socialización, se sienten con capacidades y competencias para enfrentar esa esfera, y predomina una visión crítica de la política y de la forma como es conducida en la sociedad colombiana.

Water absorbent polymer in sugarcane crop Polímeros hidroabsorventes em cultura canavieira

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Tadeu A. Marques

2013-02-01

Full Text Available The water absorbent polymer effect on vegetative growth and production of Theoretical Recovery Sugar (TRS of sugarcane cv. RB 86 7515 was evaluated on two field tests installed in randomized blocks, with four treatments and five repetitions. The polymer doses were 0; 4; 8 and 12 g m-1 of furrow (test 1 and 0; 1.4; 2.8 and 4.2 g m-1 of furrow (test 2. Test 1 (dec/2007 to may/2009 was implanted in a Distroferric Red Argisol soil in Presidente Prudente - State of São Paulo (SP, Brazil; and the test 2 (Aug/2008 to Aug/2009 was implanted in a Red Yellow Argisol soil in Lucélia - State of São Paulo (SP, Brazil. In test 2, there were no significant differences for any evaluated parameters. In both tests the polymer doses equal to or less than 4 g m-1 of furrow showed no significant effect on the evaluated parameters. In test 1, the polymer doses of 8 and 12 g m-1 of the conditioning polymer increased the number of tillers in stage II of development and led to the largest amount of straw. The gross income per hectare has positive relation with the polymer doses. The polymer had no significant effect on the sugarcane stems productivity and technological parameters.Avaliou-se o efeito de um polímero hidroabsorvente no crescimento vegetativo e na produção de açúcares teoricamente recuperáveis (ATR de cana-de-açúcar cv. RB 86 7515, em dois ensaios de campo instalados em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. As doses do polímero foram 0; 4; 8 e 12 g m-1 sulco (ensaio 1 e 0; 1,4; 2,8 e 4,2 g m-1 sulco (ensaio 2. O ensaio 1 (dez/2007 a maio/2009 foi implantado em Argissolo Vermelho Distroférrico, em Presidente Prudente - SP, e o ensaio 2 (ago./2008 a ago./2009 em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, em Lucélia - SP. No ensaio 2, não houve diferenças significativas para nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Em ambos os ensaios, doses do polímero iguais ou inferiores a 4 g m-1 de sulco não apresentaram efeito

Cultura política y partidos en Jalisco

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Carlos Silva Moreno

2000-01-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo es un intento de análisis y reflexión sobre la cultura política de uno de los componentes de todo sistema político que se precie de ser democrático (al menos formalmente: los partidos políticos. Se estudia la cultura política de los partidos políticos en Jalisco a partir del análisis de las representaciones y valores que los partidos políticos tienen sobre la democracia interna, para después contrastarlas con algunas prácticas referentes al liderazgo, dirección y formas de competencia. Debido a que las dimensiones de la democracia son muy amplias y variadas, nos centramos en dos indicadores: la forma en que se da la competencia por los cargos de dirección interna y el carácter de la dirección y el liderazgo.

La mancomunidad de política hidrológica española. Sectores y trayectorias políticas en Internet

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Juan C. Aceros

2010-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo nos acercamos a la transformación que la política de aguas española ha sufrido en las últimas décadas. La erosión de una cohesionada comunidad de política hidráulica ha dado paso a una red extendida y plural en la que se debate la política hidrológica contemporánea. En esta última, un nuevo discurso sobre la sostenibilidad (la "Nueva Cultura del Agua" articula a nuevos actores estatales y no estatales en torno a una novedosa "política de asuntos". A partir de la aplicación de estrategias de investigación extraídas de los análisis de controversias públicas en Internet, documentamos este fenómeno. Concretamente, rastreamos la red de la "Nueva Cultura del Agua" en la web, analizamos su estructura y reflexionamos sobre el sentido político de su historia. A partir del estudio realizado, proponemos la emergencia de una mancomunidad de política hidrológica en Internet.

Ética, direitos dos usuários e políticas de humanização da atenção à saúde Ethics, users' rights and policies of humanization of healthcare

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Paulo Antonio de Carvalho Fortes

2004-12-01

Full Text Available O artigo trata da evolução das políticas públicas de humanização dos serviços de saúde no Brasil. No campo da atenção em saúde, o termo humanização tem sido utilizado com diferentes significados e entendimentos, relacionando-o com os direitos dos pacientes e a ética voltada ao respeito ao outro. A partir dos anos 90, a humanização da atenção à saúde vem sendo tratada como política pública, iniciando-se no ambiente hospitalar, e , atualmente, sendo dirigida para todos os níveis de atenção de saúde.The article shows the evolution of public policies of humanization of healthcare in Brazil. Humanization was first related to patients' rights and ethics regarding respect for the others. In the nineties humanization is vieved as a public policies. Nowadays it is oriented to all services of health care.

Characterization and immunological identification of cDNA clones encoding two human DNA topoisomerase II isozymes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chung, T.D.Y.; Drake, F.H.; Tan, K.B.; Per, S.R.; Crooke, S.T.; Mirabelli, C.K.

1989-01-01

Several DNA topoisomerase II partial cDNA clones obtained from a human Raji-HN2 cDNA library were sequenced and two classes of nucleotide sequences were found. One member of the first class, SP1, was identical to an internal fragment of human HeLa cell Topo II cDNA described earlier. A member of the second class, SP11, shared extensive nucleotide (75%) and predicted peptide (92%) sequence similarities with the first two-thirds of HeLa Topo II. Each class of cDNAs hybridized to unique, nonoverlapping restriction enzyme fragments of genomic DNA from several human cell lines. Synthetic 24-mer oligonucleotide probes specific for each cDNA class hybridized to 6.5-kilobase mRNAs; furthermore, hybridization of probe specific for one class was not blocked by probe specific for the other. Antibodies raised against a synthetic SP1-encoded dodecapeptide specifically recognized the 170-kDa form of Topo II, while antibodies raised against the corresponding SP11-encoded dodecapeptide, or a second unique SP11-encoded tridecapeptide, selectively recognized the 180-kDa form of Topo II. These data provide genetic and immunochemical evidence for two Topo II isozymes

Mediator kinase module and human tumorigenesis.

Science.gov (United States)

Clark, Alison D; Oldenbroek, Marieke; Boyer, Thomas G

2015-01-01

Mediator is a conserved multi-subunit signal processor through which regulatory informatiosn conveyed by gene-specific transcription factors is transduced to RNA Polymerase II (Pol II). In humans, MED13, MED12, CDK8 and Cyclin C (CycC) comprise a four-subunit "kinase" module that exists in variable association with a 26-subunit Mediator core. Genetic and biochemical studies have established the Mediator kinase module as a major ingress of developmental and oncogenic signaling through Mediator, and much of its function in signal-dependent gene regulation derives from its resident CDK8 kinase activity. For example, CDK8-targeted substrate phosphorylation impacts transcription factor half-life, Pol II activity and chromatin chemistry and functional status. Recent structural and biochemical studies have revealed a precise network of physical and functional subunit interactions required for proper kinase module activity. Accordingly, pathologic change in this activity through altered expression or mutation of constituent kinase module subunits can have profound consequences for altered signaling and tumor formation. Herein, we review the structural organization, biological function and oncogenic potential of the Mediator kinase module. We focus principally on tumor-associated alterations in kinase module subunits for which mechanistic relationships as opposed to strictly correlative associations are established. These considerations point to an emerging picture of the Mediator kinase module as an oncogenic unit, one in which pathogenic activation/deactivation through component change drives tumor formation through perturbation of signal-dependent gene regulation. It follows that therapeutic strategies to combat CDK8-driven tumors will involve targeted modulation of CDK8 activity or pharmacologic manipulation of dysregulated CDK8-dependent signaling pathways.

Seminario Políticas Públicas y Gestión Estatal | Tema 2: Ciclo y agenda de las políticas públicas

OpenAIRE

Pagani, María Laura

2017-01-01

Presentación general del ciclo de política pública y las diferentes etapas. Sus limitaciones como recurso de análisis de las PP. Agenda Social y Agenda Política: los procesos de construcción de la Agenda política, diseño. Definición de política pública. Presentación general del ciclo de política pública y las diferentes etapas. Sus limitaciones como recurso de análisis de las PP. La formación de la agenda y la definición de problema público. Las diferentes agendas: la agenda ciudadana, públic...

Desarrollo vocacional y política pública

OpenAIRE

Watts, Anthony G.

2000-01-01

El trabajo analiza la base para el interés político en los servicios de desarrollo vocacional, y la manera en la cual esta base está siendo fortalecida por las actuales transformaciones en el trabajo y en el desarrollo vocacional. Se exploran los papeles potenciales de la política pública en los servicios de desarrollo vocacional así como las formas en las que dichos servicios pueden influenciar el proceso de la creación de políticas. Se identifican una gama de temas de política relacionados ...

Políticas activas en las prestaciones por desempleo

OpenAIRE

Gil Jiménez, Javier

2016-01-01

El presente trabajo explica el tema de las políticas activas y políticas activas en las prestaciones por desempleo, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Para explicarlo se definen las políticas activas y sus funciones, tanto de formación, orientación y reinserción laboral. También se hace mención a las reformas llevadas a cabo en las diferentes políticas y el surgimiento de nuevos programas como función de políticas activas encaminadas a la reinserción laboral. Departamento de Derech...

Transient expression and activity of human DNA polymerase iota in loach embryos.

Science.gov (United States)

Makarova, Irina V; Kazakov, Andrey A; Makarova, Alena V; Khaidarova, Nella V; Kozikova, Larisa V; Nenasheva, Valentina V; Gening, Leonid V; Tarantul, Vyacheslav Z; Andreeva, Ludmila E

2012-02-01

Human DNA polymerase iota (Pol ι) is a Y-family DNA polymerase with unusual biochemical properties and not fully understood functions. Pol ι preferentially incorporates dGTP opposite template thymine. This property can be used to monitor Pol ι activity in the presence of other DNA polymerases, e.g. in cell extracts of tissues and tumors. We have now confirmed the specificity and sensitivity of the method of Pol ι activity detection in cell extracts using an animal model of loach Misgurnus fossilis embryos transiently expressing human Pol ι. The overexpression of Pol ι was shown to be accompanied by an increase in abnormalities in development and the frequency of pycnotic nuclei in fish embryos. Further analysis of fish embryos with constitutive or regulated Pol ι expression may provide insights into Pol ι functions in vertebrate animals.

Architecture of the RNA polymerase II-TFIIF complex revealed by cross-linking and mass spectrometry

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Chen, Zhuo Angel; Jawhari, Anass; Fischer, Lutz

2010-01-01

Higher-order multi-protein complexes such as RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complexes with transcription initiation factors are often not amenable to X-ray structure determination. Here, we show that protein cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has now sufficiently advanced as a tool to ex...

Herencia política y económica

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Wesley C. Marshall

2011-01-01

Full Text Available El artículo busca resaltar la relevancia de la vida política de Hilferding en el actual contexto de la crisis financiera global y la probablemente alta radicalización de las posiciones políticas de los países dominantes como resultado de aquella. Como se argumenta, había un alto grado de coherencia entre el pensamiento económico de Hilferding y su actuación política. Justamente por el hecho de que el proyecto socialista alemán durante la Republica Weimar no logró sus objetivos, el pensamiento político y económico de su líder intelectual es altamente relevante en el escenario global actual, donde la crisis económica y descomposición social y política que la acompañen reclaman a los principales políticos del mundo un entendimiento económico más amplio y profundo para que las tragedias de Europa central de los años treinta y cuarenta del siglo XX no se reproduzcan.

Pensamento liberal e hegemonia norte-americana: a cultura política em Almond e Verba DOI10.5216/o.v14i1.27658

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José Henrique Singolano Néspoli

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo consiste num estudo da história do pensamento político contemporâneo e dedica-se particularmente à análise do conceito de cultura política desenvolvido por Gabriel Almond e Sidney Verba na obra A cultura cívica, publicada em 1963. A partir dessa referência, o conceito se espalhou por diversas áreas do conhecimento e a cultura política se transformou num dos mais importantes conceitos do período pós II Guerra Mundial. Esse estudo tem por objetivo analisar as concepções teóricas e práticas presentes no conceito de cultura política em seu contexto de origem, de modo que, por um lado, procura-se identificar as principais referências intelectuais e debates teóricos que contribuíram para delimitar o conceito, por outro lado, pretende analisar os desdobramentos práticos do conceito, buscando compreender as orientações do conceito para a política do pós-guerra. Em ambos os aspectos, o conceito de cultura política de Almond e Verba representou um instrumento da hegemonia norte-americana no contexto da Guerra Fria. hegemonia Estados Unidos.

Structure and mechanism of human DNA polymerase [eta

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Biertümpfel, Christian; Zhao, Ye; Kondo, Yuji; Ramón-Maiques, Santiago; Gregory, Mark; Lee, Jae Young; Masutani, Chikahide; Lehmann, Alan R.; Hanaoka, Fumio; Yang, Wei (Sussex); (NIH); (Gakushuin); (Osaka)

2010-11-03

The variant form of the human syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum (XPV) is caused by a deficiency in DNA polymerase {eta} (Pol{eta}), a DNA polymerase that enables replication through ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers. Here we report high-resolution crystal structures of human Pol{eta} at four consecutive steps during DNA synthesis through cis-syn cyclobutane thymine dimers. Pol{eta} acts like a 'molecular splint' to stabilize damaged DNA in a normal B-form conformation. An enlarged active site accommodates the thymine dimer with excellent stereochemistry for two-metal ion catalysis. Two residues conserved among Pol{eta} orthologues form specific hydrogen bonds with the lesion and the incoming nucleotide to assist translesion synthesis. On the basis of the structures, eight Pol{eta} missense mutations causing XPV can be rationalized as undermining the molecular splint or perturbing the active-site alignment. The structures also provide an insight into the role of Pol{eta} in replicating through D loop and DNA fragile sites.

Uma ditadura contra a república: política econômica e poder político em Roberto Campos

OpenAIRE

Ricardo V. Silva

2006-01-01

O artigo examina o pensamento político de Roberto Campos entre meados das décadas de 1950 e 1970. Neste período, além de importantes funções governamentais, Campos dedicou-se intensamente à luta de idéias, publicando grande quantidade de artigos e ensaios. Será desenvolvida a hipótese de que o seu pensamento político aponta para a institucionalização de um sistema político de tipo autoritário como o mais adequado às condições culturais e políticas da sociedade brasileira. A principal caracter...

As assimetrias entre as políticas setoriais e a política de planejamento regional no Brasil

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João Mendes da Rocha Neto

2011-12-01

Full Text Available O modo de conduzir a formulação das políticas de desenvolvimento regional tem se constituído em ampla arena de embates acadêmicos e técnicos e levado a reflexões sobre os rumos das múltiplas políticas que acompanham esse processo de planejamento regional. Isso, em parte, decorre do processo de globalização e das políticas neoliberais que o acompanham, as quais possuem um forte apelo à competitividade. Essa estratégia de buscar espaços "privilegiados" se fez presente de uma forma intensa em alguns setores produtivos, que, ao usar o espaço como mercadoria, utilizam seu conjunto de atributos (naturais e artificiais para realizarem-se e reproduzirem-se como parte do sistema. Assim, a proposta de estudo pretende responder a questão: em que medida as políticas públicas setoriais têm dialogado com as políticas de planejamento e desenvolvimento regional no âmbito do governo federal? No caso das políticas de planejamento regional, o recorte espacial é visto como um instrumento que, ao ser aplicado, pode se mostrar capaz de viabilizar a integração de ações multissetorializadas, o que em certa dimensão apontaria para uma maior eficiência do Estado na busca por restabelecer o equilíbrio esgarçado, tornando mais eficiente o planejamento.

Human T-cell leukemia virus types I and II exhibit different DNase I protection patterns

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Altman, R.; Harrich, D.; Garcia, J.A.; Gaynor, R.B.

1988-01-01

Human T-cell leukemia virus types I (HTLV-I) and II (HTLV-II) are human retroviruses which normally infect T-lymphoid cells. HTLV-I infection is associated with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma, and HTLV-II is associated with an indolent form of hairy-cell leukemia. To identify potential transcriptional regulatory elements of these two related human retroviruses, the authors performed DNase I footprinting of both the HTLV-I and HTLV-II long terminal repeats (LTRs) by using extracts prepared from uninfected T cells, HTLV-I and HTLV-II transformed T cells, and HeLa cells. Five regions of the HTLV-I LTR and three regions of the HTLV-II LTR showed protection by DNase I footprinting. All three of the 21-base-pair repeats previously shown to be important in HTLV transcriptional regulation were protected in the HTLV-I LTR, whereas only one of these repeats was protected in the HTLV-II LTR. Several regions exhibited altered protection in extracts prepared from lymphoid cells as compared with HeLa cells, but there were minimal differences in the protection patterns between HTLV-infected and uninfected lymphoid extracts. A number of HTLV-I and HTLV-II LTR fragments which contained regions showing protection in DNase I footprinting were able to function as inducible enhancer elements in transient CAT gene expression assays in the presence of the HTLV-II tat protein. The alterations in the pattern of the cellular proteins which bind to the HTLV-I and HTLV-II LTRs may in part be responsible for differences in the transcriptional regulation of these two related viruses

Stimulation of Pol III-dependent 5S rRNA and U6 snRNA gene expression by AP-1 transcription factors.

Science.gov (United States)

Ahuja, Richa; Kumar, Vijay

2017-07-01

RNA polymerase III transcribes structurally diverse group of essential noncoding RNAs including 5S ribosomal RNA (5SrRNA) and U6 snRNA. These noncoding RNAs are involved in RNA processing and ribosome biogenesis, thus, coupling Pol III activity to the rate of protein synthesis, cell growth, and proliferation. Even though a few Pol II-associated transcription factors have been reported to participate in Pol III-dependent transcription, its activation by activator protein 1 (AP-1) factors, c-Fos and c-Jun, has remained unexplored. Here, we show that c-Fos and c-Jun bind to specific sites in the regulatory regions of 5S rRNA (type I) and U6 snRNA (type III) gene promoters and stimulate their transcription. Our chromatin immunoprecipitation studies suggested that endogenous AP-1 factors bind to their cognate promoter elements during the G1/S transition of cell cycle apparently synchronous with Pol III transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the interaction of c-Jun with histone acetyltransferase p300 promoted the recruitment of p300/CBP complex on the promoters and facilitated the occupancy of Pol III transcriptional machinery via histone acetylation and chromatin remodeling. The findings of our study, together, suggest that AP-1 factors are novel regulators of Pol III-driven 5S rRNA and U6 snRNA expression with a potential role in cell proliferation. © 2017 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

Association of mitochondrial lysyl-tRNA synthetase with HIV-1 GagPol involves catalytic domain of the synthetase and transframe and integrase domains of Pol

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Shalak V. F.

2011-10-01

Full Text Available Aim. Analyze the interaction between Lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS and HIV-1 GagPol to know whether a particular N-terminal sequence of mitochondrial LysRS triggers a specific recognition with GagPol. Methods. Yeast two-hybrid analysis, immunoprecipitation. Results. We have shown that LysRS associates with the Pol domain of GagPol. Conclusions. A model of the assembly of the LysRS:tRNA3Lys:GagPol packaging complex is proposed.

La cultura política del ciudadano y la comunicación política en TV en la transición política del plebiscito chileno (octubre 1988. I. Metodología. II. Conclusiones

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JOSÉ LUIS PIÑUEL RAIGADA

1990-01-01

Full Text Available Exposición de la acotación material y formal del objeto al que se destina la investigación realizada, y cuyo campo de observación es la situación histórica brindada con la campaña política del plebiscito chileno del 5 de octubre de 1988. La prefiguración teórica de este objeto es la responsable de la selección y consistencia de los datos que se han recolectado y procesado, y la que ha motivado a escoger como campo de observación la COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA televisiva y la CULTURA POLÍTICA del ciudadano en el Chile Plebiscitario. De la investigación se concluye que la Mediación comunicativa del Plebiscito ha implantado en la Transición chilena un proceso de resignificación cuyo sentido radica más en la "afirmación del cambio" que en la "afirmación de opciones contra", curiosamente ligadas estas últimas, por la vía de la comunicación, a la opción política cuya práctica no era de cambio, sino de continuidad.

La política en el psicoanálisis.

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Hernando Bernal.

1999-06-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se trata de hacer una separación entre el concepto de política en psicoanálisis y el concepto de política en general, a partir de un texto donde Miller hace un recorrido por el significado del sustantivo «política» en el psicoanálisis, y con ayuda de algunos seminarios de Lacan, particularmente el de La ética del psicoanálisis. Se reflexiona sobre cómo la felicidad devino un factor de la política que se deriva del discurso capitalista, por lo que hay que pensarla en función de la «satisfacción» de la demanda, bajo la promesa de satisfacer el deseo. Alrededor de este concepto, central en la teoría psicoanalítica y en la política moderna, se pensará por qué el deseo del sujeto no es algo colectivizable y cómo el síntoma del sujeto es su política contra la política colectivizable del discurso imperante. Si bien la política del psicoanálisis tiene por vocación cambiar en algo la economía de goce del sujeto, el psicoanálisis no busca gobernar el plus de goce, sino elucidarlo.

Lo social desde la política

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Darío Salinas Figueredo

2000-01-01

Full Text Available Sin desconocer las aproximaciones existentes sobre aspectos fundamentales de la problemática social en América Latina, por ejemplo la pobreza y la índole de política que de manera predominante se formula para encararla, la trayectoria argumental de este trabajo se encamina a mostrar la importancia de trabajar hacia el desarrollo de una perspectiva más amplia. Las referencias empíricas cotejadas no se refieren a hechos puntuales, sino a indicadores que pautan tendencias. Siendo los propósitos aquí reunidos de naturaleza comprensiva, se parte de la premisa según la cual escasamente se problematiza lo social y la propia política social, sus vínculos con la política general, el modelo de desarrollo y el tipo de democracia que la política predominante busca proyectar.

Production and X-ray crystallographic analysis of fully deuterated human carbonic anhydrase II

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Budayova-Spano, Monika [European Molecular Biology Laboratory Grenoble Outstation, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble (France); Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble (France); Fisher, S. Zoë [Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PO Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (United States); Dauvergne, Marie-Thérèse [European Molecular Biology Laboratory Grenoble Outstation, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble (France); Agbandje-McKenna, Mavis [Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PO Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (United States); Silverman, David N. [Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, PO Box 100267, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (United States); Myles, Dean A. A. [European Molecular Biology Laboratory Grenoble Outstation, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble (France); Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (United States); McKenna, Robert, E-mail: rmckenna@ufl.edu [Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PO Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (United States); European Molecular Biology Laboratory Grenoble Outstation, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble (France)

2006-01-01

This article reports the production, crystallization and X-ray structure determination of perdeuterated human carbonic anhydrase (HCA II). The refined structure is shown to be highly isomorphous with hydrogenated HCA II, especially with regard to the active site architecture and solvent network. Human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, respectively. The rate-limiting step in catalysis is the intramolecular transfer of a proton between the zinc-bound solvent (H{sub 2}O/OH{sup −}) and the proton-shuttling residue His64. This distance (∼7.5 Å) is spanned by a well defined active-site solvent network stabilized by amino-acid side chains (Tyr7, Asn62, Asn67, Thr199 and Thr200). Despite the availability of high-resolution (∼1.0 Å) X-ray crystal structures of HCA II, there is currently no definitive information available on the positions and orientations of the H atoms of the solvent network or active-site amino acids and their ionization states. In preparation for neutron diffraction studies to elucidate this hydrogen-bonding network, perdeuterated HCA II has been expressed, purified, crystallized and its X-ray structure determined to 1.5 Å resolution. The refined structure is highly isomorphous with hydrogenated HCA II, especially with regard to the active-site architecture and solvent network. This work demonstrates the suitability of these crystals for neutron macromolecular crystallography.

Polímeros como modificadores asfálticos

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Letícia SocaI da Silva

2009-12-01

Full Text Available

Neste trabalho foram preparadas diferentes misturas de ligante asfáltico modificado com polímeros. Foram utilizadas quatro amostras de polímeros, sendo duas de SBS, uma de SEBS e uma de Polietileno Modificado, as quais foram caracterizadas quanto a sua estrutura e propriedades térmicas através de técnicas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN, Cromatografia por Permeação a Gel (GPC, Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC. O ligante modificado foi avaliado quanto a sua viscosidade, retorno elástico, comportamento reológico e estabilidade à estocagem. Foram correlacionadas a estrutura química e as transições térmicas dos polímeros com as características do ligante modificado. Os polímeros do tipo SBS foram os melhores modificadores de asfalto, quando comparado com os demais polímeros avaliados.

As armadilhas do tripé da política macroeconômica brasileira

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ANDRÉ NASSIF

2015-09-01

Full Text Available RESUMOEste artigo analisa o chamado tripé da política macroeconômica brasileira, que desde 1999 tem combinado um regime de metas de inflação, um regime de taxa de câmbio flutuante e metas de superávit fiscal primário. A menos que o seu modus operandi seja alterado, o tripé não será capaz de libertar a economia brasileira de outra "possível trindade": altas taxas de juros reais, a apreciação da taxa de câmbio real e crescimento econômico muito baixo. Depois de analisar brevemente a base teórica sob o tripé macroeconômico, o artigo mostra por que este regime de política macroeconômica, se avaliado numa perspectiva de longo ou médio prazo, não tem sido capaz de garantir a estabilidade dos preços nem o crescimento econômico. Além da sugestão de romper com a estratégia brasileira de crescer com poupança externa, o documento também sugere três principais formas de mudar o modus operandi do tripé brasileiro: i aumentar o horizonte de tempo para atingir a meta de inflação, como tem sido o experiência da maioria dos países que adotam esse regime de política monetária; ii restaurar o papel anticíclico da política fiscal brasileira; e iii adotar uma combinação de mecanismos que visem prevenir que a moeda brasileira entre em uma nova tendência cíclica da apreciação em termos reais.

A questão da continuidade da política macroeconômica entre o governo Cardoso e Lula (1995-2006

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José Marcos Nayme Novelli

2010-06-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do artigo é compreender a continuidade da política macroeconômica entre o governo Cardoso e o governo Lula. O artigo organiza-se em três seções. Na primeira, descreve-se sucintamente a política macroeconômica dos governos Cardoso e Lula. Na segunda, apresenta-se e discute-se o debate da literatura especializada a respeito da hipótese da continuidade da política macroeconômica entre os dois governos. Na terceira seção, é feito um mapeamento dos dirigentes estatais, em que ressaltamos certos aspectos que contribuíram para tal continuidade entre os dois governos. Sem desconsiderar a ação dos beneficiários últimos dos resultados de tal política, identificamos três fatores para explicar a manutenção da política macroeconômica: i a própria estrutura do capitalismo brasileiro e sua inserção na economia mundial; ii a força das idéias ortodoxas difundidas pela mídia e dominantes na equipe econômica (Ministério da Fazenda e Banco Central do Brasil, que foi recrutada no mesmo "campo"; iii a aceitação das "regras do jogo" da democracia pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT.

BanII dimorphic site located in the third intron of the human apolipoprotein AI (APOA1) gene

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Coleman, R T; Kresnak, M T; Frossard, P M

1988-02-11

A 0.7kb fragment generated by AvaII digestion of pBL13AI, a 0.965kb full-length human apolipoprotein AI cDNA was cloned into the EcoRI site of pBR322. The apoAI cDNA was isolated from a lambdagt10 human fetal liver cDNA library. BanII (GPuGCPyC) (International Biotechnologies, Inc.) identifies two invariant bands at 1122bp and 417bp, and a single two-allele polymorphism with bands at either 274bp or 452bp. The human apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV gene complex has been localized on the long arm of chromosome 11 by Southern blot analysis of human-chinese hamster cell hybrids. Co-dominant segregation has been observed in two families (13 individuals). The BanII restriction map was constructed from DNA sequence data of the human apoAI gene. The 452bp fragment is generated by the loss of a BanII dimorphic site in the third intron of the apoAI gene, between the 178bp and the 274bp fragments.

Mechanism of Error-Free DNA Replication Past Lucidin-Derived DNA Damage by Human DNA Polymerase κ.

Science.gov (United States)

Yockey, Oliver P; Jha, Vikash; Ghodke, Pratibha P; Xu, Tianzuo; Xu, Wenyan; Ling, Hong; Pradeepkumar, P I; Zhao, Linlin

2017-11-20

DNA damage impinges on genetic information flow and has significant implications in human disease and aging. Lucidin-3-O-primeveroside (LuP) is an anthraquinone derivative present in madder root, which has been used as a coloring agent and food additive. LuP can be metabolically converted to genotoxic compound lucidin, which subsequently forms lucidin-specific N 2 -2'-deoxyguanosine (N 2 -dG) and N 6 -2'-deoxyadenosine (N 6 -dA) DNA adducts. Lucidin is mutagenic and carcinogenic in rodents but has low carcinogenic risks in humans. To understand the molecular mechanism of low carcinogenicity of lucidin in humans, we performed DNA replication assays using site-specifically modified oligodeoxynucleotides containing a structural analogue (LdG) of lucidin-N 2 -dG DNA adduct and determined the crystal structures of DNA polymerase (pol) κ in complex with LdG-bearing DNA and an incoming nucleotide. We examined four human pols (pol η, pol ι, pol κ, and Rev1) in their efficiency and accuracy during DNA replication with LdG; these pols are key players in translesion DNA synthesis. Our results demonstrate that pol κ efficiently and accurately replicates past the LdG adduct, whereas DNA replication by pol η, pol ι is compromised to different extents. Rev1 retains its ability to incorporate dCTP opposite the lesion albeit with decreased efficiency. Two ternary crystal structures of pol κ illustrate that the LdG adduct is accommodated by pol κ at the enzyme active site during insertion and postlesion-extension steps. The unique open active site of pol κ allows the adducted DNA to adopt a standard B-form for accurate DNA replication. Collectively, these biochemical and structural data provide mechanistic insights into the low carcinogenic risk of lucidin in humans.

Bridge helix bending promotes RNA polymerase II backtracking through a critical and conserved threonine residue

KAUST Repository

Da, Lin-Tai; Pardo-Avila, Fá tima; Xu, Liang; Silva, Daniel-Adriano; Zhang, Lu; Gao, Xin; Wang, Dong; Huang, Xuhui

2016-01-01

The dynamics of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) backtracking process is poorly understood. We built a Markov State Model from extensive molecular dynamics simulations to identify metastable intermediate states and the dynamics of backtracking at atomistic detail. Our results reveal that Pol II backtracking occurs in a stepwise mode where two intermediate states are involved. We find that the continuous bending motion of the Bridge helix (BH) serves as a critical checkpoint, using the highly conserved BH residue T831 as a sensing probe for the 3′-terminal base paring of RNA:DNA hybrid. If the base pair is mismatched, BH bending can promote the RNA 3′-end nucleotide into a frayed state that further leads to the backtracked state. These computational observations are validated by site-directed mutagenesis and transcript cleavage assays, and provide insights into the key factors that regulate the preferences of the backward translocation.

Bridge helix bending promotes RNA polymerase II backtracking through a critical and conserved threonine residue

KAUST Repository

Da, Lin-Tai

2016-04-19

The dynamics of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) backtracking process is poorly understood. We built a Markov State Model from extensive molecular dynamics simulations to identify metastable intermediate states and the dynamics of backtracking at atomistic detail. Our results reveal that Pol II backtracking occurs in a stepwise mode where two intermediate states are involved. We find that the continuous bending motion of the Bridge helix (BH) serves as a critical checkpoint, using the highly conserved BH residue T831 as a sensing probe for the 3′-terminal base paring of RNA:DNA hybrid. If the base pair is mismatched, BH bending can promote the RNA 3′-end nucleotide into a frayed state that further leads to the backtracked state. These computational observations are validated by site-directed mutagenesis and transcript cleavage assays, and provide insights into the key factors that regulate the preferences of the backward translocation.

Participación comunitaria en la política de descentralización político- territorial del gobierno bolivariano

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Haydée Ochoa Henríquez

2015-01-01

Full Text Available En el marco de un proyecto contrahegemónico al capitalismo impulsado por el Estado en Venezuela, se promueve la participación de las comunidades organizadas, lo cual ha formado parte de las nuevas estrategias de descentralización político territorial, antes centradas en la transferencia hacia niveles de gobierno subnacionales, ahora con un papel relevante de las comunidades organizadas como receptoras de competencias del poder público en sus distintos niveles político territoriales. Este trabajo tiene como propósito explorar las políticas de participación comunitaria en el gobierno bolivariano y su incidencia en la construcción de una nueva política de descentralización político-territorial. La metodología consistió en el análisis de las principales políticas públicas que tributan a la transferencia de competencias del poder público a las comunidades organizadas. Los resultados dan cuenta de: 1 Incorporación de las comunidades organizadas como sujetos de transferencias de competencias, 2 Promoción de las comunas como espacio político-territorial para la construcción de una nueva geometría del poder, 3 Definición de estrategias para la transferencia de competencias a las comunidades organizadas, 4 Supresión del término de gestión de competencias por las comunidades, por el de transferencia de gestión de servicios y 5 Regulación de la organización y funcionamiento del Consejo Federal de Gobierno como instancia constitucional promotora de transferencia de competencias hacia las comunidades organizadas. Se concluye que se encuentra en proceso la construcción de una nueva política de descentralización, donde la participación comunitaria y la búsqueda de equilibrio territorial constituyen el rasgo fundamental.

Raymond Aron ante el maquiavelismo político

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Molina Cano, Jerónimo

2008-08-01

Full Text Available It is a simplification of Raymond Aron´s thought to consider him as a mere neo-liberal political thinker. The French sociologist, a well-known political realist, took part in the famous controversy about Machiavellianism that was Aron´s intellectual watershed from the Forties. Starting from that controversy the aim of the present paper is to inquire into his contribution to the so-called “moderate Machiavellianism”, whose Arcanum is that it is not always possible to choose the optimal means to face the right political action. Machiavellianism is not a merely scientific or epistemological question, but something that deeply determines all political actions.

La presentación de Raymond Aron como un escritor político neoliberal constituye una simplificación de su pensamiento. El sociólogo francés, que pertenece a la tradición del realismo político, tuvo una destacada intervención en la famosa polémica sobre el maquiavelismo que marcó un punto de inflexión en su pensamiento. Este artículo examina su contribución a esa inagotable polémica intelectual desde los años 40 y constata, finalmente, su encuadramiento en el denominado “maquiavelismo moderado”, cuyo arcano político es que, en política, no siempre se pueden elegir los medios de la acción. El maquiavelismo no es, en este sentido, un asunto científico o epistemológico, sino que determina profundamente toda acción política.

¿Políticas Públicas Abiertas? Apuntes exploratorios para el análisis y transformación de los diseños políticos

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Cruz-Rubio, César Nicandro

2012-06-01

Full Text Available A partir de una reflexión sobre el inevitable impacto del emergente paradigma del gobierno abierto (open government sobre el estudio de las políticas públicas y sus diseños (policy designs, y de una propuesta de definición descriptiva sobre lo que podría entenderse como “políticas públicas abiertas”, este esfuerzo busca identificar y explorar los elementos que deben tomarse en cuenta a la hora de analizar y transformar políticas públicas bajo la óptica y los principios del gobierno abierto. Orientado al análisis de políticas, este esfuerzo podría dar pautas conceptuales y metodológicas para la evaluación de políticas y para el análisis en clave comparativa. Reflexiones exploratorias finales se orientan sobre las situaciones y escenarios de cambio y tránsito de sistemas y políticas normales hacia sistemas político-administrativos y políticas públicas abiertos, poniendo énfasis en el entorno (o ecosistema potencial que surgiría como resultado de estos procesos, y que orillan a pensar en conjunto en un nuevo campo de análisis para el diseño y gestión de políticas públicas, definido (dado este primer acercamiento como “gobernanza abierta”.

La justicia como problema político. Del constructivismo moral kantiano al constructivismo político rawlsiano

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Jefferson Jaramillo Marín

2009-01-01

Full Text Available El artículo expone la justicia como un problema político desde la perspectiva del filósofo John Rawls. En su desarrollo se señalan las implicaciones del constructivismo kantiano en el constructivismo político rawlsiano. Se discute cómo la conexión entre estos dos tipos de constructivismo, proporciona un procedimiento de construcción, en el que agentes racionalmente autónomos, sujetos a condiciones razonables, elaboran acuerdos sobre principios públicos de justicia para lograr un sistema justo de cooperación que trascienda generacionalmente. Se concluye, mostrando las limitaciones y alcances de esta propuesta en el pensamiento filosófico y político contemporáneo.

Orthoretroviral-like prototype foamy virus gag-pol expression is compatible with viral replication

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Reh Juliane

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Foamy viruses (FVs unlike orthoretroviruses express Pol as a separate precursor protein and not as a Gag-Pol fusion protein. A unique packaging strategy, involving recognition of briding viral RNA by both Pol precursor and Gag as well as potential Gag-Pol protein interactions, ensures Pol particle encapsidation. Results Several Prototype FV (PFV Gag-Pol fusion protein constructs were generated to examine whether PFV replication is compatible with an orthoretroviral-like Pol expression. During their analysis, non-particle-associated secreted Pol precursor protein was discovered in extracellular wild type PFV particle preparations of different origin, copurifying in simple virion enrichment protocols. Different analysis methods suggest that extracellular wild type PFV particles contain predominantly mature p85PR-RT and p40IN Pol subunits. Characterization of various PFV Gag-Pol fusion constructs revealed that PFV Pol expression in an orthoretroviral manner is compatible with PFV replication as long as a proteolytic processing between Gag and Pol proteins is possible. PFV Gag-Pol translation by a HIV-1 like ribosomal frameshift signal resulted in production of replication-competent virions, although cell- and particle-associated Pol levels were reduced in comparison to wild type. In-frame fusion of PFV Gag and Pol ORFs led to increased cellular Pol levels, but particle incorporation was only marginally elevated. Unlike that reported for similar orthoretroviral constructs, a full-length in-frame PFV Gag-Pol fusion construct showed wildtype-like particle release and infectivity characteristics. In contrast, in-frame PFV Gag-Pol fusion with C-terminal Gag ORF truncations or non-removable Gag peptide addition to Pol displayed wildtype particle release, but reduced particle infectivity. PFV Gag-Pol precursor fusion proteins with inactivated protease were highly deficient in regular particle release, although coexpression of p71Gag

Clase política y medios: explorando el fenómeno de la publicidad política encubierta en México

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Rocío Araceli Galarza Molina

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo presenta lo s resultados de una investigación cualitativa que explora el fenómeno de la promoción publicitaria de los políticos de carrera en contenidos televisivos no comerciales , la cual tuvo un auge a partir de la reforma electoral de los años 2007 - 2008 . A partir de entonces se prohibió la compraventa de espacios en medios electrónicos para la promoción político - electoral, así como la aparición de funcionarios públicos en la publicidad oficial. Por medio de entrevis tas a profundidad se recopiló información que, codificada con base en el modelo de la teoría fundamentada de Strauss y Corbin, permitió comprobar la existencia de publicidad política encubierta, así como esbozar una definición de la misma y determinar sus características, causas y consecuencias. De esta forma se concluy e que, pese al cambio legal con el que se intentó introducir un nuevo modelo de comunicación política más equitativo y erradicar la venta de espacios en televisión para publicidad política , e sto no fue posible dadas las condiciones estructurales del sistema político mexicano y la relación existente entre medios y gobierno , misma que impacta sobre la comunicación política a la vez que rebasa la cuestión electoral y su marco regulatorio.

Blogs, artefactos y política

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María Belén Albornoz

2010-05-01

Full Text Available Este artículo problematiza la acepción de lo público en el espacio virtual que surge en la blogosfera política ecuatoriana en el contexto de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente. A partir del análisis de la extensión de la política a los lugares virtuales, se aborda la blogosfera como proyecto político y la tecnología como formas de ordenamiento del mundo que la sociedad estabiliza. Se considera a la blogosfera política un espacio público regulado con la capacidad de ordenar y clasificar el mundo virtual por medio de dispositivos sociales, políticos y tecnológicos. Finalmente se propone el estudio del nuevo espacio público virtual desde un enfoque tecno-social que dé cuenta del entorno virtual como espacio formador de conductas.This article problematizes the acceptance of the public in the virtual space emerging in the Ecuadorian political blogosphere, in the context of the National Constitutional Assembly. Beginning with an analysis of the spread of politics to virtual spaces, the blogosphere is approached as a political project, and technology as ways of ordering the world that society stabilizes. The political blogosphere is taken to be a regulated public space with the ability to order and classify the virtual world by means of social, political and technological tools. Finally, the study of this new virtual public space from a techno-social focus is proposed, taking into account virtual surroundings as a space in which conducts are formed.

Políticas culturales y cultura política en una organización campesina del Magdalena Medio colombiano

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Nydia Constanza Mendoza Romero

2011-04-01

Full Text Available El artículo se orienta a la comprensión de algunas relaciones entre cultura y poder que median los procesos organizativos inscritos en zonas de conflicto social y armado colombiano. En particular, se analiza la forma en la cual, en la configuración histórica de una organización campesina en Cimitarra, se van imbricando las políticas culturales, que desde este tipo de agrupaciones se despliegan, con las culturas políticas locales y nacionales, proceso en el que se van redefiniendo también los modos de asumir lo político.

La Defensa, Política de Estado

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Muñoz-Alonso, Alejandro

2008-12-01

Full Text Available The areas of the State Policy are set, specially focussing on the Defense as it is closely related to concepts like National Interest and Anglo-Saxon bipartisan policy. Nevertheless, the political alternation will cause differences. It is also necessary to tell the difference between the State Policy and the Policy carried out by the State. That’s why the democratic Parliaments play a fundamental role in shaping the defence policy. Although the Parliament symbolizes the National Sovereignty there can be and there are actually differences with the Public Opinion. This sort of divorce is not really new as, in Spain, it became evident in a very intensive way on the occasion of decisions such as the Spanish entry into the NATO. A State Policy related to Defense, kept during a long time and resistant to political alternation would certainly be the best instrument to reach a culture of defense.Se establecen los ámbitos de las políticas de estado, con especial énfasis en la Defensa al estar esta vinculada al concepto de interés nacional, y al anglosajón bipartisan policy. No obstante, la alternancia política va a crear discrepancias. Conviene diferenciar la “Política de Estado” y la “Política del Estado”. Por ello, los Parlamentos democráticos juegan un papel fundamental en la conformación de la política de defensa. Pese a que el Parlamento representa a la soberanía nacional pueden producirse, y de hecho se producen, discrepancias con la opinión pública. Este divorcio no es nuevo y en España se ha manifestado de forma muy intensa con ocasión de tomas de decisión como la incorporación a la OTAN. Una política de Estado en defensa, mantenida en el tiempo y resistente a las alternancias políticas sería el instrumento más adecuado para lograr una cultura de defensa.

Leer lo estético desde lo político

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Verónica Peñafiel

2013-06-01

Full Text Available En el Ecuador, y específicamente en la vida política del país, el teatro ha jugado un papel más importante del que se le ha reconocido. Pensar lo estético relacionado con lo político, puede ser una interesante clave de lectura para el teatro quiteño y, me arriesgo a afirmar, para el teatro a secas. Este análisis no se lo hará desde el teatro político, se pretende, más bien, analizar la dimensión política del mismo y de la relación entre teatro y política. Dicha dimensión política ha tomado diversas caras. Con los matices posibles, ha pasado de las salas a la calle, del costumbrismo a lo grotesco, de las compañías a los grupos. Comprender estos matices con la óptica de lo político puede dar pistas para articular una lógica estética del teatro quiteño

The Cu(II) affinity of the N-terminus of human copper transporter CTR1: Comparison of human and mouse sequences.

Science.gov (United States)

Bossak, Karolina; Drew, Simon C; Stefaniak, Ewelina; Płonka, Dawid; Bonna, Arkadiusz; Bal, Wojciech

2018-05-01

Copper Transporter 1 (CTR1) is a homotrimeric membrane protein providing the main route of copper transport into eukaryotic cells from the extracellular milieu. Its N-terminal extracellular domain, rich in His and Met residues, is considered responsible for directing copper into the transmembrane channel. Most of vertebrate CTR1 proteins contain the His residue in position three from N-terminus, creating a well-known Amino Terminal Cu(II)- and Ni(II)-Binding (ATCUN) site. CTR1 from humans, primates and many other species contains the Met-Asp-His (MDH) sequence, while some rodents including mouse have the Met-Asn-His (MNH) N-terminal sequence. CTR1 is thought to collect Cu(II) ions from blood copper transport proteins, including albumin, but previous reports indicated that the affinity of N-terminal peptide/domain of CTR1 is significantly lower than that of albumin, casting serious doubt on this aspect of CTR1 function. Using potentiometry and spectroscopic techniques we demonstrated that MDH-amide, a tripeptide model of human CTR1 N-terminus, binds Cu(II) with K of 1.3 × 10 13  M -1 at pH 7.4, ~13 times stronger than Human Serum Albumin (HSA), and MNH-amide is even stronger, K of 3.2 × 10 14  M -1 at pH 7.4. These results indicate that the N-terminus of CTR1 may serve as intermediate binding site during Cu(II) transfer from blood copper carriers to the transporter. MDH-amide, but not MNH-amide also forms a low abundance complex with non-ATCUN coordination involving the Met amine, His imidazole and Asp carboxylate. This species might assist Cu(II) relay down the peptide chain or its reduction to Cu(I), both steps necessary for the CTR1 function. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lengua e identidad nacional en el pensamiento político de Alonso de Cartagena

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Luis Fernández Gallardo

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Alonso de Cartagena (1385-1456, uno de los intelectuales más notables en la Castilla del siglo xv, muestra en su obra literaria un profundo interés por las cuestiones lingüísticas. Su concepción del lenguaje basada en la Política de Aristóteles, integra ética y política. La lengua es el vínculo de la comunidad, por ser la sustancia de la ley, y, por tanto, es el fundamento del poder político. Al justificar la iniciativa del rey Juan II para traducir a Séneca, Cartagena considera la lengua como patrimonio real. Ofrece un interesante testimonio de la conciencia de la diversidad idiomática hispana. Distingue en el reino de Castilla tres lenguas que corresponden a tres pueblos: castellano, gallego y vasco. Ofrece un temprano testimonio de la denominación del castellano como lengua española o español.Alfonso de Cartagena, l'un des plus remarquables intellectuels castillans du XVe siècle, montre dans son œuvre un vif intérêt pour le langage. Sa conception du langage, fondée sur la Politique d'Aristote, intègre l'éthique et la politique. La langue est le lien de la communauté et la substance de la loi ; elle est donc le fondement du pouvoir politique. Pour justifier l'initiative du roi Juan II de traduire Sénèque, Cartagena considère la langue comme patrimoine royal. Il offre aussi un intéressant témoignage de la conscience de la diversité linguistique hispanique. Il distingue dans le royaume de Castille trois langues qui correspondent à trois peuples : le castillan, le galicien et le basque. Il offre un témoignage précoce de la dénomination de la langue castillane comme “langue espagnole”.

Pvu-II RFLP at the human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene locus

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Li, S; Oka, K; Galton, D; Stocks, J

1988-03-25

Human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) cDNA, 1.6 Kbp, was isolated from human adipose cDNA library and subcloned into Bam HI site of pIB131. Pvu-II identifies a two allele polymorphism with bands at 7.0 Kb, 4.4 Kb and 2.5 Kb. The frequency was studied in 34 caucasians. The gene was assigned to 8p22. Co-dominant inheritance was demonstrated in a 2 generation family.

Políticas de nacionalidade e políticas de imigração na França

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Reis Rossana Rocha

1999-01-01

Full Text Available A partir do estudo das modificações e tentativas de modificações na política migratória e na política de nacionalidade francesas (a reforma no código de nacionalidade, as leis Pasqua e a lei Debré ocorridas desde meados dos anos 80, o artigo pretende demonstrar a existência de uma relação entre a elaboração dessas políticas e a construção da identidade nacional, relação que vem sofrendo importantes modificações sob o impacto do chamado processo de globalização. A globalização implica um redimensionamento do papel do Estado-nação, até então central na definição da identidade nacional, e esse processo vai se refletir no relacionamento do nacional com o estrangeiro, e conseqüentemente na definição das políticas que regulamentam essa relação.

Clientelismo político. Un concepto difuso pero útil para el análisis de la política local

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Eucaris Zapata Osorno

2016-01-01

Full Text Available A pesar de que aún el concepto de clientelismo político es difuso, es una herramienta conceptual y metodológica útil para el análisis sobre política local. Tradicionalmente, la Ciencia Política ha producido trabajos basados en perspectivas teóricas y empíricas que han ayudado a comprender el fenómeno como un mecanismo de intermediación que se desarrolla a través de “redes clientelares”, en las que se generan dinámicas y estrategias de trabajo para establecer relaciones con el entorno o con la ciudadanía en general. En estas relaciones se visualiza su mecanismo principal: el intercambio de recursos. La claridad sobre dichos aspectos facilita entender la forma como se ha ejercido la política en Colombia y la lógica que hoy predomina en su sistema político respecto a la competencia por el poder en escenarios locales. El estudio se realiza mediante la metodología cualitativa y su estrategia de revisión documental, lo que permite realizar una comparación conceptual permanente.

The impact of the human DNA topoisomerase II C-terminal domain on activity.

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Emma L Meczes

2008-03-01

Full Text Available Type II DNA topoisomerases (topos are essential enzymes needed for the resolution of topological problems that occur during DNA metabolic processes. Topos carry out an ATP-dependent strand passage reaction whereby one double helix is passed through a transient break in another. Humans have two topoII isoforms, alpha and beta, which while enzymatically similar are differentially expressed and regulated, and are thought to have different cellular roles. The C-terminal domain (CTD of the enzyme has the most diversity, and has been implicated in regulation. We sought to investigate the impact of the CTD domain on activity.We have investigated the role of the human topoII C-terminal domain by creating constructs encoding C-terminally truncated recombinant topoIIalpha and beta and topoIIalpha+beta-tail and topoIIbeta+alpha-tail chimeric proteins. We then investigated function in vivo in a yeast system, and in vitro in activity assays. We find that the C-terminal domain of human topoII isoforms is needed for in vivo function of the enzyme, but not needed for cleavage activity. C-terminally truncated enzymes had similar strand passage activity to full length enzymes, but the presence of the opposite C-terminal domain had a large effect, with the topoIIalpha-CTD increasing activity, and the topoIIbeta-CTD decreasing activity.In vivo complementation data show that the topoIIalpha C-terminal domain is needed for growth, but the topoIIbeta isoform is able to support low levels of growth without a C-terminal domain. This may indicate that topoIIbeta has an additional localisation signal. In vitro data suggest that, while the lack of any C-terminal domain has little effect on activity, the presence of either the topoIIalpha or beta C-terminal domain can affect strand passage activity. Data indicates that the topoIIbeta-CTD may be a negative regulator. This is the first report of in vitro data with chimeric human topoIIs.

La fragmentación de la legitimidad política

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Félix Ortega

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Uno de los problemas centrales de la política actual radica en las dificultades que tiene para legitimarse. La legitimación de la política ha venido efectuándose dentro del propio campo político, conforme a las reglas y racionalidad emanadas dentro del mismo. Pero hoy la política tiene que habérselas con una situación en la que existe una multiplicidad de ámbitos y lógicas que compiten con ella por la definición de lo público. Sin duda alguna, uno de estos ámbitos, quizás el más significativo, es el que genera el sistema de la comunicación. Los medios de comunicación son inseparables del sistema político, hasta el punto de que las reglas de los primeros acaban por imponerse al segundo. A partir de estas premisas, el artículo aborda cuatro grandes aspectos que expresan el carácter fragmentario, cuando no entrópico, de la política contemporánea. En el primero se analiza la desinstitucionalización de la política, cifrada tanto en su vaciamiento cuanto en su patrimonialización por parte de diversos lobbies. En el segundo se ponen de relieve las fuentes no políticas de la legitimidad, centradas en la administración que los medios masivos hacen del concepto "opinión pública". En tercer lugar, se plantea la inestabilidad e inconsistencia de las fórmulas políticas, sometidas al mismo proceso efímero de la producción de noticias. Por todo ello, y en cuarto ligar, puede hablarse de la emergencia de un nuevo modelo de política, la que el autor denomina "democracia mediática".

Historia del Pensamiento Político Premoderno 05 Fin de la polis. Alejandro Magno

OpenAIRE

Sanz Díaz, Benito

2010-01-01

Tema 5 El fin de la polis y el surgimiento de nuevas escuelas filosóficas 1.- El declive de la polis griega 2.- Transformación, decadencia y fin de las polis griegas 3.- Filipo II de Macedonia 4.- Alejandro Magno 5.- Helenismo y nuevas concepciones políticas 6.- Epicureismo. Epicuro de Samos 7.- Los cínicos. Ni hogar ni patria, ni ciudad ni ley 8.- El estoicismo. El estoico es un ciudadano del mundo. El cosmopolitismo. La stoa 9.- Las Meditaciones de Marco Aurel...

Principais políticas de fomento do turismo na Amazônia: análise dos primeiros planos de turismo da Amazônia (PTA I e II e do PROECOTUR

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Kassia Suelen da Silva Farias

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Verifica-se que o turismo tem passado por inúmeras transformações no que concerne ao planejamento e gestão da atividade. Observa-se que desde a década de 1970 tem-se pensado em diferentes modelos de desenvolvimento de turismo para a Amazônia, almejando o progresso econômico e social. Neste processo, na década de 1970, a Superintendência de Desenvolvimento da Amazônia (SUDAM, deu inicio a discursão de criação do primeiro Plano de Turismo da Amazônia (PTA que deu inicio na década de 1980 até 1985. A partir da década de 1990 as estratégias de turismo para a região foram desenvolvidas em conformidade com a preocupação mundial em torno da natureza e do homem. Produto deste contexto, o II PTA foi lançado com o objetivo principal de desenvolver medidas que conciliassem o desenvolvimento econômico às questões ambientais e sociais. Outra ação também importante para esse período foi a promoção do desenvolvimento regional por meio de polos de turismo integrados, conforme determinava o PROECOTUR. O objetivo deste artigo, portanto, consiste em destacar as primeiras políticas públicas de turismo para o desenvolvimento dos estados e municípios da Amazônia que deram inicio a partir de 1970. Para isso, a estruturação conceitual do trabalho fundamentou-se em políticas públicas e planejamento de turismo na Amazônia. Utiliza-se como metodologia a pesquisa documental, por meio de diagnóstico que enfatiza os principais resultados obtidos pelos I e II Planos de Turismo da Amazônia, a partir da interpretação e análise documental; O artigo também adota a pesquisa bibliográfica, pois analisa as principais estratégias de desenvolvimento do turismo na Amazônia. A partir de tal análise, conclui-se que as mudanças políticas de turismo ocorridas na Amazônia entre a década de 1970 e 1990 - apesar de estarem acompanhadas por ações de planejamento do governo nacional e até mesmo pelas tendências mundiais - n

O neopragmatismo de Richard Rorty e a reflexão política contemporânea

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Sérgio Eduardo Ferraz

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Este artigo examina o pensamento filosófico de Richard Rorty e, em particular, sua dimensão política, delineando seu tratamento original e crítico de temas centrais à teoria política contemporânea. O objetivo do texto é triplo: chamar a atenção para a fertilidade das ideias de um autor ainda pouco lido no Brasil (i, assinalar as notáveis consequências corrosivas da abordagem rortyana para pressupostos e pretensões fundantes de importantes vertentes da teoria política (ii, e, numa ótica mais positiva, apontar o potencial inspirador dos escritos desse autor para a reflexão sobre novos modos de justificação da democracia (iii. Salientam-se também, nesse último caso, os limites impostos a esse tipo de empreitada político-intelectual. A abordagem empregada consiste em demarcar os contornos gerais do projeto filosófico do autor, seguindo-se uma apresentação dos tópicos mais propriamente políticos da obra de Rorty. Mais especificamente, o artigo explora a proposta rortyana de substituição da noção de verdade pela de justificação, assinalando-se suas consequências para pretensões de verdade, objetividade e universalismo, presentes em diversas linhas da teoria política. Nesse veio, o artigo discute as eventuais implicações relativistas das teses rortyanas, chegando-se, por essa rota, às ideias de contingência, imaginação e persuasão, núcleos conceituais vitais à reflexão em tela. Um breve contraste com posições de autores como Habermas e Rawls, caros ao próprio Rorty, é esboçado no propósito de tornar mais clara a especificidade da abordagem rortyana da política. Transitando, do modo assinalado, por esses tópicos, o texto resulta em um panorama sintético da perspectiva rortyana acerca do que vem a ser, contemporaneamente, uma "política democrática", liberta de "universalismos" e "objetividades", na qual ganham estatuto decisivo questões de justificação, tolerância e coexist

The E5 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 perturbs MHC class II antigen maturation in human foreskin keratinocytes treated with interferon-γ

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang Benyue; Li Ping; Wang Exing; Brahmi, Zacharie; Dunn, Kenneth W.; Blum, Janice S.; Roman, Ann

2003-01-01

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens are expressed on human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) following exposure to interferon gamma. The expression of MHC class II proteins on the cell surface may allow keratinocytes to function as antigen-presenting cells and induce a subsequent immune response to virus infection. Invariant chain (Ii) is a chaperone protein which plays an important role in the maturation of MHC class II molecules. The sequential degradation of Ii within acidic endocytic compartments is a key process required for the successful loading of antigenic peptide onto MHC class II molecules. Since human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E5 can inhibit the acidification of late endosomes in HFKs, the E5 protein may be able to affect proper peptide loading onto the MHC class II molecule. To test this hypothesis, HFKs were infected with either control virus or a recombinant virus expressing HPV16 E5 and the infected cells were subsequently treated with interferon-γ. ELISAs revealed a decrease of MHC class II expression on the surface of E5-expressing cells compared with control virus-infected cells after interferon treatment. Western blot analysis showed that, in cells treated with interferon gamma, E5 could prevent the breakdown of Ii and block the formation of peptide-loaded, SDS-stable mature MHC class II dimers, correlating with diminished surface MHC class II expression. These data suggest that HPV16 E5 may be able to decrease immune recognition of infected keratinocytes via disruption of MHC class II protein function

A Polícia e suas Polícias: Clientela, Hierarquia, Soldado e Bandido

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Erika Ferreira de Azevedo

Full Text Available Resumo A polícia militar representa um braço do Estado e apresenta-se para a população de forma contundente, ostensiva e, por vezes, brutal, não só para a sociedade como para ela mesma. Através da Análise Institucional do Discurso, a pesquisa aqui relatada teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos de reconhecimento e desconhecimento das relações no trabalho que permeiam o discurso de soldados da polícia militar: como estes falam de seu trabalho e, através desta fala, posicionam-se e posicionam sua clientela, sua hierarquia, seu objeto de trabalho (os “bandidos” e eles próprios. Buscou-se também analisar que lugar a violência ocupou neste discurso. Dez soldados da polícia militar do Estado de São Paulo foram entrevistados e a transcrição destas estrevistas foi analisada. A partir das análises, é possível refletir sobre a dubiedade do verdadeiro objetivo do trabalho policial, deslizando facilmente do cuidado da população desamparada ao cuidado de si, desamparado sob a pressão da farda.

Prototype Theory Based Feature Representation for PolSAR Images

OpenAIRE

Huang Xiaojing; Yang Xiangli; Huang Pingping; Yang Wen

2016-01-01

This study presents a new feature representation approach for Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) image based on prototype theory. First, multiple prototype sets are generated using prototype theory. Then, regularized logistic regression is used to predict similarities between a test sample and each prototype set. Finally, the PolSAR image feature representation is obtained by ensemble projection. Experimental results of an unsupervised classification of PolSAR images show that our...

O trabalho familiar extrativista sob a influência de políticas públicas

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Dalva Maria da Mota

2014-01-01

Full Text Available O artigo analisa a relação entre a organização do trabalho familiar no extrativismo e a participação em programas de políticas públicas no estado de Sergipe. Com abordagem predominantemente qualitativa, a pesquisa foi realizada com mulheres autodesignadas catadoras de mangaba e marisqueiras, reconhecidas como pertinentes ao segmento dos denominados povos e comunidades tradicionais e afiliadas ao Programa Bolsa Família (PBF, ao Seguro Desemprego do Pescador Artesanal (SDPA e ao Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA. A metodologia constou de observações e entrevistas com diferentes atores envolvidos na atividade extrativista e nos programas de políticas públicas. As principais conclusões mostram que os programas de políticas públicas influenciam: i na reorganização do cotidiano do trabalho no extrativismo, principalmente no tocante à diminuição do envolvimento de crianças e jovens na atividade e quanto à intensidade das jornadas; ii no reforço aos papéis tradicionais de homens e mulheres, no caso do PBF, e na diluição de fronteiras entre esses mesmos papéis no PAA; iii na diminuição do volume de trabalho no caso do SDPA e no aumento no PAA; e iv nos diferentes sentidos que são atribuídos ao trabalho.

Inaccurate DNA synthesis in cell extracts of yeast producing active human DNA polymerase iota.

Science.gov (United States)

Makarova, Alena V; Grabow, Corinn; Gening, Leonid V; Tarantul, Vyacheslav Z; Tahirov, Tahir H; Bessho, Tadayoshi; Pavlov, Youri I

2011-01-31

Mammalian Pol ι has an unusual combination of properties: it is stimulated by Mn(2+) ions, can bypass some DNA lesions and misincorporates "G" opposite template "T" more frequently than incorporates the correct "A." We recently proposed a method of detection of Pol ι activity in animal cell extracts, based on primer extension opposite the template T with a high concentration of only two nucleotides, dGTP and dATP (incorporation of "G" versus "A" method of Gening, abbreviated as "misGvA"). We provide unambiguous proof of the "misGvA" approach concept and extend the applicability of the method for the studies of variants of Pol ι in the yeast model system with different cation cofactors. We produced human Pol ι in baker's yeast, which do not have a POLI ortholog. The "misGvA" activity is absent in cell extracts containing an empty vector, or producing catalytically dead Pol ι, or Pol ι lacking exon 2, but is robust in the strain producing wild-type Pol ι or its catalytic core, or protein with the active center L62I mutant. The signature pattern of primer extension products resulting from inaccurate DNA synthesis by extracts of cells producing either Pol ι or human Pol η is different. The DNA sequence of the template is critical for the detection of the infidelity of DNA synthesis attributed to DNA Pol ι. The primer/template and composition of the exogenous DNA precursor pool can be adapted to monitor replication fidelity in cell extracts expressing various error-prone Pols or mutator variants of accurate Pols. Finally, we demonstrate that the mutation rates in yeast strains producing human DNA Pols ι and η are not elevated over the control strain, despite highly inaccurate DNA synthesis by their extracts.

Inaccurate DNA synthesis in cell extracts of yeast producing active human DNA polymerase iota.

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Alena V Makarova

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Mammalian Pol ι has an unusual combination of properties: it is stimulated by Mn(2+ ions, can bypass some DNA lesions and misincorporates "G" opposite template "T" more frequently than incorporates the correct "A." We recently proposed a method of detection of Pol ι activity in animal cell extracts, based on primer extension opposite the template T with a high concentration of only two nucleotides, dGTP and dATP (incorporation of "G" versus "A" method of Gening, abbreviated as "misGvA". We provide unambiguous proof of the "misGvA" approach concept and extend the applicability of the method for the studies of variants of Pol ι in the yeast model system with different cation cofactors. We produced human Pol ι in baker's yeast, which do not have a POLI ortholog. The "misGvA" activity is absent in cell extracts containing an empty vector, or producing catalytically dead Pol ι, or Pol ι lacking exon 2, but is robust in the strain producing wild-type Pol ι or its catalytic core, or protein with the active center L62I mutant. The signature pattern of primer extension products resulting from inaccurate DNA synthesis by extracts of cells producing either Pol ι or human Pol η is different. The DNA sequence of the template is critical for the detection of the infidelity of DNA synthesis attributed to DNA Pol ι. The primer/template and composition of the exogenous DNA precursor pool can be adapted to monitor replication fidelity in cell extracts expressing various error-prone Pols or mutator variants of accurate Pols. Finally, we demonstrate that the mutation rates in yeast strains producing human DNA Pols ι and η are not elevated over the control strain, despite highly inaccurate DNA synthesis by their extracts.

Reflections on the concepts of "politics," public policy and education policy Reflexiones sobre los conceptos de "política", políticas públicas y política educacional.

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Oscar Espinoza

2009-04-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this article is to shed light on three key issues: a the concepts of policy, public policy and educational policy and the interrelations that those concepts have when conducting policy analysis; b some procedures to conduct policy analysis; and c some trends observed during the development of educational policies based on the assumptions of critical theory and functionalist theory. Methodologically, this is a qualitative study which uses secondary sources (based on in depth literature review. The study concludes that the design and the implementation of educational policies are framed in different ways by policy makers and other stakeholders adopting the critical and the functionalist paradigm. Policy makers using critical theory as their main framework emphasize the necessity of linking the analysis, design and implementation of educational policies to the demands of those actors that usually are not the target of public policies, that is, poor people and minorities. On the other hand, policy makers that work with functionalist-positivist frameworks use to consider in their analyses technical factors, privileging in that sense, cost-benefit analysis, cost-efficiency analysis, and social indicators. EEl propósito de este artículo es proveer una mirada crítica en relación a tres aspectos: a los conceptos de “política”, políticas públicas y política educacional y las interrelaciones que tienen éstos al momento de conducirse el análisis de políticas; b algunos procedimientos para conducir el análisis de políticas; y c algunas tendencias observables en el campo de los procesos de desarrollo e implementación de políticas educacionales a partir de los fundamentos y supuestos que dan sustento tanto a la teoría crítica como al paradigma funcionalista-positivista. Metodológicamente, el estudio es de naturaleza cualitativa de carácter descriptivo-analítico y emplea fuentes secundarias de tipo documental. Tras un

Los determinantes sociales de la política científica en América Latina. Política científica explícita y política científica implícita

OpenAIRE

Herrera, Amílcar

1995-01-01

Herrera, A. (1995) Dossier: Los determinantes sociales de la política científica en América Latina. Política científica explícita y política científica implícita. Redes: Revista de estudios sociales de la ciencia, 2 (5), 117-131. Artículo publicado en el diario "La Opinión", Buenos Aires, 14 de julio de 1971 Article published in the newspaper "La Opinión", Buenos Aires, July 14, 1971

Agendamento de Políticas Públicas

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Rosane Rosa

2011-07-01

Full Text Available Aborda-se o conceito de advocacy e contra-agendamento como uma forma de a Sociedade Civil incluir suas causas na mídia, objetivando a tematização e a possibilidade de transformar-se em política pública. Analisa-se a reportagem “Uma conquista longe das ruas”; resultado de um agendamento compartilhado e que, em muitos aspectos, serve de referência para cobertura de políticas públicas sociais.

Structures of transcription pre-initiation complex with TFIIH and Mediator.

Science.gov (United States)

Schilbach, S; Hantsche, M; Tegunov, D; Dienemann, C; Wigge, C; Urlaub, H; Cramer, P

2017-11-09

For the initiation of transcription, RNA polymerase II (Pol II) assembles with general transcription factors on promoter DNA to form the pre-initiation complex (PIC). Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PIC and PIC-core Mediator complex at nominal resolutions of 4.7 Å and 5.8 Å, respectively. The structures reveal transcription factor IIH (TFIIH), and suggest how the core and kinase TFIIH modules function in the opening of promoter DNA and the phosphorylation of Pol II, respectively. The TFIIH core subunit Ssl2 (a homologue of human XPB) is positioned on downstream DNA by the 'E-bridge' helix in TFIIE, consistent with TFIIE-stimulated DNA opening. The TFIIH kinase module subunit Tfb3 (MAT1 in human) anchors the kinase Kin28 (CDK7), which is mobile in the PIC but preferentially located between the Mediator hook and shoulder in the PIC-core Mediator complex. Open spaces between the Mediator head and middle modules may allow access of the kinase to its substrate, the C-terminal domain of Pol II.

Por qué fracasan las políticas migratorias

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Stephen Castles

2014-11-01

Full Text Available Tanto en Gran Bretaña como en toda la Unión Europea la inmigración y el asilo son asuntos claves en política. Sin embargo, parece que las políticas de los estados y los órganos supranacionales no han conseguido evitar los flujos no deseados ni gestionar con eficacia la inmigración y su integración. Este artículo analiza tres tipos de razones que justifican el fracaso de estas políticas: factores que derivan de la dinámica social del proceso migratorio; factores relacionados con la globalización y la división Norte-Sur; y factores que surgen dentro de los sistemas políticos. Entre los temas principales se encuentran el papel de la acción del inmigrante, la forma en que la división Norte-Sur favorece estos flujos migratorios y los programas ocultos en las políticas nacionales. También se comentan los esfuerzos de la UE para tratar las causas fundamentales de la migración en los países de origen. El artículo concluye que las políticas migratorias podrían ser más eficaces si estuvieran relacionadas de forma explícita con los programas políticos a largo plazo centrados en el comercio, el desarrollo y la prevención de conflictos. La auténtica clave para conseguir una gestión de la migración eficaz es reducir las diferencias Norte-Sur.

La defensa de presos políticos a comienzos de los ´70: ejercicio profesional, derecho y política

OpenAIRE

Chama, Mauricio

2010-01-01

El trabajo aborda la relación entre abogacía y política a comienzos de la década del '70. Más precisamente se propone identificar y reconstruir los principales rasgos que asume la defensa de presos políticos en ese período. Más que una labor específica, se entiende que la defensa de presos políticos en esos años representó una novedosa configuración que logró articular una nueva asociación de profesionales del derecho, renovadas estrategias de defensa, una vasta y sistemática labor de denunci...

Indústria cinematográfica brasileira de 1995 a 2012: estrutura de mercado e políticas públicas

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Rodrigo Cavalcante Michel

2014-12-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do trabalho é analisar a estrutura da indústria cinematográfica brasileira e o papel das políticas públicas dirigidas ao setor no período de 1995 a 2012. O estudo identifica as empresas atuantes nos diferentes elos da cadeia produtiva – produção, distribuição e exibição – e utiliza os índices de concentração CR(4, CR(8 e o índice Hirschman-Herfindahl (HHI para caracterizar a estrutura de mercado em cada uma das etapas do processo produtivo. Entre os resultados encontrados, destaca-se que: i a estrutura do setor é fortemente concentrada nos três elos da cadeia produtiva; ii a dinâmica setorial, especificamente o elo da produção, esteve fortemente relacionada às políticas públicas de apoio. Assim, o estudo conclui que, para desenvolvimento mais expressivo da indústria cinematográfica no Brasil, essas políticas devem atuar simultaneamente nas três etapas da cadeia produtiva, promovendo maior competitividade ao cinema nacional.

Human action contribution to ET-RR-II reactor systems unstems unavailability

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sabek, M.G.

2001-01-01

This paper gives a study on the human action contribution to the systems unavailability of ET-RR-II reactor as a result of the test and maintenance procedures. The human contribution is expressed in terms of Fussel-Vesely importance which is defined by the probability that event is contributing to system failure (unavailability). The human error basic events contribution was analyzed for all initiating events and systems fault trees. The calculations result shows a high contribution value (61%) for the human error to systems unavailability. This means that the operator and the maintenance people should be highly qualified trained. Moreover, there should be programs for continuous training. Also, the procedures of tests and maintenance should be in a simple way and clear in order to minimize the contribution of the human errors. The calculations were done using the IRRAS cods

El Desequilibrio de lo Político en Hegel

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Juan Ignacio Arias Krause

2016-07-01

Full Text Available El problema político de la sociedad civil se fundamenta en su doble forma de manifestarse: por un lado, en ella se revela el carácter externo u objetivo del Estado y, por otro, produce una escisión al interior del mismo Estado. Tal problema que aparece como contradictorio (el ser exterior e interior a la vez es presentado en el pensamiento político de Hegel, en vistas a superar las dicotomías que en la teoría política moderna aparecían como insalvables. Esta superación Hegel la realiza mediante una interiorización de aquellos elementos que anteriormente habían sido marginados de la política, como son lo natural y el dominio privado, los que emergerían en la sociedad civil. En este artículo se exponen estos elementos en vistas a mostrar cómo es en este movimiento de interiorización y exteriorización de ellos donde se posibilita el acontecer de lo político.

Survey of Current US Army POL Doctrine, Procedures, Personnel, and Equipment for the Supply and Inland Distribution of Bulk POL

Science.gov (United States)

1985-10-01

Refueling Under Armor ......................... 34 Page i ,t .J APPENDICES A. POL Unit Missions and Capabilities ....................... A-I B. Roster...refueling Open versus closed port refueling Requirement for Refueling Under Armor Robotic refueler V % Page 34 S.< ’p. ". APPgeDI A-"" • " ’ ’ POL " it

La subjetividad política y la socialización política, desde las márgenes de la psicología política

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Sara Victoria Alvarado

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Se trata de un trabajo en el que abordamos inicialmente una tematización de la psicología política, desde sus antecedentes históricos generales, sus investigaciones más significativas, las categorías emblemáticas de su campo de estudio y su horizonte de desarrollo en Latinoamérica, a través de lo cual identificamos el marco disciplinar desde donde se construyen las categorías de la socialización y de la subjetividad política como núcleos conceptuales, señalando los límites de la visión solipsista disciplinar y su imposibilidad de recoger la multisémica complejidad de dichas categorías, por lo cual se hace necesario emprender la vía de su deconstrucción histórica, tratando de identificar sus relaciones categoriales transdisciplinares, más allá de las márgenes de la misma psicología política.

Association with Aurora-A Controls N-MYC-Dependent Promoter Escape and Pause Release of RNA Polymerase II during the Cell Cycle

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Büchel, Gabriele; Carstensen, Anne; Mak, Ka-Yan

2017-01-01

MYC proteins bind globally to active promoters and promote transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). To identify effector proteins that mediate this function, we performed mass spectrometry on N-MYC complexes in neuroblastoma cells. The analysis shows that N-MYC forms complexes...

Estimation of POL-iteration methods in fast running DNBR code

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kwon, Hyuk; Kim, S. J.; Seo, K. W.; Hwang, D. H. [KAERI, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)

2016-05-15

In this study, various root finding methods are applied to the POL-iteration module in SCOMS and POLiteration efficiency is compared with reference method. On the base of these results, optimum algorithm of POL iteration is selected. The POL requires the iteration until present local power reach limit power. The process to search the limiting power is equivalent with a root finding of nonlinear equation. POL iteration process involved in online monitoring system used a variant bisection method that is the most robust algorithm to find the root of nonlinear equation. The method including the interval accelerating factor and escaping routine out of ill-posed condition assured the robustness of SCOMS system. POL iteration module in SCOMS shall satisfy the requirement which is a minimum calculation time. For this requirement of calculation time, non-iterative algorithm, few channel model, simple steam table are implemented into SCOMS to improve the calculation time. MDNBR evaluation at a given operating condition requires the DNBR calculation at all axial locations. An increasing of POL-iteration number increased a calculation load of SCOMS significantly. Therefore, calculation efficiency of SCOMS is strongly dependent on the POL iteration number. In case study, the iterations of the methods have a superlinear convergence for finding limiting power but Brent method shows a quardratic convergence speed. These methods are effective and better than the reference bisection algorithm.

Las políticas sociales en el marco de la Constitución Política de 1991

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Jennyffer Vargas Laverde

2010-11-01

Full Text Available El artículo invita a la reflexión de la política social como paradigma de las doctrinas políticas y económicas de los últimos años. Se explica el desarrollo teórico y normativo de los modelos del Estado Social de Derecho y de la Economía Social de Mercado, así como su incidencia en la construcción de todo tipo de políticas públicas que, en la actualidad, para ser exitosas, demandan de la acción decidida y concertada tanto del Estado como del sector privado. En la parte final, y teniendo como contexto esta reflexión, se determina el valor particular que tienen las alianzas público –público y público– privadas (APP en la consecución de los fines sociales del Estado en Colombia; se hace un especial énfasis en la utilidad de su aplicación a las políticas de desarrollo urbano, y se presentan algunos casos de experiencias de APP llevadas a cabo tanto por organismos de cooperación para el desarrollo como por instituciones públicas en Bogotá.

Processing sites in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag-Pro-Pol precursor are cleaved by the viral protease at different rates.

Science.gov (United States)

Pettit, Steve C; Lindquist, Jeffrey N; Kaplan, Andrew H; Swanstrom, Ronald

2005-11-01

We have examined the kinetics of processing of the HIV-1 Gag-Pro-Pol precursor in an in vitro assay with mature protease added in trans. The processing sites were cleaved at different rates to produce distinct intermediates. The initial cleavage occurred at the p2/NC site. Intermediate cleavages occurred at similar rates at the MA/CA and RT/IN sites, and to a lesser extent at sites upstream of RT. Late cleavages occurred at the sites flanking the protease (PR) domain, suggesting sequestering of these sites. We observed paired intermediates indicative of half- cleavage of RT/RH site, suggesting that the RT domain in Gag-Pro-Pol was in a dimeric form under these assay conditions. These results clarify our understanding of the processing kinetics of the Gag-Pro-Pol precursor and suggest regulated cleavage. Our results further suggest that early dimerization of the PR and RT domains may serve as a regulatory element to influence the kinetics of processing within the Pol domain.

Judicialização da política externa e direitos humanos

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Estêvão Ferreira Couto

2004-06-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do artigo é fornecer uma base teórica para a compreensão da "judicialização da política externa", tomando como ponto de partida as elaborações clássicas de Locke e Montesquieu que conferiam ao Executivo uma grande dose de discricionariedade na condução das relações exteriores, gradualmente contrabalançada pelo Legislativo e pelo Judiciário. Revisitando a literatura sobre "judicialização da política" e as deturpações a que foi submetida, o autor procura aplicar o conceito para a política externa e analisa cinco casos da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos.The purpose of the article is to provide a theoretical basis for the application of judicial proceedings (judicialização in the foreign policy. The starting point is the classical conceptions of Locke and Montesquieu which conferred a great deal of discretion to the Executive for managing foreign relations, what was gradually counterbalanced by the Legislative and the Judiciary. Approaching the Brazilian literature on the expansion of judicial power to the politics and subsequent misrepresentations, the author tries to apply the concept to the foreign policy and analyses five cases of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

DNA polymerase η modulates replication fork progression and DNA damage responses in platinum-treated human cells

Science.gov (United States)

Sokol, Anna M.; Cruet-Hennequart, Séverine; Pasero, Philippe; Carty, Michael P.

2013-11-01

Human cells lacking DNA polymerase η (polη) are sensitive to platinum-based cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Using DNA combing to directly investigate the role of polη in bypass of platinum-induced DNA lesions in vivo, we demonstrate that nascent DNA strands are up to 39% shorter in human cells lacking polη than in cells expressing polη. This provides the first direct evidence that polη modulates replication fork progression in vivo following cisplatin and carboplatin treatment. Severe replication inhibition in individual platinum-treated polη-deficient cells correlates with enhanced phosphorylation of the RPA2 subunit of replication protein A on serines 4 and 8, as determined using EdU labelling and immunofluorescence, consistent with formation of DNA strand breaks at arrested forks in the absence of polη. Polη-mediated bypass of platinum-induced DNA lesions may therefore represent one mechanism by which cancer cells can tolerate platinum-based chemotherapy.

II Jornada de Cultura Jurídica

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Manuel Vial Dumas

2016-07-01

Full Text Available

El passat 18 de març de 2016 es va celebrar a la seu institucional de la UOC (avinguda del Tibidabo, núm. 39-43 de Barcelona la II Jornada de Cultura Jurídica, organitzada pels Estudis de Dret i Ciència Política de la UOC i la Càtedra de Cultura Jurídica de la Universitat de Girona (UdG.

Relative cytotoxicity of complexes of platinum(II and palladium(II against pure cell culture Paramecium caudatum and human cell lines A431 and HaCaT

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Aleksei Vladimirovich Eremin

2018-04-01

Full Text Available The results of cytotoxicity cisplatin-like complexes of platinum(II and palladium(II are presented. The cytotoxicity was researched by method of  biotesting with Paramecium caudatum and by MTT-assay with human cells: epidermoid carcimoma A431 and minimal transformed aneuploid keratinocytes HaCaT. Cytotoxicity of complexes toward protists is high, however, comparatively HaCaT are more sensitive than A431. Furthemore, cytotoxicity of palladium(II complexes is higher than the analogues with platinum(II.

A centralidade das políticas sociais no modelo de desenvolvimento britânico do Novo Trabalhismo

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André Simões

2014-12-01

Full Text Available O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a centralidade das políticas sociais na estratégia de desenvolvimento britânica no governo do Novo Trabalhismo. Pretende-se mostrar que a concepção de solidariedade e coesão social que marcaram a formação do Welfare State britânico no Pós-II Guerra Mundial foi substituída por uma visão em que as políticas sociais estariam voltadas para o aumento da competitividade e expansão dos mercados, fato este que redefiniu o sistema de proteção social britânico nos moldes do Welfare to Work. Neste sentido, buscar-se-á mostrar a ausência de conexão entre o discurso centrado na exclusividade do mercado de trabalho como lócus do bem-estar social e as evidências empíricas concretamente verificadas.

Molecular basis for PrimPol recruitment to replication forks by RPA.

Science.gov (United States)

Guilliam, Thomas A; Brissett, Nigel C; Ehlinger, Aaron; Keen, Benjamin A; Kolesar, Peter; Taylor, Elaine M; Bailey, Laura J; Lindsay, Howard D; Chazin, Walter J; Doherty, Aidan J

2017-05-23

DNA damage and secondary structures can stall the replication machinery. Cells possess numerous tolerance mechanisms to complete genome duplication in the presence of such impediments. In addition to translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases, most eukaryotic cells contain a multifunctional replicative enzyme called primase-polymerase (PrimPol) that is capable of directly bypassing DNA damage by TLS, as well as repriming replication downstream of impediments. Here, we report that PrimPol is recruited to reprime through its interaction with RPA. Using biophysical and crystallographic approaches, we identify that PrimPol possesses two RPA-binding motifs and ascertained the key residues required for these interactions. We demonstrate that one of these motifs is critical for PrimPol's recruitment to stalled replication forks in vivo. In addition, biochemical analysis reveals that RPA serves to stimulate the primase activity of PrimPol. Together, these findings provide significant molecular insights into PrimPol's mode of recruitment to stalled forks to facilitate repriming and restart.

Biochemical characterization of individual human glycosylated pro-insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II and big-IGF-II isoforms associated with cancer.

Science.gov (United States)

Greenall, Sameer A; Bentley, John D; Pearce, Lesley A; Scoble, Judith A; Sparrow, Lindsay G; Bartone, Nicola A; Xiao, Xiaowen; Baxter, Robert C; Cosgrove, Leah J; Adams, Timothy E

2013-01-04

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a major embryonic growth factor belonging to the insulin-like growth factor family, which includes insulin and IGF-I. Its expression in humans is tightly controlled by maternal imprinting, a genetic restraint that is lost in many cancers, resulting in up-regulation of both mature IGF-II mRNA and protein expression. Additionally, increased expression of several longer isoforms of IGF-II, termed "pro" and "big" IGF-II, has been observed. To date, it is ambiguous as to what role these IGF-II isoforms have in initiating and sustaining tumorigenesis and whether they are bioavailable. We have expressed each individual IGF-II isoform in their proper O-glycosylated format and established that all bind to the IGF-I receptor and both insulin receptors A and B, resulting in their activation and subsequent stimulation of fibroblast proliferation. We also confirmed that all isoforms are able to be sequestered into binary complexes with several IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-5). In contrast to this, ternary complex formation with IGFBP-3 or IGFBP-5 and the auxillary protein, acid labile subunit, was severely diminished. Furthermore, big-IGF-II isoforms bound much more weakly to purified ectodomain of the natural IGF-II scavenging receptor, IGF-IIR. IGF-II isoforms thus possess unique biological properties that may enable them to escape normal sequestration avenues and remain bioavailable in vivo to sustain oncogenic signaling.

Biochemical Characterization of Individual Human Glycosylated pro-Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-II and big-IGF-II Isoforms Associated with Cancer

Science.gov (United States)

Greenall, Sameer A.; Bentley, John D.; Pearce, Lesley A.; Scoble, Judith A.; Sparrow, Lindsay G.; Bartone, Nicola A.; Xiao, Xiaowen; Baxter, Robert C.; Cosgrove, Leah J.; Adams, Timothy E.

2013-01-01

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a major embryonic growth factor belonging to the insulin-like growth factor family, which includes insulin and IGF-I. Its expression in humans is tightly controlled by maternal imprinting, a genetic restraint that is lost in many cancers, resulting in up-regulation of both mature IGF-II mRNA and protein expression. Additionally, increased expression of several longer isoforms of IGF-II, termed “pro” and “big” IGF-II, has been observed. To date, it is ambiguous as to what role these IGF-II isoforms have in initiating and sustaining tumorigenesis and whether they are bioavailable. We have expressed each individual IGF-II isoform in their proper O-glycosylated format and established that all bind to the IGF-I receptor and both insulin receptors A and B, resulting in their activation and subsequent stimulation of fibroblast proliferation. We also confirmed that all isoforms are able to be sequestered into binary complexes with several IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-5). In contrast to this, ternary complex formation with IGFBP-3 or IGFBP-5 and the auxillary protein, acid labile subunit, was severely diminished. Furthermore, big-IGF-II isoforms bound much more weakly to purified ectodomain of the natural IGF-II scavenging receptor, IGF-IIR. IGF-II isoforms thus possess unique biological properties that may enable them to escape normal sequestration avenues and remain bioavailable in vivo to sustain oncogenic signaling. PMID:23166326

Política y Geometría

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Isabel Lillo Villalobos

2011-04-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se aplican conceptos matemáticos al planteamiento deun problema de competición política. Se desarrolla y se implementaademás un método que usa herramientas relacionadas con la geometríacomputacional para la resolución de dicho problema, probándose dicho método en un ejemplo basado en la política española.

Governo Geisel: transição político-econômica? Um ensaio de revisão The Geisel administration: political-economic transition? An essay of revision

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José Pedro Macarini

2011-04-01

Full Text Available Este artigo procura reconstituir os principais traços da política econômica durante o governo Geisel (1974-1978, concentrando-se no exame de dois desdobramentos de especial importância. O primeiro diz respeito à política macroeconômica voltada aos problemas conjunturais (inflação e balanço de pagamentos. Discute-se o grau de importância atribuído a essa faceta da política econômica bem como os resultados alcançados, distinguindo-se dois períodos marcados por ênfases distintas. O segundo desdobramento refere-se ao II PND, marca fundamental da política econômica do período: o artigo procura apresentar uma leitura crítica de alguns pontos controversos suscitados pela literatura dedicada ao tema.This article seeks to trace the main aspects of the Geisel Administration (1974-1978 economic policy, focusing on two main developments. The first concerns the macroeconomic policy related to problems of inflation and balance of payments affecting the economy. A discussion is made of its degree of importance in the conduct of economic policy, as well as the results achieved, distinguishing two periods (1974-1975 and 1976-1978. The second point centers around II PND (National Plan of Development, the focal point of the economic policy of that period: a critical assessment is made of the main issues of controversy surrounding the theme as treated in the literature.

A elaboração das políticas públicas de turismo do Estado do Amapá com base nos instrumentos políticos propostos por Bramwell

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Cálidon Costa Conceição

2015-12-01

Full Text Available O presente estudo tem como escopo caracterizar as políticas públicas de turismo do Estado do Amapá no período de 2003 a 2013 através dos instrumentos políticos proposto por Bramwell, que são o encorajamento, incentivos financeiros, investimentos públicos, e regulamentação, sendo acrescido mais um instrumento nesta pesquisa denominado de comprometimento dos atores do turismo. Os instrumentos políticos são utilizados para entender como surgiram as políticas públicas de turismo do Estado do Amapá, sendo elencados quatro programas e um projeto entre os anos de 2003 a 2013 que serviram como base para caracterizar essa política. A metodologia utilizada foi através de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com abordagem qualitativa, tendo suporte nos instrumentos políticos que possibilitaram entender a elaboração desta política de turismo, que teve como base os Planos Nacionais de Turismo e o Programa de Regionalização do Turismo.

Amor y política.

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Hernando Bernal.

1998-01-01

Este trabajo pretende hacer una serie de consideraciones que apuntan sobre todo a extraer una definición de lo que es «la política» para el psicoanálisis a partir de una observación que hace Jacques Alain Miller en su texto Lógicas de la vida amorosa sobre cómo Freud introduce una «teoría política» a partir de su texto Psicología de las masas y análisis del yo.En dicho texto Freud hace ver el poder ordenador y apaciguador del amor) significante amo) en la medida en que una masa no es más que ...

Por que rir da Filosofia Política?: Abertura

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Lessa Renato

1998-01-01

Full Text Available As diferentes intervenções que compuseram este debate têm como referência comum uma reflexão sobre os lugares da Filosofia Política na tradição disciplinar que designamos como Ciência Política. Recusando a perspectiva que dissocia a Filosofia Política da dimensão empiricamente orientada da disciplina, os argumentos apresentados destacam o papel de fertilização de formas de vida cumprido pela primeira. A agenda dos pesquisadores devotados à boa faina da investigação empírica foi, e segue sendo, em grande medida definida e configurada por exercícios prévios de invenção social e política e por decisões de ordem ontológica, epistemológica e retórica. Neste sentido, a distinção entre ciência e filosofia é, além de obscurantista e marcada por enorme otimismo epistemológico, sintoma de um desconhecimento forte com relação à história do conhecimento político.

Studies of the labelling of human serum albumin with 99mTc using Sn(II) tartrate and Sn(II)Cl2 as reducing agents

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

El-Kolaly, M.T.; El-Asrag, H.A.; El-Wetery, A.S.; El-Mohty, A.A.

1990-01-01

A comparative study has been carried out on the effect of Sn(II) tartrate and Sn(II)Cl 2 on the labelling efficiency and tissue distribution of 99m Tc-human serum albumin. The effect of reductant content, reaction time (incubation time), albumin content, pH, and ascorbic acid on the efficiency of labelling and the tissue distribution of the labelled albumin has been investigated. The percentage of labelling was determined by paper and thin layer radiochromatography. Ascorbic acid shows no effect on either labelling efficiency or tissue distribution of 99m Tc-HSA prepared by Sn(II) tartrate or Sn(II)Cl 2 . (author)

Revisitando la Política de Derechos Humanos de la Administración Carter: Entendiendo los Desafíos Tradicionales para la Política Exterior Contemporánea

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Luis da Vinha

2014-05-01

Full Text Available La Administración Carter llegó al Gobierno con la intención de cambiar la lógica tradicional de la política exterior de los EE.UU., a saber mediante la promoción de una política exterior situada en un marco basado en los derechos humanos. El gobierno trató de hacer de los derechos humanos un elemento central de la política exterior de los EE.UU. al mismo tiempo buscando proteger los intereses nacionales de los Estados Unidos en el extranjero. Sin embargo, desde el principio, los críticos han considerado que la política de la Administración era incongruente e fluctuante debido a su incapacidad de comprender la complejidad en equilibrar muchas cuestiones inherentemente contradictorias. En este trabajo se analiza la política de derechos humanos del gobierno de Carter. Demuestra cómo la Administración reconoció la dificultad de conciliar las cuestiones morales y materiales en el desarrollo de su política exterior. Además, considera cómo la política de derechos humanos de los EE.UU. ha informado a la política exterior de los gobiernos posteriores. Se destaca la dinámica continua contribuyendo para las inconsistencias verificadas entre el discurso y el comportamiento de la política exterior.

Desigualdad, democracia, política y cooperación

OpenAIRE

Prats i Català, Joan

2005-01-01

La crisis de gobernabilidad democrática que hoy viven tantos países latinoamericanos procede de la incapacidad del sistema político y del Estado para resolver, de modo pacífico y duradero, el conflicto distributivo. La democratización ha cambiado la estructura y los costos de organización y participación política y, con ello, ha generado una ampliación del mapa de actores y conflictos. Pero, ante la debilidad institucional de los partidos políticos, su crisis de representati...

Elecciones, Jóvenes y Política

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Anna María Fernández Poncela

1999-01-01

Full Text Available Este texto muestra el papel de la juventud en un posible cambio político, especialmente en el espacio elec toral. Se centra, en concreto, en la postura político - elec toral de los jóvenes en nuestros días y de cara al fu turo cercano; por una parte, comparada con otros grupos de edad; por otra, específicamente en tre los universitarios, y finalmente intentando vislumbrar los escenarios del porvenir al respecto. Para ello se emplearán datos de una encuesta nacional, encuestas universitarias y sondeos de opinión en torno a la convocatoria de 1997, sobre todo en los resultados de las preguntas sobre la simpatía política y preferencias electorales, a quiénes se votó y a quiénes se votará.

Descentralização político-administrativa da política nacional de assistência social: o papel do governo do estado de Minas Gerais

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Arnout, Tatiana de Toledo

2014-01-01

A dissertação aqui apresentada trata do papel do governo do estado de Minas Gerais no processo de descentralização político-administrativa da política de assistência social, no âmbito do SUAS. Para tanto, apresenta as características acerca da constituição do Estado Federativo brasileiro e o processo de centralização e descentralização ocorrido nas políticas sociais, especificamente, na política de assistência social. Destaca a necessidade das relações entre as esferas de governo estarem asse...

La justicia como problema político. Del constructivismo moral kantiano al constructivismo político rawlsiano

OpenAIRE

Jefferson Jaramillo Marín; Yesid Echeverry Enciso

2009-01-01

El artículo expone la justicia como un problema político desde la perspectiva del filósofo John Rawls. En su desarrollo se señalan las implicaciones del constructivismo kantiano en el constructivismo político rawlsiano. Se discute cómo la conexión entre estos dos tipos de constructivismo, proporciona un procedimiento de construcción, en el que agentes racionalmente autónomos, sujetos a condiciones razonables, elaboran acuerdos sobre principios públicos de justicia para lograr un sistema justo...

Personal, particular y político: la producción del bien público en la práctica política cotidiana

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Victoria Ortiz de Rozas

Full Text Available Resumo El objetivo del artículo es estudiar, a través de la actividad de quienes ocupan cargos políticos, las prácticas concretas que intervienen en la producción del “bien público”, entendido como la distribución de los bienes públicos hacia los ciudadanos. El interés surge de la tensión entre el comportamiento ideal de los políticos –según reglas universales y públicamente orientadas- y una práctica concreta que implica tener en cuenta problemáticas de ciudadanos y grupos sociales determinados, así como los propios intereses políticos. Se cuestiona la relación entre impersonalidad e interés público, planteando que la distribución personalizada de los bienes públicos no supone necesariamente su apropiación privada. Se presenta el estudio empírico de la actividad cotidiana de diferentes políticos con distintos cargos electivos, pertenecientes al partido gobernante, en la provincia de Santiago del Estero, cuyo régimen político ha sido caracterizado por la importancia de las relaciones personales y la politización de la burocracia. Siguiendo una estrategia metodológica cualitativa- que recurre a las técnicas de las entrevistas en profundidad y a la observación no participante; se reconstruye su actividad política cotidiana y las nociones de los políticos sobre sus propias prácticas; prestando atención a las formas de vinculación con los ciudadanos y con otros políticos y funcionarios. El artículo muestra que las tareas de los políticos provinciales, involucran el contacto personalizado tanto con los ciudadanos, como con funcionarios de distintos niveles de la administración pública, que les permiten viabilizar la distribución de bienes públicos hacia sus representados; actividades principalmente de carácter informal. Se muestra que, aunque los objetos de sus acciones sean ciudadanos y grupos territoriales determinados –lejos de la ciudadanía concebida en forma abstracta-, ello no es

Governança global e transferência de política: influências do Protocolo de Cartagena na Política Nacional de Biossegurança

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Yuna Fontoura

2013-02-01

Full Text Available No contexto de governança global, analisamos o tema da transferência de política, no qual a formulação de políticas públicas é influenciada por experiências de contextos políticos diferentes. Neste sentido, questionamos de que forma o Protocolo de Cartagena influenciou a formulação da Política Nacional de Biossegurança (PNB. A pesquisa empírica foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com respondentes qualificados, que atuaram direta ou indiretamente na formulação da PNB. No tratamento dos dados adotamos uma abordagem qualitativa, por meio da utilização da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados revelam que houve transferência de política no formato de aprendizado (ou lesson drawing do Protocolo de Cartagena à PNB.

Sobre o "político": com Schmitt e apesar de Schmitt

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Benjamín Arditi

Full Text Available Uma observação padrão na literatura é o tratamento dado por Schmitt às oscilações políticas entre a nostalgia por um Estado forte da era vestfaliana e uma descrição lúcida do novo cenário político estatal e não-estatal. Menos óbvio é que essas tensões não impedem possibilidades mais interessantes do seu trabalho. Para encontrá-las, é preciso preparar-se para pensar com e a despeito de Schmitt, seja navegando através de sua teoria do político, sem endossar todas as consequências que ele extrai delas, ou tomando sua reflexão em algumas direções que ele não previu, ou não desejou percorrer. Eu examino algumas das tensões - a natureza do vínculo entre guerra e política, o status de inimigos, a justificativa moral da excelência da ordem - e uso sua distinção entre a política e o político - talvez seu discernimento mais original - para desenvolver o tema da dupla inscrição do político.

MHC Class II and CD9 in Human Eosinophils Localize to Detergent-Resistant Membrane Microdomains

Science.gov (United States)

Akuthota, Praveen; Melo, Rossana C. N.; Spencer, Lisa A.

2012-01-01

Eosinophils function in murine allergic airways inflammation as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In murine professional APC cell types, optimal functioning of MHC Class II depends on its lateral association in plasma membranes and colocalization with the tetraspanin CD9 into detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (DRMs). With human eosinophils, we evaluated the localization of MHC Class II (HLA-DR) to DRMs and the functional significance of such localization. In granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor–stimulated human eosinophils, antibody cross-linked HLA-DR colocalized by immunofluorescence microscopy focally on plasma membranes with CD9 and the DRM marker ganglioside GM1. In addition, HLA-DR coimmunoprecipitates with CD9 after chemical cross-linking of CD9. HLA-DR and CD9 were localized by Western blotting in eosinophil DRM subcellular fractions. DRM disruption with the cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin decreased eosinophil surface expression of HLA-DR and CD9. We show that CD9 is abundant on the surface of eosinophils, presenting the first electron microscopy data of the ultrastructural immunolocalization of CD9 in human eosinophils. Disruption of HLA-DR–containing DRMs decreased the ability of superantigen-loaded human eosinophils to stimulate CD4+ T-cell activation (CD69 expression), proliferation, and cytokine production. Our results, which demonstrate that eosinophil MHC Class II localizes to DRMs in association with CD9 in a functionally significant manner, represent a novel insight into the organization of the antigen presentation complex of human eosinophils. PMID:21885678

MHC Class II and CD9 in human eosinophils localize to detergent-resistant membrane microdomains.

Science.gov (United States)

Akuthota, Praveen; Melo, Rossana C N; Spencer, Lisa A; Weller, Peter F

2012-02-01

Eosinophils function in murine allergic airways inflammation as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In murine professional APC cell types, optimal functioning of MHC Class II depends on its lateral association in plasma membranes and colocalization with the tetraspanin CD9 into detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (DRMs). With human eosinophils, we evaluated the localization of MHC Class II (HLA-DR) to DRMs and the functional significance of such localization. In granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated human eosinophils, antibody cross-linked HLA-DR colocalized by immunofluorescence microscopy focally on plasma membranes with CD9 and the DRM marker ganglioside GM1. In addition, HLA-DR coimmunoprecipitates with CD9 after chemical cross-linking of CD9. HLA-DR and CD9 were localized by Western blotting in eosinophil DRM subcellular fractions. DRM disruption with the cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin decreased eosinophil surface expression of HLA-DR and CD9. We show that CD9 is abundant on the surface of eosinophils, presenting the first electron microscopy data of the ultrastructural immunolocalization of CD9 in human eosinophils. Disruption of HLA-DR-containing DRMs decreased the ability of superantigen-loaded human eosinophils to stimulate CD4(+) T-cell activation (CD69 expression), proliferation, and cytokine production. Our results, which demonstrate that eosinophil MHC Class II localizes to DRMs in association with CD9 in a functionally significant manner, represent a novel insight into the organization of the antigen presentation complex of human eosinophils.

Processing sites in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 Gag-Pro-Pol precursor are cleaved by the viral protease at different rates

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Lindquist Jeffrey N

2005-11-01

Full Text Available Abstract We have examined the kinetics of processing of the HIV-1 Gag-Pro-Pol precursor in an in vitro assay with mature protease added in trans. The processing sites were cleaved at different rates to produce distinct intermediates. The initial cleavage occurred at the p2/NC site. Intermediate cleavages occurred at similar rates at the MA/CA and RT/IN sites, and to a lesser extent at sites upstream of RT. Late cleavages occurred at the sites flanking the protease (PR domain, suggesting sequestering of these sites. We observed paired intermediates indicative of half- cleavage of RT/RH site, suggesting that the RT domain in Gag-Pro-Pol was in a dimeric form under these assay conditions. These results clarify our understanding of the processing kinetics of the Gag-Pro-Pol precursor and suggest regulated cleavage. Our results further suggest that early dimerization of the PR and RT domains may serve as a regulatory element to influence the kinetics of processing within the Pol domain.

Lo político y la política. Un diálogo de Nicos Poulantzas y Antonio Gramsci

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Yolanda Rodríguez Rincón

2009-07-01

Full Text Available Este artículo examina la vitalidad teórica actual del marxismo en autores como Poulantzas y Gramsci, que encuentra su presencia al volver sobre la cuestión central del Estado, que lleva directamente a lo político y la política. Bajo proposiciones críticas, ambos autores analizan formas políticas que diseñan una nueva relación de fuerzas cuando el Estado hegemónico hace crisis. Hoy sabemos que la reacción ha acentuado, autoritariamente, el discurso “liberal”. Un diálogo entre Poulantzas y Gramsci renueva el problema epistemológico que toca la “teoría del Estado”. Pero, más allá, no sólo permite valorar la democracia radical, implicada en los movimientos de las masas populares, sino que, sobre todo, permite pensar su incidencia bajo la forma del Estado en una transición: sea como ruptura de sus aparatos en tanto emerge un “no-Estado”; o, sea, como “transformación democrática radical” de su funcionamiento, en tanto emerge una nueva relación política, porque la crisis es orgánica. Ahí, deviene una nueva hegemonía.

Políticas públicas: bienestar, reconocimiento, simulacro

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Rafael Bayce

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Las políticas públicas son hijas del crecimiento de los Estados posrrenacentistas y de las necesidades de planificación administrativa de sociedades de masas. Las políticas conservadoras afirman la subsidiariedad del Estado, se centran en la familia y en el temor a la democracia y a los sindicatos. Las liberales se anclan en la corrección de fallas del mercado y de contingencias biológicas. Las socialdemócratas, más ambiciosas, aspiran a una previsión de todas las contingencias y desigualdades ilegítimas, desde un Estado orientador del mercado y no subsidiario. Los Estados de Bienestar surgen del intento de superar recesiones, desempleo y malestar social desde la inversión, hasta deficitaria, de Estados que esperan luego recuperar su inversión. Las nociones de soberanía y de derechos humanos dificultan ese retorno y nutren un crecimiento progresivo de los imaginarios de consumo que erosionan un sistema inicialmente exitoso, desde que no son más inversiones e intervenciones de emergencia sino parte del cálculo de bienestares colectivos e individuales. Son víctimas de su éxito. Pese a que los neoliberales subrayan las insuficiencias teóricas y los fallos históricos de las políticas públicas clásicas, llegados al poder todos las aplican porque la cultura política los supone y enfrentarla sería electoralmente suicida. Hasta los marxistas lo hacen. Sin embargo, la sociedad de consumo y la cultura posmoderna van creando un progresivo hiato entre la moderna oferta tecnoburocrática iluminista de satisfactores, y la más reciente demanda, socialmente mucho más exigente y variada. Deberían disfrutar, por ende, de utilidad marginal político-electoral decreciente. Pero en la medida en que son apreciadas, no por su sustancia material, sino por el ‘reconocimiento’ simbólico que implican, y porque las poblaciones-objetivo han internalizado como legítimas las ofertas iluministas, paterno-maternales, las políticas públicas todav

Relaciones entre saberes políticos, participación política y educación política: Aportes de la investigación psicológica Relations between political knowledge, political participation and Political education: Contributions from psychological research

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Alicia M. Lenzi

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Se examina la vinculación entre saberes políticos, participación política y educación política desde la ciencia política y la investigación psicológica de los conceptos de democracia y gobierno. El análisis indica que la democracia representativa otorga escaso espacio a la participación política ciudadana, y los aportes de investigaciones en psicología social, del desarrollo y educacional evidencian que los saberes políticos indispensables para una participación autónoma, resultan críticos. Aunque las representaciones sociales de democracia juveniles muestran la aceptación de valores democráticos, jóvenes y adultos revelan saberes políticos indiferenciados sobre democracia y gobierno, incluso entre docentes que enseñan esas nociones. Ante tal panorama y limitaciones de la democracia representativa, la educación política constituye una alternativa para formar ciudadanos conscientes, autónomos, activos participantes capaces de transformar la sociedad.The relationship among political knowledge, political participation and political education is examined from both political science and psychological research on the concepts of democracy and government. The analysis indicates that representative democracy gives little place to citizens for political participation. Also, contributions from research by social, developmental and, educational psychology, show that the essential knowledge to autonomous political participation turn to be critical. Although youth`s social representations of democracy show the acceptance of democratic values, youngs and adults reveal undifferentiated knowledge about democracy and government, even among teachers who teach these concepts. From such scenario and limitations of representative democracy, political education is an alternative to prepare aware, autonomous citizens; active participants able to change society.

La política supranacional : un nuevo campo de conocimiento para abordar las políticas educativas en un mundo globalizado

OpenAIRE

Valle, Javier M.

2012-01-01

El presente artículo trata de explicar la aparición de la Política Educativa Supranacional como área del saber pedagógico, en íntima conexión con la Política Educativa, la Educación Comparada y la Educación Internacional, tratando de acotar s

Sangres políticas

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Gabriel Gatti

2018-03-01

Full Text Available Trabajamos en las tensiones entre dos continentes en permanente disputa: “sangre” y “política”, “realidad” y “dispositivo”, “naturaleza” y “cultura”. Son viejos asuntos, y viejas tensiones, pero que no dejan de actualizarse y que ahora se manifiestan por doquier en cuestiones como la biometría, los mapas genéticos, la identificación de desaparecidos, las políticas de la identidad indígena o de género o de menores o de drogas, la gestación subrogada o la gestión de la marginalidad. Los diez textos recogidos en este número especial discuten desde una mirada interdisciplinaria sobre la presencia de la sangre —en sus distintas declinaciones— en la definición contemporánea de lo que entendemos por identidad, derechos humanos o ciudadanía.

Global gene expression analysis of fission yeast mutants impaired in Ser-2 phosphorylation of the RNA pol II carboxy terminal domain.

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Reza Saberianfar

Full Text Available In Schizosaccharomyces pombe the nuclear-localized Lsk1p-Lsc1p cyclin dependent kinase complex promotes Ser-2 phosphorylation of the heptad repeats found within the RNA pol II carboxy terminal domain (CTD. Here, we first provide evidence supporting the existence of a third previously uncharacterized Ser-2 CTD kinase subunit, Lsg1p. As expected for a component of the complex, Lsg1p localizes to the nucleus, promotes Ser-2 phosphorylation of the CTD, and physically interacts with both Lsk1p and Lsc1p in vivo. Interestingly, we also demonstrate that lsg1Δ mutants--just like lsk1Δ and lsc1Δ strains--are compromised in their ability to faithfully and reliably complete cytokinesis. Next, to address whether kinase mediated alterations in CTD phosphorylation might selectively alter the expression of genes with roles in cytokinesis and/or the cytoskeleton, global gene expression profiles were analyzed. Mutants impaired in Ser-2 phosphorylation display little change with respect to the level of transcription of most genes. However, genes affecting cytokinesis--including the actin interacting protein gene, aip1--as well as genes with roles in meiosis, are included in a small subset that are differentially regulated. Significantly, genetic analysis of lsk1Δ aip1Δ double mutants is consistent with Lsk1p and Aip1p acting in a linear pathway with respect to the regulation of cytokinesis.

mTORC1 directly phosphorylates and regulates human MAF1.

Science.gov (United States)

Michels, Annemieke A; Robitaille, Aaron M; Buczynski-Ruchonnet, Diane; Hodroj, Wassim; Reina, Jaime H; Hall, Michael N; Hernandez, Nouria

2010-08-01

mTORC1 is a central regulator of growth in response to nutrient availability, but few direct targets have been identified. RNA polymerase (pol) III produces a number of essential RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis, RNA maturation, and other processes. Its activity is highly regulated, and deregulation can lead to cell transformation. The human phosphoprotein MAF1 becomes dephosphorylated and represses pol III transcription after various stresses, but neither the significance of the phosphorylations nor the kinase involved is known. We find that human MAF1 is absolutely required for pol III repression in response to serum starvation or TORC1 inhibition by rapamycin or Torin1. The protein is phosphorylated mainly on residues S60, S68, and S75, and this inhibits its pol III repression function. The responsible kinase is mTORC1, which phosphorylates MAF1 directly. Our results describe molecular mechanisms by which mTORC1 controls human MAF1, a key repressor of RNA polymerase III transcription, and add a new branch to the signal transduction cascade immediately downstream of TORC1.

Kinetic Analysis of the Bypass of a Bulky DNA Lesion Catalyzed by Human Y-family DNA Polymerases

Science.gov (United States)

Sherrer, Shanen M.; Sanman, Laura E.; Xia, Cynthia X.; Bolin, Eric R.; Malik, Chanchal K.; Efthimiopoulos, Georgia; Basu, Ashis K.; Suo, Zucai

2012-01-01

1-Nitropyrene (1-NP), a mutagen and potential carcinogen, is the most abundant nitro polyaromatic hydrocarbon in diesel exhaust, which reacts with DNA to form predominantly N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene (dGAP). If not repaired, this DNA lesion is presumably bypassed in vivo by any of human Y-family DNA polymerases kappa (hPolκ), iota (hPolτ), eta (hPolη), and Rev1 (hRev1). Our running start assays demonstrated that each of these enzymes was indeed capable of traversing a site-specifically placed dGAP on a synthetic DNA template but hRev1 was stopped after lesion bypass. The time required to bypass 50% of the dGAP sites (t50bypass ) encountered by hPolη, hPolκ and hPolτ was determined to be 2.5 s, 4.1 s, and 106.5 s, respectively. The efficiency order of catalyzing translesion synthesis of dGAP (hPolη > hPolκ > hPolτ >> hRev1) is the same as the order for these human Y-family enzymes to elongate undamaged DNA. Although hPolη bypassed dGAP efficiently, replication by both hPolκ and hPolτ was strongly stalled at the lesion site and at a site immediately downstream from dGAP. By employing pre-steady state kinetic methods, a kinetic basis was established for polymerase pausing at these DNA template sites. Besides efficiency of bypass, the fidelity of those low-fidelity polymerases at these pause sites was also significantly decreased. Thus, if the translesion DNA synthesis of dGAP in vivo is catalyzed by a human Y-family DNA polymerase, e.g. hPolη, the process is certainly mutagenic. PMID:22324639

Recruitment of PfSET2 by RNA polymerase II to variant antigen encoding loci contributes to antigenic variation in P. falciparum.

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Uchechi E Ukaegbu

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Histone modifications are important regulators of gene expression in all eukaryotes. In Plasmodium falciparum, these epigenetic marks regulate expression of genes involved in several aspects of host-parasite interactions, including antigenic variation. While the identities and genomic positions of many histone modifications have now been cataloged, how they are targeted to defined genomic regions remains poorly understood. For example, how variant antigen encoding loci (var are targeted for deposition of unique histone marks is a mystery that continues to perplex the field. Here we describe the recruitment of an ortholog of the histone modifier SET2 to var genes through direct interactions with the C-terminal domain (CTD of RNA polymerase II. In higher eukaryotes, SET2 is a histone methyltransferase recruited by RNA pol II during mRNA transcription; however, the ortholog in P. falciparum (PfSET2 has an atypical architecture and its role in regulating transcription is unknown. Here we show that PfSET2 binds to the unphosphorylated form of the CTD, a property inconsistent with its recruitment during mRNA synthesis. Further, we show that H3K36me3, the epigenetic mark deposited by PfSET2, is enriched at both active and silent var gene loci, providing additional evidence that its recruitment is not associated with mRNA production. Over-expression of a dominant negative form of PfSET2 designed to disrupt binding to RNA pol II induced rapid var gene expression switching, confirming both the importance of PfSET2 in var gene regulation and a role for RNA pol II in its recruitment. RNA pol II is known to transcribe non-coding RNAs from both active and silent var genes, providing a possible mechanism by which it could recruit PfSET2 to var loci. This work unifies previous reports of histone modifications, the production of ncRNAs, and the promoter activity of var introns into a mechanism that contributes to antigenic variation by malaria parasites.

Transferencias condicionales y políticas de acción afirmativa en latinoamérica: la diferencia que políticas de inclusión pueden hacer

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Bernd Reiter

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Este artículo argumenta que las políticas de inclusión social son económicamente eficientes porque el costo de la exclusión, en términos de crecimiento económico y cohesión social, es demasiado alto. Para soportar este argumento, analizamos algunas políticas de inclusión en Brasil y Colombia. Son casos cruciales porque denotan la dimensión racial de la exclusión, y la correspondiente contribución económica de las políticas de inclusión al crecimiento económico y desarrollo. Las políticas educativas son centrales en los procesos de inclusión porque retornan el mayor beneficio individual y colectivo en el mediano y largo plazo. Para demostrar esto, se analizan las Transferencias de Dinero Condicionales (PTC, una política brasilera altamente diseminada en el exterior y considerada un ejemplo de política social. También se analizan los efectos positivos de las Políticas de Acción Afirmativa (AA en términos de reducción de la desigualdad. Estas experiencias son guías efectivas para el diseño e innovación de la política social. El acceso a la educación es la condición sine-qua-non para la inserción formal en el mercado laboral, garantizando la generación de ingresos de los más necesitados. En este escenario, los imperativos de asignación eficiente de recursos y reducción de la desigualdad llaman a explorar objetivos de política multidimensionales.

Política nacional de assistência social: uma avaliação política

OpenAIRE

Araujo, Victor Martins Lopes de

2013-01-01

Este trabalho tem com objetivo principal realizar uma avaliação política da Política Nacional de Assistência Social através de uma leitura crítica de seus textos legais. Nesse sentido, realizou-se uma fundamentação teórica pautada na discussão das diferentes concepções de Estado encontradas na teoria social clássica bem como na teoria social crítica, sendo feito também uma discussão a respeito da administração como forma de dominação, nos apropriamos do debate acerca da burocracia presente em...

Teresa Andrés Zamora (1907-1946: el compromiso social y político como arma de cultura

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Seguí i Francés, Romà

2010-12-01

Full Text Available La biografía de Teresa Andrés Zamora (Villalba de los Alcores, 1907- París, 1946 es un claro ejemplo de cómo el compromiso de una mujer republicana a través de la cultura se transformó en beligerancia política. Este artículo quiere mostrar una imagen de Teresa Andrés más profunda que la de una bibliotecaria que militó en el PCE, pretendiendo reconstruir su recorrido vital tanto en la faceta académica como profesional y política, con el objetivo de presentar una evolución que va desde su paso por la Residencia de Señoritas hasta su prematura muerte en París. Teresa Andrés Zamora representa una generación de mujeres republicanas que fue leal a la II República, trabajando incansablemente durante la Guerra Civil, y que padeció el exilio en una Francia ocupada.

Human type II pneumocyte chemotactic responses to CXCR3 activation are mediated by splice variant A.

Science.gov (United States)

Ji, Rong; Lee, Clement M; Gonzales, Linda W; Yang, Yi; Aksoy, Mark O; Wang, Ping; Brailoiu, Eugen; Dun, Nae; Hurford, Matthew T; Kelsen, Steven G

2008-06-01

Chemokine receptors control several fundamental cellular processes in both hematopoietic and structural cells, including directed cell movement, i.e., chemotaxis, cell differentiation, and proliferation. We have previously demonstrated that CXCR3, the chemokine receptor expressed by Th1/Tc1 inflammatory cells present in the lung, is also expressed by human airway epithelial cells. In airway epithelial cells, activation of CXCR3 induces airway epithelial cell movement and proliferation, processes that underlie lung repair. The present study examined the expression and function of CXCR3 in human alveolar type II pneumocytes, whose destruction causes emphysema. CXCR3 was present in human fetal and adult type II pneumocytes as assessed by immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. CXCR3-A and -B splice variant mRNA was present constitutively in cultured type II cells, but levels of CXCR3-B greatly exceeded CXCR3-A mRNA. In cultured type II cells, I-TAC, IP-10, and Mig induced chemotaxis. Overexpression of CXCR3-A in the A549 pneumocyte cell line produced robust chemotactic responses to I-TAC and IP-10. In contrast, I-TAC did not induce chemotactic responses in CXCR3-B and mock-transfected cells. Finally, I-TAC increased cytosolic Ca(2+) and activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/protein kinase B kinases only in CXCR3-A-transfected cells. These data indicate that the CXCR3 receptor is expressed by human type II pneumocytes, and the CXCR3-A splice variant mediates chemotactic responses possibly through Ca(2+) activation of both mitogen-activated protein kinase and PI 3-kinase signaling pathways. Expression of CXCR3 in alveolar epithelial cells may be important in pneumocyte repair from injury.

La memoria social y la memoria política

OpenAIRE

Lifschitz, Javier Alejandro

2012-01-01

El artículo trata sobre la constitución del campo de la memoria política. Discute inicialmente la perspectiva de la memoria social y aborda, a partir de autores como Bourdieu y Habermas, la idea de un campo de la memoria política. Identifica dos momentos de inflexión en la constitución de ese campo. Un primer momento, en que la memoria política se inscribe en los procesos estatales de construcción de una memoria nacional y un segundo momento, que tiene como referencia principalmente el contex...

Arma del contrapoder: Humor político y medios

OpenAIRE

César Ulloa Tapia

2008-01-01

El humor político en los medios de comunicación tiene enorme acogida en las audiencias ya que logra lo que pueden editoriales, análisis académicos y demás espacios de opinión. Es la mejor manera de denunciar, advertir, sancionar e incluso develar lo que hace o deja de hacer el poder político. El humor político está considerado como contrapoder. El periodismo que usa el humor es eficaz, tanto en el mensaje como en su efecto, pues describe las situaciones y recurre a comparaciones y símiles....

Structural elucidation of the hormonal inhibition mechanism of the bile acid cholate on human carbonic anhydrase II

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Boone, Christopher D. [University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL 32610 (United States); Tu, Chingkuang [University of Florida, PO Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610 (United States); McKenna, Robert, E-mail: rmckenna@ufl.edu [University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL 32610 (United States)

2014-06-01

The structure of human carbonic anhydrase II in complex with cholate has been determined to 1.54 Å resolution. Elucidation of the novel inhibition mechanism of cholate will aid in the development of a nonsulfur-containing, isoform-specific therapeutic agent. The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of mostly zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration/dehydration of CO{sub 2} into bicarbonate and a proton. Human isoform CA II (HCA II) is abundant in the surface epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa, where it serves an important role in cytoprotection through bicarbonate secretion. Physiological inhibition of HCA II via the bile acids contributes to mucosal injury in ulcerogenic conditions. This study details the weak biophysical interactions associated with the binding of a primary bile acid, cholate, to HCA II. The X-ray crystallographic structure determined to 1.54 Å resolution revealed that cholate does not make any direct hydrogen-bond interactions with HCA II, but instead reconfigures the well ordered water network within the active site to promote indirect binding to the enzyme. Structural knowledge of the binding interactions of this nonsulfur-containing inhibitor with HCA II could provide the template design for high-affinity, isoform-specific therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases/pathological states, including cancer, glaucoma, epilepsy and osteoporosis.

Ajuste macro, política monetaria y empleo

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Jorge Iván González

2000-04-01

Full Text Available El artículo muestra que la política monetaria restrictiva ha sido uno de los factores que más ha incidido en el crecimiento del desempleo en Colombia durante la segunda mitad de los años noventa. La tasa de sacrificio de la política monetaria no ha sido cero, porque el costo de reducir la inflación ha sido muy elevado. La responsabilidad que tiene el manejo de la política monetaria en la crisis del sector real se hace más visible si se tiene en cuenta que no hay evidencia de que la menor demanda de trabajo esté asociada a los costos laborales y a las inflexibilidades del mercado laboral.

Morgenthau: ¿el Maquiavelo de la política internacional?

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Leonardo Carvajal H.

2007-11-01

Full Text Available Maquiavelo y Morgenthau respondieron con creces a la pregunta central: ¿en qué se diferencia la política internacional de las relaciones internacionales? Este interrogante fue considerado en las obras principales de los dos autores (El príncipe y Política entre las naciones, quienes establecen que los conceptos se diferencian en que el poder es el elemento esencial tanto en la política doméstica como en la “política internacional”; mientras que por “relaciones internacionales” se entiende todo el cúmulo de asuntos que tiene lugar en el escenario mundial, varios de los cuales no presentan ningún componente de “poder político” y, además, tales acciones se adelantan no sólo por parte del Estado sino también por una multiplicidad de actores que incluye individuos, iglesias, ONG, partidos, empresas. Es, pues, una interesante comparación entre el pensamiento de Nicolás Maquiavelo y el de Hans Morgenthau.

[PHEMA/PEI]–Cu(II) based immobilized metal affinity chromatography cryogels: Application on the separation of IgG from human plasma

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bakhshpour, Monireh; Derazshamshir, Ali; Bereli, Nilay [Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara (Turkey); Elkak, Assem [Laboratory of “Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Produits de Santé (VRNPS)”, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath (Lebanon); Denizli, Adil, E-mail: denizli@hacettepe.edu [Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara (Turkey)

2016-04-01

The immobilized metal-affinity chromatography (IMAC) has gained significant interest as a widespread separation and purification tool for therapeutic proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules. The enormous potential of IMAC for proteins with natural surface exposed-histidine residues and for recombinant proteins with histidine clusters. Cryogels as monolithic materials have recently been proposed as promising chromatographic adsorbents for the separation of biomolecules in downstream processing. In the present study, IMAC cryogels have been synthesized and utilized for the adsorption and separation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from IgG solution and whole human plasma. For this purpose, Cu(II)-ions were coupled to poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) PHEMA using poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) as the chelating ligand. In this study the cryogels formation optimized by the varied proportion of PEI from 1% to 15% along with different amounts of Cu (II) as chelating metal. The prepared cryogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The [PHEMA/PEI]–Cu(II) cryogels were assayed for their capability to bind the human IgG from aqueous solutions. The IMAC cryogels were found to have high affinity toward human IgG. The adsorption of human IgG was investigated onto the PHEMA/PEI cryogels with (10% PEI) and the concentration of Cu (II) varied as 10, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L. The separation of human IgG was achieved in one purification step at pH 7.4. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed at the [PHEMA/PEI]–Cu(II) (10% PEI) with 72.28 mg/g of human IgG. The purification efficiency and human IgG purity were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). - Highlights: • Cu(II)-ions were coupled to PHEMA using PEI as the chelating ligand. • Cu(II) chelated [PHEMA/PEI] cryogels for IgG separation were produced. • Maximum IgG adsorption capacity

[PHEMA/PEI]–Cu(II) based immobilized metal affinity chromatography cryogels: Application on the separation of IgG from human plasma

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bakhshpour, Monireh; Derazshamshir, Ali; Bereli, Nilay; Elkak, Assem; Denizli, Adil

2016-01-01

The immobilized metal-affinity chromatography (IMAC) has gained significant interest as a widespread separation and purification tool for therapeutic proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules. The enormous potential of IMAC for proteins with natural surface exposed-histidine residues and for recombinant proteins with histidine clusters. Cryogels as monolithic materials have recently been proposed as promising chromatographic adsorbents for the separation of biomolecules in downstream processing. In the present study, IMAC cryogels have been synthesized and utilized for the adsorption and separation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from IgG solution and whole human plasma. For this purpose, Cu(II)-ions were coupled to poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) PHEMA using poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) as the chelating ligand. In this study the cryogels formation optimized by the varied proportion of PEI from 1% to 15% along with different amounts of Cu (II) as chelating metal. The prepared cryogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The [PHEMA/PEI]–Cu(II) cryogels were assayed for their capability to bind the human IgG from aqueous solutions. The IMAC cryogels were found to have high affinity toward human IgG. The adsorption of human IgG was investigated onto the PHEMA/PEI cryogels with (10% PEI) and the concentration of Cu (II) varied as 10, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L. The separation of human IgG was achieved in one purification step at pH 7.4. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed at the [PHEMA/PEI]–Cu(II) (10% PEI) with 72.28 mg/g of human IgG. The purification efficiency and human IgG purity were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). - Highlights: • Cu(II)-ions were coupled to PHEMA using PEI as the chelating ligand. • Cu(II) chelated [PHEMA/PEI] cryogels for IgG separation were produced. • Maximum IgG adsorption capacity

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells suppress MHC class II expression on rat vascular endothelium and prolong survival time of cardiac allograft

Science.gov (United States)

Qiu, Ying; Yun, Mark M; Han, Xia; Zhao, Ruidong; Zhou, Erxia; Yun, Sheng

2014-01-01

Background: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs) have low immunogenicity and immune regulation. To investigate immunomodulatory effects of human UC-MSCs on MHC class II expression and allograft, we transplanted heart of transgenic rats with MHC class II expression on vascular endothelium. Methods: UC-MSCs were obtained from human umbilical cords and confirmed with flow cytometry analysis. Transgenic rat line was established using the construct of human MHC class II transactivator gene (CIITA) under mouse ICAM-2 promoter control. The induced MHC class II expression on transgenic rat vascular endothelial cells (VECs) was assessed with immunohistological staining. And the survival time of cardiac allograft was compared between the recipients with and without UC-MSC transfusion. Results: Flow cytometry confirmed that the human UC-MSCs were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD271, and negative for CD34 and HLA-DR. Repeated infusion of human UC-MSCs reduced MHC class II expression on vascular endothelia of transplanted hearts, and increased survival time of allograft. The UC-MSCs increased regulatory cytokines IL10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines IL2 and IFN-γ in vivo. The UC-MSC culture supernatant had similar effects on cytokine expression, and decreased lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Conclusions: Repeated transfusion of the human UC-MSCs reduced MHC class II expression on vascular endothelia and prolonged the survival time of rat cardiac allograft. PMID:25126177

Comunicación Política: narración de historias, construcción de relatos políticos y persuasión.

OpenAIRE

D´Adamo, Orlando; García Beaudoux, Virginia

2016-01-01

En este trabajo se definen los elementos que caracterizan a la narración de historias como una técnica y al relato político como una estrategia, ambas al servicio de la comunicación política. Se discuten las funciones que cumplen ambas modalidades de comunicación, así como también las razones que las vuelven efectivas a los fines de la persuasión política. In this paper are defined the main features of the storytelling technique and of political narrative as a strategy in political communi...

Multi-Pixel Simultaneous Classification of PolSAR Image Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Science.gov (United States)

Xu, Xin; Gui, Rong; Pu, Fangling

2018-01-01

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have achieved great success in the optical image processing field. Because of the excellent performance of CNN, more and more methods based on CNN are applied to polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image classification. Most CNN-based PolSAR image classification methods can only classify one pixel each time. Because all the pixels of a PolSAR image are classified independently, the inherent interrelation of different land covers is ignored. We use a fixed-feature-size CNN (FFS-CNN) to classify all pixels in a patch simultaneously. The proposed method has several advantages. First, FFS-CNN can classify all the pixels in a small patch simultaneously. When classifying a whole PolSAR image, it is faster than common CNNs. Second, FFS-CNN is trained to learn the interrelation of different land covers in a patch, so it can use the interrelation of land covers to improve the classification results. The experiments of FFS-CNN are evaluated on a Chinese Gaofen-3 PolSAR image and other two real PolSAR images. Experiment results show that FFS-CNN is comparable with the state-of-the-art PolSAR image classification methods. PMID:29510499

Coordination behavior of tetraaza [N4] ligand towards Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cu(I) and Pd(II) complexes: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and anticancer activity

Science.gov (United States)

El-Boraey, Hanaa A.

2012-11-01

Novel eight Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cu(I) and Pd(II) complexes with [N4] ligand (L) i.e. 2-amino-N-{2-[(2-aminobenzoyl)amino]ethyl}benzamide have been synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, spectral, thermal (TG/DTG), magnetic, and molar conductivity measurements. On the basis of IR, mass, electronic and EPR spectral studies an octahedral geometry has been proposed for Co(II), Ni(II) complexes and Cu(II) chloride complex, square-pyramidal for Cu(I) bromide complex. For Cu(II) nitrate complex (6), Pd(II) complex (8) square planar geometry was proposed. The EPR data of Cu(II) complexes in powdered form indicate dx2-y2 ground state of Cu(II) ion. The antitumor activity of the synthesized ligand and some selected metal complexes has been studied. The palladium(II) complex (8) was found to display cytotoxicity (IC50 = 25.6 and 41 μM) against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and human hepatocarcinoma HEPG2 cell line.

Isolation and characterization of human cDNA clones encoding the α and the α' subunits of casein kinase II

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lozeman, F.J.; Litchfield, D.W.; Piening, C.; Takio, Koji; Walsh, K.A.; Krebs, E.G.

1990-01-01

Casein kinase II is a widely distributed protein serine/threonine kinase. The holoenzyme appears to be a tetramer, containing two α or α' subunits (or one of each) and two β subunits. Complementary DNA clones encoding the subunits of casein kinase II were isolated from a human T-cell λgt 10 library using cDNA clones isolated from Drosophila melanogasten. One of the human cDNA clones (hT4.1) was 2.2 kb long, including a coding region of 1176 bp preceded by 156 bp (5' untranslated region) and followed by 871 bp (3' untranslated region). The hT4.1 close was nearly identical in size and sequence with a cDNA clone from HepG2 human hepatoma cultured cells. Another of the human T-cell cDNA clones (hT9.1) was 1.8 kb long, containing a coding region of 1053 bp preceded by 171 by (5' untranslated region) and followed by 550 bp (3' untranslated region). Amino acid sequences deduced from these two cDNA clones were about 85% identical. Most of the difference between the two encoded polypeptides was in the carboxy-terminal region, but heterogeneity was distributed throughout the molecules. Partial amino acid sequence was determined in a mixture of α and α' subunits from bovine lung casein kinase II. The bovine sequences aligned with the 2 human cDNA-encoded polypeptides with only 2 discrepancies out of 535 amino acid positions. This confirmed that the two human T-cell cDNA clones encoded the α and α' subunits of casein kinase II. These studies show that there are two distinct catalytic subunits for casein II (α and α') and that the sequence of these subunits is largely conserved between the bovine and the human

Las relaciones hispano-británicas durante el reinado de Isabel II

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Gemma Alonso Torres

1995-01-01

Full Text Available A lo largo de casi todo el siglo xix, la política de España estuvo hipotecada en manos de los gobiernos francés y, preferentemente, inglés. Este hecho supuso una dependencia total de París y Londres. Los acontecimientos políticos provocados por las guerras carlistas, la subida al trono de Isabel II y posterior reconocimiento de la reina, causaron un déficit en las arcas del Tesoro español, lo que motivó un endeudamiento continuo que se plasmó en la emisión de Deuda pública, adquirida por subditos belgas, holandeses, franceses y principalmente ingleses.

Regulated gene expression in cultured type II cells of adult human lung.

Science.gov (United States)

Ballard, Philip L; Lee, Jae W; Fang, Xiaohui; Chapin, Cheryl; Allen, Lennell; Segal, Mark R; Fischer, Horst; Illek, Beate; Gonzales, Linda W; Kolla, Venkatadri; Matthay, Michael A

2010-07-01

Alveolar type II cells have multiple functions, including surfactant production and fluid clearance, which are critical for lung function. Differentiation of type II cells occurs in cultured fetal lung epithelial cells treated with dexamethasone plus cAMP and isobutylmethylxanthine (DCI) and involves increased expression of 388 genes. In this study, type II cells of human adult lung were isolated at approximately 95% purity, and gene expression was determined (Affymetrix) before and after culturing 5 days on collagen-coated dishes with or without DCI for the final 3 days. In freshly isolated cells, highly expressed genes included SFTPA/B/C, SCGB1A, IL8, CXCL2, and SFN in addition to ubiquitously expressed genes. Transcript abundance was correlated between fetal and adult cells (r = 0.88), with a subset of 187 genes primarily related to inflammation and immunity that were expressed >10-fold higher in adult cells. During control culture, expression increased for 8.1% of expressed genes and decreased for approximately 4% including 118 immune response and 10 surfactant-related genes. DCI treatment promoted lamellar body production and increased expression of approximately 3% of probed genes by > or =1.5-fold; 40% of these were also induced in fetal cells. Highly induced genes (> or =10-fold) included PGC, ZBTB16, DUOX1, PLUNC, CIT, and CRTAC1. Twenty-five induced genes, including six genes related to surfactant (SFTPA/B/C, PGC, CEBPD, and ADFP), also had decreased expression during control culture and thus are candidates for hormonal regulation in vivo. Our results further define the adult human type II cell molecular phenotype and demonstrate that a subset of genes remains hormone responsive in cultured adult cells.

Terrorismo e política internacional: uma aproximação à América do Sul Terrorism and international politics: an approach to South America

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Marcial A. Garcia Suarez

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Este estudo tem como objetivo: i analisar como a definição do conceito de terrorismo varia de acordo com distintos contextos e objetivos políticos, partindo-se do pressuposto de que a compreensão política sobre o terrorismo é contextualmente determinada; ii questionar como o fenômeno do terrorismo pode ser compreendido pela teoria de Relações Internacionais, discutindo os limites e possibilidades das diferentes abordagens; e iii analisar como países sul-americanos têm se adaptado a uma agenda antiterror marcadamente exógena ao contexto político regional. A proposta teórica do estudo consiste em um debate desde o fenômeno político do terrorismo contemporâneo ao marco mais geral da teoria de Relações Internacionais, propondo um questionamento teórico entre o fenômeno e as capacidades explicativas das teorias que compõem o mainstream da teoria de RI. Finalmente, tentamos explorar a Escola de Copenhague como uma via analítica e teórica de pesquisa, e para tanto debatemos a questão do terrorismo na América do Sul.This study analyzes: i how the definition of terrorism varies between distinct political contexts and goals, arguing that that such definitions depend on political context; ii how terrorism might be analyzed using mainstream International Relations Theory, debating the limits and possibilities of these schools of thought, and; iii how South American countries have adopted a global counterterrorism strategy which is clearly exogenous to their proper political agendas. The theoretical proposal of this article is to analyze terrorism as a political phenomenon using the theoretical apparatus of the Copenhagen School, availing itself of several South American cases.

Uma ditadura contra a república: política econômica e poder político em Roberto Campos

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Ricardo V. Silva

2006-11-01

Full Text Available O artigo examina o pensamento político de Roberto Campos entre meados das décadas de 1950 e 1970. Neste período, além de importantes funções governamentais, Campos dedicou-se intensamente à luta de idéias, publicando grande quantidade de artigos e ensaios. Será desenvolvida a hipótese de que o seu pensamento político aponta para a institucionalização de um sistema político de tipo autoritário como o mais adequado às condições culturais e políticas da sociedade brasileira. A principal característica deste tipo de sistema consiste na hipertrofia do poder Executivo estatal, sob comando de militares e tecnocratas, relativamente aos demais poderes da República. A função primordial do poder Executivo hipertrofiado são a elaboração e a implementação de reformas institucionais e de políticas econômicas "racionais", contra as resistências pretensamente particularistas e irracionais dos diferentes setores da sociedade brasileira. Essa hipótese colide frontalmente com a sugestão de Campos de que o regime instituído após o movimento de 1964 seria uma espécie de atualização, nas condições da sociedade brasileira de então, do instituto da "ditadura comissária" da antiga República romana, pelo qual se permitia a eleição de um ditador por um curto período de tempo para debelar eventuais ameaças às instituições republicanas.

Hans Kelsen: pensador político

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Sara Lagi

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Hasta la publicación de Sobre la esencia y el valor de la democracia, Hans Kelsen era solo conocido como experto en derecho público. El valor de este artículo de Lagi radica en rescatar de la obra kelseniana un aspecto casi por completo olvidado por la crítica, a saber, sus análisis sobre el significado y las características de la democracia parlamentaria en los Estados modernos. Se aborda la cuestión no solo desde el debate teórico sino también desde su contexto histórico¿político. La teoría política de Kelsen es considerada una parte integral de su doctrina central, presentada en Teoría pura del derecho, su obra más conspicua. Un análisis del trabajo sobre la esencia y el valor de la democracia nos restituye la imagen de un Kelsen como original pensador político. Se analizan las dos ediciones de Sobre la esencia y el valor de la democracia (1920¿1929 con estos propósitos: comprender por qué decidió dedicarse a la teoría de la democracia un teórico que rigurosamente defendió la separación de la esfera jurídica respecto de la historia, la filosofía y la política; y por qué no se limitó a explicar la esencia de la democracia sino que decidió concentrarse en clarificar qué se entiende por valor de la democracia.

mTORC1 Directly Phosphorylates and Regulates Human MAF1▿

Science.gov (United States)

Michels, Annemieke A.; Robitaille, Aaron M.; Buczynski-Ruchonnet, Diane; Hodroj, Wassim; Reina, Jaime H.; Hall, Michael N.; Hernandez, Nouria

2010-01-01

mTORC1 is a central regulator of growth in response to nutrient availability, but few direct targets have been identified. RNA polymerase (pol) III produces a number of essential RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis, RNA maturation, and other processes. Its activity is highly regulated, and deregulation can lead to cell transformation. The human phosphoprotein MAF1 becomes dephosphorylated and represses pol III transcription after various stresses, but neither the significance of the phosphorylations nor the kinase involved is known. We find that human MAF1 is absolutely required for pol III repression in response to serum starvation or TORC1 inhibition by rapamycin or Torin1. The protein is phosphorylated mainly on residues S60, S68, and S75, and this inhibits its pol III repression function. The responsible kinase is mTORC1, which phosphorylates MAF1 directly. Our results describe molecular mechanisms by which mTORC1 controls human MAF1, a key repressor of RNA polymerase III transcription, and add a new branch to the signal transduction cascade immediately downstream of TORC1. PMID:20516213

Human Rights and Peace Audit on Partition in South Asia - Phase II ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

3 févr. 2009 ... Human Rights and Peace Audit on Partition in South Asia - Phase II. In South Asia, people's social, political and cultural aspirations often get articulated as movements for territorially defined political change. Very often, these movements find resolution in partition or in an ethnic group/nationality getting ...

Repriming by PrimPol is critical for DNA replication restart downstream of lesions and chain-terminating nucleosides.

Science.gov (United States)

Kobayashi, Kaori; Guilliam, Thomas A; Tsuda, Masataka; Yamamoto, Junpei; Bailey, Laura J; Iwai, Shigenori; Takeda, Shunichi; Doherty, Aidan J; Hirota, Kouji

2016-08-02

PrimPol is a DNA damage tolerance enzyme possessing both translesion synthesis (TLS) and primase activities. To uncover its potential role in TLS-mediated IgVλ hypermutation and define its interplay with other TLS polymerases, PrimPol(-/-) and PrimPol(-/-)/Polη(-/-)/Polζ (-/-) gene knockouts were generated in avian cells. Loss of PrimPol had no significant impact on the rate of hypermutation or the mutation spectrum of IgVλ. However, PrimPol(-/-) cells were sensitive to methylmethane sulfonate, suggesting that it may bypass abasic sites at the IgVλ segment by repriming DNA synthesis downstream of these sites. PrimPol(-/-) cells were also sensitive to cisplatin and hydroxyurea, indicating that it assists in maintaining / restarting replication at a variety of lesions. To accurately measure the relative contribution of the TLS and primase activities, we examined DNA damage sensitivity in PrimPol(-/-) cells complemented with polymerase or primase-deficient PrimPol. Polymerase-defective, but not primase-deficient, PrimPol suppresses the hypersensitivity of PrimPol(-/-) cells. This indicates that its primase, rather than TLS activity, is pivotal for DNA damage tolerance. Loss of TLS polymerases, Polη and Polζ has an additive effect on the sensitivity of PrimPol(-/-) cells. Moreover, we found that PrimPol and Polη-Polζ redundantly prevented cell death and facilitated unperturbed cell cycle progression. PrimPol(-/-) cells also exhibited increased sensitivity to a wide variety of chain-terminating nucleoside analogs (CTNAs). PrimPol could perform close-coupled repriming downstream of CTNAs and oxidative damage in vitro. Together, these results indicate that PrimPol's repriming activity plays a central role in reinitiating replication downstream from CTNAs and other specific DNA lesions.

Exonuclease of human DNA polymerase gamma disengages its strand displacement function.

Science.gov (United States)

He, Quan; Shumate, Christie K; White, Mark A; Molineux, Ian J; Yin, Y Whitney

2013-11-01

Pol γ, the only DNA polymerase found in human mitochondria, functions in both mtDNA repair and replication. During mtDNA base-excision repair, gaps are created after damaged base excision. Here we show that Pol γ efficiently gap-fills except when the gap is only a single nucleotide. Although wild-type Pol γ has very limited ability for strand displacement DNA synthesis, exo(-) (3'-5' exonuclease-deficient) Pol γ has significantly high activity and rapidly unwinds downstream DNA, synthesizing DNA at a rate comparable to that of the wild-type enzyme on a primer-template. The catalytic subunit Pol γA alone, even when exo(-), is unable to synthesize by strand displacement, making this the only known reaction of Pol γ holoenzyme that has an absolute requirement for the accessory subunit Pol γB. © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Active site of tripeptidyl peptidase II from human erythrocytes is of the subtilisin type

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tomkinson, B.; Wernstedt, C.; Hellman, U.; Zetterqvist, Oe.

1987-11-01

The present report presents evidence that the amino acid sequence around the serine of the active site of human tripeptidyl peptidase II is of the subtilisin type. The enzyme from human erythrocytes was covalently labeled at its active site with (/sup 3/H)diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and the protein was subsequently reduced, alkylated, and digested with trypsin. The labeled tryptic peptides were purified by gel filtration and repeated reversed-phase HPLC, and their amino-terminal sequences were determined. Residue 9 contained the radioactive label and was, therefore, considered to be the active serine residue. The primary structure of the part of the active site (residues 1-10) containing this residue was concluded to be Xaa-Thr-Gln-Leu-Met-Asx-Gly-Thr-Ser-Met. This amino acid sequence is homologous to the sequence surrounding the active serine of the microbial peptidases subtilisin and thermitase. These data demonstrate that human tripeptidyl peptidase II represents a potentially distinct class of human peptidases and raise the question of an evolutionary relationship between the active site of a mammalian peptidase and that of the subtilisin family of serine peptidases.

La regulación del dinero político

OpenAIRE

Enrique García Viñuela

2007-01-01

El dinero que se dirige a la financiación de los partidos y las campañas electorales se regula en las democracias para prevenir la corrupción quid pro quo y para que las desigualdades económicas no se trasladen a la política. Este artículo aborda la lógica de la regulación de esa clase de dinero y propone medidas que reducen los costes de información y agencia que comporta la representación política. El artículo tiene tres propósitos. El primero es exponer los problemas de la financiación pol...

Naturaleza humana y política en Denis Diderot

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Pablo Scotto Benito

2015-02-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo se propone relacionar la concepción que Diderot tiene del ser humano con sus ideas políticas. A pesar de que no se pueda hallar en la obra del “filósofo” un tratado sistemático en el que el estudio de la naturaleza humana sirva como fundamentación de un determinado sistema político, la epistemología empirista y el monismo materialista diderotianos, con la consecuente revalorización de las pasiones corporales, conducen a una moral y una política universalistas, acordes con la naturaleza humana y centradas en la felicidad de los individuos.

Benedetto Croce, entre Ética y Política

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Francesc Morató i Pastor

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Recuperar la vertiente política del Idealismo Italiano, más allá de la imagen localista que lo ha rodeado, del cual es muestra una figura tan europea como Croce, singular teórico y político, presente en grandes debates desde la crisis finisecular del mar-xismo y la alternativa sindicalista hasta el fin de la segunda guerra, crítico siempre con un pensar tendente al olvido del carácter histórico de todo lo real, no menos que de la inevitable tensión entre lo bueno y lo útil, la economía y la política.

Benedetto Croce, entre ética y política

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Francesc Morató i Pastor

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Recuperar la vertiente política del Idealismo Italiano, más allá de la imagen localista que lo ha rodeado, del cual es muestra una figura tan europea como Croce, singular teórico y político, presente en grandes debates desde la crisis finisecular del marxismo y la alternativa sindicalista hasta el fin de la segunda guerra, crítico siempre con un pensar tendente al olvido del carácter histórico de todo lo real, no menos que de la inevitable tensión entre lo bueno y lo útil, la economía y la política.

O conceito de liberdade política em Montesquieu

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Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva

1969-06-01

Full Text Available O primeiro passo na análise do conceito de liberdade política, tal como êle se nos apresenta em De l'esprit des lois, deverá assina-lar uma diferença, fundamental para Montesquieu, entre "liberdade filosófica" e "liberdade política".

La Política de Cohesión Europea en dos regiones españolas: configurando las redes de políticas y el capital social

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Jacint Jordana

2011-05-01

Full Text Available El artículo analiza la fase de programación de la política europea de cohesión centrándose en el nivel autonómico de gobierno. Sostiene que los Fondos Estructurales han afectado de manera esencial la configuración de las políticas de desarrollo regional. En particular, la europeización de la política regional en España ha implicado un papel creciente de los gobiernos autonómicos, que han ido adoptando un conjunto de prácticas y procedimientos homogéneos en los procesos de programación e implementación de la política de cohesión. No obstante, la evidencia empírica recogida en las comunidades autónomas de Galicia y de Murcia, en relación con la programación del período financiero 2007-2013 (PORs, prueba la existencia de diferentes configuraciones de la red de política regional que lleva a cabo las tareas de programación. Al mismo tiempo, también las características de capital social de los actores implicados en cada red de política regional presentan diferencias significativas. Estos resultados sugieren que, a pesar de que los procedimientos formales de programación son prácticamente idénticos, los procesos políticos son bastante distintos en cada comunidad autónoma, lo que plantea nuevos interrogantes sobre las causas de dichas variaciones.

Cultura Política republicana e o Código Penal de 1890 * Cultura Política republicana y el Código Penal de 1890

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PAULO HENRIQUE MIOTTO DONADELI

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Resumo: O presente artigo buscar estabelecer o conceito de Cultura Política, para compreender a dinâmica da Cultura Política Republicana que se instaurou no Brasil no final do século XIX, como meio de analisar as novas tendências penais da Primeira República (1889-1930, que se codificam no Código Penal de 1890. Ao analisar as condições e contradições desse diploma penal, o artigo convida a fazer uma reflexão sobre a sociedade da época, mostrando que a lei penal é o resultado dos interesses e conflitos que permeia a implantação e consolidação de uma cultural política republicana. A tese central do artigo é mostrar que a elite republicana aproveitou das concepções penais para implantar e justificar mecanismos de repressão e de controle do crime, como uma das formas de dominação e manutenção de poder.Palavras-chave: Cultura Política; República Velha; Direito Penal.Resumen: En este trabajo se busca establecer el concepto de cultura política, para entender la dinámica de la cultura política republicana en Brasil que surgieron a finales del siglo XIX, como una forma de analizar las nuevas tendencias criminales de la Primera República (1889-1930, que están codificadas en el Código Penal de 1890. Al analizar las condiciones y contradicciones de esta ley penal, el artículo llama a una reflexión sobre la sociedad de la época, lo que demuestra que el derecho penal es el resultado de intereses y conflictos que se respira en la implementación y consolidación de una cultura política republicana. La tesis central del artículo es mostrar que la élite republicana aprovechó concepciones penales para implementar y justificar los mecanismos de represión y control de la delincuencia, como una forma de dominación y mantenimiento del poder.Palabras clave: Cultura Política; República Vieja; Derecho Penal.

One-dimensional Fermi accelerator model with moving wall described by a nonlinear van der Pol oscillator.

Science.gov (United States)

Botari, Tiago; Leonel, Edson D

2013-01-01

A modification of the one-dimensional Fermi accelerator model is considered in this work. The dynamics of a classical particle of mass m, confined to bounce elastically between two rigid walls where one is described by a nonlinear van der Pol type oscillator while the other one is fixed, working as a reinjection mechanism of the particle for a next collision, is carefully made by the use of a two-dimensional nonlinear mapping. Two cases are considered: (i) the situation where the particle has mass negligible as compared to the mass of the moving wall and does not affect the motion of it; and (ii) the case where collisions of the particle do affect the movement of the moving wall. For case (i) the phase space is of mixed type leading us to observe a scaling of the average velocity as a function of the parameter (χ) controlling the nonlinearity of the moving wall. For large χ, a diffusion on the velocity is observed leading to the conclusion that Fermi acceleration is taking place. On the other hand, for case (ii), the motion of the moving wall is affected by collisions with the particle. However, due to the properties of the van der Pol oscillator, the moving wall relaxes again to a limit cycle. Such kind of motion absorbs part of the energy of the particle leading to a suppression of the unlimited energy gain as observed in case (i). The phase space shows a set of attractors of different periods whose basin of attraction has a complicated organization.

Políticas sobre Sexualidad: Reportes desde las Líneas del Frente

OpenAIRE

Petchesky, Rosalind; Vianna, Adriana R. B.; Carrara, Sergio

2008-01-01

Políticas sobre sexualidad: reportes desde las líneas del frente, es un estudio comparativo de las políticas de sexualidad, la salud sexual y los derechos sexuales en ochos países y en dos instituciones mundiales. El trabajo contenido en Políticas sobre sexualidad ha sido desarrollado bajo el auspicio del Sexual Policy Watch [Observatorio de Políticas Sexuales] (SPW), un foro mundial compuesto por investigadores y activistas de una amplia gama de países y regiones del mundo. Inspirado en inic...

Seguridad humana y recursos naturales - política de seguridad en Colombia

OpenAIRE

Echeverría Rodríguez, Aura María

2010-01-01

El presente trabajo de grado atiende el nuevo concepto de política (biopolítica) que ha sido definido, por algunos autores como la política alrededor de la vida (bios), y el nuevo concepto de seguridad (seguridad humana) que cobija dentro de sus dimensiones, la seguridad medio ambiental. Esos nuevos conceptos justifican el interés de hacer un análisis de la política de seguridad en Colombia, especialmente, de la política de seguridad frente a los recursos naturales que son el fundamento de la...

Política farmacéutica saludable Healthy pharmaceutical policy

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Eduardo González Pier

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Hoy en día, la industria farmacéutica se encuentra en una transición profunda. La globalización y el avance tecnológico representan las principales presiones de cambio para un mercado mundial de medicamentos donde a este tipo de industria le resulta cada vez más difícil recuperar de forma eficiente los costos crecientes de la innovación. México debe analizar las implicaciones en el ámbito político de estos factores de cambio y promover, en el mercado de medicamentos, una política que incremente al máximo las ganancias de salud de los recursos invertidos. La política de medicamentos ofrece un raro ejemplo de complementariedad entre una buena política de salud y una política económica eficiente, es decir, una "política farmacéutica saludable".Today, the pharmaceutical industry is experiencing a profound transition. Globalization and technological advancement represent the principal pressures for change in the market, where it is increasingly more difficult for this type of industry to efficiently recoup the growing cost of innovation. Mexico needs to analyze the policy implications of these change factors and promote, in the pharmaceutical market, policies that maximize health gains on invested resources. Pharmaceutical policy offers a rare example for a complementary approach between a sound health policy and an efficient economic policy; that is, a "healthy pharmaceutical policy."

Cabo Verde: Democracia, Cultura Política e Esfera Pública

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Nataniel Andrade Monteiro

2016-07-01

Full Text Available O artigo procura contribuir para se compreender e descrever aquilo que, no meu entender, constitui a nova abordagem da discussão acerca da cultura política e da esfera pública em Cabo Verde. A pobreza, o desemprego, a justiça social e a segurança, entre outros assuntos, têm sido alvos de atenção por parte da sociedade civil cabo-verdiana, sobretudo a partir da década de noventa, com o advento da democracia. O que me incita a pensar sobre novas tendências no que se refere à cultura política dos cabo-verdianos, particularmente na afirmação e configuração de uma esfera pública que prima pela prática do debate e respeito pela opinião pública, capaz de influenciar as acções do sistema político. O ano de 2015 tem sido marcado por debates de repercussão nacional e internacional, como é o caso mediático do Estatuto de Titulares de Cargos Políticos (ETCP. Este acontecimento, ao que tudo indica, possibilita uma nova configuração da esfera pública cabo-verdiana, corroborada numa cultura política participativa, de modo que sirva, não apenas para os períodos eleitorais, mas igualmente como instrumento para a consolidação do sistema político.

Blood-group-Ii-active gangliosides of human erythrocyte membranes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Feizi, T.; Childs, R.A.; Hakomori, S.-I.; Powell, M.E.

1978-01-01

More than ten new types of gangliosides, in addition to haematoside and sialosylparagloboside, were isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. These were separated by successive chromatographies on DAEA-Sephadex, on porous silica-gel columns and on thin-layer silica gel as acetylated compounds. Highly potent blood-group-Ii and moderate blood-group-H activities were demonstrated in some of the ganglioside fractions. The gangliosides incorporated into chlolesterol/phosphatidylcholine liposomes stoicheiometrically inhibited binding of anti-(blood-group-I and i) antibodies to a radioiodinated blood-group-Ii-active glycoprotein. The fraction with the highest blood-group-I activity, I(g) fraction, behaved like sialosyl-deca- to dodeca-glycosylceramides on t.l.c. Certain blood-group-I and most of the i-determinants were in partially or completely cryptic form and could be unmasked by sialidase treatment. Thus the I and i antigens, which are known to occur on internal structures of blood-group-ABH-active glycoproteins in secretions, also occur in the interior of the carbohydrate chains of erythrocyte gangliosides. (author)

Localization and characterization of angiotensin II receptor binding and angiotensin converting enzyme in the human medulla oblongata.

Science.gov (United States)

Allen, A M; Chai, S Y; Clevers, J; McKinley, M J; Paxinos, G; Mendelsohn, F A

1988-03-08

Angiotensin II receptor and angiotensin converting enzyme distributions in the human medulla oblongata were localised by quantitative in vitro autoradiography. Angiotensin II receptors were labelled with the antagonist analogue 125I-[Sar1, Ile8] AII while angiotensin converting enzyme was labelled with 125I-351A, a derivative of the specific converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril. Angiotensin II receptor binding and angiotensin converting enzyme are present in high concentrations in the nucleus of the solitary tract, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, the rostral and caudal ventrolateral reticular nucleus, and in a band connecting the dorsal and ventral regions. In the rostral and caudal ventrolateral reticular nucleus, angiotensin II receptors are distributed in a punctate pattern that registers with neuronal cell bodies. The distribution and density of these cell bodies closely resemble those of catecholamine-containing neurones mapped by others. In view of the known interactions of angiotensin II with both central and peripheral catecholamine-containing neurons of laboratory animals, the current anatomical findings suggest similar interactions between these neuroactive compounds in the human central nervous system. The presence of angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin converting enzyme in the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and rostral and caudal ventrolateral reticular nucleus demonstrates sites for central angiotensin II to exert its known actions on vasopressin release and autonomic functions including blood pressure control. These data also suggest a possible interaction between angiotensin II and central catecholeminergic systems.

Cuba y la transición política: tan cerca y... tan lejos. Reflexiones 2009 sobre el futuro político en Cuba

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Carlos Manuel RODRÍGUEZ ARECHAVALETA

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Partiendo de una revisión teórica de autores fundamentales sobre democratizaciones en la tercera ola, el artículo intenta analizar los escenarios del poder actual en Cuba, tanto formales como informales, la singularidad institucional y los posibles reacomodos en la nueva élite política cubana. Asumimos la premisa de que la sociedad civil y la presión exterior no han logrado impactos relevantes en estos años; por tanto, nuestra unidad de observación será la composición de la élite política a partir de la estructura del régimen, las reglas electorales y el diseño institucional, y la definición de actores cuyas decisiones e interacciones puedan afectar los resultados políticos futuros; por tanto, intentamos formalizar las interacciones estratégicas de Raúl y la oposición moderada para valorar el potencial de negociación de una transición política en Cuba. Entonces, ¿es posible una alianza entre reformistas moderados en el gobierno y una oposición moderada en Cuba que permita una transición política?

Personalidad de marca de los partidos políticos: propuesta de modelo

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Luis Araya-Castillo

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Los sistemas democráticos actuales se caracterizan por una baja participación política, en especial dentro del grupo de los jóvenes. Esta situación no es ajena a Chile, por cuanto los jóvenes se han automarginado del sistema político. Esto se debe a la percepción que tienen los jóvenes sobre el sistema político. Los jóvenes señalan que los partidos políticos no los representan, que no tienen confianza en los actores políticos y que su participación en los procesos eleccionarios no permite generar cambios. En este contexto, es imprescindible estudiar la decisión de los jóvenes de automarginarse de la política desde diferentes perspectivas teóricas. Con este objetivo se hace uso de la teoría de personalidad de marca, por cuanto se ha demostrado que las personas asignan cualidades humanas o rasgos de personalidad a las marcas. Dado esto, con la teoría de personalidad de marca se puede estudiar los rasgos de personalidad que los jóvenes atribuyen a los partidos políticos, y con esto, las razones que los han alejado de los procesos eleccionarios. En este contexto, se propone un modelo de personalidad de marca para los partidos políticos. Este modelo se construye en función de la percepción de los jóvenes universitarios, quienes deberían tener una opinión más favorable sobre el sistema político. El modelo propuesto cumple con los requisitos de la validez de contenido, validez convergente y validez divergente.

A interincompreensão gera polêmica: alteridade e heterogeneidade nos discursos das cantoras Anitta e Pitty sobre comportamento sexual feminino

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Juliane de Araújo Gonzaga

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Este artigo se propõe a analisar a situação de polêmica entre as cantoras Anitta e Pitty, durante um programa televiso, em torno do comportamento das mulheres no domínio da sexualidade. Os objetivos específicos são: (i verificar como a alteridade e a heterogeneidade delimitam posições discursivas; (ii descrever a situação de polêmica e a mobilização de simulacros no processo de interincompreensão regrada e (iii analisar a situação de polêmica e demonstrar que a alteridade e a heterogeneidade materializam embates legitimados historicamente no campo da sexualidade. Situado na Análise do Discurso francesa, este trabalho utiliza referencial teórico-metodológico baseado nos pressupostos de Authier-Revuz (1990, 1998, acerca da alteridade e da heterogeneidade enunciativa, e nas considerações de Maingueneau (1993, 2005 sobre o primado do interdiscurso e a polêmica como interincompreensão regrada. O método de análise baseia-se na descrição e interpretação de marcas linguísticas (glosas, pronomes, dêiticos, vocabulário que materializam jogos de alteridade, movimentos de já-ditos e regras sobre o dizível e o indizível no discurso. Por fim, a análise conclui que os enunciados são heterogeneamente marcados e que as posições discursivas produzem situação de polêmica, pois são atravessadas por simulacros, estereótipos e embates históricos entre os gêneros no domínio da sexualidade.

Los spots factor, esencial del marketing político

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María de Jesús Origel Gutiérrez

2000-01-01

Full Text Available EI objetivo del presente trabajo es demostrar que en las elecciones presidenciales de julio de 2000, la forma de hacer política en México se modificó al introducir en las campanas electorales el marketing político y nuevas estrategias de comunicación, en especial los spots televisivos

Sensitivity and specificity of four assays to detect human T-lymphotropic virus type I or type I/II antibodies

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Vrielink, H.; Reesink, H. W.; Zaaijer, H. L.; van der Poel, C. L.; Cuypers, H. T.; Lelie, P. N.

1996-01-01

BACKGROUND: Assays that detect human T-lymphotropic virus type I and type II antibody (HTLV-I/II) are widely used in the routine screening of blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Four commercially available anti-HTLV-I (Fujirebio and Organon Teknika) or -HTLV-I/II assays (Murex and Ortho) were

Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding human DNA topoisomerase II and localization of the gene to chromosome region 17q21-22

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tsai-Pflugfelder, M.; Liu, L.F.; Liu, A.A.; Tewey, K.M.; Whang-Peng, J.; Knutsen, T.; Huebner, K.; Croce, C.M.; Wang, J.C.

1988-01-01

Two overlapping cDNA clones encoding human DNA topoisomerase II were identified by two independent methods. In one, a human cDNA library in phage λ was screened by hybridization with a mixed oligonucleotide probe encoding a stretch of seven amino acids found in yeast and Drosophila DNA topoisomerase II; in the other, a different human cDNA library in a λgt11 expression vector was screened for the expression of antigenic determinants that are recognized by rabbit antibodies specific to human DNA topoisomerase II. The entire coding sequences of the human DNA topoisomerase II gene were determined from these and several additional clones, identified through the use of the cloned human TOP2 gene sequences as probes. Hybridization between the cloned sequences and mRNA and genomic DNA indicates that the human enzyme is encoded by a single-copy gene. The location of the gene was mapped to chromosome 17q21-22 by in situ hybridization of a cloned fragment to metaphase chromosomes and by hybridization analysis with a panel of mouse-human hybrid cell lines, each retaining a subset of human chromosomes

Las mujeres en la política paquistaní

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Rukshana Qamber

2000-11-01

Full Text Available Pakistán se fundó en 1947 pero las mujeres ya eran activas durante el movimiento de independencia que empezó casi un siglo antes. Un estudio de la mujer en las políticas pakistaníes debe tener dos temas centrales: uno, a lo largo de la historia, esas mujeres jamás eran pasivas durante las crisis comunitarias. Aparte de sus acciones individuales, tenían sus organizaciones e instituciones para alcanzar sus metas. Dos, al nacer el estado, la mujer era más libre y los líderes nacionales estaban más a favor de los derechos de la mujer que últimamente. Para describir a la mujer pakistaní en las políticas estatales (empezando en el movimiento independista, tocaremos temas variados, como el de todas clases de mujeres, los logros de sus luchas, el impacto de la política islámica e el efecto de las políticas internacionales sobre la situación de la mujer en Pakistán.

Fast Superpixel Segmentation Algorithm for PolSAR Images

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Zhang Yue

2017-10-01

Full Text Available As a pre-processing technique, superpixel segmentation algorithms should be of high computational efficiency, accurate boundary adherence and regular shape in homogeneous regions. A fast superpixel segmentation algorithm based on Iterative Edge Refinement (IER has shown to be applicable on optical images. However, it is difficult to obtain the ideal results when IER is applied directly to PolSAR images due to the speckle noise and small or slim regions in PolSAR images. To address these problems, in this study, the unstable pixel set is initialized as all the pixels in the PolSAR image instead of the initial grid edge pixels. In the local relabeling of the unstable pixels, the fast revised Wishart distance is utilized instead of the Euclidean distance in CIELAB color space. Then, a post-processing procedure based on dissimilarity measure is empolyed to remove isolated small superpixels as well as to retain the strong point targets. Finally, extensive experiments based on a simulated image and a real-world PolSAR image from Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AirSAR are conducted, showing that the proposed algorithm, compared with three state-of-the-art methods, performs better in terms of several commonly used evaluation criteria with high computational efficiency, accurate boundary adherence, and homogeneous regularity.

Asia Central en la política exterior rusa

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Javier Morales

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Las políticas rusas hacia Asia Central han estado condicionadas por la herencia histórica anterior a la disolución de la URSS, pero también por los cambios en el sistema internacional y en la propia Rusia acaecidos desde entonces. ¿En qué medida la actuación de Rusia ha sido coherente y estable, basada en una estrategia para Asia Central fundamentada en los intereses nacionales? En este artículo examinamos los fundamentos de la política exterior rusa en relación con Asia Central, dividiéndola en tres apartados: político, económico y de seguridad.

Aspectos políticos de la dependencia financiera en los municipios mexicanos

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Jorge Ibarra Salazar

2013-01-01

Full Text Available La literatura especializada ha estudiado el im- pacto de las modi caciones en las instituciones scales el Sistema Nacional de Coordinaci n Fiscal (1980 y las reformas constitucionales al art - culo 115 (1983 y 1999 sobre el grado de depen- dencia nanciera de los gobiernos municipales y el desempe o gubernamental. Aunado a ello, el entorno pol tico ha probado ser un determinante importante en dicho desempe o. En efecto, des- de el enfoque de la econom a pol tica, diferen- tes estudios documentan los efectos del entorno pol tico y las instituciones scales en variables scales tales como el gasto y la deuda en go- biernos nacionales y subnacionales. Con base en cuatro variables la a liaci n pol tica del alcalde, la a liaci n pol tica del gobernador, la composi- ci n de los congresos locales y la celebraci n de elecciones locales , los autores construyen indi- cadores de con uencia pol tica a escala munici- pal y estudian la in uencia sobre la dependencia nanciera del grado de uni caci n del gobierno municipal, tanto con respecto al gobierno esta- tal como con respecto al congreso local, adem s de considerar la a liaci n pol tica del alcalde y el ciclo electoral local. A trav s de su enfoque anal tico y sus hallazgos emp ricos, este art culo ampl a el alcance de los estudios emp ricos sobre dependencia municipal scal. As mismo, aporta al campo de la econom a pol tica y sus estudios sobre las nanzas p blicas subnacionales.

Psicología comunitaria y políticas sociales en Chile Psicologia comunitaria e políticas sociais no Chile Community psychology and social policies in Chile

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Jaime Alfaro Inzunza

2009-08-01

Full Text Available En este artículo analizamos la relación entre Psicología Comunitaria y políticas sociales, estableciendo la influencia de las políticas sociales sobre el desarrollo contemporáneo de la Psicología Comunitaria en Chile. Sostenemos que su consolidación como profesión se asocia estrechamente a la implementación de políticas sociales a partir de la década de los noventa y su conformación actual está condicionada y tensionada por las orientaciones de estas políticas. Se examina la evolución tanto de las políticas sociales como de la Psicología Comunitaria en Chile, los puntos de encuentro y las tensiones, de las que derivamos una serie de desafíos y proyecciones que examinamos en el presente artículo, con el objetivo de avanzar en la comprensión de esta relación.Este artigo investigou a relação entre a Psicologia Comunitária e as políticas sociais, estabelecendo a influência das políticas sociais sobre o desenvolvimento contemporâneo da Psicologia Comunitária no Chile. Afirmamos que a sua consolidação como profissão está intimamente associada à implementação de políticas sociais desde a década de noventa e sua formação atual está condicionada e tensionada pelas diretrizes dessas políticas. O estudo analisa a evolução das políticas sociais e da psicologia comunitária no Chile, os pontos de encontro e de tensão, dos quais se deriva uma série de desafios e projeções discutidos neste artigo com o objetivo de fazer avançar a compreensão desta relação.In this article we analyze the evolution of community psychology in Chile, and the influences of social policies in its development. We hold that its consolidation as a profession is closely associated to the implementation of social policies since the nineties, and its present conformation is determined and tightened by the orientation of these policies. From the evolution of social policies and Community Psychology in Chile we have come up with a series

A Política de Quotas em Portugal: O papel dos partidos políticos e do feminismo de Estado

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Rosa Monteiro

2012-11-01

Full Text Available A designada Lei da Paridade representa um marco importantíssimo na promoção da igualdade de mulheres e homens em Portugal. A sua relevância advém de vários factores, dentre os quais se destaca o seu impacto num sistema eleitoral que a inércia do sistema político-partidário tem sido incapaz de alterar. Na análise do surgimento das políticas de quotas em Portugal, o papel do principal mecanismo oficial para a igualdade, ou seja, da Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género, e das suas redes não tem sido estudado. Ora, como refere Mona Lena Krook, esforços para aumentar o número de mulheres em cargos políticos raramente acontecem na ausência de mobilização de mulheres. Adoptando a abordagem do feminismo de Estado, exploro aqui o papel da Comissão como uma entidade decisiva na apresentação das reivindicações feministas perante o Estado, um papel que tem sido sistematicamente ignorado, e explicito a forma como este mecanismo e as associações de mulheres em seu torno contribuíram para a promoção da agenda da participação das mulheres na política em Portugal.

Esquema de evaluación para instrumentos de política ambiental

OpenAIRE

Mariana Bobadilla; Martha Ileana Espejel Carbajal; Francisco Lara Valencia; Saul Álvarez Borrego; Sophie Ávila Foucat; José Luis Fermán Almada

2013-01-01

La evaluación de la política ambiental ha avanzado lentamente en México por varias razones que incluyen la novedad y rápida evolución de los instrumentos de política ambiental; la complejidad de los problemas ambientales y la inexistencia de modelos de evaluación estandarizados para los evaluadores de dicha política. Este artículo propone un esquema metodológico para la evaluación en tres etapas de los instrumentos de política ambiental. El método identifica la funcionalidad del instrumento d...

Políticas culturales y cultura política en una organización campesina del Magdalena Medio colombiano

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Nydia Constanza Mendoza Romero

2011-01-01

El artículo se orienta a la comprensión de algunas relaciones entre cultura y poder que median los procesos organizativos inscritos en zonas de conflicto social y armado colombiano. En particular, se analiza la forma en la cual, en la configuración histórica de una organización campesina en Cimitarra, se van imbricando las políticas culturales, que desde este tipo de agrupaciones se despliegan, con las culturas políticas locales y nacionales, proceso en el que se van redefiniendo también los ...

Introducción. Sobre la música en la política y la política en la música

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Asensio Llamas, Susana

2011-10-01

Full Text Available Music & Politics is a monographic issue that has at its origin the increasing need to understand how musical phenomena have interacted historically with a variety of political situations. This socio-cultural relationship has manifested itself historically, both in the capability of musical phenomena to support or represent relevant social movements –political cultures–, and in the historiography of the numerous policies subsequently developed by all kind of institutions concerning music –cultural policies–. The articles collected here illustrate a few examples of the ways in which political ideas have been popularly expressed through music, as well as some institutional regulations created to control these expressions.

Música & Políticas es un monográfico que aparece de la necesidad creciente de comprender cómo los fenómenos musicales han interactuado históricamente con diversas situaciones políticas. Esta relación sociocultural está históricamente constatada, en lo que se refiere a la capacidad de los fenómenos musicales de vehicular o representar movimientos sociales relevantes –culturas políticas–, pero también en la historiografía de las muchas normativas que todo tipo de instituciones han desarrollado como consecuencia en torno a la música –políticas culturales–. Los artículos aquí contenidos muestran varios ejemplos de cómo se han expresado popularmente ideas políticas a través de la música, y también de algunas regulaciones institucionales suscitadas con el objeto de controlar estas expresiones.

Contextos políticos pre-electorales

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Iñíguez Rímoli, Nathalie; Fernández, Guillermo

2007-01-01

El presente artículo está enmarcado en el proyecto de investigación “El éxito de las campañas políticas locales en el contexto de campañas de carácter nacional en la Argentina: el caso de la ciudad de La Plata en las elecciones de los años 1999 y 2005”. En el mismo se busca establecer la relación correspondiente entre las campañas electorales de los años 1999 y 2005, para lograr la caracterización del contexto de construcción y legitimación de las campañas políticas locales en el marco de las...

Esferas (ocultas de participação política dos jovens na cidade da Praia, Cabo Verde: do político ao parapolítico

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Aquilino José Varela

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Trabalhar esferas de participação política dos jovens na Praia, capital de Cabo Verde, constitui o objetivo deste artigo. Partindo de uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa, mapeamos as instâncias reservadas à participação política juvenil e exumamos a trajetória emergente forjada pelos jovens no sentido de expressarem o seu relacionamento com as instituições políticas, sobretudo o Governo e os Partidos Políticos. Esferas mercantilistas e parapolíticas expressas em grupos de rap e gangues de rua constituem novas tendências organizacionais e participacionistas dos jovens praienses que, num contexto marcado por desigualdades e dificuldades de acesso às oportunidades sociais, encontram no mercado eleitoral possibilidades de afirmação social.

Cervantes y la Corte: Lecturas biográficas, patrocinio e interpretaciones políticas

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Mario CRESPO LÓPEZ

2009-12-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: La vida y la obra de Miguel de Cervantes contienen datos de indudable interés para el estudio de la política de la Edad Moderna y de las conexiones áulicas entre el creador literato y los grupos de poder de su época. Lo que conocemos de la biografía de Cervantes, sus inquietudes vitales, los argumentos de sus obras y los misterios que rodearon su mecenazgo y participación en la «república de las letras» se relacionan no sólo con el contexto político de desencanto tras la grandeza imperial de Felipe II sino también con la relación con personajes concretos de la Corte de Felipe III y con algunos acontecimientos, como la expulsión de los moriscos, que marcaron tanto el reinado como la propia obra cervantina. Lo cierto es que no existen demasiadas fuentes a partir de las cuales puedan estudiarse estas conexiones, pero es indudable que el creador está unido a una época en la que debe sobrevivir y a la que debe gran parte de sus preocupaciones literarias. En este trabajo se esbozan algunas conexiones políticas de Cervantes, recuperando parte de la bibliografía de los llamados «cervantistas» decimonónicos.ABSTRACT: Miguel de Cervantes' life and work contain interesting data to study the Modern Age politics and courts connections between the writer and the power ful groups at that time. Cervantes biography, his vital inquietudes, the plot in his works, the misteries of his literary sustenance and his participation in the «república de las letras» can be relationed not only with the political context of disenchantment after Philip II imperial grandeeship but also with the relation with concrete persons in the Court of Philip III and with some events, like Morisco's expulsion, that determine the reign and own Cervantes' work. There are not enough data to study those connections, but it is indubitable that the writer lives in a time where he must survive and where he shows his literary worries. This work sketches some

Recombinant pollen allergens from Dactylis glomerata: preliminary evidence that human IgE cross-reactivity between Dac g II and Lol p I/II is increased following grass pollen immunotherapy.

Science.gov (United States)

Roberts, A M; Van Ree, R; Cardy, S M; Bevan, L J; Walker, M R

1992-07-01

We previously described the isolation of three identical complementary DNA (cDNA) clones, constructed from Orchard/Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) anther messenger RNA (mRNA), expressing a 140,000 MW beta-galactosidase fusion protein recognized by IgE antibodies in atopic sera. Partial nucleotide sequencing and inferred amino acid sequence showed greater than 90% homology with the group II allergen from Lolium perenne (Lol II) indicating they encode the group II equivalent, Dac g II. Western blot immunoprobing of recombinant lysates with rabbit polyclonal, mouse monoclonal and human polyclonal antisera demonstrates immunological identity between recombinant Dac g II, Lol p I and Lol p II. Similar cross-identity is observed with pollen extracts from three other grass species: Festuca rubra, Phleum pratense and Anthoxanthum odoratum. Recombinant Dac g II was recognized by species- and group-cross-reactive human IgE antibodies in 33% (4/12) of sera randomly selected from grass-sensitive individuals and in 67% (14/21) of sera from patients receiving grass pollen immunotherapy, whilst 0/4 sera from patients receiving venom immunotherapy alone contained Dac g II cross-reactive IgE. Cross-reactive IgG4 antibodies were detectable in 95% of sera from grass pollen immunotherapy patients. These preliminary data suggest that conventional grass pollen allergoid desensitization immunotherapy may induce IgE responses to a cross-reactive epitope(s) co-expressed by grass pollen groups I and II (and possibly group III) allergens.

Representación política y democracia deliberativa. ¿Qué puede significar hoy la participación política?

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Roberto García Alonso

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Los defensores de la democracia deliberativa han respaldado concepciones participativas de la democracia y han hecho hincapié en la inclusión política, la discusión pública, el razonamiento y el juicio político. Sin embargo, uno de los principales retos de las teorías deliberativas es el desarrollo de un diseño institucional viable. En otras palabras, ¿por qué, cómo y dónde debemos participar? Dadas las nuevas experiencias y desarrollos teóricos planteados por los modelos deliberativos existe una excelente coyuntura para proceder a una reevaluación del conjunto de los problemas planteados por el self-government y la participación política. Esto pasa necesariamente por un reconocimiento explícito de los desafíos que se enfrentan y de los límites de estas propuestas; en concreto, se hace urgente discutir: a los requisitos político-institucionales que deben cumplir los procedimientos deliberativos y b aclarar la delimitación normativa que la deliberación debe mantener con los elementos propios de nuestros gobiernos.

Comunicación política en las redes sociales: análisis del discurso político de ámbito local en los medios tradicionales y redes sociales

OpenAIRE

Moguer Terol, Manuel

2015-01-01

La tesis doctoral «Comunicación Política y redes sociales. Análisis del discurso político de ámbito local en medios tradicionales y redes sociales» analiza las diferencias y similitudes entre el discurso que los políticos generan para sí mismos en Facebook y Twitter como redes paradigmáticas y el que los medios de comunicación analógicos producen sobre ellos. Esta investigación pretende averiguar hasta qué punto los políticos trascienden la comunicación mediada y se hacen con el control de su...

Uma Nota Sobre o Papel da Credibilidade da Política Monetária e Fiscal: Evidências para o Brasil

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