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Sample records for hiv positivos abordagem

  1. Estigma e discriminação: experiências de mulheres HIV positivo nos bairros populares de Maputo, Moçambique

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    Andrade, Rosário Gregório; Iriart, Jorge Alberto Bernstein

    2015-01-01

    A epidemia de HIV/AIDS é um sério problema de saúde pública em Moçambique, que convive com altas taxas de prevalência do HIV. O impacto da epidemia é agravado pelo forte estigma que atinge as pessoas soropositivas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, com base em uma perspectiva socioantropológica, a experiência de mulheres HIV positivo nos bairros populares de Maputo e como lidam com o estigma e a discriminação. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com dez mulheres HIV positivo, ...

  2. Solitary Kaposi's sarcoma in retromolar region of an HIV positive patient: case report Sarcoma de Kaposi em região retromolar de um paciente HIV positivo: relato de caso

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    Maiara de Moraes

    2012-02-01

    Full Text Available Kaposi's sarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of vascular origin. It occurs mainly among immune deficient individuals, thus it is the most common neoplasm among HIV- positive patients. Its pathogenesis is complex and has not been fully clarified. This case arouses particular interest due to its anatomic location in the retromolar region of a 39-year-old male HIV- positive patient, who presented low white blood cell count and was not undergoing antiretroviral therapy. The emergence of this lesion may be associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART discontinuation and leukopenia. Hence, the reestablishment of therapy allows a suitable therapeutic approach and contributes to prognosis and survival rates.Sarcoma de Kaposi é uma neoplasia maligna de origem vascular que ocorre principalmente em indivíduos com deficiência imunológica, sendo a neoplasia mais comum em pacientes HIV positivos. Sua patogênese é complexa e não está bem estabelecida. Este caso é de interesse pela localização anatômica em região retromolar de paciente soropositivo, que apresentou baixa contagem de células brancas do sangue e que não realizava terapia antirretroviral. O surgimento da lesão pode estar associado à interrupção da terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa (HAART e à baixa contagem leucocitária. Assim, o restabelecimento da terapia pode permitir a abordagem terapêutica e contribuir para o prognóstico e a sobrevida.

  3. Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi lymphadenitis in an HIV-positive patient Linfadenite necrosante histiocítica (linfadenite de Kikuchi em um paciente HIV-positivo

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    José VASSALLO

    2002-10-01

    Full Text Available Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, or Kikuchi's lymphadenitis (KL, is an unusual form of lymphadenitis, generally with self-limited clinical course. KL has been reported in rare patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV. Pathogenesis of the lesion is probably related to an impaired immune function. The purpose of the present article is to report on one case in which KL was diagnosed in an HIV-infected patient. Histomorphology and immunophenotype were similar to previous reports, but a focus of activated CD30+ macrophages was seen, what might be due to the immunological status of the patient. EBV was not detected on the sections using the in situ hybridization technique. Although rare, the occurrence of KL in HIV-infected subjects must be emphasized, because of the potential misdiagnosis of malignancy, especially in the presence of CD30+ cells.A linfadenite necrosante histiocítica, ou linfadenite de Kikuchi (LK, é uma forma rara de linfadenite, geralmente de curso clínico auto-limitado. Raros casos de LK associados à infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV foram relatados, sendo sua patogênese atribuída à disfunção imunológica destes pacientes. O objetivo do presente artigo é relatar um caso de associação de LK em um paciente HIV-positivo. A histomorfologia e a imunofenotipagem foram semelhantes aos casos anteriormente descritos na literatura, mas focos de macrófagos ativados positivos para o CD30 foram vistos, o que pode ser devido ao estado imune do paciente. A pesquisa de EBV por hibridização in situ foi negativa no tecido. Embora rara, a ocorrência de LK em pacientes HIV-positivos deve ser lembrada, por causa do potencial erro diagnóstico com linfoma maligno, especialmente na presença de células CD30+.

  4. Adesão de pacientes HIV positivos à dietoterapia ambulatorial Adherence of positive HIV patients to ambulatory diet therapy

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    Késia Diego Quintaes

    1999-08-01

    Full Text Available É conhecida a importância do estado nutricional para a evolução clínica de pacientes HIV positivos. Entretanto, é desconhecida a expectativa do paciente com relação à dietoterapia. Por um período de 30 semanas foram acompanhados 50,0% dos pacientes HIV positivo (grupos II e IV atendidos pelo ambulatório de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis do Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro. Neste período foram realizadas duas entrevistas, sendo o intervalo entre elas de 10 semanas. Na primeira foram colhidos dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, verificadas as modificações voluntárias feitas na alimentação e também a expectativa do paciente quanto a este tipo de tratamento. Na segunda foram colhidos indicadores diretos e indiretos de adesão ao tratamento. A adesão foi maior entre os pacientes do grupo IV (64,7% do que entre os do grupo II (35,3%. No entanto, 81,3% dos pacientes do grupo II, após tomarem conhecimento da sorologia positiva para HIV, modificaram voluntariamente sua alimentação, demostrando ser este um importante período para sensibilização do paciente para o tratamento.It's well known the importance of nutritional status to the clinical evolution of positive HIV patients. However, the patient expectation in relation to diet therapy is unknown. During 30 weeks, 50.0% of the patients HIV positive (groups II and IV attended by the ambulatory of Sexually Transmitted Diseases of Hospital and Maternity Celso Pierro, were interviewed. In this period two interviews with an interval of ten weeks were carried out. At the first one socioeconomic and anthropometric data were collected voluntary feeding modifications and also the patient expectation about such treatment were verified. At the second one, direct and indirect indicators of the adherence to treatment were colleded. The adherence was greater in pacients of group IV (64.7% than in group II (35.3%. However, 81.3% of the patients from group II, after being aware

  5. Indicações e achados das colonoscopias nos doentes HIV-positivo: comparação com soronegativos Indications and results of colonoscopies in HIV-positive patients: comparison with seronegative patients

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    Carmen Ruth Manzione

    2007-03-01

    Full Text Available Embora as indicações da colonoscopia sejam semelhantes em doentes HIV-positivo, quando comparados aos soronegativos, os achados e as suas incidências parecem diferir, sendo alguns deles mais específicos para o grupo dos imunodeprimidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as indicações e os achados das colonoscopias comparando os doentes soropositivos com os soronegativos para o HIV. Realizamos 1909 exames entre 1997 e 2005, sendo 1341 HIV-negativo (771 mulheres e 570 homens com média etária de 51,2 anos e 568 HIV-positivo (137 mulheres e 431 homens com 34,4 anos, em média. A análise estatística dos dados estudados revelou haver mais exames em homens no grupo HIV-positivo e em mulheres entre os soronegativos. O grupo mais jovem foi o dos soropositivos. Houve mais indicações devidas a enterorragia (22,1% e dor abdominal (12,7% nos pacientes soronegativos, e diarréia crônica (45,9% entre os soropositivos. As colites e os tumores foram os achados mais comuns em pacientes HIV-positivo e a moléstia diverticular e os pólipos, os mais freqüentes entre os soronegativos. O tumor predominante nos soronegativos foi o adenocarcinoma, enquanto que entre os soropositivos foi o sarcoma de Kaposi. CONCLUSÃO: A comparação entre os grupos demonstrou haver diferenças com relação ao sexo, idade e algumas indicações. Os achados foram semelhantes, embora com freqüências distintas.Although colonoscopy indications are similar in HIV-positive patients when compared to sero-negative persons, the findings and their incidences seem to be different, and some are more specific to immunosuppressed patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate indications and findings of colonoscopies comparing patients, sero-negatives and sero-positives to HIV. We performed 1909 colonoscopies from 1997 to 2005, 1341 in HIV-negative persons (771 females and 570 males with mean age of 51.2 years old and 568 in HIV-positive people (137 females and 431 males with mean age of 34.4 years

  6. Anal cancer precursor lesions in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients seen at a tertiary health institution in Brazil Lesões precursoras do câncer anal em pacientes HIV-positivos e HIV-negativos atendidos numa instituição de saúde terciária no Brasil

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    Ivan Tramujas da Costa e Silva

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASIL or anal cancer in patients attended at the Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas. Methods: 344 patients consecutively attended at the institution, in 2007/2008, were distributed in the following strata according to presence/abscense of at risk conditions for anal cancer: Group 1 _ HIV-positive men-who-have-sex-with-men (101; Group 2 _ HIV-positive females (49; Group 3 _ patients without any at risk condition for anal cancer (53; Group 4 _ HIV-positive heterosexual men (38; Group 5 _ HIV-negative patients, without anoreceptive sexual habits, but with other at risk conditions for anal cancer (45; Group 6 _ HIV-negative men-who-have-sex-with-men (26; and Group 7 _ HIV-negative anoreceptive females (32. The histopathological results of biopsies guided by high-resolution anoscopy were analyzed by frequentist and bayesian statistics in order to calculate the point-prevalence of ASIL/cancer and observe any eventual preponderance of one group over the other. Results: The point-prevalence of ASIL for all the patients studied was 93/344 (27%, the difference between HIV-positive and negative patients being statistically significant (38.3% versus 13.5%; p Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais (ASIL ou câncer anal em pacientes atendidos na Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas. Métodos: 344 pacientes consecutivamente atendidos na instituição, em 2007/2008, foram distribuídos nos seguintes estratos conforme a presença/ausência de fatores de risco para o câncer anal: Grupo 1 _ homens-que-fazem-sexo-com-homens HIV-positivos (101; Grupo 2 _ mulheres HIV-positivas (49; Grupo 3 _ pacientes sem condição de risco para o câncer anal (53; Grupo 4 _ homens heterossexuais HIV-positivos (38; Grupo 5 _ pacientes HIV-negativos, sem hábitos sexuais anorreceptivos, mas com outras condições de risco para o câncer anal (45

  7. Relación entre el virus humano herpes 8 y el sarcoma de Kaposi en pacientes positivos y negativos para el VIH Relationship between human herpes virus 8 and Kaposi sarcomain HIV positive and negative patients

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    BEATRIZ OROZCO

    2007-09-01

    Full Text Available Introducción. Parece existir una relación de causalidad entre la infección por el virus humano herpes 8 ( human Herpesvirus 8, HHV-8 y el desarrollo de sarcoma de Kaposi, especialmente en la población positiva para virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH. Objetivo. Fue determinar la relación entre los resultados serológicos positivos para HHV-8 y el sarcoma de Kaposi en pacientes positivos y negativos para VIH de Medellín, buscando la relación con distintas variables. Materiales y métodos. Es un estudio descriptivo, de cohorte, prospectivo, del suero de 98 pacientes de diferentes instituciones de salud de Medellín, los cuales se dividieron en cuatro grupos para determinar por inmunofluorescencia su seropositividad frente a HHV-8 y poder asociar en forma univariada y bivariada con diferentes variables. Resultados. Se estudiaron 98 sueros. En el grupo de pacientes con sarcoma de Kaposi y VIH, 83,3% fueron positivos para HHV- 8, en el grupo sin sarcoma de Kaposi pero con sífilis, 20,8% fueron positivos para HHV-8, en el grupo sin sarcoma de Kaposi pero VIH positivos, 8% fueron positivos para HHV-8 y en el grupo de sueros de banco de sangre, 4% fueron positivos para HHV-8. La presencia de sarcoma de Kaposi no tuvo relación con la evolución de la enfermedad por VIH ni con el recuento de CD4/ml. Conclusiones. El HHV-8 circula en nuestro medio y existe una relación entre la infección por este virus y el desarrollo de sarcoma de Kaposi, especialmente en pacientes con enfermedades de transmisión sexual y VIH positivos.Background: Apparently, there is a relationship between human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8 infection and Kaposi´ sarcoma, especially in HIV-positive population. Objectives: To define the relationship between seropositivity against HHV- 8 and Kaposi´ sarcoma in an HIV positive and negative population from Medellín, looking for its relationship with different variables. Methods: It is a descriptive, cohort, prospective study which

  8. Resultados do tratamento do carcinoma espinocelular anal e do seu precursor em doentes HIV-positivos Outcome of treatment of anal squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor in HIV-infected patients

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    Sidney Roberto Nadal

    2007-08-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: A incidência de carcinomas espinocelulares anais vem aumentando nos doentes HIV-positivos. O tratamento consiste de radio e/ou quimioterapia, eventualmente seguidos pela ressecção do tumor. O objetivo é avaliar o seguimento desses doentes para verificar as recidivas e a evolução do NIAA para câncer. Apresentação da casuística da Equipe Técnica de Proctologia do Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Acompanhamos 45 doentes HIV-positivos portadores de carcinoma espinocelular anal e seu precursor no período de 1996 a 2006. Eram 30 neoplasias intra-epiteliais anais de alto grau (NIAA, tratadas com ressecção local e 15 carcinomas invasores do canal anal. Nove das 15 lesões invasivas foram submetidas ao esquema de Nigro isolado ou associado à ressecção local, amputação abdominoperineal ou colostomia para derivação. RESULTADOS: No seguimento ambulatorial das NIAA tivemos recidiva em 16,7% e não observamos evolução para carcinoma, num período mínimo de três anos. Entre os nove tumores submetidos ao esquema de Nigro, com ou sem operação complementar, cinco estão livres de tumor. Nenhum tratamento foi feito em cinco doentes. Em três, devido às péssimas condições clínicas, e em dois, pois recusaram tratamento. Outro teve diagnóstico na vigência de oclusão intestinal sendo submetido à colostomia de derivação. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que a NIAA pode reincidir após excisão local em doentes HIV-positivos, mas não evolui para carcinoma invasor e que os doentes de câncer anal invasor podem ser tratados da mesma maneira que a população soronegativa para o HIV desde que as condições clínicas o permitam.OBJECTIVE: Incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma is increasing mainly among HIV-positive patients. Treatment consists of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, sometimes followed by tumor resection. The objective was to evaluate the follow-up of such patients to verify recurrences

  9. Being an HIV-positive mother: meanings for HIV-positive women and for professional nursing staff Ser-madre HIV-positivo: significados para las mujeres HIV-positivo y para la enfermería Ser-mãe HIV-positivo: significados para mulheres HIV-positivo e para a enfermagem

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    Marisa Monticelli; Evanguelia Kotzias Atherino dos Santos; Alacoque Lorenzini Erdmann

    2007-01-01

    OBJECTIVES: To comprehend the meanings of being an HIV-positive mother for HIV-positive women and for professional nursing staff of shared in-patient maternity wards, and to identify similarities and contrasts present in these meanings. METHODS: This was a descriptive and comparative secondary analysis study of data from two previous larger studies conducted in Public Hospitals of the Greater Florianopolis Area, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Data was collected through observation and interviews. RE...

  10. Utilização de medicamentos por indivíduos HIV positivos: abordagem qualitativa Utilization of prescribed drugs by HIV infected individuals: qualitative approach

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    Francisco A. Acurcio

    1999-02-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Analisar, em sua dimensão qualitativa, a utilização de medicamentos por indivíduos infectados pelo HIV, durante o processo de procura e atendimento em serviços de saúde. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas 52 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com pacientes, trabalhadores da saúde e voluntários de organizações não-governamentais, e revistos 1.079 prontuários médicos para obtenção de informações sobre a utilização de medicamentos por portadores do HIV, cuja primeira visita a um dos serviços públicos de referência estudados ocorreu entre janeiro de 1989 e dezembro de 1992. RESULTADOS: Os problemas relacionados à utilização de anti-retrovirais foram: recusa ao uso, dificuldade de obtenção e de cumprimento da prescrição. Outros problemas foram a auto-medicação, dificuldade de obter medicamentos para patologias associadas e de cumprimento da prescrição de sulfas. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados permitiram compreender melhor os principais obstáculos e dificuldades vivenciados pelo usuário dos serviços, desde o ato da prescrição até a continuidade do tratamento.OBJECTIVE: The assessment, in its qualitative dimension, of the utilization - by HIV infected individuals - of selected prescribed drugs during the process of the search for and the obtaining of care in public health services in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHOD: Fifty two semi-structured interviews with patients, health care workers and non- governamental organizations volunteers were carried out and 1,079 medical records were reviewed. Data were obtained on the utilization of prescribed drugs by HIV infected individuals, whose first visit to one of the public services studied occurred between January 1989 and December 1992. Problems related to the use of anti-retroviral and/or opportunistic infection medication were identified and a qualitative description of their possible causes and consequences was commented on. RESULTS: Refusal to use, difficulty in obtaining and

  11. Human parvovirus B19 infection in HIV-positive patients Infecção por parvovirus humano B19 em pacientes HIV-positivos

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    Fábio S. Aguiar

    2001-06-01

    anemia é um achado infreqüente em nossos pacientes HIV positivos sob terapia medicamentosa.

  12. Gestantes HIV positivas e sua não-adesão à profilaxia no pré-natal=HIV positive pregnant women who do not follow the prenatal prophylaxis=Mujeres embarazadas con HIV positivo y su non adhesión a la profilaxia en el prenatal

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    Cechim, Petrolina Libana; Perdomini, Fernanda Rosa Indriunas; Quaresma, Lisiane Moitin

    2007-01-01

    Este é um estudo exploratório descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. Investigamos a não-adesão de gestantes portadoras do vírus HIV/AIDS ao tratamento preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde no período pré-natal. Os sujeitos desta pesquisa foram sete mulheres soropositivos, que, durante a gestação, não aderiram ao tratamento profilático recomendado. Os dados foram coletados por uma entrevista semiestruturada. Para a análise dos dados, elaboramos categorias com base nas falas destes sujeitos. Com ...

  13. Estudo da reatividade vascular em portadores de HIV com e sem uso de inibidor de protease Estudio de la reactividad vascular en portadores de VIH con y sin uso de inhibidor de proteasa Study of vascular reactivity in HIV patients whether or not receiving protease inhibitor

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    Hamilton Nenrod Pereira Teixeira

    2009-10-01

    Full Text Available FUNDAMENTO: Considerando o alto número de pacientes infectados por HIV em uso de antirretrovirais, evoluindo com alteração da função endotelial e aterotrombose, levando ao alto custo médico social, é importante identificar mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos com a função endotelial em portadores de HIV, para que, precocemente, possamos intervir e evitar a progressão da doença. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função endotelial pela vasodilatação endotélio dependente e independente em pacientes HIV positivo e em grupo controle. MÉTODOS: O estudo avaliou 27 pacientes HIV positivo e 16 do grupo controle. A avaliação da função endotelial foi realizada por meio da vasodilatação da artéria braquial endotélio dependente (hiperemia reativa e independente (nitroglicerina SL. RESULTADOS: Pacientes HIV positivo em uso de inibidor de protease (IP apresentaram vasodilatação endotélio independente significativamente menor que os subgrupos HIV negativo (p = 0,020 e HIV positivo sem uso de IP (p = 0,034. A variação do diâmetro da artéria braquial durante hiperemia reativa não apresentou significância estatística em qualquer subgrupo. A análise de regressão linear múltipla mostrou que apenas o IP estava associado ao delta relativo da reatividade braquial pelo vasodilatador, nos pacientes HIV positivo, aos 60 e 90 segundos. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes HIV positivo em uso de IP apresentam disfunção endotélio independente quando comparados a pacientes HIV positivo que não fazem uso de IP e a um grupo controle.FUNDAMENTO: Considerando el alto número de pacientes infectados por VIH en uso de antirretrovirales, evolucionando con la alteración de la función endotelial y aterotrombosis, llevando al alto coste médico social, es importante identificar mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados en la función endotelial en portadores de VIH, para que, precozmente, podamos intervenir y evitar la progresión de la enfermedad. OBJETIVO: Evaluar

  14. O estresse oxidativo e o exercício físico em indivíduos HIV positivo Oxidative stress and physical exercise in HIV positive individuals

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    Luís Fernando Deresz

    2007-08-01

    Full Text Available A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV é acompanhada por alterações estruturais e funcionais relacionadas ao sistema imunológico. Além disso, o aumento do estresse oxidativo (EO nos portadores do HIV, caracterizado por diminuição nos níveis de glutationa (GSH, aumentos na glutationa oxidada (GSSG, na razão GSSG/GSH e lipoperoxidação, bem como redução da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes - catalase, superóxido dismutase (SOD e glutationa peroxidase (GPx - é uma conseqüência da evolução dos pacientes infectados com HIV. As células do sistema imunológico necessitam de altas concentrações de antioxidantes para manter o balanço redox e preservar a sua integridade e função. Quando ocorre a depleção dos antioxidantes, há diminuição da resposta imunológica e aumento na replicação do HIV. O uso da terapia anti-retroviral combinada (TARV melhorou significativamente a evolução clínica dos pacientes, porém, mesmo assim, alguns continuam apresentando EO aumentado e outros efeitos da TARV, como alterações no metabolismo lipídico e muscular. O treinamento físico é utilizado como intervenção não farmacológica nos pacientes infectados pelo HIV para proporcionar melhoria nos parâmetros antropométricos, aeróbios, musculares e psicológicos, porém, há carência de estudos sobre a sua utilização em relação ao estresse oxidativo. Nesta revisão, foram analisados os tópicos referentes ao estresse oxidativo nos pacientes HIV positivos e os possíveis benefícios do exercício físico na capacidade antioxidante. O treinamento físico é uma estratégia auxiliar para os pacientes, com ou sem uso da TARV, uma vez que melhora os aspectos cardiorrespiratórios, musculares, antropométricos e psicológicos sem induzir a imunossupressão. Referindo-se ao estresse oxidativo, infere-se, a partir dos dados em indivíduos HIV negativos, que o treinamento físico pode gerar adaptações que minimizam os

  15. Marcadores virológicos no convencionales en pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: ADN HIV-T, ADN HIV- 2LTR y ARN de HIV Non conventional virological markers in HIV-infected patients: T-HIV DNA, 2LTR-HIV DNA and HIV RNA

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    Rosana Gariglio

    2004-10-01

    Full Text Available La terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia (TAAE induce una reducción marcada y persistente de la viremia plasmática, contribuyendo a disminuir la mortalidad y morbilidad de los pacientes HIV-positivos. Así, la carga viral (CV es el método de referencia para evaluar la eficacia terapéutica. Sin embargo, aun en presencia de una TAAE eficiente no se ha logrado la erradicación viral. En este estudio analizamos la presencia del ADN total de HIV (ADN HIV-T, del ADN no integrado con 2LTR (ADN HIV-2LTR y del ARN de HIV, en un grupo de 55 pacientes HIV-positivos en distintos estadios clínicos, con y sin TAAE, mediante ensayos de PCR con revelado colorimétrico en microplaca, optimizados en nuestro laboratorio. La sensibilidad clínica del ARN del HIV fue evaluada con el bDNA, resultando del 74% y del 64%, respectivamente, con una concordancia del 85%. Este ensayo podría ser utilizado en el seguimiento de pacientes bajo TAAE. El ADN HIV-2LTR resultó positivo en el 54% aunque estuvo ausente en pacientes con elevada CV. Este marcador se consideraba un producto lábil y su presencia se asociaba a infección reciente. Sin embargo, actuales evidencias ponen en discusión su estabilidad por lo que su significado clínico debe ser reconsiderado. La ausencia del ADN HIV-2LTR en pacientes con CV detectable puede relacionarse con la heterogeneidad de la secuencia utilizada para su detección. El ADN HIV-T estuvo presente en el 100% de las muestras y resultaría relevante como marcador de remisión cuando se dispongan de terapias que efectivamente erradiquen la infección.Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART induces a persistent reduction of the plasmatic viremia, contributing to decrease mortality and morbidity of infected people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV. Thus, viral load (VL is the reference method to evaluate therapy effectiveness. However, even in the presence of efficient HAART viral eradication was yet not achieved. In this

  16. Transmissão vertical do HIV: expectativas e ações da gestante soropositiva Transmisión vertical del VHI: expectativas y acciones de la gestante seropositiva HIV perinatal transmission: expectations and actions of hiv-positive pregnant women

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    Edilene Lins de Moura

    2006-06-01

    Full Text Available Este estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, foi motivado pelo elevado número de casos de transmissão vertical do HIV. Teve como objetivo identificar as expectativas e ações da gestante HIV positivo quanto à gravidez e ao concepto. A amostra constituiu-se de 14 gestantes infectadas, assintomáticas, que conheciam sua soropositividade antes da gravidez e que estavam no 3º trimestre de gestação. Utilizou-se entrevista para a coleta de dados que ocorreu em 2001 e 2002. Empregou-se o Método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo para analisar os dados. Verificou-se que, quanto à maternidade, as gestantes tinham expectativas semelhantes, adaptaram-se à gravidez, e acreditavam na soronegatividade do bebê e na efetividade do tratamento. Concluiu-se pela necessidade de implementação de orientação para a saúde direcionada à mulher com enfoque na transmissão vertical do HIV/aids.Este estudio descriptivo, con aproximación cualitativa, fue motivado por el gran número de niños con transmisión vertical del VHI. Tuvo como objetivo identificar las expectativas y acciones de la gestante VHI positivo en cuanto al embarazo y al concepto. La muestra se constituyó de 14 gestantes infectadas, asintomáticas, que conocían su seropositividad antes del embarazo y que estaban en el 3.er trimestre de gestación. Para la recolección de los datos, realizada en el período de 2001 y 2002, se utilizó la entrevista. El Método de Discurso de Sujeto Colectivo fue empleado para analizar los datos. Se verificó que, en cuanto a la maternidad, las gestantes tenían expectativas semejantes. Se adaptaron a la gestación, confiaban en que el bebé seria suero negativo y en la efectividad del tratamiento realizado. Las conclusiones orientan hacia la necesidad de implementación de orientación sobre la salud de la mujer con acercamiento en la transmisión vertical del VHI/SIDA.This descriptive study with a qualitative approach was motivated by the high number

  17. Molecular identification of Candida dubliniensis isolated from oral lesions of HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in São Paulo, Brazil Identificação molecular de amostras de Candida dubliniensis isoladas de lesões orais de pacientes HIV positivos e negativos em São Paulo, Brasil

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    Jorge Kleber Chavasco

    2006-02-01

    Full Text Available Candida dubliniensis is a new, recently described species of yeast. This emerging oral pathogen shares many phenotypic and biochemical characteristics with C. albicans, making it hard to differentiate between them, although they are genotypically distinct. In this study, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to investigate the presence of C. dubliniensis in samples in a culture collection, which had been isolated from HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with oral erythematous candidiasis. From a total of 37 samples previously identified as C. albicans by the classical method, two samples of C. dubliniensis (5.4% were found through the use of PCR. This study underscores the presence of C. dubliniensis, whose geographical and epidemiological distribution should be more fully investigated.Candida dubliniensis é uma nova espécie recentemente descrita. Este patógeno oral emergente compartilha muitas características fenotípicas e bioquímicas com C. albicans dificultando assim a diferenciação entre elas. As mesmas, porém, mostram-se genotipicamente distintas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar, pela técnica de PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction, a possível presença de C. dubliniensis dentre amostras isoladas de candidose oral eritematosa, provenientes de pacientes HIV positivos e HIV negativos. Em um total de 37 amostras identificadas anteriormente, por método clássico, como C. albicans encontramos duas amostras de C. dubliniensis (5,4% utilizando a técnica do PCR. Esta técnica mostrou-se útil, prática e com identificação taxonômica mais acurada.

  18. Infección diseminada por Penicillium marneffei en un paciente HIV-positivo: Primera observación en la República Argentina Disseminated infection due to Penicillium marneffei related to HIV infection: First observation in Argentina

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    GABRIELA SANTISO

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta el primer caso humano de peniciliosis por Penicillium marneffei observado en la República Argentina. El paciente era un joven de 16 años, HIV-positivo, procedente de un área rural del sur de China. El paciente fue internado en el Hospital "F. J. Muñiz" por padecer una neumonía grave con insufciencia respiratoria aguda. El agente causal fue aislado de un lavado broncoalveolar y se lo observó en un citodiagnóstico de piel. La identifcación de P. marneffei fue confrmada por las características fenotípicas del aislamiento y la amplifcación del ADNr. El enfermo padecía una infección muy avanzada por HIV que condujo a la aparición simultánea de infecciones por citomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii y procesos bacterianos nosocomiales. Este complejo cuadro derivó en una evolución fatal.The frst case observed in Argentina of AIDS-related human penicillosis is herein presented. The patient was a six- teen year-old young man coming from a rural area of southern China. He was admitted at the F. J. Muñiz Hospital of Buenos Aires city with severe pneumonia and adult respiratory distress. Penicillium marneffei was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fuid and was microscopically observed in a skin cytodiagnosis. P. marneffei identifcation was confrmed by rRNA amplifcation and its phenotypic characteristics. The patient suffered an advanced HIV infection and also presented several AIDS-related diseases due to CMV, nosocomial bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jirovecii which led to a fatal outcome.

  19. Reflexiones sobre el apoyo conductual positivo

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    Sebastià FORTEZA BAUZÁ

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available El Apoyo Conductual Positivo (ACP representa un movimiento científico que une dos líneas de trabajo, una bajo el Análisis Conductual Aplicado y otra de carácter teórico que recoge valores y conceptos descritos y desarrollados en el campo de las discapacidades intelectuales. En sus inicios fue una intervención ante las conductas problemáticas con procedimientos positivos en contraposición al abuso de prácticas negativas (aversivas. Paso a paso, se comprobó que las técnicas positivas necesitaban ser aplicadas de forma preventiva y proactiva para educar y reforzar habilidades cuya equivalencia funcional fuera la misma que motivaba las conductas problemáticas. Por último, se introdujeron claves de la línea teórica y del contexto, como calidad, normalización, valores, etcétera. Hoy el ACP ha trascendido su primer cometido y es una forma de trabajar en cualquier servicio independientemente de que haya o no conductas problemáticas, más aún, está siendo aplicado en contextos escolares,judiciales y de tercera edad. Ahora bien, el ACP tiene bastantes desafíos, entre otros la definición operativa de los conceptos que caen bajo la vertiente teórica y su desarrollo discriminativo. Por otra parte, para algunos, el abuso del discurso en relación con la falta de concreción operativa y el uso de conceptos indiscutibles (que nadie pondría en duda, como el de positivo representa un peligro a la credibilidad científica del ACP.

  20. Gestantes HIV positivas e sua não-adesão à profilaxia no pré-natal Mujeres embarazadas con HIV positivo y su non adhesión a la profilaxia en el prenatal HIV positive pregnant women who do not follow the prenatal prophylaxis

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    Petrolina Libana Cechim

    2007-10-01

    Full Text Available Este é um estudo exploratório descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. Investigamos a não-adesão de gestantes portadoras do vírus HIV/AIDS ao tratamento preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde no período pré-natal. Os sujeitos desta pesquisa foram sete mulheres soropositivos, que, durante a gestação, não aderiram ao tratamento profilático recomendado. Os dados foram coletados por uma entrevista semi-estruturada. Para a análise dos dados, elaboramos categorias com base nas falas destes sujeitos. Com os resultados, observamos que existe a vulnerabilidade da mulher em realizar a negociação do sexo seguro com o seu parceiro e que associado às baixas condições socio-econômicas, desemprego e falta de afeto, faz com que as mulheres se tornem vítimas do HIV/AIDS.Este es un estudio exploratorio descriptivo con abordaje cualitativo. Se buscó investigar a la no adhesión de las gestantes portadoras del vírus HIV/SIDA al tratamiento preconizado por el Ministério de la Salud en el periodo prenatal. Los sujetos de esta encuesta fueron siete mujeres seropositivas, que durante la gestación, no se adhirieron al tratamiento profiláctico recomendado por el Ministerio de la Salud. Los datos fueron colectados por las autoras del estudio, a través de una entrevista semiestructurada. Para el análisis de los datos, elaboramos categorías desde lo que expresaron estos sujetos. Con los resultados observamos que existe la vulnerabilidad de la mujer en realizar negociación del sexo seguro con su compañero y que asociado a las bajas condiciones socioeconómicas, desempleo y falta de afecto, hace con que las mujeres se conviertan en víctimas del HIV/SIDA.This is an exploratory study based on a qualitative approach. The objective was to investigate why HIV positive pregnant women do not follow the treatment which is recommended by the Health Ministry during the prenatal period. The individuals participating of this investigation were seven HIV

  1. Diferenças na apresentação clínico-radiológica da tuberculose intratorácica segundo a presença ou não de infecção por HIV Differences in the clinical and radiological presentation of intrathoracic tuberculosis in the presence or absence of HIV infection

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    Pedro Dornelles Picon

    2007-08-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Descrever as diferenças na apresentação clínico-radiológica da tuberculose segundo a presença ou não de infecção por HIV. MÉTODOS: Examinou-se uma amostra consecutiva de 231 adultos com tuberculose pulmonar bacilífera internados em hospital de tisiologia. A presença de infecção por HIV, AIDS e fatores associados foi avaliada e as radiografias de tórax foram reinterpretadas. RESULTADOS: Havia 113 pacientes HIV-positivos (49%. Estes pacientes apresentavam maior freqüência de tuberculose pulmonar atípica (lesões pulmonares associadas a linfonodomegalias intratorácicas, tuberculose de disseminação hemática e tuberculose pulmonar associada a linfonodomegalias superficiais e menor freqüência de lesões pulmonares escavadas do que os pacientes HIV-negativos. Isto também ocorreu entre os pacientes HIV-positivos com AIDS e os HIV-positivos sem AIDS. Não se observaram diferenças entre os pacientes HIV-positivos sem AIDS e os HIV-negativos. Os valores medianos de CD4 foram menores nos pacientes HIV-positivos com linfonodomegalias intratorácicas e lesões pulmonares em comparação aos com lesões pulmonares exclusivas (47 vs. 266 células/mm³; p OBJECTIVE: To describe the differences in the clinical and radiological presentation of tuberculosis in the presence or absence of HIV infection. METHODS: A sample of 231 consecutive adults with active pulmonary tuberculosis admitted to a tuberculosis hospital were studied, assessing HIV infection, AIDS, and associated factors, as well as re-evaluating chest X-rays. RESULTS: There were 113 HIV-positive patients (49% Comparing the 113 HIV-positive patients (49% to the 118 HIV-negative patients (51%, the former presented a higher frequency of atypical pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary lesions accompanied by intrathoracic lymph node enlargement, hematogenous tuberculosis, and pulmonary tuberculosis accompanied by superficial lymph node enlargement, as well as presenting less

  2. Comparação das contagens das células de Langerhans de tecidos contendo carcinoma anal em doentes com e sem infecção pelo HIV Comparison of Langerhans cells counts from tissues containing anal carcinoma of patients with and without HIV infection

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    Sidney Roberto Nadal

    2006-09-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: As células de Langerhans (LC são derivadas da medula óssea e constituem-se nas principais apresentadoras de antígeno da pele.conferindo desta forma, a resposta imune cutânea. Seu número está reduzido nos imunodeprimidos, incluindo na infecção pelo HIV, e a presença do tumor inibe sua migração, impedindo que os linfócitos T promovam regressão das células neoplásicas. OBJETIVO: Conhecer as diferenças entre as contagens de LC no tecido tumoral de doentes de carcinomas anais com e sem AIDS. MÉTODO: Avaliamos 24 doentes, sendo 14 com HIV e 10 outros sem HIV . O tratamento para o carcinoma foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Cortes retirados de blocos parafinados submetidos ao teste imunoistoquímico com anticorpo anti-CD68. Contamos as LC com método da histometria e os comparamos aos números obtidos com amostras previamente conhecidas de doentes sem doença infecciosa anorretal ou infecção pelo HIV. Revisamos também a evolução e as contagens séricas de linfócitos T CD4+ de doentes HIV-positivos. RESULTADOS: Observamos que o carcinoma anal foi mais freqüente em mulheres HIV-negativas e em homens HIV-positivos e que esses ultimos eram mais jovens. As LC foram menos numerosas nos doentes HIV-positivos e as maiores contagens estavam associadas com pior evolução. Os doentes HIV-positivos com os níveis mais baixos de linfócitos T CD4+ também tiveram as piores evoluções. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que as LC estavam diminuídas nos doentes HIV-positivos, portadores de carcinoma anal, quando comparados aos soronegativos.Langerhans cells (LC are bone marrow derived dendritic cells that represent the major antigen-presenting cells (APC in the skin, thus representing an integral part of the cutaneous immune response. Immunossupression decreases their number, including HIV infection, and skin tumors products are sufficient to immobilize LC within the tumor, preventing their migration to lymph nodes. This reduces the

  3. Síndrome do ápice orbital associado com herpes zoster oftálmico em paciente HIV positivo: relato de caso Orbital apex syndrome and herpes zoster ophthalmicus in an HIV positive patient: case report

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    João Baptista Nigro Santiago Malta

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available O presente relato tem como objetivo apresentar um caso raro de síndrome do ápice orbital associado com herpes zoster oftálmico de prognóstico reservado em paciente HIV positivo que procurou o pronto-socorro com quadro clínico de lesões crostosas em hemiface esquerda, dolorosa, acompanhado de baixa acuidade visual, diminuição da sensibilidade corneal e oftalmoplegia completa do olho esquerdo. A síndrome do ápice orbital é entidade rara que se caracteriza por ptose, proptose, oftalmoplegia interna e externa (acometimento do II, III, IV e VI nervos cranianos, prejuízo funcional da primeira divisão do nervo trigêmeo (nervo oftálmico e graus variados de diminuição da acuidade visual. O tratamento do herpes zoster oftálmico baseia-se no uso de antivirais sistêmicos, sendo que o prognóstico irá variar conforme o acometimento ocular.To present a rare case of orbital apex syndrome associated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus of unfavorable prognosis in an HIV positive patient, who arrived at the Emergency Room with the following clinical history: left facial crust lesions, low visual acuity, ocular pain, low corneal sensitivity and complete ophthalmoplegia of the left eye. The orbital apex syndrome is a rare disorder which is characterized by ptosis, proptosis, internal and external ophthalmoplegia (involvement of the second, third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves, damage to the first division of the trigeminal (ophthalmic nerve, and varied degrees of visual acuity loss. The treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus is based on the use of systemic antiviral drugs and the prognosis will depend on ocular damage.

  4. O adolescer como portadora de HIV/AIDS : um estudo com adolescentes e suas cuidadoras-familiares

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    Ana Amélia Antunes Lima

    2006-01-01

    Trata-se de um estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa que aborda a questão do adolescer com HIV/AIDS. Os objetivos do estudo foram: conhecer como ocorre o processo de adolescer para as adolescentes portadoras de HIV/AIDS por transmissão materno-infantil e conhecer como os cuidadores-familiares dessas adolescentes percebem o processo de adolescer com HIV/AIDS. Participaram do estudo sete sujeitos, sendo quatro adolescentes portadoras de HIV/AIDS e três cuidadoras, residentes em Porto Al...

  5. Estudantes do ensino medio e o conhecimento em HIV/AIDS: que mudou em dez anos?

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    Luciane Ferreira do Val

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Estudo exploratório, descritivo, comparativo, com abordagem quantitativa, cujo objetivo foi comparar o conhecimento de estudantes do ensino médio de duas escolas estaduais públicas de Peruíbe, SP, Brasil, sobre o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV e da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (aids, nos anos de 1999 e 2010. Nos dois anos, na população estudada predominaram estudantes do sexo feminino, menores de 18 anos, solteiros e de cor branca. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto ao conhecimento sobre HIV/aids entre os grupos estudados. Verificou-se que mesmo havendo intervalo de dez anos entre os estudos, os dois grupos de estudantes não se consideraram vulneráveis ao HIV e apresentaram dúvidas quanto ao conhecimento correto sobre o tema, o que indica a necessidade de sua abordagem contínua com adolescentes jovens.

  6. A serological study of cysticercosis in patients with HIV Estudo sorológico da cisticercose em pacientes com HIV

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    Subhash Chandra Parija

    2009-08-01

    residindo em Puducherry ou distritos vizinhos do Estado de Tamil Nadu, India. Um total de cem amostras foram coletadas de casos soropositivos do Hospital JIPMER, Puducherry, entre junho de 2007 e maio de 2008. "Enzyme immunotransfer blot" (EITB e ELISA foram utilizados para demonstrar anticorpos contra a fase larval do T. solium. Testes de co-aglutinação (Co-a foram usados para demonstrar antígenos da fase larval do T. solium no soro. Dois casos HIV soropositivos foram positivos para anticorpos contra a fase larval do T. solium por EITB e quatro foram positivos por ELISA. Somente uma amostra foi positiva por ambos EITB e ELISA. Nenhuma amostra de soro foi positiva para antígeno da fase larval do T. solium pelo teste Co-a. A soropositividade total detectada por todos os métodos foi 5% neste grupo de estudo. O diagnóstico clínico exato de NCC em HIV é difícil devido aos desordenados parâmetros imunológicos nos pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem dados importantes sobre a prevalência da cisticercose em pacientes HIV positivos em Puducherry e áreas vizinhas que eram previamente desconhecidos. Este estudo também aumentará a atenção dos médicos e agências de saúde pública sobre a cisticercose por T. solium em grupo selecionado.

  7. Impacto de intervenções no uso de preservativos em portadores do HIV Impact of interventions promoting condom use among HIV-infected individuals

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    Mariângela F Silveira

    2005-04-01

    Full Text Available Pretendeu-se identificar intervenções educativas dirigidas a indivíduos HIV positivos, com desfecho uso de preservativos masculinos. Trata-se de revisão sistemática, onde foram pesquisadas bases de dados (Lilacs/Bireme, Medline, Popline e sites (CDC e UNAIDS, sem limite de tempo. Os unitermos utilizados foram: women; men; interventions; HIV; Aids; HIV positive; risk behaviors; sexual risk behaviors; intervention studies. Foram incluídos 14 estudos, oito deles com efeito positivo. As limitações mais freqüentes foram: ausência de randomização, falta de controle para fatores de confusão, altas perdas, falta de poder estatístico e avaliação do desfecho baseada em relato. A possibilidade de viés de publicação, favorecendo estudos de intervenção que mostraram efeitos benéficos, deve ser considerada. Intervenções efetivas para aumentar o uso de preservativos em pessoas HIV positivas são importantes para obter maior efeito na prevenção da disseminação do vírus.In order to identify educational interventions promoting male condom use during intercourse among HIV+ persons, we conducted a systematic review of publications. Lilacs/Bireme, Medline and Popline data sets and CDC and UNAIDS sites were searched without time limit. Uniterms used were: women; men; interventions; HIV; Aids; HIV positive; risk behaviors; sexual risk behaviors; and intervention studies. Fourteen interventions were included, eight of which reported a positive result. Most frequent methodological weaknesses observed were lack of randomization, no control for confounding, high rates of losses to follow-up, small sample sizes, and outcome of condom use stated by patient self-report. Publication bias favoring studies showing a beneficial effect has to be considered. Effective interventions aiming to promote condom use among HIV positive persons are currently an important tool in the prevention of HIV dissemination.

  8. Corrimentos vaginais em gestantes: comparacao da abordagem sindromica com exames da pratica clinica da enfermagem

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    Thais Marques Lima

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available Estudo avaliativo de abordagem quantitativa, com amostra de 104 gestantes, com o objetivo de comparar os achados de infecções vaginais em gestantes obtidos por meio do fluxograma de corrimento vaginal com exames presentes na prática clínica da Enfermagem. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista e exame ginecológico realizados de janeiro a julho de 2011. O fluxograma não se mostrou eficaz na identificação de candidíase e tricomoníase, apresentou baixa sensibilidade (0,0%; 50% e valor preditivo positivo (0,0%; 3,6% para as duas infecções e baixa especificidade para tricomoníase (46%. Mostrou-se satisfatório para vaginose bacteriana, com alta sensibilidade (100%, valor preditivo negativo (100% e acurácia (74%. Conclui-se que o emprego do fluxograma precisa ser reavaliado, visto que não foi eficaz em identificar infecções importantes em gestantes. Os esforços para o desenvolvimento de testes eficazes devem ser contínuos, com intuito de prevenir a disseminação de infecções e reduzir tratamentos desnecessários.

  9. Los sistemas positivos en la Ingeniería Positive systems in Engineering

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    Andrés Quintero Zea

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Los sistemas positivos son sistemas en los que las variables de estado sólo toman valores positivos o no negativos. En este artículo de revisión se describe este tipo de sistemas por medio del establecimiento de sus principales propiedades estructurales y la exposición de algunas de sus aplicaciones.Positive systems are systems in which the state variables are always positive or non negative in value. In this review paper, we describe such systems through the establishment of its main structural properties and the exposure of some of its applications.

  10. Comportamiento organizacional positivo: las implicaciones del engagement en el entorno laboral

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    Mercedes Almeida Quezada

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available El presente estudio aborda el concepto de Comportamiento Organizacional Positivo como herramienta para potencializar las habilidades de los colaboradores dentro de una organización. Desde una perspectiva teórica, tiene como Objetivo analizar el constructo del engagement como elemento generador de compromiso y buen ambiente laboral. Profundizando en el documento, se describen las aristas que, llevadas a la práctica, permitirán una correcta ejecución de este modelo, repercutiendo de esta forma en resultados anuales positivos y en el aumento de la productividad. Colaboradores engaged son sinónimos de un buen provenir empresarial; el éxito radicará en los índices de motivación de cada uno de los miembros que componen la organización.

  11. Vivências de gestantes e puérperas com o diagnóstico do HIV Experiencias de mujeres embarazadas y en el postparto con diagnóstico de HIV Experiences of pregnant and post-partum women with HIV

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    Maria Alix Leite Araújo; Cláudia Bastos da Silveira; Caroline Bastos da Silveira; Simone Paes de Melo

    2008-01-01

    Identificar as experiências de gestantes e puérperas portadoras do HIV com a quimioprofilaxia para prevenção da transmissão vertical. Estudo de abordagem qualitativa desenvolvido nos meses de março e abril de 2006 em uma maternidade de referência de Fortaleza-Ceará. Os sujeitos foram gestantes e puérperas HIV positivas em acompanhamento pré-natal e no alojamento conjunto. A coleta de dados deu-se através de entrevista e a análise em três categorias: a revelação do diagnóstico aos familiares, ...

  12. Candidíase oral como marcador de prognóstico em pacientes portadores do HIV

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    Cavassani Valdinês Gonçalves dos Santos; Andrade Sobrinho Jozias de; Homem Maria da Graça Naclério; Rapoport Abrão

    2002-01-01

    Introdução: A candidíase oral é uma das doenças oportunistas mais fortemente associadas à infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV). Vários relatos epidemiológicos enfatizam a prevalência da candidíase em pacientes HIV positivos e ressaltam a sua importância como marcador da progressão da doença e preditivo para o aumento da imunodepressão. Objetivo: Verificar as alterações estomatológicas em pacientes portadores do HIV tratados no Hospital Heliópolis - São Paulo, Brasil e comparar...

  13. Relações entre afetos positivos e negativos e os cinco fatores de personalidade

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    Ana Paula Porto Noronha

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available ResumoA presente pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar a existência de associações entre afetos positivos e negativos e os fatores de personalidade, sob a perspectiva do modelo dos Cinco Grandes Fatores. Colaboraram para o desenvolvimento do estudo 529 estudantes do Ensino Médio de escolas públicas e particulares com idades entre 14 a 27 anos (M = 16,0; DP = 1,48. No que se refere ao sexo 223 (42,2% eram homens e 306 (57,8%, mulheres. Foram aplicadas a Escala de Afetos Zanon (EAZ e a Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP. Dentre os resultados, a relação entre o fator neuroticismo e os afetos negativos gerou o coeficiente mais forte (r = 0,62. Em relação aos afetos positivos, a maior correlação se deu com o fator extroversão (r = 0,42. Verificou-se que neuroticismo é o melhor preditor dos afetos negativos, enquanto que extroversão dos afetos positivos. Os achados são discutidos à luz da literatura.

  14. CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE GESTANTES COM TESTE RÁPIDO POSITIVO PARA HIV EM FORTALEZA-CE

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    LÉA MARIA MOURA BARROSO

    2007-01-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo fue describir a las gestantes sometidas al test rápido para detectar VIH/SIDA en una maternidad de Fortaleza- CE, en relación a las características sociodemográficas y clínicas. Estudio transversal del tipo documental retrospectivo, con trece gestantes sometidas al test rápido y con resultado positivo para VIH/SIDA en el periodo de abril de 2002 a abril de 2004. El promedio de edad de las gestantes era 26,2 años; el 61,5% estudió entre cuatro a siete años; el 69,2 % era de la capital y el 30,8 % del interior; el 53,8 % ama de casa; el 54,0 % con cuatro a siete consultas de prenatal; el 46,2 % fue diagnosticada antes del parto; el 84,6 % recibió profilaxis solamente en el parto; el 46,0% tuvo bolsa rota hasta cuatro horas antes del parto; el 77,0% parto quirúrgico y el 100% de los recién nacidos recibió el jarabe de AZT en las primeras dos horas de vida. Se concluye que la institución garantizó la reducción del riesgo de contaminación del recién nacido, sin embargo se percibió deficiencia en los servicios que ofrecieron atención antes del parto.

  15. Occurrence of yeasts, enterococci and other enteric bacteria in subgingival biofilm of HIV-positive patients with chronic gingivitis and necrotizing periodontitis Ocorrência de leveduras, enterococos e outras bactérias entéricas no biofilme subgengival de pacientes HIV-positivos com gengivite crônica e periodontite necrosante

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    Elerson Gaetti-Jardim Júnior

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteric bacteria and yeasts in biofilm of 80 HIV-positive patients with plaque-associated gingivitis or necrotizing periodontitis. Patients were subjected to extra, intra oral and radiographic examinations. The oral hygiene, bleeding on probing, gingival conditions, and attachment loss were evaluated. Clinical specimens were collected from gingival crevices or periodontal pockets, transferred to VMGA III, diluted and transferred to Sabouraud Dextrose agar with 100 µg/ml of chloramphenicol, peptone water, EVA broth, EMB agar, SS agar, Bile esculin agar and Brilliant green agar. Isolation of yeasts was carried out at room temperature, for 3-7 days; and for the isolation of enteric microorganisms plates were incubated at 37ºC, for 24-48 h. The yeasts identification was performed according to the carbon and nitrogen assimilation, fermentation of carbohydrates and germ tube formation. Bacteria were identified according to their colonial and cellular morphologies and biochemical tests. Yeasts were identified as Candida albicans and its occurrence was more common in patients with CD4+ below 200/mm³ and was affected by the extension of periodontal involvement (P = 0.0345. Enteric bacteria recovered from clinical specimens were identified as Enterobacter sakazakii, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Klebsiella oxytoca and Enterococcus sp. Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci were detected in 32.5% of clinical samples from patients with necrotizing periodontitis. In conclusion, non-oral pathogenic bacteria and C. albicans were more prevalent in periodontal sites of HIV-positive patients with necrotizing periodontitis and chronic gingivitis.O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de bactérias entéricas e leveduras no biofilme subgengival de pacientes HIV-positivos com gengivite crônica ou periodontite necrosante. Os pacientes foram submetidos a exame clínico e radiogr

  16. Abordagem psicológica da AIDS através do enfoque cognitivo-comportamental Psychological approach to AIDS based on the cognitive-behavioral model

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    Eduardo Augusto Remor

    1999-01-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo apresenta um conjunto de conhecimentos que são fruto do trabalho clínico e de reflexões, juntamente com a revisão teórica dos principais aspectos relacionados com a Infecção pelo HIV, abordagem terapêutica e um panorama geral das possíveis alterações emocionais que podem apresentar as pessoas infectadas pelo HIV ou que já tenham desenvolvido AIDS. Pretende centrar-se nos aspectos relacionados à intervenção psicológica a partir do enfoque terapêutico cognitivo-comportamental. Demonstra-se que a problemática apresentada por pessoas infectadas pelo vírus da AIDS requer uma atenção específica. Propõe-se uma abordagem bio-psico-social de seus problemas, pois, além das necessidades de atenção da própria doença, juntam-se outros aspectos relacionados com a mesma, como o rechaço social que a doença gera, a atenção às famílias, os problemas sociais, jurídicos e laborais, assim como a necessidade de informação, assessoramento e apoio psicológico ao afetado e as suas famílias.This article presents the outcomes of clinical practice and a theoretical review of the main issues related to HIV Infection, including a general panorama of possible emotional alterations that can be present in HIV-positive persons or in those who have AIDS. The issues related to psychological intervention based on the cognitive-behavioral therapeutic approach are the central theme. It will be shown that the problems of persons infected with the AIDS virus, require specific attention if a bio-psycho-social approach to these problems is proposed. Besides the need for attention to the actual illness, there are other aspects related to the social rejection it causes, family care, social, legal, and labor problems, as well as the need for information, counseling, and psychological support for the patients and their family.

  17. Liver transplantation in HIV-positive patients: the position of the Brazilian groups Transplante hepático em pacientes HIV-positivo: a posição dos grupos brasileiros

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    Ajacio Bandeira de Mello Brandão

    2005-09-01

    Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV have generally been excluded from consideration for liver transplantation. Recent advances in the management and prognosis of these patients suggest that this policy must be reevaluated. AIM: To identify the current position of Brazilian transplant centers concerning liver transplantation in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients with end-stage liver disease. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was submitted by e-mail to Brazilian groups who perform liver transplantation and were active in late 2003, according to the Brazilian Association of Organ Transplantation. RESULTS: Of the 53 active groups, 30 e-mail addresses have been found of professionals working in 41 of these groups. Twenty-one responses (70% were obtained. Most of the professionals (62% reported that they do not include HIV-infected patients in waiting lists for transplants, primarily on account of the limited world experience. They also reported, however, that this issue will soon be discussed by the group. Those who accept these patients usually follow the guidelines provided by the literature: patients must fulfill the same inclusion criteria as the other patients with end-stage liver diseases, present low or undetectable HIV viral load, and a CD4 count above 250/mm³. They reported that there are 10 HIV-infected patients in waiting list and that only one patient has received a liver transplant in the country. CONCLUSION: Most centers do not accept in waiting lists for liver transplantation patients with HIV infection, even asymptomatic ones. However, advances in the management of HIV-infected patients suggest that this policy must be reevaluated. In Brazil, there is practically no experience in liver transplantation in HIV-positive patients.RACIONAL: Pacientes infectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV têm sido comumente excluídos dos programas de transplantes de fígado. Avanços recentes no

  18. Los refuerzos positivos en el aula de infantil

    OpenAIRE

    Martínez Álvarez, Elena

    2013-01-01

    Este estudio ha sido realizado con el fin de analizar si el refuerzo positivo es un medio adecuado, o no para producir un mejor ambiente de trabajo en el aula de infantil, y si puede producir mejores resultados académicos, es decir, si puede mejorar el proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje. Para poder contestar a esta cuestión vamos a analizar determinadas teorías e hipótesis relacionadas con este tema. Además vamos a poner en práctica una serie de actividades prácticas relacionadas con este ...

  19. El diagnóstico positivo de autismo infantil

    OpenAIRE

    Velázquez Argota, Juana; Lozano Pérez, Teresa

    1996-01-01

    Se revisan los límites del síndrome autístico y la evolución del concepto de autismo infantil desde Kanner hasta las clasificaciones psiquiátricas más recientes. Se informan los resultados de nuestras investigaciones en el diagnóstico positivo del autismo infantil. La anamnesis remota es de poco valor, más relevantes para el diagnóstico constituyen el examen del paciente en el presente y las escalas de cuantificación del autismo (las cuales son de utilidad en el diagnóstico diferencial entre ...

  20. Abordagem holística do termo pessoa em um estudo empírico: uma análise crítica

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    David Lopes Neto

    Full Text Available O estudo analisa a semântica e a estrutura do termo pessoa (mulheres com HIV, mediante abordagem holística fundamentada no Modelo de Adaptação de Roy (Veritivity e na fenomenologia de Heidegger (Dasein. Pesquisa extraída da literatura das Ciências Enfermagem e Filosofia, através da técnica de documentação indireta, com utilização do modelo de análise de teoria de Chinn & Kramer, através do qual foram analisados os seguintes aspectos: objetividade, simplicidade, generalidade, acessibilidade e importância dos conceitos de pessoa e holismo no estudo empírico "Nutritional adaptation of women living with HIV: a pilot study", publicado na revista Holistic Nursing Practice, em 1997. Criticamente, a interpretação do termo pessoa se deu pela compreensão do ser enquanto um ser ôntico-ontológico, como forma de percepção verdadeira do sentido do ser (pessoa, como uma estrutura universal vivente em um mundo antropológico e social, ao qual mulheres com HIV podem se adaptar ao novo estilo de vida e receber atenção integral da enfermagem, principalmente no que concerne ao aspecto nutricional.

  1. Abordagem holística do termo pessoa em um estudo empírico: uma análise crítica

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    Lopes Neto David

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available O estudo analisa a semântica e a estrutura do termo pessoa (mulheres com HIV, mediante abordagem holística fundamentada no Modelo de Adaptação de Roy (Veritivity e na fenomenologia de Heidegger (Dasein. Pesquisa extraída da literatura das Ciências Enfermagem e Filosofia, através da técnica de documentação indireta, com utilização do modelo de análise de teoria de Chinn & Kramer, através do qual foram analisados os seguintes aspectos: objetividade, simplicidade, generalidade, acessibilidade e importância dos conceitos de pessoa e holismo no estudo empírico "Nutritional adaptation of women living with HIV: a pilot study", publicado na revista Holistic Nursing Practice, em 1997. Criticamente, a interpretação do termo pessoa se deu pela compreensão do ser enquanto um ser ôntico-ontológico, como forma de percepção verdadeira do sentido do ser (pessoa, como uma estrutura universal vivente em um mundo antropológico e social, ao qual mulheres com HIV podem se adaptar ao novo estilo de vida e receber atenção integral da enfermagem, principalmente no que concerne ao aspecto nutricional.

  2. Valores positivos e desenvolvimento do adolescente: perfil de jovens paulistanos Valores positivos y el desarrollo del adolescente: perfil de jóvenes paulistanos Positive values and adolescent development: a profile in São Paulo city

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    Rosa M. S. de Macedo

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available A presente pesquisa é parte do projeto "Os valores positivos e o desenvolvimento do adolescente", que se iniciou com a adaptação cultural do questionário Search Institute Profiles of Student Life. Seu objetivo foi mapear valores positivos presentes em adolescentes paulistanos, visando gerar informações que permitam planejar ações de promoção de saúde para jovens, suas famílias e comunidades. O instrumento adaptado foi aplicado em 2725 jovens paulistanos, de 11 a 19 anos, de ambos os sexos, provenientes de todas as regiões da cidade de São Paulo, categorizados de acordo com o Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social. Os resultados indicaram a presença um número baixo de valores, diferenças associadas mais à idade e ao sexo do que ao IPVS e, principalmente, a necessidade de revisão de nossas estratégias de promoção de saúde, que poderiam basear-se no desenvolvimento de valores positivos.La presente pesquisa es parte de lo proyeto "Los valores positivos y el desarrollo del adolescente" , que se ha iniciado com la adaptación cultural de lo instrumento Search Institute Profiles of Student Life. Lo objetivo fue mapear valores positivos presentes en jóvenes de la ciudad de São Paulo, para el desarrollo de acciones promotoras de salud para los jóvenes, sus famílias y comunidad. Lo instrumento adaptado fue aplicado a 2725 adolescentes, de 11 a 19 años, de ambos los sexos y en tres niveles de vulnerabilidad social: baja, mediana y alta. Los resultados han indicado la presencia de bajo número de valores positivos, diferencias más associadas a la edad y sexo y menos a la vulnerabilidad social y, especialmente, la necesidad de uma revisión de nuestras estratégias para la promoción de la salud, que podrían estar basadas en el desarrollo de valores positivos.This research is part of the project "The positive values and the adolescent development: from vulnerability to responsibility" that begun with the cultural adaptation

  3. Efectos de la vacunación antigripal sobre el porcentaje de linfocitos T CD4 positivos en pacientes VIH 1/2 positivos: estudio de una cohorte Effects of influenza vaccination on the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV 1/2 positive patients: a cohort study

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    Leslie Barrionuevo Rosas

    2009-08-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia del cambio inmunitario del porcentaje de linfocitos T CD4+ en pacientes VIH 1/2 positivos en el primer trimestre posvacunación antigripal (P-CIR y secundariamente comparar las características demográficas y clínicas relacionadas con dicho cambio. Métodos: Se estudiaron 105 pacientes con VIH-sida de una cohorte retrospectiva hospitalaria entre 2001 y 2006. Se consideró P-CIR una disminución >3% del porcentaje de CD4+ prevacunal, y su asociación cruda y ajustada (sexo, edad, terapia antirretroviral, estabilidad clínica, carga viral prevacunal, CD4 total prevacunal fue evaluada por regresión logística (odds ratio [OR] con intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]. Resultados: La incidencia del P-CIR fue del 33,3%, y fue persistente en un 31,4% durante los siete meses posvacunación independientemente de una viremia alta prevacunal. Asimismo, las variables demográficas y clínicas estudiadas no se relacionaron con la presencia de P-CIR, con una OR cruda de 0,90 (0,17-4,8 y una OR ajustada de 1,09 (0,17-6,8. Conclusiones: Los datos encontrados reflejan que el cambio relevante del estado inmunitario no fue despreciable en la posvacunación, aunque mayoritariamente resultó transitorio.Objective: To determine the incidence of immunologic change in the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV 1/2 positive patients in the first quarter after influenza vaccination (P-CIR and to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with this change. Methods: We studied 105 patients with HIV/AIDS in a retrospective hospital cohort between 2001-2006. P-CIR was considered as a decrease of >3% in the prevaccination CD4+ percentage. Crude and adjusted OR (sex, age, antiretroviral therapy, clinical stability, prevaccination viremia and prevaccination total CD4 were evaluated by logistic regression (95%CI. Results: The incidence of P-CIR was 33.3%. P-CIR was persistent in 31.4% for 7 months after vaccination

  4. Ergonomia participartiva: uma abordagem efetiva em macroergonomia

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    Alvaro Divino Taveira Filho

    1993-12-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo básico do presente artigo é apresentar os principais aspectos referentes à evolução e desenvolvimento da Macroergonomia, seus conceitos o metodologia, bem como procurar as contribuições factíveis daquela abordagem à qualidade de vida no trabalho e à eficácia das organizações. As possibilidades imediatas para a aplicação desses conceitos o métodos são enfocados e é apresentada uma abordagem específica dentro da macroergonomia, lida como particulamente promissora: a Ergonomia Participativa.The paper intends to present the main aspects concerning the evolution and development of the Macroergonomics, its concepts and methodology, as well as its results in improving the quality of life in the workplace and the organizational efficiency. The possibilities of applying these concepts and methods are discussed and a particular approach inside the macroergonomics is presented: the Participatory Ergonomics.

  5. Vivências de gestantes e puérperas com o diagnóstico do HIV

    OpenAIRE

    Araújo, Maria Alix Leite; Silveira, Cláudia Bastos da; Silveira, Caroline Bastos da; Melo, Simone Paes de

    2008-01-01

    Identificar as experiências de gestantes e puérperas portadoras do HIV com a quimioprofilaxia para prevenção da transmissão vertical. Estudo de abordagem qualitativa desenvolvido nos meses de março e abril de 2006 em uma maternidade de referência de Fortaleza-Ceará. Os sujeitos foram gestantes e puérperas HIV positivas em acompanhamento pré-natal e no alojamento conjunto. A coleta de dados deu-se através de entrevista e a análise em três categorias: a revelação do diagnóstico aos familiares, ...

  6. Regressão de psoríase em paciente HIV-positivo após terapia anti-retroviral Regression of psoriasis in HIV patient after antiretroviral therapy

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    Maria de Fátima Amorin Ruiz

    2003-12-01

    Full Text Available A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida foi reconhecida pela primeira vez como nova doença em 1981 devido à associação atípica de sarcoma de Kaposi e pneumonia por Pneumocystis carinii em homens. A pele é sede freqüente de doenças conseqüentes a essa infecção. A psoríase é dermatose crônica que afeta proporção que varia de 1,3 a 5% dos pacientes infectados com HIV. Portadores de psoríase que apresentem formas clínicas exacerbadas e dificuldade de resposta terapêutica devem ser investigados para possível infecção pelo HIV. É relatado caso de paciente do sexo masculino, de 44 anos, que iniciou com lesões eritêmato-escamosas no couro cabeludo, nos cotovelos, joelhos, palma das mãos, planta dos pés, além de comprometimento ungueal, após infecção pelo HIV. Confirmado o diagnóstico de psoríase e introduzida a terapia anti-retroviral, houve melhora significativa das lesões.Immunodeficiency syndrome was first described as a new disease in 1981 because an unusual association of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in men. The skin is a frequent site of diseases due to this infection. Psoriasis is a chronic dermatitis that affects 1.3-5% of HIV-positive patients. The case is described of a 44-year-old man with onset of erythematous scaly lesions in scalp, elbows, knees, hands, feet and nails following HIV infection. After diagnosis of psoriasis was confirmed and antiretroviral therapy instigated, he presented improvement of the psoriasis lesions.

  7. PERFIL LÍPIDICO DOS PACIENTES HIV POSITIVOS EM USO DA TERAPIA ANTIRRETROVIRAL

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    Maria Roseane dos Santos

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available Corresponde a estudo descritivo de corte transversal, buscou-se evidenciar o impacto da TARV sobre o perfil lipídico. Realizada com 37 pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias do centro de referência para HIV do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz em Recife-PE/Brasil. Através da realização de entrevistas, coleta de informações sobre terapia antirretroviral, curva de CD4 e carga viral obtidas nos prontuários. Tendo como aprovação no comitê de ética e pesquisa CAAE de nº 11365112.8.0000.5192. Revela o impacto no perfil lipídico associado ao uso contínuo da TARV, demostrando aumento do TG 54%, CT 49%, VLDL (41%, LDL-c 19% e diminuição do HDL-c 24%.   As associações de esquemas de ITRN e IRNN apresentaram o maior número de alterações. As drogas da TARV induzem distúrbios metabólicos graves e associados com outros fatores encontrados como HAS 19%, tabagismo 35% e sedentarismo 81% constituem uma forte predisposição de aterosclerose e consequentemente riscos cardiovasculares.

  8. MODELOS DE LIDERAZGO POSITIVO: MARCO TEÓRICO Y LÍNEAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN

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    Javier Blanch, Francisco Gil

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es doble, en primer lugar, se define el marco teórico del liderazgo positivo así como las razones de su aparición. Este surge vinculado al paradigma de la psicología organizacional positiva, en cuyo ámbito, se han desarrollado las diferentes formas de liderazgo que lo integran (i.e. transformacional, de servicio, espiritual, auténtico y positivo. Aunque el constructo no parece unívocamente delimitado, los diferentes tipos que se incluyen bajo esta denominaciónpresentan una gran afinidad y elementos comunes. En segundo lugar, se revisan aspectos prácticos vinculados a la investigación empírica que constatan el impacto de este tipo de liderazgo en las organizaciones y se subraya la relación entre estas formas de liderazgo y variables organizacionales positivas. Finalmente, se analizan futuras líneas de investigación para el desarrollo de este marco conceptual.

  9. Alteraciones metabólicas con terapia antirretroviral altamente efectiva en niños positivos para VIH, Cali, Colombia Metabolic alterations with anti-retroviral highly effective therapy in positive children for VIH, Cali, Colombia

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    Pío López

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available Objetivos: describir las alteraciones metabólicas en niños con diagnóstico de VIH y en tratamiento con terapia antirretroviral altamente efectiva (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, HAART. Métodos: se realizó una primera fase descriptiva de los valores de lípidos y glucemia en una cohorte de niños positivos para VIH. De una clínica pediátrica se reclutaron, entre junio de 2003 y junio de 2005, niños mayores de un mes y menores de 16 años en terapia HAART. Estos resultados se compararon con valores de la población. En una segunda fase, se estudió la densidad ósea en estos niños, utilizando DEXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry y antropometría, y se comparó la de controles sanos. Resultados: se incluyeron 38 niños positivos para VIH. En 59,5% de los niños se clasificaron con displidemia. Al compararlo con la población de referencia, el grupo positivo para VIH presentó una prevalencia mayor de hipertrigliceridemia y HDLc (highdensity lipoprotein anormalmente bajo. Tomando en cuenta la variación por edad, los valores de colesterol total y LDLc (lowdensity lipoprotein, mostraron un aumento en el grupo que recibía inhibidores de proteasa (IP contra el que no. La diferencia del puntaje Z de BMD (bone mineral density entre los grupos fue de 0,56 (IC95%: 0,1- 1,0, teniendo un menor puntaje Z el grupo positivo para VIH. El puntaje Z de la densidad de masa ósea mostró un declive con el tiempo de exposición, que no fue evidente en el grupo control. Conclusiones: encontramos alteraciones en los lípidos similares a las descritas en el adulto seropositivo. En el grupo con IP se encontraron alteraciones del colesterol que cambiaban según la edad. Se encontró una pérdida de la densidad ósea, progresiva con el tiempo de exposición e independiente de la edad. Consideramos que esta relación podría ser de origen multifactorial, incluyendo los efectos de la infección y del tratamiento.Objectives: our goal is to describe

  10. Abordagem profunda e abordagem superficial à aprendizagem: diferentes perspectivas do rendimento escolar Deep and surface approach to learning: different perspectives about academic achievement

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    Cristiano Mauro Assis Gomes

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available O presente estudo investiga a relação entre a abordagem superficial e a abordagem profunda à aprendizagem na explicação do rendimento escolar. Algumas questões são delineadas buscando verificar o papel de cada uma das abordagens na proficiência escolar em séries distintas. Foram analisados dados de 684 estudantes da sexta série do ensino fundamental à terceira série do ensino médio de uma escola particular de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Foi delineado um modelo para comparação das séries escolares, através da modelagem por equação estrutural. O modelo desenhado apresentou bom grau de ajuste (c²=427,12; gl=182; CFI=0,95; RMSEA=0,04 para a amostra completa e para cada série escolar. Os resultados mostram que há uma participação distinta da abordagem superficial e da abordagem profunda no desempenho escolar nas diferentes séries. São discutidas implicações dos resultados para a teoria das abordagens.This study investigates the relationship between deep and surface approach to learning in explaining academic achievement. Some questions are outlined aiming to verify the role of each approach in student's proficiency in different grades. Data from 684 students from junior high school (6th year to high school (12th year of a private school in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, were analyzed. A model was designed to compare the grades through structural equation modeling. The designed model showed a good fit (c² = 427.12; df = 182; CFI = .95, RMSEA = .04 for the full sample and for each grade. The results show that there is a distinct contribution of both approaches in academic achievement in the different grades. Further implications to the learning approach theory will be discussed.

  11. Comportamiento organizacional positivo: las implicaciones del engagement en el entorno laboral

    OpenAIRE

    Mercedes Almeida Quezada; Isidro Fierro Ulloa

    2015-01-01

    El presente estudio aborda el concepto de Comportamiento Organizacional Positivo como herramienta para potencializar las habilidades de los colaboradores dentro de una organización. Desde una perspectiva teórica, tiene como Objetivo analizar el constructo del engagement como elemento generador de compromiso y buen ambiente laboral. Profundizando en el documento, se describen las aristas que, llevadas a la práctica, permitirán una correcta ejecución de este modelo, repercutiendo de esta forma ...

  12. Abordagem sociocultural: algumas vertentes e autores Sociocultural approach: some perspectives and authors

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    Adriana Ferreira Paes Ribas

    2006-04-01

    Full Text Available A necessidade de enfocar aspectos socioculturais nas investigações em psicologia tem sido destacada por diferentes autores, em diferentes épocas, e a abordagem sociocultural representa uma fonte conceitual proveitosa neste sentido. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir algumas idéias centrais da abordagem sociocultural, mudanças pelas quais esta abordagem passou nas últimas décadas, algumas de suas vertentes e autores. Os conceitos aqui discutidos não esgotam o tema, mas podem ser úteis para tentativas de articular investigações de diferentes temas em psicologia à abordagem sociocultural. As considerações finais apontam no sentido da necessidade de incluir as investigações em psicologia em um cenário conceitual que considere a cultura e o contexto social como elementos centrais, articulando as contribuições da psicologia transcultural e da cultura.The need to approach sociocultural aspects in psychological investigations has been emphasized by different authors in different times, and the sociocultural approach represents a profitable conceptual source in this sense. The purpose of this article was to discuss some concepts of the sociocultural approach, changes by which this approach went through last decades, some of their perspectives and authors. The concepts here discussed can be useful in the attempts to articulate psychological investigations in a sociocultural approach. The conclusions point to the need of including the investigations in psychology into a conceptual approach that considers the culture and the social context as central elements, articulating the contributions of the cross-cultural psychology, and of the culture.

  13. Escala de afeto positivo e negativo para crianças: estudos de construção e validação

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    Claudia Hofheinz Giacomoni

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma Escala de Afeto Positivo e Negativo para Crianças. São apresentados dois estudos: de construção da escala, bem como de validação concorrente. Além disso, procurou-se avaliar o nível de afeto positivo e negativo das crianças dessa amostra, assim como, verificar possíveis diferenças entre sexos, faixa etária e tipo de escola. Participaram do estudo de construção da escala 661 crianças (52,2% meninos entre sete e 12 anos (m = 10,6 anos; d.p. = 1,7 anos de escolas públicas estaduais (54% e privadas (46% de Porto Alegre. A versão final da Escala de Afeto Positivo e Negativo é composta por 34 itens, 17 itens em cada subescala. Os coeficientes Alpha obtidos para as subescalas de Afeto Positivo (0,88 e de Afeto Negativo (0,84 apontam evidências de confiabilidade. Análises Fatoriais confirmaram a estrutura da escala através da solução de dois fatores em ambos estudos. A Escala também apresentou boas evidências de validação concorrente. Através de correlações coerentes com as apontadas pela literatura, os resultados indicam que a Escala de Afeto Negativo pode ser utilizada como instrumento de avaliação de desajustamento emocional. O desenvolvimento da Escala de Afeto Positivo e Negativo para Crianças incrementa o processo de elaboração de instrumentos para avaliarmos o bemestar subjetivo infantil.

  14. EL LADO POSITIVO DEL PRESENTISMO

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    Lynn Fendler

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available El presentismo es visto generalmente como un mal necesario en historiografía. Este artículo explora lo positivo de esta inevitabilidad. Aplicando un enfoque filosófico al análisis discursivo en la tradición de la nueva historia cultural, se distingue -de una parte- entre un uso estratégico del presentismo, y -de otra- un enfoque racionalista en historia. El artículo concluye considerando algunas implicaciones políticas en historiografía de las explicaciones racionalistas y de las explicaciones estratégicamente presentistas. Los modos de comprensión racionalistas inscriben las expectativas del pasado en las visiones del futuro; asignando al historiador el papel de profeta; y perpetuando nociones de agentes ahistóricos. En contraste, las historias estratégicamente presentistas incorporan una orientación que deliberadamente emplea las lentes y perspectivas del presente en orden a tener en cuenta supuestos y perspectivas actuales. Cuando las asunciones son examinadas en relación a las perspectivas presentistas, dichos presupuestos sueltan su rienda en el pensamiento. Dado que el presentismo es inevitable, no debe ser desestimado por completo, sino que debe ser una cuestión sondeada y examinada críticamente. Con dicho foco, el presentismo estratégico en la historiografía debe posibilitar una reflexión sobre los límites de lo que es posible pensar.

  15. Abordagem da dependencia de substancias psicoativas na adolescencia: reflexao etica para a enfermagem

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    Cecilia Nogueira Valenca

    2013-09-01

    Full Text Available O uso indiscriminado de drogas entre os jovens cresce progressivamente no Brasil e no mundo. Este estudo objetivou refletir acerca da abordagem ética da enfermagem na atenção a adolescentes usuários de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. Trata-se de um estudo teórico de caráter reflexivo fundamentado em uma revisão bibliográfica do tipo narrativa, utilizando livros e artigos científicos. Emergiram reflexões sobre a dependência de substâncias psicoativas em expansão na adolescência que culminaram na discussão sobre a abordagem ética da enfermagem ao adolescente usuário de drogas. O enfermeiro pode priorizar uma assistência voltada para a promoção da saúde do adolescente em uma perspectiva emancipatória dos jovens na prevenção do uso de drogas. Concluiu-se que o enfermeiro deve realizar uma abordagem ética aos adolescentes dependentes químicos, considerando seu contexto e sua subjetividade.

  16. Interesses profissionais e afetos positivos e negativos: estudo exploratório com estudantes de ensino médio Intereses profesionales y afectos positivos y negativos: estudio exploratorio con estudiantes de Enseñanza Secundaria Professional interests and affects positive and negative: exploratory study with youngers from high school

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    Ana Paula Porto Noronha

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available A Orientação Profissional enquanto área de intervenção e pesquisa tem buscado a compreensão de variáveis que interferem na tomada de decisão e no desenvolvimento de carreira. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório entre interesses profissionais e afetos positivos e negativos. Participaram 529 estudantes do ensino médio de escolas públicas e particulares com idades entre 14 a 27 anos (M=16; DP=1,48. No que se refere ao sexo, 223 (42,2% eram homens e 306 (57,8%, mulheres. Os instrumentos aplicados foram a EAZ - Escala de Afetos de Zanon e a EAP - Escala de Aconselhamento Profissional. Os participantes apresentaram maiores médias para afetos positivos, o que indica julgamento mais positivo da vida, de modo geral. A comparação entre os instrumentos revelou alguns coeficientes positivos e significativos, mas de baixa magnitude. Sugere-se que novos estudos sejam realizados com os construtos da Psicologia Positiva na orientação profissional e desenvolvimento de carreira.La Orientación Profesional como área de intervención e investigación ha buscado entender la comprensión de variables que interfieren en las decisiones y en el desarrollo de carrera. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio entre intereses profesionales y afectos positivos y negativos. Participaron 529 estudiantes de la Enseñanza Secundaria de escuelas públicas y privadas con edades entre14 a 27 años (M=16; DP= 1,48. En lo referente al sexo, 223 (42,2% eran hombres y 306 (57,8% mujeres. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron la Escala de Afetos de Zanon - EAZ y la Escala de Aconselhamento Profissional - EAP. Los participantes presentaron promedios mayores para los afectos positivos, lo que indica juicio más positivo de la vida, en general. La comparación entre los instrumentos mostró algunos coeficientes positivos y significativos, pero de magnitud baja. Se sugiere que nuevos estudios sean realizados con los constructos de la Psicología Positiva en la orientaci

  17. Fibrosis pulmonar asociada a vasculitis con anticuerpos anticitoplasmáticos positivos

    OpenAIRE

    Marcelo Fernández Casares; Alejandra González; Flavia Caputo; Yanina Bottinelli; Patricia Nastavi; Marcelo Zamboni

    2012-01-01

    Las complicaciones pulmonares más conocidas de las vasculitis con anticuerpos anticitoplasmáticos de los neutrófilos (ANCA) positivos (VAA), son la hemorragia alveolar, los granulomas y la estenosis de la vía aérea. En los últimos años han aparecido algunos informes aislados que muestran la asociación con fibrosis pulmonar (FP), sugiriendo que ésta sería otra complicación de las VAA. En este trabajo informamos dos casos con dicha asociación describiendo sus características clínicas, tomográfi...

  18. Parkinsonism and AIDS: a clinical comparative study before and after HAART

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    Ana Lucia Zuma de Rosso

    2009-09-01

    Full Text Available In 2002, after analyzing 28 HIV-positive patients with movement disorders we emphasized the decreasing not only of Parkinsonism but also of other involuntary movements in HIV patients in the last few years. The objective of this study is to compare the clinical results between HIV-positive patients with Parkinsonism before and after HAART. In 14 years (1986-1999 2,460 HIV-positive patients were seen in our Hospital 14 (0.6% of which presented with Parkinsonism. Eight years after (2000-2007 970 HIV positive patients were seen and only two (0.2% had Parkinsonism. We conclude that after the introduction of HAART there was an evident decrease in AIDS-related Parkinsonism.No ano de 2002, após analisarmos 28 pacientes HIV-positivos que apresentavam distúrbios do movimento, enfatizamos o declínio, não só do parkinsonismo, como também de outros movimentos involuntários em pacientes infectados pelo HIV nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os resultados clínicos entre pacientes HIV-positivos com parkinsonismo antes e depois da introdução do esquema HAART. Em 14 anos (1986-1999, 2.460 pacientes HIV-positivos foram avaliados em nosso Hospital dos quais 14 (0,6% apresentaram parkinsonismo. Nos oito anos seguintes (2000-2007, 970 pacientes HIV-positivos foram avaliados e somente dois (0,2% tinham parkinsonismo. Concluímos que após a introdução do esquema HAART houve evidente declínio do parkinsonismo secundário à AIDS.

  19. A criança hiperativa: uma visão da abordagem gestáltica

    OpenAIRE

    Antony, Sheila; Ribeiro, Jorge Ponciano

    2004-01-01

    A pesquisa objetivou investigar o funcionamento psicológico da criança hiperativa em base a teoria do ciclo do contato da abordagem gestáltica, proposta por Ribeiro (1997). O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH) caracteriza-se por distúrbios motores, perceptivos, emocionais e comportamentais. Segundo os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-IV (1994), esse transtorno reúne 18 sintomas básicos de desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade. A pesquisa adotou uma abordagem qualitativa....

  20. Nutritional assessment and lipid profile in HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy Avaliação nutricional e do perfil lipídico em crianças e adolescentes infectadas pelo HIV tratadas com terapia antirretroviral de alta potência

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    Marina Hjertquist Tremeschin

    2011-06-01

    áveis durante 1 ano. MÉTODOS: O perfil clínico, antropométrico e lipídico, bem como dados da ingestão alimentar foram coletados prospectivamente durante aproximadamente 12 meses. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e um indivíduos foram estudados. Dezesseis eram saudáveis. Após 12 meses de acompanhamento, indivíduos HIV-positivo permaneceram abaixo dos parâmetros do grupo controle saudável. Nenhuma mudança foi observada em relação à ingestão alimentar. Níveis séricos de triglicerídeos foram maiores em pacientes usando inibidor de protease no começo do estudo [IP grupo: 114 (43 - 336, e 136 (63 - 271 versus grupo controle: 54.5 (20 - 162; p = 0.003], porém após doze meses de acompanhamento, apenas o grupo que recebeu inibidor de protease por não mais do que dois meses apresentou maiores valores [140 (73 - 273 versus 67.5 (33 - 117; p = 0.004]. HDL-colesterol foi menor nos indivíduos HIV-positivos [grupo HIV-positivo: 36 (27 - 58 e 36 (23 - 43; controle 49.5 (34 - 69; p=0.004]. CONCLUSÕES: Crianças e adolescentes infectadas pelo HIV e tratadas com terapia antirretroviral de alta potência tiveram seus parâmetros nutricionais comprometidos quando comparados com o pareado grupo controle. Indivíduos usando inibidor de protease apresentaram piores níveis séricos de triglicerídeos quando comparados com os saudáveis.

  1. La importancia del diagnóstico temprano en la supervivencia de los pacientes HIV positivos The importance of early diagnosis for the survival of HIV positive patients

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    Darío A. Dilernia

    2010-10-01

    Full Text Available En la Argentina, el diagnóstico del HIV se realiza por solicitud voluntaria de los individuos o a través de la detección de sintomatología asociada a la infección. Sin embargo, debido a la elevada proporción de sujetos portadores que desconocen su estado serológico son necesarias nuevas estrategias. En el presente artículo mostramos cómo un modelo matemático predice el impacto de la expansión de la prueba diagnóstica del HIV en la Argentina. El modelo se basa en matrices de Markov y utiliza probabilidades de transición dependientes de parámetros obtenidos de estudios de cohortes nacionales e internacionales. Las predicciones incluyen tiempo en estadios clínicos y tratamiento, conteo de CD4, carga viral, estadío de infección, edad, tasas de mortalidad y proporción de infección desconocida a nivel poblacional. Las simulaciones se desarrollaron para la situación actual y para un escenario hipotético con diagnóstico más temprano. Mostramos predicciones que sugieren que el diagnóstico realizado antes de la progresión a sida incrementaría la expectativa de vida en unos 10.7 años. También, mostramos cómo la reducción del tiempo al diagnóstico hasta 5 años o menos desde la infección reduciría la tasa de mortalidad en el primer año de HAART de 7.6% a 2.1%, la proporción de infección no reconocida de 43.2% a 23.8% y la proporción de individuos con infección desconocida y que requieren tratamiento de 12% a 0.2%. Basados en estas predicciones resaltamos la importancia de implementar políticas de salud destinadas a detectar la infección por HIV en estadios tempranos en la Argentina.In Argentina, HIV diagnosis is reached by voluntary testing or symptom-based case findings. However, because of the high proportion of infected individuals unaware of their serologic status new strategies are required. In this article we show how a mathematic model predicts the impact of expanding HIV testing in Argentina. The model is

  2. Diferenças entre adolescentes do sexo feminino e masculino na vulnerabilidade individual ao HIV

    OpenAIRE

    Anjos, Renata Holanda Dutra dos; Silva, José Augusto de Souza; Val, Luciane Ferreira do; Rincon, Laura Alarcon; Nichiata, Lucia Yasuko Izumi

    2012-01-01

    O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar comparativamente a vulnerabilidade ao HIV/AIDS de homens e mulheres adolescentes, baseada em seus conhecimentos, valores e práticas. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. Os estudantes responderam a um questionário do qual foram selecionadas questões relevantes para análise. Totalizaram 207 adolescentes, sendo 43,5% do sexo masculino e 56,5% do feminino. A maior parte dos adolescentes declara já ter tido sua primeira rel...

  3. ABORDAGEM DO BIOMA CERRADO EM LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DE BIOLOGIA DO ENSINO MÉDIO

    OpenAIRE

    Rafael Gonçalves Bezerra; Rodrigo Capelle Suess

    2013-01-01

    A educação brasileira tem os livros didáticos como principal recurso de informação a alunos e professores. Este trabalho analisa como ocorre a abordagem do bioma Cerrado em seis livros didáticos de biologia destinados ao Ensino Médio. Os aspectos analisados foram o número de páginas destinadas ao tema, figuras, exemplificações acerca da fauna e flora local e abordagem do tema. A análise mostrou que todos os aspectos são apresentados de maneira resumida. Exemplos da fauna e flora local, quando...

  4. Abordagem neurologica na sindrome do X fragil

    OpenAIRE

    Marilisa Mantovani Guerreiro

    1993-01-01

    Resumo: Com o propósito de realizar a abordagem neurológica na Síndrome do X Frágil (SXF), estudaram-se 11 pacientes com este diagnóstico citogenético. A idade variou de 8 a 19 anos. Nove pacientes eram do sexo masculino e dois do feminino. Todos os indivíduos apresentaram pavilhões auriculares grandes e faces alongadas. Observou-se fronte proeminente em 63% dos casos e macrorquidia em 33% dentre aqueles do sexo masculino. Atraso na aquisição da fala, fala repetitiva, perseverativa, impulsiva...

  5. Abordagem multidisciplinar no trauma facial: um relato de caso

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    Carolina Ando Matsuno

    2014-10-01

    Full Text Available Introdução: Em todo o mundo, diversas medidas de segurança têm sido aplicadas para minimizar os danos relacionados aos acidentes de trabalho. Ainda assim, muitos casos são rotineiramente encaminhados aos Prontos Socorros do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS, particularmente nas zonas rurais. Objetivo: Relatar a abordagem multidisciplinar de um caso de traumatismo facial grave secundário a acidente de trabalho atendido no Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba (CHS. Relato do Caso: Paciente masculino, 19 anos, branco, trabalhador rural, vítima de trauma após ter saltado de um trator em movimento durante o exercício de sua atividade laboral, trazido por seus familiares com hemiface direita, desfigurada pela avulsão da pele e da musculatura com exposição óssea, caracterizada à TC como fratura complexa zigomático-maxilar Le Fort tipo 2 à direita além da destruição do seio maxilar, do assoalho da órbita e dos rebordos orbitários lateral, superior e inferior. A abordagem cirúrgica foi realizada pelas equipes de Cirurgia Plástica, Cirurgia Bucomaxilofacial e Cirurgia Oftalmológica que procederam à reconstrução óssea por placas de titânio, estabilização da arcada dentária superior por amarramento e reposicionamento das partes moles. O globo ocular foi preservado por apresentar-se íntegro. Conclusões: A abordagem multidisciplinar das fraturas faciais complexas busca primariamente restaurar a complexa anatomia de toda essa região por primeira intenção. Considerando tratar-se de fratura secundária a um “acidente de trabalho”, ilustramos aqui uma trágica consequência do não uso dos equipamentos de proteção individual e da inobservância das normas de segurança.

  6. Relacionamentos de Marketing em Empresas Varejistas: Aspectos Positivos e Negativos

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    Cléria Donizete da Silva Lourenço

    2013-09-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender as relações de trocas comerciais sob a ótica dos clientes, funcionários e proprietários de empresas varejistas. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, foi feita utilizando-se como método a etnografia. Os dados foram coletados em cinco empresas varejistas de um município de pequeno porte no Sul de Minas Gerais – um supermercado, uma farmácia, uma panificadora, um posto de combustíveis e uma loja de hortifrutigranjeiros – durante o período de um ano (dez/2008 a dez/2009. A observação participante e a entrevista em profundidade foram utilizadas como técnicas de coleta de dados. Para tratamento dos mesmos, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo. Por meio da análise empreendida, identificou-se que os relacionamentos de marketing são compostos tanto por aspectos positivos quanto negativos. Contudo, os aspectos positivos são predominantes, especialmente pelo fato de que o cultivo de relacionamentos nas empresas varejistas analisadas é uma ocorrência natural, podendo, portanto, ser caracterizado como “genuíno”. Em termos teóricos, uma das principais descobertas feitas nesta pesquisa é que o relacionamento de marketing pode trazer também implicações negativas para as empresas confirmando as descobertas de Grayson and Ambler (1999 quando eles afirmam que o marketing de relacionamento pode trazer benefícios, mas também desvantagens inerentes. Em termos gerenciais, há que se ressaltar o papel fundamental que os funcionários exercem na construção de relacionamentos duradouros. Sendo assim, maior atenção deveria ser dispensada ao desenvolvimento de habilidades de relacionamentos daqueles que estão face a face com o cliente. DOI: 10.5585/remark.v12i3.2513

  7. Nova abordagem no tratamento da esquizofrenia

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    Walter Speltri

    1966-12-01

    Full Text Available Foram tratados 11 casos de esquizofrenia com a guanetidina, substância considerada, do ponto de vista farmacodinâmico, como simpaticoplégica. Na opinião do autor, os surpreendentes e significativos resultados obtidos autorizam uma nova abordagem nas pesquisas à procura da etiopatogenia da esquizofrenia e, a partir dos elementos colhidos, considera plausível uma "teoria psicossomática da esquizofrenia". Recusa-se, entretanto, a cair no atraente, mas inútil, terreno especulativo. Prefere aguardar que os farmacologistas e fisiologistas forneçam dados pais precisos sobre o mecanismo de ação da guanetidina e que novos estudos confirmem seus resultados para, depois, dar publicidade à sua teoria.

  8. Aspectos micológicos e suscetibilidade in vitro de leveduras do gênero Candida em pacientes HIV-positivos provenientes do Estado de Mato Grosso Mycological aspects and susceptibility in vitro the yeast of the genus Candida from HIV-positive patients in the State of Mato Grosso

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    Olivia Cometti Favalessa

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: A candidíase é uma das infecções fúngicas mais frequentes entre os pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. O presente estudo objetivou a caracterização das leveduras do gênero Candida de distintas amostras clínicas, provenientes de pacientes HIV - positivos, assim como a determinação do perfil de suscetibilidade in vitro a cinco drogas antifúngicas. MÉTODOS: A caracterização dos isolados de Candida sp foi realizada através da metodologia clássica, testes bioquímicos (zimograma e auxanograma e morfológicos (prova do tubo germinativo e microcultivo em lâmina. Também, foram realizadas a técnica genotípica (PCR e identificação pelo método comercial API 20C AUX (BioMeriéux. Para a determinação do perfil de suscetibilidade in vitro, foram utilizadas cinco drogas antifúngicas (cetoconazol, fluconazol, itraconazol, voriconazol e anfotericina B, através do método comercialmente disponível - Etest. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 105 isolados de leveduras do gênero Candida provenientes de 102 pacientes infectados pelo vírus HIV. Destes, foram caracterizadas 82 (78,1% Candida albicans, 8 (7,6% Candida parapsilosis, 8 (7,6% Candida tropicalis, 4 (3,8% Candida krusei, 2 (1,9% Candida glabrata e 1 (1% Candida guilliermondii. CONCLUSÕES: Considerando o perfil geral de sensibilidade, 60% dos isolados foram suscetíveis a todos os antifúngicos testados, porém as espécies C. tropicalis e C. krusei demonstraram uma tendência a valores mais elevados de CIMs para os azóis do que os encontrados paraC. albicans, sugerindo resistência.INTRODUCTION: Candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections among patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus. The present study aimed to characterize yeasts of the genus Candida from distinct clinical samples from HIV-positive patients and determine the in vitro susceptibility profile to five antifungal drugs. METHODS: Characterization of

  9. Princípios e Regras: Uma abordagem evolutiva

    OpenAIRE

    Antonio Henrique Lindemberg Baltazar

    2009-01-01

    Este trabalho pretende realizar uma reflexão sobre o atual modelo constitucional principiológico. Para tanto, adotamos como metodologia a abordagem histórico-evolutiva do Estado Jusnaturalista ao moderno Estado Pós-Positivista. A evolução jurídica, desde o jusnaturalismo até o pós-positivismo nos mostra a tentativa de se lançar mão de um Estado principiológico, cujos valores são alçados como fund...

  10. Discursos sobre la responsabilidad sexual en hombres VIH-positivos que tienen sexo con hombres

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    Percy Fernández-Dávila

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Fundamentos: Entre los hombres VIH-positivos que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH VIH-positivos se vienen reportando elevadas tasas de prácticas sexuales de riesgo, lo que lleva a preguntarnos sobre las ideas del cuidado sexual que existen en este colectivo para evitar la transmisión y/o reinfección del VIH y otras ITS. Este estudio buscó comprender los discursos que sobre la responsabilidad sexual tienen es- tos hombres. Método: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo. Participaron 78 hombres (27-65 años, 35 en entrevistas individuales y 43 en cinco grupos de discusión, en las ciudades de Barcelona, Madrid y Palma de Mallorca, entre 2007 y 2008. Se estableció como criterio de selección que hubieran transcurrido 18 meses desde el diagnóstico del VIH. El enfoque utilizado para analizar los datos fue la Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados: Entre los participantes se diferenciaron tres tipos de discurso respecto a la responsabilidad sexual: (1 Responsabilidad única: el sujeto seropositivo es el que debe cuidarse para cuidar a otros. Se fundamenta en un posicionamiento ético (altruista en el que el deber y la obligación por proteger a los otros está por encima de todo. (2 Responsabilidad compartida: ambas partes deciden y/o consienten tener una relación sexual de riesgo aunque los que esgrimen este discurso en la práctica terminen asumiendo toda la carga de la responsabilidad. Y (3 Responsabilidad individual: cada uno vela por el cuidado de sí mismo, aunque el tipo de vínculo emocional con otras personas podría afectar la decisión de cuidarse o no (existe algún tipo de compromiso de proteger a alguien cuando se siente algo por esa persona. Conclusiones: La conducta de cuidado sexual de los HSH VIH-positivos estuvo orientaba en base a los tres discursos sobre la responsabilidad. Estos discursos estuvieron influenciados por diversos factores: conciencia moral, el contexto sexual, el tipo de pareja sexual y el revelamiento del seroestatus.

  11. Mulheres soropositivas para o HIV e seus companheiros frente à decisão pela gestação

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    Fernanda Peixoto Cordova

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available Estudo exploratório descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, que objetivou investigar os motivos que levam mulheres soropositivas para o HIV e seus companheiros a decidirem engravidar, tendo em vista o risco da transmissão vertical e da contaminação ou reinfecção do parceiro. Participaram do estudo seis gestantes. A coleta de dados foi realizada por questionário semiestruturado, sendo os dados organizados no software NVivo 2.0 e interpretados por meio da análise de conteúdo do tipo temática. Da análise emergiram três temas: Planejamento da Gravidez; Conhecimento sobre Transmissão e Tratamento do HIV/AIDS; Vivendo no Contexto HIV/AIDS. A importância do estudo reside no fato de que, apesar do risco da transmissão vertical e da contaminação do parceiro ser conhecido pelo casal, isto não interfere no desejo de serem pais.

  12. Vítimas e culpadas: representações sociais sobre mulheres que vivem com HIV

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    Bruna Alessandra Costa e Silva Panarra

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available Introdução: Objetivou-se apreender as representações sociais de profissionais de saúde sobre mulheres que vivem com HIV. Materiais e Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva, com base na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Realizou-se entrevistas com 37 profissionais de serviços de referência em HIV de Belém-Pará, no período de setembro de 2012 a junho 2013. Resultados: O corpus foi submetido à análise pelo software Alceste gerando cinco classes, dentre estas: representações sociais dos profissionais de saúde sobre pessoas que vivem com HIV. Discussão: Os léxicos ilustrativos da classe apontaram a vitimização e a culpabilização da mulher com HIV. Há conteúdos positivos e negativos, dependendo do modo de contaminação. Conclusões: O HIV desperta sentimentos negativos: pena, revolta e culpa. As mulheres são categorizadas e julgadas pelos profissionais, podendo ser vítimas ou culpadas. Há necessidade de políticas de educação permanente aos profissionais de saúde sobre o HIV para que possam desconstruir tais conteúdos. Como citar este artigo: Panarra BACS, Teixeira E, Palmeira IP, Rodrigues ILA, Ferreira AMR. Vítimas e culpadas: representações sociais sobre mulheres que vivem com HIV. Rev Cuid. 2017; 8(3: 1887-98. http:/dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v8i3.451

  13. Vulnerabilidade de adolescentes escolares às DST/HIV, em Imperatriz - Maranhão

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Cristina Pereira de Jesus Costa

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a vulnerabilidade de adolescentes escolares em relação às Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DST e ao Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV, identificando os principais comportamentos de risco e de prevenção. Estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado em três escolas públicas estaduais de Imperatriz, MA, com 295 adolescentes, por meio da aplicação de questionário estruturado. Os resultados apontam que: a maioria dos jovens (86,3% que usaram preservativo na última relação sexual habitualmente mantém essa prática; 82,8% dos adolescentes que compreendem o conceito de HIV se protegem contra essa infecção e acreditam que a principal forma de contaminação é por via sexual, por via sanguínea ou através da barreira placentária. Conclui-se que a maioria dos adolescentes participantes apresentou conhecimento coerente sobre práticas sexuais e comportamentos de risco, que os tornam vulneráveis às DSTs e ao HIV, apresentando aspecto positivo para a prevenção destas doenças.

  14. Evaluación neurológica y neurosicológica de niños VIH positivos y VIH negativos, en Medellín, Colombia, 2007

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    Gabriel Jaime Vélez Rengifo

    2008-11-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUCCIÓN: este estudio describe algunas características cognitivas y físicas de un grupo de 23 niños infectados con el VIH y uno de 25 niños no infectados con dicho virus, pareados por edad y sexo, en Medellín, Colombia. Se hicieron examen neurológico y pruebas neurosicológicas como WISC III, McCarthy, Wisconsin, Stroop, TMT y curva de memoria visual. OBJETIVO: describir las características neurológicas y neurosicológicas de un grupo de niños con VIH y compararlas con las de un grupo de niños VIH negativos. MÉTODO: se realizo un estudio descriptivo de corte tranversal. RESULTADOS: el desempeño cognitivo de los niños mayores de 6 años y VIH positivos tuvo una media de 88,58 y el del grupo VIH negativo de 88,36 (p = 0,973. Once de 17 pacientes (67,4% mayores de 6 años VIH positivos tuvieron desempeño cognitivo promedio (90-109. La media del perímetro cefálico del grupo de niños VIH positivos fue 51 cm y la de los niños VIH negativos, 51,12 cm (p = 0,878; no se encontró microcefalia en los niños VIH positivos. Las demás pruebas tampoco mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. CONCLUSIONES: en comparación con los niños VIH negativos, los VIH positivos estudiados no presentan microcefalia, disminución del desempeño cognitivo ni otras alteraciones neurosicológicas, lo que puede explicarse por un tratamiento farmacológico adecuado y continuo, pero es ideal hacerles seguimiento para conocer mejor el impacto de la enfermedad.

  15. Princípios e Regras: Uma abordagem evolutiva

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    Antonio Henrique Lindemberg Baltazar

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available Este trabalho pretende realizar uma reflexão sobre o atual modelo constitucional principiológico. Para tanto, adotamos como metodologia a abordagem histórico-evolutiva do Estado Jusnaturalista ao moderno Estado Pós-Positivista. A evolução jurídica, desde o jusnaturalismo até o pós-positivismo nos mostra a tentativa de se lançar mão de um Estado principiológico, cujos valores são alçados como fundamento do edifício jurídico.

  16. Psoríase em paciente HIV positivo

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    Mario León Silva-Vergara

    1996-12-01

    Full Text Available Dois pacientes com síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA desenvolveram psoríase, um com quadro mais grave e outro com apresentação mais benigna, sendo tratados com zidovudine na dose oral de 200mg a cada oito horas. No primeiro caso, a resposta terapêutica foi completa e, após nove meses em esquema de manutenção, o paciente se apresenta sem nenhuma lesão. No segundo, a despeito de resposta evidente, após seis meses de tratamento, o paciente ainda apresenta descamação furfurãcea a nível dos membros inferiores, mesmo em uso de medicação.Two patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS developed psoriasis, one of them presenting the more severe form and the other one the milder form of the disease, were treated with zidovudine per oral via, 200mg 3 times a day. In the first case the therapeutical response was complete. No lesion was verified in the patient after 9 months under maintenance schedule. In the second case, despite the response being clear, after 6 months of treatment, the patient still presented furfuraceous scalings at limbs even under the medication schedule.

  17. A distinção entre o sentido negativo e positivo da liberdade na Fundamentação da Metafísica dos Costumes

    OpenAIRE

    Hipolito, Marco André de Freitas

    2011-01-01

    O presente trabalho pretende analisar a distinção entre o conceito de liberdade em sentido negativo e o de liberdade em sentido positivo, enfatizando, também, os conceitos que Kant utiliza para fundamentar a moral sob a idéia da liberdade em sentido positivo. No primeiro capítulo analisamos a tese kantiana de que somente mediante uma boa vontade haveria a possibilidade de agir moralmente. A boa vontade é tida por Kant como um princípio do querer, que deve ser determinado por si...

  18. Identificação e genotipagem de Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos positivos no teste intradérmico para tuberculose em Mato Grosso do Sul

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    Daniela de O. Cazola

    2015-02-01

    Full Text Available Neste estudo, realizou-se genotipagem de isolados de Mycobacterium bovis, provenientes de amostras de tecidos de bovinos positivos no teste cervical comparativo (TCC para tuberculose em Mato Grosso do Sul, por meio da técnica de spoligotyping. Tecidos de 13 bovinos positivos, oriundos de diferentes municípios do estado, foram cultivados em meio de Stonebrink. As colônias resultantes foram submetidas à coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen e todos os isolados apresentaram características tintoriais de BAAR. Os 13 isolados de BAAR foram identificados por PCR multiplex (mPCR. O gene hsp65 foi alvo para identificação de Mycobacterium spp, a sequência de inserção IS6110 foi alvo para identificação de complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CMT e a região rvd1rv2031c foi explorada para detecção de M. bovis. Os isolados micobacterianos foram genotipados pela técnica de spoligotyping. Dos 13 bovinos, sete tinham pelo menos uma lesão sugestiva de tuberculose em linfonodos retrofaríngeos, parotídeos e pulmonares ou no pulmão, e em seis não foram encontradas lesões visíveis sugestivas da doença. Na mPCR, 11/13 (84,6% isolados foram positivos para Mycobacterium spp; 8/13 (61,5% positivos para CMT e 7/13 (53,8% positivos para M. bovis. Com base no spoligotyping, oito isolados de BAAR foram agrupados dentro de três diferentes agrupamentos de genótipos e uma amostra remanescente apresentou perfil único, sendo quatro isolados com padrão de espoligotipo SB0121, dois SB1145, dois SB0881 e um SB0140. A técnica de spoligotyping demonstrou que há diversidade genética entre os espoligotipos presentes no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, embora predomine o perfil SB0121

  19. Determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima do Clotrimazol e da Terbinafina sobre isolados de Candida albicans oriundas da mucosa bucal de pacientes HIV positivos e HIV negativos

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    André Luis Ribeiro CLAUDINO

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Candidiasis is a fungi infection caused by yeasts from Candida genus, that live in the mucosas and justcauses illness when there are favoring conditions to its growth, like immune compromised HIV infected patients.Resistance reports verified in Candida albicans isolates, especially in those immune compromised, and fast andefficient treatment need cause there to be a great interest in studies capable of using in vitro susceptibility tests toadequate therapy choose. The objective of this study was to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC ofantifungal agents clotrimazole and terbinafine on 19 isolates of Candida albicans isolated from HIV positive patients and HIV-negative with oral erythematous candidiasis to detect possible resistance. Using agar antifungal dilutionthecnic and sample at demarcated regions on Petri dish. It was verified that MIC to terbinafine varied from 32 to 128μg/mL while to clotrimazole, MIC varied from 16 to 128 μg/mL. This study allowed concluding that almost samplesshowed elevated MIC values among HIV positive or negative patients.

  20. Reacciones adversas a fármacos en tuberculosis multirresistente

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    Domingo Palmero

    2010-10-01

    Full Text Available La tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TBMDR plantea dificultades diagnósticas y terapéuticas; entre ellas, la mayor frecuencia de reacciones adversas a fármacos antituberculosos (RAFAs, que comprometen la eficacia del tratamiento. Más complicado es el panorama del tratamiento en pacientes con la coinfección HIV a los que a la terapia antirretroviral se suma el de las eventuales comorbilidades. Se estudiaron retrospectivamente 121 pacientes: 87 HIV negativos y 34 HIV positivos con TBMDR asistidos en el Hospital F. J. Muñiz en el período 2003-2007, comparándose la incidencia de reacciones adversas entre ambas poblaciones. Fueron incluidos todos los pacientes con adherencia al tratamiento (no más de un abandono recuperado. Los fármacos antituberculosos empleados fueron: etambutol, pirazinamida, ofloxacina, moxifloxacina, cicloserina, etionamida, PAS, estreptomicina, kanamicina, amikacina y linezolid. La aparición de RAFAs así como la proporción de reacciones graves atribuidas a drogas antituberculosas fue similar en los dos grupos (44.8% en HIV negativos y 44.1% en HIV positivos, a quienes se agregó un 23.5% adicional de RAFAs por el tratamiento antirretroviral. Se observaron algunas diferencias en el tipo de reacciones y en el momento de aparición. Un paciente HIV positivo falleció debido a epidermolisis. La proporción de reacciones adversas en HIV/sida aumentó un 50% al considerar también las atribuidas al tratamiento antirretroviral. Se concluye que la población estudiada presentó RAFAs por encima de lo esperable en tuberculosis sensible, pero no se observaron diferencias en la frecuencia de aparición entre pacientes HIV negativos y positivos.

  1. Abordagem do marketing de relacionamento no ensino superior

    OpenAIRE

    Nunes, Getúlio Tadeu; Lanzer, Edgar Augusto; Serra, Fernando Ribeiro; Ferreira, Manuel Portugal

    2008-01-01

    O artigo apresenta uma análise do atual cenário competitivo do Ensino Superior brasileiro, com o objetivo de demonstrar que a utilização de estratégias de marketing é um fator crítico de sucesso para essas organizações. O trabalho trata da existência de barreiras contra uma abordagem de marketing nas universidades, fruto de um modelo de gestão acadêmica desenvolvido tendo como base um mercado sem competição, comprovando que há uma resistência contra o uso de estratégias mercadológica...

  2. Uma Abordagem ao Págico baseada no Processamento e Análise de Sintagmas dos Tópicos

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    Ricardo Rodrigues

    2012-04-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo descreve a abordagem ao Págico seguida pelo sistema Rapportágico. Trata-se de uma abordagem centrada na indexação dos artigos da Wikipédia, na identificação de sintagmas nas frases dos tópicos dados, e no seu posterior processamento e análise, de forma a facilitar a correspondência entre tópicos e artigos que lhes possam servir de resposta. Os sintagmas facilitam a identificação de pequenas estruturas com diferentes papéis dentro da frase. Antes de serem utilizados para consulta, alguns sintagmas sofrem manipulações, como, por exemplo, a expansão das palavras que os constituem em palavras de significado semelhante (sinónimos. Embora haja ainda um longo caminho a percorrer, o sucesso da abordagem traduziu-se, em termos de resultados, na obtenção de uma pontuação com algum destaque entre todas as participações no Págico, especialmente naquelas automáticas.

  3. Abordagem do paciente ferido por arma branca na zona de Ziedler

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    Decio Luis Portella

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available Introdução: Ferimentos cardíacos penetrantes já foram considerados letais e intratáveis. Homero fez a primeira descrição da morte de Sarpedon em A Ilíada, em 3000 a.C. Em 1883, Billroth afirmou em um Congresso Europeu de Cirurgia que "o cirurgião que tentar suturar um ferimento cardíaco deverá perder o respeito de seus colegas". Em 1897, Rehn apresentou o primeiro caso bem sucedido de cardiorrafia de ventrículo direito Cerca de 87% das lesões cardiovasculares são, em particular, oriundas de trauma penetrante. E, as lesões ventriculares são mais frequentes que as atriais Objetivo: Descrever a abordagem realizada no serviço para pacientes com ferimento por arma branca (FAB na zona de Ziedler, através da experiência de sete casos relatados em 7 anos Discutir a relevância da utilização do FAST (Focused Assesment with Sonography for Trauma na avaliação primária do protocolo ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support e a sequência de reavaliação, e analisar qual o melhor procedimento diagnóstico e terapêutico para cada apresentação clínica do paciente. Método: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e analítico de sete pacientes atendidos no pronto atendimento do Politrauma do Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba. O conteúdo deste trabalho foi obtido através da revisão de prontuário e descrição cirúrgica, registro fotográficos, além de revisão da literatura. Resultados: A experiência do serviço mostra que a abordagem inicial descrita pelo ATLS é fundamental para guiar o atendimento ao ferido. Quando da realização do FAST na avaliação primária indicando ausência de líquido na janela pericárdica deve-se manter o paciente com FAB em zona de Ziedler na sala de urgência sendo assistido por profissionais capacitados. A necessidade de Tomografia Computadorizada com contraste demonstra-se relevante para os casos em que há FAST inconclusivo, ainda que com paciente estável. A amostra exibe um caso de

  4. Noopsicossomática em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS: evidências de um modelo explicativo = Noopsychosomatics in people living with HIV/AIDS: evidence of an explanatory model = Noopsicosomática en personas que viven con VIH/SIDA: evidencia de un modelo explicativo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pontes, Alisson de Meneses

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi testar um modelo teórico proposto por Viktor Frankl, que pode explicar a dinâmica da noopsicossomática em pessoas com HIV/AIDS. Especificamente, buscou-se entender como a dimensão noológica (representada pela atitude religiosa e a realização de sentido influencia a dimensão psíquica (afetos positivos e a percepção do passado e, consequentemente, repercute na dimensão somática (números de células CD4+/CD8+. Participaram 115 pacientes soropositivos para o HIV/AIDS, com idade média de 39 anos (61,4% do sexo masculino. Os resultados apontaram para a adequação deste modelo, com os índices de ajuste aceitáveis. Conclui-se que foram reunidas evidências acerca do modelo teórico da noopsicossomática em pacientes com HIV/AIDS, corroborando a relevância da dimensão noológica no processo de adoecimento e saúde

  5. Teste rápido para detecção da infecção pelo HIV-1 em gestantes Rapid test to detect HIV-1 infection among pregnant women

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    Geraldo Duarte

    2001-03-01

    Full Text Available Objetivos: avaliar os resultados do teste de diagnóstico rápido da infecção pelo HIV-1 disponibilizado pelo Ministério da Saúde, para identificação de gestantes contaminadas por este vírus. Métodos: avaliação prospectiva de 443 gestantes sem teste sorológico para HIV no pré-natal, atendidas no Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP, entre fevereiro e junho de 2000. As amostras destas pacientes foram submetidas ao teste rápido imunocromatográfico, sendo comparadas com ELISA e confirmadas pela aglutinação. Resultados: dentre as 443 gestantes submetidas ao teste rápido (20,1% dos partos no período, 16 apresentaram resultados positivos (3,6%. Nenhuma amostra negativa pelo teste rápido foi positiva pelo ELISA. Entretanto, das 16 amostras positivas pelo teste rápido, duas foram negativas pelos testes confirmatórios. Logo, a sensibilidade do teste rápido foi de 100,0%, especificidade 99,5%, valor preditivo positivo 87,5% e valor preditivo negativo 100,0%. Conclusões: os resultados obtidos na avaliação do teste para o diagnóstico rápido da infecção pelo HIV-1 em gestantes revelaram sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos que o credenciam como recurso extremamente importante na indicação de medidas que reduzem a transmissão perinatal desse vírus.Purpose: to evaluate the results of a rapid diagnostic test for HIV-1 infection made available by the Health Ministry for the identification of pregnant women contaminated by this virus. Methods: we evaluated prospectively 443 pregnant women with no prenatal serologic anti-HIV test seen at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, from February to June, 2000. Samples from these patients were submitted to the rapid immunochromatographic test, which was compared with ELISA and submitted to a confirmatory

  6. Impacto de las redes sociales e internet en la adolescencia: aspectos positivos y negativos

    OpenAIRE

    L. Elías Arab, Dr.; G. Alejandra Díaz, Ps.

    2015-01-01

    Este artículo presenta una revisión teórica del impacto, tanto positivo como negativo, de las redes sociales en los adoles- centes y de la relación directa entre esto y el uso o abuso de las nuevas tecnologías. A su vez, se establece el vínculo entre las formas de utilizarlas y las características psicológi- cas individuales, los desarrollos previos de personalidad y el control parental. Se toma como punto de partida el desa- rrollo adolescente asociado a la construcción de la identidad juven...

  7. Cálculo K: uma abordagem alternativa para a relatividade especial

    OpenAIRE

    Conto,G. De; Lima,A.; Ortega,P.H.; Schmitz,E.R.

    2013-01-01

    Neste artigo apresentamos a abordagem alternativa feita por Bondi para a teoria da relatividade especial. Durante o desenvolvimento, analisamos os diagramas de Bondi, recursos visuais dos quais podemos retirar algumas informações sobre os sistemas analisados, e discutimos o fator K da teoria de Bondi, que está no cerne deste trabalho. Posteriormente, discutimos alguns dos principais resultados obtidos pela relatividade especial de Einstein tais como a dilatação temporal, a contração espacial ...

  8. Treinamento físico para indivíduos HIV positivo submetidos à HAART: efeitos sobre parâmetros antropométricos e funcionais

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    Edmar Lacerda Mendes

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia antirretroviral fortemente ativa (HAART tem melhorado a prognose em indivíduos infectados pelo HIV. No entanto, a HAART tem sido associada ao desenvolvimento de anormalidades metabólicas e na distribuição de gordura corporal conhecida como síndrome lipodistrófica associada ao HIV (SLHIV. OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou o impacto de 24 semanas de exercício resistido com componente aeróbico (ERCA sobre parâmetros antropométricos e funcionais de portadores de HIV submetidos à HAART. MÉTODOS: Noventa e nove indivíduos infectados pelo HIV foram randomicamente alocados em quatro grupos: exercício e lipodistrofia (n = 24; EX+LIP; exercício sem lipodistrofia (n = 21; EX+NoLIP; controle e lipodistrofia (n = 27; NoEX+LIP; controle sem lipodistrofia (n = 27; NoEX+NoLIP. Os indivíduos dos grupos exercitados (EX+LIP e EX+NoLIP participaram de 24 semanas de ERCA. Nos momentos pré e pós 24 semanas de intervenção foram realizadas medidas antropométricas, testes de força e aptidão cardiorrespiratória. RESULTADOS: Vinte e quatro semanas de ERCA alteraram os perímetros corporais avaliados (P < 0,0001 e a relação cintura/quadril (P = 0,017 nos dois grupos exercitados. Reduções foram observadas (P < 0,0001 para o somatório das sete dobras cutâneas avaliadas, percentual de gordura corporal, massa corporal gorda, gordura subcutânea total, central e periférica em resposta ao ERCA. A massa corporal magra aumentou (P < 0,0001 nos grupos exercitados, independente do desfecho (LIP ou NoLIP. A força muscular e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória aumentaram (P < 0,0001, para os dois grupos exercitados em resposta ao ERCA. CONCLUSÃO: Vinte e quatro semanas de ERCA impediram a manifestação das alterações decorrentes da SLHIV e contribuíram para a redução destas.

  9. Frecuencia de microsporidiosis intestinal en pacientes positivos para VIH mediante las técnicas de Gram cromotropo rápido y PCR.

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    Jorge H. Botero

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available Los microsporidios son protozoos intracelulares obligados, implicados en procesos de diarrea persistente en pacientes con sida, aunque no son exclusivos de este grupo de pacientes. La prevalencia de microsporidios en diferentes países varía entre 8% y 52%. En nuestro medio no se conoce su frecuencia, por lo que este trabajo se propuso determinar la frecuencia de microsporidiosis intestinal en pacientes positivos para VIH, mediante la prueba del Gram cromotropo rápido (quick hot Gram y la PCR; para esto se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, con una población intencional de todos los pacientes positivos para VIH remitidos al Laboratorio del Grupo Interdisciplinario para el Estudio de las Parasitosis Intestinales por las diferentes instituciones de atención de pacientes positivos para VIH de Medellín en el periodo comprendido entre agosto de 2001 y septiembre de 2002. Se hizo una encuesta clínico-epidemiológica y se practicaron análisis coprológicos seriados que incluían examen directo, por concentración y tinciones especiales para coccidias y microsporidios intestinales; además, se solicitó recuento de linfocitos TCD4+ y carga viral. Se estudiaron 103 pacientes en edades comprendidas entre 2 y 74 años; el 70% (72/103 presentaba diarrea al ingreso al estudio; la mayoría (83,5% fueron hombres. La frecuencia global de microsporidiosis intestinal fue de 3,9% (4/103; se encontraron tres pacientes positivos para Enterocytozoon bieneusi y uno con Encephalitozoon intestinalis; otras parasitosis intestinales representaron el 39,8%. La frecuencia de microsporidiosis en este estudio fue relativamente baja; además, como era de esperarse, la mayoría de los casos de microsporidios estuvieron asociados con diarrea prolongada y recuentos de LTCD4+ menores de 100 cél/?l y cargas virales superiores a 100.000 copias (3/4.

  10. Uma Abordagem de Monitoração de Tráfego de Rede utilizando Lógica Difusa

    OpenAIRE

    Silveira, Enio Rovere; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Dantas, M. A.R.; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

    2005-01-01

    Neste artigo, apresentamos um trabalho de pesquisa de monitoração de tráfego de rede utilizando uma abordagem de lógica difusa. Nossa contribuição está focada na criação de um protótipo que pudesse ser avaliado em uma configuração real de produção de uma grande organização, utilizando-se de hardware e software existentes na empresa. Resultados experimentais obtidos através de estudos de casos reais no ambiente, indicam o sucesso da abordagem na melhoria da monitoração de tráfego da rede....

  11. A realização do teste anti-hiv no pré-natal: os significados para a gestante

    OpenAIRE

    Silva, Roberta Maria de Oliveira; Araújo, Carla Luzia França; Paz, Fatima Maria Trigo da

    2008-01-01

    O estudo teve por objetivo conhecer e analisar o significado da realização do teste anti-HIV no pré-natal para as gestantes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa e foi realizada em um Hospital Escola e em uma Maternidade do município do Rio de Janeiro. Como recurso técnico-metodológico utilizou-se o discurso do sujeito coletivo (DSC). Após a análise dos discursos verificamos que para as gestantes a realização do teste significa a possibilidade de prevenir a transmissão vertical ...

  12. ABORDAGEM DO BIOMA CERRADO EM LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DE BIOLOGIA DO ENSINO MÉDIO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rafael Gonçalves Bezerra

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available A educação brasileira tem os livros didáticos como principal recurso de informação a alunos e professores. Este trabalho analisa como ocorre a abordagem do bioma Cerrado em seis livros didáticos de biologia destinados ao Ensino Médio. Os aspectos analisados foram o número de páginas destinadas ao tema, figuras, exemplificações acerca da fauna e flora local e abordagem do tema. A análise mostrou que todos os aspectos são apresentados de maneira resumida. Exemplos da fauna e flora local, quando presente nos livros, são citados apenas com o nome popular. Como resultado, o bioma Cerrado é tratado de maneira acrítica quanto à sua situação de degradação e importância para a manutenção da biodiversidade mundial.

  13. Movement disorders in 28 HIV-infected patients Distúrbios do movimento em 28 pacientes infectados pelo HIV

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    James Pitágoras de Mattos

    2002-09-01

    Full Text Available From 1986 to 1999, 2460 HIV-positive inpatients were seen in our Hospital. Neurological abnormalities were detected in 1053 (42.8% patients. In this group, 28 (2.7% had involuntary movements, 14 (50% with secondary parkinsonism, six (21.4% with hemichorea/hemiballismus, four (14.2% with myoclonus, two (7.2% with painful legs and moving toes, one (3.6% with hemidystonia and one (3.6% with Holmes' tremor. The HIV itself (12 patients, toxoplasmosis of the midbrain (1 and metoclopramide-related symptoms (1 were the most probable causes for the parkinsonism. All patients with hemichorea/hemiballismus were men and in all of them toxoplasmosis of the basal ganglia, mostly on the right side, was the cause of the involuntary movements. Generalized myoclonus was seen in two patients and they were due to toxoplasmosis and HIV-encephalopathy respectively; two others presented with spinal myoclonus. The two patients with painful legs and moving toes had an axonal neuropathy. The patient with hemidystonia suffered from toxoplasmosis in the basal ganglia and the patient with Holmes' tremor had co-infection with tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis affecting the midbrain and cerebellum. We conclude that HIV-infected patients can present almost any movement disorder. They can be related to opportunistic infections, medications, mass lesions and possibly to a direct or indirect effect of the HIV itself.De 1986 a 1999, 2460 pacientes HIV-positivos internados foram avaliados em nosso Hospital. Alterações neurológicas foram encontradas em 1053 (42,8%. Neste grupo, 28 (2,7% exibiam movimentos involuntários, 14 (50% com parkinsonismo secundário, seis (21,4% com hemicoréia/hemiballismo, quatro (14,2% com mioclonias, dois (7,2% com painful legs and moving toes, um (3,6% com hemidistonia e um (3,6% com tremor de Holmes. No grupo com parkinsonismo, 12 eram, provavelmente, secundários ao HIV; um à toxoplasmose mesencefálica e outro desencadeado pela metoclopramida

  14. Fibrosis pulmonar asociada a vasculitis con anticuerpos anticitoplasmáticos positivos

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    Marcelo Fernández Casares

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available Las complicaciones pulmonares más conocidas de las vasculitis con anticuerpos anticitoplasmáticos de los neutrófilos (ANCA positivos (VAA, son la hemorragia alveolar, los granulomas y la estenosis de la vía aérea. En los últimos años han aparecido algunos informes aislados que muestran la asociación con fibrosis pulmonar (FP, sugiriendo que ésta sería otra complicación de las VAA. En este trabajo informamos dos casos con dicha asociación describiendo sus características clínicas, tomográficas e inmunológicas. Dado que en la asociación de FP y VAA notificada en los últimos años, la FP puede ser su primera manifestación, podría ser necesaria la búsqueda de ANCA en pacientes con FP, como causa de la misma y por el posible desarrollo posterior de vasculitis.

  15. Para uma abordagem virtuosa do Jornalismo

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    Rogério Christofoletti

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available As últimas décadas têm favorecido o crescimento do interesse e dos estudos sobre a ética jornalística. No Brasil e em outras praças, as abordagens deste tema têm sido na maioria das vezes por um caráter deontológico ou utilitarista. Neste artigo, chamamos a atenção para uma perspectiva que privilegie as virtudes como pontos de partida para os debates acerca das condutas dos profissionais. Uma ética das virtudes remete a Aristóteles e aos estoicos, mas vem sendo retomada por autores mais contemporâneos, como Macintyre e Comte-Sponville, entre outros. No jornalismo, esta abordagem não é definitiva ou totalizante, mas contribui para uma compreensão mais ampla da discussão, chamando inclusive a atenção para recomendações éticas úteis, práticas e atuais.

  16. Enfoques positivos y normativos en las políticas de ciencia y tecnología

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    Morera Cuesta, Rafael

    2009-08-01

    Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to show how normative approaches to scientific research and technological development (R&D policies have shaped positive analysis. It presents a general overview of those contributions from decision makers and researchers to the early debates that founded social studies of research and development in mid 40s. Moreover, this article uses the distinction between positive and normative approaches to hold that international organizations, especially OECD, held the leadership in the normative construction of R&D discourses, and that subsequent positive analyses have been conducted in academia following normative guidelines. This applies for both national and international academic circles.Este artículo presenta una visión general de la evolución de los trabajos que estudian las políticas públicas de investigación científica y desarrollo tecnológico (I+D, desde la apertura de este campo a la acción del gobierno en la década de 1940 hasta la actualidad. Tras hacer un repaso descriptivo de cuáles fueron las primeras aportaciones de los decisores públicos y de los académicos a este campo de conocimiento durante su proceso de creación, este trabajo utiliza la distinción entre enfoques positivos y normativos y defiende que el liderazgo normativo ha correspondido a los organismos internacionales, especialmente a la OCDE, y que los enfoques positivos en la literatura académica internacional y en la nacional han evolucionado siguiendo las pautas marcadas por esta institución.

  17. Impacto de las redes sociales e internet en la adolescencia: aspectos positivos y negativos

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    L. Elías Arab, Dr.

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo presenta una revisión teórica del impacto, tanto positivo como negativo, de las redes sociales en los adoles- centes y de la relación directa entre esto y el uso o abuso de las nuevas tecnologías. A su vez, se establece el vínculo entre las formas de utilizarlas y las características psicológi- cas individuales, los desarrollos previos de personalidad y el control parental. Se toma como punto de partida el desa- rrollo adolescente asociado a la construcción de la identidad juvenil en el contexto de un nuevo paradigma comunica- cional (cibercomunicación, donde el límite entre lo públi- co y lo privado se torna cada vez más difuso. Se expone la terminología propia de las redes sociales y se pone énfasis en las estrategias de supervisión y control adulto. Se deta- llan los aspectos positivos que las nuevas tecnologías ofre- cen (diversas oportunidades de aprendizaje, entretención, socialización, desarrollo de habilidades, creatividad y me- jora de la motivación al aprendizaje especialmente en ado- lescentes, entre otros y los aspectos negativos asociados (distanciamiento afectivo, pérdida de límites en la comuni- cación y pérdida de la capacidad de escucha, entre otros. Este artículo destaca la necesidad de entregar y estimular modelos de comunicación social reales y una educación en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías. El objetivo es actualizar y orientar a profesionales de la salud sobre los aspectos posi- tivos y/o negativos de las redes sociales en los adolescentes.

  18. Frequency of class I anti-HLA alloantibodies in patients infected by HIV-1

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    Elza Regina Manzolli Leite

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of class I anti-HLA alloantibodies in patients infected by HIV-1 and relate it with the different clinical courses of the disease. Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes from 145 individuals. HIV-1 infection was confirmed by ELISA test. The presence of class I anti-HLA alloantibodies and HLA allele's were determined. Clinical evolution was set as fast (3 years. Class I anti-HLA alloantibodies presence was lower in healthy individuals than in those infected by HIV-1 (4.2% against 32.4%. However, an equal distribution of these alloantibodies was found among the individuals infected, independent on the clinical evolution. Thus, class I anti-HLA alloantibodies was not a determinant factor for patient worsening.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de aloanticorpos anti-HLA classe I em pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1 e relacioná-la aos diferentes cursos clínicos da doença. Amostras de sangue de 145 indivíduos HIV positivo foram coletadas em tubos com EDTA. A infecção pelo HIV-1 foi confirmada por teste ELISA e a presença de aloanticorpos anti-HLA classe I determinada em seguida. A evolução clínica foi definida como rápida (3 anos. A presença de aloanticorpos anti-HLA classe I foi menor em indivíduos saudáveis em relação aos infectados pelo HIV-1 (4,2% contra 32,4%. Porém, a distribuição destes aloanticorpos entre os indivíduos infectados foi igual, independente da evolução clínica. Deste modo, a presença de aloanticorpos anti-HLA classe I não é um fator determinante na piora clínica do paciente.

  19. Mediastinite Aguda: Estudo Retrospetivo de 8 Anos de Abordagem em Cuidados Intensivos

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    Ana Bastos Furtado

    2018-02-01

    Conclusão: A nossa série difere do reportado na literatura relativamente aos dados demográficos (mulheres, com idade média superior e à etiologia das mediastinites (perfuração do esófago e mediastinites descendentes. Para o sucesso do tratamento é fundamental o diagnóstico e abordagem atempada em ambiente de cuidados intensivos pela gravidade, complexidade e multiplicidade das técnicas aplicadas.

  20. Perfil de travestis e transgêneros: tuberculose e HIV/Aids na cidade de São Paulo

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    Sérgio Ferreira Jr.

    Full Text Available RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o perfil de travestis e mulheres transgênero que participaram de uma pesquisa sobre tuberculose e HIV/Aids na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos Estudo transversal com aplicação do questionário Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP adaptado para coleta de dados. Foram abordados aspectos sociodemográficos, da passagem pelo sistema prisional, aspectos relativos ao processo de transição de gênero, uso de preservativo, histórico de tratamento de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e tuberculose e conhecimento de HIV/Aids. Resultados Participaram do estudo 58 travestis e 66 transgêneros. Observaram-se diferenças entre os grupos em relação a escolaridade (P = 0,008, prostituição (P < 0,001, passagem por prisões (P < 0,001, injeção de silicone líquido (P = 0,005 e hormonioterapia sem acompanhamento médico (P = 0,004. Todas as trans (100% e 80% das travestis referiram tratamento de sífilis; 25,9% das travestis relataram coinfecção tuberculose/HIV. Os resultados relativos ao conhecimento de HIV/Aids revelaram noções permeadas por equívocos quanto às formas de transmissão e uso irregular do preservativo. Conclusão Os resultados deste estudo mostraram a vulnerabilidade de travestis e mulheres transgênero frente a tuberculose e HIV/Aids. As diferenças observadas entre os dois grupos sugerem a necessidade de uma abordagem distinta em futuros estudos.

  1. Proposta de uma abordagem psicoeducacional em grupos para pacientes adultos com Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade

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    Grevet, Eugenio Horácio; Abreu, Paulo Belmonte de; Shansis, Flávio

    2003-01-01

    Os autores do presente artigo propõem, a partir do modelo pedagógico proposto por Antoni Zabala, uma abordagem psicoeducativa grupal para pacientes adultos portadores de Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade. Para tanto, adaptam esta estrutura pedagógica para fundamentar a abordagem de grupos psicoeducacionais. O presente trabalho adiciona uma nova técnica para o tratamento do TDAH no adulto a partir da interface entre a pedagogia e a psicoterapia. TIn this paper the authors sugg...

  2. Design de sistemas de informação centrado no usuário e a abordagem do sense-making

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    Edmeire Cristina Pereira

    Full Text Available Esta pesquisa analisa alguns aspectos da interação ser humano-computador e da abordagem do Sense-Making (Dervin e outros, também reconhecida na literatura como "abordagem centrada no usuário" ou, ainda, "abordagem da percepção do usuário". Examina um site de uma empresa carioca (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil do setor de farmácia, cosméticos e perfumaria, levando-se em consideração o lay-out das sucessivas telas com janelas, menus, botões, ícones e todos os componentes do sistema visíveis para o usuário. Como resultado das análises do conteúdo das páginas, da comunicação visual e de sua interatividade com os usuários potenciais, evidencia-se que o site não atende a todos os critérios de qualidade sugeridos pela literatura e, nem tampouco, a todas as diretrizes básicas para o design de sistemas de informação centrado no usuário, por Schneiderman e Bastien & Scapin.

  3. Treinamento físico para indivíduos HIV positivo submetidos à HAART: efeitos sobre parâmetros antropométricos e funcionais Physical training for HIV positive individuals submitted to HAART: effects on anthropometric and functional parameters

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    Edmar Lacerda Mendes

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia antirretroviral fortemente ativa (HAART tem melhorado a prognose em indivíduos infectados pelo HIV. No entanto, a HAART tem sido associada ao desenvolvimento de anormalidades metabólicas e na distribuição de gordura corporal conhecida como síndrome lipodistrófica associada ao HIV (SLHIV. OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou o impacto de 24 semanas de exercício resistido com componente aeróbico (ERCA sobre parâmetros antropométricos e funcionais de portadores de HIV submetidos à HAART. MÉTODOS: Noventa e nove indivíduos infectados pelo HIV foram randomicamente alocados em quatro grupos: exercício e lipodistrofia (n = 24; EX+LIP; exercício sem lipodistrofia (n = 21; EX+NoLIP; controle e lipodistrofia (n = 27; NoEX+LIP; controle sem lipodistrofia (n = 27; NoEX+NoLIP. Os indivíduos dos grupos exercitados (EX+LIP e EX+NoLIP participaram de 24 semanas de ERCA. Nos momentos pré e pós 24 semanas de intervenção foram realizadas medidas antropométricas, testes de força e aptidão cardiorrespiratória. RESULTADOS: Vinte e quatro semanas de ERCA alteraram os perímetros corporais avaliados (P INTRODUCTION: The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART has improved the prognosis of HIV-infected individuals. However, HAART has been associated with the development of metabolic and fat distribution abnormalities, known as HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (SLHIV. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the impact of 24 weeks of resistance exercise with aerobic component (REAC on anthropometric and functional parameters in HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART. METHODS: Ninety- nine HIV-infected patients were randomly allocated into four groups: exercise and lipodystrophy (n = 24; EX + LIP; exercise without lipodystrophy (n = 21; EX + NoLIP; control and lipodystrophy (n = 27; NoEX + LIP; control without lipodystrophy (n = 27; NoEX + NoLIP. Subjects from exercised groups (EX+LIP and EX+NoLIP participated in a 24

  4. Fatores psicossociais e a infecção por HIV em mulheres, Maringá, PR Psychosocial aspects of HIV infection among women in Brazil

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    Rozilda Neves Alves

    2002-08-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção do risco de infecção em mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, antes de elas receberem o resultado positivo para essa patologia. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório com entrevistas em profundidade em amostra de conveniência constituída de 26 mulheres que freqüentavam o ambulatório de um centro regional de saúde em Maringá, PR. A entrevista foi semidirigida com um roteiro de perguntas fechadas e abertas sobre características sociodemográficos, conhecimento sobre prevenção primária e secundária, percepção de risco antes do teste positivo para HIV, impacto do resultado em suas vidas -- inclusive a sexual -- depois de saberem ser portadoras do vírus. Os resultados foram analisados pela metodologia de análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: Apesar de ter consciência de que essa doença pode atingir qualquer um, nenhuma das 26 mulheres estudadas acreditava estar infectada pelo HIV/Aids. Os mecanismos psicológicos, "negação", "evitação", "onipotência do pensamento" e "projeção" foram os que puderam ser identificados como aqueles que as mulheres mais utilizaram para lidar com as dificuldades e as ansiedades decorrentes da percepção de risco e das normas e relações de gêneros hegemônicas presentes na cultura brasileira. Verificou-se que, se o uso desses mecanismos alivia a angústia, por outro lado aumenta a vulnerabilidade das mulheres. Elas se sentem incapazes de atuar, e muitas mantêm relações sexuais desprotegidas com os parceiros, expondo-se à gravidez indesejada e à reinfecção. CONCLUSÕES: Os programas de prevenção do HIV devem considerar também aspectos psicológicos, socioeconômicos e culturais que interferem na vulnerabilidade das mulheres, antes e depois da infecção. Para haver maior alcance de suas ações, os programas devem ir além da distribuição massiva de informações e usar abordagens psicoeducativas em pequenos grupos que estimulem a conscientização das mulheres para al

  5. Prevalence of oral hairy leukoplakia in 120 pediatric patients infected with HIV-1 Prevalência da leucoplasia pilosa oral em 120 pacientes pediátricos infectados pelo HIV-1

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    Eliane Pedra Dias

    2006-04-01

    Full Text Available Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL is an EBV (Epstein-Barr virus opportunistic infection found in HIV-infected patients. It is an asymptomatic lesion that has an important prognostic value in AIDS. Differently from what takes place with HIV adult patients, OHL has been described in the literature as having a very small prevalence in pediatric patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of OHL in HIV pediatric patients using cytopathology. The sample consisted of 120 patients who were submitted to oral examination and had material scraped from both sides of their tongues. The diagnostic criterion was based on the identification of nuclear alterations. Clinical OHL was identified in two (1.67% patients. The cytopathology revealed twenty (16.7% cases of subclinical OHL. Our results show that in pediatric patients the prevalence of OHL may be larger than that described in the literature.A leucoplasia pilosa oral (OHL é uma infecção oportunista causada pelo Vírus Epstein-Barr (EBV encontrada em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. É uma lesão assintomática que tem um importante valor prognóstico na AIDS. Diferentemente de pacientes adultos, a OHL tem sido descrita na literatura como tendo uma prevalência muito pequena em pacientes pediátricos. Logo, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência da OHL em pacientes pediátricos positivos para o HIV através do uso da citopatologia. A amostra consistiu-se de 120 pacientes, que foram submetidos a exame oral e coleta de material de ambos os lados da língua. O critério diagnóstico foi baseado na identificação de alterações nucleares. A OHL clínica foi identificada em dois (1,67% pacientes. A citopatologia revelou vinte casos (16,7% de OHL subclínica. Nossos resultados mostram que a prevalência de OHL em pacientes pediátricos infectados pelo HIV deve ser maior que a relatada na literatura.

  6. Candidíase oral como marcador de prognóstico em pacientes portadores do HIV Oral candidiasis as prognostic marker of HIV-infected patients

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    Valdinês Gonçalves dos Santos Cavassani

    2002-10-01

    Full Text Available Introdução: A candidíase oral é uma das doenças oportunistas mais fortemente associadas à infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV. Vários relatos epidemiológicos enfatizam a prevalência da candidíase em pacientes HIV positivos e ressaltam a sua importância como marcador da progressão da doença e preditivo para o aumento da imunodepressão. Objetivo: Verificar as alterações estomatológicas em pacientes portadores do HIV tratados no Hospital Heliópolis - São Paulo, Brasil e comparar com a literatura. Forma de Estudo: Retrospectivo clínico não-randomizado. Casuística e Método: Foram analisados 431 pacientes HIV+/AIDS (298 homens e 133 mulheres no Hospital Heliópolis - São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 1995 a 2001. Resultados: A idade média mais comum foi dos 31 aos 40 anos (47,10%; a via de contágio mais comum foi a sexual (71,26%. Dentre as patologias, a candidíase apresentou maior prevalência (29,69%, seguida pela gengivite (16,70% e queilite angular (14,15%. Conclusões: Concluímos que o exame oral e o diagnóstico precoce da candidíase em pacientes infectados pelo HIV são fundamentais para o tratamento imediato, melhorando a sua qualidade de vida, uma vez que a candidíase é uma lesão bucal muito freqüente nesta população.Introduction: Strongly associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV, oral candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic infections. Various epedemiological data now emphasize the prevalence of candidiasis in HIV-infected patients and its importance as useful marker for disease progression and prediction for increasing immunossupression. Aim: The purposes of this study were to assess a group of HIV positive patients treated in Heliopólis Hospital, Hosphel - São Paulo, Brazil and refer the oral changing related to the syndrom and compared the results to the literature. Study design: Retrospective clinical no randomized. Casuistic and method: Four hundred thirty one

  7. Derecho positivo y derecho natural: una reflexión desde el iusnaturalismo sobre la necesidad y naturaleza de la determinación

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    Sebastián Contreras

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo intenta analizar la naturaleza de la derivatio per modum determinationis. La filosofía escolástica enseña que la determinatio es uno de los modos de derivarse la ley humana desde la ley natural, particularmente el modo en que se deriva el derecho positivo o civil. En este trabajo el autor se detiene a revisar su modalidad, así como algunos criterios para reconocer las determinaciones o normas positivas.O presente trabalho procura analisar a natureza da derivatio per modum determinationis. A filosofia escolástica ensina que a determinatio é um dos modos por meio dos quais se deriva a lei humana a partir da lei natural, particularmente o modo no qual se deriva o direito positivo ou civil. Neste trabalho o autor se detém a revisar sua modalidade, bem como alguns critérios para reconhecer as determinações ou normas positivas.

  8. O ENIGMA DE KASPAR HAUSER (1812?-1833): UMA ABORDAGEM PSICOSSOCIAL

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    Saboya, Maria Clara Lopes

    2001-01-01

    A partir de uma abordagem histórico-cultural em Psicologia, este trabalho analisa o percurso de desenvolvimento de Kaspar Hauser, um personagem real e enigmático que, quando encontrado em Nuremberg, em 1928, com supostamente 15 anos, não sabia falar, nem andar e não se comportava como humano. Até hoje o seu enigma persiste: apesar de muitas hipóteses e suspeitas, não se descobriu sua origem. Apoiando-se em estudos de Vygotsky e Luria, que indicam que a percepção depende, sobretudo, da práxis ...

  9. Aconselhamento em DST/Aids às gestantes que realizaram o teste anti-HIV na admissão para o parto: os sentidos de uma prática

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    Patrícia de Lima Fonseca

    Full Text Available Foram analisadas as práticas e os sentidos do aconselhamento para gestantes submetidas ao teste anti-HIV na admissão para o parto, e para profissionais de saúde que atuam na assistência à maternidade em Salvador, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo em uma maternidade, com observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com 13 puérperas sem diagnóstico prévio para o HIV e sete profissionais de saúde. Observou-se que o exame anti-HIV é realizado de forma compulsória, sem considerar a autonomia da gestante, e que o aconselhamento se limita a informar o diagnóstico e dar orientações no pós-teste somente àquelas cujos resultados foram positivos. Os sentidos que permeiam o exame, assim como o entendimento da experiência e os significados construídos pelas puérperas, sobretudo quando se descobrem positivas para o HIV, não são abordados pelos profissionais, que não se sentem capacitados para acolherem a subjetividade das pacientes.

  10. Aconselhamento em DST/Aids às gestantes que realizaram o teste anti-HIV na admissão para o parto: os sentidos de uma prática

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    Patrícia de Lima Fonseca

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available Foram analisadas as práticas e os sentidos do aconselhamento para gestantes submetidas ao teste anti-HIV na admissão para o parto, e para profissionais de saúde que atuam na assistência à maternidade em Salvador, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo em uma maternidade, com observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com 13 puérperas sem diagnóstico prévio para o HIV e sete profissionais de saúde. Observou-se que o exame anti-HIV é realizado de forma compulsória, sem considerar a autonomia da gestante, e que o aconselhamento se limita a informar o diagnóstico e dar orientações no pós-teste somente àquelas cujos resultados foram positivos. Os sentidos que permeiam o exame, assim como o entendimento da experiência e os significados construídos pelas puérperas, sobretudo quando se descobrem positivas para o HIV, não são abordados pelos profissionais, que não se sentem capacitados para acolherem a subjetividade das pacientes.

  11. Caracterización de pacientes positivos al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en el policlínico "Carlos J Finlay" de La Habana Characterization of positive patients to the human immunodeficiency virus in "Carlos J. Finlay" Polyclinic in Havana

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    Raiza González García

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available Introducción: las infecciones de transmisión sexual constituyen una de las patologías más comunes en el mundo, dentro de ellas se encuentra el Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA, que constituye la etapa final de la infección por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH. Objetivo: caracterizar los casos positivos al Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana y describir el comportamiento de sus factores de riesgo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de 17 pacientes diagnosticados con VIH positivo en el Policlínico "Carlos J. Finlay", del municipio Marianao, durante el año 2010. Los datos fueron recolectados del registro de casos del programa de control y prevención del VIH en el policlínico y se analizaron variables como: edad, sexo, raza, nivel de escolaridad, ocupación y factores de riesgo asociados. Resultados: el grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 40 a 49 años con 6 casos; 13 pertenecían al sexo masculino; existió un incremento de casos en la raza negra; el mayor número de enfermos fueron los bachilleres y los de secundaria básica terminada; 9 de ellos estaban desvinculados laboralmente y 10 no tenían una pareja estable. Conclusiones: la enfermedad prevaleció en los mayores de 40 años, predominó el sexo masculino, la raza negra, los bachilleres, los desvinculados laboralmente, la relación sexual sin protección, la homosexualidad y la inestabilidad de la pareja. Aparecieron como infecciones asociadas el herpes genital y la sífilis.Background: sexually transmitted infections constitute one of the most common pathologies in the world. Among them, we have the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS which constitutes the final stage of the infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV. Objective: to characterize the positive cases to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV and describe the behaviour of its risk factors. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study of 17 patients who have been

  12. A dimensão da espiritualidade como estratégia de enfrentamento no diagnóstico positivo de HIV/AIDS em gestantes.

    OpenAIRE

    Pereira, Rita de Cássia de Carvalho

    2010-01-01

    Este estudo pretendeu analisar a dimensão da espiritualidade como uma estratégia de enfrentamento utilizada pelas gestantes atendidas no Serviço de Assistência Especializada Materno Infantil - SAE/MI frente ao diagnóstico soropositivo para HIV/AIDS, do Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley-HULW de João Pessoa da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratório, do tipo estudo de caso, com amostra de 08 gestantes infectadas que descobriram o d...

  13. Manejo clínico da gestante com hiv positivo nas maternidades de referência da região do Cariri Manejo clínico de la embarazada hiv positivo en las maternidades de referencia de la región de Cariri Clinical management of the hiv positive pregnant women in reference maternities from the region of Cariri

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    Camilla Thania Dias de Lima

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar como ocorre o manejo clínico e medicamentoso da gestante com HIV nas maternidades de referência da região do Cariri. Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, com dados de 22 prontuários e 21 fichas de notificação entre agosto de 2003 e setembro de 2007, analisados por estatística descritiva. Todas as gestantes realizaram 4 a 6 consultas de pré-natal. A maioria recebeu profilaxia com AZT; foram realizados 16 testes rápidos para o HIV. O parto cesáreo foi o mais utilizado; 17 receberam AZT intraparto e esquema completo; 9 iniciaram o AZT intravenoso antes de três horas de internação. No puerpério, sete realizaram inibição mecânica da lactação; duas, inibições hormonais; e oito, os dois métodos. Todos recém-nascidos receberam AZT oral e fórmula infantil. As maternidades investigadas seguem as orientações do MS quanto: uso de teste rápido, escolha do tipo de parto, profilaxia com AZT intravenoso, inibição da lactação e cuidados imediatos aos recém-nascidos.Esta investigación objetivó identificar como ocurre el manejo clínico y medicamentoso de las mujeres embarazadas con VIH en las maternidades de referencia de la región de Cariri. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, con datos de 22 prontuarios y 21 fichas de notificación de agosto de 2003 hasta septiembre de 2007, analizados por estadística descriptiva. Todas las mujeres embarazadas realizaron de 4 a 6 consultas de prenatal. La mayoría recibió profilaxis con AZT; realizados 16 exámenes rápidos para el VIH. El parto [cesáreo] fue el más utilizado; 17 recibieron AZT intraparto y esquema completo; 9 iniciaron el AZT intravenoso antes de tres horas de internación. En el puerperio, siete realizaron inhibición mecánica de la lactación, dos inhibiciones hormonales y ocho, los dos métodos. Todos los recién nacidos recibieron AZT oral y fórmula infantil. Las maternidades investigadas siguen las orientaciones del MS cuanto: uso

  14. Associação dos biomarcadores com aterosclerose e risco para doença coronariana em portadores de HIV

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    Maria da Conceição Brandão de Arruda Falcão

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available FUNDAMENTO: O uso maciço da Terapia Antirretroviral (TARV na população com vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV coincidiu com um aumento das doenças cardiovasculares, causa importante de morbimortalidade nesse grupo. OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência de aterosclerose carotídea e avaliar a associação entre os níveis dos biomarcadores e o espessamento da camada médio-intimal carotídea em indivíduos HIV positivos, atendidos em serviços de referência para HIV em Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Corte transversal com 122 pacientes HIV positivos. Considerou-se aterosclerose carotídea subclínica o aumento da espessura da camada média intimal da carótida comum > 0,8 milímetros ou placas no ultrassom de carótidas. Os biomarcadores inflamatórios analisados foram IL6, IL1-β, TNF-α, PCR-ultrassensível, sVCAM-1 e sICAM-1. RESULTADOS: Dos 122 pacientes analisados, a maioria era de homens (60,7%, com > 40 anos (57,4%, em uso de TARV (81,1%. A prevalência de aterosclerose foi de 42,6% (52 casos. Pacientes com idade acima de 40 anos e Framingham intermediário ou alto apresentaram maior chance de desenvolver aterosclerose na análise univariada. Idade acima de 40 anos (OR = 6,57 IC 2,66 -16,2; p = 0,000, sexo masculino (OR = 2,76 IC 1,12-6,79; p = 0,027 e a condição de síndrome metabólica (OR = 2,27 IC 0,94-5,50; p = 0,070 mostraram-se associados à aterosclerose na análise multivariada. Níveis elevados de citocinas inflamatórias e moléculas de adesão não mostraram associação com a presença de aterosclerose. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve associação entre os biomarcadores inflamatórios, moléculas de adesão e presença de aterosclerose carotídea. Entretanto, evidenciou-se em homens, pessoas com mais de 40 anos, portadores de escore de Framingham intermediário/alto ou síndrome metabólica maior chance de aterosclerose subclínica.

  15. Abordagem do enfermeiro no grupo educativo com gestantes candidatas à laqueadura

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    Arlete de Souza Barros

    1993-06-01

    Full Text Available Enfocamos neste trabalho a abordagem do enfermeiro enquanto coordenador de grupo educativo com gestantes candidatas à laqueadura. Enfatizamos a necessidade de um referencial teórico específico para trabalharmos com grupos de pacientes. Queremos evidenciar também o papel de educador inerente ao enfermeiro e a importância da sua atuação na equipe multiprofissional da área de saúde. A metodologia do grupo educativo é suscintamente descrita, na forma de um protocolo, que apresentamos como sugestão para o desenvolvimento de atividades semelhantes.

  16. The distance-learning mode as a strategy in the heath professionals’ continuous improvement

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    Ana Amélia Nascimento da Silva Bones

    2015-10-01

    Full Text Available Os profissionais da saúde têm sido sensibilizados a combater a epidemia pelo HIV através da implementação de tecnologias na sua prática. Objetivo: Discutir sobre o desenvolvimento de  um  Objeto de Aprendizagem para reflexão clínica da realização do teste rápido para HIV e sobre a necessidade da execução da educação permanente. Metodologia: Pesquisa de natureza aplicada, o método constitui-se em revisão de literatura e modelagem de comunidade virtual de aprendizagem. Resultados: em nota prévia, desenvolveu-se o objeto de aprendizagem sobre a abordagem dos usuários com o teste rápido positivo de HIV na atenção básica. O software exelearning foi priorizado devido à reutilização, à interoperabilidade e ao alinhamento da ação educacional com o perfil dos alunos. A expectativa é mapear as estratégias pedagógicas e refletir sobre a educação permanente em espaços coletivos de maneira articulada entre os atores. Conclusão: A padronização de conteúdos educacionais em EaD oportuniza atualização e reformulação das práxis.

  17. Capital psicológico positivo: validación del cuestionario PCQ en España

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    Garazi Azanza

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available En este estudio se describe el constructo de capital psicológico positivo (Luthans y Youssef, 2004 y la validación en España de un instrumento para medirlo: el PCQ (Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Este cuestionario mide cuatro aspectos diferentes, aunque relacionados entre sí, del concepto más amplio de capital psicológico. Estos aspectos son la autoeficacia, la esperanza, el optimismo y la resiliencia. Los resultados obtenidos (N = 372 a través del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron que la versión española del cuestionario presenta una alta fiabilidad, así como validez convergente y discriminante. Se discuten los resultados, aportaciones y limitaciones del presente estudio.

  18. Alcohol, drugs, and risky sexual behavior are related to HIV infection in female adolescents Álcool, drogas e comportamento sexual de risco estão relacionados à infecção por HIV em mulheres adolescentes

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    Ana Margareth Siqueira Bassols

    2010-12-01

    ", apenas "risco por drogas" esteve associada com o estado sorológico HIV positivo (OR = 4,178 IC 95% = 1,476-11,827. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados indicam que a alta soropositividade encontrada nas jovens adolescentes que procuraram testagem evidencia a necessidade de que se desenvolvam medidas de intervenção preventivas especialmente dirigidas para comportamento de risco em mulheres adolescentes para evitar a disseminação da infecção HIV.

  19. The gender approach in community AIDS projects in Mozambique: agreement and disagreement between government and civil society Abordagem de gênero em projetos comunitários de combate à AIDS em Moçambique: convergências e desencontros entre governo e sociedade civil

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    Wilza Vieira Villela

    2009-03-01

    Full Text Available This article discusses some areas where government and civil society converge and clash in their gender approaches in community HIV/AIDS projects in Mozambique, based on an evaluative study conducted in 2006 encompassing 160 of the 1,124 NGO projects undertaken with the support of the country's national AIDS council, known as the Conselho Nacional de Combate ao SIDA (CNCS. An analysis of projects and official documents shows that, for the CNCS, the term "gender" represents a way of underscoring the epidemic's impact on women. In community projects, the gender approach often times finds expression in initiatives to mitigate the economic impact of the epidemic on widows. Initiatives aimed at men and at the population as a whole generally pay little attention to power relations between men and women or their affect on the epidemic. This suggests that any endeavor to transfer Western analytical techniques or forms of intervention for coping with the HIV/AIDS epidemic to other regions of the world demands painstaking efforts to translate these and adapt them to local cultural standards.Este artigo discute algumas convergências e desencontros entre governo e sociedade civil na abordagem de gênero de projetos comunitários de enfrentamento do HIV/AIDS em Moçambique. Baseia-se em material de pesquisa avaliativa realizada no país em 2006, incluindo 160 dos 1.124 projetos de organizações não governamentais desenvolvidos com apoio do Conselho Nacional de Combate ao SIDA (CNCS. A análise dos projetos e de documentos oficiais mostra que para o CNCS o termo gênero aparece destacando a dinâmica de epidemia em relação às mulheres. Nos projetos comunitários a abordagem de gênero muitas vezes será traduzida em ações de mitigação dos impactos econômicos da epidemia sobre viúvas. Atividades voltadas para a população masculina e para a população em geral pouco abordam as relações de poder entre homens e mulheres e suas conseq

  20. Pitiríase versicolor e síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA

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    Roza Marlon Soares

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available FUNDAMENTOS: A pitiríase versicolor é uma infecção crônica recorrente da camada córnea causada pela Malassezia furfur, geralmente assintomática, podendo ser causa de fungemia. A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida caracteriza-se por uma importante depressão celular, o que propicia a ocorrência de infecções oportunistas. OBJETIVOS: Dados a imunodepressão causada pelo HIV e o risco da presença de M. furfur em sua forma patogênica no imunocomprometido, realizou-se este trabalho comparativo buscando as reais diferenças da pitiríase versicolor no imunocompetente e no imunodeprimido pelo HIV. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, no período de julho de 1998 a junho de 1999, 50 pacientes HIV positivos do Hospital Universitário da UFJF. Como grupo controle, foram examinados de forma aleatória 50 pacientes soronegativos para HIV. Para cada paciente foi preenchido um protocolo constando de identificação e exames clínicos e laboratoriais. RESULTADOS: A pitiríase versicolor foi diagnosticada clinicamente no grupo HIV positivo em sete (14% pacientes, resultado coincidente no grupo controle. Quanto ao passado para a pitiríase versicolor, 12 (24% pacientes já haviam apresentado tal doença no grupo HIV positivo, e igual incidência ocorreu no grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES: A pitiríase versicolor não se mostrou mais freqüente e nem mais agressiva na população imunodeprimida pelo HIV em relação ao grupo controle, enquanto a dermatite seborréica apresentou-se mais freqüente no grupo infectado pelo HIV.

  1. Esporte adaptado: abordagem sobre os fatores que influenciam a prática do esporte coletivo em cadeira de rodas Sport for persons with a disability: approach about the factors that influence the practice of team wheelchair sports

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    Anselmo de Athayde Costa e Silva

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Este ensaio suscita uma discussão acerca da complexidade do esporte adaptado, diante da forma reducionista como o fenômeno tem sido definido ao longo do tempo. Entende-se que este é um construto complexo e, portanto, a abordagem para o seu entendimento deve ser de pensamento complexo. Foram discutidos os vários aspectos relacionados à prática do esporte pelas pessoas com deficiência e como os trabalhos devem ser conduzidos neste campo. Embora o esporte adaptado tenha efeitos positivos sobre variáveis como reabilitação e inclusão social, este não pode ser definido apenas com base nestas questões e sim como um fenômeno complexo e abrangente.This paper gives rise a discussion about the complexity of wheelchair sports highlighting the reductionist way in wich the phenomenon has been defined over time. It is understood that this is a complex construct and therefore the approach for its understanding thought to be complex. We discussed various aspects related to the practice of sport for people with disabilities and how the studies should be conducted in this field. Although the sport has adapted positive effects on variables such as rehabilitation and social inclusion, this can't be defined solely on these issues, but as a complex and comprehensive phenomenon.

  2. Direito a moradia e inclusão social: aspectos positivos e negativos do "programa minha casa minha vida"

    OpenAIRE

    Desordi, Jordana Laís; Strücker, Bianca

    2016-01-01

    O presente artigo pretende analisar aspectos conceituais e doutrinários referentes ao direito à moradia e à inclusão social, fazendo referência aos aspectos positivos e negativos do programa habitacional brasileiro “Minha Casa Minha Vida” (PMCMV). A pesquisa dá ênfase ao PMCMV, momento em que é analisada a legislação que cria e institui o Programa em suas duas versões existentes até este momento. Destaca-se, ainda, os reflexos que o programa causou ao proporcionar o acesso do indivíduo a sua ...

  3. Apoio comportamental positivo: estratégias educacionais aplicadas a comportamentos-problema de alunos

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    Karyne de Souza Augusto Rios

    Full Text Available Baseado no modelo de Apoio Comportamental Positivo o estudo objetivou identificar como 40 diretores de escolas de educação infantil descreviam o processo de elaboração, aplicação e avaliação de estratégias educativas para comportamentos-problema de alunos. Resultados do questionário apontaram que 77,5% dos diretores indicaram comportamentos-problema em seus alunos. As estratégias educativas mais utilizadas foram conversar com a criança (13,3% e conversar com pais (13,3%. A ação mais utilizada para a avaliação foi a observação da criança (27,6%. De forma geral, verificou-se que as estratégias utilizadas foram realizadas informal e assistematicamente. Aponta-se a necessidade de pesquisas sobre a inclusão de crianças com comportamentos-problema e o desafio de repensar a formação dos educadores.

  4. Psicologia Positiva: uma nova abordagem para antigas questões

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    Simone dos Santos Paludo

    2007-04-01

    Full Text Available Historicamente, a Psicologia preocupou-se em investigar patologias, negligenciado os aspectos saudáveis dos seres humanos. Mas, a partir de 1998, assumindo a presidência da American Psychological Association, Seligman iniciou movimento denominado Psicologia Positiva, que visa oferecer nova abordagem às potencialidades e virtudes humanas, estudando as condições e processos que contribuem para a prosperidade dos indivíduos e comunidades. Este artigo apresenta e discute essa nova proposta científica, que promete melhorar a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos e prevenir patologias; também as lacunas existentes nas investigações em Ciências Humanas, as contribuições teóricas e empíricas e as possíveis aplicações desse conhecimento.

  5. Praxiologia motriz e a abordagem crítico-superadora: Aproximações preliminares

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    Pablo Aires Araujo

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available O presente estudo tem por objetivo propor uma aproximação dentro do campo teórico-metodológico entre a abordagem crítico-superadora e os elementos conceituais da Praxiologia Motriz no sentido de apresentar as primeiras orientações para a prática pedagógica do professor de Educação Física. Acredita-se que através da apropriação dessas duas temáticas poder-se-á obter uma ferramenta a mais para o ensino dos Jogos e Desportos, mediante o processo metodológico da abordagem crítico-superadora. Desse modo, chega-se a um mais claro entendimento acerca do funcionamento dos jogos e desportos, já que a Praxeologia Motriz possibilita esse aprofundamento na compreensão da lógica interna dessas práticas, contribuindo, portanto, para uma melhor compreensão da lógica dialética que sustenta os pressupostos da proposta crítico-superadora. Para ilustrar tais afirmações utilizou-se como exemplo o jogo de Voleibol. O exercício teórico desenvolvido neste estudo evidenciou que o conhecimento praxiológico poderá instrumentalizar professores e alunos possibilitando o entendimento das relações inerentes a cada modalidade desportiva no sentido de superar os modelos desportivizados.

  6. Immune Recovery Syndrome in the HIV-positive patient: Radiological Findings of Paradoxical Reactions; Sindrome de recuperacion inmune en el enfermo positivo al VIH: hallazgos radiologicos de reacciones paradojicas

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    Martinez, E.; Sanchez, M. A.; Torres, M.; Benito, J.; Avila, A. [Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Madrid (Spain)

    2004-07-01

    To describe immune recovery syndrome (IRS) and related radiological findings in HIV-positive patients. To alert radiologists to the ever-increasingly frequent appearance of paradoxical reactions (PR) in granulomatous diseases under antiretroviral treatment. We present a retrospective study of 9 adult HIV-positive patients who showed IRS, 6 cases of tuberculosis (TBC), 2 cases of atypical mycobacterium and a case of sarcoidosis. At the time of IRS/PR diagnosis, any suspicion of infectious activity was excluded through the use of appropriate microbiological tests. clinical and radiological characteristics of the above mentioned cases are analyze here. All patients experienced a clinical and/or radiological worsening of condition following variable periods of antiretroviral and/or anti-tuberculosis treatment, and coinciding with viral load decrease and CD4-T-lymphocyte recovery. Diagnosis of IRS/PR was clinical in five cases and radiological in four. In all but one case, antiretroviral treatment had at some time been previously administered. IRS/PR is a diagnosis of exclusion which must be included in the differential diagnosis of newly appearing lesions or worsening of already existing ones in HIV-positive patients that have recently begun antiretroviral and/or anti-tuberculosis treatment. Such should be done after excluding drug resistance, treatment non-adherence and intercurrent disease. (Author) 8 refs.

  7. Clasificación clínica y comportamiento de las poblaciones linfocitarias en VIH positivos

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    R. H. Corral

    1994-09-01

    Full Text Available Con el fin de determinar el comportamiento de las diferente poblaciones linfocitarias, a través de los diferentes estadios clínicos de la infección por e lvirus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH establecidos por el CDC, se realizaron tipificaciones de linfocitos T, B, T CD4 y T CD8 en 155 individuos VIH positivos del ISS en Cali, utilizando la técnica de inmunocitoquimica de los complejos fosfatasa alcalina-antifosfatasa alcalina (APAAP en extendidos de sangre periférica. En los pacientes del estadio II, los linfocitos T, B y CD4 se encontraron dentro de los valores normales para la población general, mientras que los CD8 estaban aumentados. En el estadio III, el comportamiento de las poblaciones de linfocitos fue similar salvo un ligero aumento de los linfocitos B. Estos estadios sólo se diferenciaron clínicamente por la presencia de adenopatias. En el estadio IV se observó una marcada depleción detodas las poblaciones linfocitarias estudiadas. En virtud al aumento temprano de CD8 en los estadios II y III, la relación CD41CD8 presenta alteraciones y es menor de 1 ,O aunque el recuento de CD4 en estos estadios sea normal. Sin embargo, cuando ocurre la depleción general en el estadio IV, su utilidad es limitada y el recuento absoluto de CD4 es el indicador más útil en la progresión de la enfermedad. En virtud a que el recuento de linfocitos CD4 y CD8 constituye un pilar y en él se orientan la mayoría de las conductas profilácticas y de tratamiento que se adoptan en los VIH positivos, se hace necesario conducir los esfuerzos para hacer más asequible esta metodología a los pacientes, así como plantear la implementación de otras pruebas evaluadoras de la inmunidad, útiles como indicadores de la progresión de la enfermedad.

  8. A criança hiperativa: uma visão da abordagem gestáltica

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    Sheila Antony

    Full Text Available A pesquisa objetivou investigar o funcionamento psicológico da criança hiperativa em base a teoria do ciclo do contato da abordagem gestáltica, proposta por Ribeiro (1997. O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH caracteriza-se por distúrbios motores, perceptivos, emocionais e comportamentais. Segundo os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-IV (1994, esse transtorno reúne 18 sintomas básicos de desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade. A pesquisa adotou uma abordagem qualitativa. A amostra foi composta por 20 sujeitos: cinco casais, cinco professoras e cinco crianças entre oito e 11 anos de idade. Utilizaram-se a entrevista aberta e o Teste de Apercepção Infantil com figuras de animais (CAT-A, como instrumentos de coleta de dados. Concluímos que a criança hiperativa apresenta processos psicológicos específicos que formam a base de sua personalidade. A hiperatividade é a característica que define o transtorno. Não há propriamente um déficit de atenção. Propomos, portanto, uma terminologia diferente: Transtorno de Hiperatividade/Atenção.

  9. Wittgenstein: an expressivist approach about emotions = Wittgenstein: uma abordagem expressivista sobre as emoções

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    Carmo, Juliano Santos do

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Neste trabalho, tem-se a intenção de mostrar que a abordagem de Wittgenstein sobre os conceitos de sensação e emoção pode lançar luz sobre muitos dilemas filosóficos que permanecem presentes no debate contemporâneo. A minha análise tem como ponto de partida a abordagem de Jesse Prinz sobre as emoções, a qual é fortemente influenciada pela teoria fisiológica de William James. Nesse sentido, procurarei mostrar que Prinz está sujeito as mesmas críticas que Wittgenstein endereçou à teoria de William James. Por fim, eu argumentarei que Wittgenstein, nas Investigações filosóficas, defendeu um tipo peculiar de expressivismo que, apesar de manter profundas diferenças com o expressivismo tradicional, é capaz de figurar como uma posição não-cognitivista. Argumentarei, adicionalmente, que o erro na teoria de William James (e, portanto, também o erro de Prinz é não considerar os múltiplos usos dos termos psicológicos (ou seja, pensar que os termos psicológicos possuem um uso uniforme

  10. Incremento de los urocultivos positivos en un hospital de cuarto nivel de atención Increment in positive urine cultures in a fourth level attention hospital

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    JAIME ALBERTO LÓPEZ

    2006-03-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo. Determinar si la implementación de intervenciones educativas y administrativas con respecto al empleo de pruebas de tamizaje incrementa la proporción de urocultivos positivos, en comparación con no emplear dichas intervenciones. Diseño. Este es un estudio prospectivo, analítico. Lugar.Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia. Población. Se realizaron 25.766 urocultivos entre 1998 y 2005. Métodos. Algunas acciones educativas y administrativas se realizaron para incrementar la positividad de los urocultivos solicitados. Se registraron las coloraciones de Gram ordenadas para las muestras de los pacientes hospitalizados y atendidos en urgencias que fueron hospitalizados, los urocultivos positivos de los recomendados, los solicitados directamente por el médico tratante y por el servicio solicitante. Resultados. El porcentaje de coloraciones de Gram de orina sin centrifugar realizadas por urocultivo, en los pacientes hospitalizados, se incrementó de 0,7% en 1998 a 32,1% en 2005 ( p = 0,000. Los urocultivos fueron positivos en el 79,4% de los casos cuando se realizaron por recomendación del laboratorio, mientras que la positividad de los solicitados directamente fue del 27,9% ( p = 0,000. El porcentaje total de urocultivos positivos en 1998 en los pacientes que fueron hospitalizados, fue de 29,7%, mientras que de 1999 a 2005 fue del 40,3%, años en los cuales el laboratorio de microbiología intervino activamente ( c² = 74,95; p = 0,000. Los urocultivos positivos solicitados desde urgencias de adultos y pediatría aumentaron de 34% y 15% en 1998, a 66% y 30% en el 2005, respectivamente; mientras que en otros servicios de hospitalización el porcentaje pasó de 26% a 40%. Conclusiones. El porcentaje de los urocultivos positivos se puede incrementar si el conocimiento derivado del estudio de las pruebas de tamizaje es aplicado a la práctica clínica.Goal: To determine if the implementation of educative and administrative

  11. Clonación de secuencias de alfavirus y flavivirus para su uso como controles positivos en el diagnóstico molecular

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    Daría Camacho

    Full Text Available El objetivo de la investigación fue obtener controles positivos para la validación de técnicas moleculares (RT-PCR utilizadas en diagnóstico e investigación de infecciones virales. A partir de cepas de CHIKV, Zika, DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 y DENV-4, se extrajeron ARN virales para obtener por RT-PCR los ADN complementarios (ADNc de las secuencias nsP4 (CHIKV, NS5 (virus Zika, C/prM-M y 5´UTR-C (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4 que fueron clonados en pGEM®-T Easy. La clonación se confirmó mediante PCR de colonias, de las cuales se extrajo el ADN plasmídico para la verificación de la clonación de los fragmentos. Se logró la clonación de ADNc correspondientes a nsP4, NS5, C/prM-M y 5´UTR-C de los distintos agentes virales. En conclusión se obtuvieron los plásmidos recombinantes con cada una de las secuencias especificadas para su posterior valoración como controles positivos en técnicas moleculares, evitando el uso de cultivos celulares que pueden resultar costosos, laboriosos y potencialmente peligrosos.

  12. Avaliação dos Impactos Econômicos do Fundo Constitucional de Financiamento do Nordeste entre 2004 e 2010

    OpenAIRE

    Guilherme Mendes Resende

    2014-01-01

    Este artigo visa avaliar os impactos econômicos do Fundo Constitucional de Financiamento do Nordeste (FNE). A abordagem utilizada neste estudo combina avaliações em várias escalas geográficas que fornecem resultados robustos acerca dos impactos dos empréstimos do FNE sobre o crescimento do produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita entre 2004 e 2010. Os resultados das estimações dos modelos em painel de efeito fixo mostraram que os recursos do FNE-total apresentaram impactos positivos sobre o cre...

  13. Terapia nutricional em pacientes portadores do HIV em uso de TARV frente ao desenvolvimento de distúrbios metabólicos induzidos pela medicação.

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    Paula Licks

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available Embora a incidência de casos de pacientes portadores do vírus HIV ainda esteja aumentando, através da terapia antirretroviral (TARV é possível melhorar a qualidade de vida e diminuir os agravos provocados pela patologia.  No entanto, com a TARV observam-se efeitos colaterais importantes relativos ao metabolismo: resistência à insulina/intolerância à glicose, hipertensão arterial, lipodistrofia e dislipidemia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar a literatura em busca de um maior entendimento acerca do efeito da terapia nutricional associada ou não às alterações nos hábitos de vida em pacientes portadores do HIV que fazem uso de TARV frente ao desenvolvimento de distúrbios metabólicos induzidos pela medicação. Foram revisados 11 estudos que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão, sendo que sete estudos demonstraram que a terapia nutricional apresenta impacto em alterações metabólicas, portanto uma adequada orientação nutricional deve ser parte integrante do tratamento de pacientes HIV positivos em terapia antirretroviral.

  14. Mapas de taxas epidemiológicas: uma abordagem Bayesiana

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    Assunção Renato Martins

    1998-01-01

    Full Text Available Neste artigo, apresentamos métodos estatísticos desenvolvidos recentemente para a análise de mapas de taxas de morbidade quando as unidades geográficas possuem pequenas populações de risco. Eles adotam a abordagem Bayesiana e utilizam métodos computacionais intensivos para estimação do risco de cada área. O objetivo dos métodos é separar a variabilidade das taxas devida às diferenças entre as regiões do risco subjacente daquela devida à pura flutuação aleatória. As estimativas de risco possuem um erro quadrático médio total menor que as estimativas usuais. Aplicamos esses novos métodos para estimar o risco de mortalidade infantil nos municípios de Minas Gerais em 1994.

  15. Resistencia a antibióticos de última línea en cocos Gram positivos: la era posterior a la vancomicina

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rincón, Sandra; Panesso, Diana; Díaz, Lorena; Carvajal, Lina P.; Reyes, Jinnethe; Munita, José M.; Arias, César A.

    2015-01-01

    En los últimos años se han desarrollado nuevas alternativas para el tratamiento de infecciones por patógenos Gram positivos multirresistentes, entre los cuales Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM) y los enterococos resistentes a la vancomicina (ERV) se consideran un verdadero reto terapéutico, y aunque el uso de la vancomicina en infecciones graves causadas por SARM ha generado serias dudas en los últimos años, continúa siendo escasa la información clínica de respaldo al uso de agentes terapéuticos que la superen en eficacia. El linezolid, la daptomicina y la tigeciclina son agentes que tienen actividad contra los cocos Gram positivos y que fueron aprobados e introducidos en la terapia clínica en la década pasada. Además, se han probado o están en las fases finales de desarrollo otros agentes como las cefalosporinas de última generación (ceftarolina y ceftobiprol). El propósito de esta revisión fue describir las nuevas alternativas terapéuticas, particularmente en la era posterior a la vancomicina, y repasar las características químicas más relevantes de los compuestos y su espectro de actividad, haciendo énfasis en sus mecanismos de acción y resistencia. PMID:24968051

  16. Resistencia a antibióticos de última línea en cocos Gram positivos: la era posterior a la vancomicina

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    Sandra Rincón

    2014-04-01

    Full Text Available En los últimos años se han desarrollado nuevas alternativas para el tratamiento de infecciones por patógenos Gram positivos multirresistentes, entre los cuales Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM y los enterococos resistentes a la vancomicina (ERV se consideran un verdadero reto terapéutico, y aunque el uso de la vancomicina en infecciones graves causadas por SARM ha generado serias dudas en los últimos años, continúa siendo escasa la información clínica de respaldo al uso de agentes terapéuticos que la superen en eficacia. El linezolid, la daptomicina y la tigeciclina son agentes que tienen actividad contra los cocos Gram positivos y que fueron aprobados e introducidos en la terapia clínica en la década pasada. Además, se han probado o están en las fases finales de desarrollo otros agentes como las cefalosporinas de última generación (ceftarolina y ceftobiprol. El propósito de esta revisión fue describir las nuevas alternativas terapéuticas, particularmente en la era posterior a la vancomicina, y repasar las características químicas más relevantes de los compuestos y su espectro de actividad, haciendo énfasis en sus mecanismos de acción y resistencia.

  17. Prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected patients with diarrhea in major United States cities Prevalência de microsporidiose intestinal em pacientes infectados pelo HIV com diarréia nas principais cidades dos Estados Unidos da América do Norte

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    Mark S. Dworkin

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available To determine the prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-infected patients, we performed a prospective study of HIV-infected patients with diarrheal illnesses in three US hospitals and examined an observational database of HIV-infected patients in 10 US cities. Among 737 specimens from the three hospitals, results were positive for 11 (prevalence 1.5%; seven (64% acquired HIV through male-to-male sexual contact, two (18% through male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use, and one (9% through heterosexual contact; one (9% had an undetermined mode of transmission. Median CD4 count within six months of diagnosis of microsporidiosis was 33 cells/µL (range 3 to 319 cells/µL. For the national observational database (n = 24,098, the overall prevalence of microsporidiosis was 0.16%. Prevalence of microsporidiosis among HIV-infected patients with diarrheal disease is low, and microsporidiosis is most often diagnosed in patients with very low CD4+ cell counts. Testing for microsporidia appears to be indicated, especially for patients with very low CD4+ cell counts.Para determinar a prevalência de microsporidiose intestinal em pacientes infectados pelo HIV foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em três hospitais dos Estados Unidos da América do Norte (EUA e analizada uma base de dados nacional composta de dados coletados de pacientes infectados pelo HIV em 10 cidades dos EUA. De um total de 737 amostras de fezes de pacientes infectados pelo HIV que apresentavam diarréia, amostras de 11 pacientes (prevalência de 1,5% foram positivas para microsporídios. Todos os positivos eram do sexo masculino e, entre eles, sete (64% pacientes adquiriram a infecção pelo HIV através de relação homossexual, dois (18% através de relação sexual e drogas injetáveis e um (9% através de contato heterosexual, enquanto que em um paciente o modo de transmissão do HIV não foi determinado. A contagem média de linfócitos CD4 realizada até seis

  18. Manifestações oculares do paciente infectado pelo HIV atendido no Departamento de Oftalmologia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo Ocular manifestations of the HIV infected Patients at the Ophthalmology Department of São Paulo Federal University

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    K. T. F. Matos

    1999-12-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Avaliar as manifestações oculares do paciente HIV positivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: É um estudo retrospectivo em 1100 pacientes ambulatoriais HIV positivo em três anos com ficha padrão e exame oftalmológico completo, atendidos no Departamento de Oftalmologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina. RESULTADOS: Dos 1100 pacientes, 869 (79% eram do sexo masculino e 231 (21% do feminino. Os fatores de risco mais importantes foram: homossexualidade masculina em 303 (27,55%, heterossexualidade em 272 (24,73%, usuários de drogas endovenosas em 168 (15,27% e causa indeterminada ou não revelada em 246 (22,36%. As queixas oculares mais freqüentes foram: 432 (39,27% pacientes com baixa da acuidade visual; 138 (12,55% com embaçamento visual; 64 (5,82% com dor ocular, 186 (16,9% com queixas inespecíficas e 235 (21,36% pacientes não apresentavam qualquer queixa. As manifestações oculares mais freqüentes foram: retinite por CMV em 246 (22,36% dos pacientes; exsudatos algodonosos em 110 (10%, blefarite em 51(4,64% e toxoplasmose ocular em 48 (4,36%. CONCLUSÃO: Houve progressão da doença entre os heterossexuais e aumento da incidência no sexo feminino nesta população estudada. Os que apresentavam queixas oculares foram a maioria. A manifestação ocular mais freqüente foi a retinite por CMV em 246 (22,36%. Encontramos 10% de exsudatos algodonosos.PURPOSE: To evaluate ocular manifestations of HIV-infected patients MATERIAL AND METHODS: A restropective study of 1,100 HIV positive out patients in 3 years with a standard complete ophthalmological exam. RESULTS: Eigth hundred and sixty nine (79% of the 1,100 patients studied were male and 231 (21% female. The most important risk factors were: male homossexuality in 303 cases (27.55%, heterossexuality in 272 (24.73%, endovenous drugs use in 168 (15.27%, and unknown cause in 246 (26.36%. Related to ocular complains, we found 432 (39.27% patients with decreased visual acuity, 138 (12.55% with visual

  19. Visão e abordagem cultural de professores em sala de aula de LE (inglês e os PCNs

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    Oldinê Ribeiro de França

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available O presente artigo relata um estudo cujo objetivo foi identificar a visão de professores de língua estrangeira - LE (inglês sobre o ensino de cultura e a abordagem cultural adotada em sala de aula, especialmente se espaços interculturais eram criados, como apregoam os documentos oficiais, a saber, os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs, que orientam o Ensino Fundamental e Médio no Brasil. O estudo ocorreu em uma escola pública de línguas com dois professores; os dados foram obtidos por meio de observações de aulas, questionários e entrevistas. Os resultados indicaram diferenças evidentes entre eles, e embora ambos reconheçam a interdependência entre língua e cultura e as considerem importantes no processo de ensino/aprendizagem de línguas, notamos contradições entre o discurso e a prática. Observamos que um deles não desenvolve o elemento cultural de forma sistemática, todavia o explora, e que o outro o trabalha de forma superficial. Depreendemos que eles não estabeleceram a abordagem cultural adotada, mas constatamos que um deles trabalha de forma bastante próxima da abordagem intercultural de modo intuitivo e implícito. Os resultados revelam ainda que os professores não enfocam profundamente espaços interculturais tão importantes para preparar o aprendiz para viver no mundo contemporâneo, conforme explicitam os PCNs.

  20. Bafômetro positivo: correlatos do comportamento de beber e dirigir na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil Alcoholímetro positivo: interrelación entre la conducta de beber y conducir en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil Positive breathalyzer test: factors associated with drinking and driving in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

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    Valdir Ribeiro Campos

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available As características dos condutores que adotam o comportamento do beber e dirigir ainda não foram bem estudadas no país. O presente estudo apresenta dados da prevalência e características dos motoristas sob a influência de álcool nas nove regionais da cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram entrevistados 1.656 condutores. Desses, 1.254 (76% aceitaram responder a um questionário estruturado e fazer o teste do bafômetro. O teste do bafômetro foi positivo para 15% dos condutores. O modelo de regressão logística prediz bafômetro positivo com chance 1,5 vez maior para os condutores com idade acima de 31 anos e 4,5 vezes maior para quem tem frequência de consumo de álcool pelo menos semanal. Além disso, condutores da regional Barreiro tem 2 vezes mais chances de apresentarem bafômetro positivo. Estudos localizados com metodologia dos postos de checagem da sobriedade podem monitorar o comportamento e características dos condutores, riscos no trânsito e direcionar políticas públicas para o beber e dirigir.Las características de los conductores que adoptan la conducta de beber y conducir todavía no han sido bien estudiadas en el país. El presente estudio muestra datos de la prevalencia y características de los conductores bajo la influencia de alcohol en las nueve carreteras regionales de la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se entrevistaron a 1.656 conductores. De ellos, 1.254 (76% aceptaron responder a un cuestionario estructurado y hacer el test del alcoholímetro. El test del alcoholímetro fue positivo para un 15% de los conductores. El modelo de regresión logística predice un alcoholímetro positivo con una probabilidad 1,5 vez mayor para los conductores de edad por encima de los 31 años y 4,5 veces mayor para quien tiene una frecuencia de consumo de alcohol por lo menos semanal. Asimismo, conductores de la regional Barreiro tienen 2 veces más probabilidad de presentar positivo en el alcohol

  1. Vivências de gestantes e puérperas com o diagnóstico do HIV Experiencias de mujeres embarazadas y en el postparto con diagnóstico de HIV Experiences of pregnant and post-partum women with HIV

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    Maria Alix Leite Araújo

    2008-10-01

    Full Text Available Identificar as experiências de gestantes e puérperas portadoras do HIV com a quimioprofilaxia para prevenção da transmissão vertical. Estudo de abordagem qualitativa desenvolvido nos meses de março e abril de 2006 em uma maternidade de referência de Fortaleza-Ceará. Os sujeitos foram gestantes e puérperas HIV positivas em acompanhamento pré-natal e no alojamento conjunto. A coleta de dados deu-se através de entrevista e a análise em três categorias: a revelação do diagnóstico aos familiares, o aconselhamento e a vivência das recomendações para a profilaxia da transmissão vertical. Constatou-se que essas mulheres enfrentaram situações de conflitos e sentimentos negativos diante da vida e a importância do acompanhamento emocional por equipe multiprofissional capacitada, atenta as demandas subjetivas.Identificar las experiencias de las embarazadas y madres recientes portadoras de HIV con la quimioprofilaxia para la prevención de la transmisión vertical. Estudio de abordaje cualitativo desarrollado entre los meses de marzo y abril de año 2006, en maternidad importante de Fortaleza/CE. Las personas fueron embarazadas y madres recientes HIV positivas en acompañamiento prenatal y en alojamiento conjunto. La colecta de datos ocurrió a través de entrevista y análisis en tres categorías: La revelación del diagnóstico a los familiares, el consejo y la vida de las recomendaciones para la profilaxia de las transmisión vertical. Constatase que las mujeres enfrentan situaciones de conflictos y sentimientos negativos delante de la vida y que el acompañamiento individual por una equipo de múltiplos profesionales capacitadas diminuye mucho su estado emocional.Detect the experiences of pregnants and mothers that bear the HIV viruses using quimioprophylaxlis to prevent the upright transmission. A research of qualitative approach developed between march and april of 2006 on main mother-hoods in Fortaleza - Ceará. The persons were

  2. Abordagem integrativa: reterritorialização do saber clínico?

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    Ana Cristina Sundfeld

    Full Text Available Este artigo contextualiza o surgimento e a consolidação da Psicologia como ciência no período da modernidade e as repercussões do pensamento dessa época para o modelo e a prática psicológicos. Apresenta também as características da pós-modernidade e da subjetividade contemporânea a partir de uma perspectiva complexa, que redimensiona a visão clássica e propõe uma racionalidade diversa para a compreensão dos seres vivos. Baseando-se no pensamento complexo, aborda o movimento da abordagem integrativa em psicologia clínica, considerando-a uma expressão de importantes questionamentos no interior da Psicologia.

  3. Blended learning: uma proposta para o ensino híbrido

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    Cíntia Moralles Camillo

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Vive-se em uma época de mudanças, transformações e de grandes oportunidades do ponto de vista educacional, principalmente por meio das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs. Com as TICs foram criadas diversas modalidades de ensino a distância, inclusive o ensino híbrido, que combina atividades presenciais e atividades educacionais a distância. Blended learning ou sala de aula invertida é uma das diferentes maneiras de combinar as atividades educacionais presenciais e a distância. O objetivo deste estudo é discutir as modalidades do ensino híbrido no ensino superior e, em especial a sala de aula invertida. Explorando o uso das TICs na implantação dessa abordagem pedagógica, as razões para a sua implantação, e os aspectos positivos e negativos, usando a abordagem da sala de aula invertida.

  4. Evolução das práticas de cuidado dos trabalhadores da saúde às pessoas com HIV/AIDS, em um hospital referência em doenças infectocontagiosas de Santa Catarina

    OpenAIRE

    Villarinho, Mariana Vieira

    2012-01-01

    Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Florianópolis, 2012 Pesquisa sócio-histórica, com abordagem qualitativa, que tem por objetivo geral compreender a partir das memórias dos trabalhadores da saúde, de um Hospital Referência em doenças infecto contagiosas, suas estratégias de biossegurança, práticas de cuidado, comportamentos diante às pessoas com HIV/aids, no período de 1986 à 2006. Utilizamos como...

  5. Uma abordagem sociológica da sociologia: a ciência como campo

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    Vívian Matias dos Santos

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available O presente ensaio objetiva analisar como o conceito de campo de Pierre Bourdieu pode contribuir para uma abordagem sociológica da Sociologia. A discussão desdobra-se desde a reflexão mais geral de como se firma a ciência até as possibilidades de compreensão da Sociologia neste espaço. Para tanto, fez-se necessário abordar o “campo científico” por meio das relações entre sua estrutura e seus agentes - relações “multidimensionais” que podem representar uma exitosa tentativa de superação da dicotomia ação/estrutura; indivíduo/sociedade; micro e macroteorização.

  6. Transmissão vertical do HIV: situação encontrada em uma maternidade de Teresina Transmisión vertical del HIV: situación encontrada en una maternidade de Teresina Vertical transmission of HIV: situation found in a maternity of Teresina

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    Liliam Mendes de Araújo

    2007-08-01

    Full Text Available Oaumento dos casos de AIDS em mulheres evidencia um progressivo aumento da transmissão vertical do HIV, no Brasil e no Piauí. Considerando a relevância do tema o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as condições da implementação das normas e medidas recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde para prevenir a transmissão vertical do HIV em uma maternidade de Teresina - PI. O caminho teórico-metodológico compreendeu o estudo da dinâmica organizacional e dos seus atores, por meio de abordagem qualitativa. Para obtenção dos dados foram realizadas 17 entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os resultados mostraram que as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde não foram atendidas na sua totalidade evidenciando a precariedade da assistência prestada para o binômio mãe/filho.El aumento de los casos de AIDS en mujeres, evidencia un progresivo aumento de la transmisión vertical de lo HIV en el Brasil, e en el Piauí. Considerando la relevancia del tema, el presente estudio tuve como objetivo analizar las condiciones de la implementación de las reglas y medidas recomendadas por el Ministerio de la Salud para prevenir la transmisión vertical del HIV en una maternidad de Teresina-PI. El camino teórico-metodológico comprendió el estudio de la dinámica organizacional y de sus actores, a través del abordaje cualitativa.. Para la obtención de los datos fueran realizados 17 entrevistas medio-estructuradas. Los resultados mostraran que las recomendaciones del Ministerio de la Salud non fueran atendidas en la suya totalidad, evidenciando la precariedad de la asistencia prestada, para el binomio madre / hijo.The increase of the number of cases of AIDS among women reveals a progressive increase of the vertical transmission of HIV in Brazil, as well as in Piauí. Considering the relevance of the subject, this study had as objective to analyze the conditions of the implementation of the rules and measures recommended by the Ministry of Health to

  7. A abordagem da Avaliação Educacional em Larga Escala nos cursos de graduação em Pedagogia

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    Marcela Mara dos Santos Silva

    Full Text Available Resumo: A pesquisa fez um levantamento sobre a abordagem do conteúdo de Avaliação Educacional em Larga Escala (Aele nos cursos de Pedagogia presenciais, públicos e privados do País, bem como verificou a percepção de professores e coordenadores acerca da relevância dessa abordagem. Concluiu-se que foi baixo o índice de instituições de ensino superior (IES participantes desta pesquisa que ministram o conteúdo Aele, devendo-se atentar para tal ocorrência uma vez que o ensino desse conteúdo está previsto na legislação específica dos cursos de graduação em Pedagogia. Em geral, há embasamento legal na formulação da matriz curricular dos cursos e a maioria dos profissionais pesquisados tanto considera importante que o conteúdo seja contemplado quanto acompanha os resultados nacionais e estaduais, inserindo-os em sala de aula.

  8. Tradução - Uma Abordagem de Ensino/Aprendizagem para o Secretariado Executivo

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    Aline Cantarotti

    2012-07-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste artigo é o de proporcionar aos professores e alunos de tradução no curso de Secretariado Executivo uma visão mais ampla acerca da abordagem de ensino/aprendizagem nessa área, apresentando primeiramente teorias e procedimentos da atividade tradutória e em seguida, propondo-se uma sequência didática tendo como gênero utilizado para a prática da tradução os contratos empresariais. Sua relevância se dá devido ao fato de ser necessária uma abordagem de ensino específica de tradução que se adeque às necessidades profissionais do secretário executivo, pois devido a globalização, as empresas estão cada vez mais expandindo seus negócios para o exterior. Para isso, elas precisam da intermediação do profissional de secretariado que esteja capacitado a realizar traduções adequadas, já que uma tradução mal sucedida pode comprometer toda a comunicação e trabalho de uma organização. A partir do plano de aula proposto, é possível demonstrar procedimentos para o ensino/aprendizagem de tradução que contribuam para uma sólida formação do secretário executivo especificamente em línguas estrangeiras e tradução, além de demonstrar a transformação do pensamento dos alunos sobre o conceito de tradução.DOI:10.7769/gesec.v3i1.98

  9. Relação entre sintomatologia psicopatológica, adesão ao tratamento e qualidade de vida na infecção HIV e AIDS Relationship among psychopathological symptoms, treatment adherence and quality of life in HIV/AIDS infection

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Catarina Reis

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available O presente estudo observou a existência de relações significativas entre sintomatologia psicopatológica (BSI, adesão ao tratamento (CEAT-VIH e qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-Bref em 125 pessoas HIV-positivo/AIDS em tratamento antirretroviral, atendidos em um hospital do Porto (Portugal. A sintomatologia psicopatológica correlacionou-se negativamente com adesão ao tratamento e qualidade de vida, e a adesão ao tratamento associou-se positivamente com a qualidade de vida. O modelo preditor de adesão ao tratamento, mediante análise de regressão múltipla, incluiu a ausência de sintomatologia psicopatológica, o comportamento de retirada dos medicamentos na farmácia hospitalar e a presença de efeitos colaterais do tratamento (R² =0,30. Ademais, observou-se um efeito mediador de sintomatologia psicopatológica entre a adesão ao tratamento e a qualidade de vida das pessoas com HIV/AIDS.The study shows evidence of statistical association among psychopathological symptoms (BSI, treatment adherence (CEAT-VIH and quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref in 125 HIV-positive/AIDS patients followed at Porto Hospital (Portugal. The psychopathological symptoms present a negative correlation with treatment adherence and quality of life. On the other hand, adherence was positively correlated with quality of life. The model of adherence to the antiretroviral treatment using multiple regression analysis includes absence of psychopathological symptoms, an adherence behavior (i.e. to get the medication at the hospital's pharmacy and the experience of side effects because of medication (R² = 0.30. Besides, psychopathological symptoms have a mediation effect between adherence and quality of life in people with HIV/AIDS.

  10. Transmissão Vertical Zero: parceria entre o serviço público e o terceiro setor Transmisión Vertical Cero: sociedad entre el servicio público y el Tercer Sector Project Zero Perinatal HIV Transmission: partnership between public and private agencies

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Janie Maria de Almeida

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: Divulgar experiência multidisciplinar de parceria entre gestores da rede pública de saúde e organizações não-governamentais voltadas à atenção à gestante HIV positivo; e caracterizar as situações de exposição ao HIV por gestantes atendidas pelo Projeto Transmissão Vertical Zero do Município de Sorocaba - SP. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com emprego de fontes documentais, e com levantamento de dados para caracterização sócio-demográfica e situações de exposição ao risco de infecção pelo HIV de 120 gestantes atendidas pelo Projeto, entre 1998 e 2004. RESULTADOS: O compartilhamento de ações entre o público e o terceiro setor constituiu-se em eficiente alternativa de assistência à mulher soropositiva para o HIV, ainda que 56,7% das gestantes desconhecessem a sorologia do parceiro e 73,3% nunca terem usado preservativo. CONCLUSÃO: A parceria contribuiu para a redução da transmissão vertical do HIV em Sorocaba - SP.OBJETIVOS: Divulgar la experiencia multidisciplinaria de sociedad entre gestores de la red pública de salud y organizaciones no gubernamentales dirigidas a la atención de la gestante VIH positivo; y caracterizar las situaciones de exposición al VIH por gestantes atendidas por el Proyecto Transmisión Vertical Zero del Municipio de Sorocaba - SP. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo realizado con el empleo de fuentes documentales, y con el levantamiento de datos para caracterización socio-demográfica y situaciones de exposición al riesgo de infección por el VIH de 120 gestantes atendidas por el Proyecto, entre 1998 y 2004. RESULTADOS: El compartir acciones entre el público y el tercer sector se constituye en una eficiente alternativa de asistencia a la mujer seropositiva para el VIH, aunque el 56,7% de las gestantes desconociese la serología de la pareja y el 73,3% nunca haya usado preservativo. CONCLUSIÓN: La sociedad contribuyó a la reducción de la transmisión vertical

  11. O cuidado à puérpera com HIV/AIDS no alojamento conjunto: a visão da equipe de enfermagem El cuidado a la parturiente con VIH/SIDA en el alojamiento conjunto: la visión del equipo de enfermería The care to puerperae with HIV/AIDS in the multiple-patient rooms: the vision of the nursing team

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carla Luzia França Araújo

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a visão que a equipe de enfermagem tem sobre o cuidado à puérpera soropositiva e a implementação das ações de prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV no alojamento conjunto. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa. Foi realizada em uma maternidade no município de Nova Iguaçu/Rio de Janeiro. Como recurso técnico-metodológico utilizou-se o discurso do sujeito coletivo. Após a análise dos discursos verificamos que a equipe de enfermagem não tem uma abordagem adequada à puérpera soropositiva. A implementação das ações desenvolvidas no alojamento conjunto para a prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV não foi reconhecida pelos sujeitos do estudo. Conclui-se que existe a necessidade de melhor qualificação da equipe de enfermagem que presta assistência no alojamento conjunto, com relação à assistência à puérpera com HIV, em particular sobre as ações de prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV.El estudio pretende analizar la visión que tiene el equipo de enfermería sobre la atención a las mujeres VIH-positivas después del parto y la aplicación de la prevención de la transmisión vertical del VIH en el alojamiento conjunto. Se trata de un enfoque de investigación cualitativa. Se llevó a cabo en una maternidad en el municipio de Nova Iguaçu / Rio de Janeiro. El discurso del sujeto colectivo fue utilizado como un recurso técnico y metodológico. Después de analizar los discursos, vemos que el equipo del oficio de enfermería no tiene un enfoque adecuado de las madres con VIH. La aplicación de las acciones desarrolladas en el alojamiento conjunto para la prevención de la transmisión vertical del VIH no fue reconocido por los sujetos del estudio. Se concluyó que hay una necesidad de ayudar el equipo del oficio de enfermería en la asistencia a varios alojamientos conjuntos a tener una mejor calificación con respecto a la asistencia a las madres con VIH

  12. Abordagem clínica não-cirúrgica no tratamento da má oclusão de Classe III Non-surgical approaches to Class III malocclusions treatment

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    Eustáquio A. Araújo

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available A abordagem clínica não-cirúrgica da Classe III coloca-se entre os grandes desafios da Ortodontia e vem, desde sempre, gerando controvérsia entre clínicos e pesquisadores. Alguns defendem a tese de que o crescimento e o desenvolvimento do complexo craniofacial são determinados geneticamente e, portanto, inalteráveis. Para esses, a correção da grande maioria de casos de Classe III passará por intervenções orto-cirúrgicas, devendo a terapia ser realizada assim que cessar o período mais ativo do crescimento. Por outro lado, há aqueles que, mesmo concordando com o peso da hereditariedade na etiologia da Classe III, acreditam ser possível modificar o padrão e a direção do crescimento e, através de uma abordagem não-cirúrgica, minimizar a má oclusão ou até mesmo tratá-la com sucesso. Em face da controvérsia, quais seriam as possibilidades ortodônticas? Inúmeros são os relatos de que uma intervenção adequada, em momento adequado, acompanhada de um estudo do padrão familiar, pode, muitas vezes, minimizar o desenvolvimento de uma Classe III. Procedimentos selecionados com critério podem reduzir a indicação de intervenções cirúrgicas e proporcionar resultados positivos e duradouros. Há evidências clínicas e científicas de que algumas decisões terapêuticas podem mudar o curso de muitos prognósticos sombrios.Orthodontic management of the Class III malocclusion has been a constant challenge to the orthodontic profession and remains a controversial issue among clinicians and researches. Some support the belief that growth and size of the craniofacial complex are genetically predetermined and cannot be changed. They assume that the great majority of Class III cases are "untreatable" and that they are due to surgical intervention after growth has been completed. Even agreeing that heredity plays a major role in this type os deviation, others support the contention that the pattern and direction of growth can be

  13. Health Services Use and HIV Prevalence Among Migrant and National Female Sex Workers in Portugal: Are We Providing the Services Needed?

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dias, Sónia; Gama, Ana; Pingarilho, Marta; Simões, Daniel; Mendão, Luís

    2017-08-01

    This cross-sectional bio-behavioral survey conducted with 853 female sex workers (FSW) aimed to examine differences in use of HIV health services, testing and prevalence among migrant and national FSW. A quarter of undocumented FSW had never used National Health Service (NHS) and 15 % never tested for HIV, significantly more than nationals (p migrants (p migrants were unaware of their positive serostatus compared to nationals. Ever had HIV testing was less likely among undocumented, who never used the NHS and who didn't know where to go if suspected being HIV-infected. Promoting early diagnosis with linkage to care among migrant FSW should be supported, while developing health services better tailored to their needs. Una encuesta transversal biocomportamental fue realizada con una muestra de 853 trabajadoras sexuales (TS) con el objetivo de examinar diferencias en el uso de servicios de salud del VIH, test y prevalencia entre TS migrantes y nacionales. Un cuarto de las TS indocumentadas nunca utilizaron el Servicio Nacional de Salud (SNS) y el 15 % nunca fueron testadas respecto al VIH, porcentajes significativamente superiores a las observadas para las nacionales (p migrantes documentadas y 0.8 % de las indocumentadas (p migrantes desconocía su serostatus positivo en comparación con las nacionales. El test del VIH fue menos frecuente entre las indocumentadas, quien nunca utilizó el SNS y quien no sabía dónde recurrir si sospechaba estar infectada por el VIH. Promover un diagnóstico precoz en conexión con los cuidados en TS migrantes debe ser respaldado mientras se desarrollan servicios de salud mejor adaptados a sus necesidades.

  14. Educação linguística: análise do ensino de gramática em apostila de ensino

    OpenAIRE

    Mata, Waldnylson Martiniano da

    2010-01-01

    Este trabalho foca a análise do aspecto gramatical de ensino na apostila de ensino do Sistema Positivo de Ensino do 7º ano (antiga 6ª série), sob a perspectiva da Educação Linguística. A pesquisa tem como objetivo responder duas questões: 1. A apostila de ensino desenvolve o ensino da gramática dentro da abordagem dos gêneros textuais, levando em consideração situações de uso? 2. De que modo o professor reflexivo pode fazer uso desse material: ele é apenas um instrutor que segue as...

  15. El diagnóstico positivo de autismo infantil

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    Juana Velázquez Argota

    1996-08-01

    Full Text Available Se revisan los límites del síndrome autístico y la evolución del concepto de autismo infantil desde Kanner hasta las clasificaciones psiquiátricas más recientes. Se informan los resultados de nuestras investigaciones en el diagnóstico positivo del autismo infantil. La anamnesis remota es de poco valor, más relevantes para el diagnóstico constituyen el examen del paciente en el presente y las escalas de cuantificación del autismo (las cuales son de utilidad en el diagnóstico diferencial entre el trastorno autístico tipo Kanner y los trastornos autísticos atípicos. Las pruebas de inteligencia standard se deben aplicar según el nivel de funcionamiento del paciente y si no clasificara es más bien por el bajo cociente de inteligencia que por su comportamiento autístico. El clínico debería tener presente la posibilidad del diagnóstico de autismo cuando examina niños pequeños con problemas de desarrollo y utilizar escalas de síntomas autísticos adecuados a los primeros años de vida. Se recomienda el uso de la prueba de Bo Olsson en el diagnóstico diferencial de autismo de Kanner, síndrome de Rett y daño cerebral temprano en la etapa preescolar.The limits of the austistic syndrome as well as the evolution of the infantile autism concept since Kanner to the latest psychiatric classifications are reviewed. The results of our research on the positive diagnosis of infantile autism are reported. The patient's medical examination and the autism quantification scales (useful for the diferential diagnosis between the Kanner type autistic disorder and the atypical autistic disorders are more important for the diagnosis than the remote anamnesis, which is of little value. The standard intelligence test should be applied according to the patients functioning level and if he would not classify it would be because of his low intelligence quotient and not because of his autistic behaviour. The clinician should take into account the

  16. A modalidade escrita do português como L2 para alunos surdos: análise de abordagem em classe de inclusão no ensino médio

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    José de Sousa Silva

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available Neste artigo buscamos analisar a abordagem de ensinar Língua Portuguesa em modalidade escrita numa classe inclusiva composta de alunos com surdez profunda e alunos ouvintes a partir da filmagem de uma aula de produção de texto com o intuito de interpretar evidências de adequação do insumo oferecido e co-construído em sala e de permeabilidade do filtro sócio-afetivo. Registrou-se uma abordagem formal textualistapouco voltada para a verdadeira inserção do surdo na escola regular dos ouvintes.

  17. Avaliação clínica e micológica de onicomicose em pacientes brasileiros com HIV/AIDS

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    Idalina Inês Fonsêca Nogueira Cambuim

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: Onicomicoses são comuns em pacientes imunocomprometidos embora espécies emergentes tenham sido verificadas, modificado o perfil epidemiológico desta micose. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar o perfil clínico e micológico da onicomicose em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV/AIDS. MÉTODOS: Amostras clínicas foram coletadas, processados para exame direto e a cultura mantida a temperatura de 30°C e 37ºC durante 15 dias. RESULTADOS: Dos 100 pacientes, 32 apresentavam onicomicose. Os agentes isolados foram Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Fusarium solani, Scytalidium hialinum, S. japonicum, Aspergillus niger, Cylindrocarpon destructans e Phialophora reptans. CONCLUSÕES: Onicomicoses em HIV/AIDS apresentam variadas manifestações clínicas e podem ser causadas por fungos emergentes. As peculiaridades apresentadas pelos diferentes agentes de origem fúngica justificam a necessidade de identificação ao nível da espécie, com a finalidade de orientar uma melhor abordagem terapêutica e minimizar a exposição desses pacientes a condições de risco de uma infecção disseminada.

  18. O PROGRAMA PRIMEIRA INFÂNCIA MELHOR NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL: UMA AVALIAÇÃO À LUZ DA ABORDAGEM DAS CAPACITAÇÕES

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    Melody de Campos Soares Porsse

    2012-09-01

    Full Text Available A Abordagem das Capacitações, desenvolvida por Amartya Sen, consiste em um amplo modelo normativo que pode ser usado como um instrumento alternativo para o desenho e avaliação de políticas públicas de acordo com seu impacto sobre as capacitações humanas. O artigo, empregando esse background, analisa o Programa Primeira Infância Melhor (PIM, uma política pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul lançada em 2003, e verificar se tal política está baseada na Abordagem das Capacitações. O trabalho usa informações referentes ao PIM para identificar quais os funcionamentos (e capacitações que o Programa insere em suas linhas de ação e que visa alcançar com a execução dessas ações. Embora o PIM não tenha sido criado com base na Abordagem das Capacitações, pode-se inferir que o Programa é orientado por essa perspectiva em suas linhas de ação, contribuindo para a expansão das capacitações humanas e para a redução da pobreza; tem como um dos seus alicerces a comunidade e a família, notadamente às mães, como os agentes cruciais na promoção do desenvolvimento e da saúde.

  19. Las normas de aplicación inmediata en la doctrina y en el derecho positivo

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    Ruben B. Santos Belandro

    2015-10-01

    Full Text Available  Al modelo de Estado del siglo XVIII que asumía como únicas funciones la de juez para la solución de los litigios entre los particulares y de gendarme con el objetivo de preservar lapaz pública, le sucedió en los primeros 50 años de nuestro siglo la concepción de un Estado intervencionista -denominado también welfare state o Estado Bienestar- en el que se le otorgó una mayor atención al bienestar de sus habitantes mediante una gestión directa de numerosos sectores de la economía, al privilegio en el desarrollo de aquellas áreas más deprimidas, a la distribución intencional de los recursos sociales en favor de los desprotegidos económicamente, etc (...Contenido: La doctrina.  El derecho positivo. La doctrina uruguaya. 1985-1995. La posición de Uruguay respecto de la liberalización del comercio internacional. La Ronda Uruguay del GATT y la Organización Mundial del Comercio. Conclusiones

  20. A revelação do diagnóstico na perspectiva dos adolescentes vivendo com HIV/AIDS e seus pais e cuidadores Disclosure of HIV infection from the perspective of adolescents living with HIV/AIDS and their parents and caregivers

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    Heloisa Helena de Sousa Marques

    2006-03-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar aspectos da revelação do diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV a crianças e adolescentes relevantes para a melhoria do cuidado de sua saúde. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo envolvendo entrevistas em profundidade e grupo focal com adolescentes vivendo com HIV/AIDS e seus pais ou cuidadores, em serviços de referência nas cidades de São Paulo e Santos, Brasil. Os resultados apontam como principais razões para a revelação: má adesão ao tratamento, iminência de início da vida sexual, demanda da criança ou adolescente e abordagem inadequada de profissional. A revelação mostrou-se momento crítico, com repercussões sobre projetos e horizontes de vida dos adolescentes. As mais problemáticas foram narradas por adolescentes infectados por via sexual e por uso de drogas. Apesar do impacto negativo inicial, a revelação repercutiu positivamente sobre os cuidados de saúde, com melhoria do diálogo com cuidadores e serviços. Os adolescentes enfatizaram ainda a necessidade de receber informações claras e honestas. Conclui-se pela necessidade de otimizar o processo de revelação, tratando-o como tarefa de longo prazo, negociada ativamente com a família e conduzida por equipes multidisciplinares.The purpose of this study was to identify relevant issues in the disclosure of HIV-positive status in children and adolescents, aiming to improve the quality of their healthcare. A qualitative study included adolescents living with HIV/ AIDS and their parents and caregivers at AIDS reference services in São Paulo and Santos, Brazil. In-depth interviews and focus group were used. The main reasons for disclosure were: poor treatment adherence, sexual maturity, adolescent's request, and inadequate procedures by medical staff. Disclosure was a critical moment for adolescents, with a strong impact on their life plans and horizons. Adolescents infected through sexual transmission and drug use reported the most

  1. NEUROPATÍA PERIFÉRICA POR PORFIRIA EN PACIENTE MASCULINO VIH POSITIVO

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    Ariana Baptista Da Cunha

    2013-07-01

    Full Text Available La Porfiria Intermitente Aguda es una enfermedad metabólica rara ocasionada por una mutación genética que produciendo defectos enzimáticos en la formación del grupo Hemo. Entre todos los tipos de porfiria, es la de mayor incidencia, con una prevalencia global de 5/100.000 habitantes con cúmulos de casos en zonas como Escandinavia, Gran Bretaña, Murcia (España caracterizada por clínica neurológica, gastrointestinal y psiquiátrica. Afecta principalmente a mujeres en edad reproductiva. Se describe el caso de un paciente masculino de 38 años con inicio de clínica 14 meses antes dolor abdominal, deposiciones abundantes y asociado cuadriparesia con un mes de evolución. Reporte de serología VIH positivo y valoración neurológica considera diagnóstico de neuropatía periférica asociada a VIH. Por antecedente familiar de porfiria se estudia caso en el Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas y se obtiene diagnóstico definitivo de Porfiria Intermitente Aguda en crisis, tratado con Hermaginato con mejoría significativa de la clínica a los siete días sin signos de crisis porfírica. Por ser de baja incidencia, esta patología no destaca entre los principales diagnósticos diferenciales en casos de disminución de la fuerza muscular y difiere en el abordaje específico. Si no es detectada a tiempo la debilidad muscular progresa a parálisis bulbar y muerte. Palabras Clave: Porfiria Intermitente Aguda; Cuadriparesia; VIH

  2. NEUROPATÍA PERIFÉRICA POR PORFIRIA EN PACIENTE MASCULINO VIH POSITIVO

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    Ariana Baptista Da Cunha

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available La Porfiria Intermitente Aguda es una enfermedad metabólica rara ocasionada por una mutación genética que produciendo defectos enzimáticos en la for- mación del grupo Hemo. Entre todos los tipos de porfiria, es la de mayor incidencia, con una prevalencia global de 5/100.000 habitantes con cúmulos de ca- sos en zonas como Escandinavia, Gran Bretaña, Murcia (España caracterizada por clínica neurológica, gastrointestinal y psiquiátrica. Afecta principalmente a mujeres en edad reproductiva. Se describe el caso de un paciente masculino de 38 años con inicio de clínica 14 meses antes dolor abdominal, deposiciones abundantes y asociado cuadriparesia con un mes de evolución. Reporte de serología VIH positivo y valoración neurológica considera diagnóstico de neu- ropatía periférica asociada a VIH. Por antecedente familiar de porfiria se estudia caso en el Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas y se obtiene diagnóstico definitivo de Porfiria Intermitente Aguda en crisis, tratado con Hermaginato con mejoría significativa de la clínica a los siete días sin signos de crisis porfírica. Por ser de baja incidencia, esta patología no destaca entre los principales diagnósticos diferenciales en casos de disminución de la fuerza mus- cular y difiere en el abordaje específico. Si no es detectada a tiempo la debilidad muscular progresa a parálisis bulbar y muerte. Palabras Clave: Porfiria Intermitente Aguda; Cuadriparesia; VIH.

  3. Treatment adherence: the experience of adolescents with HIV/AIDS Adhesión al tratamiento: vivencias de adolescentes con HIV/SIDA Adesão ao tratamento: vivências de adolescentes com HIV/AIDS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Fernanda Cabral Kourrouski

    2009-12-01

    condição crônica é algo difícil em qualquer fase da vida, ainda mais quando se fala de HIV/AIDS, condição que traz estigma e discriminação, e quando ocorre na adolescência mostra-se como agravante. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender a experiência de adolescentes portadores de HIV/AIDS, no que diz respeito à adesão medicamentosa. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa dos dados. Participaram nove adolescentes com idade entre 12 e 18 anos e seis cuidadores. Os dados foram organizados ao redor das facilidades e dificuldades relacionadas à adesão. Os resultados evidenciaram que os adolescentes têm dificuldades na adesão ao medicamento, colocando tais dificuldades principalmente nos efeitos colaterais dos mesmos; procuram viver o processo de normalização, de tal forma que o estigma e discriminação não comprometam a sua qualidade de vida e a adesão à terapêutica. São apresentadas recomendações para estimular a adesão ao tratamento.

  4. Adesão ao tratamento por cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes soropositivos para o HIV

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    Caroline Mota Branco Salles

    Full Text Available Objetivou-se investigar o padrão de adesão ao tratamento por cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes HIV positivos e identificar as estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas diante de estressores da soropositividade. Participaram 30 cuidadores e utilizou-se entrevista semiestruturada, Escala Modos de Enfrentamento de Problemas e prontuário clínico, este como fonte de dados secundários. Os cuidadores foram classificados em Grupo Adesão e Grupo Não-Adesão com base em seus relatos sobre condutas de uso dos medicamentos antirretrovirais e outros critérios. Vinte e cinco cuidadores foram incluídos no Grupo Adesão. Não se observaram diferenças significativas quanto ao enfrentamento entre os grupos, excetuando a busca de práticas religiosas/pensamento fantasioso. Os resultados dão subsídios para intervenções visando reduzir impactos psicossociais da soropositividade a cuidadores, crianças e adolescentes.

  5. Serodiagnostic profiles of HIV and HIV pathogenesis in vivo

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Goudsmit, J.; Lange, J. M.; Smit, L.; Bakker, M.; Klaver, B.; Danner, S. A.; Coutinho, R. A.

    1988-01-01

    Different stages of HIV infection are marked by expression of HIV genes, production of HIV antibodies, formation of antigen/antibody complexes and clearance of such complexes. Transient HIV antigenemia appearing generally 6-8 weeks prior to HIV antibody (HIV-Ab) seroconversion and lasting 3-4 months

  6. Uma abordagem arquitetural para o desenvolvimento rigoroso de sistemas confiáveis baseados em componentes

    OpenAIRE

    Patrick Henrique da Silva Brito

    2009-01-01

    Resumo: A incorporação de tolerância a falhas em sistemas de software normalmente acarreta em um aumento da complexidade, o que consequentemente torna a sua análise mais difícil. Além disso, o uso de mecanismos de tratamento de exceções de uma maneira não-sistemática pode acarretar na adição de novas falhas ao sistema. Esta tese apresenta uma abordagem rigorosa e centrada na arquitetura para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de software tolerantes a falhas. Dependendo do modelo de falhas e da dis...

  7. Abordagem proteômica para estudos de fotobiologia e fotoinativação de fungos

    OpenAIRE

    Guilherme Thomaz Pereira Brancini

    2015-01-01

    A proteômica é uma técnica muito importante e amplamente utilizada na elucidação de diversos mecanismos biológicos. Essa técnica pode ser usada, por exemplo, na avaliação da resposta celular a estímulos ou na determinação de modificações proteicas resultantes de um tratamento. Neste trabalho, a abordagem proteômica foi utilizada em dois sistemas diferentes: (1) na elucidação da resposta à luz no fungo Metarhizium acridum e (2) na determinação dos danos proteicos causados pelo tratamento fotod...

  8. Ensino interativo na abordagem de Eletricidade numa escola portuguesa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria José Quintas

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7941.2016v33n3p839 A exploração de materiais didáticos interactivos é vista como potenciadora de uma melhor aprendizagem da Física. Neste trabalho apresentam-se alguns resultados obtidos da realização de atividades práticas de laboratório (APL e exploração de ferramentas baseadas em recursos educativos digitais (RED, na abordagem de Eletricidade em algumas escolas portuguesas. Nesta investigação, os alunos foram divididos em Grupo Experimental (GE e Grupo de Controlo (GC. Na recolha dos dados foram usadas fichas, relatórios de aula, inquéritos e entrevistas. Os resultados apontam para uma melhor aprendizagem dos alunos do GE, validando assim as hipóteses de qualidade e de continuidade desta prática de ensino e aprendizagem nas escolas. Este trabalho mostra também que quer a utilização pelos alunos dos materiais interativos quer a formação dos professores na exploração desses materiais, são necessárias para promover uma aprendizagem colaborativa.

  9. Computação dendrítica : uma abordagem de física estatística

    OpenAIRE

    Lyra Gollo, Leonardo

    2007-01-01

    No campo da neurociência computacional, a atividade elétrica dos neurônios é tradicionalmente modelada por equações diferenciais não-lineares acopladas, representando a evolução do potencial de membrana e certas variáveis relacionadas às condutâncias iônicas presentes no sistema. Uma tendência recente consiste na extensão desta estratégia de modelagem, detalhando as árvores dendríticas neuronais através da abordagem compartimental. Essa modelagem fina visa examinar a possibilid...

  10. Side Effects of HIV Medicines: HIV and Diabetes

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Children and Adolescents HIV and Women HIV and Gay and Bisexual Men HIV and Older Adults HIV ... throughout the body. A hormone called insulin helps move the glucose into the cells. Once in the ...

  11. Abordagem do paciente reanimado, pós-parada cardiorrespiratória Care of patient resuscitated from cardiac arrest

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    João Carlos Ramos Gonçalves Pereira

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR ocorrida em ambulatório tem elevada mortalidade, sendo a sobrevida entre 5% e 35%. Dos pacientes que são reanimados uma percentagem elevada permanece com déficits neurológicos, resultantes das lesões ocorridas, tanto no período de ausência de circulação ou durante a reperfusão. No entanto a compreensão dos mecanismos da lesão cerebral não tem traduzido na melhoria do prognóstico. A hipotermia terapêutica após a reanimação parece ser uma opção válida associada à diminuição destas seqüelas neurológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever a evidência científica relativa à abordagem do paciente reanimado após PCR. CONTEÚDO: Descrição e abordagem dos principais fatores de risco associados à lesão neurológica após PCR, bem como dos seus critérios de prognóstico.Feita pesquisa não sistemática na base de dados PubMed dos artigos referentes à abordagem terapêutica dos pacientes reanimados de parada cardíaca. As referências bibliográficas dos artigos de revisão foram igualmente analisadas. Elaboradas normas práticas para essa abordagem. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes que sobrevivem à PCR têm elevado risco de permanecer com lesões neurológicas graves. A hipotermia terapêutica e o controle das variáveis fisiológicas, com otimização da perfusão cerebral, podem melhorar o seu prognóstico.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a major cause of death with survival rates as low as 5% to 35%. A large number of patients who survive resuscitation will face significant neurological damage, as a result of the ischemia that occurs both during cardiac arrest and reperfusion. However understanding of the mechanisms responsible for brain damage has not resulted in prognostic improvement. Therapeutic hypothermia after resuscitation may be a valid option associated to reduction of neurological damage. The purpose of this study was to

  12. Correlates of HIV stigma in HIV-positive women.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wagner, Anne C; Hart, Trevor A; Mohammed, Saira; Ivanova, Elena; Wong, Joanna; Loutfy, Mona R

    2010-06-01

    We examined the variables associated with HIV stigma in HIV-positive women currently living in Ontario, Canada. Based on previous literature, we predicted that variables of social marginalization (e.g., ethnicity, income, education), medical variables (e.g., higher CD4 count, lower viral load), and increased psychological distress would be associated with higher perceived HIV stigma among HIV-positive women. One hundred fifty-nine HIV-positive women between the ages of 18 and 52 in Ontario completed self-report measures of the aforementioned variables. Women were recruited through 28 AIDS service organizations, eight HIV clinics, and two community health centers. In multiple regression analyses, for women born in Canada, lower educational level and higher anxiety were associated with higher HIV stigma. For women born outside of Canada, having been judged by a physician in Canada for trying to become pregnant was associated with higher HIV stigma. For HIV-positive women born outside of Canada, negative judgment by a physician regarding intentions to become pregnant should be addressed to reduce perceived HIV stigma and vice versa. Health care providers should be trained in the provision of sensitive and effective health care for women living with HIV, especially when providing reproductive health care.

  13. HIV Testing

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Abroad Treatment Basic Statistics Get Tested Find an HIV testing site near you. Enter ZIP code or city Follow HIV/AIDS CDC HIV CDC HIV/AIDS See RSS | ... All Collapse All Should I get tested for HIV? CDC recommends that everyone between the ages of ...

  14. Incorporation of chimeric HIV-SIV-Env and modified HIV-Env proteins into HIV pseudovirions

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Devitt, Gerard; Emerson, Vanessa; Holtkotte, Denise; Pfeiffer, Tanya; Pisch, Thorsten; Bosch, Valerie

    2007-01-01

    Low level incorporation of the viral glycoprotein (Env) into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles is a major drawback for vaccine strategies against HIV/AIDS in which HIV particles are used as immunogen. Within this study, we have examined two strategies aimed at achieving higher levels of Env incorporation into non-infectious pseudovirions (PVs). First, we have generated chimeric HIV/SIV Env proteins containing the truncated C-terminal tail region of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239-Env767 stop , which mediates strongly increased incorporation of SIV-Env into SIV particles. In a second strategy, we have employed a truncated HIV-Env protein (Env-Tr752 N750K ) which we have previously demonstrated to be incorporated into HIV virions, generated in infected T-cells, to a higher level than that of Wt-HIV-Env. Although the chimeric HIV/SIV Env proteins were expressed at the cell surface and induced increased levels of cell-cell fusion in comparison to Wt-HIV-Env, they did not exhibit increased incorporation into either HIV-PVs or SIV-PVs. Only Env-Tr752 N750K exhibited significantly higher (threefold) levels of incorporation into HIV-PVs, an improvement, which, although not dramatic, is worthwhile for the large-scale preparation of non-infectious PVs for vaccine studies aimed at inducing Env humoral responses

  15. AROMAS E SABORES: UMA ABORDAGEM GEOGRÁFICA NA EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leonardo Pinto dos Santos

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available O presente trabalho visa explorar as possiblidades presentes nos sentidos paladar, olfato e/ou tato dentro do ensino da ciência geográfica com abordagem para a Educação Ambiental, levando discentes e educadores a (re inventar saberes e fazeres na educação básica. Dentro da oficina intitulada de “geografia dos aromas e sabores” os alunos participantes do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência explorarão a sensibilidade propiciada por parte dos sentidos humanos na compreensão da ampla interdependência global a qual estamos vivendo, levando-os a percepção do quando se torna importante pensarmos em uma conscientização coletiva sobre o meio ambiente e sobre nossas práticas cotidianas.

  16. Care of HIV-exposed and HIV-infected neonates

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    However, further reduction in MTCT may be possible if newborns at high risk of acquiring HIV ... infants of breastfeeding mothers with newly diagnosed HIV infection, dual NVP/ .... birth HIV DNA PCR testing for HIV-exposed low birth weight.

  17. Acute HIV Discovered During Routine HIV Screening With HIV Antigen-Antibody Combination Tests in 9 US Emergency Departments.

    Science.gov (United States)

    White, Douglas A E; Giordano, Thomas P; Pasalar, Siavash; Jacobson, Kathleen R; Glick, Nancy R; Sha, Beverly E; Mammen, Priya E; Hunt, Bijou R; Todorovic, Tamara; Moreno-Walton, Lisa; Adomolga, Vincent; Feaster, Daniel J; Branson, Bernard M

    2018-01-05

    Newer combination HIV antigen-antibody tests allow detection of HIV sooner after infection than previous antibody-only immunoassays because, in addition to HIV-1 and -2 antibodies, they detect the HIV-1 p24 antigen, which appears before antibodies develop. We determine the yield of screening with HIV antigen-antibody tests and clinical presentations for new diagnoses of acute and established HIV infection across US emergency departments (EDs). This was a retrospective study of 9 EDs in 6 cities with HIV screening programs that integrated laboratory-based antigen-antibody tests between November 1, 2012, and December 31, 2015. Unique patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection were identified and classified as having either acute HIV infection or established HIV infection. Acute HIV infection was defined as a repeatedly reactive antigen-antibody test result, a negative HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation assay, or Western blot result, but detectable HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA); established HIV infection was defined as a repeatedly reactive antigen-antibody test result and a positive HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation assay or Western blot result. The primary outcomes were the number of new HIV diagnoses and proportion of patients with laboratory-defined acute HIV infection. Secondary outcomes compared reason for visit and the clinical presentation of acute HIV infection. In total, 214,524 patients were screened for HIV and 839 (0.4%) received a new diagnosis, of which 122 (14.5%) were acute HIV infection and 717 (85.5%) were established HIV infection. Compared with patients with established HIV infection, those with acute HIV infection were younger, had higher RNA and CD4 counts, and were more likely to have viral syndrome (41.8% versus 6.5%) or fever (14.3% versus 3.4%) as their reason for visit. Most patients with acute HIV infection displayed symptoms attributable to acute infection (median symptom count 5 [interquartile range 3 to 6]), with fever often

  18. Ser gestante soropositivo para o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana: uma leitura à luz do Interacionismo Simbólico Ser gestante seropositiva para el Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana-HIV: una lectura bajo el marco teórico del Interaccionismo Simbólico Being pregnant seropositive and having acquired the human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV: a theoretical interpretation under the Symbolic Interactionism

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Edilene Lins de Moura

    2010-04-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Descrever o contexto do cotidiano vivido por mulheres grávidas soropositivas para o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV, com enfoque na experiência de tornar-se grávida e assumir a gravidez. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista gravada, com 14 gestantes sabidamente soropositivas para o HIV, que vivenciavam o terceiro trimestre de gravidez. O estudo fez uma leitura de dados brutos sobre expectativas e ações de gestantes soropositivas para o HIV, à luz do Interacionismo Simbólico. RESULTADOS: um dos aspectos encontrados mostrou que as mulheres HIV positivo assumem a gravidez, ainda que esta seja inesperada. CONCLUSÕES: os dados são um alerta para os profissionais de enfermagem que devem promover ações educativas para atender às demandas dessa mulher.OBJETIVO: Describir el contexto cotidiano vivido por mujeres embarazadas y seropositivas para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV, con enfoque en la experiencia de estar embarazada y aceptar ese estado. MÉTODOS: Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevista grabada, con 14 gestantes sabidamente seropositivas para el HIV, que se encontraban en el tercer trimestre de embarazo. El estudio hizo una lectura de los datos brutos sobre expectativas y acciones de las gestantes seropositivas para el HIV, bajo el marco teórico del Interaccionismo Simbólico. RESULTADOS: Uno de los aspectos encontrados mostró que las mujeres infectadas con Sida aceptan el embarazo, inclusive cuando ocurre inesperadamente. CONCLUSIONES: Los datos sirven de para los profesionales de enfermería para que promuevan acciones educativas que atiendan las necesidades de esas mujeres.OBJECTIVE: To describe the context of everyday life experienced by pregnant women seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, focusing on the experience of becoming pregnant and accepting that condition. METHODS: Data were collected recording interviews with 14 pregnant women known to

  19. Language teaching and fairytales: contextualized teaching, a new approach = Ensino de língua e contos de fada: ensino contextualizado, uma nova abordagem

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Baratz, Ana Hemmons

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Como podemos instigar a imaginação da criança em favor do ensino de língua? Egan (1992 aponta uma abordagem de ensino infantil que difere do comum. Essa abordagem trás para o centro do currículo a imaginação da criança. ‘Ensinando com contexto’ (usando contos de fadas pode ser relacionando aos gêneros de Bakhtin. Eles estão presentes no nosso cotidiano e são impossíveis de separar do aprendizado de língua. Duas versões de um mesmo conto-de-fadas foram linguisticamente comparados através de uma análise de corpus com o fim de investigar qual versão seria a ideal para uso em contexto escolar. As estórias analisadas são de Branca de Neve e Cinderela, uma versão traduzida do Alemão e outra recentemente adaptada da mesma

  20. Seguimiento a mujeres con resultado citológico positivo en una Empresa Social del Estado - ESE, Medellín, Colombia, 2011- 2012

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marleny Valencia Arredondo

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available En Colombia el cáncer cérvico-uterino (Cacu es una de las principales causas de muerte. Anualmente se diagnostican 7.000 casos y se registran 3.300 muertes, el 50% por diagnóstico tardío y falta de acceso a tratamientos especializados. Objetivo: describir el seguimiento a mujeres con resultado citológico positivo en una ESE de Medellín, 2011-2012. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal en 277 mujeres con resultado citológico positivo para lesiones sugestivas de alto grado y/o alteraciones glandulares. Se empleó muestreo estratificado y sistemático. Se utilizaron fuentes de información primaria y secundaria. La sistematización de datos se realizó en el programa SPSS, y se calcularon medidas de frecuencia, tendencia central y dispersión. Se empleó análisis descriptivo uni-bivariado para variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas con la atención recibida. Resultados: el 10,7% de mujeres con lesiones de alto grado o invasoras no culminaron el tratamiento. La oportunidad total del seguimiento fue del 52,3% y las fases con mayores tiempos de espera para la atención fueron las citas para diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusión: A pesar de los esfuerzos para mejorar la cobertura del cribado y búsqueda activa de pacientes con citología positiva evidenciada en el estudio aún se presentan obstáculos en la atención de pacientes para un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno, lo que lleva en varios casos al avance de la enfermedad e incluso la muerte.

  1. TPM na TRECAR : uma nova abordagem à gestão da manutenção

    OpenAIRE

    Resende, António Pedro Ferreira Carreira

    2014-01-01

    A manutenção tem vindo a assumir um papel preponderante na atividade industrial, uma vez que é esta área departamental que possibilita à produção, um fluxo contínuo de atividade, atenuando os tempos de paragem dos equipamentos (downtime). A evolução histórica mostra este avanço e a importância da manutenção nas indústrias, apesar de atualmente se verificar uma redução nas despesas associadas a este setor, devido à crise económica global. O TPM surge como uma abordagem à gestão da manutenção, ...

  2. Correlação entre espessura cortical frontal e desempenho de funções executivas em pacientes com infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tania Maria Netto

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre a espessura cortical medida pela ressonância magnética em regiões frontais e o desempenho em instrumentos que avaliam funções executivas em pacientes com HIV positivo. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 22 pacientes HIV-positivos, com déficits em funções executivas, sob terapia antirretroviral, idades entre 45 e 65 anos e escolaridade entre 3 e 20 anos. Foi realizada ressonância magnética com sequências convencionais, T1 3D, processado pelo Freesurfer para verificar espessura cortical. Instrumentos de avaliação das funções executivas: Teste de Trilhas, Wisconsin, Hayling, Dígitos (WAIS-III, fluência verbal ortográfica e Stroop. Para análise da relação espessura versus cognição, utilizou-se coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre escores de: Wisconsin e espessura das regiões pré-central e orbitofrontal lateral à direita e pré-central esquerda; Teste de Trilhas e espessura da área pré-central direita e cíngulo anterior caudal esquerdo; e Teste Hayling e espessura da área lateral orbitofrontal esquerda. CONCLUSÃO: As correlações existentes entre medidas de espessura cortical pela ressonância magnética e desempenho cognitivo sugerem que os déficits executivos em pacientes HIV-positivos relacionam-se a uma redução da espessura cortical das regiões frontais.

  3. HIV/AIDS

    Science.gov (United States)

    HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It harms your immune system by destroying the white blood cells ... It is the final stage of infection with HIV. Not everyone with HIV develops AIDS. HIV most ...

  4. Clinical presentation and opportunistic infections in HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 dual seropositive patients in Guinea-Bissau

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Sørensen, Allan; Jespersen, Sanne; Katzenstein, Terese L

    2016-01-01

    HIV-2 is prevalent. In this study, we aimed to characterize the clinical presentations among HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 dual seropositive patients. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, newly diagnosed HIV patients attending the HIV outpatient clinic at Hospital Nacional Sim~ao Mendes in Guinea......-Bissau were enrolled. Demographical and clinical data were collected and compared between HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 dual seropositive patients. Results: A total of 169 patients (76% HIV-1, 17% HIV-2 and 6% HIV 1/2) were included in the study between 21 March 2012 and 14 December 2012. HIV-1 seropositive...... antigen. Conclusion: HIV-1 and HIV-1/2 seropositive patients have lower CD4 cell counts than HIV-2 seropositive patients when diagnosed with HIV with only minor clinical and demographic differences among groups. Few patients were diagnosed with TB and cryptococcal disease was not found to be a major...

  5. Síndrome de Cushing: é possível simplificar e padronizar sua abordagem diagnóstica?

    OpenAIRE

    Rollin, Guilherme A.F.S.; Czepielewski, Mauro A.

    2003-01-01

    A síndrome de Cushing representa um desafio diagnóstico, requerendo suspeita clínica apurada, conhecimento adequado da regulação hormonal do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal, aplicação precisa de testes funcionais que estimulam ou inibem este eixo e a indicação de exames de imagem resolutivos para as diversas etiologias investigadas. Neste artigo, discutimos a abordagem diagnóstica da síndrome de Cushing, analisando a aplicação dos diversos testes utilizados tanto para o diagnóstico sindrômic...

  6. Women and HIV

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Consumer Information by Audience For Women Women and HIV: Get the Facts on HIV Testing, Prevention, and Treatment Share Tweet Linkedin Pin ... How can you lower your chance of HIV? HIV Quick Facts What is HIV? HIV is the ...

  7. Abordagem profissional da violência familiar contra o idoso em uma unidade básica de saúde

    OpenAIRE

    Wanderbroocke,Ana Claudia Nunes de Souza; Moré,Carmen Leontina Ojeda Ocampo

    2013-01-01

    O presente artigo tem como objetivo descrever a abordagem profissional da violência familiar contra idosos em uma unidade básica de saúde (UBS). Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, com dados coletados por meio de observação participante com registro em diário de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Participaram das entrevistas dez profissionais da UBS. Os dados foram analisados segundo o referencial da Grounded Theory e duas categorias foram discutidas: manejo profissional de situações de viol...

  8. Conocimientos, actitudes y percepciones de enfermeros y estudiantes de enfermería hacia VIH/Sida Conhecimentos, atitudes e percepções de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem para HIV/AIDS Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of nurses and nursing students towards HIV/AIDS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Irma Conejeros Vallejos

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo. Describir las actitudes, conocimientos y percepciones que tienen los enfermeros y estudiantes de Enfermería en torno a las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVS. Metodología. Estudio bibliográfico en el que se hizo búsqueda en seis bases de datos electrónicas con las palabras claves: "actitud", "conocimientos", "enfermería", "percepciones", "VIH/SIDA". Se consideraron publicaciones entre 1998-2007. Resultados. Se recuperaron 560 artículos que se limitaron por su pertenencia a publicaciones de investigaciones científicas o reportes ministeriales. Finalmente se seleccionaron un total de 38 publicaciones, cuyo análisis mostró que el nivel de conocimientos de enfermeros y estudiantes de Enfermería en torno a PVVS es bueno y las actitudes frente a VIH/ SIDA han mejorado en el tiempo. Los enfermeros y estudiantes de Enfermería han sido capaces de identificar tanto aspectos positivos como negativos en el cuidado de PVVS, a nivel personal y profesional, debido a que existe una percepción más favorable. Conclusión. Existen pocos estudios en Latinoamérica y Chile que estudien las actitudes y conocimientos de la población de estudio en torno a PVVS. Según las publicaciones encontradas el conocimiento y las actitudes han mejorado debido a que la percepción es más favorable.Objetivo. Descrever as atitudes, conhecimentos e percepções que têm os enfermeiros e estudantes de Enfermagem em torno das pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS (PVHA. Metodologia. Estudo bibliográfico no que se fez busca em seis bases de dados eletrônicas com as palavras importantes: "atitude", "conhecimentos", "enfermagem", "percepções", "HIV/ PVHA". Consideraram-se publicações entre 1998-2007. Resultados. Recuperaram-se 560 artigos que se limitaram por seu pertence a publicações de investigações científicas ou reportes ministeriais. Finalmente se selecionaram um total de 38 publicações, cujo análise mostrou que o nível de conhecimentos de

  9. Comparative brain pathology of HIV-seronegative and HIV-infected drug addicts.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Makrigeorgi-Butera, M; Hagel, C; Laas, R; Puschel, K; Stavrou, D

    1996-01-01

    Early stages of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were studied in HIV-seropositive drug addicts. Since heroin users are immunocompromized even in the absence of HIV infection, the aim of the present study was to compare the morphological alterations present in HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive drug addicts. A total of 60 cases (32 HIV-seronegative subjects, 21 HIV-seropositive patients without signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and 7 HIV-seropositive patients with signs of AIDS) were investigated macroscopically, histologically, and immunohistochemically HIV-seronegative patients presented more frequently with acute drug intoxication, died at a significantly younger age than HIV-seropositive patients, and were found to suffer more frequently from alcohol-related changes. These results indicated that HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive patients differed possibly in their drug consumption and also in their general conditions of life. In accordance with previous reports activated microglia and a diffuse astrogliosis in the white matter were detected at a significantly higher frequency and found to be more severe in HIV-seropositive subjects than in HIV-seronegative addicts. A lymphocytic meningitis was present in 6 of 21 HIV-seropositive patients but in none of the HIV-seronegative patients. Perivascular infiltrates consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages were detected at similar frequencies in HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive patients but were significantly more severe in patients suffering from lymphocytic meningitis or purulent encephalitis. Opportunistic infections were only demonstrated in 2 AIDS cases. In 10 of the HIV-seronegative patients and in 3 of the HIV-seropositive patients CD68-and Ham56-positive multinucleated cells were detected scattered in the subarachnoidal space exclusively over the frontal cortex.

  10. Identificación de Intervenciones para el Desarrollo Positivo de la Juventud

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sardiñas, Lili M.; Padilla, Viviana; Aponte, Mari; Boscio, Ana Morales; Pedrogo, Coralee Pérez; Santiago, Betzaida; Morales, Ángela Pérez; Dávila, Paloma Torres; Cesáreo, Marizaida Sánchez

    2017-01-01

    Resumen En el mundo hay más personas en la etapa de la juventud que en cualquier otra etapa del desarrollo. La juventud en Puerto Rico enfrenta muchas situaciones que inciden en su desarrollo y preparación para la adultez. Por lo tanto, es imperante identificar intervenciones para el desarrollo positivo de la juventud que han demostrado ser basadas en la evidencia. Además, a partir de dicha identificación, desarrollar prácticas que ayuden a los jóvenes a desarrollarse para prevenir situaciones adversas, promover experiencias positivas y propiciar que los niños y jóvenes estén involucrados y comprometidos. Se identificaron 147 intervenciones a través de una revisión tradicional de la literatura científica estadounidense. Los resultados reflejan que las intervenciones atienden la reducción de factores de riesgo y el incremento de factores de protección. Sin embargo, ninguna intervención propicia que los niños y jóvenes estén involucrados y comprometidos con su desarrollo óptimo y con sus comunidades. No obstante, todas brindan herramientas que podrían ser de utilidad para fomentar dichas prácticas en el contexto de Puerto Rico. De las 147 intervenciones identificadas seis están diseñadas para la población puertorriqueña residente en la Isla. Con el propósito de hacer la información accesible a los profesionales y la comunidad se expandió la colección del Archivo de Programas y Prácticas Basadas en Evidencia para la Prevención. PMID:28919943

  11. Living with HIV

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Abroad Treatment Basic Statistics Get Tested Find an HIV testing site near you. Enter ZIP code or city Follow HIV/AIDS CDC HIV CDC HIV/AIDS See RSS | ... Syndicated Content Website Feedback HIV/AIDS Living With HIV Language: English (US) Español (Spanish) Recommend on Facebook ...

  12. Depression in perinatally HIV-infected pregnant women compared to non-perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Angrand, Ruth C; Sperling, Rhoda; Roccobono, Kinga; Osborne, Lauren M; Jao, Jennifer

    2018-05-18

    "Depression (as noted in chart by a physician)" was compared between HIV infected pregnant women and controls. Perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV), non-perinatally HIV-infected (NPHIV), and HIV-uninfected (HIV-U) pregnant women were all compared using a logistic regression model. Overall, HIV-infected women had higher rates of depression than HIV-U, with PHIV women demonstrating a clinically and statistically significant increased risk compared to HIV-U women [adjusted OR: 15.9, 95% CI = 1.8-143.8]. Future studies in larger populations are warranted to confirm these findings and further elucidate mental health outcomes of PHIV and NPHIV pregnant women.

  13. HIV antibodies for treatment of HIV infection.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Margolis, David M; Koup, Richard A; Ferrari, Guido

    2017-01-01

    The bar is high to improve on current combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), now highly effective, safe, and simple. However, antibodies that bind the HIV envelope are able to uniquely target the virus as it seeks to enter new target cells, or as it is expressed from previously infected cells. Furthermore, the use of antibodies against HIV as a therapeutic may offer advantages. Antibodies can have long half-lives, and are being considered as partners for long-acting antiretrovirals for use in therapy or prevention of HIV infection. Early studies in animal models and in clinical trials suggest that such antibodies can have antiviral activity but, as with small-molecule antiretrovirals, the issues of viral escape and resistance will have to be addressed. Most promising, however, are the unique properties of anti-HIV antibodies: the potential ability to opsonize viral particles, to direct antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against actively infected cells, and ultimately the ability to direct the clearance of HIV-infected cells by effector cells of the immune system. These distinctive activities suggest that HIV antibodies and their derivatives may play an important role in the next frontier of HIV therapeutics, the effort to develop treatments that could lead to an HIV cure. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

  14. Growing up with HIV/AIDS: a study on adolescents with HIV/AIDS and their family caregivers Creciendo con VIH/SIDA: un estudio con adolescentes portadoras de VIH/SIDA y sus cuidadoras familiares Crescendo com HIV/AIDS: estudo com adolescentes portadoras de HIV/AIDS e suas cuidadoras-familiares

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Amélia Antunes Lima

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, which looks at the adolescent process with HIV/AIDS. The purpose is to identify how the adolescent process occurs, from the perspective of these teenagers and their family caregivers. The investigation was performed in Porto Alegre, RS between May and July 2005, and the subjects were four adolescents and three caregivers. Data were collected by means of interviews, which were subject to the content analysis technique. The study revealed that both teenagers and family caregivers did not show concern with the changes typical of the period, especially regarding sexuality questions. Yet, the underlying diagnosis and coping with HIV remain in the family core in order to protect these agents against the stigma of the disease.Es un estudio exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo, que trata del proceso de desarrollo de la adolescencia en portadoras de VIH/SIDA, con el objetivo de identificar cómo ocurre el proceso de la adolescencia, en la visión de estas adolescentes y de sus cuidadoras familiares.La investigación se realizó en Porto Alegre-RS, entre los meses de mayo y julio de 2005; los sujetos fueron cuatro adolescentes y tres cuidadoras. La colecta de las informaciones se hizo por medio de entrevistas que fueron sometidas a la técnica de análisis de contenido. El estudio reveló que las adolescentes y sus cuidadoras familiares, manifestaron preocupación con los cambios propios de ese período, especialmente en asuntos relacionados a la sexualidad. Se hizo evidente que el diagnóstico y la convivencia con el VIH permanecen ocultos en el contexto familiar, con el objetivo de proteger, a estos actores, del estigma de la enfermedad.Estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, que trata do processo de adolescer de portadoras de HIV/AIDS, com o objetivo de identificar como ocorre o processo da adolescência, na ótica dessas adolescentes e de suas cuidadoras-familiares. A investiga

  15. A European multicientre study on the comparison of HIV-1 viral loads between VERIS HIV-1 Assay and Roche COBAS® TAQMAN® HIV-1 test, Abbott RealTime HIV-1 Assay, and Siemens VERSANT HIV-1 Assay.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Braun, Patrick; Delgado, Rafael; Drago, Monica; Fanti, Diana; Fleury, Hervé; Hofmann, Jörg; Izopet, Jacques; Kühn, Sebastian; Lombardi, Alessandra; Mancon, Alessandro; Marcos, Mª Angeles; Mileto, Davide; Sauné, Karine; O'Shea, Siobhan; Pérez-Rivilla, Alfredo; Ramble, John; Trimoulet, Pascale; Vila, Jordi; Whittaker, Duncan; Artus, Alain; Rhodes, Daniel

    2017-07-01

    Viral load monitoring is essential for patients under treatment for HIV. Beckman Coulter has developed the VERIS HIV-1 Assay for use on the novel, automated DxN VERIS Molecular Diagnostics System. ¥ OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the clinical performance of the new quantitative VERIS HIV-1 Assay at multiple EU laboratories. Method comparison with the VERIS HIV-1 Assay was performed with 415 specimens at 5 sites tested with COBAS ® AmpliPrep/COBAS ® TaqMan ® HIV-1 Test, v2.0, 169 specimens at 3 sites tested with RealTime HIV-1 Assay, and 202 specimens from 2 sites tested with VERSANT HIV-1 Assay. Patient monitoring sample results from 4 sites were also compared. Bland-Altman analysis showed the average bias between VERIS HIV-1 Assay and COBAS HIV-1 Test, RealTime HIV-1 Assay, and VERSANT HIV-1 Assay to be 0.28, 0.39, and 0.61 log 10 cp/mL, respectively. Bias at low end levels below 1000cp/mL showed predicted bias to be <0.3 log 10 cp/mL for VERIS HIV-1 Assay versus COBAS HIV-1 Test and RealTime HIV-1 Assay, and <0.5 log 10 cp/mL versus VERSANT HIV-1 Assay. Analysis on 174 specimens tested with the 0.175mL volume VERIS HIV-1 Assay and COBAS HIV-1 Test showed average bias of 0.39 log 10 cp/mL. Patient monitoring results using VERIS HIV-1 Assay demonstrated similar viral load trends over time to all comparators. The VERIS HIV-1 Assay for use on the DxN VERIS System demonstrated comparable clinical performance to COBAS ® HIV-1 Test, RealTime HIV-1 Assay, and VERSANT HIV-1 Assay. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  16. Molecular HIV screening.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bourlet, Thomas; Memmi, Meriam; Saoudin, Henia; Pozzetto, Bruno

    2013-09-01

    Nuclear acid testing is more and more used for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. This paper focuses on the use of molecular tools for HIV screening. The term 'screening' will be used under the meaning of first-line HIV molecular techniques performed on a routine basis, which excludes HIV molecular tests designed to confirm or infirm a newly discovered HIV-seropositive patient or other molecular tests performed for the follow-up of HIV-infected patients. The following items are developed successively: i) presentation of the variety of molecular tools used for molecular HIV screening, ii) use of HIV molecular tools for the screening of blood products, iii) use of HIV molecular tools for the screening of organs and tissue from human origin, iv) use of HIV molecular tools in medically assisted procreation and v) use of HIV molecular tools in neonates from HIV-infected mothers.

  17. Abordagem otimizada na ressuscitação cardiocerebral

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Karl B. Kern

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available A ressuscitação cardiocerebral (RCC é uma nova abordagem à ressuscitação de pacientes com parada cardíaca fora do hospital (PCFH. O primeiro componente principal da RCC são as compressões torácicas contínuas (CTC, também chamadas de RCP com compressões torácicas isoladas ou "RCP somente com compressões torácicas" ("Hands-only" CPR, recomendadas como parte da RCC por todos os observadores que testemunhem um colapso súbito de origem presumidamente cardíaco. O segundo componente é um novo algoritmo de tratamento de Suporte Avançado de Vida em Cardiologia (ACLS para Serviços Médicos de Emergência (SME. Esse algoritmo enfatiza compressões torácicas ininterruptas a despeito de outros procedimentos contínuos como parte do esforço de resgate. Um terceiro componente foi recentemente adicionado à RCC, e é o cuidado agressivo pós-ressuscitação. A RCC tem aumentado a participação de testemunhas e tem melhorado as taxas de sobrevivência em varias comunidades. Essa é a hora para outras comunidades re-examinarem seus próprios desfechos com parada cardíaca e considerar a possibilidade de se juntar a essas cidades e comunidades que dobraram e até mesmo triplicaram as suas taxas de sobrevivência de PCFH.

  18. Experiences of HIV stigma: the role of visible symptoms, HIV centrality and community attachment for people living with HIV.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Brener, Loren; Callander, Denton; Slavin, Sean; de Wit, John

    2013-01-01

    For many people living with HIV (PLHIV), disclosure or concealment of their HIV status may be under their personal control; however, for PLHIV with visible symptoms of their illness, disclosure may no longer be a choice. Previous research suggests that those with visible HIV symptoms have poorer mental and physical health than those without visible HIV symptoms. This study aimed to extend these findings and assess the role of perceived centrality of HIV in the lives of PLHIV as well as the role of attachment to an HIV-positive community in understanding the negative effects on health and well-being for PLHIV with visible HIV symptoms. Participants were 697 PLHIV who completed an online survey that assessed symptom visibility, HIV-status disclosure, perceived stigma, health and well-being, how central HIV was to identity and HIV community attachment. Results indicate that those with visible symptoms experienced more HIV-related stigma and had poorer outcomes on a range of psychological and mental health measures than those who were able to conceal their stigma. These effects remained after controlling for length of time since diagnosis, time on HIV treatment, perceived health satisfaction and age. PLHIV with visible symptoms also reported that HIV was more central to their identity and reported greater attachment to an HIV-positive community. Furthermore, findings suggest that while HIV centrality appears to increase the negative effects of having visible symptoms associated with HIV, greater community attachment seems to ameliorate these effects. This suggests the need for a nuanced understanding of the implications of visible HIV symptoms for PLHIV. The study also highlights the potential benefits of HIV-positive community attachment in buffering PLHIV from the negative effect of visible HIV symptoms on their health and well-being.

  19. Abordagem da equipe de enfermagem ao usuário na emergência em saúde mental em um pronto atendimento

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Érika Hissae Kondo

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available Pesquisa qualitativa exploratória desenvolvida em 2008, num Centro Municipal de Urgências Médicas/Curitiba. Objetivos: conhecer a concepção da equipe de enfermagem sobre emergências em saúde mental e analisar como se desenvolve a abordagem da equipe de enfermagem ao usuário com transtorno mental em situação de emergência. Participaram 6 enfermeiros e 7 técnicos em enfermagem que atuam na emergência e internamento. Os dados foram obtidos mediante entrevista semi-estruturada e organizados em categorias temáticas. Para os participantes, emergências psiquiátricas são situações que apresentam risco de vida para a pessoa ou a terceiros. Como características de emergência citaram: comportamento agressivo e agitado, tentativa de suicídio e abuso de substâncias. A primeira impressão do comportamento do paciente e a tentativa de diálogo determinam quais condutas os profissionais adotam. Reconhecem dificuldade e despreparo na abordagem ao paciente. Conclui-se que há necessidade de educação permanente sobre novos serviços e adaptações dos existentes para o atendimento nessa área.

  20. Predictors of HIV, HIV Risk Perception, and HIV Worry Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Lilongwe, Malawi.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Price, Joan T; Rosenberg, Nora E; Vansia, Dhrutika; Phanga, Twambilile; Bhushan, Nivedita L; Maseko, Bertha; Brar, Savvy K; Hosseinipour, Mina C; Tang, Jennifer H; Bekker, Linda-Gail; Pettifor, Audrey

    2018-01-01

    Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa have high HIV prevalence and incidence. We sought to understand which HIV risk factors individually and in combination contribute to risk, and whether these factors are associated with HIV worry and risk perception. This study is ongoing at 4 public health centers in Lilongwe, Malawi (2016-2017). AGYW of 15-24 years old were recruited to participate in a study assessing 4 models of service delivery. At each health center, participants completed a baseline survey assessing socioeconomic, behavioral, biomedical, and partnership characteristics; self-reported HIV status; and, if HIV-uninfected, HIV risk perception (high versus low or none) and HIV worry (any versus none). We analyzed associations between baseline characteristics and HIV prevalence, risk perception, and worry. Among 1000 AGYW, median age was 19 years (IQR: 17-21). Thirty-three participants reported being HIV-infected. Fifteen characteristics were associated with HIV infection. Having more risk factors was associated with higher HIV prevalence (≤4 factors, 0.5%; 5-8 factors, 6%; >8 factors, 21%). Having more risk factors was also associated with higher risk perception (P risk factors, 52% did not consider themselves to be at high risk and 21% did not report any HIV worry. Most AGYW perceive little risk of HIV acquisition, even those at highest risk. As a critical gap in the HIV prevention cascade, accurate risk perception is needed to tailor effective and sustained combination prevention strategies for this vulnerable population.

  1. Abordagem ambulatorial do nutricionista em anemia hemolítica Nutritional ambulatory approach in hemolytic anemia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Aparecida Vieira

    1999-04-01

    Full Text Available Descreve a atuação do nutricionista em ambulatório de Hematologia Pediátrica em um hospital escola e relata as condutas dietéticas necessárias na abordagem de crianças com anemia hemolítica com e sem sobrecarga de ferro, e também as atitudes mais freqüentes dos familiares em relação à alimentação desses pacientes.The Authors describe the performance of the Dietitian in a Pediatric Hematology Ambulatory. They emphasize the necessary dietetic procedures for adequate management of children with hemolytic anemia, with and without iron overload. Furthermore, they approach the family's attitude towards the patient's nutrition.

  2. Screening Yield of HIV Antigen/Antibody Combination and Pooled HIV RNA Testing for Acute HIV Infection in a High-Prevalence Population.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Peters, Philip J; Westheimer, Emily; Cohen, Stephanie; Hightow-Weidman, Lisa B; Moss, Nicholas; Tsoi, Benjamin; Hall, Laura; Fann, Charles; Daskalakis, Demetre C; Beagle, Steve; Patel, Pragna; Radix, Asa; Foust, Evelyn; Kohn, Robert P; Marmorino, Jenni; Pandori, Mark; Fu, Jie; Samandari, Taraz; Gay, Cynthia L

    2016-02-16

    Although acute HIV infection contributes disproportionately to onward HIV transmission, HIV testing has not routinely included screening for acute HIV infection. To evaluate the performance of an HIV antigen/antibody (Ag/Ab) combination assay to detect acute HIV infection compared with pooled HIV RNA testing. Multisite, prospective, within-individual comparison study conducted between September 2011 and October 2013 in 7 sexually transmitted infection clinics and 5 community-based programs in New York, California, and North Carolina. Participants were 12 years or older and seeking HIV testing, without known HIV infection. All participants with a negative rapid HIV test result were screened for acute HIV infection with an HIV Ag/Ab combination assay (index test) and pooled human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) RNA testing. HIV RNA testing was the reference standard, with positive reference standard result defined as detectable HIV-1 RNA on an individual RNA test. Number and proportion with acute HIV infections detected. Among 86,836 participants with complete test results (median age, 29 years; 75.0% men; 51.8% men who have sex with men), established HIV infection was diagnosed in 1158 participants (1.33%) and acute HIV infection was diagnosed in 168 participants (0.19%). Acute HIV infection was detected in 134 participants with HIV Ag/Ab combination testing (0.15% [95% CI, 0.13%-0.18%]; sensitivity, 79.8% [95% CI, 72.9%-85.6%]; specificity, 99.9% [95% CI, 99.9%-99.9%]; positive predictive value, 59.0% [95% CI, 52.3%-65.5%]) and in 164 participants with pooled HIV RNA testing (0.19% [95% CI, 0.16%-0.22%]; sensitivity, 97.6% [95% CI, 94.0%-99.4%]; specificity, 100% [95% CI, 100%-100%]; positive predictive value, 96.5% [95% CI, 92.5%-98.7%]; sensitivity comparison, P testing detected 82% of acute HIV infections detectable by pooled HIV RNA testing. Compared with rapid HIV testing alone, HIV Ag/Ab combination testing increased the relative HIV diagnostic yield (both

  3. El método dialéctico transfinitante de Juan David García Bacca y el humanismo positivo como horizonte de la facticidad social

    OpenAIRE

    Gimeno Monfort, Xavier

    2015-01-01

    Nuestra intención en el presente trabajo es el siguiente: presentar del modo más sintético, concreto y preciso, las claves del “método dialéctico transfinitante” garcibacquiano. Analizaremos desde un punto de vista hermenéutico y crítico, el modo en el que el método dialéctico transfinitante es, en sí mismo, el sustento filosófico del humanismo positivo. Para ello, analizaremos los principales argumentos expuestos en Curso sistemático de filosofía actual que, a nue...

  4. El Soporte Conductual Positivo y la comunicación como factores clave en la intervención educativa de los niños con TEA

    OpenAIRE

    Lizondo-Nieto, Elina Marcela

    2013-01-01

    En este trabajo, vamos a estudiar el Soporte Conductual Positivo aplicado a la Escuela (SCPE) como un método de intervención educativa que permite construir el aprendizaje de los niños con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) a partir de las conductas problemáticas que estos manifiestan convirtiéndolas en habilidades, que, a su vez, van a ser reforzadas a través del sistema TEACCH, lo que combinado con un sistema alternativo y aumentativo de comunicación (SAAC), como el PECS, va ...

  5. Shifting the Paradigm: Using HIV Surveillance Data as a Foundation for Improving HIV Care and Preventing HIV Infection

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sweeney, Patricia; Gardner, Lytt I; Buchacz, Kate; Garland, Pamela Morse; Mugavero, Michael J; Bosshart, Jeffrey T; Shouse, R Luke; Bertolli, Jeanne

    2013-01-01

    Context Reducing HIV incidence in the United States and improving health outcomes for people living with HIV hinge on improving access to highly effective treatment and overcoming barriers to continuous treatment. Using laboratory tests routinely reported for HIV surveillance to monitor individuals’ receipt of HIV care and contacting them to facilitate optimal care could help achieve these objectives. Historically, surveillance-based public health intervention with individuals for HIV control has been controversial because of concerns that risks to privacy and autonomy could outweigh benefits. But with the availability of lifesaving, transmission-interrupting treatment for HIV infection, some health departments have begun surveillance-based outreach to facilitate HIV medical care. Methods Guided by ethics frameworks, we explored the ethical arguments for changing the uses of HIV surveillance data. To identify ethical, procedural, and strategic considerations, we reviewed the activities of health departments that are using HIV surveillance data to contact persons identified as needing assistance with initiating or returning to care. Findings Although privacy concerns surrounding the uses of HIV surveillance data still exist, there are ethical concerns associated with not using HIV surveillance to maximize the benefits from HIV medical care and treatment. Early efforts to use surveillance data to facilitate optimal HIV medical care illustrate how the ethical burdens may vary depending on the local context and the specifics of implementation. Health departments laid the foundation for these activities by engaging stakeholders to gain their trust in sharing sensitive information; establishing or strengthening legal, policy and governance infrastructure; and developing communication and follow-up protocols that protect privacy. Conclusions We describe a shift toward using HIV surveillance to facilitate optimal HIV care. Health departments should review the

  6. Gestão de projetos em empresas no Brasil: abordagem "tamanho único"? Project management in companies in Brazil: a "one size fits all" approach?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luiz José Marques Junior

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available A pequena taxa de sucesso dos projetos num cenário de importância crescente para realização das estratégias das empresas levanta questionamentos sobre a efetividade das abordagens de gestão de projetos. A revisão da bibliografia sobre o tema sugere a existência de uma abordagem predominante de gestão de projetos que utiliza técnicas e ferramentas de planejamento e controle com o propósito de racionalizar e normatizar a gestão de projetos. Em contraponto a essa abordagem tradicional predominante, surgiu a abordagem adaptativa. Nela, a gestão de cada projeto é adaptada às suas especificidades. Neste contexto, este artigo apresenta o resultado de um estudo exploratório preliminar sobre abordagens de gestão de projetos em seis empresas que atuam no Brasil. Os dados empíricos coletados permitem concluir que há predominância de abordagens focadas numa visão racional e normativa da gestão de projetos. Porém, os mesmos dados coletados também indicam a presença de práticas de abordagens adaptativas na gestão de projetos considerados estratégicos, sugerindo que não há abordagem "tamanho único" na gestão de projetos dessas empresas.The low success rate of projects in a scenario where they are increasingly important for the companies' strategies raises questions about the effectiveness of project management approaches. A literature review on this topic suggests that there is a predominant approach to project management, which makes use of planning and control tools and techniques to encourage a rational and normative perspective to project management. As a counterpoint to this predominant traditional approach, the adaptive approach has emerged arguing that the management of each project should be adapted to its specificities. In this context, this paper presents the result of a preliminary exploratory study about project management approaches on six companies in Brazil. The empirical data collected allow concluding that the

  7. Contingência e direito positivo: o paradoxo do direito na modernidade

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    Marisse Costa de Queiroz

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentaraos leitores uma reflexão téorico-socialdo positivismo jurídico como paradigmaou matriz teórica que condiciona e interferenas construções científicas sobre o sistemajurídico na modernidade. Tal empenhotem como ponto de partida a consideraçãoque o direito positivo diferencia-se e estrutura-se na modernidade com um sistema quepretende dar conta da extrema contingênciade uma sociedade complexa como a sociedademoderna. Para tanto há a necessidade deadministrar e “controlar” a contingência domundo dos fatos e isso faz com que o direitoneutralize tal complexidade dentro do própriosistema. Essa diferenciação (evoluçãodo direito reflete-se nas teorias sobre o direito,culminando numa ruptura drástica daciência do direito ou da dogmática jurídicacom fundamentos valorativos para o direito.Contudo, essa tentativa também gera um paradoxo, qual seja: a normatização da vida(seleção, leva, necessariamente, à exclusãode outras possibilidades. Tento em vista ateoria sociológica luhmmaniana e à guisa deconclusões fechadas, tenta-se discutir esseparadoxo do direito moderno.This paper aims on presenting atheoretical-social reflection on legalpositivism as a paradigm through atheoretical matrix that restricts and interfereson scientific productions about the legalsystem in modern times. Such pledge beginsconsidering that the positive rights differand are structured on modernity, with asystem that aims on solving the extremecontingency of a complex society as themodern one. So, it is important to manageand “control” the world of fact contingencyand this helps law to neutralize suchcomplexity inside the own system. Thisevolution at law reflects on theories aboutlaw, ending in a drastic break of law scienceor legal doctrinaire full of valuable principlesfor law. However, this attempt also producesa paradox, which is: the ruling of life(selection leads, necessarily, to exclusion ofother

  8. [HIV Stigma and Spiritual Care in People Living With HIV].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yu, Chia-Hui; Chiu, Yi-Chi; Cheng, Su-Fen; Ko, Nai-Ying

    2018-06-01

    HIV infection has been a manageable and chronic illness in Taiwan since the highly active antiretroviral therapy was introduced in 1997. HIV infection is a stigmatized disease due to its perceived association with risky behaviors. HIV often carries a negative image, and people living with HIV(PLWH) face discrimination on multiple fronts. Internalized HIV stigma impacts the spiritual health of people living with HIV in terms of increased levels of shame, self-blame, fear of disclosing HIV status, and isolation and decreased value and connections with God, others, the environment, and the self. Nursing professionals provide holistic care for all people living with HIV and value their lives in order to achieve the harmony of body, mind, and spirit. This article describes the stigma that is currently associated with HIV and how stigma-related discrimination affects the spiritual health of PLWH and then proposes how to reduce discrimination and stigma in order to improve the spiritual health of PLWH through appropriate spiritual care. Reducing HIV stigma and promoting spiritual well-being will enable Taiwan to achieve the 'Three Zeros' of zero discrimination, zero infection, and zero death advocated by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS for ending the AIDS epidemic in 2030.

  9. Álcool e direção: uma abordagem preventiva entre clientes de bares

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bernardo Pires Sampaio

    2018-04-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo: Identificar em clientes de bares atitudes de risco e conscientizá-los dos perigos desses comportamentos via abordagem preventiva. Método: Trabalho prospectivo de caráter descritivo realizado com 119 clientes de bares entrevistados randomicamente em maio de 2016, em Ilhéus, Bahia. Usou-se questionário semiestruturado acerca das variáveis: sexo, etnia, idade, grau de escolaridade, hábito de usar cinto de segurança, consumo de álcool no momento da entrevista, responsabilidade pela condução veicular no período da realização da entrevista, hábito de dirigir alcoolizado, histórico de acidente de trânsito sob efeito de bebidas alcoólicas e local de residência. Durante a realização do questionário foi promovida uma abordagem preventiva sobre os riscos de dirigir alcoolizado e sem cinto de segurança. Resultados: Predominaram indivíduos do sexo masculinos (54%, caucasianos (41%, com idade média de 27 anos, cuja faixa etária entre 25 a 34 anos compôs mais da metade da amostra (53%, e cursando ensino superior (48%. Grande parte dos entrevistados usava cinto de segurança enquanto motoristas (77% ou como passageiros (73%. Prevaleceram entrevistados que estavam fazendo consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (74%, com predomínio daqueles que não iriam conduzir veículos após a saída do estabelecimento (58%. Preponderaram motoristas que têm hábito de dirigir sob influência de álcool (65%, dentre os quais parcela importante já se envolveu em acidente de trânsito em decorrência de tal prática (18%. A maioria dos entrevistados residia em Ilhéus (72%. Conclusão: Dirigir alcoolizado ainda é uma prática corriqueira. Contudo, os entrevistados se mostraram receptivos a intervenções preventivas acerca de acidentes de trânsito.

  10. Avaliação da qualidade dos dados, valor preditivo positivo, oportunidade e representatividade do sistema de vigilância epidemiológica da dengue no Brasil, 2005 a 2009

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    Jakeline Ribeiro Barbosa

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: avaliar a qualidade dos dados, o valor preditivo positivo (VPP, a oportunidade e a representatividade do sistema de vigilância epidemiológica da dengue no Brasil entre 2005 e 2009. MÉTODOS: estudo de avaliação, com análise dos dados de dengue do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan conforme atributos selecionados da metodologia do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta/GA, Estados Unidos da América. RESULTADOS: houve melhora na qualidade dos dados quanto a sua consistência; o VPP dos casos de dengue variou de 34 a 65%; o sistema apresentou uma mediana de oportunidade para notificação dos casos de 3 dias e revelou-se representativo, permitindo conhecer a situação da doença no país. CONCLUSÃO: o sistema de vigilância da dengue no Brasil mostrou-se consistente, com valor preditivo positivo expressivo, oportuno para notificação de casos e representativo, capaz de detectar tendência de mudança no perfil epidemiológico da doença.

  11. A systematic review of measures of HIV/AIDS stigma in paediatric HIV-infected and HIV-affected populations

    Science.gov (United States)

    McAteer, Carole Ian; Truong, Nhan-Ai Thi; Aluoch, Josephine; Deathe, Andrew Roland; Nyandiko, Winstone M; Marete, Irene; Vreeman, Rachel Christine

    2016-01-01

    Introduction HIV-related stigma impacts the quality of life and care management of HIV-infected and HIV-affected individuals, but how we measure stigma and its impact on children and adolescents has less often been described. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies that measured HIV-related stigma with a quantitative tool in paediatric HIV-infected and HIV-affected populations. Results and discussion Varying measures have been used to assess stigma in paediatric populations, with most studies utilizing the full or variant form of the HIV Stigma Scale that has been validated in adult populations and utilized with paediatric populations in Africa, Asia and the United States. Other common measures included the Perceived Public Stigma Against Children Affected by HIV, primarily utilized and validated in China. Few studies implored item validation techniques with the population of interest, although scales were used in a different cultural context from the origin of the scale. Conclusions Many stigma measures have been used to assess HIV stigma in paediatric populations, globally, but few have implored methods for cultural adaptation and content validity. PMID:27717409

  12. EFFECT OF HIV PREVENTION AND TREATMENT PROGRAM ON HIV AND HCV TRANSMISSION AND HIV MORTALITY AT AN INDONESIAN NARCOTIC PRISON.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nelwan, Erni J; Indrati, Agnes K; Isa, Ahmad; Triani, Nurlita; Alam, Nisaa Nur; Herlan, Maria S; Husen, Wahid; Pohan, Herdiman T; Alisjahbana, Bachti; Meheus, Andre; Van Crevel, Reinout; van der Ven, Andre Jam

    2015-09-01

    Validated data regarding HIV-transmission in prisons in developing countries is scarce. We examined sexual and injecting drug use behavior and HIV and HCV transmission in an Indonesian narcotic prison during the implementation of an HIV prevention and treatment program during 2004-2007 when the Banceuy Narcotic Prison in Indonesia conducted an HIV transmission prevention program to provide 1) HIV education, 2) voluntary HIV testing and counseling, 3) condom supply, 4) prevention of rape and sexual violence, 5) antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive prisoners and 6) methadone maintenance treatment. During a first survey that was conducted between 2007 and 2009, new prisoners entered Banceuy Narcotics Prison were voluntary tested for HIV and HCV-infection after written informed consent was obtained. Information regarding sexual and injecting risk behavior and physical status were also recorded at admission to the prison. Participants who tested negative for both HIV and HCV during the first survey were included in a second survey conducted during 2008-2011. During both surveys, data on mortality among HIV-seropositive patients were also recorded. All HIV-seropositive participants receive treatment for HIV. HIV/ AIDS-related deaths decreased: 43% in 2006, 18% in 2007, 9% in 2008 and 0% in 2009. No HIV and HCV seroconversion inside Banceuy Narcotic Prison were found after a median of 23 months imprisonment (maximum follow-up: 38 months). Total of 484.8 person-years observation was done. Participants reported HIV transmission risk-behavior in Banceuy Prison during the second survey was low. After implementation of HIV prevention and treatment program, no new HIV or HCV cases were detected and HIV-related mortality decreased.

  13. Adherence to feeding guidelines among HIV-infected and HIV ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    For infants older than six months, complementary feeding was more common among HIV-uninfected (100%) than HIV-infected mothers (41.7%; P<0.001). Among infants of all ages, none of the HIV-uninfected and 45% of HIV-infected mothers were replacement feeding (p<0.001). More than a half (59.8%) of the mothers ...

  14. HIV Status Discordance: Associated Factors Among HIV Positive ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    AJRH Managing Editor

    infection for a partner of a person with HIV is about 10%, with higher annual transmission rates ... We recommend the tracking of both men and women as index cases in other to reduce HIV .... HIV status was accepted as known only if backed.

  15. Narrativas de travestis sobre su vivencia con el VIH/Sida Narrativas de travestis sobre sua vivência com o HIV/AIDS Transvestites’ narratives about their experience with HIV/Aids

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Mercedes Lafaurie Villamil

    2011-11-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo. Describir las reflexiones que hacen un grupo de travestis, quienes ejercen o han ejercido la prostitución, sobre su experiencia como personas que viven con VIH/Sida y sus necesidades de apoyo de enfermería. Metodología. Abordaje cualitativo mediante entrevistas a profundidad a 10 travestis, entre los 23 a 48 años, con diagnóstico de VIH/Sida, con vínculos con la prostitución, quienes acuden a un hospital de tercer nivel de Bogotá. Análisis mediante el Atlas Ti vr. 6. Resultados. La primacía del dinero sobre la salud y el consumo de alcohol de sustancias psicoactivas llevan a no usar protección sexual con los clientes; la falta de protección con la pareja y el fracaso del uso del preservativo, anteceden la infección. La depresión es frecuente. La asistencia al Programa de VIH al que es crucial para el afrontamiento de la enfermedad. Conclusión. Se presenta una alta vulnerabilidad frente al VIH/Sida en este grupo. Se requiere realizar programas sobre protección sexual y para fortalecer el sentido de vida.Objetivo. Descrever as reflexões de um grupo de travestis quem exercem ou exerceram a prostituição sobre sua experiência como pessoas que vivem com HIV/Aids e suas necessidades de apoio de enfermagem. Metodologia. Abordagem qualitativa mediante entrevistas a profundidade a 10 travestis com HIV/Aids de 23 a 48 anos, com vínculos com a prostituição, que vão a um hospital de terceiro nível de Bogotá. Para a análise da informação se empregou o Atlas Ti vr. 6. Resultados. Para estas pessoas a primazia do dinheiro sobre a saúde e o consumo de álcool e de substâncias psicoactivas leva a não usar proteção sexual com os clientes; o fracasso no uso do preservativo com o casal antecede a infecção. A depressão é frequente. A assistência ao Programa de HIV é crucial para o afrontamento da doença. Conclusão. Há alta vulnerabilidade frente ao HIV/Aids neste grupo. Requer-se realizar programas sobre prote

  16. Radiological differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative children with cholesteatoma.

    Science.gov (United States)

    McGuire, J K; Fagan, J J; Wojno, M; Manning, K; Harris, T

    2018-07-01

    HIV-positive children are possibly more prone to developing cholesteatoma. Chronic inflammation of the middle ear cleft may be more common in patients with HIV and this may predispose HIV-positive children to developing cholesteatoma. There are no studies that describe the radiological morphology of the middle ear cleft in HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative children with cholesteatoma. Compare the radiological differences of the middle ear cleft in HIV-positive and HIV-negative children with cholesteatoma. A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational analytical review of patients with cholesteatoma at our institute over a 6 year period. Forty patients were included in the study, 11 of whom had bilateral cholesteatoma and therefore 51 ears were eligible for our evaluation. HIV-positive patients had smaller (p=0.02) mastoid air cell systems (MACS). Forty percent of HIV-positive patients had sclerotic mastoids, whereas the rate was 3% in HIV-negative ears (p<0.02). Eighty-two percent of the HIV-positive patients had bilateral cholesteatoma compared to 7% of the control group (p<0.02). There was no difference between the 2 groups with regards to opacification of the middle ear cleft, bony erosion of middle ear structures, Eustachian tube obstruction or soft tissue occlusion of the post-nasal space. HIV-positive paediatric patients with cholesteatoma are more likely to have smaller, sclerotic mastoids compared to HIV-negative patients. They are significantly more likely to have bilateral cholesteatoma. This may have implications in terms of surveillance of HIV-positive children, as well as, an approach to management, recurrence and follow-up. HIV infection should be flagged as a risk factor for developing cholesteatoma. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  17. Basic HIV/AIDS Statistics

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... HIV Syndicated Content Website Feedback HIV/AIDS Basic Statistics Recommend on Facebook Tweet Share Compartir HIV and ... HIV. Interested in learning more about CDC's HIV statistics? Terms, Definitions, and Calculations Used in CDC HIV ...

  18. Correlates of HIV infection among people visiting public HIV ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Correlates of HIV infection among people visiting public HIV counseling and testing clinics in Mpumalanga, ... Background: HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) reduces high-risk sexual behaviour. ... AJOL African Journals Online.

  19. Abordagem fisioterapêutica no pré-parto: proposta de protocolo e avaliação da dor Physiotherapeutic approach in the pre-partum: proposed protocol and evaluate pain

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Amanda de Souza Castro

    2012-09-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da abordagem fisioterapêutica no pré-parto e propor um protocolo de intervenção baseado na escala visual analógica (EVA de dor. Dez parturientes, na primeira fase do trabalho de parto, foram questionadas quanto à dor através da EVA e, com base nas respostas, foi proposto um protocolo, EVA 1-3: cinesioterapia, técnicas respiratórias, relaxamento e estímulo à deambulação; EVA 4-7: massoterapia, técnicas respiratórias, relaxamento e estímulo à deambulação; EVA 8-10: técnicas respiratórias, relaxamento e eletroestimulação nervosa transcutânea. Após as intervenções, as voluntárias foram questionadas novamente através da EVA. Os dados da EVA pré- e pós-intervenção foram submetidos ao teste t pareado, atingindo valor médio de 8,8 pré-intervenção e 8,2 pós-intervenção, sem diferença estatística. Os resultados obtidos por meio da análise quantitativa de dor demonstraram que não houve aumento da mesma até uma hora após a intervenção, fato considerado positivo, uma vez que em função da crescente dilatação é esperado um aumento da dor. O protocolo fisioterapêutico proposto mostrou ser de fácil aplicabilidade, podendo auxiliar o fisioterapeuta na escolha da conduta mais adequada à realidade da sala de pré-parto. A abordagem fisioterapêutica no pré-parto parece interferir positivamente sobre a dor e o desconforto materno no grupo estudado.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of physical therapy approach in the antepartum and to propose an intervention protocol based on the visual analogue scale (VAS of pain. Ten parturients in the first stage of labor were questioned about the pain by VAS. Based on the responses, we proposed a protocol VAS 1-3: kinesiotherapy, breathing techniques, relaxation and stimulation of walking; VAS 4-7: massage therapy, breathing techniques, relaxation and stimulation of walking; VAS 8-10: breathing techniques

  20. Trabalho em equipe e interdisciplinaridade: desafios para a efetivação da integralidade na assistência ambulatorial às pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids em Pernambuco Team Work and Interdiciplinarity: Challenges facing the implementation of Comprehensive Outpatient Care for People with HIV/Aids in Pernambuco

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Jucineide Lopes Borges

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available A complexidade da atenção à saúde das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids requer o investimento na integralidade das ações e do cuidado, lançando às equipes multiprofissionais o desafio da construção de uma prática interdisciplinar. Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar a integralidade da atenção à saúde em Serviços de Assistência Especializada em HIV/Aids (SAE-HIV/Aids de Recife/Pernambuco, a partir do processo e organização do trabalho em equipe. Trata-se de um estudo de caso desenvolvido em três unidades de SAE-HIV/Aids, com base em abordagem qualitativa, por meio de diferentes técnicas de investigação. Os resultados apontam que os SAE atendem a grande parte das recomendações do Ministério da Saúde, sobre a infraestrutura básica, mas nenhum serviço apresentava a constituição da equipe mínima satisfatória. Há o reconhecimento da fragmentação do trabalho em equipe e da dificuldade de sistematizar uma prática interdisciplinar e intersetorial, sendo apontadas falhas para garantir o fluxo de referência e contrarreferência. Identificou-se pouca valorização do papel do gerente como articulador da equipe; a necessidade de perceber o usuário como um todo; e de a equipe trabalhar de forma articulada, buscando a prática comunicativa e as atividades relacionais.The complexity of providing healthcare to people with HIV/Aids requires investment in comprehensive action and care, constituting a challenge for the multidisciplinary work teams to build an interdisciplinary practice. This study sought to analyze comprehensive healthcare in the Specialized Assistance Services for HIV/Aids (SAE-HIV/Aids in Recife, in the State of Pernambuco, starting with the process and organization of team work. This is a case study developed in three SAE-HIV/Aids units, based on a qualitative approach using different research techniques. The results show that SAE-HIV/Aids have complied with most of the Brazilian Health Ministry

  1. HIV/AIDS - Multiple Languages

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... HIV - Newly diagnosed with HIV, part 5 - English MP3 Children and HIV - Newly diagnosed with HIV, part 5 - 简体中文 (Chinese, Simplified (Mandarin dialect)) MP3 Children and HIV - Newly diagnosed with HIV, part ...

  2. HIV/AIDS Coinfection

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Coinfection Hepatitis C Coinfection HIV/AIDS Coinfection HIV/AIDS Coinfection Approximately 10% of the HIV-infected population ... Control and Prevention website to learn about HIV/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis guidelines and resources. Home About ...

  3. HIV and Immunizations

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... AIDS Drugs Clinical Trials Apps skip to content HIV Treatment Home Understanding HIV/AIDS Fact Sheets HIV ... 4 p.m. ET) Send us an email HIV and Immunizations Last Reviewed: February 6, 2018 Key ...

  4. HIV Medication Adherence

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... AIDS Drugs Clinical Trials Apps skip to content HIV Treatment Home Understanding HIV/AIDS Fact Sheets HIV ... 4 p.m. ET) Send us an email HIV Medication Adherence Last Reviewed: January 17, 2018 Key ...

  5. HIV Interventions to Reduce HIV/AIDS Stigma: A Systematic Review

    Science.gov (United States)

    Banks, Bahby; Jonas, Dan; Miles, Margaret Shandor; Smith, Giselle Corbie

    2011-01-01

    We reviewed the literature to determine the effectiveness of HIV-related interventions in reducing HIV/AIDS stigma. Studies selected had randomized controlled trial (RCT), pretest–posttest with a non-randomized control group, or pretest–posttest one group study designs in which HIV-related interventions were being evaluated, and in which HIV/AIDS stigma was one of the outcomes being measured. A checklist was used to extract data from accepted studies, assess their internal validity, and overall quality. Data were extracted from 19 studies, and 14 of these studies demonstrated effectiveness in reducing HIV/ AIDS stigma. Only 2 of these 14 effective studies were considered good studies, based on quality, the extent to which the intervention focused on reducing HIV/AIDS stigma, and the statistics reported to demonstrate effectiveness. Future studies to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma could improve by designing interventions that pay greater attention to internal validity, use validated HIV/AIDS stigma instruments, and achieve both statistical and public health significance. PMID:21088989

  6. Comorbidades entre dependência química, distimia, HIV e HCV: relato de caso Comorbidity between addiction, dysthymia, HIV and HCV: case report

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vanessa Fabiane Machado Gomes Marsden

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: A comorbidade entre dependência química e doenças infectocontagiosas é bem conhecida, assim como a relação entre transtornos de humor e uso de substâncias. Entretanto, o transtorno distímico nestes pacientes recebe pouca atenção. Em parte, isso se justifica porque a realização do diagnóstico de distimia é mais difícil do que de outros transtornos do humor em razão do tempo de abstinência (2 anos necessário para o diagnóstico, tendo em vista que toxicodependentes apresentam diversas recaídas durante o curso de suas vidas. As infecções pelos vírus HIV e HCV, frequentemente associadas ao consumo injetável de substâncias, contribuem para alterações do estado mental e o próprio tratamento pode causar diversas flutuações no humor. RELATO DE CASO: O paciente é um homem de 40 anos de idade que apresenta comorbidade entre dependência química (heroína e álcool e distimia, complicada por recaídas, consumo injetável e status sorológico positivo aos vírus HIV-1 e HCV. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes dependentes químicos com comorbidades psiquiátricas e infectocontagiosas são desafiadores no que tange diagnóstico, tratamento e definição de abordagens terapêuticas para os diferentes problemas apresentados. Investigar e abordar adequadamente, entretanto, traz diversos benefícios na qualidade de vida do indivíduo afetado, assim como potenciais benefícios financeiros.BACKGROUND: Comorbidity between chemical dependence and infectious diseases is well known, as is the relationship between mood disorders and substance misuse. Nevertheless, dysthymia in these patients is not well explored. That is partly justified since the diagnoses of dysthymia is more difficult than other mood disorders due to the abstinence time (2 years required for the diagnoses, and since addiction patients present several relapses during the course of their lifetimes. HIV and HCV infections, frequently associated to intravenous (IV drug use

  7. HIV and Pregnancy

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Management Education & Events Advocacy For Patients About ACOG HIV and Pregnancy Home For Patients Search FAQs HIV ... HIV and Pregnancy FAQ113, July 2017 PDF Format HIV and Pregnancy Pregnancy What is human immunodeficiency virus ( ...

  8. HIV diagnosis, linkage to HIV care, and HIV risk behaviors among newly diagnosed HIV-positive female sex workers in Kigali, Rwanda

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Braunstein, Sarah L.; Umulisa, Marie-Michèle; Veldhuijzen, Nienke J.; Kestelyn, Evelyne; Ingabire, Chantal M.; Nyinawabega, Jeanine; van de Wijgert, Janneke H. H. M.; Nash, Denis

    2011-01-01

    To evaluate linkage-to-care, sexual behavior change, and psychosocial experiences among newly HIV-diagnosed female sex workers (FSWs) in Rwanda. FSWs (n = 800) with unknown serostatus were screened for HIV during 2007/2008. Women testing HIV positive (n = 192) were referred to care and asked to

  9. Comportamentos relacionados à decisão de compra de papéis Bovespa: a influência do message framing no pequeno investidor mineiro

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jersone Tasso Moreira Silva

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available O presente estudo tem por objetivo geral analisar o comportamento de compra de Papéis na Bovespa pelo investidor belo horizontino, a partir das mudanças no valor de sua riqueza financeira. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como exploratória, sendo que no aspecto da abordagem do problema, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas fases: uma qualitativa exploratória e outra quantitativa descritiva por meio da análise de variância com aplicação do teste ANOVA. Investigaram-se os efeitos do framing positivo versus o framing negativo, na mensagem transmitida, através de textos que compõem o questionário respondido pelos entrevistados. O questionário foi aplicado a investidores mineiros composto por clientes de uma corretora de valores de Belo Horizonte, bem como professores da área de finanças que ministram disciplinas da área de mercado de capitais em universidades de Belo Horizonte. Neste estudo a maioria dos entrevistados do grupo framing positivo é do sexo masculino, com faixa etária acima de 40 anos. Demonstrou-se que a mensagem estruturada positivamente (enfatizando os ganhos da prevenção ao risco foi mais persuasiva do que a mensagem estruturada negativamente (enfatizando as perdas da não prevenção ao risco e do que a mensagem informativa (do grupo controle. A hipótese de que a informação positiva tem maior impacto do que a informação negativa equivalente vai de encontro com as propriedades da função valor da Teoria dos Prospects. Conclui-se, portanto, que um determinado investidor, munido de informações de caráter positivo, enfatizando os aspectos positivos da mensagem, sinta-se incentivado e superconfiante a investir em ações.

  10. HIV and AIDS

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Staying Safe Videos for Educators Search English Español HIV and AIDS KidsHealth / For Kids / HIV and AIDS ... actually the virus that causes the disease AIDS. HIV Hurts the Immune System People who are HIV ...

  11. Sem mágicas soluções: a prevenção e o cuidado em HIV/ AIDS e o processo de emancipação psicossocial

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vera Paiva

    Full Text Available Este texto discute a necessidade de politizar os espaços psicoeducativos e propõe a noção de "emancipação psicossocial" como uma das referências para aprofundar a operacionalização da noção de vulnerabilidade no campo da prevenção de novas infecções pelo HIV e da organização do cuidado dos portadores. Refletindo sobre ações para a adesão aos medicamentos e ao preservativo, sugere que a prevenção ao HIV deve superar modelos pensados para cidadãos "HIV negativos" e que se radicalize o continuum prevenir-assistir. Para tanto, é urgente: considerar os fatos acumulados no campo da análise cultural e da pesquisa psicossocial no planejamento e organização de ações de prevenção e de assistência aos portadores, incorporando, por exemplo, as noções da construção social opressiva de dois gêneros, masculino e feminino; superar a noção de "indivíduo-consumidor" (de serviços, programas educativos, preservativos e medicação receitados, de comportamentos e práticas seguras a serem treinadas; estimular a renovação das ações de prevenção e cuidado. Trabalhar com a noção de "indivíduo sujeito-cidadão", co-participante de espaços psico-educativos que têm como horizonte a emancipação psicossocial, pode aumentar a qualidade das ações de prevenção e cuidado integral em HIV e AIDS, incluindo "todos" os brasileiros segundo o contexto sócio-cultural de "cada um", homens e mulheres, positivos ou negativos.

  12. Sem mágicas soluções: a prevenção e o cuidado em HIV/ AIDS e o processo de emancipação psicossocial

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vera Paiva

    2002-08-01

    Full Text Available Este texto discute a necessidade de politizar os espaços psicoeducativos e propõe a noção de "emancipação psicossocial" como uma das referências para aprofundar a operacionalização da noção de vulnerabilidade no campo da prevenção de novas infecções pelo HIV e da organização do cuidado dos portadores. Refletindo sobre ações para a adesão aos medicamentos e ao preservativo, sugere que a prevenção ao HIV deve superar modelos pensados para cidadãos "HIV negativos" e que se radicalize o continuum prevenir-assistir. Para tanto, é urgente: considerar os fatos acumulados no campo da análise cultural e da pesquisa psicossocial no planejamento e organização de ações de prevenção e de assistência aos portadores, incorporando, por exemplo, as noções da construção social opressiva de dois gêneros, masculino e feminino; superar a noção de "indivíduo-consumidor" (de serviços, programas educativos, preservativos e medicação receitados, de comportamentos e práticas seguras a serem treinadas; estimular a renovação das ações de prevenção e cuidado. Trabalhar com a noção de "indivíduo sujeito-cidadão", co-participante de espaços psico-educativos que têm como horizonte a emancipação psicossocial, pode aumentar a qualidade das ações de prevenção e cuidado integral em HIV e AIDS, incluindo "todos" os brasileiros segundo o contexto sócio-cultural de "cada um", homens e mulheres, positivos ou negativos.

  13. HIV status awareness, partnership dissolution and HIV transmission in generalized epidemics.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Reniers, Georges; Armbruster, Benjamin

    2012-01-01

    HIV status aware couples with at least one HIV positive partner are characterized by high separation and divorce rates. This phenomenon is often described as a corollary of couples HIV Testing and Counseling (HTC) that ought to be minimized. In this contribution, we demonstrate the implications of partnership dissolution in serodiscordant couples for the propagation of HIV. We develop a compartmental model to study epidemic outcomes of elevated partnership dissolution rates in serodiscordant couples and parameterize it with estimates from population-based data (Rakai, Uganda). Via its effect on partnership dissolution, every percentage point increase in HIV status awareness reduces HIV incidence in monogamous populations by 0.27 percent for women and 0.63 percent for men. These effects are even larger when the assumption of monogamy can be relaxed, but are moderated by other behavior changes (e.g., increased condom use) in HIV status aware serodiscordant partnerships. When these behavior changes are taken into account, each percentage point increase in HIV status awareness reduces HIV incidence by 0.13 and 0.32 percent for women and men, respectively (assuming monogamy). The partnership dissolution effect exists because it decreases the fraction of serodiscordant couples in the population and prolongs the time that individuals spend outside partnerships. Our model predicts that elevated partnership dissolution rates in HIV status aware serodiscordant couples reduce the spread of HIV. As a consequence, the full impact of couples HTC for HIV prevention is probably larger than recognized to date. Particularly high partnership dissolution rates in female positive serodiscordant couples contribute to the gender imbalance in HIV infections.

  14. HIV Risk and Prevention

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Prevention VIH En Español Get Tested Find an HIV testing site near you. Enter ZIP code or city Follow HIV/AIDS CDC HIV CDC HIV/AIDS See RSS | ... Email Updates on HIV Syndicated Content Website Feedback HIV Risk and Prevention Recommend on Facebook Tweet Share ...

  15. HIV stigma and social capital in women living with HIV

    OpenAIRE

    Cuca, Yvette P.; Asher, Alice; Okonsky, Jennifer; Kaihura, Alphoncina; Dawson-Rose, Carol; Webel, Allison

    2016-01-01

    Women living with HIV (WLWH) continue to experience HIV-related stigma. Social capital is one resource that could mitigate HIV stigma. Our cross-sectional study examined associations between social capital and HIV-related stigma in 135 WLWH in the San Francisco Bay Area. The mean age of study participants was 48 years; 60% were African American; 29% had less than a high school education; and 19% were employed. Age was significantly associated with perceived HIV stigma (p = .001), but total so...

  16. Ethnic Comparisons in HIV Testing Attitudes, HIV Testing, and Predictors of HIV Testing Among Black and White College Students.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Moore, Melanie P; Javier, Sarah J; Abrams, Jasmine A; McGann, Amanda Wattenmaker; Belgrave, Faye Z

    2017-08-01

    This study's primary aim was to examine ethnic differences in predictors of HIV testing among Black and White college students. We also examined ethnic differences in sexual risk behaviors and attitudes toward the importance of HIV testing. An analytic sample of 126 Black and 617 White undergraduatestudents aged 18-24 were analyzed for a subset of responses on the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II (ACHA-NCHA II) (2012) pertaining to HIV testing, attitudes about the importance of HIV testing, and sexual risk behaviors. Predictors of HIV testing behavior were analyzed using logistic regression. t tests and chi-square tests were performed to access differences in HIV test history, testing attitudes, and sexual risk behaviors. Black students had more positive attitudes toward testing and were more likely to have been tested for HIV compared to White students. A greater number of sexual partners and more positive HIV testing attitudes were significant predictors of HIV testing among White students, whereas relationship status predicted testing among Black students. Older age and history of ever having sex were significant predictors of HIV testing for both groups. There were no significant differences between groups in number of sexual partners or self-reports in history of sexual experience (oral, vaginal, or anal). Factors that influence HIV testing may differ across racial/ethnic groups. Findings support the need to consider racial/ethnic differences in predictors of HIV testing during the development and tailoring of HIV testing prevention initiatives targeting college students.

  17. Does provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling lead to higher HIV testing rate and HIV case finding in Rwandan clinics?

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Kayigamba, Felix R.; van Santen, Daniëla; Bakker, Mirjam I.; Lammers, Judith; Mugisha, Veronicah; Bagiruwigize, Emmanuel; de Naeyer, Ludwig; Asiimwe, Anita; Schim van der Loeff, Maarten F.

    2016-01-01

    Provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling (PITC) is promoted as a means to increase HIV case finding. We assessed the effectiveness of PITC to increase HIV testing rate and HIV case finding among outpatients in Rwandan health facilities (HF). PITC was introduced in six HFs in 2009-2010. HIV

  18. The Times, They are a-Changing: HOPE for HIV-to-HIV Organ Transplantation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Haidar, Ghady; Singh, Nina

    2017-09-01

    HIV-infected persons who achieve undetectable viral loads on antiretroviral therapy currently have near-normal lifespans. Liver disease is a major cause of non-AIDS-related deaths, and as a result of longer survival, the prevalence of end-stage renal disease in HIV is increasing. HIV-infected persons undergoing organ transplantation generally achieve comparable patient and graft survival rates compared to their HIV-uninfected counterparts, despite a nearly threefold increased risk of acute rejection. However, the ongoing shortage of suitable organs can limit transplantation as an option, and patients with HIV have higher waitlist mortality than others. One way to solve this problem would be to expand the donor pool to include HIV-infected individuals. The results of a South Africa study involving 27 HIV-to-HIV kidney transplants showed promise, with 3- and 5-year patient and graft survival rates similar to those of their HIV-uninfected counterparts. Similarly, individual cases of HIV-to-HIV liver transplantation from the United Kingdom and Switzerland have also shown good results. In the United States, HIV-to-HIV kidney and liver transplants are currently permitted only under a research protocol. Nevertheless, areas of ambiguity exist, including streamlining organ allocation practices, optimizing HIV-infected donor and recipient selection, managing donor-derived transmission of a resistant HIV strain, determining optimal immunosuppressive and antiretroviral regimens, and elucidating the incidence of rejection in HIV-to-HIV solid organ transplant recipients.

  19. HIV prevalence, AIDS knowledge, and condom use among female sex workers in Santiago, Chile Prevalencia del VIH, conocimientos sobre el SIDA, y uso del condón en trabajadoras sexuales de Santiago, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jaime E. Barrientos

    2007-08-01

    Full Text Available This paper describes HIV seroprevalence, knowledge of HIV transmission, and condom use among female sex workers (FSW attending five specialized sexually transmitted disease (STD clinics in Santiago, Chile. A short questionnaire with socio-demographic, AIDS knowledge, and condom-use variables was administered to 626 FSW. HIV seroprevalence was estimated with a blood test sent to the Chilean Public Health Institute. ELISA was used to confirm HIV in suspected cases. HIV prevalence was 0%. FSW showed adequate overall knowledge of HIV, even better than reported for the Chilean general population on some items. Condom use with clients was high ("always" = 93.4%, although regular use with steady partners was low ("always" = 9.9%. The zero HIV seroprevalence and consistent condom use with clients confirms the positive impact of intervention strategies for FSW, increasing both correct knowledge of AIDS and condom use with clients and helping decrease these women's HIV/AIDS vulnerability.Este artículo examina la prevalencia del VIH, los conocimientos respecto a su infección y, además, describe el uso del condón en mujeres que ejercen el comercio sexual en Santiago de Chile y que son atendidas en cinco centros especializados de enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Se aplicó una encuesta que indagaba sobre las características sociodemográficas, el conocimiento sobre el VIH/SIDA y el uso del condón a 626 mujeres. La prevalencia del VIH fue evaluada mediante un examen de ELISA. La prevalencia del VIH fue 0. El conocimiento del VIH fue bueno e, incluso, mejor que en población general, en algunos indicadores. El uso del condón con los clientes fue alto, aunque su uso regular con las parejas estables fue bajo. La prevalencia cero del VIH y el uso consistente de condones con los clientes confirma el impacto positivo que han tenido las estrategias de intervención implementadas para estos grupos, incrementando el conocimiento adecuado sobre el SIDA y el

  20. Medicalização dos desvios de comportamento na infância: aspectos positivos e negativos Medicalización de los desvíos de comportamiento en la infancia: aspectos positivos y negativos Medicalization of deviant behavior in children: positive and negative features

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fabíola Stolf Brzozowski

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available A medicalização dos comportamentos desviantes na infância é apresentada como uma estratégia eficaz para lidar com crianças que apresentam algum tipo de dificuldade, sem que, no entanto, as dificuldades desse processo sejam claramente expostas. O processo de medicalização, porém, é complexo e apresenta muitos resultados negativos. Dentro desse contexto, nosso objetivo é refletir sobre essas dificuldades. Primeiramente, apresentamos como se dá a relação entre medicalização e infâcia. Em seguida, discutimos alguns aspectos considerados positivos e negativos da medicalização. Para finalizar, consideramos que enquadrar uma criança em um diagnóstico psiquiátrico apresenta sérias consequências indesejáveis, e acaba sendo mais útil para a sociedade e para o entorno da criança do que para a própria criança.La medicalización de los comportamientos desviantes en la infancia es presentada como una estrategia eficaz para manejar niños que presentan algún tipo de dificultad, sin que, sin embargo, las dificultades de ese proceso sean claramente expuestas. El proceso de medicalización, sin embargo, es complejo y presenta muchos resultados negativos. En ese contexto, nuestro objetivo es reflexionar sobre esas dificultades. Primero, presentamos como se da la relación entre medicalización e infancia. Enseguida, discutimos algunos aspectos considerados positivos y negativos de la medicalización. Para finalizar, consideramos que encuadrar un niño en un diagnóstico psiquiátrico presenta serias consecuencias indeseables, y acaba siendo más útil para la sociedad y para el entorno del niño de lo que para el propio niño.The medicalization of deviant behaviors during childhood is usually presented as an effective strategy to deal with troublesome children, but the problems associated with medicalization are not frequently exposed. Even so, the process of medicalization is complex and may present many negative results. In this

  1. HIV/AIDS

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Key populations are groups who are at increased risk of HIV irrespective of epidemic type or local context. They include: men who have sex with men, ... HIV testing and counselling; HIV treatment and care; risk-reduction ... management of STIs, tuberculosis and viral hepatitis. Elimination of ...

  2. HIV status awareness, partnership dissolution and HIV transmission in generalized epidemics.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Georges Reniers

    Full Text Available HIV status aware couples with at least one HIV positive partner are characterized by high separation and divorce rates. This phenomenon is often described as a corollary of couples HIV Testing and Counseling (HTC that ought to be minimized. In this contribution, we demonstrate the implications of partnership dissolution in serodiscordant couples for the propagation of HIV.We develop a compartmental model to study epidemic outcomes of elevated partnership dissolution rates in serodiscordant couples and parameterize it with estimates from population-based data (Rakai, Uganda.Via its effect on partnership dissolution, every percentage point increase in HIV status awareness reduces HIV incidence in monogamous populations by 0.27 percent for women and 0.63 percent for men. These effects are even larger when the assumption of monogamy can be relaxed, but are moderated by other behavior changes (e.g., increased condom use in HIV status aware serodiscordant partnerships. When these behavior changes are taken into account, each percentage point increase in HIV status awareness reduces HIV incidence by 0.13 and 0.32 percent for women and men, respectively (assuming monogamy. The partnership dissolution effect exists because it decreases the fraction of serodiscordant couples in the population and prolongs the time that individuals spend outside partnerships.Our model predicts that elevated partnership dissolution rates in HIV status aware serodiscordant couples reduce the spread of HIV. As a consequence, the full impact of couples HTC for HIV prevention is probably larger than recognized to date. Particularly high partnership dissolution rates in female positive serodiscordant couples contribute to the gender imbalance in HIV infections.

  3. Prevalence and characteristics of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfections in Tuscany

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Monia Puglia

    2016-07-01

    Conclusions: We have observed less advanced disease in HIV and HCV-HIV patients compared with HBV–HIV coinfected patients. Moreover, our results show a higher prevalence of HIV/HCV among drug addicts and in the age-group 35–59, corresponding to those born in years considered most at risk for addiction. This study also confirms the finding of a less advanced HIV disease in HIV/HCV coinfected patients.

  4. HIV stigma and social capital in women living with HIV

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cuca, Yvette P.; Asher, Alice; Okonsky, Jennifer; Kaihura, Alphoncina; Dawson-Rose, Carol; Webel, Allison

    2016-01-01

    Women living with HIV (WLWH) continue to experience HIV-related stigma. Social capital is one resource that could mitigate HIV stigma. Our cross-sectional study examined associations between social capital and HIV-related stigma in 135 WLWH in the San Francisco Bay Area. The mean age of study participants was 48 years; 60% were African American; 29% had less than a high school education; and 19% were employed. Age was significantly associated with perceived HIV stigma (p = .001), but total social capital was not. Women with lower Value of Life social capital scores had significantly higher total stigma scores (p = .010) and higher Negative Self-image stigma scores (p = .001). Women who felt less valued in their social worlds may have been more likely to perceive HIV stigma, which could have negative health consequences. This work begins to elucidate the possible relationships between social capital and perceived HIV stigma. PMID:27697368

  5. Abordagem Anestésica na Síndrome de Kounis - Um Inimigo Cardíaco Pouco Conhecido: A Propósito de um Caso Clínico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carolina Gonçalves

    2018-05-01

    Com esta publicação pretende-se fazer uma revisão teórica acerca da abordagem anestésica direcionada para esta síndrome dado que se trata de um tema re-cente, pouco conhecido e com envolvimento multidisciplinar (Anestesiologia, Cardiologia e Medicina Intensiva.

  6. ESTRUTURA E DINÂMICA DA PAISAGEM NO MUNICÍPIO DE LIMA DUARTE (MG: UMA ABORDAGEM GEOECOLÓGICA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Roberto Marques Neto

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available O presente artigo se encarrega de divulgar os resultados referentes ao estudo da fragilidade ambiental no município de Lima Duarte mediante abordagem geoecológica subsidiada por técnicas de geoprocessamento, sendo correlacionados, em ambiente ArcGIS, os seguintes atributos: declividade, formas de relevo, solos, uso da terra e cobertura vegetal. A carta de fragilidade, gerada a partir da sobreposição destes documentos cartográficos precedentes, discerniu cerca de cinco classes de fragilidade: muito baixa, baixa, média, alta, muito alta, estabelecida em estreita consonância às variáveis analisadas previamente.

  7. As Armas Não Letais como Abordagem Temática para o Ensino de Química

    OpenAIRE

    Razuck, Fernando Barcellos

    2017-01-01

    Nos últimos anos o Brasil acompanhou uma série de manifestações reivindicando a melhoria na qualidade dos serviços públicos. Como resposta a essas manifestações houve uma intensa abordagem policial, com o uso de armas não letais, como o gás lacrimogêneo e o spray de pimenta. Considerando a importância de se atrelar o momento histórico à presença da ciência, este trabalho, realizado em uma escola pública na forma de oficina temática durante a Semana de Educação para a Vida, teve o objetivo de ...

  8. HIV, violence, blame and shame: pathways of risk to internalized HIV stigma among South African adolescents living with HIV.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pantelic, Marija; Boyes, Mark; Cluver, Lucie; Meinck, Franziska

    2017-08-21

    Internalized HIV stigma is a key risk factor for negative outcomes amongst adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV), including non-adherence to anti-retroviral treatment, loss-to-follow-up and morbidity. This study tested a theoretical model of multi-level risk pathways to internalized HIV stigma among South African ALHIV. From 2013 to 2015, a survey using t otal population sampling of ALHIV who had ever initiated anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in 53 public health facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa was conducted. Community-tracing ensured inclusion of ALHIV who were defaulting from ART or lost to follow-up. 90.1% of eligible ALHIV were interviewed ( n  = 1060, 55% female, mean age = 13.8, 21% living in rural locations). HIV stigma mechanisms (internalized, enacted, and anticipated), HIV-related disability, violence victimization (physical, emotional, sexual abuse, bullying victimization) were assessed using well-validated self-report measures. Structural equation modelling was used to test a theoretically informed model of risk pathways from HIV-related disability to internalized HIV stigma. The model controlled for age, gender and urban/rural address. Prevalence of internalized HIV stigma was 26.5%. As hypothesized, significant associations between internalized stigma and anticipated stigma, as well as depression were obtained. Unexpectedly, HIV-related disability, victimization, and enacted stigma were not directly associated with internalized stigma. Instead significant pathways were identified via anticipated HIV stigma and depression. The model fitted the data well (RMSEA = .023; CFI = .94; TLI = .95; WRMR = 1.070). These findings highlight the complicated nature of internalized HIV stigma. Whilst it is seemingly a psychological process, indirect pathways suggest multi-level mechanisms leading to internalized HIV stigma. Findings suggest that protection from violence within homes, communities and schools may interrupt risk pathways from HIV

  9. Missed opportunities for HIV control: Gaps in HIV testing for partners of people living with HIV in Lima, Peru.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana L Vasquez

    Full Text Available Based on the hypothesis that HIV programs struggle to deliver health services that harmonize necessities of treatment and prevention, we described the outcomes of routinely provided HIV testing to partners of people living with HIV (PLWH through a secondary analysis of routine data collected at a public hospital in Lima, Peru.Among PLWH enrolled in the study center's HIV program between 2005 and 2014, we identified index cases (IC: PLWH who reported a unique partner not previously enrolled. We grouped partners according to their HIV status as reported by IC and collected data on HIV testing, clinical characteristics and admissions. The main outcome was the frequency of HIV testing among partners with reported unknown/seronegative HIV status.Out of 1586 PLWH who reported a unique partner at enrollment, 171 had a previously enrolled partner, leaving 1415 (89% IC. HIV status of the partner was reported as unknown in 571 (40%, seronegative in 325 (23% and seropositive in 519 (37%. Out of 896 partners in the unknown/seronegative group, 72 (8% had HIV testing, 42/72 (58% tested within three months of IC enrollment. Among the 49/72 (68% who tested positive for HIV, 33 (67% were enrolled in the HIV program. The proportion in WHO clinical stage IV was lower in enrolled partners compared to IC (37% vs 9%, p = 0.04. Non-tested partners (824 were likely reachable by the hospital, as 297/824 (36% of their IC were admitted in the study center at least once, 51/243 (21% female IC had received pregnancy care at the study center, and 401/692 (64% of IC on antiretroviral therapy had achieved viral suppression, implying frequent visits to the hospital for pill pick-up.In this setting, HIV testing of partners of PLWH was suboptimal, illustrating missed opportunities for HIV control. Integration of HIV strategies in primarily clinical-oriented services is a challenging need.

  10. HIV Viral Load

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... PF4 Antibody Hepatitis A Testing Hepatitis B Testing Hepatitis C Testing HER2/neu Herpes Testing High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP) Histamine Histone Antibody HIV Antibody and HIV Antigen (p24) HIV Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Testing, Genotypic HIV Viral Load HLA Testing HLA- ...

  11. Increasing rates of obesity among HIV-infected persons during the HIV epidemic.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nancy Crum-Cianflone

    2010-04-01

    Full Text Available The prevalence and factors associated with overweight/obesity among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-infected persons are unknown.We evaluated prospective data from a U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study (1985-2004 consisting of early diagnosed patients. Statistics included multivariate linear regression and longitudinal linear mixed effects models.Of 1682 patients, 2% were underweight, 37% were overweight, and 9% were obese at HIV diagnosis. Multivariate predictors of a higher body mass index (BMI at diagnosis included more recent year of HIV diagnosis, older age, African American race, and earlier HIV stage (all p<0.05. The majority of patients (62% gained weight during HIV infection. Multivariate factors associated with a greater increase in BMI during HIV infection included more recent year of diagnosis, lower BMI at diagnosis, higher CD4 count, lower HIV RNA level, lack of AIDS diagnosis, and longer HIV duration (all p<0.05. Nucleoside agents were associated with less weight gain; other drug classes had no significant impact on weight change in the HAART era.HIV-infected patients are increasingly overweight/obese at diagnosis and during HIV infection. Weight gain appears to reflect improved health status and mirror trends in the general population. Weight management programs may be important components of HIV care.

  12. Transtorno obsessivo compulsivo em crianças e adolescentes: revisão de literatura e abordagem odontológica

    OpenAIRE

    Marinho, Erika von Söhsten; Junior, Esio de Carvalho Coelho; Alves, Klécio de Andrade; Ximenes, Rosana Christine Cavalcanti; Barreira, Alice Kelly; Couto, Geraldo Bosco Lindoso

    2016-01-01

    O transtorno obsessivo compulsivo (TOC) é um transtorno psiquiátrico crônico que atinge de 1 a 2% da população de crianças e adolescentes, necessitando de uma abordagem adequada durante o atendimentoodontológico devido ao aumento da ansiedade, às medicações utilizadas no tratamento do transtorno e, possivelmente, devido a comportamentos compulsivos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer um levantamentobibliográfico a respeito das principais características do TOC na infância e adolescência e tr...

  13. HIV RNA and proviral HIV DNA can be detected in semen after 6 months of antiretroviral therapy although HIV RNA is undetectable in blood.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Du, Peiwei; Liu, An; Jiao, Yanmei; Liu, Cuie; Jiang, Taiyi; Zhu, Weijun; Zhu, Yunxia; Wu, Hao; Sun, Lijun

    2016-03-01

    The risk of sexual transmission of HIV is strongly correlated with amounts of genital HIV RNA. Few studies have reported amounts of HIV RNA and HIV DNA in semen in HIV-infected Chinese patients undergoing antiviral treatment (ART). In this observational study, the amounts of HIV RNA and HIV DNA in semen were assessed after six months of ART in HIV-infected Chinese individuals, when HIV RNA was undetectable in blood . This study included 19 HIV-infected Chinese men undergoing ART for six months. Amounts of HIV in paired semen and blood samples were assessed using real-time PCR. The C2-V5 region of the HIV envelope (env) genes was cloned and sequenced and genotype and co-receptor usage predicted based on the sequence. It was found that HIV RNA was undetectable in the plasma of most patients (17/19), whereas HIV RNA could be detected in the semen of most patients (16/19). HIV DNA could be detected in both semen and blood. Genetic diversity of HIV between the seminal and blood compartments was identified. Thus, amounts of HIV RNA and HIV DNA remain high in semen of HIV-infected Chinese patients after six months of ART treatment, even when HIV RNA was undetectable in blood. © 2016 The Societies and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

  14. La «Escala de Balance Afectivo»: Propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para la medida del afecto positivo y negativo en población española

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    D. Godoy-Izquierdo

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available El Balance Afectivo se ha propuesto como uno de los componentes, junto con la Satisfacción Vital, del Bienestar Subjetivo. El Balance Afectivo se refiere a las respuestas emocionales de la persona cuando hace juicios valorativos sobre su vida, y es el resultado de la consideración de las emociones tanto positivas como negativas experimentadas a lo largo de un período de tiempo determinado. Este estudio presenta las características de la Escala de Balance Afectivo (EBA (versión española de la escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo de Warr et al., 1983 en una muestra española adulta obtenida de la población general. METODOLOGÍA: Participaron voluntariamente en este estudio 219 personas con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 64 años (M= 30.54; dt= 10.79; 62.1% mujeres procedentes de diferentes contextos comunitarios. Los participantes respondieron 4 medidas sobre balance afectivo, competencia personal inespecífica, salud general y satisfacción vital en una única administración. RESULTADOS: Respecto a las propiedades psicométricas de la EBA, las subescalas de Afecto Positivo y Afecto Negativo muestran una elevada consistencia interna, con valores de alfa de Cronbach de 0.82 y 0.75 respectivamente. Sus elementos muestran un adecuado comportamiento que refleja su pertinencia y relevancia para la medida del Balance Afectivo. La estructura factorial arroja un modelo bifactorial perfectamente ajustado a la propuesta teórica. No obstante, dos ítems necesitarían ser reformulados. El análisis de la posible relación entre el afecto positivo y el afecto negativo realizado utilizando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales apoya la estrecha relación inversa entre ambas dimensiones de la afectividad. La escala muestra una adecuada validez convergente con medidas de competencia personal inespecífica o global, de salud física y mental y de satisfacción vital. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio nos permiten confirmar la EBA como una

  15. Interactive Effects of Morphine on HIV Infection: Role in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pichili Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available HIV epidemic continues to be a severe public health problem and concern within USA and across the globe with about 33 million people infected with HIV. The frequency of drug abuse among HIV infected patients is rapidly increasing and is another major issue since injection drug users are at a greater risk of developing HIV associated neurocognitive dysfunctions compared to non-drug users infected with HIV. Brain is a major target for many of the recreational drugs and HIV. Evidences suggest that opiate drug abuse is a risk factor in HIV infection, neural dysfunction and progression to AIDS. The information available on the role of morphine as a cofactor in the neuropathogenesis of HIV is scanty. This review summarizes the results that help in understanding the role of morphine use in HIV infection and neural dysfunction. Studies show that morphine enhances HIV-1 infection by suppressing IL-8, downregulating chemokines with reciprocal upregulation of HIV coreceptors. Morphine also activates MAPK signaling and downregulates cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB. Better understanding on the role of morphine in HIV infection and mechanisms through which morphine mediates its effects may help in devising novel therapeutic strategies against HIV-1 infection in opiate using HIV-infected population.

  16. Chorioamnionitis in pregnancy: a comparative study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative parturients.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ocheke, Amaka N; Agaba, Patricia A; Imade, Godwin E; Silas, Olugbenga A; Ajetunmobi, Olanrewaju I; Echejoh, Godwins; Ekere, Clement; Sendht, Ayuba; Bitrus, James; Agaba, Emmanuel I; Sagay, Atiene S

    2016-03-01

    Chorioamnionitis is an important risk factor for vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS. We compared the prevalence and correlates of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) in HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women. HIV-positive and -negative parturients were interviewed, examined and had their placentas examined histologically for chorioamnionitis. Data regarding HIV were also retrieved from their hospital records. A total of 298 parturients (150 HIV positive and 148 HIV negative) were enrolled. The two groups were similar in socio-demographic and obstetric parameters except for age. The prevalence of HCA was 57.1% in HIV-positive women and 61.6% in HIV-negative women (p = 0.43). HCA staging was associated with the number of intrapartum vaginal examinations in HIV-positive subjects and nulliparity in HIV-negative subjects. The number of intrapartum vaginal examinations and coitus in the week prior to delivery significantly affected the grade of HCA in HIV-negative subjects. The prevalence of HCA in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative is high. Most variables did not affect the occurrence of HCA in both groups studied except number of intrapartum examinations, coitus in the preceding one week and nulliparity, which were related to severity of the disease. © The Author(s) 2016.

  17. Risk Factors for HIV Transmission and Barriers to HIV Disclosure: Metropolitan Atlanta Youth Perspectives.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Camacho-Gonzalez, Andres F; Wallins, Amy; Toledo, Lauren; Murray, Ashley; Gaul, Zaneta; Sutton, Madeline Y; Gillespie, Scott; Leong, Traci; Graves, Chanda; Chakraborty, Rana

    2016-01-01

    Youth carry the highest incidence of HIV infection in the United States. Understanding adolescent and young adult (AYA) perspectives on HIV transmission risk is important for targeted HIV prevention. We conducted a mixed methods study with HIV-infected and uninfected youth, ages 18-24 years, from Atlanta, GA. We provided self-administered surveys to HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected AYAs to identify risk factors for HIV acquisition. By means of computer-assisted thematic analyses, we examined transcribed focus group responses on HIV education, contributors to HIV transmission, and pre-sex HIV status disclosure. The 68 participants had the following characteristics: mean age 21.5 years (standard deviation: 1.8 years), 85% male, 90% black, 68% HIV-infected. HIV risk behaviors included the perception of condomless sex (Likert scale mean: 8.0) and transactional sex (88% of participants); no differences were noted by HIV status. Qualitative analyses revealed two main themes: (1) HIV risk factors among AYAs, and (2) barriers to discussing HIV status before sex. Participants felt the use of social media, need for immediate gratification, and lack of concern about HIV disease were risk factors for AYAs. Discussing HIV status with sex partners was uncommon. Key reasons included: fear of rejection, lack of confidentiality, discussion was unnecessary in temporary relationships, and disclosure negatively affecting the mood. HIV prevention strategies for AYAs should include improving condom use frequency and HIV disclosure skills, responsible utilization of social media, and education addressing HIV prevention including the risks of transactional sex.

  18. HIV-1 transmission linkage in an HIV-1 prevention clinical trial

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Leitner, Thomas [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Campbell, Mary S [UNIV OF WASHINGTON; Mullins, James I [UNIV OF WASHINGTON; Hughes, James P [UNIV OF WASHINGTON; Wong, Kim G [UNIV OF WASHINGTON; Raugi, Dana N [UNIV OF WASHINGTON; Scrensen, Stefanie [UNIV OF WASHINGTON

    2009-01-01

    HIV-1 sequencing has been used extensively in epidemiologic and forensic studies to investigate patterns of HIV-1 transmission. However, the criteria for establishing genetic linkage between HIV-1 strains in HIV-1 prevention trials have not been formalized. The Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study (ClinicaITrials.gov NCT00194519) enrolled 3408 HIV-1 serodiscordant heterosexual African couples to determine the efficacy of genital herpes suppression with acyclovir in reducing HIV-1 transmission. The trial analysis required laboratory confirmation of HIV-1 linkage between enrolled partners in couples in which seroconversion occurred. Here we describe the process and results from HIV-1 sequencing studies used to perform transmission linkage determination in this clinical trial. Consensus Sanger sequencing of env (C2-V3-C3) and gag (p17-p24) genes was performed on plasma HIV-1 RNA from both partners within 3 months of seroconversion; env single molecule or pyrosequencing was also performed in some cases. For linkage, we required monophyletic clustering between HIV-1 sequences in the transmitting and seroconverting partners, and developed a Bayesian algorithm using genetic distances to evaluate the posterior probability of linkage of participants sequences. Adjudicators classified transmissions as linked, unlinked, or indeterminate. Among 151 seroconversion events, we found 108 (71.5%) linked, 40 (26.5%) unlinked, and 3 (2.0%) to have indeterminate transmissions. Nine (8.3%) were linked by consensus gag sequencing only and 8 (7.4%) required deep sequencing of env. In this first use of HIV-1 sequencing to establish endpoints in a large clinical trial, more than one-fourth of transmissions were unlinked to the enrolled partner, illustrating the relevance of these methods in the design of future HIV-1 prevention trials in serodiscordant couples. A hierarchy of sequencing techniques, analysis methods, and expert adjudication contributed to the linkage

  19. A provocação poética dos elementos materiais: novas categorias de análise na abordagem sócio-poética

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cláudia Tavares

    1999-06-01

    Full Text Available Gauthier, Santos (1996 descrevem a sócio-poética como uma abordagem no conhecimento do ser humano e da sociedade, um caminho para a produção do conhecimento, que por meio de práticas diferenciadas de pesquisa e do educar mutual transforma poeticamente o saber para melhor conhecer. Os idealizadores da sócio-poética utilizam os lugares sócio-míticos, como categorias de produção e análise dos dados. Mas estimulam aqueles que trabalham com esta abordagem, a criarem novas técnicas e vivências, que facilitem a produção de dados no grupo pesquisador. Atendendo a este desafio e inspiradas no conceito de Imaginação Material de Gaston Bachelard, na Técnica da Imaginação Ativa de C.G.Jung e nos experimentos de crescimento da gestalt-terapia de John Stevens, criamos novas técnicas e categorias de estudo na abordagem sócio-poética denominando-as de Técnica dos Elementos Materiais. Como os primeiros filósofos gregos, acreditamos que muito das imagens que produzimos provêm da provocação dos 4 elementos materiais (água, terra, fogo e ar. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com diferentes grupos de enfermeiras, professoras de enfermagem, pós-graduandas em enfermagem e equipe de enfermagem de um hospital psiquiátrico. Evidenciou-se que a Técnica dos Elementos Materiais favorece a expressão de conteúdos inconscientes ou silenciados que interferem no cuidado de enfermagem, possibilitando à enfermeira explorar criativamente a si mesma, para inovar sua prática profissional.

  20. Characteristics of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 Dually Seropositive Adults in West Africa Presenting for Care and Antiretroviral Therapy: The IeDEA-West Africa HIV-2 Cohort Study.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ekouevi, Didier K; Balestre, Eric; Coffie, Patrick A; Minta, Daouda; Messou, Eugene; Sawadogo, Adrien; Minga, Albert; Sow, Papa Salif; Bissagnene, Emmanuel; Eholie, Serge P; Gottlieb, Geoffrey S; Dabis, François; Zannou, Djimon Marcel; Ahouada, Carin; Akakpo, Jocelyn; Ahomadegbé, Christelle; Bashi, Jules; Gougounon-Houéto, Alice; Azon-Kouanou, Angèle; Houngbé, Fabien; Koumakpaï, Sikiratou; Alihonou, Florence; d'Almeida, Marcelline; Hodonou, Irvine; Hounhoui, Ghislaine; Sagbo, Gracien; Tossa-Bagnan, Leïla; Adjide, Herman; Drabo, Joseph; Bognounou, René; Dienderé, Arnaud; Traore, Eliezer; Zoungrana, Lassane; Zerbo, Béatrice; Sawadogo, Adrien Bruno; Zoungrana, Jacques; Héma, Arsène; Soré, Ibrahim; Bado, Guillaume; Tapsoba, Achille; Yé, Diarra; Kouéta, Fla; Ouedraogo, Sylvie; Ouédraogo, Rasmata; Hiembo, William; Gansonré, Mady; Messou, Eugène; Gnokoro, Joachim Charles; Koné, Mamadou; Kouakou, Guillaume Martial; Bosse, Clarisse Amani; Brou, Kouakou; Assi, Achi Isidore; Chenal, Henri; Hawerlander, Denise; Soppi, Franck; Minga, Albert; Abo, Yao; Bomisso, Germain; Eholié, Serge Paul; Amego, Mensah Deborah Noelly; Andavi, Viviane; Diallo, Zelica; Ello, Frédéric; Tanon, Aristophane Koffi; Koule, Serge Olivier; Anzan, Koffi Charles; Guehi, Calixte; Aka, Edmond Addi; Issouf, Koffi Ladji; Kouakou, Jean-Claude; N'gbeche, Marie-Sylvie; Touré, Pety; Avit-Edi, Divine; Kouakou, Kouadio; Moh, Magloire; Yao, Valérie Andoblé; Folquet, Madeleine Amorissani; Dainguy, Marie-Evelyne; Kouakou, Cyrille; Méa-Assande, Véronique Tanoh; Oka-Berete, Gladys; Zobo, Nathalie; Acquah, Patrick; Kokora, Marie-Berthe; Eboua, Tanoh François; Timité-Konan, Marguerite; Ahoussou, Lucrèce Diecket; Assouan, Julie Kebé; Sami, Mabéa Flora; Kouadio, Clémence; Renner, Lorna; Goka, Bamenla; Welbeck, Jennifer; Sackey, Adziri; Owiafe, Seth Ntiri; Wejse, Christian; Silva, Zacarias José Da; Paulo, Joao; Rodrigues, Amabelia; da Silva, David; Medina, Candida; Oliviera-Souto, Ines; Ostergaard, Lars; Laursen, Alex; Sodemann, Morten; Aaby, Peter; Fomsgaard, Anders; Erikstrup, Christian; Eugen-Olsen, Jesper; Maïga, Moussa Y; Diakité, Fatoumata Fofana; Kalle, Abdoulaye; Katile, Drissa; Traore, Hamar Alassane; Minta, Daouda; Cissé, Tidiani; Dembelé, Mamadou; Doumbia, Mohammed; Fomba, Mahamadou; Kaya, Assétou Soukho; Traoré, Abdoulaye M; Traoré, Hamady; Toure, Amadou Abathina; Dicko, Fatoumata; Sylla, Mariam; Berthé, Alima; Traoré, Hadizatou Coulibaly; Koïta, Anta; Koné, Niaboula; N'diaye, Clémentine; Coulibaly, Safiatou Touré; Traoré, Mamadou; Traoré, Naïchata; Charurat, Man; Ajayi, Samuel; Dapiap, Stephen; Otu; Igbinoba, Festus; Benson, Okwara; Adebamowo, Clément; James, Jesse; Obaseki; Osakede, Philip; Olasode, John; Sow, Papa Salif; Diop, Bernard; Manga, Noël Magloire; Tine, Judicael Malick; Signate Sy, Haby; Ba, Abou; Diagne, Aida; Dior, Hélène; Faye, Malick; Gueye, Ramatoulaye Diagne; Mbaye, Aminata Diack; Patassi, Akessiwe; Kotosso, Awèrou; Kariyare, Benjamin Goilibe; Gbadamassi, Gafarou; Komi, Agbo; Mensah-Zukong, Kankoé Edem; Pakpame, Pinuwe; Lawson-Evi, Annette Koko; Atakouma, Yawo; Takassi, Elom; Djeha, Améyo; Ephoévi-Gah, Ayoko; Djibril, Sherifa El-Hadj; Dabis, François; Bissagnene, Emmanuel; Arrivé, Elise; Coffie, Patrick; Ekouevi, Didier; Jaquet, Antoine; Leroy, Valériane; Lewden, Charlotte; Sasco, Annie; Azani, Jean-Claude; Allou, Gérard; Balestre, Eric; Bohossou, Franck; Karcher, Sophie; Gonsan, Jules Mahan; Carrou, Jérôme Le; Lenaud, Séverin; Nchot, Célestin; Malateste, Karen; Yao, Amon Roseamonde; Siloué, Bertine; Clouet, Gwenaelle; Djetouan, Hugues; Doring, Alexandra; Kouakou, Adrienne; Rabourdin, Elodie; Rivenc, Jean; Anglaret, Xavier; Ba, Boubacar; Essanin, Jean Bosco; Ciaranello, Andrea; Datté, Sébastien; Desmonde, Sophie; Diby, Jean-Serge Elvis; Gottlieb, Geoffrey S; Horo, Apollinaire Gninlgninrin; Kangah, Serge N'zoré; Malvy, Denis; Meless, David; Mounkaila-Harouna, Aida; Ndondoki, Camille; Shiboski, Caroline; Thiébaut, Rodolphe; Pac-Ci; Abidjan

    2013-01-01

    HIV-2 is endemic in West Africa. There is a lack of evidence-based guidelines on the diagnosis, management and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-2 or HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infections. Because of these issues, we designed a West African collaborative cohort for HIV-2 infection within the framework of the International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA). We collected data on all HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually seropositive patients (both ARV-naive and starting ART) and followed-up in clinical centres in the IeDEA-WA network including a total of 13 clinics in five countries: Benin, Burkina-Faso Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal, in the West Africa region. Data was merged for 1,754 patients (56% female), including 1,021 HIV-2 infected patients (551 on ART) and 733 dually seropositive for both HIV-1 and HIV 2 (463 on ART). At ART initiation, the median age of HIV-2 patients was 45.3 years, IQR: (38.3-51.7) and 42.4 years, IQR (37.0-47.3) for dually seropositive patients (p = 0.048). Overall, 16.7% of HIV-2 patients on ART had an advanced clinical stage (WHO IV or CDC-C). The median CD4 count at the ART initiation is 166 cells/mm(3), IQR (83-247) among HIV-2 infected patients and 146 cells/mm(3), IQR (55-249) among dually seropositive patients. Overall, in ART-treated patients, the CD4 count increased 126 cells/mm(3) after 24 months on ART for HIV-2 patients and 169 cells/mm(3) for dually seropositive patients. Of 551 HIV-2 patients on ART, 5.8% died and 10.2% were lost to follow-up during the median time on ART of 2.4 years, IQR (0.7-4.3). This large multi-country study of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infection in West Africa suggests that routine clinical care is less than optimal and that management and treatment of HIV-2 could be further informed by ongoing studies and randomized clinical trials in this population.

  1. Characteristics of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 Dually Seropositive Adults in West Africa Presenting for Care and Antiretroviral Therapy: The IeDEA-West Africa HIV-2 Cohort Study.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Didier K Ekouevi

    Full Text Available HIV-2 is endemic in West Africa. There is a lack of evidence-based guidelines on the diagnosis, management and antiretroviral therapy (ART for HIV-2 or HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infections. Because of these issues, we designed a West African collaborative cohort for HIV-2 infection within the framework of the International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA.We collected data on all HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually seropositive patients (both ARV-naive and starting ART and followed-up in clinical centres in the IeDEA-WA network including a total of 13 clinics in five countries: Benin, Burkina-Faso Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal, in the West Africa region.Data was merged for 1,754 patients (56% female, including 1,021 HIV-2 infected patients (551 on ART and 733 dually seropositive for both HIV-1 and HIV 2 (463 on ART. At ART initiation, the median age of HIV-2 patients was 45.3 years, IQR: (38.3-51.7 and 42.4 years, IQR (37.0-47.3 for dually seropositive patients (p = 0.048. Overall, 16.7% of HIV-2 patients on ART had an advanced clinical stage (WHO IV or CDC-C. The median CD4 count at the ART initiation is 166 cells/mm(3, IQR (83-247 among HIV-2 infected patients and 146 cells/mm(3, IQR (55-249 among dually seropositive patients. Overall, in ART-treated patients, the CD4 count increased 126 cells/mm(3 after 24 months on ART for HIV-2 patients and 169 cells/mm(3 for dually seropositive patients. Of 551 HIV-2 patients on ART, 5.8% died and 10.2% were lost to follow-up during the median time on ART of 2.4 years, IQR (0.7-4.3.This large multi-country study of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infection in West Africa suggests that routine clinical care is less than optimal and that management and treatment of HIV-2 could be further informed by ongoing studies and randomized clinical trials in this population.

  2. High HIV Prevalence, Suboptimal HIV Testing, and Low Knowledge of HIV-Positive Serostatus Among Injection Drug Users in St. Petersburg, Russia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Toussova, Olga V.; Verevochkin, Sergei V.; Barbour, Russell; Heimer, Robert; Kozlov, Andrei P.

    2011-01-01

    The purpose of this analysis was to estimate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and testing patterns among injection drug users (IDUs) in St. Petersburg, Russia. HIV prevalence among 387 IDUs in the sample was 50%. Correlates of HIV-positive serostatus included unemployment, recent unsafe injections, and history/current sexually transmitted infection. Seventy-six percent had been HIV tested, but only 22% of those who did not report HIV-positive serostatus had been tested in the past 12 months and received their test result. Correlates of this measure included recent doctor visit and having been in prison or jail among men. Among the 193 HIV-infected participants, 36% were aware of their HIV-positive serostatus. HIV prevalence is high and continuing to increase in this population. Adequate coverage of HIV testing has not been achieved, resulting in poor knowledge of positive serostatus. Efforts are needed to better understand motivating and deterring factors for HIV testing in this setting. PMID:18843531

  3. HIV Structural Database

    Science.gov (United States)

    SRD 102 HIV Structural Database (Web, free access)   The HIV Protease Structural Database is an archive of experimentally determined 3-D structures of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1), Human Immunodeficiency Virus 2 (HIV-2) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Proteases and their complexes with inhibitors or products of substrate cleavage.

  4. Evaluación económica del trastuzumab como tratamiento adyuvante en cáncer de mama HER2- positivo en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jefferson Antonio Buendía

    2013-09-01

    Full Text Available Introducción. El trastuzumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal de reconocida efectividad para el tratamiento en mujeres con cáncer de mama positivo para HER2. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estudios de costo-efectividad se han llevado a cabo en países desarrollados. Objetivo. Determinar el costo-efectividad del tratamiento adyuvante con trastuzumab en mujeres concáncer de mama HER2+ en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se construyó un modelo de Markov, con ciclos de transición anuales y desde la perspectiva del pagador, para estimar los resultados clínicos y económicos derivados de la administración de trastuzumab en mujeres con HER2 positivo. El modelo incorpora cinco estados de transición: libre de enfermedad, recurrencia local, metástasis, falla cardiaca y muerte. La tasa de eventos y la razón de tazas instantáneas (0,51; IC95% 0,44-0,59; p<0,0001 se derivaron del reporte a cuatro años de los ensayos clínicos controlados N9831 y NSABP B-31. Los costos y las utilidades se estimados a partir de la literatura científica, utilizando una tasa de descuento del 5 % anual. Resultados. El modelo revela que la utilización de trastuzumab como tratamiento adyuvante prolongala expectativa de vida ajustada por calidad en 0,8 años, en comparación con la quimioterapia sin trastuzumab; a una razón de costo efectividad incremental (sic. de US$ 71.491 por año de vida ganado ajustado por calidad de vida. Conclusión. El tratamiento con trastuzumab durante un año no es costo-efectivo en Colombia, utilizando la definición de costo-efectividad de la OMS de menos de dos a tres veces el PIB per cápita por año de vida ganado ajustado por calidad de vida. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v33i3.832

  5. Nosocomial infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    One HIV-infected child died of varicella pneumonia. Other common nosocomial infections encountered in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children respectively were upper respiratory tract infections (pharyngitis, tonsillitis or rhinitis) affecting 21 and four, otitis media in five and one, oral candidiasis in seven and zero, urinary ...

  6. Metabolic health across the BMI spectrum in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lake, Jordan E; Li, Xiuhong; Palella, Frank J; Erlandson, Kristine M; Wiley, Dorothy; Kingsley, Lawrence; Jacobson, Lisa P; Brown, Todd T

    2018-01-02

    In the general population, metabolic health often declines as BMI increases. However, some obese individuals maintain metabolic health. HIV and antiretroviral therapy have been associated with metabolic disturbances. We hypothesized that HIV-infected (HIV) men on suppressive antiretroviral therapy experience less metabolic health than HIV-uninfected (HIV) men across all BMI categories. In a cross-sectional analysis of 1018 HIV and 1092 HIV men enrolled in the multicenter AIDS cohort study, Poisson regression with robust variance determined associations between HIV serostatus and metabolic health prevalence (defined as meeting ≤2 of 5 National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III metabolic syndrome criteria), adjusting for age, race, BMI category, smoking, and hepatitis C virus infection status. HIV men were younger (54 vs. 59 years) and had lower median BMI (25 vs. 27 kg/m). Nonobese HIV men had lower metabolic health prevalence than HIV men (BMI ≤25 kg/m: 80 vs. 94%, P BMI 25-29 kg/m: 64 vs. 71%, P = 0.05), but metabolic health prevalence among obese men did not differ by HIV serostatus (BMI 30-34 kg/m: 35 vs. 39%, P = 0.48; BMI ≥35 kg/m: 27 vs. 25%, P = 0.79). In the adjusted model, nonobese HIV men were less likely to demonstrate metabolic health than nonobese HIV men. Among HIV men, per year darunavir, zidovudine, and stavudine use were associated with lower metabolic health likelihood. Metabolically healthy obesity prevalence does not differ by HIV serostatus. However, among nonobese men, HIV infection is associated with lower metabolic health prevalence, with associations between lack of metabolic health and darunavir and thymidine analog nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor exposure observed.

  7. Indikatorsygdomme for hiv-infektion

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Hansen, Birgitte Rønde; Andersen, Åse Bengård; Koch, Anders

    2015-01-01

    The mortality of HIV-infected patients in Denmark approaches that of the background population. Still, half of the HIV-infected patients are diagnosed late, resulting in poorer response to therapy, larger cost and greater transmission rate. A pan-European initiative, "HIV in Europe" has published...... a guideline on indicator-based HIV testing in order to improve early HIV diagnosis. The Danish Society of Infectious Diseases wishes to highlight the importance of indicator-based HIV testing, in order to improve the possibility of early diagnosis and therapy of HIV-infection....

  8. Performance evaluation of the Bio-Rad Laboratories GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab EIA, a 4th generation HIV assay for the simultaneous detection of HIV p24 antigen and antibodies to HIV-1 (groups M and O) and HIV-2 in human serum or plasma.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bentsen, Christopher; McLaughlin, Lisa; Mitchell, Elizabeth; Ferrera, Carol; Liska, Sally; Myers, Robert; Peel, Sheila; Swenson, Paul; Gadelle, Stephane; Shriver, M Kathleen

    2011-12-01

    A multi-center study was conducted to evaluate the Bio-Rad GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab EIA, a 4th generation HIV-1/HIV-2 assay for the simultaneous detection of HIV p24 antigen and antibodies to HIV-1 (groups M and O) and HIV-2 in human serum or plasma in adult and pediatric populations. The objectives of the study were to assess assay performance for the detection of acute HIV infections; sensitivity in known HIV positive samples; percent agreement with HIV status; specificity in low and high risk individuals of unknown HIV status; and to compare assay performance to a 3rd generation HIV assay. The evaluation included testing 9150 samples at four U.S. clinical trial sites, using three kit lots. Unlinked samples were from routine testing, repositories or purchased from vendors. GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab EIA detection in samples from individuals in two separate populations with acute HIV infection was 95.2% (20/21) and 86.4% (38/44). Sensitivity was 100% (1603/1603) in known antibody positive [HIV-1 Groups M and O, and HIV-2] samples. HIV p24 antigen detection was 100% (53/53) in HIV-1 culture supernatants. HIV-1 seroconversion panel detection improved by a range of 0-20 days compared to a 3rd generation HIV test. Specificity was 99.9% (5989/5996) in low risk, 99.9% (959/960) in high risk and 100% (100/100) in pediatric populations. The GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab EIA significantly reduced the diagnostic window when compared to the 3rd generation screening assay, enabling earlier diagnosis of HIV infection. The performance parameters of the Bio-Rad GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab EIA are well suited for use in HIV diagnostic settings. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  9. Análise do efeito de contingências de reforçamento positivo e controle aversivo sobre resposta de aritmética de crianças

    OpenAIRE

    Azevedo, Patrícia Nogueira

    2015-01-01

    Planejar contingências de reforçamento no contexto escolar envolve uma série de variáveis que devem ser analisadas e levadas em consideração. Para tanto, investir na análise de contingências que produzam ensino efetivo que possa auxiliar professores no exercício de sua função torna-se imprescindível. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de investigar os efeitos de contingências de reforçamento positivo e de punição/reforçamento negativo sobre o responder de crianças em atividades de a...

  10. New HIV Testing Algorithm: Promising Tool in the Fight Against HIV

    Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

    2016-09-21

    In this podcast, CDC’s Dr. Phil Peters discusses the new HIV testing algorithm and how this latest technology can improve the diagnosis of acute HIV infection. Early detection of HIV is critical to saving lives, getting patients into treatment, and preventing transmission.  Created: 9/21/2016 by National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), • Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP).   Date Released: 9/21/2016.

  11. HIV Stigma and Unhealthy Alcohol Use Among People Living with HIV in Russia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lunze, Karsten; Lioznov, Dmitry; Cheng, Debbie M; Nikitin, Ruslan V; Coleman, Sharon M; Bridden, Carly; Blokhina, Elena; Krupitsky, Evgeny; Samet, Jeffrey H

    2017-09-01

    Unhealthy alcohol use, highly prevalent in the Russian Federation (Russia), is associated with HIV risk behaviors among people living with HIV (PLWH). HIV stigma contributes to the HIV risk environment in Russia. To examine HIV stigma among Russian PLWH and to explore its association with unhealthy alcohol use, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of 700 PLWH in St. Petersburg, Russia. We assessed the association between alcohol dependence and HIV stigma measured at baseline and 12 months follow-up. Participants with alcohol dependence (n = 446) reported significantly higher HIV stigma scores over time than those without dependence (n = 254) (adjusted mean difference 0.60, 95% CI 0.03-1.17; p = 0.04). In secondary analyses, we examined recent risky alcohol use and did not detect an association with HIV stigma. Alcohol dependence is associated with high HIV stigma among Russian PLWH but the nature of the association is conjectural. HIV prevention efforts in Russia that address alcohol use disorders hold potential to mitigate HIV-related stigma and its possible adverse effects among PLWH.

  12. Anti-HIV Antibody Responses and the HIV Reservoir Size during Antiretroviral Therapy.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sulggi A Lee

    Full Text Available A major challenge to HIV eradication strategies is the lack of an accurate measurement of the total burden of replication-competent HIV (the "reservoir". We assessed the association of anti-HIV antibody responses and the estimated size of the reservoir during antiretroviral therapy (ART.We evaluated anti-HIV antibody profiles using luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS assay in relation to several blood-based HIV reservoir measures: total and 2-LTR DNA (rtPCR or droplet digital PCR; integrated DNA (Alu PCR; unspliced RNA (rtPCR, multiply-spliced RNA (TILDA, residual plasma HIV RNA (single copy PCR, and replication-competent virus (outgrowth assay. We also assessed total HIV DNA and RNA in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (rtPCR. Spearman correlations and linear regressions were performed using log-transformed blood- or tissue-based reservoir measurements as predictors and log-transformed antibody levels as outcome variables.Among 51 chronically HIV-infected ART-suppressed participants (median age = 57, nadir CD4+ count = 196 cells/mm3, ART duration = 9 years, the most statistically significant associations were between antibody responses to integrase and HIV RNA in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (1.17 fold-increase per two-fold RNA increase, P = 0.004 and between antibody responses to matrix and integrated HIV DNA in resting CD4+ T cells (0.35 fold-decrease per two-fold DNA increase, P = 0.003. However, these associations were not statistically significant after a stringent Bonferroni-adjustment of P<0.00045. Multivariate models including age and duration of ART did not markedly alter results.Our findings suggest that anti-HIV antibody responses may reflect the size of the HIV reservoir during chronic treated HIV disease, possibly via antigen recognition in reservoir sites. Larger, prospective studies are needed to validate the utility of antibody levels as a measure of the total body burden of HIV during treatment.

  13. Psychiatric disorders, HIV infection and HIV/hepatitis co-infection in the correctional setting.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Baillargeon, J G; Paar, D P; Wu, H; Giordano, T P; Murray, O; Raimer, B G; Avery, E N; Diamond, P M; Pulvino, J S

    2008-01-01

    Psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and depression have long been associated with risk behaviors for HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). The US prison population is reported to have elevated rates of HIV, hepatitis and most psychiatric disorders. This study examined the association of six major psychiatric disorders with HIV mono-infection, HIV/HCV co-infection and HIV/HBV co-infection in one of the nation's largest prison populations. The study population consisted of 370,511 Texas Department of Criminal Justice inmates who were incarcerated for any duration between January 1, 2003 and July 1, 2006. Information on medical conditions and sociodemographic factors was obtained from an institution-wide electronic medical information system. Offenders diagnosed with HIV mono-infection, HIV/HCV, HIV/HBV and all HIV combined exhibited elevated rates of major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, non-schizophrenic psychotic disorder and any psychiatric disorder. In comparison to offenders with HIV mono-infection, those with HIV/HCV co-infection had an elevated prevalence of any psychiatric disorder. This cross-sectional study's finding of positive associations between psychiatric disease and both HIV infection and hepatitis co-infection among Texas prison inmates holds both clinical and public health relevance. It will be important for future investigations to examine the extent to which psychiatric disorders serve as a barrier to medical care, communication with clinicians and adherence to prescribed medical regimens among both HIV-mono-infected and HIV/hepatitis-co-infected inmates.

  14. HIV Stigma and Social Capital in Women Living With HIV.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cuca, Yvette P; Asher, Alice; Okonsky, Jennifer; Kaihura, Alphoncina; Dawson-Rose, Carol; Webel, Allison

    Women living with HIV (WLWH) continue to experience HIV-related stigma. Social capital is one resource that could mitigate HIV stigma. Our cross-sectional study examined associations between social capital and HIV-related stigma in 135 WLWH in the San Francisco Bay Area. The mean age of study participants was 48 years; 60% were African American; 29% had less than a high school education; and 19% were employed. Age was significantly associated with perceived HIV stigma (p = .001), but total social capital was not. Women with lower Value of Life social capital scores had significantly higher total stigma scores (p = .010) and higher Negative Self-image stigma scores (p = .001). Women who felt less valued in their social worlds may have been more likely to perceive HIV stigma, which could have negative health consequences. This work begins to elucidate the possible relationships between social capital and perceived HIV stigma. Copyright © 2016 Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  15. Get Tested for HIV

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... AIDS: What is HIV/AIDS? Women and HIV/AIDS Next section ... Tested? Why do I need to get tested for HIV? The only way to know if you have HIV is to get tested. Many people with HIV don’t have any symptoms. In the United States, about 1 in 7 ...

  16. Vulnerabilidade ao HIV em favela do Rio de Janeiro: impacto de uma intervenção territorial HIV vulnerability in a shantytown: the impact of a territorial intervention, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kátia Edmundo

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Analisar o impacto da implementação de um programa participativo de promoção da saúde sexual em uma comunidade empobrecida, e descrever como o uso dos espaços públicos e privados para práticas sexuais constitui-se um fator que exacerba a vulnerabilidade ao HIV/Aids. MÉTODOS: Estudo etnográfico conduzido em 2002, em favela localizada no município do Rio de Janeiro. Os 6.000 moradores viviam em condições de vida deficitárias em que se verificou a ausência de políticas públicas, postos de saúde, lazer, oportunidades de emprego e segurança, o que consolida o poder de grupos criminosos. Foram abordadas as condições referentes à saúde sexual e à implantação do programa participativo de promoção da saúde sexual pelo Núcleo Comunitário de Prevenção, criado por uma organização não-governamental. Após dois meses de observação participante, foram realizadas 35 entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade com moradores com idade entre 17 e 65 anos. Foram analisadas 11 histórias de vida de líderes comunitários e agentes comunitários de prevenção e sete grupos focais formados a partir dos grupos pré-existentes na comunidade. O material foi categorizado e analisado qualitativamente. RESULTADOS: A precariedade das moradias favorecia maior exposição às práticas sexuais, acentuando o estigma de ser morador de favela vivenciado pela comunidade. Com a implantação do programa do Núcleo, crianças, jovens e adultos se familiarizaram e passaram a ter conhecimento sobre prevenção do HIV/Aids; e jovens e adultos passaram a ter acesso a preservativos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados decorrentes da intervenção mostraram que embora a vulnerabilidade permaneça, a prevenção pode ser inserida na cultura local. A prevenção da Aids pode ser fomentada por meio de uma abordagem territorial com base na participação dos moradores e no fortalecimento da organização coletiva.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of a

  17. HIV Prevention

    Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

    2012-02-01

    Dr. Kevin Fenton, Director of CDC’s National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, talks about steps people can take to protect their health from HIV.  Created: 2/1/2012 by National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP).   Date Released: 2/1/2012.

  18. Bone mineral density abnormalities in HIV infected patients and HIV ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Bone mineral density abnormalities in HIV infected patients and HIV ... Comprehensive Care Clinic (CCC) and a HIV negative control group seen at the ... Older patients had lower levels of BMD (i.e. more negative BMD. p-value = 0.032).

  19. Indivíduos, estruturas e riscos: panorâmica da prevenção primária do HIV em Portugal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Octávio Sacramento

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Resumo: O texto debate as principais orientações e procedimentos que configuram a prevenção primária do HIV/AIDS em Portugal, prestando especial atenção à redução de riscos nos dois grandes cenários de propagação da epidemia: a sexualidade e o consumo de drogas injetáveis. Na análise, os riscos de infecção são considerados enquanto expressões de práticas densamente imbricadas em estruturas sociais e quadros culturais. À luz dessa concepção, procura-se avaliar e compreender em que medida as estratégias preventivas têm subjacente uma abordagem ampla e integradora, incluindo os indivíduos e as suas circunstâncias. Simultaneamente, são identificados alguns dos grandes constrangimentos estruturais que ainda se colocam à concretização de condições propícias à minimização de riscos e à adoção de comportamentos seguros. Nesses exercícios analíticos não se ponderam somente as orientações políticas e programáticas, mas também processos no terreno, de forma a mostrar-se como a não operacionalização de medidas já previstas e legisladas constitui, por si mesma, uma poderosa barreira estrutural à prevenção do HIV.

  20. A abordagem sócio-histórica como orientadora da pesquisa qualitativa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Teresa de Assunção Freitas

    2002-07-01

    Full Text Available O artigo analisa as perspectivas abertas pela abordagem sócio-histórica para a investigação qualitativa no âmbito das ciências humanas, apoiando-se nas idéias de Vygotsky, Luria e Bakhtin. Aponta que uma forma outra de fazer ciência, envolvendo a arte da descrição complementada pela explicação, pode ser encontrada na pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida a partir de uma orientação sócio-histórica. Enfatiza nessa abordagem a compreensão dos fenômenos a partir de seu acontecer histórico no qual o particular é considerado uma instância da totalidade social. A pesquisa é vista como uma relação entre sujeitos, portanto dialógica, na qual o pesquisador é uma parte integrante do processo investigativo. Essas idéias têm implicações nas características processuais e éticas do fazer pesquisa em Ciências Humanas que se refletem na relação pesquisador-pesquisado, nos próprios instrumentos utilizados e na análise de dados. Apresenta um relato descritivo do processo metodológico desenvolvido em uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho sócio-histórico.This article analyzes the vistas opened up by a socio-historical approach to qualitative research in the realm of the social sciences, based in the ideas of Vygotsky, Luria and Bakhtin. It points to another way of doing science, involving the art of description complemented by explication, which can be found in qualitative research developed on the basis of a socio-historical orientation. This approach emphasizes understanding phenomena based on the historical context of events in which the particular is seen as just an instance of the social totality. Research is seen as the relationship among subjects and is therefore one of dialogue, where the researcher is an integral part of the investigative process. These ideas have implications for the procedural and ethical aspects of social science research which are reflected in the relationship between researcher and researched, both in

  1. Reviewing independent access to HIV testing, counselling and treatment for adolescents in HIV-specific laws in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for the HIV response

    Science.gov (United States)

    Eba, Patrick M.; Lim, HyeYoung

    2017-01-01

    Abstract Introduction: AIDS is a leading cause of death among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, legal, policy and social barriers continue to restrict their access to HIV services. In recent years, access to independent HIV testing and treatment for adolescents has gained increased attention. The 2013 WHO Guidance on HIV testing and counselling and care for adolescents living with HIV (WHO Guidance) calls for reviewing legal and regulatory frameworks to facilitate adolescents’ access to comprehensive HIV services. As of 31 March 2017, some 28 countries in sub-Saharan Africa have adopted HIV-specific legislation. But there is limited understanding of the provisions of these laws on access to HIV services for adolescents and their implication on efforts to scale up HIV prevention, testing, treatment and care among this population. Methods: A desk review of 28 HIV-specific laws in sub-Saharan Africa complemented with the review of HIV testing policies in four countries using human rights norms and key public health recommendations from the 2013 WHO Guidance. These recommendations call on countries to (i) lower the age of consent to HIV testing and counselling and allow mature adolescents who have not reached the age of consent to independently access HIV testing, (ii) ensure access to HIV counselling for adolescents, (iii) protect the confidentiality of adolescents living with HIV and (iv) facilitate access to HIV treatment for adolescents living with HIV. Results: Most HIV-specific laws fail to take into account human rights principles and public health recommendations for facilitating adolescents’ access to HIV services. None of the countries with HIV-specific laws has adopted all four recommendations for access to HIV services for adolescents. Discrepancies exist between HIV laws and national policy documents. Inadequate and conflicting provisions in HIV laws are likely to hinder access to HIV testing, counselling and treatment for adolescents

  2. Reviewing independent access to HIV testing, counselling and treatment for adolescents in HIV-specific laws in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for the HIV response.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Eba, Patrick M; Lim, HyeYoung

    2017-08-11

    AIDS is a leading cause of death among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, legal, policy and social barriers continue to restrict their access to HIV services. In recent years, access to independent HIV testing and treatment for adolescents has gained increased attention. The 2013 WHO Guidance on HIV testing and counselling and care for adolescents living with HIV (WHO Guidance) calls for reviewing legal and regulatory frameworks to facilitate adolescents' access to comprehensive HIV services. As of 31 March 2017, some 28 countries in sub-Saharan Africa have adopted HIV-specific legislation. But there is limited understanding of the provisions of these laws on access to HIV services for adolescents and their implication on efforts to scale up HIV prevention, testing, treatment and care among this population. A desk review of 28 HIV-specific laws in sub-Saharan Africa complemented with the review of HIV testing policies in four countries using human rights norms and key public health recommendations from the 2013 WHO Guidance. These recommendations call on countries to (i) lower the age of consent to HIV testing and counselling and allow mature adolescents who have not reached the age of consent to independently access HIV testing, (ii) ensure access to HIV counselling for adolescents, (iii) protect the confidentiality of adolescents living with HIV and (iv) facilitate access to HIV treatment for adolescents living with HIV. Most HIV-specific laws fail to take into account human rights principles and public health recommendations for facilitating adolescents' access to HIV services. None of the countries with HIV-specific laws has adopted all four recommendations for access to HIV services for adolescents. Discrepancies exist between HIV laws and national policy documents. Inadequate and conflicting provisions in HIV laws are likely to hinder access to HIV testing, counselling and treatment for adolescents. Efforts to end legal barriers to access to HIV services

  3. Macro-level implicit HIV prejudice and the health of community residents with HIV.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Miller, Carol T; Varni, Susan E; Solomon, Sondra E; DeSarno, Michael J; Bunn, Janice Y

    2016-08-01

    This study examined how community levels of implicit HIV prejudice are associated with the psychological and physical well-being of people with HIV living in those same communities. It also examined whether community motivation to control prejudice and/or explicit HIV prejudice moderates the relationship of implicit prejudice and well-being. Participants were 206 people with HIV living in 42 different communities in New England who completed measures that assessed psychological distress, thriving, and physical well-being. Telephone surveys of 347 residents of these same communities (selected via random digit dialing) were used to assess community explicit HIV prejudice and motivation to control HIV prejudice. These community residents then completed an online measure of implicit prejudice toward people with HIV, the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). Multilevel analyses showed that higher community implicit HIV prejudice was associated with greater psychological distress among residents with HIV living in that community. The physical well-being of participants with HIV was negatively related to community implicit HIV prejudice in communities in which residents were unmotivated to control HIV prejudice or had high levels of explicit HIV prejudice. These findings indicate that implicit prejudice of residents of real-world communities may create an environment that may impair the well-being of stigmatized people. Implicit prejudice can therefore be considered an element of macro-level or structural stigma. The discussion considered the possible role of implicit HIV prejudice on a community's social capital as a pathway by which it compromises the well-being of residents with HIV. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

  4. Envisioning Women-Centered HIV Care: Perspectives from Women Living with HIV in Canada.

    Science.gov (United States)

    O'Brien, Nadia; Greene, Saara; Carter, Allison; Lewis, Johanna; Nicholson, Valerie; Kwaramba, Gladys; Ménard, Brigitte; Kaufman, Elaina; Ennabil, Nourane; Andersson, Neil; Loutfy, Mona; de Pokomandy, Alexandra; Kaida, Angela

    Women comprise nearly one-quarter of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Canada. Compared with men, women living with HIV experience inequities in HIV care and health outcomes, prompting a need for gendered and tailored approaches to HIV care. Peer and academic researchers from the Canadian HIV Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study conducted focus groups to understand women's experience of seeking care, with the purpose of identifying key characteristics that define a women-centered approach to HIV care. Eleven focus groups were conducted with 77 women living with HIV across Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia, Canada. Women envisioned three central characteristics of women-centered HIV care, including i) coordinated and integrated services that address both HIV and women's health care priorities, and protect against exclusion from care due to HIV-related stigma, ii) care that recognizes and responds to structural barriers that limit women's access to care, such as violence, poverty, motherhood, HIV-related stigma, and challenges to safe disclosure, and iii) care that fosters peer support and peer leadership in its design and delivery to honor the diversity of women's experiences, overcome women's isolation, and prioritize women's ownership over the decisions that affect their lives. Despite advances in HIV treatment and care, the current care landscape is inadequate to meet women's comprehensive care needs. A women-centered approach to HIV care, as envisioned by women living with HIV, is central to guiding policy and practice to improve care and outcomes for women living with HIV in Canada. Copyright © 2017 Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  5. AVANÇOS ALCANÇADOS POR PROFESSORES NA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DA ABORDAGEM TEMÁTICA EM UMA ESCOLA PÚBLICA ESTADUAL DO INTERIOR DO RS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alexandre Giacomini

    Full Text Available RESUMO: O presente artigo, de caráter qualitativo e que utiliza algumas ferramentas metodológicas da etnografia, tem como tema o currículo balizado pela abordagem temática. Buscou-se, neste trabalho, analisar as compreensões e as percepções dos professores de uma escola pública estadual do interior do Rio Grande do Sul acerca dos avanços alcançados quando se implementam intervenções curriculares pautadas pela abordagem temática. O referencial teórico que baliza a pesquisa está alicerçado nos pressupostos do educador Paulo Freire e em ideais das repercussões educacionais do movimento Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS. Os resultados emergiram a partir de uma variedade de instrumentos utilizados na coleta de dados. Mediante a metodologia de Análise Textual Discursiva, foram sintetizados e apresentados sob a forma de categorias de avanços, intituladas de: o tema trabalhado a partir da realidade, do contexto do(s aluno(s; a mudança na concepção de currículo; e o diálogo entre professor-aluno e aluno-aluno.

  6. Evaluating Safer Conception Options for HIV-Serodiscordant Couples (HIV-Infected Female/HIV-Uninfected Male: A Closer Look at Vaginal Insemination

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Okeoma Mmeje

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available HIV serodiscordant couples represent at least half of all HIV-affected couples worldwide. Many of these couples have childbearing desires. Safer methods of conception may allow for pregnancy while minimizing the risk of sexual transmission of HIV. In serodiscordant partnerships with an HIV-infected female and HIV-uninfected male, vaginal insemination of a partner's semen during the fertile period coupled with 100% condom use may be the safest method of conception.

  7. Characteristics of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 Dually Seropositive Adults in West Africa Presenting for Care and Antiretroviral Therapy

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Ekouevi, Didier K; Balestre, Eric; Coffie, Patrick A

    2013-01-01

    HIV-2 is endemic in West Africa. There is a lack of evidence-based guidelines on the diagnosis, management and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-2 or HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infections. Because of these issues, we designed a West African collaborative cohort for HIV-2 infection within the framework o...... of the International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA)....

  8. Consulta de enfermagem ao paciente com HIV: perspectivas e desafios sob a ótica de enfermeiros

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Simara Moreira de Macêdo

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Busca-se analisar como a consulta de enfermagem é desenvolvida por enfermeiros que atuam em Serviço Ambulatorial Especializado em HIV/AIDS no município de Fortaleza-CE. Estudo exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou a análise de conteúdo como técnica de análise dos dados. Para realização da consulta de enfermagem, a escuta foi relatada pelos enfermeiros como o principal mecanismo que possibilita a construção de relação de empatia e confiança com o paciente, possibilitando a manifestação de dúvidas, temores e anseios. Possibilita também a propagação de informações e orientações acerca da patologia, assim como a convocação do sujeito para uma participação ativa no processo de cuidado, buscando conscientizá-lo acerca da importância da adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. A consulta de enfermagem configura-se como um momento educativo oportuno para a troca de saberes e estreitamento de laços.

  9. AVALIAÇÃO DA EFICIÊNCIA BANCÁRIA POR MEIO DA ABORDAGEM DE INTERMEDIAÇÃO: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE INSTITUIÇÕES FINANCEIRAS BRASILEIRAS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Murilo Carneiro

    Full Text Available Resumo Este estudo avalia, de forma comparativa, por meio da abordagem de intermediação, o grau de eficiência de 99 instituições financeiras que atuaram, em 2013, no mercado financeiro brasileiro. Foi a atividade de intermediação financeira que gerou o surgimento e a consolidação das instituições financeiras por todo o mundo. Portanto, essa foi uma das razões que motivou a escolha da abordagem de intermediação para se avaliar a eficiência das instituições financeiras. Acredita-se que seja relevante avaliar se tais instituições, no Brasil, estão conseguindo ser eficientes em sua atividade mais tradicional, a intermediação financeira. É importante ressaltar que, além da abordagem de intermediação, há também duas outras principais abordagens para se avaliar a eficiência das instituições financeiras: produção e rentabilidade. A técnica data envelopment analysis (DEA, cuja aplicabilidade para avaliação da eficiência bancária é muito difundida na literatura, foi adotada para calcular os escores de eficiência das instituições, que foram classificadas de acordo com quatro critérios: origem do capital, porte, risco (rating de crédito e setor de atuação. Foram identificadas 22 instituições com maior grau de eficiência, havendo certa heterogeneidade em relação à origem do capital, porte e setor de atuação. Por outro lado, foi identificado um indício de que há uma relação diretamente proporcional positiva entre o rating de crédito e a eficiência.

  10. Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Policy The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic Published: Nov 29, 2017 Facebook Twitter ... 2001-FY 2018 Request The Global Response to HIV/AIDS International efforts to combat HIV began in ...

  11. HIV/AIDS in Women

    Science.gov (United States)

    HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It harms your immune system by destroying the white blood cells ... It is the final stage of infection with HIV. Not everyone with HIV develops AIDS. HIV often ...

  12. HIV Treatment: The Basics

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... AIDS Drugs Clinical Trials Apps skip to content HIV Treatment Home Understanding HIV/AIDS Fact Sheets HIV ... 4 p.m. ET) Send us an email HIV Treatment: The Basics Last Reviewed: March 22, 2018 ...

  13. Parenting and HIV.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rochat, Tamsen; Netsi, Elena; Redinger, Stephanie; Stein, Alan

    2017-06-01

    With the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy and successful prevention of mother-to-child transmission the development of HIV-negative children with HIV-positive parents has become an important focus. There is considerable evidence that children's developmental risk is heightened because a parental HIV-diagnosis is associated with a range of potential problems such as depression, stigma and financial difficulties. Up to a third of children in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are cared for by an HIV-positive parent or caregiver. We review the mechanisms by which HIV affects parenting including its negative effects on parental responsiveness in the early years of parenting and parental avoidant coping styles and parenting deficits in the later years. We describe low-cost parenting interventions suited for low resourced HIV endemic settings. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  14. O estudo dos neologismos semânticos no ensino de português: abordagem a partir de textos publicitários

    OpenAIRE

    Elida Ferreira Martins

    2015-01-01

    Neste trabalho, enfocamos um aspecto do léxico do português que diz respeito aos neologismos semânticos, bem como sua abordagem no ensino de Língua Portuguesa no Brasil. O objetivo principal da pesquisa consiste em analisar, qualitativamente, os neologismos semânticos encontrados em textos publicitários de revistas noticiosas de circulação nacional, a partir de uma perspectiva pedagógica. Para a constituição do corpus de neologismos, utilizamos uma amostra do Acervo Digital da revista Veja...

  15. HIV Care in the Swedish-Danish HIV Cohort 1995-2010

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Helleberg, Marie; Häggblom, Amanda; Sönnerborg, Anders

    2013-01-01

    Successful treatment reduces morbidity, mortality and transmission of HIV. We evaluated trends in the treatment status of HIV infected individuals enrolled in care in Sweden and Denmark during the years 1995-2010. Our aim was to assess the proportion of HIV-infected individuals who received...

  16. Nurturing the Continuum of HIV Testing, Treatment and Prevention Matrix Cascade in Reducing HIV Transmission.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yah, Clarence S

    2017-11-01

    Despite the shift in antiretroviral therapy (ARVs) eligibility cascade from CD4 ≤ 200 to CD4 ≤ 350 to CD4 ≤ 500 mm 3 , HIV related morbidity and mortality continue to escalate annually, as do HIV infections. The new paradigm of treatment for all HIV positives individual irrespective of CD4 count may significantly reduce HIV and related illnesses. The author assumes that all HIV infected partners should be eligible for HIV treatment and care, irrespective of CD4 count. A second assumption is that high risk HIV negative partners have free access to continuum of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and other prevention packages. A literature review search was used to extract evidence-based ARVs-HIV treatment and prevention interventions among HIV positives and high risk partners respectively. Only articles published in English and indexed in journal nuclei were used for the study. The information was used to nurture understanding of HIV treatment and prevention approaches as well as HIV incidence multiplier effect among HIV serodiscordant partners. The imputed HIV incident reference was assumed at 1.2 per 100 person-years (2). This was based on the imputation that retention in care, adherence and other predetermined factors are functions of an effective health care delivery system. The model showed a reduced HIV transmission from 1.2 per 100 person-years to 1.032 per 100 person-years in 6 months. The average threshold period of HIV suppressed partners on ARVs to an undetectable level. The combined multiplier protective-effect probability of transmitting HIV from HIV positive partners on ARVs-suppressed viremic load to HIV negative partners on PrEP/PEP-prevention was detected at 86. The model showed a significant reduction in HIV incidence. Placing serodiscordant sexual partners in HIV treatment and prevention plays a significant role in reducing and controlling HIV infection. Therefore, the policy of enrolling all HIV positives

  17. Risk Factors for HIV Transmission and Barriers to HIV Disclosure: Metropolitan Atlanta Youth Perspectives

    OpenAIRE

    Camacho-Gonzalez, Andres F.; Wallins, Amy; Toledo, Lauren; Murray, Ashley; Gaul, Zaneta; Sutton, Madeline Y.; Gillespie, Scott; Leong, Traci; Graves, Chanda; Chakraborty, Rana

    2016-01-01

    Youth carry the highest incidence of HIV infection in the United States. Understanding adolescent and young adult (AYA) perspectives on HIV transmission risk is important for targeted HIV prevention. We conducted a mixed methods study with HIV-infected and uninfected youth, ages 18–24 years, from Atlanta, GA. We provided self-administered surveys to HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected AYAs to identify risk factors for HIV acquisition. By means of computer-assisted thematic analyses, we examined t...

  18. Marijuana effects on changes in brain structure and cognitive function among HIV+ and HIV- adults.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Thames, April D; Kuhn, Taylor P; Williamson, Timothy J; Jones, Jacob D; Mahmood, Zanjbeel; Hammond, Andrea

    2017-01-01

    The current study examined the independent and interactive effects of HIV and marijuana (MJ) use on brain structure and cognitive function among a sample of HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) individuals. Participants (HIV+, n=48; HIV-, n=29) individuals underwent cognitive testing, questionnaires about substance use, and brain MRI. The HIV+ group was clinically stable based upon current plasma CD4 count, 50% had undetectable viral load (i.e.,brain structure and cognition. However, our results do not support that HIV+ MJ users are at greater risk for adverse brain or cognitive outcomes compared to HIV- MJ users. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Serum Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Activity: A Novel Screening Test to Differentiate HIV Monoinfection From HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV Coinfections.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Abdi, Mohammad; Rahbari, Rizgar; Khatooni, Zahed; Naseri, Nima; Najafi, Adel; Khodadadi, Iraj

    2016-05-01

    CD4(+) cell count, the common HIV infection screening test, is costly and unable to differentiate HIV monoinfection from its concurrent infection with hepatitis B or C virus. We aimed to ascertain diagnostic value of serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity as a useful tool to differentiate HIV mono- and co-infection. Blood samples were collected from 30 HIV-HBV and 30 HIV-HCV coinfected patients, 33 HIV positive subjects, and 72 controls. CD4(+) cell count, serum total ADA (tADA), and ADA1, and ADA2 isoenzyme activities were determined and their sensitivity and specificity were computed. tADA and ADA2 activities were significantly higher and CD4(+) counts were markedly lower in all patients compared with controls. Strong inverse agreements between CD4(+) cell counts and both tADA and ADA2 activities were observed. Serum tADA and ADA1 activities showed the highest specificity and the highest sensitivity, respectively, for differentiating HIV monoinfection from HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV coinfections. We showed strong agreement and correlation between CD4(+) cell count and ADA enzyme activity. Based on high ADA sensitivity and specificity, it is concluded that determination of ADA activity might be a novel diagnostic tool to distinguish of HIV monoinfection from its coinfection with HBV or HCV. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  20. Detection of HIV-1 and Human Proteins in Urinary Extracellular Vesicles from HIV+ Patients

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    Samuel I. Anyanwu

    2018-01-01

    Full Text Available Background. Extracellular vesicles (EVs are membrane bound, secreted by cells, and detected in bodily fluids, including urine, and contain proteins, RNA, and DNA. Our goal was to identify HIV and human proteins (HPs in urinary EVs from HIV+ patients and compare them to HIV− samples. Methods. Urine samples were collected from HIV+ (n=35 and HIV− (n=12 individuals. EVs were isolated by ultrafiltration and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS, and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA. Western blots confirmed the presence of HIV proteins. Gene ontology (GO analysis was performed using FunRich and HIV Human Interaction database (HHID. Results. EVs from urine were 30–400 nm in size. More EVs were in HIV+ patients, P<0.05, by NTA. HIV+ samples had 14,475 HPs using LC/MS/MS, while only 111 were in HIV−. HPs in the EVs were of exosomal origin. LC/MS/MS showed all HIV+ samples contained at least one HIV protein. GO analysis showed differences in proteins between HIV+ and HIV− samples and more than 50% of the published HPs in the HHID interacted with EV HIV proteins. Conclusion. Differences in the proteomic profile of EVs from HIV+ versus HIV− samples were found. HIV and HPs in EVs could be used to detect infection and/or diagnose HIV disease syndromes.

  1. Comparing HIV prevalence estimates from prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme and the antenatal HIV surveillance in Addis Ababa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mirkuzie Alemnesh H

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background In the absence of reliable data, antenatal HIV surveillance has been used to monitor the HIV epidemic since the late 1980s. Currently, routine data from Prevention of Mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT programmes are increasingly available. Evaluating whether the PMTCT programme reports provide comparable HIV prevalence estimates with the antenatal surveillance reports is important. In this study, we compared HIV prevalence estimates from routine PMTCT programme and antenatal surveillance in Addis Ababa with the aim to come up with evidence based recommendation. Methods Summary data were collected from PMTCT programmes and antenatal surveillance reports within the catchment of Addis Ababa. The PMTCT programme data were obtained from routine monthly reports from 2004 to 2009 and from published antenatal HIV surveillance reports from 2003 to 2009. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results In Addis Ababa, PMTCT sites had increased from six in 2004 to 54 in 2009. The site expansion was accompanied by an increased number of women testing. There were marked increases in the rate of HIV testing following the introduction of routine opt-out HIV testing approach. Paralleling these increases, the HIV prevalence showed a steady decline from 10.0% in 2004 to 4.5% in 2009. There were five antenatal surveillance sites from 2003 to 2007 in Addis Ababa and they increased to seven by 2009. Four rounds of surveillance data from five sites showed a declining trend in HIV prevalence over the years. The overall antenatal surveillance data also showed that the HIV prevalence among antenatal attendees had declined from 12.4% in 2003 to 5.5% in 2009. The HIV prevalence estimates from PMTCT programme were 6.2% and 4.5% and from antenatal surveillance 6.1 and 5.5% in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Conclusions There were consistent HIV prevalence estimates from PMTCT programme and from antenatal surveillance reports. Both data sources

  2. Determination of HIV Status in African Adults With Discordant HIV Rapid Tests.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fogel, Jessica M; Piwowar-Manning, Estelle; Donohue, Kelsey; Cummings, Vanessa; Marzinke, Mark A; Clarke, William; Breaud, Autumn; Fiamma, Agnès; Donnell, Deborah; Kulich, Michal; Mbwambo, Jessie K K; Richter, Linda; Gray, Glenda; Sweat, Michael; Coates, Thomas J; Eshleman, Susan H

    2015-08-01

    In resource-limited settings, HIV infection is often diagnosed using 2 rapid tests. If the results are discordant, a third tie-breaker test is often used to determine HIV status. This study characterized samples with discordant rapid tests and compared different testing strategies for determining HIV status in these cases. Samples were previously collected from 173 African adults in a population-based survey who had discordant rapid test results. Samples were classified as HIV positive or HIV negative using a rigorous testing algorithm that included two fourth-generation tests, a discriminatory test, and 2 HIV RNA tests. Tie-breaker tests were evaluated, including rapid tests (1 performed in-country), a third-generation enzyme immunoassay, and two fourth-generation tests. Selected samples were further characterized using additional assays. Twenty-nine samples (16.8%) were classified as HIV positive and 24 of those samples (82.8%) had undetectable HIV RNA. Antiretroviral drugs were detected in 1 sample. Sensitivity was 8.3%-43% for the rapid tests; 24.1% for the third-generation enzyme immunoassay; 95.8% and 96.6% for the fourth-generation tests. Specificity was lower for the fourth-generation tests than the other tests. Accuracy ranged from 79.5% to 91.3%. In this population-based survey, most HIV-infected adults with discordant rapid tests were virally suppressed without antiretroviral drugs. Use of individual assays as tie-breaker tests was not a reliable method for determining HIV status in these individuals. More extensive testing algorithms that use a fourth-generation screening test with a discriminatory test and HIV RNA test are preferable for determining HIV status in these cases.

  3. HIV transmission risk among HIV seroconcordant and serodiscordant couples: dyadic processes of partner selection.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Eaton, Lisa A; West, Tessa V; Kenny, David A; Kalichman, Seth C

    2009-04-01

    Selecting sex partners of the same HIV status or serosorting is a sexual risk reduction strategy used by many men who have sex with men. However, the effectiveness of serosorting for protection against HIV is potentially limited. We sought to examine how men perceive the protective benefits of factors related to serosorting including beliefs about engaging in serosorting, sexual communication, and perceptions of risk for HIV. Participants were 94 HIV negative seroconcordant (same HIV status) couples, 20 HIV serodiscordant (discrepant HIV status) couples, and 13 HIV positive seroconcordant (same HIV status) couples recruited from a large gay pride festival in the southeastern US. To account for nonindependence found in the couple-level data, we used multilevel modeling which includes dyad in the analysis. Findings demonstrated that participants in seroconcordant relationships were more likely to believe that serosorting reduces concerns for condom use. HIV negative participants in seroconcordant relationships viewed themselves at relatively low risk for HIV transmission even though monogamy within relationships and HIV testing were infrequent. Dyadic analyses demonstrated that partners have a substantial effect on an individual's beliefs and number of unprotected sex partners. We conclude that relationship partners are an important source of influence and, thus, intervening with partners is necessary to reduce HIV transmission risks.

  4. Desenvolvimento moral: considerações teóricas a partir de uma abordagem sociocultural construtivista

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Martins Lincoln Coimbra

    2001-01-01

    Full Text Available Partindo da análise de trabalhos tradicionalmente realizados na área de desenvolvimento moral, o artigo sinaliza a necessidade de desenvolver uma abordagem teórica que trate o tema dentro de um enfoque que considere os aspectos socioculturais, cognitivos e afetivos. A questão central reside em abordar de forma sistêmica e integrada a dinâmica do desenvolvimento moral do indivíduo, resgatando a dimensão interativa e contextual envolvida na resolução dos conflitos morais e no desenvolvimento de crenças e valores. O trabalho parte dos pressupostos da perspectiva histórica socio-cultural construtivista do desenvolvimento humano, explicitando as exigências metodológicas implicadas na adoção dos conceitos e categorias utilizados no âmbito de tal perspectiva.

  5. Desenvolvimento moral: considerações teóricas a partir de uma abordagem sociocultural construtivista

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lincoln Coimbra Martins

    Full Text Available Partindo da análise de trabalhos tradicionalmente realizados na área de desenvolvimento moral, o artigo sinaliza a necessidade de desenvolver uma abordagem teórica que trate o tema dentro de um enfoque que considere os aspectos socioculturais, cognitivos e afetivos. A questão central reside em abordar de forma sistêmica e integrada a dinâmica do desenvolvimento moral do indivíduo, resgatando a dimensão interativa e contextual envolvida na resolução dos conflitos morais e no desenvolvimento de crenças e valores. O trabalho parte dos pressupostos da perspectiva histórica socio-cultural construtivista do desenvolvimento humano, explicitando as exigências metodológicas implicadas na adoção dos conceitos e categorias utilizados no âmbito de tal perspectiva.

  6. Algumas ressonâncias entre a abordagem enativa e a psicologia histórico-cultural

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Beatriz Sancovschi

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available O artigo examina as ressonâncias entre a abordagem enativa de F. Varela e a psicologia histórico-cultural de L. S. Vygotski, tomando como foco os mecanismos de construção da cognição. O mecanismo histórico-dialético e o mecanismo autopoiético são comparados quanto à possibilidade de darem conta da inventividade da cognição. A metodologia utilizada tem por base as indicações fornecidas por Y. Clot na coletânea Avec Vygotski. São analisadas as ressonâncias entre os autores, sublinhando seus pontos de afastamento e de proximidade, com destaque para as respectivas contribuições ao entendimento da aprendizagem, envolvendo o questionamento do foco na solução de problemas e do determinismo do meio ambiente.

  7. A revelação do diagnóstico na perspectiva dos adolescentes vivendo com HIV/AIDS e seus pais e cuidadores

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Heloisa Helena de Sousa Marques

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar aspectos da revelação do diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV a crianças e adolescentes relevantes para a melhoria do cuidado de sua saúde. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo envolvendo entrevistas em profundidade e grupo focal com adolescentes vivendo com HIV/AIDS e seus pais ou cuidadores, em serviços de referência nas cidades de São Paulo e Santos, Brasil. Os resultados apontam como principais razões para a revelação: má adesão ao tratamento, iminência de início da vida sexual, demanda da criança ou adolescente e abordagem inadequada de profissional. A revelação mostrou-se momento crítico, com repercussões sobre projetos e horizontes de vida dos adolescentes. As mais problemáticas foram narradas por adolescentes infectados por via sexual e por uso de drogas. Apesar do impacto negativo inicial, a revelação repercutiu positivamente sobre os cuidados de saúde, com melhoria do diálogo com cuidadores e serviços. Os adolescentes enfatizaram ainda a necessidade de receber informações claras e honestas. Conclui-se pela necessidade de otimizar o processo de revelação, tratando-o como tarefa de longo prazo, negociada ativamente com a família e conduzida por equipes multidisciplinares.

  8. HIV-1 molecular epidemiology among newly diagnosed HIV-1 individuals in Hebei, a low HIV prevalence province in China.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lu, Xinli; Kang, Xianjiang; Liu, Yongjian; Cui, Ze; Guo, Wei; Zhao, Cuiying; Li, Yan; Chen, Suliang; Li, Jingyun; Zhang, Yuqi; Zhao, Hongru

    2017-01-01

    New human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) diagnoses are increasing rapidly in Hebei. The aim of this study presents the most extensive HIV-1 molecular epidemiology investigation in Hebei province in China thus far. We have carried out the most extensive systematic cross-sectional study based on newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive individuals in 2013, and characterized the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 based on full length gag-partial pol gene sequences in the whole of Hebei. Nine HIV-1 genotypes based on full length gag-partial pol gene sequence were identified among 610 newly diagnosed naïve individuals. The four main genotypes were circulating recombinant form (CRF)01_AE (53.4%), CRF07_BC (23.4%), subtype B (15.9%), and unique recombinant forms URFs (4.9%). Within 1 year, three new genotypes (subtype A1, CRF55_01B, CRF65_cpx), unknown before in Hebei, were first found among men who have sex with men (MSM). All nine genotypes were identified in the sexually contracted HIV-1 population. Among 30 URFs, six recombinant patterns were revealed, including CRF01_AE/BC (40.0%), CRF01_AE/B (23.3%), B/C (16.7%), CRF01_AE/C (13.3%), CRF01_AE/B/A2 (3.3%) and CRF01_AE/BC/A2 (3.3%), plus two potential CRFs. This study elucidated the complicated characteristics of HIV-1 molecular epidemiology in a low HIV-1 prevalence northern province of China and revealed the high level of HIV-1 genetic diversity. All nine HIV-1 genotypes circulating in Hebei have spread out of their initial risk groups into the general population through sexual contact, especially through MSM. This highlights the urgency of HIV prevention and control in China.

  9. HIV-1 molecular epidemiology among newly diagnosed HIV-1 individuals in Hebei, a low HIV prevalence province in China.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Xinli Lu

    Full Text Available New human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 diagnoses are increasing rapidly in Hebei. The aim of this study presents the most extensive HIV-1 molecular epidemiology investigation in Hebei province in China thus far. We have carried out the most extensive systematic cross-sectional study based on newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive individuals in 2013, and characterized the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 based on full length gag-partial pol gene sequences in the whole of Hebei. Nine HIV-1 genotypes based on full length gag-partial pol gene sequence were identified among 610 newly diagnosed naïve individuals. The four main genotypes were circulating recombinant form (CRF01_AE (53.4%, CRF07_BC (23.4%, subtype B (15.9%, and unique recombinant forms URFs (4.9%. Within 1 year, three new genotypes (subtype A1, CRF55_01B, CRF65_cpx, unknown before in Hebei, were first found among men who have sex with men (MSM. All nine genotypes were identified in the sexually contracted HIV-1 population. Among 30 URFs, six recombinant patterns were revealed, including CRF01_AE/BC (40.0%, CRF01_AE/B (23.3%, B/C (16.7%, CRF01_AE/C (13.3%, CRF01_AE/B/A2 (3.3% and CRF01_AE/BC/A2 (3.3%, plus two potential CRFs. This study elucidated the complicated characteristics of HIV-1 molecular epidemiology in a low HIV-1 prevalence northern province of China and revealed the high level of HIV-1 genetic diversity. All nine HIV-1 genotypes circulating in Hebei have spread out of their initial risk groups into the general population through sexual contact, especially through MSM. This highlights the urgency of HIV prevention and control in China.

  10. Therapeutic HIV Peptide Vaccine

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Fomsgaard, Anders

    2015-01-01

    Therapeutic vaccines aim to control chronic HIV infection and eliminate the need for lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART). Therapeutic HIV vaccine is being pursued as part of a functional cure for HIV/AIDS. We have outlined a basic protocol for inducing new T cell immunity during chronic HIV-1...... infection directed to subdominant conserved HIV-1 epitopes restricted to frequent HLA supertypes. The rationale for selecting HIV peptides and adjuvants are provided. Peptide subunit vaccines are regarded as safe due to the simplicity, quality, purity, and low toxicity. The caveat is reduced immunogenicity...

  11. Asymptomatic HIV infection

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... of HIV/AIDS during which there are no symptoms of HIV infection. During this phase, the immune system in someone with HIV slowly weakens, but the person has no symptoms. How long this phase lasts depends on how ...

  12. Neuro-HIV: Nervous System Manifestations of HIV Infection- A Review

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Neuro-HIV: Nervous System Manifestations of HIV Infection- A Review. ... Open Access DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT Subscription or Fee Access ... The early detection of neurological disease due to HIV infection is of paramount importance to the clinician as there are implications not just for management but also for prognosis.

  13. HIV-positive and HIV-negative consumers accept an instant soy ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    HIV-positive and HIV-negative consumers accept an instant soy maize porridge. ... Health SA Gesondheid ... The objective of this study was to assess consumer acceptability, preference and consumption intent of an instant soy ... as a food supplement for HIV subjects in a subsequent nutrition intervention trial, to improve

  14. Travelling with HIV

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Nielsen, Ulla S; Jensen-Fangel, Søren; Pedersen, Gitte

    2014-01-01

    BACKGROUND: We aimed to describe travel patterns, extent of professional pre-travel advice and health problems encountered during travel among HIV-infected individuals. METHODS: During a six-month period a questionnaire was handed out to 2821 adult HIV-infected individuals attending any...... of the eight Danish medical HIV care centers. RESULTS: A total of 763 individuals responded. During the previous two years 49% had travelled outside Europe; 18% had travelled less and 30% were more cautious when choosing travel destination than before the HIV diagnosis. Pre-travel advice was sought by only 38......%, and travel insurance was taken out by 86%. However, 29%/74% did not inform the advisor/the insurance company about their HIV status. Nearly all patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were adherent, but 58% worried about carrying HIV-medicine and 19% tried to hide it. Only 19% experienced...

  15. HIV and Cardiovascular Disease

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Select a Language: Fact Sheet 652 HIV and Cardiovascular Disease HIV AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WHY SHOULD PEOPLE WITH HIV CARE ABOUT CVD? ... OF CVD? WHAT ABOUT CHANGING MEDICATIONS? HIV AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) includes a group of problems ...

  16. Discordant HIV Test Results: Implications on Perinatal and Haemotransfusion Screening for HIV Infection, Cape Coast, Ghana.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tetteh, Ato Kwamena; Agyarko, Edward

    2017-01-01

    Screening results of 488 pregnant women aged 15-44 years whose blood samples had been tested on-site, using First Response® HIV 1/2, and confirmed with INNO-LIA™ HIV I/II Score were used. Of this total, 178 were reactive (HIV I, 154; HIV II, 2; and HIV I and HIV II, 22). Of the 154 HIV I-reactive samples, 104 were confirmed to be HIV I-positive and 2 were confirmed to be HIV II-positive, while 48 were confirmed to be negative [false positive rate = 17.44% (13.56-21.32)]. The two HIV II samples submitted were confirmed to be negative with the confirmatory test. For the 22 HIV I and HIV II samples, 7 were confirmed to be HIV I-positive and 1 was confirmed to be HIV I- and HIV II-positive, while 14 were confirmed to be negative. Of the 310 nonreactive samples, 6 were confirmed to be HIV I-positive and 1 was confirmed to be HIV II-positive [false negative rate = 5.79% (1.63-8.38)], while 303 were negative. False negative outcomes will remain unconfirmed, with no management options for the client. False negative rate of 5.79% requires attention, as its resultant implications on control of HIV/AIDS could be dire.

  17. Natural controlled HIV infection: Preserved HIV-specific immunity despite undetectable replication competent virus

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kloosterboer, Nico; Groeneveld, Paul H.P.; Jansen, Christine A.; Vorst, Teun J.K. van der; Koning, Fransje; Winkel, Carel N.; Duits, Ashley J.; Miedema, Frank; Baarle, Debbie van; Rij, Ronald P. van; Brinkman, Kees; Schuitemaker, Hanneke

    2005-01-01

    Long-term non-progressive HIV infection, characterized by low but detectable viral load and stable CD4 counts in the absence of antiviral therapy, is observed in about 5% of HIV-infected patients. Here we identified four therapy naive individuals who are strongly seropositive for HIV-1 but who lack evidence of detectable HIV p24 antigen, plasma RNA, and proviral DNA in routine diagnostic testing. With an ultrasensitive PCR, we established that frequencies of pol proviral DNA sequences were as low as 0.2-0.5 copies/10 6 PBMC. HIV could not be isolated using up to 30 x 10 6 patient PBMC. One individual was heterozygous for CCR5 Δ32, but CCR5 expression on CD4 + T cells was normal to high in all four individuals. In vitro R5 and X4 HIV-1 susceptibility of CD8-depleted PBMC of all study subjects was significantly lower than the susceptibility of CD8-depleted PBMC of healthy blood donors. All individuals expressed protective HLA-B*58s alleles and showed evidence of HIV-specific cellular immunity either by staining with HLA-B*57 tetramers folded with an HIV RT or gag peptide or after stimulation with HIV-1 p24 gag, RT, or nef peptides in ELIspot analysis. HIV-specific CD4 + T helper cells were demonstrated by proliferation of CD4 + T cells and intracellular staining for IL-2 and IFNγ after stimulation with an HIV-gag peptide pool. Sera of all individuals showed antibody-mediated neutralization of both R5 and X4 HIV-1 variants. These data implicate that very low-level antigen exposure is sufficient for sustained HIV-specific immunity and suggest the possibility of a multi-factorial control of HIV infection

  18. IMPLICAÇÕES DE UM CENTRO DE SERVIÇOS COMPARTILHADOS NA CONTABILIDADE GERENCIAL: UMA ABORDAGEM INSTITUCIONAL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ilse Maria Beuren

    Full Text Available RESUMO Este estudo analisa, sob a abordagem institucional, as implicações da implantação de um Centro de Serviços Compartilhados (CSC nas funções da Contabilidade Gerencial. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, a partir de um estudo de caso em empresa situada na região Sul do Brasil, constituída sob a forma de um CSC. Sob a lente da Teoria Institucional, consubstanciada no modelo proposto por Burns e Scapens (2000, foi analisada a institucionalização de regras e rotinas na Contabilidade Gerencial da empresa. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a implantação do CSC teve implicações diretas e indiretas nas funções da Contabilidade Gerencial, visto que foi necessário alterar várias de suas funções, atividades, divisionalizações, inclusive profissionais, portanto, uma reestruturação ampla e profunda em todo o setor. Quanto às dicotomias de mudanças ocorridas com a implantação do CSC, foram observadas mais mudanças formais do que informais, evolucionárias do que revolucionárias e progressivas do que regressivas nas funções da Contabilidade Gerencial. Conclui-se com base na análise triangulada dos dados coletados, que a implantação do CSC na empresa pesquisada teve implicações significativas na estrutura organizacional e na natureza das funções da Contabilidade Gerencial, as quais resultaram na institucionalização de novas regras e rotinas nos moldes preconizados por Burns e Scapens (2000. Os resultados do estudo contribuem para o desenvolvimento de novos papéis na Contabilidade Gerencial, sob o argumento que o modelo de CSC gerou novas regras e rotinas em toda a corporação, com implicações diretas e indiretas nos papéis gerenciais institucionalizados.

  19. Abordagem grassroots e resistência: atualizando a concepção de desenvolvimento sustentável

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Augusto Marcos Carvalho de Sena

    Full Text Available Resumo Em contrapartida às especificidades impositivas do modelo de produção capitalista - incluindo-se nesse modelo os meandros de arranjos produtivos que inserem o meio ambiente enquanto alinhado à versão tríplice da concepção tradicional de desenvolvimento sustentável -, tem surgido uma massa crítica de literatura focada na resistência ao modo de funcionamento do capitalismo ocidental. Em relação à teoria, economia solidária (pilar econômico, movimentos sociais (pilar social, ecologia política (pilar ambiental e raízes culturais (pilar cultural são aparatos importantes que não devem ficar à margem na estruturação de uma concepção alternativa do desenvolvimento sustentável. Tais aparatos são considerados elementos de resistência, visto terem fatores diferenciados quando comparados com as características tradicionais dos pilares da criticada concepção de desenvolvimento sustentável. Assim, o objetivo do presente ensaio teórico é conceber alternativas à concepção padrão do desenvolvimento sustentável, considerando aspectos da abordagem grassroots importantes para esse propósito. A contribuição é relevante tendo em vista a consideração de aspectos alternativos e complementares envolvidos na leitura da atualização conjecturada. Os prospectos do desenvolvimento grassroots têm sido usados como guia prático em ações de desenvolvimento local envolvendo comunidades menos desenvolvidas em várias partes do mundo, sem a conjectura que sinaliza para elementos conceituais que podem oferecer uma conformação alternativa à concepção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Conclui-se que a versão tradicional do desenvolvimento sustentável pode ser atualizada com elementos alternativos advindos da abordagem grassroots.

  20. Gene Therapy Targeting HIV Entry

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Chuka Didigu

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available Despite the unquestionable success of antiretroviral therapy (ART in the treatment of HIV infection, the cost, need for daily adherence, and HIV-associated morbidities that persist despite ART all underscore the need to develop a cure for HIV. The cure achieved following an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT using HIV-resistant cells, and more recently, the report of short-term but sustained, ART-free control of HIV replication following allogeneic HSCT, using HIV susceptible cells, have served to both reignite interest in HIV cure research, and suggest potential mechanisms for a cure. In this review, we highlight some of the obstacles facing HIV cure research today, and explore the roles of gene therapy targeting HIV entry, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the development of strategies to cure HIV infection.

  1. Paradoxical reaction to the treatment of tuberculosis uncovering previously silent meningeal disease Reação paradoxal ao tratamento da tuberculose revelando doença meníngea previamente silenciosa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Walter A. Eyer-Silva

    2002-02-01

    Full Text Available The development of paradoxical clinical worsening following initiation of tuberculosis treatment may complicate the clinical course of both HIV-infected and uninfected patients. We report a severe manifestation of the so called paradoxical reaction to the treatment of tuberculosis that unmasked previously silent meningeal disease in a 34-year-old HIV-infected male patient.O desenvolvimento de piora clínica paradoxal como resposta ao início do tratamento da tuberculose pode complicar a evolução de pacientes com e sem infecção pelo HIV. Apresentamos uma grave manifestação da chamada reação paradoxal ao tratamento da tuberculose, que revelou doença meníngea previamente silenciosa em um paciente HIV-positivo de 34 anos.

  2. μ-opioid modulation of HIV-1 coreceptor expressionand HIV-1 replication

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Steele, Amber D.; Henderson, Earl E.; Rogers, Thomas J.

    2003-01-01

    A substantial proportion of HIV-1-infected individuals are intravenous drug users (IVDUs) who abuse opiates. Opioids induce a number of immunomodulatory effects that may directly influence HIV-1 disease progression. In the present report, we have investigated the effect of opioids on the expression of the major HIV-1 coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5. For these studies we have focused on opiates which are ligands for the μ-opioid receptor. Our results show that DAMGO, a selective μ-opioid agonist, increases CXCR4 and CCR5 expression in both CD3 + lymphoblasts and CD14 + monocytes three- to fivefold. Furthermore, DAMGO-induced elevation of HIV-1 coreceptor expression translates into enhanced replication of both X4 and R5 viral strains of HIV-1. We have confirmed the role of the μ-opioid receptor based on the ability of a μ-opioid receptor-selective antagonist to block the effects of DAMGO. We have also found that morphine enhances CXCR4 and CCR5 expression and subsequently increases both X4 and R5 HIV-1 infection. We suggest that the capacity of μ-opioids to increase HIV-1 coreceptor expression and replication may promote viral binding, trafficking of HIV-1-infected cells, and enhanced disease progression

  3. Interleukin-27 is differentially associated with HIV viral load and CD4+ T cell counts in therapy-naive HIV-mono-infected and HIV/HCV-co-infected Chinese.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lai He

    Full Text Available Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV infection and the resultant Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS epidemic are major global health challenges; hepatitis C virus (HCV co-infection has made the HIV/AIDS epidemic even worse. Interleukin-27 (IL-27, a cytokine which inhibits HIV and HCV replication in vitro, associates with HIV infection and HIV/HCV co-infection in clinical settings. However, the impact of HIV and HCV viral loads on plasma IL-27 expression levels has not been well characterized. In this study, 155 antiretroviral therapy-naïve Chinese were recruited. Among them 80 were HIV- and HCV-negative healthy controls, 45 were HIV-mono-infected and 30 were HIV/HCV-co-infected. Plasma level HIV, HCV, IL-27 and CD4+ number were counted and their correlation, regression relationships were explored. We show that: plasma IL-27 level was significantly upregulated in HIV-mono-infected and HIV/HCV-co-infected Chinese; HIV viral load was negatively correlated with IL-27 titer in HIV-mono-infected subjects whereas the relationship was opposite in HIV/HCV-co-infected subjects; and the relationships between HIV viral loads, IL-27 titers and CD4+ T cell counts in the HIV mono-infection and HIV/HCV co-infection groups were dramatically different. Overall, our results suggest that IL-27 differs in treatment-naïve groups with HIV mono-infections and HIV/HCV co-infections, thereby providing critical information to be considered when caring and treating those with HIV mono-infection and HIV/HCV co-infection.

  4. HIV Antibody Test

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... 65 in the case of the USPSTF) and pregnant women be screened for HIV at least once. The CDC and American College ... to make sure she is not infected with HIV before getting pregnant may opt to get tested (see Pregnancy: HIV .) ...

  5. Usefulness of the HIV dementia scale in nigerian patients with HIV ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Saharan Africa, where statistics on HIV are alarming, is sparse because of lack of validated cognitive tools. This study assessed the usefulness and predictive validity of the HIV Dementia Scale (HDS) as a screening tool in HIV-positive Nigerians.

  6. Physics of HIV

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tristram-Nagle, Stephanie

    2018-05-01

    This review summarizes over a decade of investigations into how membrane-binding proteins from the HIV-1 virus interact with lipid membrane mimics of various HIV and host T-cell membranes. The goal of the work was to characterize at the molecular level both the elastic and structural changes that occur due to HIV protein/membrane interactions, which could lead to new drugs to thwart the HIV virus. The main technique used to study these interactions is diffuse x-ray scattering, which yields the bending modulus, K C, as well as structural parameters such as membrane thickness, area/lipid and position of HIV peptides (parts of HIV proteins) in the membrane. Our methods also yield information about lipid chain order or disorder caused by the peptides. This review focuses on three stages of the HIV-1 life cycle: (1) infection, (2) Tat membrane transport, and (3) budding. In the infection stage, our lab studied three different parts of HIV-1 gp41 (glycoprotein 41 fusion protein): (1) FP23, the N-terminal 23 amino acids that interact non-specifically with the T-cell host membrane to cause fusion of two membranes, and its trimer version, (2) cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus sequence, on the membrane proximal external region near the membrane-spanning domain, and (3) lentiviral lytic peptide 2 on the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. For Tat transport, we used membrane mimics of the T-cell nuclear membrane as well as simpler models that varied charge and negative curvature. For membrane budding, we varied the myristoylation of the MA31 peptide as well as the negatively charged lipid. These studies show that HIV peptides with different roles in the HIV life cycle affect differently the relevant membrane mimics. In addition, the membrane lipid composition plays an important role in the peptides’ effects.

  7. Drugs + HIV, Learn the Link

    Medline Plus

    Full Text Available ... of HIV in the United States, please visit: https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids- ... HIV, STD, and TB Prevention. About HIV/AIDS. ( https://www.cdc.gov/actagainstaids/basics/whatishiv.html ). Atlanta, ...

  8. Gamificação: abordagem e construção conceitual para aplicativosem TV Digital Interativa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marcos Américo

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available A implantação da TV Digital no Brasil abre espaço para o desenvolvimento de conteúdos educativos baseados nos conceitos de t-learning e edutretenimento. O estudo propõe a aplicação da gamificação como elo comunicacional para incentivar e modificar o comportamento dos usuários. No entanto, esbarra-se na problemática conceitual do termo, uma vez que a literatura traz diversas e amplas definições, que variam de acordo com o contexto de aplicação. O objetivo deste trabalho, de caráter exploratório, é propor uma abordagem conceitual, a fim de construir um conceito delimitado e que fundamente o sistema de gamificação em TV Digital Interativa.

  9. National HIV Testing Day

    Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

    2011-06-09

    Dr. Kevin A. Fenton, Director of CDC's National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, discusses National HIV Testing Day, an annual observance which raises awareness of the importance of knowing one's HIV status and encourages at-risk individuals to get an HIV test.  Created: 6/9/2011 by National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP).   Date Released: 6/9/2011.

  10. Eliminating Perinatal HIV Transmission

    Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

    2012-11-26

    In this podcast, CDC’s Dr. Steve Nesheim discusses perinatal HIV transmission, including the importance of preventing HIV among women, preconception care, and timely HIV testing of the mother. Dr. Nesheim also introduces the revised curriculum Eliminating Perinatal HIV Transmission intended for faculty of OB/GYN and pediatric residents and nurse midwifery students.  Created: 11/26/2012 by Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention.   Date Released: 11/26/2012.

  11. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and attitudes towards people living with HIV ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV have been widely documented, and have extended their impact into the workplace. Stigmatising attitudes towards people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the workplace significantly hinder HIV prevention efforts and indirectly affect national development.

  12. National HIV Testing Day

    Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

    Dr. Kevin A. Fenton, Director of CDC's National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, discusses National HIV Testing Day, an annual observance which raises awareness of the importance of knowing one's HIV status and encourages at-risk individuals to get an HIV test.

  13. Immune defence against HIV-1 infection in HIV-1-exposed seronegative persons.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schmechel, S C; Russell, N; Hladik, F; Lang, J; Wilson, A; Ha, R; Desbien, A; McElrath, M J

    2001-11-01

    Rare individuals who are repeatedly exposed to HIV-1 through unprotected sexual contact fail to acquire HIV-1 infection. These persons represent a unique study population to evaluate mechanisms by which HIV-1 replication is either prevented or controlled. We followed longitudinally a group of healthy HIV-1 seronegative persons each reporting repeated high-risk sexual activities with their HIV-1-infected partner at enrollment. The volunteers were primarily (90%) male homosexuals, maintaining high risk activities with their known infected partner (45%) or multiple other partners (61%). We evaluated the quantity and specificity of HIV-1-specific T cells in 31 exposed seronegatives (ES) using a IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay to enumerate T cells recognizing epitopes within HIV-1 Env, Gag, Pol and Nef. PBMC from only three of the 31 volunteers demonstrated ex vivo HIV-1-specific IFN-gamma secretion, in contrast to nearly 30% exhibiting cytolytic responses in previous studies. These findings suggest that if T cell responses in ES are induced by HIV-1 exposure, the frequency is at low levels in most of them, and below the level of detection using the ELISPOT assay. Alternative approaches to improve the sensitivity of detection may include use of dendritic cells as antigen-presenting cells in the ex vivo assay and more careful definition of the risk behavior and extent of HIV-1 exposure in conjunction with the evaluation of T cell responses.

  14. Humanizing HIV/AIDS and its (re)stigmatizing effects: HIV public 'positive' speaking in India.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Finn, Mark; Sarangi, Srikant

    2009-01-01

    Social stigma has been inextricably linked with HIV and AIDS since the epidemic erupted in the early 1980s. The stigma that has built up around HIV and AIDS is generally regarded as having a negative impact on the quality of life of HIV-positive people and on general prevention efforts. Current attempts to combat HIV-related stigma focus on increasing the acceptance of HIV among the stigmatizing public and stigmatized individuals alike. In this, the global HIV-positive community is being increasingly called upon to ;humanize' the virus, not least through public displays of HIV 'positive' health and public ;positive' speaking. This article critically explores the constitutive effects and inherent power relations of HIV Positive Speakers' Bureaus (PSBs) as a platform for such a display. Adopting a post-structuralist discourse analytic approach, we explore accounts of positive-speaking and HIV health from HIV-related non-government organizations in India and in PSB training manuals. In particular, we highlight ways in which positive-speaking in India can be seen to have significant (re)stigmatizing effects by way of ambivalent and hyper-real configurations of HIV 'positive' identity and life.

  15. O direito à prevenção e os desafios da redução da vulnerabilidade ao HIV no Brasil The right to prevention and the challenges of reducing vulnerability to HIV in Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vera Paiva

    2006-04-01

    Full Text Available O estudo analisa a resposta brasileira em contraste com as metas estabelecidas para a prevenção do HIV/Aids pela UNGASS. Analisaram-se pesquisas nacionais, documentos e informações do Programa Nacional de DST/Aids e dos planos de ações e metas estaduais. O Brasil conta com vários programas de prevenção que atendem às metas da UNGASS propostas para 2005. Incluem o confronto do estigma e da discriminação, o estímulo ao teste anti-HIV, a distribuição de preservativos, a troca de seringas, a abordagem franca da sexualidade nas escolas, a prevenção entre trabalhadores do sexo e homossexuais e nos locais de trabalho, que resultaram no crescimento da testagem e do uso do preservativo masculino. Foram discutidos vários desafios: superar a descontinuidade das ações, especialmente junto a alguns grupos mais vulneráveis; capacitar equipes de prevenção; ampliar o monitoramento da qualidade e quantidade das ações de prevenção; superar as desigualdades regionais, de raça e de gênero. Concluiu-se que o direito à prevenção não é prioridade nas instâncias públicas de controle social ou nas agendas do movimento social, como tem sido o direito ao melhor tratamento dos portadores do HIV. Para ampliar a efetividade dessas ações, sugere-se compreendê-las e pactuá-las tendo como referência a promoção e garantia de direitos humanos, abrindo espaços para o debate ético-político no nível local e nacional.The study evaluates the Brazilian response to the targets established by UNGASS for the prevention of HIV/AIDS. The analysis was based on national research, documents and information from the National Program STD/AIDS and on state-level action plans and targets. Brazil relies on various prevention policies to attain the UNGASS targets proposed for 2005. These include: addressing discrimination issues, promotion of HIV testing, distribution of condoms, needle exchange programs, discussion of sexuality in schools, prevention

  16. HIV and chronic kidney disease

    OpenAIRE

    Naicker, Saraladevi; Rahmania, Sadaf; Kopp, Jeffrey B.

    2015-01-01

    Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a frequent complication of HIV infection, occurring in 3.5 – 48.5%, and occurs as a complication of HIV infection, other co-morbid disease and infections and as a consequence of therapy of HIV infection and its complications. The classic involvement of the kidney by HIV infection is HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), occurring typically in young adults of African ancestry with advanced HIV disease in association with APOL1 high-risk variants. HIV-immune comple...

  17. A análise dos impactos socioeconômicos na estruturação do EIA/RIMA: a importância da Abordagem Humanista para a Sustentabilidade The analysis of socio-economic impacts on the structure of EIA / RIMA: the importance of humanist approach to sustainability

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leandro Carlos Dias Conde

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available DOI: 10.5902/198346597686O presente trabalho trata da defesa da abordagem humanista na estruturação da análise de Impacto Ambiental (EIA e do seu Relatório de Impacto Ambiental (RIMA, no que concerne aos impactos socioeconômicos abordados, por compreender que a abordagem convencional não dá conta das demandas sociais, pois somente esta nova abordagem dará, de fato, o caráter sustentável da EIA/RIMA. The present work deals with the defense of the humanistic approach in structuring the analysis of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA and its Environmental Impact Report (RIMA in relation to socioeconomic impacts addressed to realize that the conventional approach does not account social demands, as only this new approach will in fact the sustainable nature of the EIA / RIMA.

  18. The impact of HIV clinical pharmacists on HIV treatment outcomes: a systematic review

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Saberi P

    2012-04-01

    Full Text Available Parya Saberi1, Betty J Dong2, Mallory O Johnson1, Ruth M Greenblatt2, Jennifer M Cocohoba21Department of Medicine, 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USAObjective: Due to the rapid proliferation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV treatment options, there is a need for health care providers with knowledge of antiretroviral therapy intricacies. In a HIV multidisciplinary care team, the HIV pharmacist is well-equipped to provide this expertise. We conducted a systematic review to assess the impact of HIV pharmacists on HIV clinical outcomes.Methods: We searched six electronic databases from January 1, 1980 to June 1, 2011 and included all quantitative studies that examined pharmacist's roles in the clinical care of HIV-positive adults. Primary outcomes were antiretroviral adherence, viral load, and CD4+ cell count and secondary outcomes included health care utilization parameters, antiretroviral modifications, and other descriptive variables.Results: Thirty-two publications were included. Despite methodological limitation, the involvement of HIV pharmacists was associated with statistically significant adherence improvements and positive impact on viral suppression in the majority of studies.Conclusion: This systematic review provides evidence of the beneficial impact of HIV pharmacists on HIV treatment outcomes and offers suggestions for future research.Keywords: pharmacist, HIV/AIDS, clinical, adherence, impact

  19. EASY-HIT: HIV full-replication technology for broad discovery of multiple classes of HIV inhibitors.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kremb, Stephan; Helfer, Markus; Heller, Werner; Hoffmann, Dieter; Wolff, Horst; Kleinschmidt, Andrea; Cepok, Sabine; Hemmer, Bernhard; Durner, Jörg; Brack-Werner, Ruth

    2010-12-01

    HIV replication assays are important tools for HIV drug discovery efforts. Here, we present a full HIV replication system (EASY-HIT) for the identification and analysis of HIV inhibitors. This technology is based on adherently growing HIV-susceptible cells, with a stable fluorescent reporter gene activated by HIV Tat and Rev. A fluorescence-based assay was designed that measures HIV infection by two parameters relating to the early and the late phases of HIV replication, respectively. Validation of the assay with a panel of nine reference inhibitors yielded effective inhibitory concentrations consistent with published data and allowed discrimination between inhibitors of early and late phases of HIV replication. Finer resolution of the effects of reference drugs on different steps of HIV replication was achieved in secondary time-of-addition assays. The EASY-HIT assay yielded high Z' scores (>0.9) and signal stabilities, confirming its robustness. Screening of the LOPAC(1280) library identified 10 compounds (0.8%), of which eight were known to inhibit HIV, validating the suitability of this assay for screening applications. Studies evaluating anti-HIV activities of natural products with the EASY-HIT technology led to the identification of three novel inhibitory compounds that apparently act at different steps of HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, we demonstrate successful evaluation of plant extracts for HIV-inhibitory activities, suggesting application of this technology for the surveillance of biological extracts with anti-HIV activities. We conclude that the EASY-HIT technology is a versatile tool for the discovery and characterization of HIV inhibitors.

  20. Generationing, Stealthing, and Gift Giving: The Intentional Transmission of HIV by HIV-Positive Men to their HIV-Negative Sex Partners.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Klein, Hugh

    2014-11-06

    Gift giving is the process by which an HIV-positive person purposely infects an HIV-negative person with HIV, usually with that person's knowledge and consent. Little has been written about this HIV transmission practice. In this paper, two specific types of gift giving - generationing and stealthing - are explained and introduced to the scientific literature. Generationing is a type of gift giving in which one gift giver successfully infects a previously-uninfected man with HIV, and then the two men collaborate in an effort to seroconvert another man, and so forth. Stealthing is another type of gift giving in which an HIV-positive man actively tries to infect an HIV-negative man with HIV, without the latter's knowledge or consent. The present study reports on the prevalence of gift giving (4.6%) in a population of men who use the Internet specifically to identify partners for unprotected sex. The research is based on a national random sample of 332 men who have sex with men, identified from 16 websites. Data were collected via telephone interviews conducted between January 2008 and May 2009. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for HIV prevention and intervention efforts. Most notably, to the extent that generationing, stealthing, and gift giving occur among MSM, they represent a very high risk of HIV transmission. More work needs to be done to understand these behaviors, the factors that underlie them, and to determine how prevalent they are in the bare-backing population of MSM.

  1. Perfil epidemiológico dos usuários dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, no ano de 2005 Epidemiological profile of the clientele in HIV Testing and Counseling Centers in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2005

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider

    2008-07-01

    Full Text Available Este estudo caracteriza o perfil dos usuários que procuraram os Centros de Testagem Anônima (CTAs em Santa Catarina, Brasil, em 2005, e determina os fatores associados à contaminação pelo HIV. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo transversal em pessoas que freqüentaram os CTAs. Foram analisados os dados de 22.846 entrevistas realizadas no momento pré-teste, 64,7% sexo feminino e 35,3% masculino. A prevalência de HIV positivo encontrada nesses exames foi de 2% no sexo feminino e 5,6% no masculino. Utilizou-se análise bivariada e multivariada com regressão de Poisson. Os fatores de risco independentes para o contágio pelo DST/HIV no sexo feminino foram: faixa etária, estado civil, escolaridade, situação profissional, recorte populacional, risco do parceiro fixo, uso de preservativo e motivo para não usar preservativo com parceiro fixo. No sexo masculino foram: faixa etária, escolaridade, tipo de parceiro, recorte populacional, risco do parceiro, uso de preservativo e motivo para não usar preservativo com parceiro fixo. A soropositividade para homens e mulheres apresenta-se diferente, merecendo abordagens preventivas diferenciadas.This study analyzes the user profile of HIV Testing and Counseling Centers in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in 2005, and factors associated with HIV infection. The methodology employed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of individuals who attended Testing and Counseling Centers. Data from 22,846 interviews were analyzed (64.7% women and 35.3% men. HIV prevalence was 2.0% in women and 5.6% in men. Statistical analysis used bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression by gender. According to the Poisson regression, factors associated with HIV+ status were age bracket, schooling, marital status, professional situation, population group, steady partner's risk status, condom use, and reason for not using condoms with steady partner; for men, the independent variables were age bracket, schooling, type of

  2. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cuba: description and tentative explanation of its low HIV prevalence

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    Clémençon Stéphan

    2007-11-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background The Cuban HIV/AIDS epidemic has the lowest prevalence rate of the Caribbean region. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cuba and to explore the reasons for this low prevalence. Methods Data were obtained from the Cuban HIV/AIDS programme established in 1983. This programme has an extensive adult HIV testing policy, including testing of all pregnant women. HIV and AIDS cases have been recorded since 1986. Persons found to be HIV-positive are interviewed on their sexual behaviour and partners. Tracing and voluntary testing of these partners are organised. Epidemiological description of this epidemic was obtained from analysis of this data set. Using elementary mathematical analyses, we estimated the coverage of the detection system (percentage of HIV-positive adults detected and the average period between HIV infection and detection. Estimated HIV prevalence rates were corrected to account for the coverage. Results HIV prevalence has increased since 1996. In 2005, the prevalence among pregnant women was 1.2 per 10,000 (16/137000. Estimated HIV prevalence among 15- to 49-year-olds was 8.1 per 10,000 (4913/6065000; 95%CI: 7.9 per 10,000 – 8.3 per 10,000. Most (77% of the HIV-positive adults were men, most (85.1% of the detected HIV-positive men were reported as having sex with men (MSM, and most of the HIV-positive women reported having had sex with MSM. The average period between HIV infection and detection was estimated to be 2.1 years (IQR = 1.7 – 2.2 years. We estimated that, for the year 2005, 79.6% (IQR: 77.3 – 81.4% of the HIV-positive persons were detected. Conclusion MSM drive the HIV epidemic in Cuba. The extensive HIV testing policy may be an important factor in explaining the low HIV prevalence. To reduce the HIV epidemic in Cuba, the epidemic among MSM should be addressed. To understand this epidemic further, data on sexual behaviour should be collected. Now that

  3. New HIV Testing Algorithm: Promising Tool in the Fight Against HIV

    Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

    In this podcast, CDC’s Dr. Phil Peters discusses the new HIV testing algorithm and how this latest technology can improve the diagnosis of acute HIV infection. Early detection of HIV is critical to saving lives, getting patients into treatment, and preventing transmission.

  4. HIV prevention intervention to reduce HIV-related stigma: evidence from China.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Li; Liang, Li-Jung; Lin, Chunqing; Wu, Zunyou; Rotheram-Borus, Mary Jane

    2010-01-02

    The National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative HIV/Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention Trial provided a unique opportunity to test whether, with the community-based diffusion of HIV/sexually transmitted disease prevention information and an elevated understanding of HIV, the level of stigmatizing attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS in the community would be reduced. A total of 4510 market workers in Fuzhou, China, participated in the study, and longitudinal analyses included study samples of 3785 participants in the 12-month follow-up and 3716 participants in the 24-month follow-up. We graphically examined the change in HIV-related stigma indicators over time between control and intervention groups using boxplot and kernel density estimation. A logistic regression analysis with proportional odds model was further used to examine the intervention effect on HIV-related stigmatizing attitudes. Compared with no change over time for the control group, the intervention successfully reduced the level of HIV-related stigmatizing attitudes among the target population at the 12-month follow-up, and the effect increased by two-fold (with respect to odds ratios) at the 24-month follow-up. The intervention demonstrated positive attitude changes associated with HIV-related stigma. Our results show the importance of social norms, rather than simply individual behaviors, in developing and implementing stigma reduction campaigns.

  5. Neurological complication in HIV patients

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ritarwan, K.

    2018-03-01

    Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is neurotropic and immunotropic, making themassive destruction of both systems. Although their amount has been reduced, there is still neurological presentations and complications of HIV remain common in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Neurological opportunistic infections (OI) occur in advanced HIV diseases such as primary cerebral lymphoma, cryptococcal meningitis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, and progressive multifocal encephalopathy. Neurological problem directly related to HIV appear at any stage in the progress of HIV disease, from AIDS-associated dementia to the aseptic meningitis of primary HIV infection observed in subjects with an immune deficiency. The replication of peripheral HIV viral is able to be controlled in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. Non-HIV-related neurological disease such as stroke increased important as the HIV population ages.

  6. The HIV Airway

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Adele

    dren living with HIV/AIDS. Annual national antenatal surveil- lance shows an HIV prevalence of 26.5% among pregnant women. Anaesthetists are confronted with an increasing number of HIV infected patients, presenting for both emergency and elective sur- gery. They range from having asymptomatic infection to end stage.

  7. Factors influencing HIV-risk behaviors among HIV-positive urban African Americans.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Plowden, Keith O; Fletcher, Audwin; Miller, J Lawrence

    2005-01-01

    Urban African Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV, the virus associated with AIDS. Although incidence and mortality appear to be decreasing in some populations, they continue to remain steady among inner-city African Americans. A major concern is the number of HIV-positive individuals who continue to practice high-risk behaviors. Understanding factors that increase risks is essential for the development and implementation of effective prevention initiatives. Following a constructionist epistemology, this study used ethnography to explore social and cultural factors that influence high-risk behaviors among inner-city HIV-positive African Americans. Leininger's culture care diversity and universality theory guided the study. Individual qualitative interviews were conducted with HIV-positive African Americans in the community to explore social and cultural factors that increase HIV-risky behaviors. For this study, family/kinship, economic, and education factors played a significant role in risky behaviors. Reducing HIV disparity among African Americans is dependent on designing appropriate interventions that enhance protective factors. Clinicians providing care to HIV-positive individuals can play a key role in reducing transmission by recognizing and incorporating these factors when designing effective prevention interventions.

  8. HIV Stigma, Retention in Care, and Adherence Among Older Black Women Living With HIV.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sangaramoorthy, Thurka; Jamison, Amelia M; Dyer, Typhanye V

    Stigma is recognized as a barrier to the prevention, care, and treatment of HIV, including engagement in the HIV care continuum. HIV stigma in older Black women may be compounded by preexisting social inequities based on gender, age, and race. Using semi-structured interviews and survey questionnaires, we explore experiences of HIV stigma, retention in care, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence in 35 older Black women with HIV from Prince George's County, Maryland. Study findings indicated that older Black women experienced high levels of HIV stigma, retention in care, and ART adherence. Findings suggest that experiences of HIV stigma were intensified for older Black women due to multiple stigmatized social positions. Participants also reported experiences of marginalization in health care that hindered retention in care and ART adherence. Interventions aimed at improving HIV prevention, care, and treatment outcomes should incorporate HIV stigma reduction strategies as core elements. Copyright © 2017 Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  9. CD4 Cell Counts at HIV Diagnosis among HIV Outpatient Study Participants, 2000–2009

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kate Buchacz

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Background. It is unclear if CD4 cell counts at HIV diagnosis have improved over a 10-year period of expanded HIV testing in the USA. Methods. We studied HOPS participants diagnosed with HIV infection ≤6 months prior to entry into care during 2000–2009. We assessed the correlates of CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 at HIV diagnosis (late HIV diagnosis by logistic regression. Results. Of 1,203 eligible patients, 936 (78% had a CD4 count within 3 months after HIV diagnosis. Median CD4 count at HIV diagnosis was 299 cells/mm3 and did not significantly improve over time (P=0.13. Comparing periods 2000-2001 versus 2008-2009, respectively, 39% and 35% of patients had a late HIV diagnosis (P=0.34. Independent correlates of late HIV diagnosis were having an HIV risk other than being MSM, age ≥35 years at diagnosis, and being of nonwhite race/ethnicity. Conclusions. There is need for routine universal HIV testing to reduce the frequency of late HIV diagnosis and increase opportunity for patient- and potentially population-level benefits associated with early antiretroviral treatment.

  10. Respiratory health status is impaired in UK HIV-positive adults with virologically suppressed HIV infection.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Brown, J; McGowan, J A; Chouial, H; Capocci, S; Smith, C; Ivens, D; Johnson, M; Sathia, L; Shah, R; Lampe, F C; Rodger, A; Lipman, M

    2017-09-01

    We sought to evaluate whether people living with HIV (PLWH) using effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) have worse respiratory health status than similar HIV-negative individuals. We recruited 197 HIV-positive and 93 HIV-negative adults from HIV and sexual health clinics. They completed a questionnaire regarding risk factors for respiratory illness. Respiratory health status was assessed using the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the Medical Research Council (MRC) breathlessness scale. Subjects underwent spirometry without bronchodilation. PLWH had worse respiratory health status: the median SGRQ Total score was 12 [interquartile range (IQR) 6-25] in HIV-positive subjects vs. 6 (IQR 2-14) in HIV-negative subjects (P respiratory health appears more common in HIV-positive adults, and has a significant impact on health-related quality of life. © 2017 The Authors HIV Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British HIV Association.

  11. Improving HIV proteome annotation: new features of BioAfrica HIV Proteomics Resource.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Druce, Megan; Hulo, Chantal; Masson, Patrick; Sommer, Paula; Xenarios, Ioannis; Le Mercier, Philippe; De Oliveira, Tulio

    2016-01-01

    The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the pathogens that cause the greatest global concern, with approximately 35 million people currently infected with HIV. Extensive HIV research has been performed, generating a large amount of HIV and host genomic data. However, no effective vaccine that protects the host from HIV infection is available and HIV is still spreading at an alarming rate, despite effective antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. In order to develop effective therapies, we need to expand our knowledge of the interaction between HIV and host proteins. In contrast to virus proteins, which often rapidly evolve drug resistance mutations, the host proteins are essentially invariant within all humans. Thus, if we can identify the host proteins needed for virus replication, such as those involved in transporting viral proteins to the cell surface, we have a chance of interrupting viral replication. There is no proteome resource that summarizes this interaction, making research on this subject a difficult enterprise. In order to fill this gap in knowledge, we curated a resource presents detailed annotation on the interaction between the HIV proteome and host proteins. Our resource was produced in collaboration with ViralZone and used manual curation techniques developed by UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Our new website also used previous annotations of the BioAfrica HIV-1 Proteome Resource, which has been accessed by approximately 10 000 unique users a year since its inception in 2005. The novel features include a dedicated new page for each HIV protein, a graphic display of its function and a section on its interaction with host proteins. Our new webpages also add information on the genomic location of each HIV protein and the position of ARV drug resistance mutations. Our improved BioAfrica HIV-1 Proteome Resource fills a gap in the current knowledge of biocuration.Database URL:http://www.bioafrica.net/proteomics/HIVproteome.html. © The Author(s) 2016. Published

  12. Laboratory Diagnosis Of Dual Hiv-1/Hiv-2 Infection In Ghanaian ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Objective: To determine the true prevalence of HIV dual infections in a previously characterised HIV seropositive patient group due to inconsistencies between different diagnostic methods. Design: A cross-sectional study of an HIV seropositive group with different diagnostic methods. Setting: Three hospitals in the Northern, ...

  13. Resolução de conflitos em centros integrados de cidadania: uma abordagem à luz da perspectiva sociotécnica de grupos de trabalho

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Almir Cordeiro Júnior

    Full Text Available Por meio da análise do modelo de Centro Integrado de Cidadania, implantado em Vitória, e dos equipamentos que o antecederam, busca-se, neste artigo: identificar os serviços que devem estar presentes num equipamento urbano dessa natureza, à luz dos instrumentos governamentais que originaram sua concepção; categorizar os serviços identificados segundo algumas das principais classificações existentes na literatura específica (Chase, 1978; Lovelock, 1983; Schmenner, 1986; discutir as unidades de atendimento como integrantes de um processo de produção induzido pelo cliente, à luz das estruturas básicas propostas por Wild (1977; direcionar o foco da abordagem para as unidades que estão voltadas à resolução pacífica de conflitos, confrontando seus subsistemas técnico e social com os pressupostos da Escola Sociotécnica (Biazzi Júnior, 1994; comparar a atuação dessas unidades com o job design para grupos semiautônomos (Cherns, 1994 e, por fim, comentar a importância da estruturação dessas unidades como grupos autogeridos, mostrando que esta abordagem contribui sobremaneira para a integração operacional e a gestão dessas unidades.

  14. As aulas de Educação Física na classe especial na abordagem psicomotora

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Roberta Bevilaqua de Quadros

    2013-07-01

    Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8042.2013v25n40p41 O estudo baseia-se em um relato de experiência das aulas de Educação Física de uma turma de Classe Especial, visando demonstrar a importância desta disciplina como prática pedagógica, seguindo a abordagem psicomotora. A classe em questão era formada por seis crianças com necessidades educacionais especiais, e ocorriam duas vezes por semana, uma juntamente com uma turma de classe regular. Através do planejamento e execução das aulas constatou-se a importância do componente curricular educação física, pois os alunos vivenciaram atividades que privilegiaram a cooperação, criatividade e coletividade, refletindo no desenvolvimento motor, cognitivo, e afetivo-social.

  15. Intra-facility linkage of HIV-positive mothers and HIV-exposed babies into HIV chronic care: rural and urban experience in a resource limited setting.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Christine Mugasha

    Full Text Available INTRODUCTION: Linkage of HIV-infected pregnant women to HIV care remains critical for improvement of maternal and child outcomes through prevention of maternal-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT and subsequent chronic HIV care. This study determined proportions and factors associated with intra-facility linkage to HIV care and Early Infant Diagnosis care (EID to inform strategic scale up of PMTCT programs. METHODS: A cross-sectional review of records was done at 2 urban and 3 rural public health care facilities supported by the Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI. HIV-infected pregnant mothers, identified through routine antenatal care (ANC and HIV-exposed babies were evaluated for enrollment in HIV clinics by 6 weeks post-delivery. RESULTS: Overall, 1,025 HIV-infected pregnant mothers were identified during ANC between January and June, 2012; 267/1,025 (26% in rural and 743/1,025 (74% in urban facilities. Of these 375/1,025 (37% were linked to HIV clinics [67/267(25% rural and 308/758(41% urban]. Of 636 HIV-exposed babies, 193 (30% were linked to EID. Linkage of mother-baby pairs to HIV chronic care and EID was 16% (101/636; 8/179 (4.5%] in rural and 93/457(20.3% in urban health facilities. Within rural facilities, ANC registration <28 weeks-of-gestation was associated with mothers' linkage to HIV chronic care [AoR, 2.0 95% CI, 1.1-3.7, p = 0.019] and mothers' multi-parity was associated with baby's linkage to EID; AoR 4.4 (1.3-15.1, p = 0.023. Stigma, long distance to health facilities and vertical PMTCT services affected linkage in rural facilities, while peer mothers, infant feeding services, long patient queues and limited privacy hindered linkage to HIV care in urban settings. CONCLUSION: Post-natal linkage of HIV-infected mothers to chronic HIV care and HIV-exposed babies to EID programs was low. Barriers to linkage to HIV care vary in urban and rural settings. We recommend targeted interventions to rapidly improve linkage to

  16. Eliminating Perinatal HIV Transmission

    Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

    In this podcast, CDC’s Dr. Steve Nesheim discusses perinatal HIV transmission, including the importance of preventing HIV among women, preconception care, and timely HIV testing of the mother. Dr. Nesheim also introduces the revised curriculum Eliminating Perinatal HIV Transmission intended for faculty of OB/GYN and pediatric residents and nurse midwifery students.

  17. HIV or HIV-Therapy? Causal attributions of symptoms and their impact on treatment decisions among women and men with HIV

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kremer H

    2009-04-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Objectives Among people with HIV, we examined symptom attribution to HIV or HIV-therapy, awareness of potential side effects and discontinuation of treatment, as well as sex/gender differences. Methods HIV-patients (N = 168, 46% female completed a comprehensive symptom checklist (attributing each endorsed symptom to HIV, HIV-therapy, or other causes, reported reasons for treatment discontinuations and potential ART-related laboratory abnormalities. Results Main symptom areas were fatigue/sleep/energy, depression/mood, lipodystrophy, and gastrointestinal, dermatological, and neurological problems. Top HIV-attributed symptoms were lack of stamina/energy in both genders, night sweats, depression, mood swings in women; and fatigue, lethargy, difficulties concentrating in men. Women attributed symptoms less frequently to HIV than men, particularly fa-tigue(p Top treatment-attributed symptoms were lipodystrophy and gastrointestinal problems in both genders. Symptom attribution to HIV-therapy did not differ between genders. Over the past six months, 22% switched/interrupted ART due to side effects. In women, side effect-related treatment decisions were more complex, involving more side effects and substances. Remarkably, women took predominantly protease inhibitor-sparing regimens (p = .05. Both genders reported only 15% of potential ART-related laboratory abnormalities but more than 50% had laboratory abnormalities. Notably, women had fewer elevated renal parameters (p Conclusions Men may attribute symptoms more often to HIV and maintain a treatment-regimen despite side effects, whereas women may be more prudent in avoiding treatment side effects. Lacking awareness of laboratory abnormalities in both genders potentially indicates gaps in physician-patient communication. Gender differences in causal attributions of symptoms/side effects may influence treatment decisions.

  18. Online resources for persons recently diagnosed with HIV/AIDS: an analysis of HIV-related webpages.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Horvath, Keith J; Harwood, Eileen M; Courtenay-Quirk, Cari; McFarlane, Mary; Fisher, Holly; Dickenson, Tina; Kachur, Rachel; Rosser, B R Simon; O'Leary, Ann

    2010-07-01

    The Internet is a major source of HIV-related information and resources for persons recently diagnosed with HIV/AIDS (PRDHA). This study examined the types of HIV-related websites that appear as a result of HIV-related keyword searches and the extent to which website information targets PRDHA. The first page of HIV-related webpages from 18 keyword searches was coded. Among 137 webpages meeting inclusion criteria, 63% represented HIV-informational websites, 31% targeted HIV-positive individuals, and over half contained or provided access to HIV prevention, treatment, and transmission information. Thirty-three percent of webpages contained or provided access to PRDHA-targeted information, with a greater percentage of those webpages having mobile, non-English, and "Ask the Expert" features compared with non-PRDHA targeted webpages. Implications for PRDHA include the following: (1) they should explore HIV-related websites to gain insight into the credibility of the information contained on those sites; (2) PRDHA must be aware that HIV-related websites have the potential to elicit dated, emotionally distressing, or irrelevant information; and (3) to obtain information that relates to their demographic and situational profile, they may wish to use specific key terms (e.g., "HIV women") rather than attempting to navigate webpages that arise from general search terms (e.g., "HIV"). Recommendations for future development of online resources for PRDHA include providing HIV-relevant information in a stepwise fashion, providing demographically targeted HIV information, and greater utilization of mobile technology.

  19. The effects of HIV stigma on health, disclosure of HIV status, and risk behavior of homeless and unstably housed persons living with HIV.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wolitski, Richard J; Pals, Sherri L; Kidder, Daniel P; Courtenay-Quirk, Cari; Holtgrave, David R

    2009-12-01

    HIV-related stigma negatively affects the lives of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Homeless/unstably housed PLWHA experience myriad challenges and may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of HIV-related stigma. Homeless/unstably housed PLWHA from 3 U.S. cities (N = 637) completed computer-assisted interviews that measured demographics, self-assessed physical and mental health, medical utilization, adherence, HIV disclosure, and risk behaviors. Internal and perceived external HIV stigma were assessed and combined for a total stigma score. Higher levels of stigma were experienced by women, homeless participants, those with a high school education or less, and those more recently diagnosed with HIV. Stigma was strongly associated with poorer self-assessed physical and mental health, and perceived external stigma was associated with recent non-adherence to HIV treatment. Perceived external stigma was associated with decreased HIV disclosure to social network members, and internal stigma was associated with drug use and non-disclosure to sex partners. Interventions are needed to reduce HIV-related stigma and its effects on the health of homeless/unstably housed PLWHA.

  20. Family physicians and HIV infection.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hall, N; Crochette, N; Blanchi, S; Lavoix, A; Billaud, E; Baron, C; Abgueguen, P; Perré, P; Rabier, V

    2015-01-01

    We aimed to describe the current and desired involvement of family physicians (FPs) in the treatment of HIV patients (screening practices, potential training and patient follow-up) to reduce the duration and frequency of their hospital treatment. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional survey between 2011 and 2012 with the support of COREVIH (Regional Coordinating Committee on HIV). We sent a self-assessment questionnaire to all FPs of the Pays de la Loire region to enquire about their HIV screening practices and expectations for the management of HIV patients. A total of 871 FPs completed the questionnaire (response rate: 30.4%). A total of 54.2% said to provide care to HIV patients; the mean number of HIV patients per FP was estimated at 1.4. With regard to HIV screening, 12.2% systematically suggest an HIV serology to their patients and 72.7% always suggest it to pregnant women. About 45.4% of responding FPs said to be willing to manage HIV patients (clinical and biological monitoring, compliance checks and prescription renewal). FPs mainly reported the lack of training and the low number of HIV patients as a barrier to their further involvement in the management of HIV patients. The responding FPs provide care to very few HIV patients. They are, however, willing to be more involved in the routine care of these patients. Medical training provided by COREVIH would help improve HIV screening. The management of HIV patients could thus be handed over to willing FPs. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier SAS.

  1. Asociación de LT-CD4 y carga viral con candidiasis bucal en pacientes VIH/SIDA en Talca, Chile Association between LT-CD4 and the viral load with oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients in Talca, Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedro Brevis Azocar

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available La candidiasis bucal aparece con frecuencia en las personas infectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH y puede causar diversas manifestaciones clínicas y complicaciones. En los pacientes VIH la carga viral es considerada uno de los principales predictores en la progresión de la enfermedad. Se realizó un estudio en 29 pacientes adultos VIH-positivos para evaluar los niveles de linfocitos T-CD4 y carga viral; se estableció una relación con las manifestaciones de la candidiasis bucal. El análisis estadístico mostró que hubo relación entre la manifestación de la candidiasis bucal y la carga viral, pues en pacientes con cargas virales superiores a 10 000 copias/mL, las lesiones fueron más frecuentes.Oral candidiasis is frequently appearing in persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV and may to cause many clinical and complications manifestations. In HIV patients the viral load is considered one of the main predictors in disease progression. A study was conducted in 29 HIV-positive adult patients to assess the T-CD4 lymphocyte levels and the viral load establishing a relationship with oral candidiasis manifestations. The statistical analysis showed that there was a relationship between the oral candidiasis manifestation and the viral load since in patients with viral load higher than 10 000 copies/mL, lesions were more frequent.

  2. Impacto do tratamento antirretroviral na ocorrência de macrocitose em pacientes com HIV/AIDS do município de Maringá, Estado do Paraná

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Odete Correia Antunes de Oliveira

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: AIDS é uma doença causada pelo HIV que compromete o sistema imune do organismo. O advento da terapia antirretroviral (TARV altamente eficaz promoveu melhora substancial do prognóstico da doença e da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com HIV/AIDS. Durante seu tratamento prolongado, notam-se algumas alterações hematológicas, dentre elas, anemia e macrocitose, bem como carências de micronutrientes, tais como, de vitamina B12 e ácido fólico. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relacionar a macrocitose e anemia ao uso de TARV, ou à deficiência de vitamina B12 ou de ácido fólico. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 110 pacientes HIV positivos, comparando-se aqueles em uso de TARV com zidovudina (AZT (grupo 1, TARV sem AZT (grupo 2 ou sem uso de TARV (grupo 3. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes dos três grupos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas quanto aos níveis de hemoglobina (p = 0,584 e de ácido fólico (p = 0,956. Os pacientes do grupo 1 (G1 apresentaram volume corpuscular médio (VCM aumentado quando comparado ao grupo 3 (G3 (p < 0,05, bem como do grupo 2 (G2 em relação ao G3 (p < 0,001. As dosagens de vitamina B12 do G1 e G3 foram menores do que as encontradas pelo G2 (p = 0,008. CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que os indivíduos em uso de TARV apresentaram macrocitose, embora não pudesse ser relacionada ao tipo de TARV ou a deficiência de vitamina B12. Entretanto, a deficiência de ácido fólico não esteve relacionada ao uso de TARV e nem à macrocitose.

  3. Living with HIV/AIDS - Multiple Languages

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... HIV - Newly diagnosed with HIV, part 5 - English MP3 Children and HIV - Newly diagnosed with HIV, part 5 - 简体中文 (Chinese, Simplified (Mandarin dialect)) MP3 Children and HIV - Newly diagnosed with HIV, part ...

  4. Epidemiological and Immunological Characteristics at the Time of HIV Diagnosis for HIV/AIDS Cohort Registrants Representative of HIV-Infected Populations in Korea

    OpenAIRE

    Lee, Jin-Hee; Kim, Seung Hyun; Wang, Jin-Sook; Sung, Kyoung Mi; Kim, Sung Soon; Kee, Mee-Kyung

    2012-01-01

    Objectives The Korea HIV/AIDS cohort was constructed with 18 hospitals that care for HIV-infected individuals in 2006. We compared the epidemiological and immunological characteristics of the cohort registrants with those of the HIVinfected population at the time of HIV diagnosis. Methods This study was conducted on 5717 people living with HIV/AIDS from 1985 to 2009, of which 789 individuals registered with the Korea HIV/AIDS cohort study. Individuals who had data from initial CD4+ T-cell cou...

  5. 42 CFR Appendix A to Part 130 - Definition of HIV Infection or HIV

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definition of HIV Infection or HIV A Appendix A to... PAYMENTS RICKY RAY HEMOPHILIA RELIEF FUND PROGRAM Pt. 130, App. A Appendix A to Part 130—Definition of HIV Infection or HIV ER31MY00.000 ER31MY00.001 ...

  6. HIV and travel.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schuhwerk, M A; Richens, J; Zuckerman, Jane N

    2006-01-01

    There is a high demand for travel among HIV-positive individual. This demand arises partly from those who have benefited from advances in antiretroviral therapy as well as those with disease progression. The key to a successful and uneventful holiday lies in careful pre-trip planning, yet many patients fail to obtain advice before travelling. Travel advice for HIV patients is becoming increasingly specialized. In addition to advice on common travel-related infectious diseases, HIV-positive travellers are strongly advised to carry information with them and they need specific advice regarding country entry restrictions, HIV inclusive travel insurance, safety of travel vaccinations and highly active antiretroviral therapy-related issues. A wide range of relevant issues for the HIV-positive traveller are discussed in this review and useful websites can be found at the end.

  7. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent and alternative assays for detection of HIV antibodies using panels of Brasilian sera Avaliação de testes sorológicos para a detecção de anticorpos anti-HIV em painéis de soros de brasileiros

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jairo Ivo-Dos-Santos

    1990-04-01

    Full Text Available Sera from 472 Brazilian subjects, confirmed to be either positive or negative for HIV antibodies and comprising the total clinical spectrum of HIV infection, were utilized in the evaluation of six commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA, as well as of four alternative assays, namely indirect immunofluorescence (IIF, passive hemagglutination (PHA, dot blot and Karpas AIDS cell test. The sensitivities ranged from 100% (Abbott and Roche ELISA to 84.2% (PHA and the specificities ranged from 99.3% (IIF to 80.2% (PHA. The sensitivity and specificity of the PHA and the sensitivity of the Karpas cell test were significantly lower than those of the other tests. Although the IFF and dot blot had good sensitivities and specificities, the six ELISA were more attractive than those tests when other parameters such as ease of reading and duration of assay were considered.Os soros de 472 brasileiros, confirmados como sendo positivos ou negativos em relação à presença de anticorpos anti-HIV e compreendendo todo o espectro clínico da infecção, foram utilizados na avaliação de seis ensaios imunoenzimáticos comerciais (ELISA, bem como de quatro testes alternativos tais como imunofluorescência indireta (IFI, hemaglutinação passiva (HP, dot blot e Karpas AIDS cell test. As sensibilidades variaram de 100% (ELISA Abbott e Roche a 84,2% (HP e as especificidades variaram de 99,3% (IFI a 80,2% (HP. A sensibilidade e especificidade da HP e a sensibilidade do Karpas AIDS cell test foram significativamente menores que os outros ensaios. Embora a IFI e o dot blot tivessem apresentado uma boa sensibilidade e especificidade, os ensaios imunoenzimáticos (ELISA foram mais adequados para serem utilizados em triagem quando outros parâmetros tais como facilidade de leitura e interpretação dos resultados e duração dos ensaios foram considerados.

  8. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the HIV infection and compartmentalization of HIV in the central nervous system

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sérgio Monteiro de Almeida

    2015-07-01

    Full Text Available The nervous system plays an important role in HIV infection. The purpose of this review is to discuss the indications for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF analysis in HIV infection in clinical practice. CSF analysis in HIV infection is indicated for the diagnosis of opportunistic infections and co-infections, diagnosis of meningitis caused by HIV, quantification of HIV viral load, and analysis of CNS HIV compartmentalization. Although several CSF biomarkers have been investigated, none are clinically applicable. The capacity of HIV to generate genetic diversity, in association with the constitutional characteristics of the CNS, facilitates the generation of HIV quasispecies in the CNS that are distinct from HIV in the systemic circulation. CSF analysis has a well-defined and valuable role in the diagnosis of CNS infections in HIV/AIDS patients. Further research is necessary to establish a clinically applicable biomarker for the diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.

  9. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Salmonella: comparison of isolates from HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wolday, D; Erge, W

    1998-07-01

    A retrospective analysis of all cases of Salmonella infections occurring between 1991 and 1995 was undertaken in order to evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolates from both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and uninfected Ethiopian patients. During the 5-year study period, we identified 147 cases of Salmonella infections. Only in 49 cases was the HIV serostatus known; 22 (44.9%) of the infections were in HIV seronegative patients while 27 (55.9%) were in HIV seropositive patients. The strains were isolated from blood (71.4%), urine (18.4%) and stool (8.2%). Salmonella infection was found to be more frequent (55.15% versus 44.9%) among HIV positive than HIV-negative patients. Moreover, Salmonella isolates recovered from HIV-seropositive patients were significantly resistant to many of the antibiotics tested when compared to the isolates from HIV-seronegative patients. The only chloramphenicol resistant Salmonella typhi occurred in a patient who was seropositive for HIV. According to these results, Ethiopian patients infected with HIV may be at risk of acquiring infections, especially non-typhoidal salmonellas, that are multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains than HIV-uninfected subjects. The emergence of MDR Salmonella infection among HIV-positive patients requires reassessment of chemotherapeutic approaches in this patient population, and warrants continued laboratory surveillance.

  10. Linkage to HIV care, postpartum depression, and HIV-related stigma in newly diagnosed pregnant women living with HIV in Kenya: a longitudinal observational study.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Turan, Bulent; Stringer, Kristi L; Onono, Maricianah; Bukusi, Elizabeth A; Weiser, Sheri D; Cohen, Craig R; Turan, Janet M

    2014-12-03

    While studies have suggested that depression and HIV-related stigma may impede access to care, a growing body of literature also suggests that access to HIV care itself may help to decrease internalized HIV-related stigma and symptoms of depression in the general population of persons living with HIV. However, this has not been investigated in postpartum women living with HIV. Furthermore, linkage to care itself may have additional impacts on postpartum depression beyond the effects of antiretroviral therapy. We examined associations between linkage to HIV care, postpartum depression, and internalized stigma in a population with a high risk of depression: newly diagnosed HIV-positive pregnant women. In this prospective observational study, data were obtained from 135 HIV-positive women from eight antenatal clinics in the rural Nyanza Province of Kenya at their first antenatal visit (prior to testing HIV-positive for the first time) and subsequently at 6 weeks after giving birth. At 6 weeks postpartum, women who had not linked to HIV care after testing positive at their first antenatal visit had higher levels of depression and internalized stigma, compared to women who had linked to care. Internalized stigma mediated the effect of linkage to care on depression. Furthermore, participants who had both linked to HIV care and initiated antiretroviral therapy reported the lowest levels of depressive symptoms. These results provide further support for current efforts to ensure that women who are newly diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy become linked to HIV care as early as possible, with important benefits for both physical and mental health.

  11. HIV prevention and low-income Chilean women: machismo, marianismo and HIV misconceptions.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cianelli, Rosina; Ferrer, Lilian; McElmurry, Beverly J

    2008-04-01

    Socio-cultural factors and HIV-related misinformation contribute to the increasing number of Chilean women living with HIV. In spite of this, and to date, few culturally specific prevention activities have been developed for this population. The goal of the present study was to elicit the perspectives of low-income Chilean women regarding HIV and relevant socio-cultural factors, as a forerunner to the development of a culturally appropriate intervention. As part of a mixed-methods study, fifty low-income Chilean women participated in a survey and twenty were selected to participate in prevention, in-depth interviews. Results show evidence of widespread misinformation and misconceptions related to HIV/AIDS. Machismo and marianismo offer major barriers to prevention programme development. Future HIV prevention should stress partner communication, empowerment and improving the education of women vulnerable to HIV.

  12. HIV Stigma and Substance Use Among HIV-Positive Russians with Risky Drinking.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Edelman, E Jennifer; Lunze, Karsten; Cheng, Debbie M; Lioznov, Dmitry A; Quinn, Emily; Gnatienko, Natalia; Bridden, Carly; Chaisson, Christine E; Walley, Alexander Y; Krupitsky, Evgeny M; Raj, Anita; Samet, Jeffrey H

    2017-09-01

    The link between HIV stigma with substance use is understudied. We characterized individuals with high HIV stigma and examined whether HIV stigma contributes to substance use among HIV-positive Russians reporting risky alcohol use. We analyzed data from HERMITAGE, a randomized controlled trial of 700 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) with past 6-month risky sex and risky alcohol use in St. Petersburg, Russia (2007-2011). Participants who were female and reported depressive symptoms and lower social support were more likely to endorse high HIV stigma (all p's stigma was not significantly associated with the primary outcome unhealthy substance use and was not consistently associated with secondary substance use outcomes. Interventions to enhance social and mental health support for PLWHA, particularly women, may reduce stigma, though such reductions may not correspond to substantial decreases in substance use among this population.

  13. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for women and infants prevents vaginal and oral HIV transmission in a preclinical model of HIV infection.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kovarova, Martina; Shanmugasundaram, Uma; Baker, Caroline E; Spagnuolo, Rae Ann; De, Chandrav; Nixon, Christopher C; Wahl, Angela; Garcia, J Victor

    2016-11-01

    Approximately 1.5 million HIV-positive women become pregnant annually. Without treatment, up to 45% will transmit HIV to their infants, primarily through breastfeeding. These numbers highlight that HIV acquisition is a major health concern for women and children globally. They also emphasize the urgent need for novel approaches to prevent HIV acquisition that are safe, effective and convenient to use by women and children in places where they are most needed. 4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine, a potent NRTI with low cytotoxicity, was administered orally to NOD/SCID/γc -/- mice and to bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mice, a preclinical model of HIV infection. HIV inhibitory activity in serum, cervicovaginal secretions and saliva was evaluated 4 h after administration. 4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine's ability to prevent vaginal and oral HIV transmission was evaluated using highly relevant transmitted/founder viruses in BLT mice. Strong HIV inhibitory activity in serum, cervicovaginal secretions and saliva obtained from animals after a single oral dose of 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (10 mg/kg) demonstrated efficient drug penetration into relevant mucosal sites. A single daily oral dose of 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine resulted in efficient prevention of vaginal and oral HIV transmission after multiple high-dose exposures to transmitted/founder viruses in BLT humanized mice. Our data demonstrated that 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine efficiently prevents both vaginal and oral HIV transmission. Together with 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine's relatively low toxicity and high potency against drug-resistant HIV strains, these data support further clinical development of 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine as a potential pre-exposure prophylaxis agent to prevent HIV transmission in women and their infants. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial

  14. Validation of a self-reported HIV symptoms list: the ISS-HIV symptoms scale.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bucciardini, Raffaella; Pugliese, Katherina; Francisci, Daniela; Costantini, Andrea; Schiaroli, Elisabetta; Cognigni, Miriam; Tontini, Chiara; Lucattini, Stefano; Fucili, Luca; Di Gregorio, Massimiliano; Mirra, Marco; Fragola, Vincenzo; Pompili, Sara; Murri, Rita; Vella, Stefano

    2016-01-01

    To describe the development and the psychometric properties of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità-HIV symptoms scale (lSS-HIV symptoms scale). The ISS-HIV symptom scale was developed by an Italian working team including researchers, physicians and people living with HIV. The development process went through the following steps: (1) review of HIV/AIDS literature; (2) focus group; (3) pre-test analysis; (4) scale validation. The 22 symptoms of HIV-ISS symptoms scale were clustered in five factors: pain/general discomfort (7 items); depression/anxiety (4 items); emotional reaction/psychological distress (5 items); gastrointestinal discomfort (4 items); sexual discomfort (2 items). The internal consistence reliability was for all factors within the minimum accepted standard of 0.70. The results of this study provide a preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the ISS-HIV symptoms scale. In the new era where HIV infection has been transformed into a chronic diseases and patients are experiencing a complex range of symptoms, the ISS-HIV symptoms scale may represent an useful tool for a comprehensive symptom assessment with the advantage of being easy to fill out by patients and potentially attractive to physicians mainly because it is easy to understand and requires short time to interpret the results.

  15. people who inject drugs, HIV risk, and HIV testing uptake in sub-Saharan Africa.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Asher, Alice K; Hahn, Judith A; Couture, Marie-Claude; Maher, Kelsey; Page, Kimberly

    2013-01-01

    Dramatic rises in injection drug use (IDU) in sub-Saharan Africa account for increasingly more infections in a region already overwhelmed by the HIV epidemic. There is no known estimate of the number of people who inject drugs (PWID) in the region, or the associated HIV prevalence in PWID. We reviewed literature with the goal of describing high-risk practices and exposures in PWID in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as current HIV prevention activities aimed at drug use. The literature search looked for articles related to HIV risk, injection drug users, stigma, and HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa. This review found evidence demonstrating high rates of HIV in IDU populations in sub-Saharan Africa, high-risk behaviors of the populations, lack of knowledge regarding HIV, and low HIV testing uptake. There is an urgent need for action to address IDU in order to maintain recent decreases in the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Copyright © 2013 Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  16. RELAÇÃO ENTRE A PERCEPÇÃO DO CLIMA ORGANIZACIONAL E O COMPORTAMENTO ORGANIZACIONAL POSITIVO: ESTUDO NO SETOR DE OBRAS DA PREFEITURA DE TAMBOARA-PR

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Joao Paulo dos Santos Sanches

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available A Administração Pública tem passado por uma série de reformas, uma delas é a transição do modelo burocrático para o gerencial, essa nova maneira de gestão tem como preceitos a qualidade nos serviços, busca por eficiência e a redução de custos. Nesse contexto, a Gestão de Pessoas possui a responsabilidade de movimentar, desenvolver e valorizar os profissionais para a consecução dos objetivos organizacionais. Um dos aspectos que deve ser observado pelos gestores é a percepção que os funcionários têm sobre a organização, pois a partir dessa assimilação é que os mesmos avaliam e sentem-se satisfeitos ou não, podendo consequentemente gerar resultados indesejáveis para a organização, já que esta avaliação realizada pelos funcionários exerce influência em seu comportamento organizacional. Essa percepção, quando extraída do coletivo, também é conhecida como clima organizacional. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar como a percepção sobre o clima organizacional dos servidores do setor de obras, da prefeitura de Tamboara-PR, influencia em seu comportamento organizacional positivo. O trabalho é classificado como de tipo descritivo, caracterizando-se como de natureza mista, a coleta de dados utilizou a população de 24 funcionários. Com os resultados demostrou-se que a percepção dos servidores tem relação com o seu comportamento organizacional positivo, visto que a existência ou a inexistência de alguns aspectos lhes exerce influência no relacionamento interpessoal e na consecução das atividades diárias.

  17. Toward Automating HIV Identification: Machine Learning for Rapid Identification of HIV-Related Social Media Data.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Young, Sean D; Yu, Wenchao; Wang, Wei

    2017-02-01

    "Social big data" from technologies such as social media, wearable devices, and online searches continue to grow and can be used as tools for HIV research. Although researchers can uncover patterns and insights associated with HIV trends and transmission, the review process is time consuming and resource intensive. Machine learning methods derived from computer science might be used to assist HIV domain experts by learning how to rapidly and accurately identify patterns associated with HIV from a large set of social data. Using an existing social media data set that was associated with HIV and coded by an HIV domain expert, we tested whether 4 commonly used machine learning methods could learn the patterns associated with HIV risk behavior. We used the 10-fold cross-validation method to examine the speed and accuracy of these models in applying that knowledge to detect HIV content in social media data. Logistic regression and random forest resulted in the highest accuracy in detecting HIV-related social data (85.3%), whereas the Ridge Regression Classifier resulted in the lowest accuracy. Logistic regression yielded the fastest processing time (16.98 seconds). Machine learning can enable social big data to become a new and important tool in HIV research, helping to create a new field of "digital HIV epidemiology." If a domain expert can identify patterns in social data associated with HIV risk or HIV transmission, machine learning models could quickly and accurately learn those associations and identify potential HIV patterns in large social data sets.

  18. The relationship of reported HIV risk and history of HIV testing among emergency department patients.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Merchant, Roland C; Freelove, Sarah M; Langan, Thomas J; Clark, Melissa A; Mayer, Kenneth H; Seage, George R; DeGruttola, Victor G

    2010-01-01

    Among a random sample of emergency department (ED) patients, we sought to determine the extent to which reported risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is related to ever having been tested for HIV. A random sample of patients (aged 18-64 years) from an adult, urban, northeastern United States, academic ED were surveyed about their history of ever having been tested for HIV and their reported HIV risk behaviors. A reported HIV risk score was calculated from the survey responses and divided into 4 levels, based on quartiles of the risk scores. Pearson's X(2) testing was used to compare HIV testing history and level of reported HIV risk. Logistic regression models were created to investigate the association between level of reported HIV risk and the outcome of ever having been tested for HIV. Of the 557 participants, 62.1% were female. A larger proportion of females than males (71.4% vs 60.6%; P history of injection-drug use, were associated with prior HIV testing for both genders. In the logistic regression analyses, there was no relationship between increasing level of reported HIV risk and a history of ever having been tested for HIV for males. For females, a history of ever having been tested was related to increasing level of reported risk, but not in a linear fashion. The relationship between reported HIV risk and history of testing among these ED patients was complex and differed by gender. Among these patients, having greater risk did not necessarily mean a higher likelihood of ever having been tested for HIV.

  19. Psicose e esquizofrenia: efeitos das mudanças nas classificações psiquiátricas sobre a abordagem clínica e teórica das doenças mentais

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernando Tenório

    Full Text Available Resumo Abordam-se as mudanças nos sistemas de classificação diagnóstica das doenças mentais, em especial o enfraquecimento conceitual da categoria “psicose” e a dominância da esquizofrenia como psicose única. As classificações atuais priorizam uma abordagem fisicalista da patologia mental. Ocorrem, então, a medicalização das condições antes associadas à neurose e à subjetividade; a localização de quadros antes reconhecidos como psicóticos na rubrica dos transtornos de personalidade; e a redução da psicose à esquizofrenia, abordada como deficit das funções psíquicas. Aponta-se a validade clínica e operatória da noção de “psicose” como categoria nosográfica que permite abordagem mais complexa da “esquizofrenia”, última noção, na psiquiatria, com o peso simbólico da loucura.

  20. HIV-related disabilities: an extra burden to HIV and AIDS healthcare ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Background: Healthcare workers have been at the forefront of dealing with the impact of HIV and AIDS at all stages of the pandemic. This brings new challenges to include disability into HIV care. However, the implications for healthcare workers in an already fragile health system along with HIV-related disabilities in ...

  1. Head Start Service Guide for Children and Families with HIV or AIDS = Guia de Servicios para Ninos con V.I.H. Positivo y con Sindrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (S.I.D.A.) y sus Familias.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Puerto Rico Commonwealth Office of Children's Services and Community Development, Old San Juan.

    This document provides guidelines and procedures, in Spanish and English, for Head Start teachers in taking care of children with AIDS, or children who are HIV positive, and their families. The goal of the guide is to maximize participation of infected children in the Head Start program. The guide presents activities in three main stages:…

  2. Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms Predictive of Candida Esophagitis and Erosive Esophagitis in HIV and Non-HIV Patients

    Science.gov (United States)

    Takahashi, Yuta; Nagata, Naoyoshi; Shimbo, Takuro; Nishijima, Takeshi; Watanabe, Koji; Aoki, Tomonori; Sekine, Katsunori; Okubo, Hidetaka; Watanabe, Kazuhiro; Sakurai, Toshiyuki; Yokoi, Chizu; Mimori, Akio; Oka, Shinichi; Uemura, Naomi; Akiyama, Junichi

    2015-01-01

    Abstract Upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common in both HIV and non-HIV-infected patients, but the difference of GI symptom severity between 2 groups remains unknown. Candida esophagitis and erosive esophagitis, 2 major types of esophagitis, are seen in both HIV and non-HIV-infected patients, but differences in GI symptoms that are predictive of esophagitis between 2 groups remain unknown. We aimed to determine whether GI symptoms differ between HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients, and identify specific symptoms of candida esophagitis and erosive esophagitis between 2 groups. We prospectively enrolled 6011 patients (HIV, 430; non-HIV, 5581) who underwent endoscopy and completed questionnaires. Nine upper GI symptoms (epigastric pain, heartburn, acid regurgitation, hunger cramps, nausea, early satiety, belching, dysphagia, and odynophagia) were evaluated using a 7-point Likert scale. Associations between esophagitis and symptoms were analyzed by the multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, and proton pump inhibitors. Endoscopy revealed GI-organic diseases in 33.4% (2010/6.011) of patients. The prevalence of candida esophagitis and erosive esophagitis was 11.2% and 12.1% in HIV-infected patients, respectively, whereas it was 2.9% and 10.7 % in non-HIV-infected patients, respectively. After excluding GI-organic diseases, HIV-infected patients had significantly (P symptom scores for heartburn, hunger cramps, nausea, early satiety, belching, dysphagia, and odynophagia than non-HIV-infected patients. In HIV-infected patients, any symptom was not significantly associated with CD4 cell count. In multivariate analysis, none of the 9 GI symptoms were associated with candida esophagitis in HIV-infected patients, whereas dysphagia and odynophagia were independently (P HIV-infected patients. However, heartburn and acid regurgitation were independently (P symptom scores were reliable in both HIV (α, 0.86) and non-HIV-infected patients

  3. Drugs + HIV, Learn the Link

    Medline Plus

    Full Text Available ... contracting or transmitting HIV/AIDS or other infectious diseases. Research Reports: HIV/AIDS : Explores the link between drug misuse and HIV/AIDS, populations most at risk, trends in HIV/AIDS, and ...

  4. The Amagugu Intervention: A conceptual framework for increasing HIV disclosure and parent-led communication about health and HIV prevention among HIV-infected parents with HIV-uninfected primary school-aged children

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tamsen Jean Rochat

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available Advances in access to HIV prevention and treatment have reduced vertical transmission of HIV, with most children born to HIV-infected parents being HIV-uninfected themselves. A major challenge that HIV-infected parents face is disclosure of their HIV status to their predominantly HIV-uninfected children. Their children enter middle childhood and early adolescence facing many challenges associated with parental illness and hospitalisation, often exacerbated by stigma and a lack of access to health education and support. Increasingly, evidence suggests that primary school-aged children have the developmental capacity to grasp concepts of health and illness, including HIV, and that in the absence of parent-led communication and education about these issues, HIV-exposed children may be at increased risk of psychological and social problems. The Amagugu intervention is a six-session home-based intervention, delivered by lay counsellors, which aims to increase parenting capacity to disclose their HIV status and offer health education to their primary school-aged children. The intervention includes information and activities on disclosure, health care engagement and custody planning. An uncontrolled pre-post evaluation study with 281 families showed the intervention was feasible, acceptable and effective in increasing maternal disclosure. The aim of this manuscript is to describe the conceptual model of the Amagugu intervention, as developed post-evaluation, showing the proposed pathways of risk that Amagugu aims to disrupt through its intervention targets, mechanisms and activities; and to present a summary of results from the large scale evaluation study of Amagugu to demonstrate the acceptability and feasibility of the intervention model. This relatively low-intensity home-based intervention led to: increased HIV disclosure to children, improvements in mental health for mother and child, and improved health care engagement and custody planning for

  5. Desarrollo de vacunas contra el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1: Relevancia de la inmunidad celular contra subtipos

    OpenAIRE

    Ana María Rodríguez; Gabriela Turk; María Fernanda Pascutti; Juliana Falivene; María Magdalena Gherardi

    2010-01-01

    Han pasado casi 30 años de la detección de los primeros casos de infección con HIV-1 y aún no se ha conseguido desarrollar una vacuna efectiva y segura. A pesar del impacto positivo sobre la pandemia que se ha conseguido gracias a los avances en la terapia antirretroviral (TARV), el HIV/sida sigue constituyendo un grave problema para la salud pública, especialmente en los países en desarrollo, donde es difícil el acceso al tratamiento. En el mundo, 33 millones de personas viven con el virus d...

  6. Bacteremia por Rhodococcus equi em paciente com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida: relato de caso Bacteremia due to Rhodococcus equi in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: case report

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carina Secchi

    2006-12-01

    Full Text Available Rhodococcus equi é um importante agente de infecções zoonóticas, podendo causar sérias infecções em humanos, principalmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Neste estudo, nós relatamos o caso de uma bacteremia fatal devido a Rhodococcus equi em paciente com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV positivo.Rhodococcus equi is an important agent for zoonotic infections, and may cause serious infections in humans, especially immunocompromised patients. In this study, a case of fatal bacteremia due to Rhodococcus equi in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV positive is reported.

  7. Detection of HIV-RNA-positive monocytes in peripheral blood of HIV-positive patients by simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of intracellular HIV RNA and cellular immunophenotype.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Patterson, B K; Mosiman, V L; Cantarero, L; Furtado, M; Bhattacharya, M; Goolsby, C

    1998-04-01

    Determinations of plasma HIV viral RNA copy numbers help to define the kinetics of HIV-1 infection in vivo and to monitor antiretroviral therapy. However, questions remain regarding the identity of various infected cell types contributing to this free virus pool and to the in vivo lifecycle of HIV during disease progression. Characterization of a novel fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay employing a pool of labeled oligonucleotide probes directed against HIV RNA was done followed by coupling of the FISH assay with simultaneous surface immunophenotyping to address these questions. In vitro characterizations of this assay using tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulated and unstimulated ACH-2 cells demonstrated the ability to detect < 5% HIV RNA positive cells with a sensitivity of < 30 RNA copies per cell. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 39 HIV-seropositive patients on no, single, combination, or triple drug therapy and 8 HIV-seronegative patients were examined. The majority of HIV-positive patients (24/39) harbored monocytes positive for HIV RNA and a significantly higher fraction of patients with high plasma viral load carried positive monocytes (13/16) than did patients in the low plasma viral load group (11/23). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of a novel FISH assay for identifying and monitoring HIV-infected cell populations in the peripheral blood of HIV-positive patients. In addition, monocytes are a major source of cellular HIV virus in the peripheral blood of HIV patients, even with progression of disease.

  8. HIV-related symptoms and patient clusters among Chileans living with HIV.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Araya, A X; Norr, K F; Pérez, C M; Levy, J A; Park, C G; Kim, M J

    2013-01-01

    Identifying both Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related and co-morbid symptoms experienced by people living with HIV (PLWH) who are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment is a major challenge for healthcare providers globally. Yet, little research to date has examined the symptoms of illness experienced by PLWH including patients living in Central and South American. To address this gap, this study was designed to identify symptoms of HIV by socio-demographic and/or clinical characteristics among Chilean patients living with the virus. A convenience sample of 209 Chilean PLWH was recruited from an outpatient clinic in Santiago, Chile. A structured interview was used to elicit socio-demographic information and HIV symptoms status. Additional clinical information was obtained through a review of the participants' medical records. Results show that patients' most commonly reported HIV-related symptoms were fear/worries (66%), anxiety (52%), gas/bloating (50%), and thirst (50%). Multivariate analysis revealed a positive association between the number of reported HIV-related symptoms and number of years living with HIV. Having completed college was negatively associated with number of symptoms. Latent class analysis indicated that PLWH in the sample who had completed college were two times more likely to experience a mild intensity of HIV-related symptoms than their lesser educated counterparts. Similarly, logistic regression revealed that college-educated PLWH were twice as likely to be classified in the subgroup reporting mild intensity of symptoms than those who lacked a college degree. Overall, the study's results reveal that many Chilean PLWH, even those with high CD4 counts and low or undetectable viral loads, are not symptom free. The findings point to the need for clinicians to tailor a plan of care for individuals living with HIV that is based on their symptomatology.

  9. Associations between HIV and schizophrenia and their effect on HIV treatment outcomes

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Helleberg, Marie; Pedersen, Marianne G; Pedersen, Carsten B

    2015-01-01

    BACKGROUND: Associations between HIV and schizophrenia in people with and without substance use disorders and the effect on timeliness of HIV diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and treatment outcomes are poorly understood. We aimed to assess the association between HIV and schizophrenia and...

  10. Liver stiffness is not associated with short- and long-term plasma HIV RNA replication in immunocompetent patients with HIV infection and with HIV/HCV coinfection

    Science.gov (United States)

    Parisi, Saverio Giuseppe; Basso, Monica; Mengoli, Carlo; Scaggiante, Renzo; Andreis, Samantha; Franzetti, Marzia Maria; Cattelan, Anna Maria; Zago, Daniela; Cruciani, Mario; Andreoni, Massimo; Piovesan, Sara; Palù, Giorgio; Alberti, Alfredo

    2017-01-01

    Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be directly responsible for liver damage but there are contrasting data regarding the influence of detectable plasma viremia. We analyzed the influence of plasma HIV RNA (pHIV) detectability and of other clinical and viro-immunological variables on liver stiffness (LS) measurement in adult immunocompetent HIV-monoinfected patients and in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Methods Logistic regression analysis was performed using the value of LS>7.1 kPa as the dependent variable. A linear regression model was applied using LS measurement after log10 transformation (lkpa) as the dependent variable and we analyzed the predicted values versus the observed lkpa values; pHIV was classified as detectable or undetectable in the 12- and 36-month study periods before LS measurement. Results We studied 251 patients (178 with HIV monoinfection), most of whom were on antiviral treatment; 36-month study time was available for 154 subjects. The mean CD4+ cell count was 634 cells/mm3 in HIV-monoinfected patients and 606 cells/mm3 in coinfected patients. No difference in LS was found between patients with detectable or undetectable pHIV in either the 12- or the 36-month study period before transient elastography. The mean LS was higher in HIV/HCV coinfected patients (P<0.0001) than in the HIV-monoinfected subjects; lkpa was positively correlated with HCV coinfection (P<0.0001) and aspartate aminotransferase levels (P<0.0001). Detectable pHIV failed to reach significance. Eight HIV-monoinfected patients had a predicted LS measurement lower than the observed one, while eight patients had the opposite result. Conclusion LS was not correlated with ongoing HIV replication during the 12- and 36-month study periods in immunocompetent HIV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. PMID:28845109

  11. RCT of an integrated CBT-HIV intervention on depressive symptoms and HIV risk.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tobin, Karin; Davey-Rothwell, Melissa A; Nonyane, Bareng A S; Knowlton, Amy; Wissow, Lawrence; Latkin, Carl A

    2017-01-01

    Depression and depressive symptoms mediate the association between drug use and HIV risk. Yet, there are few interventions that target depressive symptoms and HIV risk for people who use drugs (PWUD). This study was a randomized controlled trial of an integrated cognitive behavioral therapy and HIV prevention intervention to reduce depressive symptoms, injection risk behaviors and increase condom use in a sample of urban people who used heroin or cocaine in the prior 6 months. A total of 315 individuals aged 18-55, who self-reported at least one HIV drug and sex risk behavior and scored ≥16 and symptoms, but weak impact on HIV risk. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov under the title "Neighborhoods, Networks, Depression, and HIV Risk" number NCT01380613.

  12. Interaction between HIV awareness, knowledge, safe sex practice and HIV prevalence: evidence from Botswana.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ray, Ranjan; Sinha, Kompal

    2012-05-01

    This paper makes methodological and empirical contributions to the study of HIV in the context of Botswana, a country with high HIV prevalence. Comparable evidence is presented from India to put the Botswana results in perspective. The results point to the strong role played by affluence and education in increasing HIV knowledge, promoting safe sex and reducing HIV prevalence. The study presents African evidence on the role played by the empowerment of women in promoting safe sex practices such as condom use. The lack of significant association between HIV prevalence and safe sex practice points to the danger of HIV-infected individuals spreading the disease through multiple sex partners and unprotected sex. This danger is underlined by the finding that females with multiple sex partners are at higher risk of being infected with HIV. These results take on special policy significance in the context of Botswana, where the issue of multiple sex partners has not been adequately addressed in the programme to contain the spread of HIV.

  13. Analysis of HIV Diversity in HIV-Infected Black Men Who Have Sex with Men (HPTN 061.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Iris Chen

    Full Text Available HIV populations often diversify in response to selective pressures, such as the immune response and antiretroviral drug use. We analyzed HIV diversity in Black men who have sex with men who were enrolled in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 061 study.A high resolution melting (HRM diversity assay was used to measure diversity in six regions of the HIV genome: two in gag, one in pol, and three in env. HIV diversity was analyzed for 146 men who were HIV infected at study enrollment, including three with acute infection and 13 with recent infection (identified using a multi-assay algorithm, and for 21 men who seroconverted during the study. HIV diversification was analyzed in a paired analysis for 62 HIV-infected men using plasma samples from the enrollment and 12-month (end of study visits.Men with acute or recent infection at enrollment and seroconverters had lower median HRM scores (lower HIV diversity than men with non-recent infection in all six regions analyzed. In univariate analyses, younger age, higher CD4 cell count, and HIV drug resistance were associated with lower median HRM scores in multiple regions; ARV drug detection was marginally associated with lower diversity in the pol region. In multivariate analysis, acute or recent infection (all six regions and HIV drug resistance (both gag regions were associated with lower median HRM scores. Diversification in the pol region over 12 months was greater for men with acute or recent infection, higher CD4 cell count, and lower HIV viral load at study enrollment.HIV diversity was significantly associated with duration of HIV infection, and lower gag diversity was observed in men who had HIV drug resistance. HIV pol diversification was more pronounced in men with acute or recent infection, higher CD4 cell count, and lower HIV viral load.

  14. [Enhanced prenatal HIV couple oriented counselling session and couple communication about HIV (ANRS 12127 Prenahtest Trial)].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Plazy, M; Orne-Gliemann, J; Balestre, E; Miric, M; Darak, S; Butsashvili, M; Tchendjou, P; Dabis, F; Desgrées du Loû, A

    2013-08-01

    The Prenahtest study investigated the efficacy of a couple-oriented HIV counselling session (COC) in encouraging couple HIV counselling and testing, and improving intra-couple communication about sexual and reproductive health. We report here on the effect of COC on intra-couple communication about HIV. Within this 4-country trial (India, Georgia, Dominican Republic and Cameroon), 484 to 491 pregnant women per site were recruited and individually randomized to receive either the COC intervention, enhanced counselling with role playing, or standard post-test HIV counselling. Women were interviewed at recruitment, before HIV testing (T0), and 2 to 8 weeks after post-test HIV counselling (T1). Four dichotomous variables documented intra-couple communication about HIV at T1: 1) discussion about HIV, 2) discussion about condom use, 3) suggesting HIV testing and 4) suggesting couple HIV counselling to the partner. An intra-couple HIV communication index was created: low degree of communication ("yes" response to zero or one of the four variables), intermediate degree of communication ("yes" to two or three variables) or high degree of communication ("yes" to the four variables). To estimate the impact of COC on the intra-couple HIV communication index, multivariable logistic regressions were conducted. One thousand six hundred and seven women were included in the analysis of whom 54 (3.4%) were HIV-infected (49 in Cameroon). In the four countries, the counselling group was associated with intra-couple HIV communication (P≤0.03): women allocated to the COC group were significantly more likely to report high or intermediate degrees of intra-couple communication about HIV (versus low degree of communication) than women allocated to standard counselling. COC improved short-term communication about HIV within couples in different sociocultural contexts, a positive finding for a couple approach to HIV prevention. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  15. Aceptabilidad del diagnóstico rápido casero para HIV entre hombres gay y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (G&HSH) de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Balán, Iván C; Carballo-Diéguez, Alex; Marone, Rubén O; Pando, María A; Barreda, Victoria; Avila, María M

    2011-03-01

    El uso del diagnóstico rápido para HIV en Argentina, así como otros países de Latinoamérica, ha sido limitado hasta el momento. Este trabajo reporta los resultados provenientes de un estudio cualitativo realizado entre hombres gays y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (G&HSH) de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El objetivo principal del mismo fue conocer las ventajas y desventajas que los hombres G&HSH perciben en relación al diagnóstico rápido casero para HIV. Se realizaron ocho grupos focales con 73 participantes en los cuales se discutió acerca de las ventajas y desventajas del uso de los diagnósticos rápidos. Las respuestas fueron codificadas utilizando un programa para análisis de datos cualitativos (NVivo) y analizadas temáticamente. Los participantes describieron numerosas ventajas sobre el uso del diagnóstico rápido casero, aunque algunos reportaron importantes preocupaciones dentro de las cuales se destaca la posibilidad de impulsos suicidas si alguien recibe un resultado positivo estando solo. En términos generales se observó una gran aceptabilidad para el uso del diagnóstico rápido si el mismo es realizado por personal de salud en lugares acondicionados para este fin.

  16. Aceptabilidad del diagnóstico rápido casero para HIV entre hombres gay y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (G&HSH) de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires

    Science.gov (United States)

    Balán, Iván C.; Carballo-Diéguez, Alex; Marone, Rubén O.; Pando, María A.; Barreda, Victoria; Ávila, María M.

    2011-01-01

    Resumen El uso del diagnóstico rápido para HIV en Argentina, así como otros países de Latinoamérica, ha sido limitado hasta el momento. Este trabajo reporta los resultados provenientes de un estudio cualitativo realizado entre hombres gays y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (G&HSH) de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El objetivo principal del mismo fue conocer las ventajas y desventajas que los hombres G&HSH perciben en relación al diagnóstico rápido casero para HIV. Se realizaron ocho grupos focales con 73 participantes en los cuales se discutió acerca de las ventajas y desventajas del uso de los diagnósticos rápidos. Las respuestas fueron codificadas utilizando un programa para análisis de datos cualitativos (NVivo) y analizadas temáticamente. Los participantes describieron numerosas ventajas sobre el uso del diagnóstico rápido casero, aunque algunos reportaron importantes preocupaciones dentro de las cuales se destaca la posibilidad de impulsos suicidas si alguien recibe un resultado positivo estando solo. En términos generales se observó una gran aceptabilidad para el uso del diagnóstico rápido si el mismo es realizado por personal de salud en lugares acondicionados para este fin. PMID:25284951

  17. HIV and Pulmonary Hypertension

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... What do I need to know about pulmonary hypertension in connection with HIV? Although pulmonary hypertension and ... Should an HIV patient be tested for pulmonary hypertension? HIV patients know that medical supervision is critical ...

  18. HIV Co-receptor usage in HIV-related non-hodgkin's lymphoma

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Reid Erin

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available Abstract In this study 15 banked samples of HIV-related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL cases were tested for HIV co-receptor usage and SDF1 3'A polymorphism. Reportable tropism from 9 plasma samples had 1 (11.1% HIV case with CXCR4 and 8 (88.9% with CCR5 usage, even though most of the cases occurred at a late stage of HIV (2/3 had CD4 counts below 200, where expected CXCR4 usage would be 60%. Based on the expected proportion of less than 50% CCR5 in chronically infected individuals, this would suggest that in NHL may be associated with CCR5 usage (P = 0.04.

  19. Drugs + HIV, Learn the Link

    Medline Plus

    Full Text Available ... help us Send the Message . Get the Facts What are HIV and AIDS? HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) ... hiv-aids-101/statistics/ . Reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National ...

  20. HIV / AIDS: An Unequal Burden

    Science.gov (United States)

    Skip Navigation Bar Home Current Issue Past Issues HIV / AIDS HIV / AIDS: An Unequal Burden Past Issues / Summer 2009 ... high-risk category, emphasizes Dr. Cargill. Photo: iStock HIV and Pregnancy Are there ways to help HIV- ...

  1. Internalized stigma and HIV status disclosure among HIV-positive black men who have sex with men.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Overstreet, Nicole M; Earnshaw, Valerie A; Kalichman, Seth C; Quinn, Diane M

    2013-01-01

    Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are severely affected by the HIV epidemic, yet research on the relationship between HIV stigma and status disclosure is relatively limited among this population. Within this epidemic, internalized HIV stigma, the extent to which people living with HIV/AIDS endorse the negative beliefs associated with HIV as true of themselves, can negatively shape interpersonal outcomes and have important implications for psychological and physical health. In a sample of HIV-positive BMSM (N=156), the current study examined the effect of internalized stigma on HIV status disclosure to sexual partners, which can inform sexual decision-making in serodiscordant couples, and HIV status disclosure to family members, which can be beneficial in minimizing the psychological distress associated with HIV. Results revealed that greater internalized stigma was associated with less HIV status disclosure to participants' last sexual partner and to family members. Findings from this study provide evidence that internalized negative beliefs about one's HIV status are linked to adverse interpersonal consequences. Implications of these findings are discussed with regard to prevention and intervention efforts to reduce HIV stigmatization.

  2. Drugs + HIV, Learn the Link

    Medline Plus

    Full Text Available ... Drugs and HIV Learn the Link - Drugs and HIV Email Facebook Twitter 2005 –Ongoing Behaviors associated with ... Send the Message . Get the Facts What are HIV and AIDS? HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the ...

  3. HIV-related symptoms and management in HIV and antiretroviral ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Karl Peltzer

    2014-01-03

    Jan 3, 2014 ... To cite this article: Karl Peltzer (2013) HIV-related symptoms and management in HIV and antiretroviral therapy patients ...... Fear/worry. 14.2. 22. 2.5. 20 ..... Internalized Stigma, Discrimination, and Depression among Men and.

  4. Cardiovascular Diseases in HIV-infected Subjects (HIV-HEART Study)

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-05-07

    Detection of Frequency, Severity and Progression of Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients With HIV-infection.; Effect on Cardiovascular Risk and Life Quality by Age, Gender, Classic Cardiovascular Risk Factors,; HIV-specific Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Medication, Antiretroviral Medication

  5. HIV avidity index performance using a modified fourth-generation immunoassay to detect recent HIV infections.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Suligoi, Barbara; Regine, Vincenza; Raimondo, Mariangela; Rodella, Anna; Terlenghi, Luigina; Caruso, Arnaldo; Bagnarelli, Patrizia; Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria; Zanchetta, Nadia; Ghisetti, Valeria; Galli, Claudio

    2017-10-26

    Detecting recent HIV infections is important to evaluate incidence and monitor epidemic trends. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance and accuracy of the avidity index (AI) for discriminating for recent HIV infections. We collected serum samples from HIV-1 positive individuals: A) with known date of infection (midpoint in time between last HIV-negative and first HIV-positive test); B) infected for >1 year. Samples were divided into two aliquots: one diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the other with 1 M guanidine. Both aliquots were assayed by the Architect HIV Ag/Ab Combo 4th generation assay (Abbott). We compared AI found in recent (RI=HIV subtype had no impact on AI misclassifications. All individuals in group A reached the AI threshold of 0.80 within 24 months after seroconversion. The AI is an accurate serological marker for discriminating recent from established HIV infections and meets WHO requirements for HIV incidence assays.

  6. HIV/HCV Coinfection in Taiwan.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hsu, Ching-Sheng; Kao, Jia-Horng

    2016-01-01

    Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are important global public health problems with shared transmission routes. Although HIV/HCV coinfection is not uncommon, the prevalence rates vary significantly across different studies and regions. In Taiwan, injection drug users have become the major contributors to the HIV/AIDS epidemic since 2005. Because the prevalence of HCV infection is high in injection drug users, this HIV epidemic is also associated with a significant increase of HIV/HCV coinfection in Taiwan. To control Taiwan's HIV epidemic, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) launched a harm-reduction program in 2006. The HIV epidemic, the percentage attributed to injection drug users, and the prevalence of HIV/HCV coinfection gradually declined thereafter. In this article, we aimed to thoroughly examine the current literatures of HIV/HCV coinfection in Taiwan and hope to provide a better understanding of the needs for the management of this coinfection. We conducted a narrative review and searched for literature from PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library database untill August 2015. Studies relevant to the epidemiology and associated risk factors of HIV/HCV coinfection in Taiwan were examined and discussed.

  7. [Prevalence and related factors of HIV/HBV coinfection among HIV/AIDS patients].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Feng, D; Yao, T; Cheng, Y P; Pan, M H; Li, C X; Wang, J; Feng, Y L; Shi, J; Huang, H L; Lu, H Y; Lan, G H; Wang, S P; Zhang, Y W

    2017-12-10

    Objective: To reveal the prevalence and the related factors of hepatitis B (HepB) virus infection among HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in two HIV clinics, affiliated to local Centers of Disease Control and Prevention in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional. A face-to-face interview, with questionnaire was conducted to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, drug use, and sexual behavior. Blood samples were used to test HBsAg. χ (2) test or Fisher's exact test and unconditional logistic regression models were used to identify the influencing factors. Results: The prevalence of HBV and HIV co-infection was 13.85% (113/816). Results from multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that age (25-45), family history of HBV and history of HepB vaccination were independent influencing factors for HBV and HIV coinfection, with OR (95% CI ) as 1.738 (1.031-2.931), 2.898 (1.678-5.005) and 1.744 (1.052-2.892), respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV among HIV/AIDS patients was significantly higher than that in general population. HIV/AIDS patients aged between 25 and 45 and with family history of HBV were more likely to be infected with HBV, while HepB vaccination was associated with the reduction of HIV/HBV coinfection. Specific comprehensive prevention and treatment programs on HIV/AIDS patients need to be set up.

  8. Prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive deficit among HIV ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Background: HIV associated neurocognitive deficit impairs motor activity, neuropsychiatric functioning, daily activity and work activity usually due to the immune suppression effect of the virus. Sub-Saharan region including Ethiopia is the region with the highest burden of HIV. However, a few studies are found on this aspect ...

  9. Weak anti-HIV CD8+ T-cell effector activity in HIV primary infection

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dalod, Marc; Dupuis, Marion; Deschemin, Jean-Christophe; Goujard, Cécile; Deveau, Christiane; Meyer, Laurence; Ngo, Nicole; Rouzioux, Christine; Guillet, Jean-Gérard; Delfraissy, Jean-François; Sinet, Martine; Venet, Alain

    1999-01-01

    HIV-specific CD8+ T cells play a major role in the control of virus during HIV primary infection (PI) but do not completely prevent viral replication. We used IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay and intracellular staining to characterize the ex vivo CD8+ T-cell responses to a large variety of HIV epitopic peptides in 24 subjects with early HIV PI. We observed HIV-specific responses in 71% of subjects. Gag and Nef peptides were more frequently recognized than Env and Pol peptides. The number of peptides recognized was low (median 2, range 0–6). In contrast, a much broader response was observed in 30 asymptomatic subjects with chronic infection: all were responders with a median of 5 peptides recognized (range 1–13). The frequency of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells among PBMC for a given peptide was of the same order of magnitude in both groups. The proportion of HIV-specific CD8+CD28– terminally differentiated T cells was much lower in PI than at the chronic stage of infection. The weakness of the immune response during HIV PI could partially account for the failure to control HIV. These findings have potential importance for defining immunotherapeutic strategies and establishing the goals for effective vaccination. J. Clin. Invest. 104:1431–1439 (1999). PMID:10562305

  10. Compromiso renal en pacientes HIV+ Renal abnormalities in HIV infected patients

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Marta Pernasetti

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available Varias complicaciones nefrológicas pueden ocurrir durante la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV especialmente en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad o relacionadas con otras infecciones o drogas. Poco conocida es la prevalencia de alteraciones renales subclínicas de pacientes HIV+ surgidas como complicación o relacionadas a la infección y/o tratamiento. Realizamos un corte transversal de pacientes asintomáticos HIV+ referidos en forma consecutiva al consultorio de nefrología para la detección de alteraciones nefrológicas. Se estudiaron 52 pacientes adultos mediante exámenes de sangre y orina, ultrasonido y biopsia renal. Edad media 39.9 ± 10.6 años, 88% varones, tiempo de diagnóstico de la infección: 53.2 ± 41.2 (2-127 meses. El 71% tenían síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (HIV-sida y el 77% recibían con antirretrovirales. La carga viral al momento del estudio fue 7043 ± 3322 copias y el recuento de CD4+ 484 ± 39 cel/mm³. El 30.7% presentó alteraciones del sedimento urinario: albuminuria: 16.6%, hematuria microscópica: 11.5%, hipercalciuria: 10.8% y cristaluria 6%. La media del filtrado glomerular fue 102.2 ± 22.9 ml/min (rango: 34-149. El 41% presentó anormalidades que corresponderían a enfermedad renal crónica (estadios 1 a 3. Los pacientes con alteraciones tenían mayor edad, con duración más prolongada de la infección. Las anomalías renales no se asociaron con mayor prevalencia de HIV-sida. Dos pacientes fueron biopsiados, con hallazgos de nefritis túbulo-intersticial crónica con cristales y glomerulonefritis por IgA. No hubo hallazgos de nefropatía por HIV. El amplio espectro y la alta prevalencia de anormalidades nefrológicas subclínicas encontradas sugieren que los pacientes asintomáticos HIV+ deberían realizar evaluaciones nefrológicas de rutina.Several renal complications may occur during HIV infection, especially in advanced stages related to HIV, to other infectious

  11. Facilitators and barriers to discussing HIV prevention with adolescents: perspectives of HIV-infected parents.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Edwards, Laura L; Reis, Janet S; Weber, Kathleen M

    2013-08-01

    We examined HIV-infected parents' conversations about HIV prevention with their uninfected children, including what facilitated or hindered communication. Parents with HIV/AIDS (n = 90) who had children aged 10 to 18 years were recruited for a mixed method study from 2009 to 2010. Interviews assessed facilitators and barriers to discussing HIV prevention. A questionnaire identified the frequency and content of conversations, parental confidence level, and perceived importance of discussing preventive topics. Eighty-one percent of parents reported "sometimes" or "often" communicating about HIV prevention. A subset of parents found these conversations difficult; 44% indicated their desire for support. Facilitators to communication included utilizing support, focusing on the benefits of talking, and having a previous relationship with one's child. Barriers to discussions included fear of negative consequences, living in denial, and lacking a parental role model who discussed safer sex. Parents varied as to how they believed their HIV status affected communication. Those who did not disclose their HIV status to their children reported less frequent communication; self-efficacy partially mediated this relationship. Findings highlighted the need for communication skills training that support HIV-infected parents in their efforts to discuss HIV-related information with adolescents.

  12. Insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada: combater equívocos para uma nova abordagem

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricardo Fontes-Carvalho

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available Durante as últimas décadas, a insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP foi alvo de menor atenção por parte das comunidades médica e científica, o que levou ao aparecimento de um conjunto de equívocos relativamente às suas características, diagnóstico e abordagem terapêutica. Nos últimos anos surgiram novos estudos que alteraram os conceitos classicamente associados à ICFEP, contribuindo para uma nova visão dessa doença. Com esta revisão pretendemos abordar as mais recentes evidências existentes na área da ICFEP e combater os principais equívocos a ela associados, de forma a melhorar a sua abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica. Temos hoje vários dados que demonstram que a ICFEP é uma entidade que necessita de uma abordagem clínica distinta da utilizada na insuficiência cardíaca sistólica (ICS. A ICFEP deixou de ser vista como uma doença "benigna", porque está associada a um mau prognóstico e a uma elevada prevalência. A sua fisiopatologia é complexa, não está totalmente esclarecida e, para além da disfunção diastólica, foram recentemente descobertos outros fatores, cardíacos e extracardíacos, que estão também implicados no seu aparecimento. Dispomos hoje de critérios objetivos para o seu diagnóstico, sobretudo recorrendo aos novos parâmetros ecocardiográficos de avaliação da função diastólica, nomeadamente ao cálculo da relação E/e' obtida por meio do Doppler tecidual. Finalmente, o tratamento da ICFEP continua a ser uma incógnita, porque não dispomos atualmente de nenhuma estratégia terapêutica capaz de alterar o prognóstico da ICFEP. Desse modo, abordaremos também os potenciais novos alvos terapêuticos que poderão revolucionar o tratamento futuro da ICFEP.

  13. HIV/AIDS and Alcohol

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... Psychiatric Disorders Other Substance Abuse HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the body’s immune ... and often leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The U.S. CDC reported that in 2015, 39, ...

  14. Nutrition and HIV-Positive Pregnancy

    OpenAIRE

    Montgomery, Kristen S.

    2003-01-01

    When an HIV-positive woman becomes pregnant, additional nutritional considerations are warranted. Compared to routine prenatal nutritional assessment and intervention, pregnant HIV-positive women have increased needs to promote a healthy outcome. This column contains information on HIV and pregnancy, nutrition and infection, and nutrition for HIV-positive pregnancy. This content can be integrated into childbirth education settings to improve care to women who are HIV-positive.

  15. Working Memory Profiles in HIV-Exposed, Uninfected and HIV-Infected Children: A Comparison with Neurotypical Controls

    Science.gov (United States)

    Milligan, Robyn; Cockcroft, Kate

    2017-01-01

    This study compared the working memory profiles of three groups of children, namely HIV-infected (HIV-I; n = 95), HIV-exposed, uninfected (HIV-EU; n = 86) and an HIV-unexposed, uninfected, (HIV-UU; n = 92) neurotypical control group. Working memory, an executive function, plays an important role in frontal lobe-controlled behaviors, such as motivation, planning, decision making, and social interaction, and is a strong predictor of academic success in school children. Memory impairments have been identified in HIV-I children, particularly in visuospatial processing. Verbal working memory has not been commonly investigated in this population, while it is unknown how the working memory profiles of HIV-EU children compare to their HIV-I and HIV-UU peers. Of interest was whether the working memory profiles of the HIV-EU children would be more similar to the HIV-I group or to the uninfected control group. The results revealed no significant differences in working memory performance between the HIV-I and HIV-EU groups. However, this does not mean that the etiology of the working memory deficits is the same in the two groups, as these groups showed important differences when compared to the control group. In comparison to the controls, the HIV-I group experienced difficulties with processing tasks irrespective of whether they drew on a verbal or visuospatial modality. This appears to stem from a generalized executive function deficit that also interferes with working memory. In the HIV-EU group, difficulties occurred with verbally based tasks, irrespective of whether they required storage or processing. For this group, the dual demands of complex processing and using a second language seem to result in demand exceeding capacity on verbal tasks. Both groups experienced the greatest difficulties with verbal processing tasks for these different reasons. Thus, disruption of different cognitive abilities could result in similar working memory profiles, as evidenced in this

  16. Working Memory Profiles in HIV-Exposed, Uninfected and HIV-Infected Children: A Comparison with Neurotypical Controls.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Milligan, Robyn; Cockcroft, Kate

    2017-01-01

    This study compared the working memory profiles of three groups of children, namely HIV-infected (HIV-I; n = 95), HIV-exposed, uninfected (HIV-EU; n = 86) and an HIV-unexposed, uninfected, (HIV-UU; n = 92) neurotypical control group. Working memory, an executive function, plays an important role in frontal lobe-controlled behaviors, such as motivation, planning, decision making, and social interaction, and is a strong predictor of academic success in school children. Memory impairments have been identified in HIV-I children, particularly in visuospatial processing. Verbal working memory has not been commonly investigated in this population, while it is unknown how the working memory profiles of HIV-EU children compare to their HIV-I and HIV-UU peers. Of interest was whether the working memory profiles of the HIV-EU children would be more similar to the HIV-I group or to the uninfected control group. The results revealed no significant differences in working memory performance between the HIV-I and HIV-EU groups. However, this does not mean that the etiology of the working memory deficits is the same in the two groups, as these groups showed important differences when compared to the control group. In comparison to the controls, the HIV-I group experienced difficulties with processing tasks irrespective of whether they drew on a verbal or visuospatial modality. This appears to stem from a generalized executive function deficit that also interferes with working memory. In the HIV-EU group, difficulties occurred with verbally based tasks, irrespective of whether they required storage or processing. For this group, the dual demands of complex processing and using a second language seem to result in demand exceeding capacity on verbal tasks. Both groups experienced the greatest difficulties with verbal processing tasks for these different reasons. Thus, disruption of different cognitive abilities could result in similar working memory profiles, as evidenced in this

  17. Working Memory Profiles in HIV-Exposed, Uninfected and HIV-Infected Children: A Comparison with Neurotypical Controls

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Robyn Milligan

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available This study compared the working memory profiles of three groups of children, namely HIV-infected (HIV-I; n = 95, HIV-exposed, uninfected (HIV-EU; n = 86 and an HIV-unexposed, uninfected, (HIV-UU; n = 92 neurotypical control group. Working memory, an executive function, plays an important role in frontal lobe-controlled behaviors, such as motivation, planning, decision making, and social interaction, and is a strong predictor of academic success in school children. Memory impairments have been identified in HIV-I children, particularly in visuospatial processing. Verbal working memory has not been commonly investigated in this population, while it is unknown how the working memory profiles of HIV-EU children compare to their HIV-I and HIV-UU peers. Of interest was whether the working memory profiles of the HIV-EU children would be more similar to the HIV-I group or to the uninfected control group. The results revealed no significant differences in working memory performance between the HIV-I and HIV-EU groups. However, this does not mean that the etiology of the working memory deficits is the same in the two groups, as these groups showed important differences when compared to the control group. In comparison to the controls, the HIV-I group experienced difficulties with processing tasks irrespective of whether they drew on a verbal or visuospatial modality. This appears to stem from a generalized executive function deficit that also interferes with working memory. In the HIV-EU group, difficulties occurred with verbally based tasks, irrespective of whether they required storage or processing. For this group, the dual demands of complex processing and using a second language seem to result in demand exceeding capacity on verbal tasks. Both groups experienced the greatest difficulties with verbal processing tasks for these different reasons. Thus, disruption of different cognitive abilities could result in similar working memory profiles, as

  18. CROI 2016: Hot Spots in HIV Infection and Advances in HIV Prevention.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Buchbinder, Susan P; Liu, Albert Y

    2016-01-01

    The 2016 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) highlighted hot spots in HIV infection. Men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender populations, people who inject drugs, fisherfolk, migrants, adolescents, and older adults are heavily impacted in a number of regions. Stigma contributes to risk behaviors and HIV acquisition across populations. HIV testing is a crucial first step in the HIV care continuum, and several large community-based surveys are underway in Africa to increase HIV testing, linkage to care, and uptake of antiretroviral treatment. Advances in preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) featured prominently at CROI 2016. Two large efficacy trials of a vaginal ring containing the investigational drug dapivirine demonstrated efficacy and safety in preventing HIV infections in women in Africa. Data on the safety of long-acting injectable PrEP and several investigational PrEP drugs and formulations were also presented. Knowledge and use of PrEP among MSM in the United States appears to be increasing, and high uptake was seen among black MSM when provided as part of a culturally tailored support program. The use of broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention is a novel and promising approach to be evaluated in efficacy trials.

  19. Placental pathology in HIV infection at term: a comparison with HIV-uninfected women.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kalk, Emma; Schubert, Pawel; Bettinger, Julie A; Cotton, Mark F; Esser, Monika; Slogrove, Amy; Wright, Colleen A

    2017-05-01

    To describe and correlate placental characteristics from pregnancies in HIV-infected and HIV-negative women with maternal and infant clinical and immunological data. Prospective descriptive study of placentas from term, uncomplicated vaginal births in a cohort of HIV-infected (n = 120) and HIV-negative (n = 103) women in Cape Town, South Africa. Microscopic and macroscopic features were used to determine pathological cluster diagnoses. The majority of HIV-infected women received some form of drug treatment for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV. Data were analysed using logistic regression. HIV-infected women were older (median [IQR] 27.4 years [24-31] vs. 25.8 [23-30]), more likely to be multiparous (81.7% vs. 71.8%) and had lower CD4 counts (median [IQR] 323.5 cells/ml [235-442] vs. 467 [370-656]). There were no differences in gestational age at first antenatal visit or at delivery. The proportion of specimens with placental lesions was similar in both groups (39.2% vs. 44.7%). Half of all samples were below the tenth percentile expected-weight-for-gestation regardless of HIV status. This was unaffected by adjustment for confounding variables. Maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) was more frequent in HIV infection (24.2% vs. 12.6%; P = 0.028), an association which strengthened after adjustment (aOR 2.90 [95% confidence interval 1.11-7.57]). Otherwise the frequency of individual diagnoses did not differ between the groups on multivariate analysis. In this cohort of term, uncomplicated pregnant women, few differences were observed between the HIV-infected and uninfected groups apart from MVM. This lesion may underlie the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which have been observed at higher rates in some HIV-infected women on ART. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  20. [Impact of HIV/HBV infection and HIV/HBV co-infection on outcomes of pregnancy].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yang, Y; Cheng, W T; Zhou, Y B; Jiang, Q W

    2017-06-10

    Both HIV and HBV infection have become major health problems, of global concern, due to the high prevalence in the past few decades. Data from cumulated epidemiological surveys have shown the links between maternal HIV or HBV infection and adverse outcomes on pregnancy. Maternal HIV or HBV infection may also increase the mother-to-child (MTCT) transmission of the two diseases. However, association between HIV-HBV co-infection and adverse pregnancy is still inconclusive. Does maternal HIV-HBV co-infection have an impact on mother-to-child transmission on either HIV or HBV? Study on effective precautionary measures to promote both maternal and child's health is deemed necessary.

  1. Factors Associated with Recent HIV Testing among Heterosexuals at High-Risk for HIV Infection in New York City

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marya eGwadz

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available Background. The CDC recommends persons at high-risk for HIV infection in the United States receive annual HIV testing to foster early HIV diagnosis and timely linkage to health care. Heterosexuals make up a significant proportion of incident HIV infections (>25%, but test for HIV less frequently than those in other risk categories. Yet factors that promote or impede annual HIV testing among heterosexuals are poorly understood. The present study examines individual/attitudinal-, social-, and structural-level factors associated with past-year HIV testing among heterosexuals at high-risk for HIV. Methods. Participants were African American/Black and Hispanic heterosexual adults (N=2307 residing in an urban area with both high poverty and HIV prevalence rates. Participants were recruited by respondent-driven sampling (RDS in 2012-2015 and completed a computerized structured assessment battery covering background factors, multi-level putative facilitators of HIV testing, and HIV testing history. Separate logistic regression analysis for males and females identified factors associated with past-year HIV testing.Results. Participants were mostly male (58%, African American/Black (75%, and 39 years old on average (SD = 12.06 years. Lifetime homelessness (54% and incarceration (62% were common. Half reported past-year HIV testing (50% and 37% engaged in regular, annual HIV testing. Facilitators of HIV testing common to both genders included sexually transmitted infection (STI testing or STI diagnosis, peer norms supporting HIV testing, and HIV testing access. Among women, access to general medical care and extreme poverty further predicted HIV testing, while recent drug use reduced the odds of past-year HIV testing. Among men, past-year HIV testing was also associated with lifetime incarceration and substance use treatment.Conclusions. The present study identified gaps in rates of HIV testing among heterosexuals at high-risk for HIV, and both common and

  2. Drugs + HIV, Learn the Link

    Medline Plus

    Full Text Available ... Send the Message . Get the Facts What are HIV and AIDS? HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that ... AIDS) are often linked and referred to as "HIV/AIDS." HIV can be transferred between people if an ...

  3. Living with HIV/AIDS

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... destroying the white blood cells that fight infection. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is the final stage of infection with HIV. Not everyone with HIV develops AIDS. Infection with HIV is serious. But thanks to ...

  4. HIV-positive patients’ and their families’ comprehension of HIV- and AIDS-related information

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gedina E. de Wet

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Despite acknowledgement of the importance of sharing HIV- and AIDS-related information with people living with HIV, it is still unclear as to what their actual comprehension is of this information. This research was part of a larger project, Tswaragano, conducted in the North-West Province, South Africa, which explored and described the competence, ability and strengths of the family of the HIV-positive patient during home support. This research focused on Potchefstroom in the North-West Province. This article focuses on research with the objective being to explore and describe the comprehension of HIV-positive patients and their families with regard to HIV- and AIDS-related information, and to formulate recommendations to improve their comprehension of this information. A quantitative, explorative and descriptive survey design was followed. Data were collected by means of questionnaires completed by HIV-positive patients (n = 79 and their family members (n = 34. Descriptive statistical analysis by means of frequency analysis was conducted. Ethical considerations and mechanisms to enhance validity and reliability are discussed. The results indicated that both HIV-positive respondents and their families face social and financial challenges due to unemployment and low income. A strength found in this research is that the majority of respondents are linked to a church, which can be a valuable platform to share information on HIV and AIDS. With regards to sharing, sources and comprehension of HIV- and AIDS-related information, it is apparent that respondents perceived that pre- and post-counselling provided an opportunity for information sharing, but that they need health care workers to spend more time with them, to be non-judgemental and to make more use of visual aids. It furthermore seems that the majority of HIV-positive respondents in this study did comprehend the need for and negotiate for safer sexual practices. It was concluded that

  5. HIV-positive patients’ and their families’ comprehension of HIV- and AIDS-related information

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gedina E. de Wet

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Despite acknowledgement of the importance of sharing HIV- and AIDS-related information with people living with HIV, it is still unclear as to what their actual comprehension is of this information. This research was part of a larger project, Tswaragano, conducted in the North-West Province, South Africa, which explored and described the competence, ability and strengths of the family of the HIV-positive patient during home support. This research focused on Potchefstroom in the North-West Province. This article focuses on research with the objective being to explore and describe the comprehension of HIV-positive patients and their families with regard to HIV- and AIDS-related information, and to formulate recommendations to improve their comprehension of this information. A quantitative, explorative and descriptive survey design was followed. Data were collected by means of questionnaires completed by HIV-positive patients (n= 79 and their family members (n= 34. Descriptive statistical analysis by means of frequency analysis was conducted. Ethical considerations and mechanisms to enhance validity and reliability are discussed. The results indicated that both HIV-positive respondents and their families face social and financial challenges due to unemployment and low income. A strength found in this research is that the majority of respondents are linked to a church, which can be a valuable platform to share information on HIV and AIDS. With regards to sharing, sources and comprehension of HIV- and AIDS-related information, it is apparent that respondents perceived that pre- and post-counselling provided an opportunity for information sharing, but that they need health care workers to spend more time with them, to be non-judgemental and to make more use of visual aids. It furthermore seems that the majority of HIV-positive respondents in this study did comprehend the need for and negotiate for safer sexual practices. It was concluded that although

  6. Abordagem da violência no sistema classificatório DSM na perspectiva psicanalítica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ângela Buciano do Rosário

    2014-08-01

    Full Text Available Neste trabalho, propõe-se a discussão da importância assumida pela medicalização da vida na contemporaneidade. Após breve levantamento da abordagem da violência nas principais vertentes da psicopatologia, destacam-se as consequências da operacionalização dos sistemas classificatórios promovida, sobretudo, pelo DSM, em duas vertentes: a degradação do diagnóstico a um levantamento formal de sintomas e a acentuação da correlação histórica entre psicopatia e delinquência. Considera-se que a violência é intrínseca e estruturante ao homem. Ao circunscrever a violência como patologia, inviabiliza-se qualquer resposta do sujeito acerca de seu ato e uma possível punição, entendida como necessária para o reconhecimento de um dispositivo de regulação social e sustentação da cultura.

  7. HIV p24 as scaffold for presenting conformational HIV Env antigens.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Tagliamonte

    Full Text Available Heterologous protein scaffolds engrafted with structurally defined HIV Env epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs represent a promising strategy to elicit broad neutralizing antibodies. In such regards, a protein scaffold based on the HIV p24 CA protein is a highly attractive approach, providing also Gag epitopes for eliciting HIV non-neutralizing protective antibodies and specific CD4(+ and CD8(+ T cell responses. In the present study, computational techniques were employed to verify the presence of acceptor sites for conformational HIV Env epitopes and, as proof of concept, the analysis of HIV p24 CA-based scaffolds using a complete V3 loop in a MAb-bound conformation is presented. The V3-p24 epitope-scaffold proteins show the formation of capsomers made of hexamers similarly to the p24 wild type protein. Moreover, the conformational V3 loop presented on p24 scaffold is recognized by a panel of anti-V3 MAbs. The results suggest that HIV p24 CA protein has suitable acceptor sites for engrafting foreign epitopes, without disrupting the formation of capsomer hexamer structures, and that the V3 epitope does retain its antibody-bound conformation. This strongly support the feasibility of developing a scaffolding strategy based on p24 CA proteins displaying conformational minimal structural, antigenic HIV Env epitopes.

  8. Polyfunctional HIV-Specific Antibody Responses Are Associated with Spontaneous HIV Control.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Margaret E Ackerman

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Elite controllers (ECs represent a unique model of a functional cure for HIV-1 infection as these individuals develop HIV-specific immunity able to persistently suppress viremia. Because accumulating evidence suggests that HIV controllers generate antibodies with enhanced capacity to drive antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC that may contribute to viral containment, we profiled an array of extra-neutralizing antibody effector functions across HIV-infected populations with varying degrees of viral control to define the characteristics of antibodies associated with spontaneous control. While neither the overall magnitude of antibody titer nor individual effector functions were increased in ECs, a more functionally coordinated innate immune-recruiting response was observed. Specifically, ECs demonstrated polyfunctional humoral immune responses able to coordinately recruit ADCC, other NK functions, monocyte and neutrophil phagocytosis, and complement. This functionally coordinated response was associated with qualitatively superior IgG3/IgG1 responses, whereas HIV-specific IgG2/IgG4 responses, prevalent among viremic subjects, were associated with poorer overall antibody activity. Rather than linking viral control to any single activity, this study highlights the critical nature of functionally coordinated antibodies in HIV control and associates this polyfunctionality with preferential induction of potent antibody subclasses, supporting coordinated antibody activity as a goal in strategies directed at an HIV-1 functional cure.

  9. HIV infection in the elderly

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nancy Nguyen

    2008-09-01

    Full Text Available Nancy Nguyen1, Mark Holodniy21University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Stockton, CA, USA; 2VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USAAbstract: In the US, an estimated 1 million people are infected with HIV, although one-third of this population are unaware of their diagnosis. While HIV infection is commonly thought to affect younger adults, there are an increasing number of patients over 50 years of age living with the condition. UNAIDS and WHO estimate that of the 40 million people living with HIV/AIDS in the world, approximately 2.8 million are 50 years and older. With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART in the mid-1990s, survival following HIV diagnosis has risen dramatically and HIV infection has evolved from an acute disease process to being managed as a chronic medical condition. As treated HIV-infected patients live longer and the number of new HIV diagnoses in older patients rise, clinicians need to be aware of these trends and become familiar with the management of HIV infection in the older patient. This article is intended for the general clinician, including geriatricians, and will review epidemiologic data and HIV treatment as well as provide a discussion on medical management issues affecting the older HIV-infected patient.Keywords: HIV, epidemiology, treatment, aging, review

  10. Oronasal complications in patients after transsphenoidal hypophyseal surgery Complicações oronasais em pacientes pós-abordagem hipofisária via transesfenoidal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carolina Petry

    2009-06-01

    Full Text Available Transsphenoidal surgery is the most commonly used surgical procedure to handle the hypophyseal region, sometimes associated with oronasal complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS/AIM: To evaluate prospectively (specific questionnaire, clinical evaluation undiagnosed chronic oronasal complications in patients submitted to conventional transsphenoidal adenomectomy surgery, operated at different neurosurgery services more than 6 months ago. RESULTS: 49 patients were evaluated, 37/45 presented macroadenoma. 28,5% were submitted to more than one intervention, 2/5 transsphenoidally. Transsphenoidal approach 92.8% through sublabial route. No patient had spontaneous complaint. With the specific questionnaire 63.2% presented complaints. One patient presented an oronasal fistula, 1 stenosis of the nasal valve area with external nasal deformity. Rhinoscopy detected alterations in 77.5%, nasal endoscopy in 87.7%. Septal perforation was present in 10/12 patients with scabs and 2 with purulent secretion. All 4 patients submitted to 2 transsphenoidal approaches presented septal perforation and nasal synechiae. In the endonasal, synechiae (2, alteration in medium meatus (1 and stenosis of the nasal valve area (1 were observed. Only two patients presented normal evaluation. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of nasal complications after conventional transsphenoidal surgery observed through examination and not reported spontaneously point to the need of otorhinolaryngological investigation complemented by nasal endoscopy in patients submitted to procedures through this route.A cirurgia transesfenoidal é o procedimento cirúrgico mais utilizado para abordagem da região hipofisária, sendo por vezes associada a complicações oronasais. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS/OBJETIVO: Estudo prospectivo, através de questionário específico e avaliação clínica complicações oronasais crônicas não-diagnosticadas, em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia transesfenoidal convencional em

  11. HIV Stigma: Perspectives from Kenyan Child Caregivers and Adolescents Living with HIV

    Science.gov (United States)

    McHenry, Megan Song; Nyandiko, Winstone M.; Scanlon, Michael L.; Fischer, Lydia J.; McAteer, Carole I.; Aluoch, Josephine; Naanyu, Violet; Vreeman, Rachel C.

    2017-01-01

    Stigma shapes all aspects of HIV prevention and treatment, yet there are limited data on how HIV-infected youth and their families are affected by stigma in sub-Saharan Africa. The authors conducted a qualitative study using focus group discussions among 39 HIV-infected adolescents receiving care at HIV clinics in western Kenya and 53 caregivers of HIV-infected children. Participants felt that while knowledge and access to treatment were increasing, many community members still held negative and inaccurate views about HIV, including associating it with immorality and believing in transmission by casual interactions. Stigma was closely related to a loss of social and economic support but also included internalized negative feelings about oneself. Participants identified treatment-related impacts of stigma, including nonadherence, nondisclosure of status to child or others, and increased mental health problems. Qualitative inquiry also provided insights into how to measure and reduce stigma among affected individuals and families. PMID:27655835

  12. HIV Stigma: Perspectives from Kenyan Child Caregivers and Adolescents Living with HIV.

    Science.gov (United States)

    McHenry, Megan Song; Nyandiko, Winstone M; Scanlon, Michael L; Fischer, Lydia J; McAteer, Carole I; Aluoch, Josephine; Naanyu, Violet; Vreeman, Rachel C

    Stigma shapes all aspects of HIV prevention and treatment, yet there are limited data on how HIV-infected youth and their families are affected by stigma in sub-Saharan Africa. The authors conducted a qualitative study using focus group discussions among 39 HIV-infected adolescents receiving care at HIV clinics in western Kenya and 53 caregivers of HIV-infected children. Participants felt that while knowledge and access to treatment were increasing, many community members still held negative and inaccurate views about HIV, including associating it with immorality and believing in transmission by casual interactions. Stigma was closely related to a loss of social and economic support but also included internalized negative feelings about oneself. Participants identified treatment-related impacts of stigma, including nonadherence, nondisclosure of status to child or others, and increased mental health problems. Qualitative inquiry also provided insights into how to measure and reduce stigma among affected individuals and families.

  13. HIV and mycobacteria.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Procop, Gary W

    2017-07-01

    The importance of mycobacteria as opportunistic pathogens, particularly members of the M. avium complex (MAC), in patients with progressive HIV infection was recognized early in the AIDS epidemic. It took longer to appreciate the global impact and devastation that would result from the deadly synergy that exists between HIV and M. tuberculosis. This HIV/M. tuberculosis co-pandemic is ongoing and claiming millions of lives every year. In addition to MAC, a number of other non-tuberculous mycobacteria have been recognized as opportunistic pathogens in HIV-infected individuals; some of these are more commonly encountered (e.g., M. kansasii) than others (M. haemophilum and M. genevense). Finally, there are challenges to concomitantly treating the HIV and the infecting Mycobacterium species, because of antimicrobial resistance, therapeutic side-effects and the complex pharmacologic interactions of the antiretroviral and antimycobacterial multidrug therapy. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  14. ORIGINAL ARTICLES HIV prevention responsibilities in HIV vaccine ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    HIV/AIDS Vaccines Ethics Group (HAVEG), School of Psychology, University of. KwaZulu-Natal ... receive access to risk reduction counselling on safer sex, education .... debate regarding how to proceed should acyclovir have shown to decrease HIV ... or a single pivotal trial (phase III trial) that provides as much evidence of ...

  15. How you get HIV/AIDS

    Science.gov (United States)

    How you get HIV/AIDS Which body fluids contain HIV? HIV is a virus that lives in blood and other fluids in the body. Moving ... answers to any questions you have about HIV/AIDS. Your public health department and health care provider ...

  16. HIV/AIDS in Women - Multiple Languages

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... medicines and women - HIV medicines, part 7 - English MP3 HIV medicines and women - HIV medicines, part 7 - 简体中文 (Chinese, Simplified (Mandarin dialect)) MP3 HIV medicines and women - HIV medicines, part 7 - ...

  17. Profile of the HIV epidemic in Cape Verde: molecular epidemiology and drug resistance mutations among HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected patients from distinct islands of the archipelago.

    Science.gov (United States)

    de Pina-Araujo, Isabel Inês M; Guimarães, Monick L; Bello, Gonzalo; Vicente, Ana Carolina P; Morgado, Mariza G

    2014-01-01

    HIV-1 and HIV-2 have been detected in Cape Verde since 1987, but little is known regarding the genetic diversity of these viruses in this archipelago, located near the West African coast. In this study, we characterized the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and described the occurrence of drug resistance mutations (DRM) among antiretroviral therapy naïve (ARTn) patients and patients under treatment (ARTexp) from different Cape Verde islands. Blood samples, socio-demographic and clinical-laboratory data were obtained from 221 HIV-positive individuals during 2010-2011. Phylogenetic and bootscan analyses of the pol region (1300 bp) were performed for viral subtyping. HIV-1 and HIV-2 DRM were evaluated for ARTn and ARTexp patients using the Stanford HIV Database and HIV-GRADE e.V. Algorithm Homepage, respectively. Among the 221 patients (169 [76.5%] HIV-1, 43 [19.5%] HIV-2 and 9 [4.1%] HIV-1/HIV-2 co-infections), 67% were female. The median ages were 34 (IQR = 1-75) and 47 (IQR = 12-84) for HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively. HIV-1 infections were due to subtypes G (36.6%), CRF02_AG (30.6%), F1 (9.7%), URFs (10.4%), B (5.2%), CRF05_DF (3.0%), C (2.2%), CRF06_cpx (0.7%), CRF25_cpx (0.7%) and CRF49_cpx (0.7%), whereas all HIV-2 infections belonged to group A. Transmitted DRM (TDRM) was observed in 3.4% (2/58) of ARTn HIV-1-infected patients (1.7% NRTI, 1.7% NNRTI), but not among those with HIV-2. Among ARTexp patients, DRM was observed in 47.8% (33/69) of HIV-1 (37.7% NRTI, 37.7% NNRTI, 7.4% PI, 33.3% for two classes) and 17.6% (3/17) of HIV-2-infections (17.6% NRTI, 11.8% PI, 11.8% both). This study indicates that Cape Verde has a complex and unique HIV-1 molecular epidemiological scenario dominated by HIV-1 subtypes G, CRF02_AG and F1 and HIV-2 subtype A. The occurrence of TDRM and the relatively high level of DRM among treated patients are of concern. Continuous monitoring of patients on ART, including genotyping, are public policies to be implemented.

  18. Nutrition and HIV-Positive Pregnancy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Montgomery, Kristen S.

    2003-01-01

    When an HIV-positive woman becomes pregnant, additional nutritional considerations are warranted. Compared to routine prenatal nutritional assessment and intervention, pregnant HIV-positive women have increased needs to promote a healthy outcome. This column contains information on HIV and pregnancy, nutrition and infection, and nutrition for HIV-positive pregnancy. This content can be integrated into childbirth education settings to improve care to women who are HIV-positive. PMID:17273329

  19. Clinical value of determination HIV viral load in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    V. B. Musatov

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Aim. To analyze the concentration of HIV RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid and to evaluate its significance in the pathology of the central nervous system among HIV infected persons.Materials: We examined 36 patients with HIV infection with signs of pathology of the central nervous system. All patients was done completed a standard investigation of cerebrospinal fluid, cytological examination and detection viral load of HIV in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum.Results. A different of opportunistic and HIV-related disease was diagnosed in 29 patients. The most frequent pathology of the nervous system (12 cases is a diffuse HIV-associated brain damage occurring in 7 patients in the form of aseptic non purulent meningitis and in 5 patients in the form of encephalitis. The average value of the absolute and relative count of CD4-lymphocytes in patients amounted 147,0 cells/μl (40,0; 408,75 and 10.0% (4,00; 18,50. Pathological changes in cellular composition and protein concentration of cerebrospinal fluid detected in 19 cases. Replication of HIV in the cerebrospinal fluid are detected in 31 of 32 patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy, including 17 patients with normal values of cerebrospinal fluid. The average HIV viral load in the cerebrospinal fluid was 15 133,0 copies/ml (2501,0; 30624,0 or 4,18 (3,35; 4,48 lg HIV RNA, average HIV viral load in serum – 62 784,0 copies/ml (6027,5; 173869,0 or 4,80 4,80 (3,7; 5,2 lg HIV RNA. The concentration of HIV in the cerebrospinal fluid was significantly lower than in serum (4,18 and 4,80 lg HIV RNA, p=0.027. 4 patients with severe, multietiology damage of the central nervous system viral, microbial and fungal etiology, there was an inverse relationship between the concentration of HIV in the cerebrospinal fluid and in serum, the concentrations of HIV was higher in the cerebrospinal fluid.Conclusion: Among the majority of HIV-infected patients with signs of the central

  20. Examining anxiety sensitivity as an explanatory construct underlying HIV-related stigma: Relations to anxious arousal, social anxiety, and HIV symptoms among persons living with HIV.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Brandt, Charles P; Paulus, Daniel J; Jardin, Charles; Heggeness, Luke; Lemaire, Chad; Zvolensky, Michael J

    2017-05-01

    Persons living with HIV (PLHIV) are a health disparity subgroup of the overall population for mental and physical health problems. HIV-related stigma has been shown to increase anxiety symptoms and HIV symptoms among PLHIV. However, little is known about factors that may impact the relations between HIV-related stigma and anxiety symptoms and HIV symptoms among PLHIV. To address this gap in the literature, the current study examined anxiety sensitivity (i.e., the extent to which individuals believe anxiety and anxiety-related sensations) in the relation between HIV-related stigma, social anxiety, anxious arousal, and HIV symptoms among a sample of 87 PLHIV (60.9% cis gender male, 52.9% Black, non-Hispanic). Results indicated that anxiety sensitivity mediated the relations between HIV-related stigma and the dependent variables, with effect sizes indicating moderate to large effects of anxiety sensitivity on these relations. Findings suggest that anxiety sensitivity be a mechanistic factor in the relations between HIV-related stigma and social anxiety, anxious arousal, and HIV symptoms, and therefore, be important element in efforts to reduce mental/physical health disparity among this population. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. Trichomoniasis and HIV interactions: a review

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kissinger, Patricia; Adamski, Alys

    2013-01-01

    Objective To discuss the epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and HIV co-infections, the role of TV in acquisition and transmission of HIV, special treatment considerations for TV among women with HIV and the prevention of TV among HIV-infected persons. Design Systematic review. Data source Review of literature of EMBASE and PubMed databases from January 1990 to February 2013. Search keywords included TV, HIV co-infections, HIV acquisition, HIV transmission, HIV shedding, TV treatment, HIV and couples studies. Review method We included studies of any design that contained the selected search words and were published during the specified time frame. We then searched the reference lists of included papers for additional papers and included these when relevant. Results There is strong evidence that TV increases both transmission and acquisition of HIV among women, and that successful treatment for TV can reduce HIV genital shedding. Single dose metronidazole (MTZ) should no longer be used for HIV+ women with TV given the high rates of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis co-infections and other factors that may render MTZ less effective in HIV+ women. Prevention of TV among HIV+ persons is similar to among HIV, including promotion of condoms as well as regular screening and prompt treatment. There may be a role for expedited partner treatment for the prevention of repeat infections, but most repeat infections are clinical treatment failures. Diligence in screening and treating TV among both HIV− susceptible and HIV+ persons is an important public health strategy. PMID:23605851

  2. Kebijakan Pengendalian HIV/AIDS di Denpasar

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tri Rini Puji Lestari

    2013-08-01

    Full Text Available Secara nasional, Indonesia telah mengantisipasi epidemi HIV/AIDS, tetapi jumlah kasus HIV/AIDS di Provinsi Bali dari tahun ke tahun memperlihatkan peningkatan yang semakin mengkhawatirkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan jumlah kasus dan kebijakan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS di Denpasar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang dilakukan di Denpasar pada tanggal 11-17 September 2011. Sampel penelitian ini menggunakan informan terpilih yaitu kepala bappeda, pejabat Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Denpasar, direktur rumah sakit, puskesmas, ketua komisi penanggulangan AIDS di kabupaten/kota dan pemerhati HIV/AIDS termasuk ODHA. Penelitian menemukan jumlah kasus HIV/AIDS di Kota Denpasar yang tertinggi dan penularan terbesarnya melalui hubungan seks. Namun, dukungan pemerintah daerah dalam upaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS terlihat belum maksimal. Padahal kebijakan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS sangat ditentukan oleh cara pandang pemerintah terhadap penyakit HIV/AIDS. Untuk itu, perlu peningkatan pemahaman tentang HIV/AIDS serta pencegahan dan penanganan semua pihak terkait sehingga penanggulangan HIV/AIDS dapat lebih efektif, efisien, dan tepat sasaran. Nationally, Indonesia anticipated HIV/AIDS epidemic, but the number of cases of HIV/AIDS in Bali province from year to year showed an increase in the increasingly alarming. This study aimed to determine the number of cases and the development of policies on HIV / AIDS in Denpasar. This research was conducted using qualitative methods in Denpasar on 11-17 September 2011. The study sample was selected using the informant is head of planning, Denpasar District health officers, the director of the hospital, health center, chairman of the commission on AIDS in the district/city and observer of HIV / AIDS, including people living with HIV. The study found the number of cases of HIV / AIDS in the city of Denpasar is the highest and greatest transmission through sexual intercourse

  3. Evaluation of four rapid tests for diagnosis and differentiation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in Guinea-Conakry, West Africa.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chaillet, Pascale; Tayler-Smith, Katie; Zachariah, Rony; Duclos, Nanfack; Moctar, Diallo; Beelaert, Greet; Fransen, Katrien

    2010-09-01

    With both HIV-1 and HV-2 prevalent in Guinea-Conakry, accurate diagnosis and differentiation is crucial for treatment purposes. Thus, four rapid HIV tests were evaluated for their HIV-1 and HIV-2 diagnostic and discriminative capacity for use in Guinea-Conakry. These included SD Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0 (Standard Diagnostics Inc.), Genie II HIV1/HIV2 (Bio-Rad), First Response HIV Card Test 1-2.0 (PMC Medical) and Immunoflow HIV1-HIV2 (Core Diagnostics). Results were compared with gold standard tests (INNO-LIA HIV-I/II Score) and NEW LAV BLOT II (Bio-Rad). Four hundred and forty three sequential stored HIV-positive serum samples, of known HIV-type, were evaluated. Genie II HIV1/HIV2, Immunoflow HIV1-HIV2 and SD Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0 had 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 98.9-100%) while for First Response HIV Card Test 1-2.0 this was 99.5% (95% CI, 98.2%-99.9%). In terms of discriminatory capacity, Genie II HIV1/HIV2 identified 382/ 384(99.5%) HIV-1 samples, 49/ 52(95%) HIV-2 and 7/7(100%) HIV-positive untypable samples. Immunoflow HIV1-HIV2 identified 99% HIV-1, 67% HIV-2 and all HIV-positive untypable samples. First Response HIV Card Test 1-2.0 identified 94% HIV-1, 64% HIV-2 and 57% HIV-positive untypable samples. SD-Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0 was the worst overall performer identifying 65% HIV-1, 69% HIV-2 and all HIV-positive untypable samples. The use of SD Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0 (the current standard in Guinea-Conakry) as a discriminatory HIV test is poor and may be best replaced by Immunoflow HIV1-HIV2. Copyright 2010 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. A importância da equoterapia como instrumento de apoio no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de crianças atendidas nesta modalidade terapêutica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gracielle Pinheiro da Silva Andrade

    2014-07-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo aborda a importância da equoterapia como instrumento de apoio no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de crianças atendidas nesta modalidade terapêutica. Impulsionou este trabalho o intuito de analisar como ocorrem as relações entre equoterapia e as evoluções pedagógicas do aluno. Foi uma pesquisa qualitativa de observação participante. A definição de equoterapia fundamenta-se em um método terapêutico e educacional, utilizando-se o cavalo numa abordagem interdisciplinar nas áreas de saúde, educação e equitação. A equoterapia representa um alcance, muitas vezes, alternativo e positivo para o desenvolvimento biopsicossocial do individuo, principalmente, com necessidades educativas especiais.Palavras-chave: Equoterapia; ensino-aprendizagem; necessidades educativas especiais.

  5. O passado anulado: os reflexos da inadequada justiça transicional para a democracia brasileira

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carla Dóro de Oliveira

    2017-08-01

    Full Text Available O trabalho busca analisar o processo transicional brasileiro pelo estudo das medidas adotadas pelo Estado durante a redemocratização. A partir disso, buscou-se reconhecer os aspectos positivos e negativos do processo justransicional, identificando de que forma sua incompletude influencia na democracia e na persistência de um cenário de violência no país. Na metodologia utilizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica numa abordagem qualitativa. Os resultados do trabalho apontam que medidas adotadas pelo Brasil, apesar de relevantes, são insuficientes para a consolidação de uma cultura democrática e de respeito aos direitos humanos no país, impondo-se, assim, a implementação da justiça transicional em todos os seus aspectos.

  6. Uma avaliação acerca da falha empírica do teorema da paridade descoberta da taxa de juros entre o Real e o Dólar

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    André Cieplinski

    Full Text Available Resumo Este artigo testa a validade do teorema da paridade descoberta de juros para os dados da economia brasileira no período de 2000 a 2014. Nossos resultados corroboram a não validade empírica, conhecida na literatura como de UIP Failure ou Forward Premium Puzzle. O coeficiente do diferencial de juros estimado por um modelo GARCH apresenta sinal negativo, contradizendo parte dos testes da UIP em economias periféricas. Já os modelos markovianos de mudança de regime apontaram para dois padrões bem delimitados: nos períodos de menor volatilidade o coeficiente assume valor negativo e, nos meses de alta volatilidade, valor positivo. Os resultados encontrados são coerentes com a abordagem da taxa de juros exógena em uma economia aberta.

  7. University students and HIV in Namibia: an HIV prevalence survey and a knowledge and attitude survey.

    Science.gov (United States)

    de Beer, Ingrid H; Gelderblom, Huub C; Schellekens, Onno; Gaeb, Esegiel; van Rooy, Gert; McNally, Alta; Wit, Ferdinand W; Tobias, Rinke de Wit F

    2012-02-22

    With an overall adult HIV prevalence of 15.3%, Namibia is facing one of the largest HIV epidemics in Africa. Young people aged 20 to 34 years constitute one of the groups at highest risk of HIV infection in Namibia. However, little is known about the impact of HIV on this group and its access to healthcare. The purpose of this study was to estimate HIV prevalence, to assess the knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, and to assess access to healthcare among university students in Namibia. We assessed HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes, HIV prevalence and access to healthcare among students at the Polytechnic of Namibia and the University of Namibia. HIV prevalence was tested through anonymous oral fluid-based tests. Half (n = 2790/5568) of the university students and 45% (n = 2807/6302) of the Polytechnic students participated in the knowledge and attitudes surveys. HIV/AIDS knowledge was reasonable, except for misperceptions about transmission. Awareness of one's own HIV status and risks was low. In all, 55% (n = 3055/5568) of university students and 58% (n = 3680/6302) of Polytechnic students participated in the HIV prevalence survey; 54 (1.8%) university students and 103 (2.8%) Polytechnic students tested HIV positive. Campus clinics were not the major providers of healthcare to the students. Meaningful strategies addressing the gap between knowledge, attitude and young people's perception of risk of HIV acquisition should be implemented. HIV prevalence among Namibian university students appears relatively low. Voluntary counselling and testing should be stimulated. Efforts should be made to increase access to healthcare through the campus clinics.

  8. ANALYSIS OF HIV SUBTYPES AND CLINICAL STAGING OF HIV DISEASE/AIDS IN EAST JAVA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yulia Ismail

    2012-04-01

    Full Text Available Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1 known to cause Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS disease are divided into several subtypes (A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K and Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF. Different characteristics of subtype of the virus and its interaction with the host can affect the severity of the disease. This study was to analyze HIV-1 subtypes circulating in HIV/AIDS patients from the East Java region descriptively and to analyze its relationship with clinical stadiums of HIV/AIDS. Information from this research was expected to complement the data of mocular epidemiology of HIV in Indonesia. This study utilited blood plasma from patients who had been tested to be HIV positive who sected treatment to or were reffered to the Intermediate Care Unit of Infectious Disease (UPIPI Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya from various area representing the East Java regions. Plasma was separated from blood samples by centrifugation for use in the the molecular biology examination including RNA extraction, nested PCR using specific primer for HIV gp120 env gene region, DNA purifying, DNA sequencing, and homology and phylogenetic analysis. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the HIV gp120 env gene, it was found that the most dominant subtypes in East Java were in one group of Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF that is CRF01_AE, CRF33_01B and CRF34_01B which was also found in Southeast Asia. In the phylogenetic tree, most of HIV samples (30 samples are in the same branch with CRF01_AE, CRF33_01B and CRF34_01B, except for one sample (HIV40 which is in the same branch with subtype B. HIV subtypes are associated with clinical stadiums (disease severity since samples from different stages of HIV disease have the same subtype.

  9. HIV-Related Cognitive Impairment of Orphans in Myanmar With Vertically Transmitted HIV Taking Antiretroviral Therapy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Linn, Kyaw; Fay, Alexander; Meddles, Katherine; Isbell, Sara; Lin, Phyo Nay; Thair, Cho; Heaps, Jodi; Paul, Robert; Mar, Soe Soe

    2015-12-01

    We determined the effect of perinatally acquired HIV on neurocognition in Myanmar children treated with antiretroviral therapy by comparison to demographically matched seronegative children. Myanmar has one of the highest HIV-1 prevalence rates in Southeast Asia. Studies from other resource-poor countries have shown that HIV-infected children differ in socioeconomic, nutritional and caregiver status compared to normal controls. Some vertically infected orphans in Myanmar reside separately from HIV-uninfected children in separate orphanages, thus the demographic variables of interest are naturally controlled. This study provides a unique evaluation of the neurocognitive effects of HIV in children, with control over key demographic variables. We hypothesized that HIV-infected orphans would perform significantly worse on cognitive indices compared with HIV-negative orphans. A battery of cognitive tests sensitive to HIV-associated impairments in children was administered to 28 perinatally acquired HIV-positive children and 31 HIV-negative children from two orphanages in Myanmar; 21 children from each cohort underwent testing at baseline and again after 12 months. Baseline comparison of the two groups indicated that the HIV-infected children performed poorly across all tests, with significant group differences in executive function, visuospatial reasoning, fine motor dexterity, and visual motor integration. On subsequent testing, both cohorts of children showed improvements across multiple domains, with no significant effect of age at treatment initiation. Our results demonstrate a strong effect of HIV infection on specific neurocognitive deficits in vertically infected children. Understanding viral and host determinants and timing and choice of antiretroviral therapy on cognition will be critical to preventing cognitive impairment of children with HIV. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  10. Proviral HIV-genome-wide and pol-gene specific Zinc Finger Nucleases: Usability for targeted HIV gene therapy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wayengera Misaki

    2011-07-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Infection with HIV, which culminates in the establishment of a latent proviral reservoir, presents formidable challenges for ultimate cure. Building on the hypothesis that ex-vivo or even in-vivo abolition or disruption of HIV-gene/genome-action by target mutagenesis or excision can irreversibly abrogate HIV's innate fitness to replicate and survive, we previously identified the isoschizomeric bacteria restriction enzymes (REases AcsI and ApoI as potent cleavers of the HIV-pol gene (11 and 9 times in HIV-1 and 2, respectively. However, both enzymes, along with others found to cleave across the entire HIV-1 genome, slice (SX at palindromic sequences that are prevalent within the human genome and thereby pose the risk of host genome toxicity. A long-term goal in the field of R-M enzymatic therapeutics has thus been to generate synthetic restriction endonucleases with longer recognition sites limited in specificity to HIV. We aimed (i to assemble and construct zinc finger arrays and nucleases (ZFN with either proviral-HIV-pol gene or proviral-HIV-1 whole-genome specificity respectively, and (ii to advance a model for pre-clinically testing lentiviral vectors (LV that deliver and transduce either ZFN genotype. Methods and Results First, we computationally generated the consensus sequences of (a 114 dsDNA-binding zinc finger (Zif arrays (ZFAs or ZifHIV-pol and (b two zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs which, unlike the AcsI and ApoI homeodomains, possess specificity to >18 base-pair sequences uniquely present within the HIV-pol gene (ZifHIV-polFN. Another 15 ZFNs targeting >18 bp sequences within the complete HIV-1 proviral genome were constructed (ZifHIV-1FN. Second, a model for constructing lentiviral vectors (LVs that deliver and transduce a diploid copy of either ZifHIV-polFN or ZifHIV-1FN chimeric genes (termed LV- 2xZifHIV-polFN and LV- 2xZifHIV-1FN, respectively is proposed. Third, two preclinical models for controlled testing of

  11. Proviral HIV-genome-wide and pol-gene specific zinc finger nucleases: usability for targeted HIV gene therapy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wayengera, Misaki

    2011-07-22

    Infection with HIV, which culminates in the establishment of a latent proviral reservoir, presents formidable challenges for ultimate cure. Building on the hypothesis that ex-vivo or even in-vivo abolition or disruption of HIV-gene/genome-action by target mutagenesis or excision can irreversibly abrogate HIV's innate fitness to replicate and survive, we previously identified the isoschizomeric bacteria restriction enzymes (REases) AcsI and ApoI as potent cleavers of the HIV-pol gene (11 and 9 times in HIV-1 and 2, respectively). However, both enzymes, along with others found to cleave across the entire HIV-1 genome, slice (SX) at palindromic sequences that are prevalent within the human genome and thereby pose the risk of host genome toxicity. A long-term goal in the field of R-M enzymatic therapeutics has thus been to generate synthetic restriction endonucleases with longer recognition sites limited in specificity to HIV. We aimed (i) to assemble and construct zinc finger arrays and nucleases (ZFN) with either proviral-HIV-pol gene or proviral-HIV-1 whole-genome specificity respectively, and (ii) to advance a model for pre-clinically testing lentiviral vectors (LV) that deliver and transduce either ZFN genotype. First, we computationally generated the consensus sequences of (a) 114 dsDNA-binding zinc finger (Zif) arrays (ZFAs or ZifHIV-pol) and (b) two zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) which, unlike the AcsI and ApoI homeodomains, possess specificity to >18 base-pair sequences uniquely present within the HIV-pol gene (ZifHIV-polFN). Another 15 ZFNs targeting >18 bp sequences within the complete HIV-1 proviral genome were constructed (ZifHIV-1FN). Second, a model for constructing lentiviral vectors (LVs) that deliver and transduce a diploid copy of either ZifHIV-polFN or ZifHIV-1FN chimeric genes (termed LV- 2xZifHIV-polFN and LV- 2xZifHIV-1FN, respectively) is proposed. Third, two preclinical models for controlled testing of the safety and efficacy of either of these

  12. What Is HIV/AIDS?

    Science.gov (United States)

    ... take their HIV medications as directed, and different health-related choices they make, such as decisions to eat a healthful diet , exercise , and not smoke . Is There a Cure for HIV? No effective cure currently exists for HIV. But with proper ...

  13. Influenza vaccination of HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative former intravenous drug users.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Amendola, A; Boschini, A; Colzani, D; Anselmi, G; Oltolina, A; Zucconi, R; Begnini, M; Besana, S; Tanzi, E; Zanetti, A R

    2001-12-01

    The immunogenicity of an anti-influenza vaccine was assessed in 409 former intravenous drug user volunteers and its effect on the levels of HIV-1 RNA, proviral DNA and on CD4+ lymphocyte counts in a subset HIV-1-positive subjects was measured. HIV-1-positive individuals (n = 72) were divided into three groups on the basis of their CD4+ lymphocyte counts, while the 337 HIV-1-negative participants were allocated into group four. Haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) responses varied from 45.8 to 70% in the HIV-1-positive subjects and were significantly higher in group four (80.7% responses to the H1N1 strain, 81.6% to the H3N2 strain, and 83% to the B strain). The percentage of subjects with HI protective antibody titres (> or = 1:40) increased significantly after vaccination, especially in HIV-1 uninfected subjects. Immunization caused no significant changes in CD4+ counts and in neither plasma HIV-1 RNA nor proviral DNA levels. Therefore, vaccination against influenza may benefit persons infected by HIV-1. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  14. Linkage to HIV care, postpartum depression, and HIV-related stigma in newly diagnosed pregnant women living with HIV in Kenya: a longitudinal observational study

    OpenAIRE

    Turan, Bulent; Stringer, Kristi L; Onono, Maricianah; Bukusi, Elizabeth A; Weiser, Sheri D; Cohen, Craig R; Turan, Janet M

    2014-01-01

    Background While studies have suggested that depression and HIV-related stigma may impede access to care, a growing body of literature also suggests that access to HIV care itself may help to decrease internalized HIV-related stigma and symptoms of depression in the general population of persons living with HIV. However, this has not been investigated in postpartum women living with HIV. Furthermore, linkage to care itself may have additional impacts on postpartum depression beyond the effect...

  15. The role of enacted stigma in parental HIV disclosure among HIV-infected parents in China.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Qiao, Shan; Li, Xiaoming; Zhou, Yuejiao; Shen, Zhiyong; Tang, Zhenzhu; Stanton, Bonita

    2015-01-01

    Existing studies have delineated that HIV-infected parents face numerous challenges in disclosing their HIV infection to the children ("parental HIV disclosure"), and practices of parental HIV disclosure vary with individual characteristics, family contexts, and social environment. Using cross-sectional data from 1254 HIV-infected parents who had children aged 5-16 years in southwest China, the current study examined the association of parental HIV disclosure with mental health and medication adherence among parents and explored the possible effect of enacted stigma on such association. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that parents who had experienced disclosure to children reported higher level enacted stigma, worse mental health conditions, and poorer medication adherence. Enacted stigma partially mediated the associations between disclosure and both mental health and medication adherence after controlling basic background characteristics. Our findings highlight the importance of providing appropriate disclosure-related training and counseling service among HIV-infected parents. In a social setting where HIV-related stigma is still persistent, disclosure intervention should address and reduce stigma and discrimination in the practice of parental HIV disclosure.

  16. Understanding HIV Transmission Risk Behavior Among HIV-Infected South Africans Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy: An Information—Motivation—Behavioral Skills Model Analysis

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kiene, Susan M.; Fisher, William A.; Shuper, Paul A.; Cornman, Deborah H.; Christie, Sarah; MacDonald, Susan; Pillay, Sandy; Mahlase, Gethwana; Fisher, Jeffrey D.

    2014-01-01

    The current study applied the Information—Motivation—Behavioral Skills (IMB) model (J. D. Fisher & Fisher, 1992; W. A. Fisher & Fisher, 1993) to identify factors associated with HIV transmission risk behavior among HIV-infected South Africans receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), a population of considerable significance for curtailing, or maintaining, South Africa’s generalized HIV epidemic. HIV prevention information, HIV prevention motivation, HIV prevention behavioral skills, and HIV transmission risk behavior were assessed in a sample of 1,388 South Africans infected with HIV and receiving ART in 16 clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Results confirmed the assumptions of the IMB model and demonstrated that HIV prevention information and HIV prevention motivation work through HIV prevention behavioral skills to affect HIV transmission risk behavior in this population. Subanalyses confirmed these relationships for HIV transmission risk behavior overall and for HIV transmission risk behavior with partners perceived to be HIV-negative or HIV-status unknown. A consistent pattern of gender differences showed that for men, HIV prevention information and HIV prevention motivation may have direct links with HIV preventive behavior, while for women, the effects of HIV prevention information and HIV prevention motivation work through HIV prevention behavioral skills to affect HIV preventive behavior. These IMB model-based findings suggest directions for HIV prevention interventions with South African men and women living with HIV and on ART as an important component of overall strategies to contain South Africa’s generalized HIV epidemic. PMID:23477576

  17. Using HIV&AIDS statistics in pre-service Mathematics Education to integrate HIV&AIDS education.

    Science.gov (United States)

    van Laren, Linda

    2012-12-01

    In South Africa, the HIV&AIDS education policy documents indicate opportunities for integration across disciplines/subjects. There are different interpretations of integration/inclusion and mainstreaming HIV&AIDS education, and numerous levels of integration. Integration ensures that learners experience the disciplines/subjects as being linked and related, and integration is required to support and expand the learners' opportunities to attain skills, acquire knowledge and develop attitudes and values across the curriculum. This study makes use of self-study methodology where I, a teacher educator, aim to improve my practice through including HIV&AIDS statistics in Mathematics Education. This article focuses on how I used HIV&AIDS statistics to facilitate pre-service teacher reflection and introduce them to integration of HIV&AIDS education across the curriculum. After pre-service teachers were provided with HIV statistics, they drew a pie chart which graphically illustrated the situation and reflected on issues relating to HIV&AIDS. Three themes emerged from the analysis of their reflections. The themes relate to the need for further HIV&AIDS education, the changing pastoral role of teachers and the changing context of teaching. This information indicates that the use of statistics is an appropriate means of initiating the integration of HIV&AIDS education into the academic curriculum.

  18. Facilitators and Barriers to Discussing HIV Prevention With Adolescents: Perspectives of HIV-Infected Parents

    Science.gov (United States)

    Reis, Janet S.; Weber, Kathleen M.

    2013-01-01

    Objectives. We examined HIV-infected parents’ conversations about HIV prevention with their uninfected children, including what facilitated or hindered communication. Methods. Parents with HIV/AIDS (n = 90) who had children aged 10 to 18 years were recruited for a mixed method study from 2009 to 2010. Interviews assessed facilitators and barriers to discussing HIV prevention. A questionnaire identified the frequency and content of conversations, parental confidence level, and perceived importance of discussing preventive topics. Results. Eighty-one percent of parents reported “sometimes” or “often” communicating about HIV prevention. A subset of parents found these conversations difficult; 44% indicated their desire for support. Facilitators to communication included utilizing support, focusing on the benefits of talking, and having a previous relationship with one’s child. Barriers to discussions included fear of negative consequences, living in denial, and lacking a parental role model who discussed safer sex. Parents varied as to how they believed their HIV status affected communication. Those who did not disclose their HIV status to their children reported less frequent communication; self-efficacy partially mediated this relationship. Conclusions. Findings highlighted the need for communication skills training that support HIV-infected parents in their efforts to discuss HIV-related information with adolescents. PMID:23763390

  19. Faith and HIV prevention: the conceptual framing of HIV prevention among Pentecostal Batswana teenagers.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mpofu, Elias; Nkomazana, Fidelis; Muchado, Jabulani A; Togarasei, Lovemore; Bingenheimer, Jeffrey Bart

    2014-03-05

    There is a huge interest by faith-based organizations (FBOs) in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere in HIV prevention interventions that build on the religious aspects of being. Successful partnerships between the public health services and FBOs will require a better understanding of the conceptual framing of HIV prevention by FBOS to access for prevention intervention, those concepts the churches of various denominations and their members would support or endorse. This study investigated the conceptual framing of HIV prevention among church youths in Botswana;--a country with one of the highest HIV prevalence in the world. Participants were 213 Pentecostal church members (67% female; age range 12 to 23 years; median age=19 years). We engaged the participants in a mixed-method inductive process to collect data on their implicit framing of HIV prevention concepts, taking into account the centrality of religion concepts to them and the moderating influences of age, gender and sexual experience. After, we analysed the data using multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to map the ways the church youths framed HIV prevention. The findings suggest the church youth to conceptually frame their HIV prevention from both faith-oriented and secular-oriented perspectives, while prioritizing the faith-oriented concepts based on biblical teachings and future focus. In their secular-oriented framing of HIV prevention, the church youths endorsed the importance to learn the facts about HIV and AIDS, understanding of community norms that increased risk for HIV and prevention education. However, components of secular-oriented framing of HIV prevention concepts were comparatively less was well differentiated among the youths than with faith-oriented framing, suggesting latent influences of the church knowledge environment to undervalue secular oriented concepts. Older and sexually experienced church youths in their framing of HIV prevention valued future

  20. Distinct susceptibility of HIV vaccine vector-induced CD4 T cells to HIV infection

    Science.gov (United States)

    Niu, Qingli; Hou, Wei; Churchyard, Gavin; Nitayaphan, Sorachai; Pitisuthithum, Punnee; Rerks-Ngarm, Supachai; Franchini, Genoveffa

    2018-01-01

    The concerns raised from adenovirus 5 (Ad5)-based HIV vaccine clinical trials, where excess HIV infections were observed in some vaccine recipients, have highlighted the importance of understanding host responses to vaccine vectors and the HIV susceptibility of vector-specific CD4 T cells in HIV vaccination. Our recent study reported that human Ad5-specific CD4 T cells induced by Ad5 vaccination (RV156A trial) are susceptible to HIV. Here we further investigated the HIV susceptibility of vector-specific CD4 T cells induced by ALVAC, a canarypox viral vector tested in the Thai trial RV144, as compared to Ad5 vector-specific CD4 T cells in the HVTN204 trial. We showed that while Ad5 vector-specific CD4 T cells were readily susceptible to HIV, ALVAC-specific CD4 T cells in RV144 PBMC were substantially less susceptible to both R5 and X4 HIV in vitro. The lower HIV susceptibility of ALVAC-specific CD4 T cells was associated with the reduced surface expression of HIV entry co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 on these cells. Phenotypic analyses identified that ALVAC-specific CD4 T cells displayed a strong Th1 phenotype, producing higher levels of IFN-γ and CCL4 (MIP-1β) but little IL-17. Of interest, ALVAC and Ad5 vectors induced distinct profiles of vector-specific CD8 vs. CD4 T-cell proliferative responses in PBMC, with ALVAC preferentially inducing CD8 T-cell proliferation, while Ad5 vector induced CD4 T-cell proliferation. Depletion of ALVAC-, but not Ad5-, induced CD8 T cells in PBMC led to a modest increase in HIV infection of vector-specific CD4 T cells, suggesting a role of ALVAC-specific CD8 T cells in protecting ALVAC-specific CD4 T cells from HIV. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence for distinct HIV susceptibility of CD4 T cells induced by different vaccine vectors and highlight the importance of better evaluating anti-vector responses in HIV vaccination. PMID:29474461

  1. "I never thought that it would happen … " Experiences of HIV seroconverters among HIV-discordant partnerships in a prospective HIV prevention study in Kenya.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ngure, Kenneth; Vusha, Sophie; Mugo, Nelly; Emmanuel-Fabula, Mira; Ngutu, Mariah; Celum, Connie; Baeten, Jared M; Heffron, Renee

    2016-12-01

    In spite of access to behavioral and biomedical HIV prevention strategies, HIV transmission occurs. For HIV-serodiscordant couples, prevention programs can be tailored to address individual and couples' needs to preserve their relationship while minimizing HIV risk. Programs for serodiscordant couples may benefit from learning from experiences of couples who transmit HIV. We conducted 20 individual in-depth interviews with 10 initially HIV-serodiscordant couples who transmitted HIV during prospective follow-up at a peri-urban research site in Thika, Kenya. Data were analyzed inductively to identify situations that led to prevention failure and coping mechanisms. Inconsistent condom use driven by low HIV risk perception and alcohol use often preceded seroconversion while persistent blame frequently hindered couples' communication soon after seroconversion. In this emerging era of antiretroviral-based HIV prevention, couples' counseling can capitalize on opportunities to foster a supportive environment to discuss initiation and adherence to time-limited pre-exposure prophylaxis and lifelong antiretroviral therapy, in addition to strategies to reduce alcohol use, diffuse blame, and use condoms.

  2. HIV Molecular Immunology 2015

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Yusim, Karina [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). Theoretical Division; Korber, Bette Tina [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). Theoretical Division; Brander, Christian [Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona (Spain); Barouch, Dan [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (United States). Division of Vaccine Research; de Boer, Rob [Utrecht University, Utrecht (Netherlands). Faculty of Biology; Haynes, Barton F. [Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States). Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology; Koup, Richard [National Inst. of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD (United States). Vaccine Research Center; Moore, John P. [Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States). Weill Medical College; Walker, Bruce D. [Ragon Institute, Cambridge, MA (United States); Watkins, David [Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, Madison, WI (United States)

    2016-04-05

    The scope and purpose of the HIV molecular immunology database: HIV Molecular Immunology is a companion volume to HIV Sequence Compendium. This publication, the 2015 edition, is the PDF version of the web-based HIV Immunology Database (http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/ content/immunology/). The web interface for this relational database has many search options, as well as interactive tools to help immunologists design reagents and interpret their results. In the HIV Immunology Database, HIV-specific B-cell and T-cell responses are summarized and annotated. Immunological responses are divided into three parts, CTL, T helper, and antibody. Within these parts, defined epitopes are organized by protein and binding sites within each protein, moving from left to right through the coding regions spanning the HIV genome. We include human responses to natural HIV infections, as well as vaccine studies in a range of animal models and human trials. Responses that are not specifically defined, such as responses to whole proteins or monoclonal antibody responses to discontinuous epitopes, are summarized at the end of each protein section. Studies describing general HIV responses to the virus, but not to any specific protein, are included at the end of each part. The annotation includes information such as cross-reactivity, escape mutations, antibody sequence, TCR usage, functional domains that overlap with an epitope, immune response associations with rates of progression and therapy, and how specific epitopes were experimentally defined. Basic information such as HLA specificities for T-cell epitopes, isotypes of monoclonal antibodies, and epitope sequences are included whenever possible. All studies that we can find that incorporate the use of a specific monoclonal antibody are included in the entry for that antibody. A single T-cell epitope can have multiple entries, generally one entry per study. Finally, maps of all defined linear epitopes relative to the HXB2 reference proteins

  3. HIV surveillance in complex emergencies.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Salama, P; Dondero, T J

    2001-04-01

    Many studies have shown a positive association between both migration and temporary expatriation and HIV risk. This association is likely to be similar or even more pronounced for forced migrants. In general, HIV transmission in host-migrant or host-forced-migrant interactions depends on the maturity of the HIV epidemic in both the host and the migrant population, the relative seroprevalence of HIV in the host and the migrant population, the prevalence of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that may facilitate transmission, and the level of sexual interaction between the two communities. Complex emergencies are the major cause of mass population movement today. In complex emergencies, additional factors such as sexual interaction between forced-migrant populations and the military; sexual violence; increasing commercial sex work; psychological trauma; and disruption of preventive and curative health services may increase the risk for HIV transmission. Despite recent success in preventing HIV infection in stable populations in selected developing countries, internally displaced persons and refugees (or forced migrants) have not been systematically included in HIV surveillance systems, nor consequently in prevention activities. Standard surveillance systems that rely on functioning health services may not provide useful data in many complex emergency settings. Secondary sources can provide some information in these settings. Little attempt has been made, however, to develop innovative HIV surveillance systems in countries affected by complex emergencies. Consequently, data on the HIV epidemic in these countries are scarce and HIV prevention programs are either not implemented or interventions are not effectively targeted. Second generation surveillance methods such as cross-sectional, population-based surveys can provide rapid information on HIV, STIs, and sexual behavior. The risks for stigmatization and breaches of confidentiality must be recognized

  4. Alcohol and condom use among HIV-positive and HIV-negative female sex workers in Nagaland, India.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nuken, Amenla; Kermode, Michelle; Saggurti, Niranjan; Armstrong, Greg; Medhi, Gajendra Kumar

    2013-09-01

    This study examines the relationship between alcohol use, HIV status, and condom use among female sex workers in Nagaland, India. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional survey undertaken in 2009, using descriptive and multivariate statistics. Out of 417 female sex workers, one-fifth used alcohol daily and one-tenth were HIV-positive. HIV-positive female sex workers were more likely than HIV-negative female sex workers to consume alcohol daily (30.2% vs. 18.0%). HIV-positive daily alcohol users reported lower condom use at last sex with regular clients compared to HIV-positive non-daily alcohol users (46.2% vs. 79.3%), a relationship not evident among HIV-negative female sex workers. There is a need to promote awareness of synergies between alcohol use and HIV, and to screen for problematic alcohol use among female sex workers in order to reduce the spread of HIV.

  5. Community study of the relative impact of HIV-1 and HIV-2 on intrathoracic tuberculosis

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Seng, R; Gustafson, P; Gomes, VF

    2002-01-01

    BACKGROUND: HIV-1 infection is associated with an increased incidence of and mortality from tuberculosis. Few community studies have examined the effect of HIV-2 on tuberculosis. METHODS: We investigated the association between HIV-1, HIV-2 and active tuberculosis in four districts (population 42...

  6. A comparison of two measures of HIV diversity in multi-assay algorithms for HIV incidence estimation.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Matthew M Cousins

    Full Text Available Multi-assay algorithms (MAAs can be used to estimate HIV incidence in cross-sectional surveys. We compared the performance of two MAAs that use HIV diversity as one of four biomarkers for analysis of HIV incidence.Both MAAs included two serologic assays (LAg-Avidity assay and BioRad-Avidity assay, HIV viral load, and an HIV diversity assay. HIV diversity was quantified using either a high resolution melting (HRM diversity assay that does not require HIV sequencing (HRM score for a 239 base pair env region or sequence ambiguity (the percentage of ambiguous bases in a 1,302 base pair pol region. Samples were classified as MAA positive (likely from individuals with recent HIV infection if they met the criteria for all of the assays in the MAA. The following performance characteristics were assessed: (1 the proportion of samples classified as MAA positive as a function of duration of infection, (2 the mean window period, (3 the shadow (the time period before sample collection that is being assessed by the MAA, and (4 the accuracy of cross-sectional incidence estimates for three cohort studies.The proportion of samples classified as MAA positive as a function of duration of infection was nearly identical for the two MAAs. The mean window period was 141 days for the HRM-based MAA and 131 days for the sequence ambiguity-based MAA. The shadows for both MAAs were <1 year. Both MAAs provided cross-sectional HIV incidence estimates that were very similar to longitudinal incidence estimates based on HIV seroconversion.MAAs that include the LAg-Avidity assay, the BioRad-Avidity assay, HIV viral load, and HIV diversity can provide accurate HIV incidence estimates. Sequence ambiguity measures obtained using a commercially-available HIV genotyping system can be used as an alternative to HRM scores in MAAs for cross-sectional HIV incidence estimation.

  7. A Comparison of Two Measures of HIV Diversity in Multi-Assay Algorithms for HIV Incidence Estimation

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cousins, Matthew M.; Konikoff, Jacob; Sabin, Devin; Khaki, Leila; Longosz, Andrew F.; Laeyendecker, Oliver; Celum, Connie; Buchbinder, Susan P.; Seage, George R.; Kirk, Gregory D.; Moore, Richard D.; Mehta, Shruti H.; Margolick, Joseph B.; Brown, Joelle; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Kobin, Beryl A.; Wheeler, Darrell; Justman, Jessica E.; Hodder, Sally L.; Quinn, Thomas C.; Brookmeyer, Ron; Eshleman, Susan H.

    2014-01-01

    Background Multi-assay algorithms (MAAs) can be used to estimate HIV incidence in cross-sectional surveys. We compared the performance of two MAAs that use HIV diversity as one of four biomarkers for analysis of HIV incidence. Methods Both MAAs included two serologic assays (LAg-Avidity assay and BioRad-Avidity assay), HIV viral load, and an HIV diversity assay. HIV diversity was quantified using either a high resolution melting (HRM) diversity assay that does not require HIV sequencing (HRM score for a 239 base pair env region) or sequence ambiguity (the percentage of ambiguous bases in a 1,302 base pair pol region). Samples were classified as MAA positive (likely from individuals with recent HIV infection) if they met the criteria for all of the assays in the MAA. The following performance characteristics were assessed: (1) the proportion of samples classified as MAA positive as a function of duration of infection, (2) the mean window period, (3) the shadow (the time period before sample collection that is being assessed by the MAA), and (4) the accuracy of cross-sectional incidence estimates for three cohort studies. Results The proportion of samples classified as MAA positive as a function of duration of infection was nearly identical for the two MAAs. The mean window period was 141 days for the HRM-based MAA and 131 days for the sequence ambiguity-based MAA. The shadows for both MAAs were cross-sectional HIV incidence estimates that were very similar to longitudinal incidence estimates based on HIV seroconversion. Conclusions MAAs that include the LAg-Avidity assay, the BioRad-Avidity assay, HIV viral load, and HIV diversity can provide accurate HIV incidence estimates. Sequence ambiguity measures obtained using a commercially-available HIV genotyping system can be used as an alternative to HRM scores in MAAs for cross-sectional HIV incidence estimation. PMID:24968135

  8. Understanding HIV transmission risk behavior among HIV-infected South Africans receiving antiretroviral therapy: an information--motivation--behavioral skills model analysis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kiene, Susan M; Fisher, William A; Shuper, Paul A; Cornman, Deborah H; Christie, Sarah; Macdonald, Susan; Pillay, Sandy; Mahlase, Gethwana; Fisher, Jeffrey D

    2013-08-01

    The current study applied the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model (Fisher & Fisher, 1992; Fisher & Fisher, 1993) to identify factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission risk behavior among HIV-infected South Africans receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), a population of considerable significance for curtailing, or maintaining, South Africa's generalized HIV epidemic. HIV prevention information, HIV prevention motivation, HIV prevention behavioral skills, and HIV transmission risk behavior were assessed in a sample of 1,388 South Africans infected with HIV and receiving ART in 16 clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Findings confirmed the assumptions of the IMB model and demonstrated that HIV prevention information and HIV prevention motivation work through HIV prevention behavioral skills to affect HIV transmission risk behavior in this population. Subanalyses confirmed these relationships for HIV transmission risk behavior overall and for HIV transmission risk behavior with partners perceived to be HIV-negative or HIV-status unknown. A consistent pattern of gender differences showed that for men, HIV prevention information and HIV prevention motivation may have direct links with HIV preventive behavior, whereas for women, the effect of HIV prevention motivation works through HIV prevention behavioral skills to affect HIV preventive behavior. These IMB model-based findings suggest directions for HIV prevention interventions with South African men and women living with HIV and on ART as an important component of overall strategies to contain South Africa's generalized HIV epidemic. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved.

  9. Trans-dissemination of exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells fosters both HIV-1 trans-infection in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes and reactivation of the HIV-1 reservoir.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chiozzini, Chiara; Arenaccio, Claudia; Olivetta, Eleonora; Anticoli, Simona; Manfredi, Francesco; Ferrantelli, Flavia; d'Ettorre, Gabriella; Schietroma, Ivan; Andreotti, Mauro; Federico, Maurizio

    2017-09-01

    Intact HIV-1 and exosomes can be internalized by dendritic cells (DCs) through a common pathway leading to their transmission to CD4 + T lymphocytes by means of mechanisms defined as trans-infection and trans-dissemination, respectively. We previously reported that exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells activate both uninfected quiescent CD4 + T lymphocytes, which become permissive to HIV-1, and latently infected cells, with release of HIV-1 particles. However, nothing is known about the effects of trans-dissemination of exosomes produced by HIV-1-infected cells on uninfected or latently HIV-1-infected CD4 + T lymphocytes. Here, we report that trans-dissemination of exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells induces cell activation in resting CD4 + T lymphocytes, which appears stronger with mature than immature DCs. Using purified preparations of both HIV-1 and exosomes, we observed that mDC-mediated trans-dissemination of exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells to resting CD4 + T lymphocytes induces efficient trans-infection and HIV-1 expression in target cells. Most relevant, when both mDCs and CD4 + T lymphocytes were isolated from combination anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-1-infected patients, trans-dissemination of exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells led to HIV-1 reactivation from the viral reservoir. In sum, our data suggest a role of exosome trans-dissemination in both HIV-1 spread in the infected host and reactivation of the HIV-1 reservoir.

  10. Being and Becoming “Fully Human” in an Hiv-Positive World: Hiv ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Feminists have researched the link between gender and HIV/AIDS and shown that women are not always morally responsible for being HIV-positive. This article contributes to the debate by presenting a systematic discussion of women's experience of HIV/AIDS and spirituality. It offers a model of full humanity that interprets ...

  11. Correlation between HIV-1 genotype and clinical progression in HIV/AIDS patients in Surabaya, Indonesia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rachman, B. E.; Khairunisa, S. Q.; Witaningrum, A. M.; Yunifiar, M. Q.; Nasronudin

    2018-03-01

    Several factors such as host and viral factors can affect the progression of HIV/AIDS. This study aims to identify the correlation viral factors, especially the HIV-1 subtype with HIV/AIDS progression. Inpatient HIV/AIDS during the period March to September 2017 and willing to participate are included in the study. Historical data of disease and treatment was taken by medical record. Blood samples were amplified, sequenced and undergone phylogenetic analysis. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate beta coefficient (β) and 95%CI of HIV/AIDS progression (measured by the CD4 change rate, ΔCD4 cell count/time span in months).This study has 17 samples. The HIV-1 subtype was dominated by CRF01_AE (81.8%) followed by subtype B (18.2%). There was significant correlation between subtype HIV-1 (p = 0.04) and body mass index (p = 0.038) with HIV/AIDS clinical stage. Many factors were assumed to be correlated with increased rate of CD4, but we only subtype HIV-1 had a significant correlation (p = 0.024) with it. From multivariate analysis, we also found that subtype HIV-1 had a significant correlation (β = 0.788, 95%CI: 17.5-38.6, p = 0.004).

  12. Motivators of enrolment in HIV vaccine trials: a review of HIV vaccine preparedness studies.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dhalla, Shayesta; Poole, Gary

    2011-11-01

    HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS) are important precursors to HIV vaccine trials. As well, they contribute to an understanding of motivators and barriers for participation in hypothetical HIV vaccine trials. Motivators can take the form of altruism and a desire for social benefits. Perceived personal benefits, including psychological, personal, and financial well-being, may also motivate participation. The authors performed a systematic review of HIV VPS using the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. The authors independently searched the literature for individual HIV VPS that examined motivators of participation in a hypothetical HIV vaccine trial, using the same search strategy. As the denominators employed in the literature varied across studies, the denominators were standardized to the number of respondents per survey item, regardless of their willingness to participate (WTP) in an HIV vaccine trial. The authors retrieved eight studies on social benefits (i.e., altruism) and 11 studies on personal benefits conducted in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, as well as 19 studies on social benefits and 20 studies on personal benefits in the non-OECD countries. Various different forms of altruism were found to be the major motivators for participation in an HIV vaccine trial in both the OECD and the non-OECD countries. In a large number of studies, protection from HIV was cited as a personal motivator for participation in a hypothetical HIV vaccine trial in the OECD and the non-OECD countries. Knowledge of motivators can inform and target recruitment for HIV vaccine trials, although it must be remembered that hypothetical motivators may not always translate into motivators in an actual vaccine trial.

  13. Religion and HIV in Tanzania: influence of religious beliefs on HIV stigma, disclosure, and treatment attitudes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ostermann Jan

    2009-03-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Religion shapes everyday beliefs and activities, but few studies have examined its associations with attitudes about HIV. This exploratory study in Tanzania probed associations between religious beliefs and HIV stigma, disclosure, and attitudes toward antiretroviral (ARV treatment. Methods A self-administered survey was distributed to a convenience sample of parishioners (n = 438 attending Catholic, Lutheran, and Pentecostal churches in both urban and rural areas. The survey included questions about religious beliefs, opinions about HIV, and knowledge and attitudes about ARVs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess how religion was associated with perceptions about HIV, HIV treatment, and people living with HIV/AIDS. Results Results indicate that shame-related HIV stigma is strongly associated with religious beliefs such as the belief that HIV is a punishment from God (p Conclusion The decision to start ARVs hinged primarily on education-level and knowledge about ARVs rather than on religious factors. Research results highlight the influence of religious beliefs on HIV-related stigma and willingness to disclose, and should help to inform HIV-education outreach for religious groups.

  14. Re-testing and misclassification of HIV-2 and HIV-1&2 dually reactive patients among the HIV-2 cohort of The West African Database to evaluate AIDS collaboration

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tchounga, Boris K; Inwoley, Andre; Coffie, Patrick A; Minta, Daouda; Messou, Eugene; Bado, Guillaume; Minga, Albert; Hawerlander, Denise; Kane, Coumba; Eholie, Serge P; Dabis, François; Ekouevi, Didier K

    2014-01-01

    Introduction West Africa is characterized by the circulation of HIV-1 and HIV-2. The laboratory diagnosis of these two infections as well as the choice of a first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) is challenging, considering the limited access to second-line regimens. This study aimed at confirming the classification of HIV-2 and HIV-1&2 dually reactive patients followed up in the HIV-2 cohort of the West African Database to evaluate AIDS collaboration. Method A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to December 2012 in Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire and Mali among patients classified as HIV-2 or HIV-1&2 dually reactive according to the national HIV testing algorithms. A 5-ml blood sample was collected from each patient and tested in a single reference laboratory in Côte d’Ivoire (CeDReS, Abidjan) with two immuno-enzymatic tests: ImmunoCombII® (HIV-1&2 ImmunoComb BiSpot – Alere) and an in-house ELISA test, approved by the French National AIDS and hepatitis Research Agency (ANRS). Results A total of 547 patients were included; 57% of them were initially classified as HIV-2 and 43% as HIV-1&2 dually reactive. Half of the patients had CD4≥500 cells/mm3 and 68.6% were on ART. Of the 312 patients initially classified as HIV-2, 267 (85.7%) were confirmed as HIV-2 with ImmunoCombII® and in-house ELISA while 16 (5.1%) and 9 (2.9%) were reclassified as HIV-1 and HIV-1&2, respectively (Kappa=0.69; p<0.001). Among the 235 patients initially classified as HIV-1&2 dually reactive, only 54 (23.0%) were confirmed as dually reactive with ImmunoCombII® and in-house ELISA, while 103 (43.8%) and 33 (14.0%) were reclassified as HIV-1 and HIV-2 mono-infected, respectively (kappa= 0.70; p<0.001). Overall, 300 samples (54.8%) were concordantly classified as HIV-2, 63 (11.5%) as HIV-1&2 dually reactive and 119 (21.8%) as HIV-1 (kappa=0.79; p<0.001). The two tests gave discordant results for 65 samples (11.9%). Conclusions Patients with HIV-2 mono-infection are correctly

  15. Prevalence and Correlates of Non-Disclosure of HIV Serostatus to Sex partners among HIV-Infected Female Sex Workers and HIV-infected Male Clients of Female Sex Workers in India

    Science.gov (United States)

    Raj, Anita; Mahapatra, Bidhubhusan; Cheng, Debbie M.; Coleman, Sharon; Bridden, Carly; Battala, Madhusudana; Silverman, Jay G.; Pardeshi, Manoj H.; Samet, Jeffrey H.

    2013-01-01

    This study examines non-disclosure of HIV serostatus to sex partners among HIV-infected adults involved with transactional sex in Mumbai, India. Surveys were conducted with HIV-infected female sex workers (n = 211) and infected male clients (n = 205) regarding HIV knowledge, awareness of sex partners’ HIV serostatus, alcohol use, transactional sex involvement post-HIV diagnosis and non-disclosure of HIV serostatus. Gender-stratified multiple logistic regression models were used for analysis. Non-disclosure of one’s serostatus to all sex partners was reported by almost three-fifths of females and two-fifths of males. Predictors of non-disclosure included lack of correct knowledge about HIV and no knowledge of sex partners’ HIV serostatus. Among females, recent alcohol consumption also predicted non-disclosure. Among males, 10 + paid sexual partners in the year following HIV diagnosis predicted non-disclosure. Secondary HIV prevention efforts in India require greater focus on HIV disclosure communication and integrated alcohol and sexual risk reduction. PMID:22810892

  16. Predictors of HIV/AIDS confirmation and differences by guardian status in HIV+ adolescents in Jamaica.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pilgrim, N; Kershaw, T; Pierre, R B; Moore, J; Palmer, P; Davis, D; Christie, C D C

    2008-06-01

    Approximately 25% of the cumulative AIDS cases in Jamaica involve adolescents and young adults. However the lives of adolescents living with HIV within Jamaica and the Caribbean have been understudied. (1) To describe the sociodemographic characteristics of HIV+ Jamaican adolescents who have ever been a part of the Kingston Paediatric/Perinatal HIV Programme (KPAIDS) from September 1, 2002 to August 31, 2006 (2). To identify predictors of HIV/AIDS confirmation as well as factors associated or uniquely present in these adolescents by their guardian status. Seventy-two HIV+ adolescents, ages 10-19 years, were included. Factors studied included demographics as well as time to and time between HIV and AIDS confirmation. Data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate statistics. The mean age of the adolescents was 12.6 +/- 2.8 years with slightly more males (52.8%) in the programme. There were equal proportions of adolescents living with HIV as with AIDS (43.1%). There were equal proportions who were lost to follow-up or deceased (8.3%). Twenty-two of them lived with parents, 25 with guardians and 18 in residential institutions. The primary mode of transmission was perinatal infection (68.1%), followed by sexual (20.8%), blood transfusion (2.9%) and unknown (8.3%). The mean time from HIV exposure to HIV confirmation and AIDS confirmation in mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) cases were 8.0 +/- 2.9 years and 9.6 +/- 3.3 years, respectively. In the multivariate analysis model, age and gender were significant in predicting time from HIV exposure to HIV confirmation. The majority of HIV-positive adolescents reside with parents and guardians and this might indicate support in spite of stigma and discrimination. However; the mean time to HIV confirmation in MTCT cases is quite long and must be reduced.

  17. From 'half-dead' to being 'free': resistance to HIV stigma, self-disclosure and support for PMTCT/HIV care among couples living with HIV in Kenya.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Spangler, Sydney A; Abuogi, Lisa L; Akama, Eliud; Bukusi, Elizabeth A; Helova, Anna; Musoke, Pamela; Nalwa, Wafula Z; Odeny, Thomas A; Onono, Maricianah; Wanga, Iris; Turan, Janet M

    2018-05-01

    In sub-Saharan Africa, self-disclosure of HIV-positive status may be a pivotal action for improving access to prevention of mother-to-child transmission services. However, understanding of HIV stigma and disclosure, and their effects on demand for care remains incomplete - particularly in the current context of new antiretroviral therapy guidelines. The purpose of this study was to explore these issues among self-disclosed couples living in southwest Kenya. We conducted 38 in-depth interviews with HIV-positive pregnant or postpartum women and their male partners. Of the 19 couples, 10 were HIV seroconcordant and 9 were serodiscordant. The textual analysis showed that HIV stigma continues to restrict full participation in community life and limit access to care by promoting fear, isolation and self-censorship. Against this backdrop, however, participants' narratives revealed varying forms and degrees of resistance to HIV stigma, which appeared to both produce and emerge from acts of self-disclosure. Such disclosure enabled participants to overcome fears and gain critical support for engaging in HIV care while further resisting HIV stigma. These findings suggest that programme interventions designed explicitly to stimulate and support processes of HIV stigma resistance and safe self-disclosure may be key to improving demand for and retention in HIV services.

  18. VDRL falso-positivo em recém-nascido filho de mãe portadora de síndrome antifosfolípide – relato de caso

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marina Helena Mariano

    2015-10-01

    Full Text Available A incidência de sífilis congênita foi de 1,9 para cada 1000 nascimentos em 2005. Para alterar esse quadro, a prevenção e o diagnóstico no pré-natal e no parto foram reforçados pelo rastreamento com o VDRL. Apesar da alta sensibilidade desse teste, os resultados falso-positivos são possíveis, principalmente em doenças autoimunes e infecções, podendo ocorrer também a transferência passiva para o recém-nascido (RN. RN de J.L.S.A., 16 dias de vida, masculino, nascido em Sorocaba. Mãe com infecção urinária vigente no parto, sorologias negativas no 1º e 3º trimestre e histórico obstétrico de natimorto e aborto anteriores. Parto cesárea de urgência por pré-eclâmpsia e centralização fetal realizado com 30 semanas. RN pré-termo, pequeno para idade gestacional, muito baixo peso, desconforto neonatal precoce, infecção neonatal presumida. Evoluiu com apneia, sepse, plaquetopenia e crises convulsivas, permanecendo na UTI por 16 dias. Realizadas hemocultura e urocultura – negativas - e VRDL no RN e na mãe cujos resultados foram 1/2. Desse modo, iniciou-se o tratamento para o RN por sífilis congênita presumida. Devido baixos títulos e antecedentes maternos, foi pesquisada e confirmada Síndrome Antifosfolípide para mãe, concluindo-se tratar de um falso positivo para ambos. O relato tem como objetivo enfatizar a importância no cuidado do rastreamento eficaz da sífilis congênita, por se tratar de transmissibilidade vertical de uma doença sexualmente transmissível, o que pode abalar a integridade de uma família.

  19. Creating an African HIV clinical research and prevention trials network: HIV prevalence, incidence and transmission.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Anatoli Kamali

    Full Text Available HIV epidemiology informs prevention trial design and program planning. Nine clinical research centers (CRC in sub-Saharan Africa conducted HIV observational epidemiology studies in populations at risk for HIV infection as part of an HIV prevention and vaccine trial network. Annual HIV incidence ranged from below 2% to above 10% and varied by CRC and risk group, with rates above 5% observed in Zambian men in an HIV-discordant relationship, Ugandan men from Lake Victoria fishing communities, men who have sex with men, and several cohorts of women. HIV incidence tended to fall after the first three months in the study and over calendar time. Among suspected transmission pairs, 28% of HIV infections were not from the reported partner. Volunteers with high incidence were successfully identified and enrolled into large scale cohort studies. Over a quarter of new cases in couples acquired infection from persons other than the suspected transmitting partner.

  20. Creating an African HIV Clinical Research and Prevention Trials Network: HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Transmission

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kamali, Anatoli; Price, Matt A.; Lakhi, Shabir; Karita, Etienne; Inambao, Mubiana; Sanders, Eduard J.; Anzala, Omu; Latka, Mary H.; Bekker, Linda-Gail; Kaleebu, Pontiano; Asiki, Gershim; Ssetaala, Ali; Ruzagira, Eugene; Allen, Susan; Farmer, Paul; Hunter, Eric; Mutua, Gaudensia; Makkan, Heeran; Tichacek, Amanda; Brill, Ilene K.; Fast, Pat; Stevens, Gwynn; Chetty, Paramesh; Amornkul, Pauli N.; Gilmour, Jill

    2015-01-01

    HIV epidemiology informs prevention trial design and program planning. Nine clinical research centers (CRC) in sub-Saharan Africa conducted HIV observational epidemiology studies in populations at risk for HIV infection as part of an HIV prevention and vaccine trial network. Annual HIV incidence ranged from below 2% to above 10% and varied by CRC and risk group, with rates above 5% observed in Zambian men in an HIV-discordant relationship, Ugandan men from Lake Victoria fishing communities, men who have sex with men, and several cohorts of women. HIV incidence tended to fall after the first three months in the study and over calendar time. Among suspected transmission pairs, 28% of HIV infections were not from the reported partner. Volunteers with high incidence were successfully identified and enrolled into large scale cohort studies. Over a quarter of new cases in couples acquired infection from persons other than the suspected transmitting partner. PMID:25602351

  1. Drugs + HIV, Learn the Link

    Medline Plus

    Full Text Available ... HIV or transmitting it to someone else. Biological effects of drugs. Drug misuse and addiction can affect a person's overall health, thereby altering susceptibility to HIV and progression of AIDS. Drugs of abuse and HIV both affect the brain. Research has shown that HIV causes greater injury ...

  2. Perceptions of HIV-related health services in Zambia for people with disabilities who are HIV-positive

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nixon, Stephanie A; Cameron, Cathy; Hanass-Hancock, Jill; Simwaba, Phillimon; Solomon, Patricia E; Bond, Virginia A; Menon, Anitha; Richardson, Emma; Stevens, Marianne; Zack, Elisse

    2014-01-01

    Introduction Despite the emerging body of literature on increased vulnerability to HIV among people with disabilities (PWDs), there is a dearth of evidence related to experiences of PWDs who have become HIV-positive. This priority was identified by a disability advocacy organization in Lusaka, Zambia, where the prevalence of HIV and of disability is each approximately 15%. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions and experiences of HIV-related health services for PWDs who are also living with HIV in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods This qualitative, interpretive study involved in-depth, semi-structured, one-on-one interviews with two groups of participants in Lusaka, Zambia: 21 PWDs who had become HIV-positive, and 11 people working in HIV and/or disability. PWDs had physical, hearing, visual and/or intellectual impairments. Interviews were conducted in English, Nyanja, Bemba or Zambian sign language. Descriptive and thematic analyses were conducted by a multidisciplinary, international research team. Results Participants described their experiences with HIV-related health services in terms of the challenges they faced. In particular, they encountered three main challenges while seeking care and treatment: (1) disability-related discrimination heightened when seeking HIV services, (2) communication barriers and related concerns with confidentiality, and (3) movement and mobility challenges related to seeking care and collecting antiretroviral therapy. These experiences were further shaped by participants’ profound concerns about poverty and unmet basic needs. Discussion This study demonstrates how PWDs who are HIV-positive have the same HIV care, treatment and support needs as able-bodied counterparts, but face avoidable barriers to care. Many challenges mirror concerns identified with HIV prevention, suggesting that efforts to promote inclusion and reduce stigma could have widespread benefits. Conclusions Despite the growing body of literature on increased

  3. Perceptions of HIV-related health services in Zambia for people with disabilities who are HIV-positive.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nixon, Stephanie A; Cameron, Cathy; Hanass-Hancock, Jill; Simwaba, Phillimon; Solomon, Patricia E; Bond, Virginia A; Menon, Anitha; Richardson, Emma; Stevens, Marianne; Zack, Elisse

    2014-01-01

    Despite the emerging body of literature on increased vulnerability to HIV among people with disabilities (PWDs), there is a dearth of evidence related to experiences of PWDs who have become HIV-positive. This priority was identified by a disability advocacy organization in Lusaka, Zambia, where the prevalence of HIV and of disability is each approximately 15%. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions and experiences of HIV-related health services for PWDs who are also living with HIV in Lusaka, Zambia. This qualitative, interpretive study involved in-depth, semi-structured, one-on-one interviews with two groups of participants in Lusaka, Zambia: 21 PWDs who had become HIV-positive, and 11 people working in HIV and/or disability. PWDs had physical, hearing, visual and/or intellectual impairments. Interviews were conducted in English, Nyanja, Bemba or Zambian sign language. Descriptive and thematic analyses were conducted by a multidisciplinary, international research team. Participants described their experiences with HIV-related health services in terms of the challenges they faced. In particular, they encountered three main challenges while seeking care and treatment: (1) disability-related discrimination heightened when seeking HIV services, (2) communication barriers and related concerns with confidentiality, and (3) movement and mobility challenges related to seeking care and collecting antiretroviral therapy. These experiences were further shaped by participants' profound concerns about poverty and unmet basic needs. This study demonstrates how PWDs who are HIV-positive have the same HIV care, treatment and support needs as able-bodied counterparts, but face avoidable barriers to care. Many challenges mirror concerns identified with HIV prevention, suggesting that efforts to promote inclusion and reduce stigma could have widespread benefits. Despite the growing body of literature on increased risk of exposure to HIV among HIV-negative PWDs, this is

  4. HIV-Specific B Cell Frequency Correlates with Neutralization Breadth in Patients Naturally Controlling HIV-Infection

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Angeline Rouers

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs have been isolated from patients with high viremia but also from HIV controllers that repress HIV-1 replication. In these elite controllers (ECs, multiple parameters contribute to viral suppression, including genetic factors and immune responses. Defining the immune correlates associated with the generation of bnAbs may help in designing efficient immunotherapies. In this study, in ECs either positive or negative for the HLA-B*57 protective allele, in treated HIV-infected and HIV-negative individuals, we characterized memory B cell compartments and HIV-specific memory B cells responses using flow cytometry and ELISPOT. ECs preserved their memory B cell compartments and in contrast to treated patients, maintained detectable HIV-specific memory B cell responses. All ECs presented IgG1+ HIV-specific memory B cells but some individuals also preserved IgG2+ or IgG3+ responses. Importantly, we also analyzed the capacity of sera from ECs to neutralize a panel of HIV strains including transmitted/founder virus. 29% and 21% of HLA-B*57+ and HLA-B*57− ECs, respectively, neutralized at least 40% of the viral strains tested. Remarkably, in HLA-B*57+ ECs the frequency of HIV-Env-specific memory B cells correlated positively with the neutralization breadth suggesting that preservation of HIV-specific memory B cells might contribute to the neutralizing responses in these patients.

  5. Frequency and site mapping of HIV-1/SIVcpz, HIV- 2/SIVsmm and ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    out to analyze the effects of various restriction enzymes on the HIV genome. A computer simulated model using Web cutter Version 2.0, and cytogenetic analysis. 339 restriction enzymes from Promega database, 10 HIV-1/SIVcpz genes, 10 HIV-2/SIVsmm genes and 10 other SIV genes. Gene sequences were fed into Web ...

  6. a reflection on the impact of HIV discordance on child HIV infection

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    cqq1a

    2010-05-09

    May 9, 2010 ... discordant couples with an HIV positive man is almost the same as that of discordant couples with an HIV positive woman [1]. There is a need to better analyze the impact of HIV sero-discordance in the context of pregnancy and prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT). In general, PMTCT ...

  7. Decreased chronic morbidity but elevated HIV associated cytokine levels in HIV-infected older adults receiving HIV treatment: benefit of enhanced access to care?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Portia C Mutevedzi

    Full Text Available The association of HIV with chronic morbidity and inflammatory markers (cytokines in older adults (50+years is potentially relevant for clinical care, but data from African populations is scarce.To examine levels of chronic morbidity by HIV and ART status in older adults (50+years and subsequent associations with selected pro-inflammatory cytokines and body mass index.Ordinary, ordered and generalized ordered logistic regression techniques were employed to compare chronic morbidity (heart disease (angina, arthritis, stroke, hypertension, asthma and diabetes and cytokines (Interleukins-1 and -6, C-Reactive Protein and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha by HIV and ART status on a cross-sectional random sample of 422 older adults nested within a defined rural South African population based demographic surveillance.Using a composite measure of all morbidities, controlling for age, gender, BMI, smoking and wealth quintile, HIV-infected individuals on ART had 51% decreased odds (95% CI:0.26-0.92 of current morbidity compared to HIV-uninfected. In adjusted regression, compared to HIV-uninfected, the proportional odds (aPOR of having elevated inflammation markers of IL6 (>1.56 pg/mL was nearly doubled in HIV-infected individuals on (aPOR 1.84; 95%CI: 1.05-3.21 and not on (aPOR 1.94; 95%CI: 1.11-3.41 ART. Compared to HIV-uninfected, HIV-infected individuals on ART had >twice partial proportional odds (apPOR=2.30;p=0.004 of having non-clinically significant raised hsCRP levels(>1 ug/mL; ART-naïve HIV-infected individuals had >double apPOR of having hsCRP levels indicative of increased heart disease risk(>3.9 ug/mL;p=0.008.Although HIV status was associated with increased inflammatory markers, our results highlight reduced morbidity in those receiving ART and underscore the need of pro-actively extending these services to HIV-uninfected older adults, beyond mere provision at fixed clinics. Providing health services through regular community chronic disease

  8. The HIV Prison Paradox: Agency and HIV-Positive Women's Experiences in Jail and Prison in Alabama.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sprague, Courtenay; Scanlon, Michael L; Radhakrishnan, Bharathi; Pantalone, David W

    2017-08-01

    Incarcerated women face significant barriers to achieve continuous HIV care. We employed a descriptive, exploratory design using qualitative methods and the theoretical construct of agency to investigate participants' self-reported experiences accessing HIV services in jail, in prison, and post-release in two Alabama cities. During January 2014, we conducted in-depth interviews with 25 formerly incarcerated HIV-positive women. Two researchers completed independent coding, producing preliminary codes from transcripts using content analysis. Themes were developed iteratively, verified, and refined. They encompassed (a) special rules for HIV-positive women: isolation, segregation, insults, food rationing, and forced disclosure; (b) absence of counseling following initial HIV diagnosis; and (c) HIV treatment impediments: delays, interruption, and denial. Participants deployed agentic strategies of accommodation, resistance, and care-seeking to navigate the social world of prison and HIV services. Findings illuminate the "HIV prison paradox": the chief opportunities that remain unexploited to engage and re-engage justice-involved women in the HIV care continuum.

  9. Development and Validation of an HIV Risk Exposure and Indicator Conditions Questionnaire to Support Targeted HIV Screening.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Elías, María Jesús Pérez; Gómez-Ayerbe, Cristina; Elías, Pilar Pérez; Muriel, Alfonso; de Santiago, Alberto Diaz; Martinez-Colubi, María; Moreno, Ana; Santos, Cristina; Polo, Lidia; Barea, Rafa; Robledillo, Gema; Uranga, Almudena; Espín, Agustina Cano; Quereda, Carmen; Dronda, Fernando; Casado, Jose Luis; Moreno, Santiago

    2016-02-01

    The aim of our study was to develop a Spanish-structured HIV risk of exposure and indicator conditions (RE&IC) questionnaire. People attending to an emergency room or to a primary clinical care center were offered to participate in a prospective, 1 arm, open label study, in which all enrolled patients filled out our developed questionnaire and were HIV tested. Questionnaire accuracy, feasibility, and reliability were evaluated.Valid paired 5329 HIV RE&IC questionnaire and rapid HIV tests were performed, 69.3% in the primary clinical care center, 49.6% women, median age 37 years old, 74.9% Spaniards, 20.1% Latin-Americans. Confirmed hidden HIV infection was detected in 4.1%, while HIV RE&IC questionnaire was positive in 51.2%. HIV RE&IC questionnaire sensitivity was 100% to predict HIV infection, with a 100% negative predictive value. When considered separately, RE or IC items sensitivity decreases to 86.4% or 91%, and similarly their negative predictive value to 99.9% for both of them. The majority of people studied, 90.8% self-completed HIV RE&IC questionnaire. Median time to complete was 3 minutes. Overall HIV RE&IC questionnaire test-retest Kappa agreement was 0.82 (almost perfect), likewise for IC items 0.89, while for RE items was lower 0.78 (substantial).A feasible and reliable Spanish HIV RE&IC self questionnaire accurately discriminated all non-HIV-infected people without missing any HIV diagnoses, in a low prevalence HIV infection area. The best accuracy and reliability were obtained when combining HIV RE&IC items.

  10. Association of HIV diversity and survival in HIV-infected Ugandan infants.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria M James

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available The level of viral diversity in an HIV-infected individual can change during the course of HIV infection, reflecting mutagenesis during viral replication and selection of viral variants by immune and other selective pressures. Differences in the level of viral diversity in HIV-infected infants may reflect differences in viral dynamics, immune responses, or other factors that may also influence HIV disease progression. We used a novel high resolution melting (HRM assay to measure HIV diversity in Ugandan infants and examined the relationship between diversity and survival through 5 years of age.Plasma samples were obtained from 31 HIV-infected infants (HIVNET 012 trial. The HRM assay was used to measure diversity in two regions in the gag gene (Gag1 and Gag2 and one region in the pol gene (Pol.HRM scores in all three regions increased with age from 6-8 weeks to 12-18 months (for Gag1: P = 0.005; for Gag2: P = 0.006; for Pol: P = 0.016. Higher HRM scores at 6-8 weeks of age (scores above the 75(th percentile were associated with an increased risk of death by 5 years of age (for Pol: P = 0.005; for Gag1/Gag2 (mean of two scores: P = 0.003; for Gag1/Gag2/Pol (mean of three scores: P = 0.002. We did not find an association between HRM scores and other clinical and laboratory variables.Genetic diversity in HIV gag and pol measured using the HRM assay was typically low near birth and increased over time. Higher HIV diversity in these regions at 6-8 weeks of age was associated with a significantly increased risk of death by 5 years of age.

  11. HIV-related stigma in pregnancy and early postpartum of mothers living with HIV in Ontario, Canada.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ion, Allyson; Wagner, Anne C; Greene, Saara; Loutfy, Mona R

    2017-02-01

    HIV-related stigma is associated with many psychological challenges; however, minimal research has explored how perceived HIV-related stigma intersects with psychosocial issues that mothers living with HIV may experience including depression, perceived stress and social isolation. The present study aims to describe the correlates and predictors of HIV-related stigma in a cohort of women living with HIV (WLWH) from across Ontario, Canada during pregnancy and early postpartum. From March 2011 to December 2012, WLWH ≥ 18 years (n = 77) completed a study instrument measuring independent variables including sociodemographic characteristics, perceived stress, depression symptoms, social isolation, social support and perceived racism in the third trimester and 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum. Multivariable linear regression was employed to explore the relationship between HIV-related stigma and multiple independent variables. HIV-related stigma generally increased from pregnancy to postpartum; however, there were no significant differences in HIV-related stigma across all study time points. In multivariable regression, depression symptoms and perceived racism were significant predictors of overall HIV-related stigma from pregnancy to postpartum. The present analysis contributes to our understanding of HIV-related stigma throughout the pregnancy-motherhood trajectory for WLWH including the interactional relationship between HIV-related stigma and other psychosocial variables, most notably, depression and racism.

  12. Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking, and Risk-Taking Behaviors among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Heroin Dependent Persons

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Koosha Paydary

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Objective. The aim of this study was to compare impulsivity and risky decision making among HIV-positive and negative heroin dependent persons. Methods. We compared different dimensions of impulsivity and risky decision making in two groups of 60 HIV-positive and 60 HIV-negative male heroin dependent persons. Each group was comprised of equal numbers of current (treatment seeker and former (abstinent heroin addicts. Data collection tools included Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART, Iowa Gambling Task (IGT, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS, and Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS. Results. In SSS, comprised of four subscales including thrill and adventure seeking (TAS, experience seeking (ES, disinhibition (DIS, and boredom susceptibility (BS, there was a borderline difference in DIS (P=0.08 as HIV-positive group scored higher than HIV-negative group. Also, ES and total score were significantly higher among HIV-positive patients. In BART, HIV-positive subjects scored higher in risk taking than HIV-negative subjects as reflected in higher Average Number of puffs in Successful Balloons (ANSB. In BIS, HIV-positive group scored significantly higher in cognitive impulsivity (CI (P=0.03 and nonplanning impulsivity (NPI (P=0.05 in comparison to HIV-negative group. Also, current heroin addicts scored significantly higher in NPI compared to former addict HIV-negative participants (P=0.015. IGT did not show any significant difference between groups. Conclusion. Higher levels of impulsivity and risk taking behaviors among HIV-positive heroin addicts will increase serious concerns regarding HIV transmission from this group to other opiate dependents and healthy people.

  13. Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking, and Risk-Taking Behaviors among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Heroin Dependent Persons

    Science.gov (United States)

    Paydary, Koosha; Mahin Torabi, Somayeh; SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad; Noori, Mehri; Noroozi, Alireza; Ameri, Sara; Ekhtiari, Hamed

    2016-01-01

    Objective. The aim of this study was to compare impulsivity and risky decision making among HIV-positive and negative heroin dependent persons. Methods. We compared different dimensions of impulsivity and risky decision making in two groups of 60 HIV-positive and 60 HIV-negative male heroin dependent persons. Each group was comprised of equal numbers of current (treatment seeker) and former (abstinent) heroin addicts. Data collection tools included Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), and Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS). Results. In SSS, comprised of four subscales including thrill and adventure seeking (TAS), experience seeking (ES), disinhibition (DIS), and boredom susceptibility (BS), there was a borderline difference in DIS (P = 0.08) as HIV-positive group scored higher than HIV-negative group. Also, ES and total score were significantly higher among HIV-positive patients. In BART, HIV-positive subjects scored higher in risk taking than HIV-negative subjects as reflected in higher Average Number of puffs in Successful Balloons (ANSB). In BIS, HIV-positive group scored significantly higher in cognitive impulsivity (CI) (P = 0.03) and nonplanning impulsivity (NPI) (P = 0.05) in comparison to HIV-negative group. Also, current heroin addicts scored significantly higher in NPI compared to former addict HIV-negative participants (P = 0.015). IGT did not show any significant difference between groups. Conclusion. Higher levels of impulsivity and risk taking behaviors among HIV-positive heroin addicts will increase serious concerns regarding HIV transmission from this group to other opiate dependents and healthy people. PMID:27051528

  14. Late HIV Testing in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients in Puerto Rico.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tossas-Milligan, Katherine Y; Hunter-Mellado, Robert F; Mayor, Angel M; Fernández-Santos, Diana M; Dworkin, Mark S

    2015-09-01

    Late HIV testing (LT), defined as receiving an AIDS diagnosis within a year of one's first positive HIV test, is associated with higher HIV transmission, lower HAART effectiveness, and worse outcomes. Latinos represent 36% of LT in the US, yet research concerning LT among HIV cases in Puerto Rico is scarce. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with LT, and a Cochran‒Armitage test was used to determine LT trends in an HIV-infected cohort followed at a clinic in Puerto Rico specialized in the management and treatment of HIV. From 2000 to 2011, 47% of eligible patients were late testers, with lower median CD4 counts (54 vs. 420 cells/mm3) and higher median HIV viral load counts (253,680 vs. 23,700 copies/mL) than non-LT patients. LT prevalence decreased significantly, from 47% in 2000 to 37% in 2011. In a mutually adjusted logistic regression model, males, older age at enrollment and past history of IDU significantly increased LT odds, whereas having a history of amphetamine use decreased LT odds. When the data were stratified by mode of transmission, it became apparent that only the category men who have sex with men (MSM) saw a significant reduction in the proportion of LT, falling from 67% in 2000 to 33% in 2011. These results suggest a gap in early HIV detection in Puerto Rico, a gap that decreased only among MSM. An evaluation of the manner in which current HIV-testing guidelines are implemented on the island is needed.

  15. A Dynamic Systems: constraints approach to rehabilitation Uma abordagem dos sistemas dinâmicos: restrições para a reabilitação

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kenneth G. Holt

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Classification systems (Nagi, International Classification for Function [ICF] have become popular for categorizing the level of ability (ICF or disability (Nagi associated with movement disorders. Nevertheless, these classifications do not explore the ways in which one level may influence other levels. For example, how might the weakness and stiffness associated with some cases of cerebral palsy result in a stereotypical toe-gait? In this overview we describe a dynamic systems/constraints (DS/C approach to understand relationships between levels, and how the approach can be used to rationalize a novel process for the evaluation and treatment of movement disorders. OBJECTIVES: There are three specific aims in this paper: first to present a general systems approach to understanding behavior at different levels; second to present tools of, and the results of empirical work using the DS/C approach; third to discuss the clinical implications and results of clinical interventions motivated by DS/C analysis for children with cerebral palsy, and individuals with Parkinson disease.CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Sistemas de classificação (Nagi e Classificação International de Funcionalidade (CIF têm se tornado populares para categorização do nível de habilidade (CIF ou de incapacidade (Nagi associado com distúrbios do movimento. No entanto, essas classificações não exploram as formas pelas quais um nível pode influenciar outros níveis; por exemplo, como a fraqueza e a rigidez observadas em alguns casos de paralisia cerebral podem resultar no padrão estereotipado de marcha equina. Neste artigo, descreve-se uma abordagem denominada sistemas dinâmicos/restrições (DS/C para compreender as relações entre níveis e como ela pode ser utilizada para racionalizar um novo processo que norteie a avaliação e a intervenção de distúrbios do movimento. OBJETIVOS: Este artigo tem três objetivos específicos: apresentar uma abordagem geral sist

  16. Experiences of HIV-related stigma among HIV-positive older ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Monica O. Kuteesa

    2014-07-23

    Jul 23, 2014 ... SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS: An .... (rural site) and Wakiso district (peri-urban site) residents, we measured self-reported stigma levels for 183 .... HIV stigma has been defined as 'prejudice, discounting, discredit- ... inadequate support networks, isolation loneliness and depression.

  17. Nosocomial infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    The interaction between tuberculosis and HIV-infected infection is well known and is responsible for the increase in the incidence of tuberculosis ... This retrospective case-control study evaluated the occurrence of nosocomial infections in (HIV)-infected children and age- and time of ... complicated disease, or whose social.

  18. Mulheres soropositivas para o HIV e seus companheiros frente à decisão pela gestação Mujeres seropositivas para el VIH y sus parejas frente a la decisión del embarazo HIV seropositive women and their partners facing the decision of a pregnancy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernanda Peixoto Cordova

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available Estudo exploratório descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, que objetivou investigar os motivos que levam mulheres soropositivas para o HIV e seus companheiros a decidirem engravidar, tendo em vista o risco da transmissão vertical e da contaminação ou reinfecção do parceiro. Participaram do estudo seis gestantes. A coleta de dados foi realizada por questionário semiestruturado, sendo os dados organizados no software NVivo 2.0 e interpretados por meio da análise de conteúdo do tipo temática. Da análise emergiram três temas: Planejamento da Gravidez; Conhecimento sobre Transmissão e Tratamento do HIV/AIDS; Vivendo no Contexto HIV/AIDS. A importância do estudo reside no fato de que, apesar do risco da transmissão vertical e da contaminação do parceiro ser conhecido pelo casal, isto não interfere no desejo de serem pais.Estudio exploratorio descriptivo con abordaje de tipo cualitativo, cuyo objetivo fue investigar las razones por qué las mujeres VIH positivas y sus parejas deciden por el embarazo dado el riesgo de transmisión vertical, infección o reinfección de la pareja. Los participantes fueron seis mujeres embarazadas. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante un cuestionario semi-estructurado, con datos organizados en el software NVivo 2,0 y interpretados por intermedio del análisis de contenido temático. El análisis reveló tres temas: Planificación del embarazo; Conocimiento sobre la transmisión y tratamiento del VIH / SIDA; Vivir en el contexto del VIH/SIDA. La importancia del estudio radica en el hecho de que a pesar del riesgo de transmisión vertical y la contaminación de la pareja ser conocida por la pareja, esto no interfiera con el deseo de ser padres.The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive exploratory study is to investigate the reasons why HIV seropositive women and their partners make the decision of becoming pregnant despite the risk of vertical transmission, contamination or reinfection of the

  19. Fracture risk by HIV infection status in perinatally HIV-exposed children.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Siberry, George K; Li, Hong; Jacobson, Denise

    2012-03-01

    The objective of this study was to examine the incidence of fractures in HIV-infected children and comparable HIV-exposed, uninfected (HEU) children in a multicenter, prospective cohort study (PACTG 219/219C) in the United States. The main outcome was first fracture during the risk period. Nine fractures occurred in 7 of 1326 HIV-infected and 2 of 649 HEU children, corresponding to incidence rates of 1.2 per 1000 person-years and 1.1 per 1000 person-years, respectively. The incidence rate ratio was 1.1 (95% CI 0.2, 5.5). There was no evidence of a substantially increased risk of fracture in HIV-infected compared to HEU children.

  20. Use of surveillance data on HIV diagnoses with HIV-related symptoms to estimate the number of people living with undiagnosed HIV in need of antiretroviral therapy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lodwick, Rebecca K; Nakagawa, Fumiyo; van Sighem, Ard; Sabin, Caroline A; Phillips, Andrew N

    2015-01-01

    It is important to have methods available to estimate the number of people who have undiagnosed HIV and are in need of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The method uses the concept that a predictable level of occurrence of AIDS or other HIV-related clinical symptoms which lead to presentation for care, and hence diagnosis of HIV, arises in undiagnosed people with a given CD4 count. The method requires surveillance data on numbers of new HIV diagnoses with HIV-related symptoms, and the CD4 count at diagnosis. The CD4 count-specific rate at which HIV-related symptoms develop are estimated from cohort data. 95% confidence intervals can be constructed using a simple simulation method. For example, if there were 13 HIV diagnoses with HIV-related symptoms made in one year with CD4 count at diagnosis between 150-199 cells/mm3, then since the CD4 count-specific rate of HIV-related symptoms is estimated as 0.216 per person-year, the estimated number of person years lived in people with undiagnosed HIV with CD4 count 150-199 cells/mm3 is 13/0.216 = 60 (95% confidence interval: 29-100), which is considered an estimate of the number of people living with undiagnosed HIV in this CD4 count stratum. The method is straightforward to implement within a short period once a surveillance system of all new HIV diagnoses, collecting data on HIV-related symptoms at diagnosis, is in place and is most suitable for estimating the number of undiagnosed people with CD4 count HIV-related symptoms at higher CD4 counts. A potential source of bias is under-diagnosis and under-reporting of diagnoses with HIV-related symptoms. Although this method has limitations as with all approaches, it is important for prompting increased efforts to identify undiagnosed people, particularly those with low CD4 count, and for informing levels of unmet need for ART.