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Sample records for herbivory-elicited ja burst

  1. Minocycline inhibits D-amphetamine-elicited action potential bursts in a central snail neuron.

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    Chen, Y-H; Lin, P-L; Wong, R-W; Wu, Y-T; Hsu, H-Y; Tsai, M-C; Lin, M-J; Hsu, Y-C; Lin, C-H

    2012-10-25

    Minocycline is a second-generation tetracycline that has been reported to have powerful neuroprotective properties. In our previous studies, we found that d-amphetamine (AMPH) elicited action potential bursts in an identifiable RP4 neuron of the African snail, Achatina fulica Ferussac. This study sought to determine the effects of minocycline on the AMPH-elicited action potential pattern changes in the central snail neuron, using the two-electrode voltage clamping method. Extracellular application of AMPH at 300 μM elicited action potential bursts in the RP4 neuron. Minocycline dose-dependently (300-900 μM) inhibited the action potential bursts elicited by AMPH. The inhibitory effects of minocycline on AMPH-elicited action potential bursts were restored by forskolin (50 μM), an adenylate cyclase activator, and by dibutyryl cAMP (N(6),2'-O-Dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate; 1mM), a membrane-permeable cAMP analog. Co-administration of forskolin (50 μM) plus tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA; 5mM) or co-administration of TEA (5mM) plus dibutyryl cAMP (1mM) also elicited action potential bursts, which were prevented and inhibited by minocycline. In addition, minocycline prevented and inhibited forskolin (100 μM)-elicited action potential bursts. Notably, TEA (50mM)-elicited action potential bursts in the RP4 neuron were not affected by minocycline. Minocycline did not affect steady-state outward currents of the RP4 neuron. However, minocycline did decrease the AMPH-elicited steady-state current changes. Similarly, minocycline decreased the effects of forskolin-elicited steady-state current changes. Pretreatment with H89 (N-[2-(p-Bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride; 10 μM), a protein kinase A inhibitor, inhibited AMPH-elicited action potential bursts and decreased AMPH-elicited steady-state current changes. These results suggest that the cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway and the steady-state current are involved in

  2. A fungal endophyte helps plants to tolerate root herbivory through changes in gibberellin and jasmonate signaling.

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    Cosme, Marco; Lu, Jing; Erb, Matthias; Stout, Michael Joseph; Franken, Philipp; Wurst, Susanne

    2016-08-01

    Plant-microbe mutualisms can improve plant defense, but the impact of root endophytes on below-ground herbivore interactions remains unknown. We investigated the effects of the root endophyte Piriformospora indica on interactions between rice (Oryza sativa) plants and its root herbivore rice water weevil (RWW; Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus), and how plant jasmonic acid (JA) and GA regulate this tripartite interaction. Glasshouse experiments with wild-type rice and coi1-18 and Eui1-OX mutants combined with nutrient, jasmonate and gene expression analyses were used to test: whether RWW adult herbivory above ground influences subsequent damage caused by larval herbivory below ground; whether P. indica protects plants against RWW; and whether GA and JA signaling mediate these interactions. The endophyte induced plant tolerance to root herbivory. RWW adults and larvae acted synergistically via JA signaling to reduce root growth, while endophyte-elicited GA biosynthesis suppressed the herbivore-induced JA in roots and recovered plant growth. Our study shows for the first time the impact of a root endophyte on plant defense against below-ground herbivores, adds to growing evidence that induced tolerance may be an important root defense, and implicates GA as a signal component of inducible plant tolerance against biotic stress. © 2016 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2016 New Phytologist Trust.

  3. Action potential bursts in central snail neurons elicited by paeonol: roles of ionic currents

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    Chen, Yi-hung; Lin, Pei-lin; Hsu, Hui-yu; Wu, Ya-ting; Yang, Han-yin; Lu, Dah-yuu; Huang, Shiang-suo; Hsieh, Ching-liang; Lin, Jaung-geng

    2010-01-01

    Aim: To investigate the effects of 2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxyacetophenone (paeonol) on the electrophysiological behavior of a central neuron (right parietal 4; RP4) of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac). Methods: Intracellular recordings and the two-electrode voltage clamp method were used to study the effects of paeonol on the RP4 neuron. Results: The RP4 neuron generated spontaneous action potentials. Bath application of paeonol at a concentration of ≥500 μmol/L reversibly elicited action potential bursts in a concentration-dependent manner. Immersing the neurons in Co2+-substituted Ca2+-free solution did not block paeonol-elicited bursting. Pretreatment with the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor KT-5720 or the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Ro 31-8220 did not affect the action potential bursts. Voltage-clamp studies revealed that paeonol at a concentration of 500 μmol/L had no remarkable effects on the total inward currents, whereas paeonol decreased the delayed rectifying K+ current (IKD) and the fast-inactivating K+ current (IA). Application of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP 5 mmol/L), an inhibitor of IA, or charybdotoxin 250 nmol/L, an inhibitor of the Ca2+-activated K+ current (IK(Ca)), failed to elicit action potential bursts, whereas tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA 50 mmol/L), an IKD blocker, successfully elicited action potential bursts. At a lower concentration of 5 mmol/L, TEA facilitated the induction of action potential bursts elicited by paeonol. Conclusion: Paeonol elicited a bursting firing pattern of action potentials in the RP4 neuron and this activity relates closely to the inhibitory effects of paeonol on the IKD. PMID:21042287

  4. Functional Imaging of Human Vestibular Cortex Activity Elicited by Skull Tap and Auditory Tone Burst

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    Noohi, Fatemeh; Kinnaird, Catherine; Wood, Scott; Bloomberg, Jacob; Mulavara, Ajitkumar; Seidler, Rachael

    2014-01-01

    The aim of the current study was to characterize the brain activation in response to two modes of vestibular stimulation: skull tap and auditory tone burst. The auditory tone burst has been used in previous studies to elicit saccular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMP) (Colebatch & Halmagyi 1992; Colebatch et al. 1994). Some researchers have reported that airconducted skull tap elicits both saccular and utricle VEMPs, while being faster and less irritating for the subjects (Curthoys et al. 2009, Wackym et al., 2012). However, it is not clear whether the skull tap and auditory tone burst elicit the same pattern of cortical activity. Both forms of stimulation target the otolith response, which provides a measurement of vestibular function independent from semicircular canals. This is of high importance for studying the vestibular disorders related to otolith deficits. Previous imaging studies have documented activity in the anterior and posterior insula, superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, pre and post central gyri, inferior frontal gyrus, and the anterior cingulate cortex in response to different modes of vestibular stimulation (Bottini et al., 1994; Dieterich et al., 2003; Emri et al., 2003; Schlindwein et al., 2008; Janzen et al., 2008). Here we hypothesized that the skull tap elicits the similar pattern of cortical activity as the auditory tone burst. Subjects put on a set of MR compatible skull tappers and headphones inside the 3T GE scanner, while lying in supine position, with eyes closed. All subjects received both forms of the stimulation, however, the order of stimulation with auditory tone burst and air-conducted skull tap was counterbalanced across subjects. Pneumatically powered skull tappers were placed bilaterally on the cheekbones. The vibration of the cheekbone was transmitted to the vestibular cortex, resulting in vestibular response (Halmagyi et al., 1995). Auditory tone bursts were also delivered for comparison. To validate

  5. Functional Imaging of Human Vestibular Cortex Activity Elicited by Skull Tap and Auditory Tone Burst

    Science.gov (United States)

    Noohi, F.; Kinnaird, C.; Wood, S.; Bloomberg, J.; Mulavara, A.; Seidler, R.

    2016-01-01

    The current study characterizes brain activation in response to two modes of vestibular stimulation: skull tap and auditory tone burst. The auditory tone burst has been used in previous studies to elicit either the vestibulo-spinal reflex (saccular-mediated colic Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMP)), or the ocular muscle response (utricle-mediated ocular VEMP (oVEMP)). Some researchers have reported that air-conducted skull tap elicits both saccular and utricle-mediated VEMPs, while being faster and less irritating for the subjects. However, it is not clear whether the skull tap and auditory tone burst elicit the same pattern of cortical activity. Both forms of stimulation target the otolith response, which provides a measurement of vestibular function independent from semicircular canals. This is of high importance for studying otolith-specific deficits, including gait and balance problems that astronauts experience upon returning to earth. Previous imaging studies have documented activity in the anterior and posterior insula, superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, inferior frontal gyrus, and the anterior cingulate cortex in response to different modes of vestibular stimulation. Here we hypothesized that skull taps elicit similar patterns of cortical activity as the auditory tone bursts, and previous vestibular imaging studies. Subjects wore bilateral MR compatible skull tappers and headphones inside the 3T GE scanner, while lying in the supine position, with eyes closed. Subjects received both forms of the stimulation in a counterbalanced fashion. Pneumatically powered skull tappers were placed bilaterally on the cheekbones. The vibration of the cheekbone was transmitted to the vestibular system, resulting in the vestibular cortical response. Auditory tone bursts were also delivered for comparison. To validate our stimulation method, we measured the ocular VEMP outside of the scanner. This measurement showed that both skull tap and auditory

  6. Pathogen-triggered ethylene signaling mediates systemic-induced susceptibility to herbivory in Arabidopsis.

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    Groen, Simon C; Whiteman, Noah K; Bahrami, Adam K; Wilczek, Amity M; Cui, Jianping; Russell, Jacob A; Cibrian-Jaramillo, Angelica; Butler, Ian A; Rana, Jignasha D; Huang, Guo-Hua; Bush, Jenifer; Ausubel, Frederick M; Pierce, Naomi E

    2013-11-01

    Multicellular eukaryotic organisms are attacked by numerous parasites from diverse phyla, often simultaneously or sequentially. An outstanding question in these interactions is how hosts integrate signals induced by the attack of different parasites. We used a model system comprised of the plant host Arabidopsis thaliana, the hemibiotrophic bacterial phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae, and herbivorous larvae of the moth Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) to characterize mechanisms involved in systemic-induced susceptibility (SIS) to T. ni herbivory caused by prior infection by virulent P. syringae. We uncovered a complex multilayered induction mechanism for SIS to herbivory. In this mechanism, antiherbivore defenses that depend on signaling via (1) the jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile) and (2) other octadecanoids are suppressed by microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered salicylic acid (SA) signaling and infection-triggered ethylene signaling, respectively. SIS to herbivory is, in turn, counteracted by a combination of the bacterial JA-Ile mimic coronatine and type III virulence-associated effectors. Our results show that SIS to herbivory involves more than antagonistic signaling between SA and JA-Ile and provide insight into the unexpectedly complex mechanisms behind a seemingly simple trade-off in plant defense against multiple enemies.

  7. Effects of penicillin on procaine-elicited bursts of potential in central neuron of snail, Achatina fulica.

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    Chen, Yi-Hung; Lu, Kuan-Ling; Hsiao, Ru-Wan; Lee, Ya-Ling; Tsai, Hong-Chieh; Lin, Chia Hsien; Tsai, Ming-Cheng

    2008-08-01

    Effects of penicillin on changes in procaine-elicited bursts of potential (BoP) were studied in a central neuron (RP4) of snail, Achatina fulica Ferussac. Procaine elicited BoP in the RP4 neuron while penicillin elicited depolarization of the neuron. Penicillin decreased the BoP elicited by procaine in a concentration-dependent manner. The effect of penicillin on the procaine-elicited BoP was not altered in the preparations treated with ascorbate or L-NAME (N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester). However, the inhibitory effect of penicillin on the procaine-elicited BoP was enhanced with a decrease in extracellular sodium ion. Sodium ion was one of the important ions contributing to the action potential of the neuron. Two-electrode voltage-clamp studies revealed that penicillin decreased the fast sodium inward current of the neuron. It is concluded that penicillin inhibited the BoP elicited by procaine and sodium ion altered the effect of penicillin on procaine-elicited BoP.

  8. Arabidopsis redox status in response to caterpillar herbivory

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    Jamuna ePaudel

    2013-05-01

    Full Text Available Plant responses to insect herbivory are regulated through complex, hormone-mediated interactions. Some caterpillar species have evolved strategies to manipulate this system by inducing specific pathways that suppress plant defense responses. Effectors in the labial saliva (LS secretions of Spodoptera exigua caterpillars are believed to induce the salicylic acid (SA pathway to interfere with the jasmonic acid (JA defense pathway; however, the mechanism underlying this subversion is unknown. Since Noctuid caterpillar LS contains enzymes that may affect cellular redox balance, this study investigated rapid changes in cellular redox metabolites within 45 min after herbivory. Caterpillar LS is involved in suppressing the increase in oxidative stress that was observed in plants fed upon by caterpillars with impaired LS secretions. To further understand the link between cellular redox balance and plant defense responses, marker genes of SA, JA and ethylene (ET pathways were compared in wildtype, the glutathione-compromised pad2-1 mutant and the tga2/5/6 triple mutant plants. AtPR1 and AtPDF1.2 showed LS-dependent expression that was alleviated in the pad2-1 and tga2/5/6 triple mutants. In comparison, the ET-dependent genes ERF1 expression showed LS-associated changes in both wildtype and pad2-1 mutant plants and the ORA 59 marker AtHEL had increased expression in response to herbivory, but a LS-dependent difference was not noted. These data support the model that there are SA/NPR1-, glutathione-dependent and ET-, glutathione-independent mechanisms leading to LS-associated suppression of plant induced defences.

  9. Recruitment dynamics mediated by ungulate herbivory can affect species coexistence for tree seedling assemblages

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    Chi-Yu Weng

    2017-08-01

    Full Text Available The best-known mechanism that herbivory affects species coexistence of tree seedlings is negative density-dependency driven by specialist natural enemies. However, in a forest with intense herbivory by non-specialists, what causes a diversifying seedling bank if rare species do not benefit from negative density-dependency in dominant species? We hypothesize that generalist herbivores can cause unevenly distributed species-specific mortality, which mediates recruitment dynamics and therefore affects species coexistence. To answer this question, we conducted a fence-control experiment in a montane cloud forest, Taiwan, and found that herbivorous damages were mainly caused by ungulates, which are generalists. We explored ungulate herbivory effects on recruitment dynamics by censusing tree seedling dynamics for three years. We found that herbivorous damages by ungulates significantly cause seedling death, mostly at their early stage of establishment. The percentage of death caused by herbivory varied among species. In particular, nurse plants and seedling initial height help shade-tolerant species to persist under such intense herbivory. Whereas, deaths caused by other factors occurred more often in older seedlings, with a consistent low percentage among species. We then tested species coexistence maintenance by dynamic modelling under different scenarios of ungulate herbivory. Raising percentages of death by herbivory changes relative species abundances by suppressing light-demanding species and increasing shade-tolerant species. Density-dependent mortality immediately after bursts of recruitments can suppress dominance of abundant species. With ungulate herbivory, fluctuating recruitment further prevent rare species from apparent competition induced by abundant species. Such bio-processes can interact with ungulate herbivory so that long-term coexistence can be facilitated.

  10. Evidence of an evolutionary hourglass pattern in herbivory-induced transcriptomic responses.

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    Durrant, Matthew; Boyer, Justin; Zhou, Wenwu; Baldwin, Ian T; Xu, Shuqing

    2017-08-01

    Herbivory-induced defenses are specific and activated in plants when elicitors, frequently found in the herbivores' oral secretions, are introduced into wounds during attack. While complex signaling cascades are known to be involved, it remains largely unclear how natural selection has shaped the evolution of these induced defenses. We analyzed herbivory-induced transcriptomic responses in wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, using a phylotranscriptomic approach that measures the origin and sequence divergence of herbivory-induced genes. Highly conserved and evolutionarily ancient genes of primary metabolism were activated at intermediate time points (2-6 h) after elicitation, while less constrained and young genes associated with defense signaling and biosynthesis of specialized metabolites were activated at early (before 2 h) and late (after 6 h) stages of the induced response, respectively - a pattern resembling the evolutionary hourglass pattern observed during embryogenesis in animals and the developmental process in plants and fungi. The hourglass patterns found in herbivory-induced defense responses and developmental process are both likely to be a result of signaling modularization and differential evolutionary constraints on the modules involved in the signaling cascade. © 2017 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2017 New Phytologist Trust.

  11. Herbivory increases diversification across insect clades.

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    Wiens, John J; Lapoint, Richard T; Whiteman, Noah K

    2015-09-24

    Insects contain more than half of all living species, but the causes of their remarkable diversity remain poorly understood. Many authors have suggested that herbivory has accelerated diversification in many insect clades. However, others have questioned the role of herbivory in insect diversification. Here, we test the relationships between herbivory and insect diversification across multiple scales. We find a strong, positive relationship between herbivory and diversification among insect orders. However, herbivory explains less variation in diversification within some orders (Diptera, Hemiptera) or shows no significant relationship with diversification in others (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera). Thus, we support the overall importance of herbivory for insect diversification, but also show that its impacts can vary across scales and clades. In summary, our results illuminate the causes of species richness patterns in a group containing most living species, and show the importance of ecological impacts on diversification in explaining the diversity of life.

  12. Herbivory alters plant carbon assimilation, patterns of biomass allocation and nitrogen use efficiency

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    Peschiutta, María Laura; Scholz, Fabián Gustavo; Goldstein, Guillermo; Bucci, Sandra Janet

    2018-01-01

    Herbivory can trigger physiological processes resulting in leaf and whole plant functional changes. The effects of chronic infestation by an insect on leaf traits related to carbon and nitrogen economy in three Prunus avium cultivars were assessed. Leaves from non-infested trees (control) and damaged leaves from infested trees were selected. The insect larvae produce skeletonization of the leaves leaving relatively intact the vein network of the eaten leaves and the abaxial epidermal tissue. At the leaf level, nitrogen content per mass (Nmass) and per area (Narea), net photosynthesis per mass (Amass) and per area (Aarea), photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE), leaf mass per area (LMA) and total leaf phenols content were measured in the three cultivars. All cultivars responded to herbivory in a similar fashion. The Nmass, Amass, and PNUE decreased, while LMA and total content of phenols increased in partially damaged leaves. Increases in herbivore pressure resulted in lower leaf size and total leaf area per plant across cultivars. Despite this, stem cumulative growth tended to increase in infected plants suggesting a change in the patterns of biomass allocation and in resources sequestration elicited by herbivory. A larger N investment in defenses instead of photosynthetic structures may explain the lower PNUE and Amass observed in damaged leaves. Some physiological changes due to herbivory partially compensate for the cost of leaf removal buffering the carbon economy at the whole plant level.

  13. Beaver herbivory on aquatic plants.

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    Parker, John D; Caudill, Christopher C; Hay, Mark E

    2007-04-01

    Herbivores have strong impacts on marine and terrestrial plant communities, but their impact is less well studied in benthic freshwater systems. For example, North American beavers (Castor canadensis) eat both woody and non-woody plants and focus almost exclusively on the latter in summer months, yet their impacts on non-woody plants are generally attributed to ecosystem engineering rather than herbivory. Here, we excluded beavers from areas of two beaver wetlands for over 2 years and demonstrated that beaver herbivory reduced aquatic plant biomass by 60%, plant litter by 75%, and dramatically shifted plant species composition. The perennial forb lizard's tail (Saururus cernuus) comprised less than 5% of plant biomass in areas open to beaver grazing but greater than 50% of plant biomass in beaver exclusions. This shift was likely due to direct herbivory, as beavers preferentially consumed lizard's tail over other plants in a field feeding assay. Beaver herbivory also reduced the abundance of the invasive aquatic plant Myriophyllum aquaticum by nearly 90%, consistent with recent evidence that native generalist herbivores provide biotic resistance against exotic plant invasions. Beaver herbivory also had indirect effects on plant interactions in this community. The palatable plant lizard's tail was 3 times more frequent and 10 times more abundant inside woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus) tussocks than in spatially paired locations lacking tussocks. When the protective foliage of the woolgrass was removed without exclusion cages, beavers consumed nearly half of the lizard's tail leaves within 2 weeks. In contrast, leaf abundance increased by 73-93% in the treatments retaining woolgrass or protected by a cage. Thus, woolgrass tussocks were as effective as cages at excluding beaver foraging and provided lizard's tail plants an associational refuge from beaver herbivory. These results suggest that beaver herbivory has strong direct and indirect impacts on populations and

  14. The 'Herbivory Uncertainty Principle': application in a cerrado site

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    CA Gadotti

    Full Text Available Researchers may alter the ecology of their studied organisms, even carrying out apparently beneficial activities, as in herbivory studies, when they may alter herbivory damage. We tested whether visit frequency altered herbivory damage, as predicted by the 'Herbivory Uncertainty Principle'. In a cerrado site, we established 80 quadrats, in which we sampled all woody individuals. We used four visit frequencies (high, medium, low, and control, quantifying, at the end of three months, herbivory damage for each species in each treatment. We did not corroborate the 'Herbivory Uncertainty Principle', since visiting frequency did not alter herbivory damage, at least when the whole plant community was taken into account. However, when we analysed each species separately, four out of 11 species presented significant differences in herbivory damage, suggesting that the researcher is not independent of its measurements. The principle could be tested in other ecological studies in which it may occur, such as those on animal behaviour, human ecology, population dynamics, and conservation.

  15. Antagonistic interactions between plant competition and insect herbivory.

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    Schädler, Martin; Brandl, Roland; Haase, Josephine

    2007-06-01

    Interspecific competition between plants and herbivory by specialized insects can have synergistic effects on the growth and performance of the attacked host plant. We tested the hypothesis that competition between plants may also negatively affect the performance of herbivores as well as their top-down effect on the host plant. In such a case, the combined effects of competition and herbivory may be less than expected from a simple multiplicative response. In other words, competition and herbivory may interact antagonistically. In a greenhouse experiment, Poa annua was grown in the presence or absence of a competitor (either Plantago lanceolata or Trifolium repens), as well as with or without a Poa-specialist aphid herbivore. Both competition and herbivory negatively affected Poa growth. Competition also reduced aphid density on Poa. This effect could in part be explained by changes in the biomass and the nitrogen content of Poa shoots. In treatments with competitors, reduced aphid densities alleviated the negative effect of herbivory on above- and belowground Poa biomass. Hence, we were able to demonstrate an antagonistic interaction between plant-plant interspecific competition and herbivory. However, response indices suggested that antagonistic interactions between competition and herbivory were contingent on the identity of the competitor. We found the antagonistic effect only in treatments with T. repens as the competitor. We conclude that both competitor identity and the herbivore's ability to respond with changes in its density or activity to plant competition affect the magnitude and direction (synergistic vs. antagonistic) of the interaction between competition and herbivory on plant growth.

  16. Mesozoic plants and dinosaur herbivory

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    Sander, P M; Gee, C T; Hummel, J; Clauss, Marcus

    2010-01-01

    For most of their existence, herbivorous dinosaurs fed on a gymnospermdominated flora. Starting from a simple reptilian herbivory, ornithischian dinosaurs evolved complex chewing dentitions and mechanisms, while sauropodomorph dinosaurs retained the primitive condition of not chewing. Some advanced theropod dinosaurs evolved a bird-type herbivory with a toothless beak and a gastric mill. Dinosaur digestive tract remains, coprolites, and other trace fossils offer little evidence for dinosaur f...

  17. Silencing ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase expression does not disrupt nitrogen allocation to defense after simulated herbivory in Nicotiana attenuata.

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    Stanton, Mariana A; Ullmann-Zeunert, Lynn; Wielsch, Natalie; Bartram, Stefan; Svatoš, Aleš; Baldwin, Ian T; Groten, Karin

    2013-01-01

    Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein on the planet and in addition to its central role in photosynthesis it is thought to function as a nitrogen (N)-storage protein and a potential source of N for defense biosynthesis in plants. In a recent study in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, we showed that the decrease in absolute N invested in soluble proteins and RuBisCO elicited by simulated herbivory was much larger than the N-requirements of nicotine and phenolamide biosynthesis; (15)N flux studies revealed that N for defensive phenolamide synthesis originates from recently assimilated N rather than from RuBisCO turnover. Here we show that a transgenic line of N. attenuata silenced in the expression of RuBisCO (asRUB) invests similar or even larger amounts of N into phenolamide biosynthesis compared with wild type plants, consistent with our previous conclusion that recently assimilated N is channeled into phenolamide synthesis after elicitation. We suggest that the decrease in leaf proteins after simulated herbivory is a tolerance mechanism, rather than a consequence of N-demand for defense biosynthesis.

  18. Leaf and root glucosinolate profiles of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) as a systemic response to methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation.

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    Zang, Yun-xiang; Ge, Jia-li; Huang, Ling-hui; Gao, Fei; Lv, Xi-shan; Zheng, Wei-wei; Hong, Seung-beom; Zhu, Zhu-jun

    2015-08-01

    Glucosinolates (GSs) are an important group of defensive phytochemicals mainly found in Brassicaceae. Plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) are major regulators of plant response to pathogen attack. However, there is little information about the interactive effect of both elicitors on inducing GS biosynthesis in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). In this study, we applied different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and/or SA onto the leaf and root of Chinese cabbage to investigate the time-course interactive profiles of GSs. Regardless of the site of the elicitation and the concentrations of the elicitors, the roots accumulated much more GSs and were more sensitive and more rapidly responsive to the elicitors than leaves. Irrespective of the elicitation site, MeJA had a greater inducing and longer lasting effect on GS accumulation than SA. All three components of indole GS (IGS) were detected along with aliphatic and aromatic GSs. However, IGS was a major component of total GSs that accumulated rapidly in both root and leaf tissues in response to MeJA and SA elicitation. Neoglucobrassicin (neoGBC) did not respond to SA but to MeJA in leaf tissue, while it responded to both SA and MeJA in root tissue. Conversion of glucobrassicin (GBC) to neoGBC occurred at a steady rate over 3 d of elicitation. Increased accumulation of 4-methoxy glucobrassicin (4-MGBC) occurred only in the root irrespective of the type of elicitors and the site of elicitation. Thus, accumulation of IGS is a major metabolic hallmark of SA- and MeJA-mediated systemic response systems. SA exerted an antagonistic effect on the MeJA-induced root GSs irrespective of the site of elicitation. However, SA showed synergistic and antagonistic effects on the MeJA-induced leaf GSs when roots and leaves are elicitated for 3 d, respectively.

  19. Deep sequencing reveals transcriptome re-programming of Taxus × media cells to the elicitation with methyl jasmonate.

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    Sun, Guiling; Yang, Yanfang; Xie, Fuliang; Wen, Jian-Fan; Wu, Jianqiang; Wilson, Iain W; Tang, Qi; Liu, Hongwei; Qiu, Deyou

    2013-01-01

    Plant cell culture represents an alternative source for producing high-value secondary metabolites including paclitaxel (Taxol®), which is mainly produced in Taxus and has been widely used in cancer chemotherapy. The phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can significantly increase the production of paclitaxel, which is induced in plants as a secondary metabolite possibly in defense against herbivores and pathogens. In cell culture, MeJA also elicits the accumulation of paclitaxel; however, the mechanism is still largely unknown. To obtain insight into the global regulation mechanism of MeJA in the steady state of paclitaxel production (7 days after MeJA addition), especially on paclitaxel biosynthesis, we sequenced the transcriptomes of MeJA-treated and untreated Taxus × media cells and obtained ∼ 32.5 M high quality reads, from which 40,348 unique sequences were obtained by de novo assembly. Expression level analysis indicated that a large number of genes were associated with transcriptional regulation, DNA and histone modification, and MeJA signaling network. All the 29 known genes involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoid backbone and paclitaxel were found with 18 genes showing increased transcript abundance following elicitation of MeJA. The significantly up-regulated changes of 9 genes in paclitaxel biosynthesis were validated by qRT-PCR assays. According to the expression changes and the previously proposed enzyme functions, multiple candidates for the unknown steps in paclitaxel biosynthesis were identified. We also found some genes putatively involved in the transport and degradation of paclitaxel. Potential target prediction of miRNAs indicated that miRNAs may play an important role in the gene expression regulation following the elicitation of MeJA. Our results shed new light on the global regulation mechanism by which MeJA regulates the physiology of Taxus cells and is helpful to understand how MeJA elicits other plant species besides Taxus.

  20. The Active Jasmonate JA-Ile Regulates a Specific Subset of Plant Jasmonate-Mediated Resistance to Herbivores in Nature

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    Meredith C. Schuman

    2018-06-01

    Full Text Available The jasmonate hormones are essential regulators of plant defense against herbivores and include several dozen derivatives of the oxylipin jasmonic acid (JA. Among these, the conjugate jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile has been shown to interact directly with the jasmonate co-receptor complex to regulate responses to jasmonate signaling. However, functional studies indicate that some aspects of jasmonate-mediated defense are not regulated by JA-Ile. Thus, it is not clear whether JA-Ile is best characterized as the master jasmonate regulator of defense, or if it regulates more specific aspects. We investigated possible functions of JA-Ile in anti-herbivore resistance of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a model system for plant-herbivore interactions. We first analyzed the soluble and volatile secondary metabolomes of irJAR4xirJAR6, asLOX3, and WT plants, as well as an RNAi line targeting the jasmonate co-receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (irCOI1, following a standardized herbivory treatment. irJAR4xirJAR6 were the most similar to WT plants, having a ca. 60% overlap in differentially regulated metabolites with either asLOX3 or irCOI1. In contrast, while at least 25 volatiles differed between irCOI1 or asLOX3 and WT plants, there were few or no differences in herbivore-induced volatile emission between irJAR4xirJAR6 and WT plants, in glasshouse- or field-collected samples. We then measured the susceptibility of jasmonate-deficient vs. JA-Ile-deficient plants in nature, in comparison to wild-type (WT controls, and found that JA-Ile-deficient plants (irJAR4xirJAR6 are much better defended even than a mildly jasmonate-deficient line (asLOX3. The differences among lines could be attributed to differences in damage from specific herbivores, which appeared to prefer either one or the other jasmonate-deficient phenotype. We further investigated the elicitation of one herbivore-induced volatile known to be jasmonate-regulated and to mediate resistance to

  1. Facing herbivory on the climb up: Lost opportunities as the main cost of herbivory in the wild yam Dioscorea praehensilis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Di Giusto, Bruno; Dounias, Edmond; McKey, Doyle B

    2017-08-01

    Plants with simple architecture and strong constraints on their growth may offer critical insights into how growth strategies affect the tolerance of plants to herbivory. Although Dioscorea praehensilis, a wild yam of African forests, is perennial, both aerial apparatus and tuber are annually renewed. Each year, the tuber produces a single stem that climbs from the ground to the forest canopy. This stem bears no leaves and no branches until it reaches optimal light conditions. Once in the canopy, the plant's production fuels the filling of a new tuber before the plant dies back to the ground. We hypothesized that if deprived of ant defense, the leafless growth phase is a vulnerable part of the cycle, during which a small amount of herbivory entails a high cost in terms of loss of opportunity. We compared the growth of stems bearing ants or not as well as of intact stems and stems subjected to simulated or natural herbivory. Ants reduce herbivory; herbivory delays arrival to the canopy and shortens the season of production. Artificially prolonging the stem growth to the canopy increased plant mortality in the following year and, in surviving plants, reduced the stem diameter and likely the underground reserves produced. Tuber size is a key variable in plant performance as it affects both the size of the aerial apparatus and the duration of its single season of production. Aerial apparatus and tuber are thus locked into a cycle of reciprocal annual renewal. Costs due to loss of opportunity may play a major role in plant tolerance to herbivory, especially when architectural constraints interact with ecological conditions to shape the plant's growth strategy.

  2. Effect of jasmonic acid elicitation on the yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of essential oil of lettuce leaf basil (Ocimum basilicum L.).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Złotek, Urszula; Michalak-Majewska, Monika; Szymanowska, Urszula

    2016-12-15

    The effect of elicitation with jasmonic acid (JA) on the plant yield, the production and composition of essential oils of lettuce leaf basil was evaluated. JA-elicitation slightly affected the yield of plants and significantly increased the amount of essential oils produced by basil - the highest oil yield (0.78±0.005mL/100gdw) was achieved in plants elicited with 100μM JA. The application of the tested elicitor also influenced the chemical composition of basil essential oils - 100μM JA increased the linalool, eugenol, and limonene levels, while 1μM JA caused the highest increase in the methyl eugenol content. Essential oils from JA-elicited basil (especially 1μM and 100μM) exhibited more effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential; therefore, this inducer may be a very useful biochemical tool for improving production and composition of herbal essential oils. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. Ontogenetic differences of herbivory on woody and herbaceous plants: a meta-analysis demonstrating unique effects of herbivory on the young and the old, the slow and the fast.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Massad, Tara Joy

    2013-05-01

    The effect of herbivory on plant performance is the subject of a large number of ecological studies, and plant responses to herbivory range from reduced reproduction to overcompensation. Because plant defenses, stored resources, and allocation demands change throughout a plant's lifetime, it can be hypothesized the effects of herbivory also vary with development. The present work extends previous analyses to incorporate hundreds of studies in a new meta-analysis addressing this topic. Herbivores had an overall negative effect on plant growth and reproduction, and, in contrast to a previous meta-analysis, this work shows the timing of herbivory is relevant. Differences in the effects of herbivory between life stages existed for woody plant reproduction and perennial herb growth. In addition, tree and shrub growth was reduced by herbivore damage at early ontogenetic stages, and perennial herb reproduction was limited by adult stage herbivory. These results partially support the continuum of an ontogenetic response model. Finally, consideration of this synthesis in conjunction with other work led to the conclusion that different plant groups optimize their defense investments in unique ways. Slow-growing plants may strongly chemically defend young tissues, supporting the plant-age hypothesis, because early herbivory is detrimental to growth. Faster-growing herbs may invest more in antiherbivore defense when they are older, supporting the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis, because later herbivory limits their reproduction.

  4. Systematic analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) metabolic responses to herbivory.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Alamgir, Kabir Md; Hojo, Yuko; Christeller, John T; Fukumoto, Kaori; Isshiki, Ryutaro; Shinya, Tomonori; Baldwin, Ian T; Galis, Ivan

    2016-02-01

    Plants defend against attack from herbivores by direct and indirect defence mechanisms mediated by the accumulation of phytoalexins and release of volatile signals, respectively. While the defensive arsenals of some plants, such as tobacco and Arabidopsis are well known, most of rice's (Oryza sativa) defence metabolites and their effectiveness against herbivores remain uncharacterized. Here, we used a non-biassed metabolomics approach to identify many novel herbivory-regulated metabolic signatures in rice. Most were up-regulated by herbivore attack while only a few were suppressed. Two of the most prominent up-regulated signatures were characterized as phenolamides (PAs), p-coumaroylputrescine and feruloylputrescine. PAs accumulated in response to attack by both chewing insects, i.e. feeding of the lawn armyworm (Spodoptera mauritia) and the rice skipper (Parnara guttata) larvae, and the attack of the sucking insect, the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH). In bioassays, BPH insects feeding on 15% sugar solution containing p-coumaroylputrescine or feruloylputrescine, at concentrations similar to those elicited by heavy BPH attack in rice, had a higher mortality compared to those feeding on sugar diet alone. Our results highlight PAs as a rapidly expanding new group of plant defence metabolites that are elicited by herbivore attack, and deter herbivores in rice and other plants. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  5. MAPK-dependent JA and SA signalling in Nicotiana attenuata affects plant growth and fitness during competition with conspecifics

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-01-01

    Background Induced defense responses to herbivores are generally believed to have evolved as cost-saving strategies that defer the fitness costs of defense metabolism until these defenses are needed. The fitness costs of jasmonate (JA)-mediated defenses have been well documented. Those of the early signaling units mediating induced resistance to herbivores have yet to be examined. Early signaling components that mediate herbivore-induced defense responses in Nicotiana attenuata, have been well characterized and here we examine their growth and fitness costs during competition with conspecifics. Two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), salicylic acid (SA)-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) are rapidly activated after perception of herbivory and both kinases regulate herbivory-induced JA levels and JA-mediated defense metabolite accumulations. Since JA-induced defenses result in resource-based trade-offs that compromise plant productivity, we evaluated if silencing SIPK (irSIPK) and WIPK (irWIPK) benefits the growth and fitness of plants competiting with wild type (WT) plants, as has been shown for plants silenced in JA-signaling by the reduction of Lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3) levels. Results As expected, irWIPK and LOX3-silenced plants out-performed their competing WT plants. Surprisingly, irSIPK plants, which have the largest reductions in JA signaling, did not. Phytohormone profiling of leaves revealed that irSIPK plants accumulated higher levels of SA compared to WT. To test the hypothesis that these high levels of SA, and their presumed associated fitness costs of pathogen associated defenses in irSIPK plants had nullified the JA-deficiency-mediated growth benefits in these plants, we genetically reduced SA levels in irSIPK plants. Reducing SA levels partially recovered the biomass and fitness deficits of irSIPK plants. We also evaluated whether the increased fitness of plants with reduced SA or JA levels resulted from

  6. Plant toxicity, adaptive herbivory, and plant community dynamics

    Science.gov (United States)

    Feng, Z.; Liu, R.; DeAngelis, D.L.; Bryant, J.P.; Kielland, K.; Stuart, Chapin F.; Swihart, R.K.

    2009-01-01

    We model effects of interspecific plant competition, herbivory, and a plant's toxic defenses against herbivores on vegetation dynamics. The model predicts that, when a generalist herbivore feeds in the absence of plant toxins, adaptive foraging generally increases the probability of coexistence of plant species populations, because the herbivore switches more of its effort to whichever plant species is more common and accessible. In contrast, toxin-determined selective herbivory can drive plant succession toward dominance by the more toxic species, as previously documented in boreal forests and prairies. When the toxin concentrations in different plant species are similar, but species have different toxins with nonadditive effects, herbivores tend to diversify foraging efforts to avoid high intakes of any one toxin. This diversification leads the herbivore to focus more feeding on the less common plant species. Thus, uncommon plants may experience depensatory mortality from herbivory, reducing local species diversity. The depensatory effect of herbivory may inhibit the invasion of other plant species that are more palatable or have different toxins. These predictions were tested and confirmed in the Alaskan boreal forest. ?? 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

  7. Neurotoxicity of a Novel Local Anesthetic Agent, Ropivacaine: The Possible Roles of Bursts of Potential and Cytoplasmic Second Messenger

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pei-Lin Lin

    2007-10-01

    Conclusion: Ropivacaine reversibly elicited bursts of potential in the central snail neuron. The ropivacaine-elicited bursts of potential were associated with phospholipase C activity in the RP4 snail neuron. Our results suggest that ropivacaine-induced neurotoxicity is highly associated with phospholipase C activity and phospholipase C inhibitor may offer a novel therapeutic approach for managing local anesthetic-induced convulsion or other transient neurologic toxicity.

  8. Herbivory by Thrips tabaci

    Science.gov (United States)

    Deborah M. Kendall

    1991-01-01

    Herbivory by Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) affects both the bulb yield and phytohormone balance in its major host plant, the onion (Alium cepa L.). Seasonal changes in the susceptibility of onion yield to T. tabaci feeding were examined during the three growth stages of onion; prebulbing, bulbing and sizing (Kendall...

  9. Dynamics of forest herbivory: quest for pattern and principle.

    Science.gov (United States)

    William J. Mattson; Pekka Niemila; Matti Rossi

    1996-01-01

    Herbivory on woody plants is highly variable in both space and time. This proceedings addresses one of its root causes, the highly intricate and dynamic relationships that exist between most herbivores and their host plants. It emphasizes that the consequences of herbivory both to the consumer and to the producer plant often balance on a razor`s edge--depending on...

  10. Parasitism by Cuscuta pentagona sequentially induces JA and SA defence pathways in tomato.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Runyon, Justin B; Mescher, Mark C; Felton, Gary W; De Moraes, Consuelo M

    2010-02-01

    While plant responses to herbivores and pathogens are well characterized, responses to attack by other plants remain largely unexplored. We measured phytohormones and C(18) fatty acids in tomato attacked by the parasitic plant Cuscuta pentagona, and used transgenic and mutant plants to explore the roles of the defence-related phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Parasite attachment to 10-day-old tomato plants elicited few biochemical changes, but a second attachment 10 d later elicited a 60-fold increase in JA, a 30-fold increase in SA and a hypersensitive-like response (HLR). Host age also influenced the response: neither Cuscuta seedlings nor established vines elicited a HLR in 10-day-old hosts, but both did in 20-day-old hosts. Parasites grew larger on hosts deficient in SA (NahG) or insensitive to JA [jasmonic acid-insensitive1 (jai1)], suggesting that both phytohormones mediate effective defences. Moreover, amounts of JA peaked 12 h before SA, indicating that defences may be coordinated via sequential induction of these hormones. Parasitism also induced increases in free linolenic and linoleic acids and abscisic acid. These findings provide the first documentation of plant hormonal signalling induced by a parasitic plant and show that tomato responses to C. pentagona display characteristics similar to both herbivore- and pathogen-induced responses.

  11. Independent Effects of Invasive Shrubs and Deer Herbivory on Plant Community Dynamics

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jeffrey S. Ward

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available Both invasive species and deer herbivory are recognized as locally important drivers of plant community dynamics. However, few studies have examined whether their effects are synergistic, additive, or antagonistic. At three study areas in southern New England, we examined the interaction of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann herbivory and three levels of invasive shrub control over seven growing seasons on the dynamics of nine herbaceous and shrub guilds. Although evidence of synergistic interactions was minimal, the separate effects of invasive shrub control and deer herbivory on plant community composition and dynamics were profound. Plant communities remained relatively unchanged where invasive shrubs were not treated, regardless if deer herbivory was excluded or not. With increasing intensity of invasive shrub control, native shrubs and forbs became more dominant where deer herbivory was excluded, and native graminoids became progressively more dominant where deer herbivory remained severe. While deer exclusion and intensive invasive shrub control increased native shrubs and forbs, it also increased invasive vines. Restoring native plant communities in areas with both established invasive shrub thickets and severe deer browsing will require an integrated management plan to eliminate recalcitrant invasive shrubs, reduce deer browsing intensity, and quickly treat other opportunistic invasive species.

  12. Macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of leaf herbivory across vascular plants.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Turcotte, Martin M; Davies, T Jonathan; Thomsen, Christina J M; Johnson, Marc T J

    2014-07-22

    The consumption of plants by animals underlies important evolutionary and ecological processes in nature. Arthropod herbivory evolved approximately 415 Ma and the ensuing coevolution between plants and herbivores is credited with generating much of the macroscopic diversity on the Earth. In contemporary ecosystems, herbivory provides the major conduit of energy from primary producers to consumers. Here, we show that when averaged across all major lineages of vascular plants, herbivores consume 5.3% of the leaf tissue produced annually by plants, whereas previous estimates are up to 3.8× higher. This result suggests that for many plant species, leaf herbivory may play a smaller role in energy and nutrient flow than currently thought. Comparative analyses of a diverse global sample of 1058 species across 2085 populations reveal that models of stabilizing selection best describe rates of leaf consumption, and that rates vary substantially within and among major plant lineages. A key determinant of this variation is plant growth form, where woody plant species experience 64% higher leaf herbivory than non-woody plants. Higher leaf herbivory in woody species supports a key prediction of the plant apparency theory. Our study provides insight into how a long history of coevolution has shaped the ecological and evolutionary relationships between plants and herbivores. © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

  13. Herbivory by a Phloem-feeding insect inhibits floral volatile production.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pareja, Martin; Qvarfordt, Erika; Webster, Ben; Mayon, Patrick; Pickett, John; Birkett, Michael; Glinwood, Robert

    2012-01-01

    There is extensive knowledge on the effects of insect herbivory on volatile emission from vegetative tissue, but little is known about its impact on floral volatiles. We show that herbivory by phloem-feeding aphids inhibits floral volatile emission in white mustard Sinapis alba measured by gas chromatographic analysis of headspace volatiles. The effect of the Brassica specialist aphid Lipaphis erysimi was stronger than the generalist aphid Myzus persicae and feeding by chewing larvae of the moth Plutella xylostella caused no reduction in floral volatile emission. Field observations showed no effect of L. erysimi-mediated floral volatile emission on the total number of flower visits by pollinators. Olfactory bioassays suggested that although two aphid natural enemies could detect aphid inhibition of floral volatiles, their olfactory orientation to infested plants was not disrupted. This is the first demonstration that phloem-feeding herbivory can affect floral volatile emission, and that the outcome of interaction between herbivory and floral chemistry may differ depending on the herbivore's feeding mode and degree of specialisation. The findings provide new insights into interactions between insect herbivores and plant chemistry.

  14. Interactive effects of above- and belowground herbivory and plant competition on plant growth and defence

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Jing, Y.; Raaijmakers, C.; Kostenko, O.; Kos, M.; Mulder, P.P.J.; Bezemer, T.M.

    2015-01-01

    Competition and herbivory are two major factors that can influence plant growth and plant defence. Although these two factors are often studied separately, they do not operate independently. We examined how aboveground herbivory by beet armyworm larvae (Spodoptera exigua) and belowground herbivory

  15. Herbivore derived fatty acid-amides elicit reactive oxygen species burst in plants

    Science.gov (United States)

    The formation of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst is a central response of plants to many forms of stress including pathogen attack, several abiotic stresses, damage and insect infestation. These ROS act as a direct defense as well as signaling and regulatory molecules. Perception of microbe or...

  16. Interactive effect of herbivory and competition on the invasive plant Mikania micrantha.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Junmin; Xiao, Tao; Zhang, Qiong; Dong, Ming

    2013-01-01

    A considerable number of host-specific biological control agents fail to control invasive plants in the field, and exploring the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is important and helpful for the management of invasive plants. Herbivory and competition are two of the most common biotic stressors encountered by invasive plants in their recipient communities. We predicted that the antagonistic interactive effect between herbivory and competition would weaken the effect of herbivory on invasive plants and result in the failure of herbivory to control invasive plants. To examine this prediction, thus, we conducted an experiment in which both invasive Mikania micrantha and native Coix lacryma-job i were grown together and subjected to herbivory-mimicking defoliation. Both defoliation and competition had significantly negative effects on the growth of the invader. However, the negative effect of 75% respective defoliation on the above- and below-ground biomass of Mikania micrantha was alleviated by presence of Coix lacryma-jobi. The negative effect of competition on the above- and below-ground biomass was equally compensated at 25%, 50% and 100% defoliation and overcompensated at 75% defoliation. The interactive effect was antagonistic and dependent on the defoliation intensity, with the maximum effect at 75% defoliation. The antagonistic interaction between defoliation and competition appears to be able to release the invader from competition, thus facilitating the invasiveness of Mikania, a situation that might make herbivory fail to inhibit the growth of invasive Mikania in the invaded community.

  17. Herbivory by a Phloem-feeding insect inhibits floral volatile production.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Martin Pareja

    Full Text Available There is extensive knowledge on the effects of insect herbivory on volatile emission from vegetative tissue, but little is known about its impact on floral volatiles. We show that herbivory by phloem-feeding aphids inhibits floral volatile emission in white mustard Sinapis alba measured by gas chromatographic analysis of headspace volatiles. The effect of the Brassica specialist aphid Lipaphis erysimi was stronger than the generalist aphid Myzus persicae and feeding by chewing larvae of the moth Plutella xylostella caused no reduction in floral volatile emission. Field observations showed no effect of L. erysimi-mediated floral volatile emission on the total number of flower visits by pollinators. Olfactory bioassays suggested that although two aphid natural enemies could detect aphid inhibition of floral volatiles, their olfactory orientation to infested plants was not disrupted. This is the first demonstration that phloem-feeding herbivory can affect floral volatile emission, and that the outcome of interaction between herbivory and floral chemistry may differ depending on the herbivore's feeding mode and degree of specialisation. The findings provide new insights into interactions between insect herbivores and plant chemistry.

  18. Vegetation shift from deciduous to evergreen dwarf shrubs in response to selective herbivory offsets carbon losses: evidence from 19 years of warming and simulated herbivory in the subarctic tundra.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ylänne, Henni; Stark, Sari; Tolvanen, Anne

    2015-10-01

    Selective herbivory of palatable plant species provides a competitive advantage for unpalatable plant species, which often have slow growth rates and produce slowly decomposable litter. We hypothesized that through a shift in the vegetation community from palatable, deciduous dwarf shrubs to unpalatable, evergreen dwarf shrubs, selective herbivory may counteract the increased shrub abundance that is otherwise found in tundra ecosystems, in turn interacting with the responses of ecosystem carbon (C) stocks and CO2 balance to climatic warming. We tested this hypothesis in a 19-year field experiment with factorial treatments of warming and simulated herbivory on the dominant deciduous dwarf shrub Vaccinium myrtillus. Warming was associated with a significantly increased vegetation abundance, with the strongest effect on deciduous dwarf shrubs, resulting in greater rates of both gross ecosystem production (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) as well as increased C stocks. Simulated herbivory increased the abundance of evergreen dwarf shrubs, most importantly Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum, which led to a recent shift in the dominant vegetation from deciduous to evergreen dwarf shrubs. Simulated herbivory caused no effect on GEP and ER or the total ecosystem C stocks, indicating that the vegetation shift counteracted the herbivore-induced C loss from the system. A larger proportion of the total ecosystem C stock was found aboveground, rather than belowground, in plots treated with simulated herbivory. We conclude that by providing a competitive advantage to unpalatable plant species with slow growth rates and long life spans, selective herbivory may promote aboveground C stocks in a warming tundra ecosystem and, through this mechanism, counteract C losses that result from plant biomass consumption. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  19. Burst firing and modulation of functional connectivity in cat striate cortex.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Snider, R K; Kabara, J F; Roig, B R; Bonds, A B

    1998-08-01

    We studied the influences of the temporal firing patterns of presynaptic cat visual cortical cells on spike generation by postsynaptic cells. Multiunit recordings were dissected into the activity of individual neurons within the recorded group. Cross-correlation analysis was then used to identify directly coupled neuron pairs. The 22 multiunit groups recorded typically showed activity from two to six neurons, each containing between 1 and 15 neuron pairs. From a total of 241 neuron pairs, 91 (38%) had a shifted cross-correlation peak, which indicated a possible direct connection. Only two multiunit groups contained no shifted peaks. Burst activity, defined by groups of two or more spikes with intervals of eliciting a spike from a second, driven neuron. We defined effectiveness as the percentage of spikes from the driving neuron that are time related to spikes of the driven neuron. The effectiveness of bursts (of any length) in eliciting a time-related response spike averaged 18.53% across all measurements as compared with the effectiveness of single spikes, which averaged 9.53%. Longer bursts were more effective than shorter ones. Effectiveness was reduced with spatially nonoptimal, as opposed to optimal, stimuli. The effectiveness of both bursts and single spikes decreased by the same amount across measurements with nonoptimal orientations, spatial frequencies and contrasts. At similar firing rates and burst lengths, the decrease was more pronounced for nonoptimal orientations than for lower contrasts, suggesting the existence of a mechanism that reduces effectiveness at nonoptimal orientations. These results support the hypothesis that neural information can be emphasized via instantaneous rate coding that is not preserved over long intervals or over trials. This is consistent with the integrate and fire model, where bursts participate in temporal integration.

  20. Simulated herbivory advances autumn phenology in Acer rubrum.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Forkner, Rebecca E

    2014-05-01

    To determine the degree to which herbivory contributes to phenotypic variation in autumn phenology for deciduous trees, red maple (Acer rubrum) branches were subjected to low and high levels of simulated herbivory and surveyed at the end of the season to assess abscission and degree of autumn coloration. Overall, branches with simulated herbivory abscised ∼7 % more leaves at each autumn survey date than did control branches within trees. While branches subjected to high levels of damage showed advanced phenology, abscission rates did not differ from those of undamaged branches within trees because heavy damage induced earlier leaf loss on adjacent branch nodes in this treatment. Damaged branches had greater proportions of leaf area colored than undamaged branches within trees, having twice the amount of leaf area colored at the onset of autumn and having ~16 % greater leaf area colored in late October when nearly all leaves were colored. When senescence was scored as the percent of all leaves abscised and/or colored, branches in both treatments reached peak senescence earlier than did control branches within trees: dates of 50 % senescence occurred 2.5 days earlier for low herbivory branches and 9.7 days earlier for branches with high levels of simulated damage. These advanced rates are of the same time length as reported delays in autumn senescence and advances in spring onset due to climate warming. Thus, results suggest that should insect damage increase as a consequence of climate change, it may offset a lengthening of leaf life spans in some tree species.

  1. The roots of defense: plant resistance and tolerance to belowground herbivory.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sean M Watts

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available There is conclusive evidence that there are fitness costs of plant defense and that herbivores can drive selection for defense. However, most work has focused on above-ground interactions, even though belowground herbivory may have greater impacts on individual plants than above-ground herbivory. Given the role of belowground plant structures in resource acquisition and storage, research on belowground herbivores has much to contribute to theories on the evolution of plant defense. Pocket gophers (Geomyidae provide an excellent opportunity to study root herbivory. These subterranean rodents spend their entire lives belowground and specialize on consuming belowground plant parts.We compared the root defenses of native forbs from mainland populations (with a history of gopher herbivory to island populations (free from gophers for up to 500,000 years. Defense includes both resistance against herbivores and tolerance of herbivore damage. We used three approaches to compare these traits in island and mainland populations of two native California forbs: 1 Eschscholzia californica populations were assayed to compare alkaloid deterrents, 2 captive gophers were used to test the palatability of E. californica roots and 3 simulated root herbivory assessed tolerance to root damage in Deinandra fasciculata and E. californica. Mainland forms of E. californica contained 2.5 times greater concentration of alkaloids and were less palatable to gophers than island forms. Mainland forms of D. fasciculata and, to a lesser extent, E. californica were also more tolerant of root damage than island conspecifics. Interestingly, undamaged island individuals of D. fasciculata produced significantly more fruit than either damaged or undamaged mainland individuals.These results suggest that mainland plants are effective at deterring and tolerating pocket gopher herbivory. Results also suggest that both forms of defense are costly to fitness and thus reduced in the absence of

  2. Tree diversity promotes insect herbivory in subtropical forests of south-east China.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schuldt, Andreas; Baruffol, Martin; Böhnke, Martin; Bruelheide, Helge; Härdtle, Werner; Lang, Anne C; Nadrowski, Karin; von Oheimb, Goddert; Voigt, Winfried; Zhou, Hongzhang; Assmann, Thorsten; Fridley, Jason

    2010-07-01

    1.Insect herbivory can strongly affect ecosystem processes, and its relationship with plant diversity is a central topic in biodiversity-functioning research. However, very little is known about this relationship from complex ecosystems dominated by long-lived individuals, such as forests, especially over gradients of high plant diversity.2.We analysed insect herbivory on saplings of 10 tree and shrub species across 27 forest stands differing in age and tree species richness in an extraordinarily diverse subtropical forest ecosystem in China. We tested whether plant species richness significantly influences folivory in these highly diverse forests or whether other factors play a more important role at such high levels of phytodiversity.3.Leaf damage was assessed on 58 297 leaves of 1284 saplings at the end of the rainy season in 2008, together with structural and abiotic stand characteristics.4.Species-specific mean damage of leaf area ranged from 3% to 16%. Herbivory increased with plant species richness even after accounting for potentially confounding effects of stand characteristics, of which stand age-related aspects most clearly covaried with herbivory. Intraspecific density dependence or other abiotic factors did not significantly influence overall herbivory across forest stands.5.Synthesis.The positive herbivory-plant diversity relationship indicates that effects related to hypotheses of resource concentration, according to which a reduction in damage by specialized herbivores might be expected as host plant concentration decreases with increasing plant diversity, do not seem to be major determinants for overall herbivory levels in our phytodiverse subtropical forest ecosystem. We discuss the potential role of host specificity of dominant herbivores, which are often expected to show a high degree of specialization in many (sub)tropical forests. In the forest system we studied, a much higher impact of polyphagous species than traditionally assumed might

  3. Predicting intensity of white-tailed deer herbivory in the Central Appalachian Mountains

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kniowski, Andrew B.; Ford, W. Mark

    2018-01-01

    In eastern North America, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can have profound influences on forest biodiversity and forest successional processes. Moderate to high deer populations in the central Appalachians have resulted in lower forest biodiversity. Legacy effects in some areas persist even following deer population reductions or declines. This has prompted managers to consider deer population management goals in light of policies designed to support conservation of biodiversity and forest regeneration while continuing to support ample recreational hunting opportunities. However, despite known relationships between herbivory intensity and biodiversity impact, little information exists on the predictability of herbivory intensity across the varied and spatially diverse habitat conditions of the central Appalachians. We examined the predictability of browsing rates across central Appalachian landscapes at four environmental scales: vegetative community characteristics, physical environment, habitat configuration, and local human and deer population demographics. In an information-theoretic approach, we found that a model fitting the number of stems browsed relative to local vegetation characteristics received most (62%) of the overall support of all tested models assessing herbivory impact. Our data suggest that deer herbivory responded most predictably to differences in vegetation quantity and type. No other spatial factors or demographic factors consistently affected browsing intensity. Because herbivory, vegetation communities, and productivity vary spatially, we suggest that effective broad-scale herbivory impact assessment should include spatially-balanced vegetation monitoring that accounts for regional differences in deer forage preference. Effective monitoring is necessary to avoid biodiversity impacts and deleterious changes in vegetation community composition that are difficult to reverse and/or may not be detected using traditional deer

  4. Modeling the compensatory response of an invasive tree to specialist insect herbivory

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhang, Bo; Liu, Xin; DeAngelis, Donald L.; Zhai, Lu; Rayamajhi, Min B.; Ju, Shu

    2018-01-01

    The severity of the effects of herbivory on plant fitness can be moderated by the ability of plants to compensate for biomass loss. Compensation is an important component of the ecological fitness in many plants, and has been shown to reduce the effects of pests on agricultural plant yields. It can also reduce the effectiveness of biocontrol through introduced herbivores in controlling weedy invasive plants. This study used a modeling approach to predict the effect of different levels of foliage herbivory by biological control agents introduced to control the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquennervia (melaleuca) in Florida. It is assumed in the model that melaleuca can optimally change its carbon and nitrogen allocation strategies in order to compensate for the effects of herbivory. The model includes reallocation of more resources to production and maintenance of photosynthetic tissues at the expense of roots. This compensation is shown to buffer the severity of the defoliation effect, but the model predicts a limit on the maximum herbivory that melaleuca can tolerate and survive. The model also shows that the level of available limiting nutrient (e.g., soil nitrogen) may play an important role in a melaleuca’s ability to compensate for herbivory. This study has management implications for the best ways to maximize the level of damage using biological control or other means of defoliation.

  5. The indirect effects of cheatgrass invasion: Grasshopper herbivory on native grasses determined by neighboring cheatgrass abundance

    Science.gov (United States)

    Julie Beckstead; Susan E. Meyer; Carol K. Augsperger

    2008-01-01

    Invasion biology has focused on the direct effects of plant invasion and has generally overlooked indirect interactions. Here we link theories of invasion biology and herbivory to explore an indirect effect of one invading species on associational herbivory (the effect of neighboring plants on herbivory) of native species. We studied a Great Basin shadscale (...

  6. Responses of vegetation and soil microbial communities to warming and simulated herbivory in a subarctic heath

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Rinnan, Riikka; Stark, Sari; Tolvanen, Anne

    2009-01-01

    Climate warming increases the cover of deciduous shrubs in arctic ecosystems and herbivory is also known to have a strong influence on the biomass and composition of vegetation. However, research combining herbivory with warming is largely lacking. Our study describes how warming and simulated...... setup of the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). Wounding of the dominant deciduous dwarf shrub Vaccinium myrtillus L. to simulate herbivory was carried out annually. We measured vegetation cover in 2003 and 2007, soil nutrient concentrations in 2003 and 2006, soil microbial respiration in 2003...... and herbivory. 6 Synthesis. Our results show that warming increases the cover of V. myrtillus, which seems to enhance the nutrient sink strength of vegetation in the studied ecosystem. However, herbivory partially negates the effect of warming on plant N uptake and interacts with the effect of warming...

  7. Coral Reef Resilience, Tipping Points and the Strength of Herbivory.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Holbrook, Sally J; Schmitt, Russell J; Adam, Thomas C; Brooks, Andrew J

    2016-11-02

    Coral reefs increasingly are undergoing transitions from coral to macroalgal dominance. Although the functional roles of reef herbivores in controlling algae are becoming better understood, identifying possible tipping points in the herbivory-macroalgae relationships has remained a challenge. Assessment of where any coral reef ecosystem lies in relation to the coral-to-macroalgae tipping point is fundamental to understanding resilience properties, forecasting state shifts, and developing effective management practices. We conducted a multi-year field experiment in Moorea, French Polynesia to estimate these properties. While we found a sharp herbivory threshold where macroalgae escape control, ambient levels of herbivory by reef fishes were well above that needed to prevent proliferation of macroalgae. These findings are consistent with previously observed high resilience of the fore reef in Moorea. Our approach can identify vulnerable coral reef systems in urgent need of management action to both forestall shifts to macroalgae and preserve properties essential for resilience.

  8. Methyl jasmonate-induced emission of biogenic volatiles is biphasic in cucumber: a high-resolution analysis of dose dependence.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jiang, Yifan; Ye, Jiayan; Li, Shuai; Niinemets, Ülo

    2017-07-20

    Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a key airborne elicitor activating jasmonate-dependent signaling pathways, including induction of stress-related volatile emissions, but how the magnitude and timing of these emissions scale with MeJA dose is not known. Treatments with exogenous MeJA concentrations ranging from mild (0.2 mM) to lethal (50 mM) were used to investigate quantitative relationships among MeJA dose and the kinetics and magnitude of volatile release in Cucumis sativus by combining high-resolution measurements with a proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) and GC-MS. The results highlighted biphasic kinetics of elicitation of volatiles. The early phase, peaking in 0.1-1 h after the MeJA treatment, was characterized by emissions of lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway volatiles and methanol. In the subsequent phase, starting in 6-12 h and reaching a maximum in 15-25 h after the treatment, secondary emissions of LOX compounds as well as emissions of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were elicited. For both phases, the maximum emission rates and total integrated emissions increased with applied MeJA concentration. Furthermore, the rates of induction and decay, and the duration of emission bursts were positively, and the timing of emission maxima were negatively associated with MeJA dose for LOX compounds and terpenoids, except for the duration of the first LOX burst. These results demonstrate major effects of MeJA dose on the kinetics and magnitude of volatile response, underscoring the importance of biotic stress severity in deciphering the downstream events of biological impacts. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

  9. Herbivory on freshwater and marine macrophytes

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Bakker, Elisabeth S.; Wood, Kevin A.; Pagès, Jordi F.; Veen, G.F.; Christianen, Marjolijn J.A.; Santamaría, Luis; Nolet, Bart A.; Hilt, Sabine

    2016-01-01

    Until the 1990s, herbivory on aquatic vascular plants was considered to be of minor importance, and the predominant view was that freshwater and marine macrophytes did not take part in the food web: their primary fate was the detritivorous pathway. In the last 25 years, a substantial body of

  10. Divergent responses of leaf herbivory to simulated hurricane effects in a rainforest understory

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chelse Prather

    2014-01-01

    Hurricanes are major disturbances in many forests, but studies showing effects of natural hurricanes on herbivory rates have yielded mixed results. Forest managers could benefit from a better understanding of the effects of disturbances on herbivory to manage for particular recovery or restoration goals after anthropogenic or natural disturbances, such as logging and...

  11. The effect of chronic seaweed subsidies on herbivory: plant-mediated fertilization pathway overshadows lizard-mediated predator pathways.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Piovia-Scott, Jonah; Spiller, David A; Takimoto, Gaku; Yang, Louie H; Wright, Amber N; Schoener, Thomas W

    2013-08-01

    Flows of energy and materials link ecosystems worldwide and have important consequences for the structure of ecological communities. While these resource subsidies typically enter recipient food webs through multiple channels, most previous studies focussed on a single pathway of resource input. We used path analysis to evaluate multiple pathways connecting chronic marine resource inputs (in the form of seaweed deposits) and herbivory in a shoreline terrestrial ecosystem. We found statistical support for a fertilization effect (seaweed increased foliar nitrogen content, leading to greater herbivory) and a lizard numerical response effect (seaweed increased lizard densities, leading to reduced herbivory), but not for a lizard diet-shift effect (seaweed increased the proportion of marine-derived prey in lizard diets, but lizard diet was not strongly associated with herbivory). Greater seaweed abundance was associated with greater herbivory, and the fertilization effect was larger than the combined lizard effects. Thus, the bottom-up, plant-mediated effect of fertilization on herbivory overshadowed the top-down effects of lizard predators. These results, from unmanipulated shoreline plots with persistent differences in chronic seaweed deposition, differ from those of a previous experimental study of the short-term effects of a pulse of seaweed deposition: while the increase in herbivory in response to chronic seaweed deposition was due to the fertilization effect, the short-term increase in herbivory in response to a pulse of seaweed deposition was due to the lizard diet-shift effect. This contrast highlights the importance of the temporal pattern of resource inputs in determining the mechanism of community response to resource subsidies.

  12. Combined effects of plant competition and insect herbivory hinder invasiveness of an introduced thistle.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Suwa, Tomomi; Louda, Svata M

    2012-06-01

    The biotic resistance hypothesis is a dominant paradigm for why some introduced species fail to become invasive in novel environments. However, predictions of this hypothesis require further empirical field tests. Here, we focus on evaluating two biotic factors known to severely limit plants, interspecific competition and insect herbivory, as mechanisms of biotic resistance. We experimentally evaluated the independent and combined effects of three levels of competition by tallgrass prairie vegetation and two levels of herbivory by native insects on seedling regeneration, size, and subsequent flowering of the Eurasian Cirsium vulgare, a known invasive species elsewhere, and compared its responses to those of the ecologically similar and co-occurring native congener C. altissimum. Seedling emergence of C. vulgare was greater than that of C. altissimum, and that emergence was reduced by the highest level of interspecific competition. Insect leaf herbivory was also greater on C. vulgare than on C. altissimum at all levels of competition. Herbivory on seedlings dramatically decreased the proportion of C. vulgare producing flower heads at all competition levels, but especially at the high competition level. Competition and herbivory interacted to significantly decrease plant survival and biomass, especially for C. vulgare. Thus, both competition and herbivory limited regeneration of both thistles, but their effects on seedling emergence, survival, size and subsequent reproduction were greater for C. vulgare than for C. altissimum. These results help explain the unexpectedly low abundance recorded for C. vulgare in western tallgrass prairie, and also provide strong support for the biotic resistance hypothesis.

  13. Effects of herbivory on the reproductive effort of 4 prairie perennials

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bradley Kate L

    2002-02-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Herbivory can affect every aspect of a plant's life. Damaged individuals may show decreased survivorship and reproductive output. Additionally, specific plant species (legumes and tissues (flowers are often selectively targeted by herbivores, like deer. These types of herbivory influence a plant's growth and abundance. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of leaf and meristem removal (simulated herbivory within an exclosure on fruit and flower production in four species (Rhus glabra, Rosa arkansana, Lathyrus venosus, and Phlox pilosa which are known targets of deer herbivory. Results Lathyrus never flowered or went to seed, so we were unable to detect any treatment effects. Leaf removal did not affect flower number in the other three species. However, Phlox, Rosa, and Rhus all showed significant negative correlations between seed mass and leaf removal. Meristem removal had a more negative effect than leaf removal on flower number in Phlox and on both flower number and seed mass in Rosa. Conclusions Meristem removal caused a greater response than defoliation alone in both Phlox and Rosa, which suggests that meristem loss has a greater effect on reproduction. The combination of leaf and meristem removal as well as recruitment limitation by deer, which selectively browse for these species, is likely to be one factor contributing to their low abundance in prairies.

  14. Comparing macrophyte herbivory by introduced Louisiana crayfish ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    The omnivorous Louisiana crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, has caused significant changes to macrophyte communities worldwide and may have similar negative effects in Kenya if used as a biological control agent for snails harbouring human schistosomes. Here we examine how herbivory by the introduced Louisiana ...

  15. Untangling individual variation in natural populations: ecological, genetic and epigenetic correlates of long-term inequality in herbivory.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Herrera, C M; Bazaga, P

    2011-04-01

    Individual variation in ecologically important features of organisms is a crucial element in ecology and evolution, yet disentangling its underlying causes is difficult in natural populations. We applied a genomic scan approach using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to quantify the genetic basis of long-term individual differences in herbivory by mammals at a wild population of the violet Viola cazorlensis monitored for two decades. In addition, methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) analyses were used to investigate the association between browsing damage and epigenetic characteristics of individuals, an aspect that has been not previously explored for any wild plant. Structural equation modelling was used to identify likely causal structures linking genotypes, epigenotypes and herbivory. Individuals of V. cazorlensis differed widely in the incidence of browsing mammals over the 20-year study period. Six AFLP markers (1.6% of total) were significantly related to herbivory, accounting altogether for 44% of population-wide variance in herbivory levels. MSAP analyses revealed considerable epigenetic variation among individuals, and differential browsing damage was significantly related to variation in multilocus epigenotypes. In addition, variation across plants in epigenetic characteristics was related to variation in several herbivory-related AFLP markers. Statistical comparison of alternative causal models suggested that individual differences in herbivory are the outcome of a complex causal structure where genotypes and epigenotypes are interconnected and have direct and indirect effects on herbivory. Insofar as methylation states of MSAP markers influential on herbivory are transgenerationally heritable, herbivore-driven evolutionary changes at the study population will involve correlated changes in genotypic and epigenotypic distributions. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  16. Herbivory and dominance shifts among exotic and congeneric native plant species during plant community establishment

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Engelkes, Tim; Meisner, Annelein; Morriën, Elly

    2016-01-01

    in a riparian ecosystem during early establishment of invaded communities. We planted ten plant communities each consisting of three individuals of each of six exotic plant species as well as six phylogenetically related natives. Exotic plant species were selected based on a rapid recent increase in regional...... abundance, the presence of a congeneric native species, and their co-occurrence in the riparian ecosystem. All plant communities were covered by tents with insect mesh. Five tents were open on the leeward side to allow herbivory. The other five tents were completely closed in order to exclude insects...... and vertebrates. Herbivory reduced aboveground biomass by half and influenced which of the plant species dominated the establishing communities. Exposure to herbivory did not reduce the total biomass of natives more than that of exotics, so aboveground herbivory did not selectively enhance exotics during...

  17. Tyylivinkkejä ja puuterihuiskuja : Kiinnostavan ja piilomainoksettoman muoti- ja kauneusjutun toimittaminen kaupunkilehteen

    OpenAIRE

    Kuusisto, Tiina

    2012-01-01

    Opinnäytetyössäni tutkin muoti- ja kauneusjuttujen ammattimaista toimittamista ja sitä, kuinka jutuista saadaan kiinnostavia ja piilomainoksettomia. Päätutkimuskysy-mykseni on: Kuinka muoti- ja kauneusaiheinen juttu toimitetaan ammattimaisesti? Tarkentavia tutkimuskysymyksiä on kolme. Kuinka tuotekeskeisestä aiheesta kirjoi-tetaan ilman mainostamista? Mikä tekee muoti- ja kauneusjutusta kiinnostavan? Kuinka kaupunkilehti Forum24:n Muoti ja Kauneus -liitteessä toteutuvat kiinnosta-vuus ja amma...

  18. Monitoring of anatabine release by methyl jasmonate elicited BY-2 cells using surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

    Science.gov (United States)

    De Bleye, C; Dumont, E; Dispas, A; Hubert, C; Sacré, P-Y; Netchacovitch, L; De Muyt, B; Kevers, C; Dommes, J; Hubert, Ph; Ziemons, E

    2016-11-01

    A new application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in the field of plant material analysis is proposed in this study. The aim was to monitor the release of anatabine by methyl jasmonate (MeJa) elicited Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells. Gold nanoparticles (AuNps) were used as SERS substrate. The first step was to study the SERS activity of anatabine in a complex matrix comprising the culture medium and BY-2 cells. The second step was the calibration. This one was successfully performed directly in the culture medium in order to take into account the matrix effect, by spiking the medium with different concentrations of anatabine, leading to solutions ranging from 250 to 5000µgL(-1). A univariate analysis was performed, the intensity of a band situated at 1028cm(-1), related to anatabine, was plotted against the anatabine concentration. A linear relationship was observed with a R(2) of 0.9951. During the monitoring study, after the MeJa elicitation, samples were collected from the culture medium containing BY-2 cells at 0, 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h and were analysed using SERS. Finally, the amount of anatabine released in the culture medium was determined using the response function, reaching a plateau after 72h of 82µg of anatabine released/g of fresh weight (FW) MeJa elicited BY-2 cells. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  19. Inducible defenses against herbivory and fouling in seaweeds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pereira, Renato Crespo; Costa, Erica da Silva; Sudatti, Daniela Bueno; da Gama, Bernardo Antonio Perez

    2017-04-01

    Secondary metabolites play an important ecological role as a defense mechanism in seaweeds. Chemical defenses are well known to change in response to herbivory, but other driving factors, either biotic or abiotic, are often neglected. Epibiosis may not only reduce seaweed fitness, but also increase attractiveness to consumers, and thus defense production should also be triggered by epibionts. In this study, three Southwestern Atlantic seaweeds, Gracilaria cearensis, Pterocladiella capillacea (Rhodophyceae) and Codium decorticatum (Chlorophyceae) were investigated in laboratory bioassays designed to test whether the action of herbivory or simulated epibiosis influences chemical defenses. Crossed induction experiments were also performed in order to assess whether herbivore induction influences antifouling chemical defense, as well as whether epibiont induction would affect defense against herbivores. The effect of laboratory conditions on seaweeds in the absence of field stimuli was also investigated by comparing consumption of artificial food with extracts from acclimatized and non-acclimatized seaweeds (i.e., natural defense levels). Only the green seaweed C. decorticatum exhibited inducible antifouling defenses triggered by simulated epibiosis, but not by herbivores. In the other seaweeds there was no induction either by herbivory or simulated epibiosis. Acclimatization did not affect C. decorticatum defenses. However, non-acclimatized G. cearensis artificial foods were preferred over acclimatized ones, while extracts from acclimatized P. capillacea increased herbivore consumption, highlighting the need to acclimatize seaweeds before the main induction experiments. This is the first report of inducible defenses due to simulated fouling in seaweeds.

  20. Enhanced daidzin production from jasmonic and acetyl salicylic acid elicited hairy root cultures of Psoralea corylifolia L. (Fabaceae).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zaheer, Mohd; Reddy, Vudem Dashavantha; Giri, Charu Chandra

    2016-07-01

    Daidzin (7-O-glucoside of daidzein) has several pharmacological benefits in herbal remedy, as antioxidant and shown antidipsotropic activity. Hairy root culture of Psoralea corylifolia L. was developed for biomass and enhanced daidzin production using signalling compounds such as jasmonic acid (JA) and acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). Best response of 2.8-fold daidzin (5.09% DW) with 1 μM JA treatment after second week and 7.3-fold (3.43% DW) with 10 μM JA elicitation after 10th week was obtained from hairy roots compared to untreated control. ASA at 10 μM promoted 1.7-fold increase in daidzin (1.49% DW) content after seventh week compared to control (0.83% DW). Addition of 25 μM ASA resulted in 1.44% DW daidzin (1.5-fold increase) with 0.91% DW in control after fifth week and 1.44% DW daidzin (2.3-fold increase) after eighth week when compared to untreated control (0.62% DW). Reduced biomass with increased daidzin content was facilitated by elicited hairy root cultures.

  1. Circumpolar arctic tundra biomass and productivity dynamics in response to projected climate change and herbivory.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yu, Qin; Epstein, Howard; Engstrom, Ryan; Walker, Donald

    2017-09-01

    Satellite remote sensing data have indicated a general 'greening' trend in the arctic tundra biome. However, the observed changes based on remote sensing are the result of multiple environmental drivers, and the effects of individual controls such as warming, herbivory, and other disturbances on changes in vegetation biomass, community structure, and ecosystem function remain unclear. We apply ArcVeg, an arctic tundra vegetation dynamics model, to estimate potential changes in vegetation biomass and net primary production (NPP) at the plant community and functional type levels. ArcVeg is driven by soil nitrogen output from the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model, existing densities of Rangifer populations, and projected summer temperature changes by the NCAR CCSM4.0 general circulation model across the Arctic. We quantified the changes in aboveground biomass and NPP resulting from (i) observed herbivory only; (ii) projected climate change only; and (iii) coupled effects of projected climate change and herbivory. We evaluated model outputs of the absolute and relative differences in biomass and NPP by country, bioclimate subzone, and floristic province. Estimated potential biomass increases resulting from temperature increase only are approximately 5% greater than the biomass modeled due to coupled warming and herbivory. Such potential increases are greater in areas currently occupied by large or dense Rangifer herds such as the Nenets-occupied regions in Russia (27% greater vegetation increase without herbivores). In addition, herbivory modulates shifts in plant community structure caused by warming. Plant functional types such as shrubs and mosses were affected to a greater degree than other functional types by either warming or herbivory or coupled effects of the two. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  2. Impairment of leaf photosynthesis after insect herbivory or mechanical injury on common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Delaney, K J; Haile, F J; Peterson, R K D; Higley, L G

    2008-10-01

    Insect herbivory has variable consequences on plant physiology, growth, and reproduction. In some plants, herbivory reduces photosynthetic rate (Pn) activity on remaining tissue of injured leaves. We sought to better understand the influence of leaf injury on Pn of common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca (Asclepiadaceae), leaves. Initially, we tested whether Pn reductions occurred after insect herbivory or mechanical injury. We also (1) examined the duration of photosynthetic recovery, (2) compared mechanical injury with insect herbivory, (3) studied the relationship between leaf Pn with leaf injury intensity, and (4) considered uninjured leaf compensatory Pn responses neighboring an injured leaf. Leaf Pn was significantly reduced on mechanically injured or insect-fed leaves in all reported experiments except one, so some factor(s) (cardiac glycoside induction, reproductive investment, and water stress) likely interacts with leaf injury to influence whether Pn impairment occurs. Milkweed tussock moth larval herbivory, Euchaetes egle L. (Arctiidae), impaired leaf Pn more severely than mechanical injury in one experiment. Duration of Pn impairment lasted > 5 d to indicate high leaf Pn sensitivity to injury, but Pn recovery occurred within 13 d in one experiment. The degree of Pn reduction was more severe from E. egle herbivory than similar levels of mechanical tissue removal. Negative linear relationships characterized leaf Pn with percentage tissue loss from single E. egle-fed leaves and mechanically injured leaves and suggested that the signal to trigger leaf Pn impairment on remaining tissue of an injured leaf was amplified by additional tissue loss. Finally, neighboring uninjured leaves to an E. egle-fed leaf had a small (approximately 10%) degree of compensatory Pn to partly offset tissue loss and injured leaf Pn impairment.

  3. Spatial Patterns in Herbivory on a Coral Reef Are Influenced by Structural Complexity but Not by Algal Traits

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vergés, Adriana; Vanderklift, Mathew A.; Doropoulos, Christopher; Hyndes, Glenn A.

    2011-01-01

    Background Patterns of herbivory can alter the spatial structure of ecosystems, with important consequences for ecosystem functions and biodiversity. While the factors that drive spatial patterns in herbivory in terrestrial systems are well established, comparatively less is known about what influences the distribution of herbivory in coral reefs. Methodology and Principal Findings We quantified spatial patterns of macroalgal consumption in a cross-section of Ningaloo Reef (Western Australia). We used a combination of descriptive and experimental approaches to assess the influence of multiple macroalgal traits and structural complexity in establishing the observed spatial patterns in macroalgal herbivory, and to identify potential feedback mechanisms between herbivory and macroalgal nutritional quality. Spatial patterns in macroalgal consumption were best explained by differences in structural complexity among habitats. The biomass of herbivorous fish, and rates of herbivory were always greater in the structurally-complex coral-dominated outer reef and reef flat habitats, which were also characterised by high biomass of herbivorous fish, low cover and biomass of macroalgae and the presence of unpalatable algae species. Macroalgal consumption decreased to undetectable levels within 75 m of structurally-complex reef habitat, and algae were most abundant in the structurally-simple lagoon habitats, which were also characterised by the presence of the most palatable algae species. In contrast to terrestrial ecosystems, herbivory patterns were not influenced by the distribution, productivity or nutritional quality of resources (macroalgae), and we found no evidence of a positive feedback between macroalgal consumption and the nitrogen content of algae. Significance This study highlights the importance of seascape-scale patterns in structural complexity in determining spatial patterns of macroalgal consumption by fish. Given the importance of herbivory in maintaining the

  4. Spatial patterns in herbivory on a coral reef are influenced by structural complexity but not by algal traits.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Adriana Vergés

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available Patterns of herbivory can alter the spatial structure of ecosystems, with important consequences for ecosystem functions and biodiversity. While the factors that drive spatial patterns in herbivory in terrestrial systems are well established, comparatively less is known about what influences the distribution of herbivory in coral reefs.We quantified spatial patterns of macroalgal consumption in a cross-section of Ningaloo Reef (Western Australia. We used a combination of descriptive and experimental approaches to assess the influence of multiple macroalgal traits and structural complexity in establishing the observed spatial patterns in macroalgal herbivory, and to identify potential feedback mechanisms between herbivory and macroalgal nutritional quality. Spatial patterns in macroalgal consumption were best explained by differences in structural complexity among habitats. The biomass of herbivorous fish, and rates of herbivory were always greater in the structurally-complex coral-dominated outer reef and reef flat habitats, which were also characterised by high biomass of herbivorous fish, low cover and biomass of macroalgae and the presence of unpalatable algae species. Macroalgal consumption decreased to undetectable levels within 75 m of structurally-complex reef habitat, and algae were most abundant in the structurally-simple lagoon habitats, which were also characterised by the presence of the most palatable algae species. In contrast to terrestrial ecosystems, herbivory patterns were not influenced by the distribution, productivity or nutritional quality of resources (macroalgae, and we found no evidence of a positive feedback between macroalgal consumption and the nitrogen content of algae.This study highlights the importance of seascape-scale patterns in structural complexity in determining spatial patterns of macroalgal consumption by fish. Given the importance of herbivory in maintaining the ability of coral reefs to reorganise and

  5. Sairaanhoitaja- ja terveydenhoitajaopiskelijoiden ensiaputiedot ja -taidot

    OpenAIRE

    Lehtimäki, Laura; Mäki, Laura; Varis, Sara

    2012-01-01

    Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää ensimmäisen vuoden sairaanhoitaja- ja terveydenhoitajaopiskelijoiden ensiaputietoja ja –taitoja sekä ensiapuopetuksen ja -harjoitusten vaikutusta niihin. Lisäksi tarkoituksena oli saada selville eri oppimistyylien vaikutusta ensiaputietojen ja –taitojen oppimiseen. Opinnäytetyömme oli määrällinen eli kvantitatiivinen tutkimus. Opinnäytetyössä perusjoukkona oli Porvoon Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulun ensimmäisen vuoden sairaanhoitaja- ja terveydenhoita...

  6. Ontogenetic stage, plant vigor and sex mediate herbivory loads in a dioecious understory herb

    Science.gov (United States)

    Selaković, Sara; Vujić, Vukica; Stanisavljević, Nemanja; Jovanović, Živko; Radović, Svetlana; Cvetković, Dragana

    2017-11-01

    Plant-herbivore interactions can be mediated by plant apparency, defensive and nutritional quality traits that change through plant ontogeny, resulting in age-specific herbivory. In dioecious species, opposing allocation patterns in defense may lead to sex-biased herbivory. Here, we examine how onto stage and plant sex determine levels of herbivore damage in understory herb Mercurialis perennis under field conditions. We analyzed variation in plant size (height, total leaf area), physical (specific leaf area) and chemical (total phenolic and condensed tannins contents) defense, and nutritional quality (total water, soluble protein and nonstructural carbohydrate contents) during the shift from reproductive to post-reproductive stage. Furthermore, we explored correlations between the analyzed traits and levels of foliar damage. Post-reproductive plants had lower levels of chemical defense, and larger leaf area removed, in spite of having lower nutritive quality. Opposing patterns of intersexual differences were detected in protein and phenolic contents during reproductive stage, while in post-reproductive stage total leaf area was sexually dimorphic. Female-biased herbivory was apparent only after reproduction. Plant size parameters combined with condensed tannins content determined levels of foliar damage during post-reproductive stage, while the only trait covarying with herbivory in reproductive stage was total nonstructural carbohydrate content. Our results support claims of optimal defense theory - sensitive stage of reproduction was better defended. We conclude that different combinations of plant traits mediated interactions with herbivores in mature stages. Differences in reproductive allocation between the sexes may not immediately translate into different levels of damage, stressing the need for considering different ontogenetic stages when exploring sex bias in herbivory.

  7. Herbivory and climate interact serially to control monoterpene emissions from pinyon pine forests.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Trowbridge, Amy M; Daly, Ryan W; Helmig, Detlev; Stoy, Paul C; Monson, Russell K

    2014-06-01

    The emission of volatile monoterpenes from coniferous trees impacts the oxidative state of the troposphere and multi-trophic signaling between plants and animals. Previous laboratory studies have revealed that climate anomalies and herbivory alter the rate of tree monoterpene emissions. However, no studies to date have been conducted to test these relations in situ. We conducted a two-year field experiment at two semiarid sites dominated by pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) during outbreaks of a specialist herbivore, the southwestern tiger moth (Lophocampa ingens: Arctiidae). We discovered that during the early spring, when herbivory rates were highest, monoterpene emission rates were approximately two to six times higher from undamaged needles on damaged trees, with this increase in emissions due to alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and camphene at both sites. During mid-summer, emission rates did not differ between previously damaged and undamaged trees at the site on the Western Slope of the Rocky Mountains, but rather tracked changes in the temperature and precipitation regime characteristic of the region. As the mid-summer drought progressed at the Eastern Slope site, emission rates were low, but differences between previously damaged and undamaged trees were not statistically significant. Despite no difference in emissions, mid-summer tissue monoterpene concentrations were significantly lower in previously damaged trees at both sites. With the onset of monsoon rains during late summer, emission rates from previously damaged trees increased to levels higher than those of undamaged trees despite the lack of herbivory. We conclude that (1) herbivory systemically increases the flux of terpenes to the atmosphere during the spring, (2) drought overrides the effect of past herbivory as the primary control over emissions during the mid-summer, and (3) a release from drought and the onset of late-summer rains is correlated with a secondary increase in emissions, particularly from

  8. Parasite Removal, but Not Herbivory, Deters Future Parasite Attachment on Tomato

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tjiurutue, Muvari Connie; Palmer-Young, Evan C.; Adler, Lynn S.

    2016-01-01

    Plants face many antagonistic interactions that occur sequentially. Often, plants employ defense strategies in response to the initial damage that are highly specific and can affect interactions with subsequent antagonists. In addition to herbivores and pathogens, plants face attacks by parasitic plants, but we know little about how prior herbivory compared to prior parasite attachment affects subsequent host interactions. If host plants can respond adaptively to these different damage types, we predict that prior parasitism would have a greater deterrent effect on subsequent parasites than would prior herbivory. To test the effects of prior parasitism and prior herbivory on subsequent parasitic dodder (Cuscuta spp.) preference, we conducted two separate greenhouse studies with tomato hosts (Solanum lycopersicum). In the first experiment, we tested the effects of previous dodder attachment on subsequent dodder preference on tomato hosts using three treatments: control plants that had no previous dodder attachment; dodder-removed plants that had an initial dodder seedling attached, removed and left in the same pot to simulate parasite death; and dodder-continuous plants with an initial dodder seedling that remained attached. In the second experiment, we tested the effects of previous caterpillar damage (Spodoptera exigua) and mechanical damage on future dodder attachment on tomato hosts. Dodder attached most slowly to tomato hosts that had dodder plants previously attached and then removed, compared to control plants or plants with continuous dodder attachment. In contrast, herbivory did not affect subsequent dodder attachment rate. These results indicate that dodder preference depended on the identity and the outcome of the initial attack, suggesting that early-season interactions have the potential for profound impacts on subsequent community dynamics. PMID:27529694

  9. Parasite Removal, but Not Herbivory, Deters Future Parasite Attachment on Tomato.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Muvari Connie Tjiurutue

    Full Text Available Plants face many antagonistic interactions that occur sequentially. Often, plants employ defense strategies in response to the initial damage that are highly specific and can affect interactions with subsequent antagonists. In addition to herbivores and pathogens, plants face attacks by parasitic plants, but we know little about how prior herbivory compared to prior parasite attachment affects subsequent host interactions. If host plants can respond adaptively to these different damage types, we predict that prior parasitism would have a greater deterrent effect on subsequent parasites than would prior herbivory. To test the effects of prior parasitism and prior herbivory on subsequent parasitic dodder (Cuscuta spp. preference, we conducted two separate greenhouse studies with tomato hosts (Solanum lycopersicum. In the first experiment, we tested the effects of previous dodder attachment on subsequent dodder preference on tomato hosts using three treatments: control plants that had no previous dodder attachment; dodder-removed plants that had an initial dodder seedling attached, removed and left in the same pot to simulate parasite death; and dodder-continuous plants with an initial dodder seedling that remained attached. In the second experiment, we tested the effects of previous caterpillar damage (Spodoptera exigua and mechanical damage on future dodder attachment on tomato hosts. Dodder attached most slowly to tomato hosts that had dodder plants previously attached and then removed, compared to control plants or plants with continuous dodder attachment. In contrast, herbivory did not affect subsequent dodder attachment rate. These results indicate that dodder preference depended on the identity and the outcome of the initial attack, suggesting that early-season interactions have the potential for profound impacts on subsequent community dynamics.

  10. Tolerance of Brassica nigra to Pieris brassicae herbivory

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Blatt, S.E.; Smallegange, R.C.; Hess, L.; Harvey, J.A.; Dicke, M.; Loon, van J.J.A.

    2008-01-01

    Black mustard, Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, is a wild annual species found throughout Europe and fed on by larvae of the large cabbage-white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. We examined the impact of herbivory from P. brassicae, a gregarious herbivore, on B. nigra grown from wild seed collected locally.

  11. Tolerence of Braccica nigra to Pieris brassicae herbivory

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Blatt, S.E.; Smallegange, R.C.; Hess, L.; Harvey, J.A.; Dicke, D.; van Loon, J.J.A.

    2008-01-01

    Black mustard, Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, is a wild annual species found throughout Europe and fed on by larvae of the large cabbage-white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. We examined the impact of herbivory from P. brassicae, a gregarious herbivore, on B. nigra grown from wild seed collected locally.

  12. Variable effects of temperature on insect herbivory

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nathan P. Lemoine

    2014-05-01

    Full Text Available Rising temperatures can influence the top-down control of plant biomass by increasing herbivore metabolic demands. Unfortunately, we know relatively little about the effects of temperature on herbivory rates for most insect herbivores in a given community. Evolutionary history, adaptation to local environments, and dietary factors may lead to variable thermal response curves across different species. Here we characterized the effect of temperature on herbivory rates for 21 herbivore-plant pairs, encompassing 14 herbivore and 12 plant species. We show that overall consumption rates increase with temperature between 20 and 30 °C but do not increase further with increasing temperature. However, there is substantial variation in thermal responses among individual herbivore-plant pairs at the highest temperatures. Over one third of the herbivore-plant pairs showed declining consumption rates at high temperatures, while an approximately equal number showed increasing consumption rates. Such variation existed even within herbivore species, as some species exhibited idiosyncratic thermal response curves on different host plants. Thus, rising temperatures, particularly with respect to climate change, may have highly variable effects on plant-herbivore interactions and, ultimately, top-down control of plant biomass.

  13. Lakkaasi ja tyrosinaasi ja niiden aktiivisuus valkolahosienissä

    OpenAIRE

    Kajasniemi, Petri

    2016-01-01

    Tutkielman kirjallinen osuus käsitteli Agaricus-suvun sieniä, sekä tyrosinaasin ja lakkaasin toimintaa ja rakennetta ja niiden jo olemassa olevia että mahdollisia sovelluksia. Kokeellisessa osassa pyrittiin selvittämään lakkaasin ja tyrosinaasin aktiivisuutta puuta ja kariketta lahottavien kantasienten kasvatuksissa ja vertaamaan erilaisia tyrosinaasiaktiivisuuden mittausmenetelmiä. Kokeellisessa osuudessa oli kaksi 28 vuorokautta kestänyttä kasvatusta. Toisessa alustana oli 2% mallasliemi...

  14. Insect herbivory and plant adaptation in an early successional community.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Agrawal, Anurag A; Hastings, Amy P; Fines, Daniel M; Bogdanowicz, Steve; Huber, Meret

    2018-05-01

    To address the role of insect herbivores in adaptation of plant populations and the persistence of selection through succession, we manipulated herbivory in a long-term field experiment. We suppressed insects in half of 16 plots over nine years and examined the genotypic structure and chemical defense of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), a naturally colonizing perennial apomictic plant. Insect suppression doubled dandelion abundance in the first few years, but had negligible effects thereafter. Using microsatellite DNA markers, we genotyped >2500 plants and demonstrate that insect suppression altered the genotypic composition of plots in both sampling years. Phenotypic and genotypic estimates of defensive terpenes and phenolics from the field plots allowed us to infer phenotypic plasticity and the response of dandelion populations to insect-mediated natural selection. The effects of insect suppression on plant chemistry were, indeed, driven both by plasticity and plant genotypic identity. In particular, di-phenolic inositol esters were more abundant in plots exposed to herbivory (due to the genotypic composition of the plots) and were also induced in response to herbivory. This field experiment thus demonstrates evolutionary sorting of plant genotypes in response to insect herbivores that was in same direction as the plastic defensive response within genotypes. © 2018 The Author(s). Evolution © 2018 The Society for the Study of Evolution.

  15. Defense pattern of Chinese cork oak across latitudinal gradients: influences of ontogeny, herbivory, climate and soil nutrients

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Xiao-Fei; Liu, Jian-Feng; Gao, Wen-Qiang; Deng, Yun-Peng; Ni, Yan-Yan; Xiao, Yi-Hua; Kang, Feng-Feng; Wang, Qi; Lei, Jing-Pin; Jiang, Ze-Ping

    2016-06-01

    Knowledge of latitudinal patterns in plant defense and herbivory is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that govern ecosystem functioning and for predicting their responses to climate change. Using a widely distributed species in East Asia, Quercus variabilis, we aim to reveal defense patterns of trees with respect to ontogeny along latitudinal gradients. Six leaf chemical (total phenolics and total condensed tannin concentrations) and physical (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and dry mass concentration) defensive traits as well as leaf herbivory (% leaf area loss) were investigated in natural Chinese cork oak (Q. variabilis) forests across two ontogenetic stages (juvenile and mature trees) along a ~14°-latitudinal gradient. Our results showed that juveniles had higher herbivory values and a higher concentration of leaf chemical defense substances compared with mature trees across the latitudinal gradient. In addition, chemical defense and herbivory in both ontogenetic stages decreased with increasing latitude, which supports the latitudinal herbivory-defense hypothesis and optimal defense theory. The identified trade-offs between chemical and physical defense were primarily determined by environmental variation associated with the latitudinal gradient, with the climatic factors (annual precipitation, minimum temperature of the coldest month) largely contributing to the latitudinal defense pattern in both juvenile and mature oak trees.

  16. Pattern and Drivers of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus Herbivory on Tree Saplings across a Plateau Landscape

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jonathan P. Evans

    2016-05-01

    Full Text Available White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus populations are impacting long-term regeneration across eastern United States forests. Deer distribution and resulting herbivory patterns are variable across a landscape due to habitat patchiness and topography. It is poorly understood how features associated with topography control deer herbivory. We examined the heterogeneity of deer herbivory as it affects sapling densities across a single forest-type landscape on the Cumberland Plateau. The 1242 hectare site represented a peninsula of tableland that transitioned from developed land to forest and was surrounded on three sides by a bluff, irregularly punctuated by drainages. We examined the spatial variability of deer impacts on sapling density and modeled the relative importance of plateau accessibility features related to topography, proximity to edge, and deer culling as predictors of sapling variation. We used a stratified random design to sample sapling density across the landscape in 2012 and 2015. The intensity of deer herbivory on saplings varied, with the fewest saplings in forests surrounded by residential development. Our model predicted that plateau accessibility measures best determined sapling densities, followed by distance from edge and deer culling measures. Our results suggest that herbivory impacts may not be homogeneous in a contiguous uniform landscape if there are topographic barriers.

  17. Attenuation of the jasmonate burst, plant defensive traits, and resistance to specialist monarch caterpillars on shaded common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Agrawal, Anurag A; Kearney, Emily E; Hastings, Amy P; Ramsey, Trey E

    2012-07-01

    Plant responses to herbivory and light competition are often in opposing directions, posing a potential conflict for plants experiencing both stresses. For sun-adapted species, growing in shade typically makes plants more constitutively susceptible to herbivores via reduced structural and chemical resistance traits. Nonetheless, the impact of light environment on induced resistance has been less well-studied, especially in field experiments that link physiological mechanisms to ecological outcomes. Accordingly, we studied induced resistance of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca, a sun-adapted plant), and linked hormonal responses, resistance traits, and performance of specialist monarch caterpillars (Danaus plexippus) in varying light environments. In natural populations, plants growing under forest-edge shade showed reduced levels of resistance traits (lower leaf toughness, cardenolides, and trichomes) and enhanced light-capture traits (higher specific leaf area, larger leaves, and lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) compared to paired plants in full sun. In a field experiment repeated over two years, only milkweeds growing in full sun exhibited induced resistance to monarchs, whereas plants growing in shade were constitutively more susceptible and did not induce resistance. In a more controlled field experiment, plant hormones were higher in the sun (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, indole acidic acid) and were induced by herbivory (jasmonic acid and abscisic acid). In particular, the jasmonate burst following herbivory was halved in plants raised in shaded habitats, and this correspondingly reduced latex induction (but not cardenolide induction). Thus, we provide a mechanistic basis for the attenuation of induced plant resistance in low resource environments. Additionally, there appears to be specificity in these interactions, with light-mediated impacts on jasmonate-induction being stronger for latex exudation than cardenolides.

  18. Herbivory more limiting than competition on early and established native plants in an invaded meadow.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gonzales, Emily K; Arcese, Peter

    2008-12-01

    The dominance of nonnative plants coupled with declines of native plants suggests that competitive displacement drives extinctions, yet empirical examples are rare. Herbivores, however, can alter vegetation structure and reduce diversity when abundant. Herbivores may act on mature, reproductive life stages whereas some of the strongest competitive effects might occur at early life stages that are difficult to observe. For example, competition by perennial nonnative grasses can interfere with the establishment of native seeds. We contrasted the effects of ungulate herbivory and competition by neighboring plants on the performance of native plant species at early and established life stages in invaded oak meadows. We recorded growth, survival, and flowering in two native species transplanted as established plants, six native species grown from seed, and five extant lily species as part of two 2 x 2 factorial experiments that manipulated herbivory and competition. Herbivory reduced the performance of nearly all focal native species at early and established life stages, whereas competition had few measurable effects. Our results suggest that herbivory has a greater local influence on native plant species than competition and that reducing herbivore impacts will be required to successfully restore endangered oak meadows where ungulates are now abundant.

  19. Herbivory of tropical rain forest tree seedlings correlates with future mortality.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Eichhorn, Markus P; Nilus, Reuben; Compton, Stephen G; Hartley, Sue E; Burslem, David F R P

    2010-04-01

    Tree seedlings in tropical rain forests are subject to both damage from natural enemies and intense interspecific competition. This leads to a trade-off in investment between defense and growth, and it is likely that tree species specialized to particular habitats tailor this balance to correspond with local resource availability. It has also been suggested that differential herbivore impacts among tree species may drive habitat segregation, favoring species adapted to particular resource conditions. In order to test these predictions, a reciprocal transplant experiment in Sabah, Malaysia, was established with seedlings of five species of Dipterocarpaceae. These were specialized to either alluvial (Hopea nervosa, Parashorea tomentella) or sandstone soils (Shorea multiflora, H. beccariana), or were locally absent (S. fallax). A total of 3000 seedlings were planted in paired gap and understory plots in five sites on alluvial and sandstone soils. Half of all seedlings were fertilized. Seedling growth and mortality were recorded in regular samples over 3.5 years, and rates of insect herbivore damage were estimated from censuses of foliar tissue loss on marked mature leaves and available young leaves. Greater herbivory rates on mature leaves had no measurable effects on seedling growth but were associated with a significantly increased likelihood of mortality during the following year. In contrast, new-leaf herbivory rates correlated with neither growth nor mortality. There were no indications of differential impacts of herbivory among the five species, nor between experimental treatments. Herbivory was not shown to influence segregation of species between soil types, although it may contribute toward differential survival among light habitats. Natural rates of damage were substantially lower than have been shown to influence tree seedling growth and mortality in previous manipulative studies.

  20. The ghost of herbivory past: slow defence relaxation in the chlorophyte Scenedesmus obliquus

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jacobus VIJVERBERG

    2009-08-01

    Full Text Available The freshwater chlorophyte Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin Kützing produces colonies as an inducible defence against herbivores. We investigated the dynamics of Scenedesmus colony formation and disintegration in response to the density of the herbivorous rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus in large-scale mesocosms. Additional bioassays were performed to investigate Scenedesmus colony disintegration under different light regimes. In the mesocosm experiment, colony formation took place rapidly, but relaxation towards the initial size took relatively long (>10 d after cessation of herbivory. In the bioassays, in the absence of infochemicals, colonies disintegrated almost immediately in the dark (1-1.5 d, within 4 d under a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D and between 8 and 12 days under full light. Colony disintegration times in the mesocosm experiment were substantially longer as compared to treatments with the same photoperiod (L:D 16:8 in the bioassays. So after a peak of herbivory, the 'ghost of herbivory past', i.e. the remaining infochemicals, may continue to induce colony formation, causing an additional lengthening of colony disintegration times and associated fitness costs (higher sedimentation loss rates. This indicates that costs of colony formation are not only important during the induction phase, but may be even more important during the relaxation phase. We compared these sedimentation costs to the costs of herbivory for differently sized Scenedesmus, and found a clear trade-off pattern for these costs.

  1. Resource allocation in Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae): how supra-annual fruiting affects plant traits and herbivory?

    Science.gov (United States)

    da Costa, Fernanda Vieira; de Queiroz, Antônio César Medeiros; Maia, Maria Luiza Bicalho; Júnior, Ronaldo Reis; Fagundes, Marcilio

    2016-06-01

    Plants have limited resources to invest in reproduction, vegetative growth and defense against herbivorous. Trade-off in resources allocation promotes changes in plant traits that may affect higher trophic levels. In this study, we evaluated the trade-off effect between years of high and low fruiting on the investment of resources for growth and defense, and their indirect effects on herbivory in Copaifera langsdorffii. Our questions were: (i) does the resource investment on reproduction causes a depletion in vegetative growth as predicted by the Carbon/Nutrient Balance hypothesis (CNBH), resulting in more availability of resources to be allocated for defense?, (ii) does the variation in resource allocation for growth and defense between years of high and low fruiting leads to indirect changes in herbivory? Thirty-five trees located in a Cerrado area were monitored during 2008 (year of high fruiting) and 2009 (year of no fruiting) to evaluate the differential investment in vegetative traits (biomass, growth and number of ramifications), plant defense (tannin concentration and plant hypersensitivity) and herbivory (galling attack and folivory). According to our first question, we observed that in the fruiting year, woody biomass negatively affected tannin concentration, indicating that fruit production restricted the resources that could be invested both in growth as in defense. In the same way, we observed an inter-annual variation in herbivorous attack, and found that plants with higher leaf biomass and tannin concentration, experienced higher galling attack and hypersensitive reaction, regardless years. These findings suggested that plants’ resistance to herbivory is a good proxy of plant defense and an effective defense strategy for C. langsdorffii, besides the evidence of indirect responses of the third trophic level, as postulated by the second question. In summary, the supra-annual fruiting pattern promoted several changes on plant development

  2. Fatty acid-amino acid conjugates are essential for systemic activation of salicylic acid-induced protein kinase and accumulation of jasmonic acid in Nicotiana attenuata.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hettenhausen, Christian; Heinrich, Maria; Baldwin, Ian T; Wu, Jianqiang

    2014-11-28

    Herbivory induces the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), the accumulation of jasmonates and defensive metabolites in damaged leaves and in distal undamaged leaves. Previous studies mainly focused on individual responses and a limited number of systemic leaves, and more research is needed for a better understanding of how different plant parts respond to herbivory. In the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, FACs (fatty acid-amino acid conjugates) in Manduca sexta oral secretions (OS) are the major elicitors that induce herbivory-specific signaling but their role in systemic signaling is largely unknown. Here, we show that simulated herbivory (adding M. sexta OS to fresh wounds) dramatically increased SIPK (salicylic acid-induced protein kinase) activity and jasmonic acid (JA) levels in damaged leaves and in certain (but not all) undamaged systemic leaves, whereas wounding alone had no detectable systemic effects; importantly, FACs and wounding are both required for activating these systemic responses. In contrast to the activation of SIPK and elevation of JA in specific systemic leaves, increases in the activity of an important anti-herbivore defense, trypsin proteinase inhibitor (TPI), were observed in all systemic leaves after simulated herbivory, suggesting that systemic TPI induction does not require SIPK activation and JA increases. Leaf ablation experiments demonstrated that within 10 minutes after simulated herbivory, a signal (or signals) was produced and transported out of the treated leaves, and subsequently activated systemic responses. Our results reveal that N. attenuata specifically recognizes herbivore-derived FACs in damaged leaves and rapidly send out a long-distance signal to phylotactically connected leaves to activate MAPK and JA signaling, and we propose that FACs that penetrated into wounds rapidly induce the production of another long-distance signal(s) which travels to all systemic leaves and activates TPI defense.

  3. Environment vs. Plant Ontogeny: Arthropod Herbivory Patterns on European Beech Leaves along the Vertical Gradient of Temperate Forests in Central Germany

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Stephanie Stiegel

    2018-01-01

    Full Text Available Environmental and leaf trait effects on herbivory are supposed to vary among different feeding guilds. Herbivores also show variability in their preferences for plant ontogenetic stages. Along the vertical forest gradient, environmental conditions change, and trees represent juvenile and adult individuals in the understorey and canopy, respectively. This study was conducted in ten forests sites in Central Germany for the enrichment of canopy research in temperate forests. Arthropod herbivory of different feeding traces was surveyed on leaves of Fagus sylvatica Linnaeus (European beech; Fagaceae in three strata. Effects of microclimate, leaf traits, and plant ontogenetic stage were analyzed as determining parameters for herbivory. The highest herbivory was caused by exophagous feeding traces. Herbivore attack levels varied along the vertical forest gradient for most feeding traces with distinct patterns. If differences of herbivory levels were present, they only occurred between juvenile and adult F. sylvatica individuals, but not between the lower and upper canopy. In contrast, differences of microclimate and important leaf traits were present between the lower and upper canopy. In conclusion, the plant ontogenetic stage had a stronger effect on herbivory than microclimate or leaf traits along the vertical forest gradient.

  4. Genotype-environment interactions affect flower and fruit herbivory and plant chemistry of Arabidopsis thaliana in a transplant experiment

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Mosleh Arany, A.; de Jong, T.; Kim, H.K.; Van Dam, N.M.; Choi, Y.L.; van Mil, H.G.J.; Verpoorte, R.; van der Meijden, E.

    2009-01-01

    Large differences exist in flower and fruit herbivory between dune and inland populations of plants of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae). Two specialist weevils Ceutorhynchus atomus and C. contractus (Curculionidae) and their larvae are responsible for this pattern in herbivory. We test, by means

  5. Herbivory enhances the resistance of mangrove forest to cordgrass invasion.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhang, Yihui; Meng, Hanyu; Wang, Yi; He, Qiang

    2018-06-01

    The biotic resistance hypothesis proposes that biotic interactions, such as competition and herbivory, resist the establishment and spread of non-native species. The relative and interactive role of competition and herbivory in resisting plant invasions, however, remains poorly understood. We investigated the interactive role of competition and herbivory (by the native rodent Rattus losea) in resisting Spartina alterniflora (cordgrass) invasions into mangrove forests. In southern China, although exotic cordgrass numerically dominates intertidal mudflats and open gaps in mangrove forests, intact forests appear to be highly resistant to cordgrass invasion. A field transplant and rodent exclusion experiment showed that while the impact of rodent grazing on cordgrass was weak on mangrove forest edges and open mudflats, rodent grazing strongly suppressed cordgrass in mangrove understory habitats. A greenhouse experiment confirmed a synergistic interaction between grazing and light availability (a proxy for mangrove shading and light competition) in suppressing cordgrass establishment, with the strongest impacts of grazing in low light conditions that likely weakened cordgrass to survive and resprout. When both were present, as in mangrove understory habitats, grazing and low light acted in concert to eliminate cordgrass establishment, resulting in resistance of mangrove forests to cordgrass invasion. Our results reveal that grazing by native herbivores can enhance the resistance of mangrove forests to cordgrass invasion in southern China, and suggest that investigating multifactor interactions may be critical to understanding community resistance to exotic invasions. © 2018 by the Ecological Society of America.

  6. Herbivory and pollen limitation at the upper elevational range limit of two forest understory plants of eastern North America.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rivest, Sébastien; Vellend, Mark

    2018-01-01

    Studies of species' range limits focus most often on abiotic factors, although the strength of biotic interactions might also vary along environmental gradients and have strong demographic effects. For example, pollinator abundance might decrease at range limits due to harsh environmental conditions, and reduced plant density can reduce attractiveness to pollinators and increase or decrease herbivory. We tested for variation in the strength of pollen limitation and herbivory by ungulates along a gradient leading to the upper elevational range limits of Trillium erectum (Melanthiaceae) and Erythronium americanum (Liliaceae) in Mont Mégantic National Park, Québec, Canada. In T. erectum, pollen limitation was higher at the range limit, but seed set decreased only slightly with elevation and only in one of two years. In contrast, herbivory of T. erectum increased from 60% at the upper elevational range limit. In E. americanum , we found no evidence of pollen limitation despite a significant decrease in seed set with elevation, and herbivory was low across the entire gradient. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential for relatively strong negative interactions (herbivory) and weak positive interactions (pollination) at plant range edges, although this was clearly species specific. To the extent that these interactions have important demographic consequences-highly likely for herbivory on Trillium , based on previous studies-such interactions might play a role in determining plant species' range limits along putatively climatic gradients.

  7. Nuorten tietokone- ja konsolipelaaminen ja vanhempien rooli : WHO-Koululaistutkimus

    OpenAIRE

    Miettinen, Laura

    2017-01-01

    TIIVISTELMÄ Nuorten tietokone- ja konsolipelaaminen ja vanhempien rooli, WHO-Koululaistutkimus Laura Miettinen Terveyskasvatuksen Pro gradu -tutkielma Jyväskylän yliopisto, Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta 2017 75 sivua, 22 liitettä Ohjaaja TtT Raili Välimaa Pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin koulupäivisin ja viikonloppuisin pelaamiseen käytetyn ajan vaihtelua sukupuolen, luokkatason, koetun äidin ja isän valvonnan, koetun äidin ja isän kiintymyssuhteen ja perheeseen ...

  8. Herbivory eliminates fitness costs of mutualism exploiters.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Simonsen, Anna K; Stinchcombe, John R

    2014-04-01

    A common empirical observation in mutualistic interactions is the persistence of variation in partner quality and, in particular, the persistence of exploitative phenotypes. For mutualisms between hosts and symbionts, most mutualism theory assumes that exploiters always impose fitness costs on their host. We exposed legume hosts to mutualistic (nitrogen-fixing) and exploitative (non-nitrogen-fixing) symbiotic rhizobia in field conditions, and manipulated the presence or absence of insect herbivory to determine if the costly fitness effects of exploitative rhizobia are context-dependent. Exploitative rhizobia predictably reduced host fitness when herbivores were excluded. However, insects caused greater damage on hosts associating with mutualistic rhizobia, as a consequence of feeding preferences related to leaf nitrogen content, resulting in the elimination of fitness costs imposed on hosts by exploitative rhizobia. Our experiment shows that herbivory is potentially an important factor in influencing the evolutionary dynamic between legumes and rhizobia. Partner choice and host sanctioning are theoretically predicted to stabilize mutualisms by reducing the frequency of exploitative symbionts. We argue that herbivore pressure may actually weaken selection on choice and sanction mechanisms, thus providing one explanation of why host-based discrimination mechanisms may not be completely effective in eliminating nonbeneficial partners. © 2014 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2014 New Phytologist Trust.

  9. Synergistic interactions between leaf beetle herbivory and fire enhance tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) mortality

    Science.gov (United States)

    Drus, Gail M.; Dudley, Tom L.; Antonio, Carla M.; Even, Thomas J.; Brooks, Matt L.; Matchett, J.R.

    2014-01-01

    The combined effects of herbivory and fire on plant mortality were investigated using prescribed burns of tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima Lebed) exposed to herbivory by the saltcedar leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae: Diorhabda carinulata Desbrocher). Tamarix stands in the Humboldt Sink (NV, USA) were divided into three treatments: summer burn (August 2006), fall burn (October 2006) and control (unburned), and litter depth was manipulated to vary fire intensity within burn seasons. A gradient of existing herbivory impact was described with three plant condition metrics prior to fire: reduced proportions of green canopy, percent root crown starch sampled at the height of the growing season (August 2006), and percent root crown starch measured during dormancy (December 2006). August root crown starch concentration and proportion green canopy were strongly correlated, although the proportion green canopy predicted mortality better than August root crown starch. December root crown starch concentration was more depleted in unburned trees and in trees burned during the summer than in fall burn trees. Mortality in summer burned trees was higher than fall burned trees due to higher fire intensity, but December root crown starch available for resprouting in the spring was also lower in summer burned trees. The greatest mortality was observed in trees with the lowest December root crown starch concentration which were exposed to high fire intensity. Disproportionate changes in the slope and curvature of prediction traces as fire intensity and December starch reach reciprocal maximum and minimum levels indicate that beetle herbivory and fire intensity are synergistic.

  10. KONTEKST JA VIITAMINE: ARGIVESTLUSED, LEGOD JA NARRATIIVID

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Renate Pajusalu

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Käesolev artikkel käsitleb konteksti ja viitamisvahendeid, mis loovad konteksti. Käsitlus põhineb eelkõige kolmel eraldi läbiviidud uurimusel, milles kõigis oli põhitähelepanu algselt suunatud viitamisvahenditele. Vaatleme kontekstualiseerimisvõtteid spontaansetes argivestlustes ja kahes katselises olukorras: katses legoklotsidega, milles üks katsealune ehitab klotsidest maja teise katsealuse juhendamisel, ja pildiseeria põhjal jutustatud narratiivides. Artiklis võrreldakse, mis nendes kolmes kontekstis oli sarnast ja mis erinevat eelkõige vestlustegevuse alguses: tegevuse olemusest märku andmises ja referentide loomises. Kuna üks osa vaadeldavaid narratiive pärineb lastelt, puudutab artikkel mõnevõrra ka erinevate vanuseliste gruppide viitamisstrateegiaid.

  11. Indirect effects of ecosystem engineering combine with consumer behaviour to determine the spatial distribution of herbivory.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Griffen, Blaine D; Riley, Megan E; Cannizzo, Zachary J; Feller, Ilka C

    2017-10-01

    Ecosystem engineers alter environments by creating, modifying or destroying habitats. The indirect impacts of ecosystem engineering on trophic interactions should depend on the combination of the spatial distribution of engineered structures and the foraging behaviour of consumers that use these structures as refuges. In this study, we assessed the indirect effects of ecosystem engineering by a wood-boring beetle in a neotropical mangrove forest system. We identified herbivory patterns in a dwarf mangrove forest on the archipelago of Twin Cays, Belize. Past wood-boring activity impacted more than one-third of trees through the creation of tree holes that are now used, presumably as predation or thermal refuge, by the herbivorous mangrove tree crab Aratus pisonii. The presence of these refuges had a significant impact on plant-animal interactions; herbivory was more than fivefold higher on trees influenced by tree holes relative to those that were completely isolated from these refuges. Additionally, herbivory decreased exponentially with increasing distance from tree holes. We use individual-based simulation modelling to demonstrate that the creation of these herbivory patterns depends on a combination of the use of engineered tree holes for refuge by tree crabs, and the use of two behaviour patterns in this species-site fidelity to a "home tree," and more frequent foraging near their home tree. We demonstrate that understanding the spatial distribution of herbivory in this system depends on combining both the use of ecosystem engineering structures with individual behavioural patterns of herbivores. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2017 British Ecological Society.

  12. Sepsis - tunnistaminen ja hoito ensi- ja akuuttihoidossa

    OpenAIRE

    Ansio, Susa; Saarenketo, Tiia

    2016-01-01

    Sepsiksellä tarkoitetaan tilannetta, jolloin ihmisen verenkierrossa on bakteereita ja tämä aiheuttaa vakavia oireita. Lähes kaikki sepsiksen oireet johtuvat elimistön puolustusreaktiosta bakteeria vastaan. Sepsiksen hoito on monivaiheista ja kallista, ja siihen kuolleisuus on suurta. Ensihoidossa olisi tärkeää tunnistaa mahdollinen sepsis ja aloittaa tarvittava hoito mahdollisimman varhaisessa vaiheessa. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on kuvata sepsiksen tunnistamista ensihoidossa, myöhäisem...

  13. Tropical forest loss and its multitrophic effects on insect herbivory

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Morante-Filho, José Carlos; Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor; Lohbeck, Madelon; Tscharntke, Teja; Faria, Deborah

    2016-01-01

    Forest loss threatens biodiversity, but its potential effects on multitrophic ecological interactions are poorly understood. Insect herbivory depends on complex bottom-up (e.g., resource availability and plant antiherbivore defenses) and top-down forces (e.g., abundance of predators and

  14. Neutron stars as X-ray burst sources. II. Burst energy histograms and why they burst

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Baan, W.A.

    1979-01-01

    In this work we explore some of the implications of a model for X-ray burst sources where bursts are caused by Kruskal-Schwarzschild instabilities at the magnetopause of an accreting and rotating neutron star. A number of simplifying assumptions are made in order to test the model using observed burst-energy histograms for the rapid burster MXB 1730--335. The predicted histograms have a correct general shape, but it appears that other effects are important as well, and that mode competition, for instance, may suppress the histograms at high burst energies. An explanation is ventured for the enhancement in the histogram at the highest burst energies, which produces the bimodal shape in high accretion rate histograms. Quantitative criteria are given for deciding when accreting neutron stars are steady sources or burst sources, and these criteria are tested using the X-ray pulsars

  15. Corolla herbivory, pollination success and fruit predation in complex flowers: an experimental study with Linaria lilacina (Scrophulariaceae).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sánchez-Lafuente, Alfonso M

    2007-02-01

    Herbivory on floral structures has been postulated to influence the evolution of floral traits in some plant species, and may also be an important factor influencing the occurrence and outcome of subsequent biotic interactions related to floral display. In particular, corolla herbivory may affect structures differentially involved in flower selection by pollinators and fruit predators (specifically, those ovopositing in ovaries prior to fruit development); hence floral herbivores may influence the relationships between these mutualistic and antagonistic agents. The effects of corolla herbivory in Linaria lilacina (Scrophulariaceae), a plant species with complex flowers, were considered in relation to plant interactions with pollinators and fruit predators. Tests were made as to whether experimentally created differences in flower structure (resembling those occurring naturally) may translate into differences in reproductive output in terms of fruit or seed production. Flowers with modified corollas, particularly those with lower lips removed, were less likely to be selected by pollinators than control flowers, and were less likely to be successfully visited and pollinated. As a consequence, fruit production was also less likely in these modified flowers. However, none of the experimental treatments affected the likelihood of visitation by fruit predators. Since floral herbivory may affect pollinator visitation rates and reduce seed production, differences among plants in the proportion of flowers affected by herbivory and in the intensity of the damage inflicted on affected flowers may result in different opportunities for reproduction for plants in different seasons.

  16. Recovering more than tree cover: herbivores and herbivory in a restored tropical dry forest.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Iris Juan-Baeza

    Full Text Available Intense and chronic disturbance may arrest natural succession, reduce environmental quality and lead to ecological interaction losses. Where natural succession does not occur, ecological restoration aims to accelerate this process. While plant establishment and diversity is promoted by restoration, few studies have evaluated the effect of restoration activities on ecological processes and animal diversity. This study assessed herbivory and lepidopteran diversity associated with two pioneer tree species growing in 4-year-old experimental restoration plots in a tropical dry forest at Sierra de Huautla, in Morelos, Mexico. The study was carried out during the rainy season of 2010 (July-October in eleven 50 x 50 m plots in three different habitats: cattle-excluded, cattle-excluded with restoration plantings, and cattle grazing plots. At the beginning of the rainy season, 10 juveniles of Heliocarpus pallidus (Malvaceae and Ipomoea pauciflora (Convolvulaceae were selected in each plot (N = 110 trees. Herbivory was measured in 10 leaves per plant at the end of the rainy season. To evaluate richness and abundance of lepidopteran larvae, all plants were surveyed monthly. Herbivory was similar among habitats and I. pauciflora showed a higher percentage of herbivory. A total of 868 lepidopteran larvae from 65 morphospecies were recorded. The family with the highest number of morphospecies (9 sp. was Geometridae, while the most abundant family was Saturnidae, with 427 individuals. Lepidopteran richness and abundance were significantly higher in H. pallidus than in I. pauciflora. Lepidopteran richness was significantly higher in the cattle-excluded plots, while abundance was significantly higher in the non-excluded plots. After four years of cattle exclusion and the establishment of plantings, lepidopteran richness increased 20 -fold in the excluded plots compared to the disturbed areas, whereas herbivory levels were equally high in both restored and

  17. The roles of complement receptors type 1 (CR1, CD35) and type 3 (CR3, CD11b/CD18) in the regulation of the immune complex-elicited respiratory burst of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in whole blood

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Nielsen, C H; Antonsen, S; Matthiesen, S H

    1997-01-01

    The binding of immune complexes (IC) to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and the consequent respiratory burst (RB) were investigated in whole blood cell preparations suspended in 75% human serum, using flow cytometry. Blockade of the complement receptor (CR)1 receptor sites for C3b on whole blood...... cells using the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3D9 resulted in a 1.9-fold increase in the IC-elicited PMN RB after 5 min of incubation, rising to 3.1-fold after 40 min. This enhancement was not due to increased IC deposition on PMN. Blockade of CR3 abrogated the mAb 3D9-induced rise in RB activity...

  18. Elevated O3 enhances the attraction of whitefly-infested tomato plants to Encarsia formosa

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cui, Hongying; Su, Jianwei; Wei, Jianing; Hu, Yongjian; Ge, Feng

    2014-01-01

    We experimentally examined the effects of elevated O3 and whitefly herbivory on tomato volatiles, feeding and oviposition preferences of whiteflies and behavioural responses of Encarsia formosa to these emissions on two tomato genotypes, a wild-type (Wt) and a jasmonic acid (JA) defence-enhanced genotype (JA-OE, 35S). The O3 level and whitefly herbivory significantly increased the total amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), monoterpenes, green leaf volatiles (GLVs), and aldehyde volatiles produced by tomato plants. The 35S plants released higher amount of total VOCs and monoterpene volatiles than Wt plants under O3+herbivory treatments. The feeding and oviposition bioassays showed that control plants were preferred by adult whiteflies whereas the 35S plants were not preferred by whiteflies. In the Y-tube tests, O3+herbivory treatment genotypes were preferred by adult E. Formosa. The 35S plants were preferred by adult E. formosa under O3, herbivory and O3+herbivory treatments. Our results demonstrated that elevated O3 and whitefly herbivory significantly increased tomato volatiles, which attracted E. formosa and reduced whitefly feeding. The 35S plants had a higher resistance to B. tabaci than Wt plant. Such changes suggest that the direct and indirect defences of resistant genotypes, such as 35S, could strengthen as the atmospheric O3 concentration increases. PMID:24939561

  19. OsMPK3 positively regulates the JA signaling pathway and plant resistance to a chewing herbivore in rice.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Qi; Li, Jiancai; Hu, Lingfei; Zhang, Tongfang; Zhang, Guren; Lou, Yonggen

    2013-07-01

    KEY MESSAGE : Silencing OsMPK3 decreased elicited JA levels, which subsequently reduced levels of herbivore-induced trypsin protease inhibitors (TrypPIs) and improved the performance of SSB larvae, but did not influence BPH. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) are known to play an important role in plant defense by transferring biotic and abiotic signals into programmed cellular responses. However, their functions in the herbivore-induced defense response in rice remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a MPK3 gene from rice, OsMPK3, and found that its expression levels were up-regulated in response to infestation by the larvae of the striped stem borer (SSB) (Chilo suppressalis), to mechanical wounding and to treatment with jasmonic acid (JA), but not to infestation by the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens or to treatment with salicylic acid. Moreover, mechanical wounding and SSB infestation induced the expression of OsMPK3 strongly and quickly, whereas JA treatment induced the gene more weakly and slowly. Silencing OsMPK3 (ir-mpk3) reduced the expression of the gene by 50-70 %, decreased elicited levels of JA and diminished the expression of a lipoxygenase gene OsHI-LOX and an allene oxide synthase gene OsAOS1. The reduced JA signaling in ir-mpk3 plants decreased the levels of herbivore-induced trypsin protease inhibitors (TrypPIs) and improved the performance of SSB larvae, but did not influence BPH. Our findings suggest that the gene OsMPK3 responds early in herbivore-induced defense and can be regulated by rice plants to activate a specific and appropriate defense response to different herbivores.

  20. Variation in herbivory-induced volatiles among cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) varieties has consequences for the attraction of carnivorous natural enemies

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Kappers, I.F.; Hoogerbrugge, H.; Bouwmeester, H.J.; Dicke, M.

    2011-01-01

    In response to herbivory by arthropods, plants emit herbivory-induced volatiles that attract carnivorous enemies of the inducing herbivores. Here, we compared the attractiveness of eight cucumber varieties (Cucumis sativus L.) to Phytoseiulus persimilis predatory mites after infestation of the

  1. The devil to pay: a cost of mutualism with Myrmelachista schumanni ants in ‘devil's gardens’ is increased herbivory on Duroia hirsuta trees

    Science.gov (United States)

    Frederickson, Megan E; Gordon, Deborah M

    2007-01-01

    ‘Devil's gardens’ are nearly pure stands of the myrmecophyte, Duroia hirsuta, that occur in Amazonian rainforests. Devil's gardens are created by Myrmelachista schumanni ants, which nest in D. hirsuta trees and kill other plants using formic acid as an herbicide. Here, we show that this ant–plant mutualism has an associated cost; by making devil's gardens, M. schumanni increases herbivory on D. hirsuta. We measured standing leaf herbivory on D. hirsuta trees and found that they sustain higher herbivory inside than outside devil's gardens. We also measured the rate of herbivory on nursery-grown D. hirsuta saplings planted inside and outside devil's gardens in ant-exclusion and control treatments. We found that when we excluded ants, herbivory on D. hirsuta was higher inside than outside devil's gardens. These results suggest that devil's gardens are a concentrated resource for herbivores. Myrmelachista schumanni workers defend D. hirsuta against herbivores, but do not fully counterbalance the high herbivore pressure in devil's gardens. We suggest that high herbivory may limit the spread of devil's gardens, possibly explaining why devil's gardens do not overrun Amazonian rainforests. PMID:17301016

  2. Minevik ja tulevik. Mälestus ja unistus / Anneli Kõvamees

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kõvamees, Anneli, 1979-

    2007-01-01

    Suunatusest tulevikku, suunatusest minevikku ja oleviku olematusest "Tões ja õiguses". Sisaldab lõike A. H. Tammsaare romaanist "Tõde ja õigus" I, K. Ristikivi romaanist "Ei juhtunud midagi", M. Metsanurga romaanist "Soosaare", K. Ristikivi romaanist "Tuli ja raud", A. H. Tammsaare jutustusest "Tähtis päev", K. Ristikivi romaanist "Kõik, mis kunagi oli", A. Camus' lühiromaanist "Sisyphose müüt", H. C. Anderseni muinasjutust "Väike Merineitsi" ja E. v. Keyserlingi jutustusest "Õhtused majad"

  3. Interaction Effect Between Herbivory and Plant Fertilization on Extrafloral Nectar Production and on Seed Traits: An Experimental Study With Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae).

    Science.gov (United States)

    De Sibio, P R; Rossi, M N

    2016-08-01

    It is known that the release of volatile chemicals by many plants can attract the natural enemies of herbivorous insects. Such indirect interactions are likely when plants produce nectar from their extrafloral nectaries, and particularly when the production of extrafloral nectar (EFN) is induced by herbivory. In the present study, we conducted experiments to test whether foliar herbivory inflicted by Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Noctuidae) increases nectar production by extrafloral nectaries on one of its host plants, Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae). Due to the current economic importance of R. communis, we also investigated whether the following seed traits-water content, dry mass, and essential oil production-are negatively affected by herbivory. Finally, we tested whether or not nectar production and seed traits are influenced by plant fertilization (plant quality). We found that nectar production was increased after herbivory, but it was not affected by the type of fertilization. Seed dry mass was higher in plants that were subjected to full fertilization, without herbivory; plants maintained in low fertilization conditions, however, had higher seed mass when subjected to herbivory. The same inverted pattern was observed for oil production. Therefore, our results suggest that EFN production in R. communis may act as an indirect defense strategy against herbivores, and that there is a trade-off between reproduction and plant growth when low-fertilized plants are subjected to herbivory. © The Authors 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  4. Interactive effects of climate and nutrient enrichment on patterns of herbivory by different feeding guilds in mangrove forests

    KAUST Repository

    Feller, Ilka C.

    2017-09-28

    Aim Global warming and eutrophication are major threats to coastal environments worldwide. As a result of differences between temperate and tropical ecosystems in nutrient availability, nitrogen (N):phosphorus (P) coupling and carbon retention, primary productivity and biotic interactions in the tropics are predicted to have stronger responses to increased nutrients than in temperate ecosystems. Habitats that occur across broad climatic ranges, such as mangrove forests, provide an opportunity to test this hypothesis by investigating the responses of herbivores to nutrient enrichment in temperate versus tropical latitudes on the same species. Location Australia and New Zealand. Time period Fertilization experiments were established at Port Douglas and Cape Cleveland in October 2000; Batemans Bay and Waikopua in August 2001; Whangapoua in January 2003; Tinchi Tamba in September 2005; and Garalia in October 2007. Herbivory was measured in 2009. Major taxa studied Insect leaf miners; insect and fungal leaf gallers. Methods We used seven fertilization experiments in Australia and New Zealand across 20° of latitude to determine how increased nutrients affected herbivory and diversity of leaf miners and gallers of the mangrove Avicennia marina. Individual trees were fertilized annually with one of three treatments (Control, +N, +P); herbivory was measured in 2009. Results Fertilization did not significantly affect herbivory or herbivore diversity. Leaf N:P, latitude and rainfall contributed significantly to herbivory, accounting for > 56% of the variation. Latitude, temperature, %P and salinity differentiated herbivory by feeding guild in the tropical versus subtropical and temperate latitudes. The effect of N fertilization on folivory differed across climatic regions; relative to Control trees, N-fertilized trees in temperate areas had greater folivory than in tropical and subtropical latitudes. Species richness for leaf miners and gallers was correlated with latitude

  5. Happening'id ja disain - visioon kunsti ja elu terviklikkusest / Mari Laanemets

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Laanemets, Mari, 1975-

    2010-01-01

    Analüüsitakse kunsti ja disaini vahelist suhet 1970. aastatel esile kerkinud uue kunstikäsitluse ja kunstilise tegevuse ümbermõtestamise kontekstis. Mõlemad pidid lepitama inimest reaalsusega - disain elukeskkonda ülendades, õilistades ja happening'id - elu formaalseid struktuure lõhkudes. Ka almanahhi "Kunst ja Kodu" erilisest positsioonist lääne kaasaegse kunsti ja disaini tuvustamisel (toimetajaks 1973. aastast Andres Tolts) ning rühmitusest SOUP 1969 ja nende ideoloogide - Ando Keskküla, Andres Toltsi ja Leonhard Lapini tegevusest ja mõjust

  6. [Vene impeerium ja Baltikum. Venestus, rahvuslus ja moderniseerimine 19. sajandi teisel poolel ja 20. sajandi alguses] / Olaf Mertelsmann

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Mertelsmann, Olaf, 1969-

    2015-01-01

    Arvustus: Vene impeerium ja Baltikum : venestus, rahvuslus ja moderniseerimine 19. sajandi teisel poolel ja 20. sajandi alguses. II / koostanud Tõnu Tannberg ja Bradley Woodworth. Tartu : Eesti Ajalooarhiiv, 2010

  7. Eesti ja soome keele vastastikune mõistmine üksiksõna- ja tekstitasandil: lingvistilised tegurid, mõistmisprotsess ja sümmeetria

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Annekatrin Kaivapalu

    2015-04-01

    Full Text Available Artiklis käsitletakse kirjaliku eesti ja soome keele vastastikust mõistmist üksiksõna- ja tekstitasandil. Eesmärk on selgitada, kas ja kuidas eesti- ja soomekeelsed keelekasutajad mõistavad oma emakeele põhjal lähedast sugulaskeelt ilma sihtkeele õppimis- ja kasutuskogemuseta ning mille poolest erineb üksiksõnade mõistmine tervikteksti mõistmisest. Mõistmistestide vastuste ja osalejate eneserefleksiooni analüüsi keskmes on kahe sihtkeele mõistmise võimalik sümmeetria ning mõistmisprotsessi mõjutavad tegurid. Tulemuste põhjal osutusid eestikeelsed keelekasutajad edukamaks üksiksõnatestis, eriti eesti ja soome keeles samatähenduslike kirjapildilt sarnaste sõnade ning laen- ja võõrsõnade mõistmisel, soomekeelsed keelekasutajad tervikteksti mõistmisel. Mõlema sihtkeele mõistmisel on otsustav keeltevahelise sarnasuse tunnetamine: toetutakse esmajoones eesti ja soome, aga ka muude varem õpitud keelte ja sihtkeele sarnasusele, seostades seda metalingvistiliste ja üldteadmistega ning kontrollides oletusi lause-, lõigu- ja tekstikontekstis. Kontekst toimib omalaadse filtrina, mis selekteerib keelekasutaja oletusi neid aktsepteerides või tagasi lükates. Mõistmisprotsessi komponentide jaotus ja suund varieeruvad indiviiditi ja sõltuvad paljuski osalejate varasematest teadmistest ja kogemustest.

  8. TYTÖNTYLLERÖ JA POJANJOLPPI SUOMESSA JA VIROSSA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marja Leinonen

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Artikkel käsitleb deskriptiivset (koloratiivset nominaaltarindit eesti ja soome keeles, mille süntaktiline sõltuvussuhe on normaalsega vastupidine: atributiivne genitiiv väljendab referendi denotatiivset tähendust ja põhisõna kirjeldab seda. Kirjeldusega on tavaliselt seotud pejoratiivsed, hellitlevad või muul viisil hinnangulised nüansid. Artiklis tutvustatakse kõigepealt soome keele vastavaid uurimusi, seejärel selle artikli tarbeks kogutud materjali ning selle võrdlust indoeuroopa keelte süntaktiliselt ja semantiliselt sarnaste tarinditega. Lisaks tutvustatakse soome ja eesti keeles esinevat deskriptiivset verbaaltarindit, milles põhiverbi tähendust kannab infinitiiv, kusjuures deskriptiivverb (mida vahel nimetatakse ka ideofooniks on finiitses vormis.

  9. Cosmic gamma-ray burst

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yamagami, Takamasa

    1985-01-01

    Ballon experiments for searching gamma-ray burst were carried out by employing rotating-cross modulation collimators. From a very long observation of total 315 hours during 1975 to 1979, three gamma-ray intensity anomalies were observed which were speculated as a gamma-ray burst. As for the first gamma-ray intensity anomaly observed in 1975, the burst source could be located precisely but the source, heavenly body, could not be specified. Gamma-ray burst source estimation was made by analyzing distribution of burst source in the celestial sphere, burst size distribution, and burst peak. Using the above-mentioned data together with previously published ones, apparent inconsistency was found between the observed results and the adopted theory that the source was in the Galaxy, and this inconsistency was found due to the different time profiles of the burst observed with instruments of different efficiency. It was concluded by these analysis results that employment of logN - logP (relation between burst frequency and burst count) was better than that of logN - logS (burst size) in the examination of gamma-ray burst because the former was less uncertain than the latter. Analyzing the author's observed gamma-ray burst data and the related published data, it was clarified that the burst distribution was almost P -312 for the burst peak value larger than 10 -6 erg/cm 2 .sec. The author could indicate that the calculated celestial distribution of burst source was consistent with the observed results by the derivation using the logN - logP relationship and that the burst larger than 10 -6 erg/cm 2 .sec happens about one thousand times a year, about ten times of the previous value. (Takagi, S.)

  10. How plants connect pollination and herbivory networks and their contribution to community stability.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sauve, Alix M C; Thébault, Elisa; Pocock, Michael J O; Fontaine, Colin

    2016-04-01

    Pollination and herbivory networks have mainly been studied separately, highlighting their distinct structural characteristics and the related processes and dynamics. However, most plants interact with both pollinators and herbivores, and there is evidence that both types of interaction affect each other. Here we investigated the way plants connect these mutualistic and antagonistic networks together, and the consequences for community stability. Using an empirical data set, we show that the way plants connect pollination and herbivory networks is not random and promotes community stability. Analyses of the structure of binary and quantitative networks show different results: the plants' generalism with regard to pollinators is positively correlated to their generalism with regard to herbivores when considering binary interactions, but not when considering quantitative interactions. We also show that plants that share the same pollinators do not share the same herbivores. However, the way plants connect pollination and herbivory networks promotes stability for both binary and quantitative networks. Our results highlight the relevance of considering the diversity of interaction types in ecological communities, and stress the need to better quantify the costs and benefits of interactions, as well as to develop new metrics characterizing the way different interaction types are combined within ecological networks.

  11. Swift pointing and gravitational-wave bursts from gamma-ray burst events

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sutton, Patrick J; Finn, Lee Samuel; Krishnan, Badri

    2003-01-01

    The currently accepted model for gamma-ray burst phenomena involves the violent formation of a rapidly rotating solar-mass black hole. Gravitational waves should be associated with the black-hole formation, and their detection would permit this model to be tested. Even upper limits on the gravitational-wave strength associated with gamma-ray bursts could constrain the gamma-ray burst model. This requires joint observations of gamma-ray burst events with gravitational and gamma-ray detectors. Here we examine how the quality of an upper limit on the gravitational-wave strength associated with gamma-ray bursts depends on the relative orientation of the gamma-ray-burst and gravitational-wave detectors, and apply our results to the particular case of the Swift Burst-Alert Telescope (BAT) and the LIGO gravitational-wave detectors. A result of this investigation is a science-based 'figure of merit' that can be used, together with other mission constraints, to optimize the pointing of the Swift telescope for the detection of gravitational waves associated with gamma-ray bursts

  12. Plants know where it hurts: root and shoot jasmonic acid induction elicit differential responses in Brassica oleracea.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tom O G Tytgat

    Full Text Available Plants respond to herbivore attack by rapidly inducing defenses that are mainly regulated by jasmonic acid (JA. Due to the systemic nature of induced defenses, attack by root herbivores can also result in a shoot response and vice versa, causing interactions between above- and belowground herbivores. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions. We investigated whether plants respond differently when roots or shoots are induced. We mimicked herbivore attack by applying JA to the roots or shoots of Brassica oleracea and analyzed molecular and chemical responses in both organs. In shoots, an immediate and massive change in primary and secondary metabolism was observed. In roots, the JA-induced response was less extensive and qualitatively different from that in the shoots. Strikingly, in both roots and shoots we also observed differential responses in primary metabolism, development as well as defense specific traits depending on whether the JA induction had been below- or aboveground. We conclude that the JA response is not only tissue-specific but also dependent on the organ that was induced. Already very early in the JA signaling pathway the differential response was observed. This indicates that both organs have a different JA signaling cascade, and that the signal eliciting systemic responses contains information about the site of induction, thus providing plants with a mechanism to tailor their responses specifically to the organ that is damaged.

  13. Interactive effects of herbivory and competition intensity determine invasive plant performance.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Huang, Wei; Carrillo, Juli; Ding, Jianqing; Siemann, Evan

    2012-10-01

    Herbivory can reduce plant fitness, and its effects can be increased by competition. Though numerous studies have examined the joint effects of herbivores and competitors on plant performance, these interactive effects are seldom considered in the context of plant invasions. Here, we examined variation in plant performance within a competitive environment in response to both specialist and generalist herbivores using Chinese tallow as a model species. We combined tallow plants from native and invasive populations to form all possible pairwise combinations, and designated invasive populations as stronger neighbours and native populations as weaker neighbours. We found that when no herbivory was imposed, invasive populations always had higher total biomass than natives, regardless of their neighbours, which is consistent with our assumption of increased competitive ability. Defoliation by either generalist or specialist herbivores suppressed plant growth but the effects of specialists were generally stronger for invasive populations. Invasive populations had their lowest biomass when fed upon by specialists while simultaneously competing with stronger neighbours. The root/shoot ratios of invasive populations were lower than those of native populations under almost all conditions, and invasive plants were taller than native plants overall, especially when herbivores were present, suggesting that invasive populations may adopt an "aboveground first" strategy to cope with herbivory and competition. These results suggest that release from herbivores, especially specialists, improves an invader's performance and helps to increase its competitive ability. Therefore, increasing interspecific competition intensity by planting a stronger neighbour while simultaneously releasing a specialist herbivore may be an especially effective method of managing invasive plants.

  14. Ungulate herbivory modifies the effects of climate change on mountain forests

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Didion, M.P.; Kupferschmid, A.D.; Wolf, A.; Bugmann, H.

    2011-01-01

    Recent temperature observations suggest a general warming trend that may be causing the range of tree species to shift to higher latitudes and altitudes. Since biotic interactions such as herbivory can change tree species composition, it is important to understand their contribution to vegetation

  15. Early recruitment responses to interactions between frequent fires, nutrients, and herbivory in the southern Amazon.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Massad, Tara Joy; Balch, Jennifer K; Mews, Cândida Lahís; Porto, Pábio; Marimon Junior, Ben Hur; Quintino, Raimundo Mota; Brando, P M; Vieira, Simone A; Trumbore, Susan E

    2015-07-01

    Understanding tropical forest diversity is a long-standing challenge in ecology. With global change, it has become increasingly important to understand how anthropogenic and natural factors interact to determine diversity. Anthropogenic increases in fire frequency are among the global change variables affecting forest diversity and functioning, and seasonally dry forest of the southern Amazon is among the ecosystems most affected by such pressures. Studying how fire will impact forests in this region is therefore important for understanding ecosystem functioning and for designing effective conservation action. We report the results of an experiment in which we manipulated fire, nutrient availability, and herbivory. We measured the effects of these interacting factors on the regenerative capacity of the ecotone between humid Amazon forest and Brazilian savanna. Regeneration density, diversity, and community composition were severely altered by fire. Additions of P and N + P reduced losses of density and richness in the first year post-fire. Herbivory was most important just after germination. Diversity was positively correlated with herbivory in unburned forest, likely because fire reduced the number of reproductive individuals. This contrasts with earlier results from the same study system in which herbivory was related to increased diversity after fire. We documented a significant effect of fire frequency; diversity in triennially burned forest was more similar to that in unburned than in annually burned forest, and the community composition of triennially burned forest was intermediate between unburned and annually burned areas. Preventing frequent fires will therefore help reduce losses in diversity in the southern Amazon's matrix of human-altered landscapes.

  16. Quantum key based burst confidentiality in optical burst switched networks.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Balamurugan, A M; Sivasubramanian, A

    2014-01-01

    The optical burst switching (OBS) is an emergent result to the technology concern that could achieve a feasible network in future. They are endowed with the ability to meet the bandwidth requirement of those applications that require intensive bandwidth. There are more domains opening up in the OBS that evidently shows their advantages and their capability to face the future network traffic. However, the concept of OBS is still far from perfection facing issues in case of security threat. The transfer of optical switching paradigm to optical burst switching faces serious downfall in the fields of burst aggregation, routing, authentication, dispute resolution, and quality of service (QoS). This paper deals with employing RC4 (stream cipher) to encrypt and decrypt bursts thereby ensuring the confidentiality of the burst. Although the use of AES algorithm has already been proposed for the same issue, by contrasting the two algorithms under the parameters of burst encryption and decryption time, end-to-end delay, it was found that RC4 provided better results. This paper looks to provide a better solution for the confidentiality of the burst in OBS networks.

  17. Quantum Key Based Burst Confidentiality in Optical Burst Switched Networks

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    A. M. Balamurugan

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available The optical burst switching (OBS is an emergent result to the technology concern that could achieve a feasible network in future. They are endowed with the ability to meet the bandwidth requirement of those applications that require intensive bandwidth. There are more domains opening up in the OBS that evidently shows their advantages and their capability to face the future network traffic. However, the concept of OBS is still far from perfection facing issues in case of security threat. The transfer of optical switching paradigm to optical burst switching faces serious downfall in the fields of burst aggregation, routing, authentication, dispute resolution, and quality of service (QoS. This paper deals with employing RC4 (stream cipher to encrypt and decrypt bursts thereby ensuring the confidentiality of the burst. Although the use of AES algorithm has already been proposed for the same issue, by contrasting the two algorithms under the parameters of burst encryption and decryption time, end-to-end delay, it was found that RC4 provided better results. This paper looks to provide a better solution for the confidentiality of the burst in OBS networks.

  18. Among-population variation in tolerance to larval herbivory by Anthocharis cardamines in the polyploid herb Cardamine pratensis.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Malin A E König

    Full Text Available Plants have two principal defense mechanisms to decrease fitness losses to herbivory: tolerance, the ability to compensate fitness after damage, and resistance, the ability to avoid damage. Variation in intensity of herbivory among populations should result in variation in plant defense levels if tolerance and resistance are associated with costs. Yet little is known about how levels of tolerance are related to resistance and attack intensity in the field, and about the costs of tolerance. In this study, we used information about tolerance and resistance against larval herbivory by the butterfly Anthocharis cardamines under controlled conditions together with information about damage in the field for a large set of populations of the perennial plant Cardamine pratensis. Plant tolerance was estimated in a common garden experiment where plants were subjected to a combination of larval herbivory and clipping. We found no evidence of that the proportion of damage that was caused by larval feeding vs. clipping influenced plant responses. Damage treatments had a negative effect on the three measured fitness components and also resulted in an earlier flowering in the year after the attack. Tolerance was related to attack intensity in the population of origin, i.e. plants from populations with higher attack intensity were more likely to flower in the year following damage. However, we found no evidence of a relationship between tolerance and resistance. These results indicate that herbivory drives the evolution for increased tolerance, and that changes in tolerance are not linked to changes in resistance. We suggest that the simultaneous study of tolerance, attack intensity in the field and resistance constitutes a powerful tool to understand how plant strategies to avoid negative effects of herbivore damage evolve.

  19. Yritys X:n Kokous- ja juhlapalvelujen myyntitoimintojen ja markkinoinnin kehittäminen

    OpenAIRE

    Laivamaa, Minna; Rantala, Mari

    2009-01-01

    Yritys X:n Kokous- ja juhlapalvelut kuuluu pääkaupunkiseudulla toimivan yrityksen catering – palvelujen yksikköön. Kokous- ja juhlapalvelut myy pääsääntöisesti juhla- ja kokoustarjoiluja asiakkaiden omiin tiloihin, Kokous- ja juhlapalvelujen kautta vuokrattaviin tiloihin ja muihin ulkopuolisiin tiloihin. Asiakkaina ovat kaupungin eri virastot ja laitokset sekä niiden vieraat, ja yksityisen sektorin asiakkaina yritykset, yhteisöt sekä yksityishenkilöt. Toiminta on tällä hetkellä aktiivista,...

  20. The impacts of climate change and belowground herbivory on aphids via primary metabolites

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ryalls, James M. W.

    Global climate and atmospheric change (summarised as climate change for brevity) may alter patterns of crop damage by insect herbivores, but little is known about how multiple climate change factors, acting in tandem, shape such interactions. Crucially, the specific plant-mediated mechanisms underpinning these effects remain largely unknown. Moreover, research into the effects of climate change on leguminous plant species, which have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) via their association with root nodule-dwelling rhizobial bacteria, and their associated insect herbivores, is surprisingly scarce considering their increasing importance in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Using a model legume, lucerne, otherwise known as alfalfa, Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), and a model pest species, the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae), this work addresses how predicted changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, temperature and rainfall patterns as well as interactions with other organisms, including the root-feeding weevil Sitona discoideus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), might shape legume-feeding aphid populations in the future. Recent literature on the impacts of climate change on aphids and the biology and trophic interactions of lucerne aphids specifically were synthesised in chapters one and two, respectively. These chapters highlighted the importance of the interactions between multiple abiotic and biotic variables in shaping aphid population dynamics. Empirical research chapters three to six, using up to five lucerne genotypes (i.e. cultivars) in glasshouse and field experiments, addressed how A. pisum responded to the isolated and combined effects of climate change and root herbivory. In particular, chapter three determined the effects of elevated temperatures (eT) and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) on root-feeding S. discoideus larvae and their interaction with A. pisum. Chapter four addressed whether the effects of eT, e

  1. Burst suppression probability algorithms: state-space methods for tracking EEG burst suppression

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chemali, Jessica; Ching, ShiNung; Purdon, Patrick L.; Solt, Ken; Brown, Emery N.

    2013-10-01

    Objective. Burst suppression is an electroencephalogram pattern in which bursts of electrical activity alternate with an isoelectric state. This pattern is commonly seen in states of severely reduced brain activity such as profound general anesthesia, anoxic brain injuries, hypothermia and certain developmental disorders. Devising accurate, reliable ways to quantify burst suppression is an important clinical and research problem. Although thresholding and segmentation algorithms readily identify burst suppression periods, analysis algorithms require long intervals of data to characterize burst suppression at a given time and provide no framework for statistical inference. Approach. We introduce the concept of the burst suppression probability (BSP) to define the brain's instantaneous propensity of being in the suppressed state. To conduct dynamic analyses of burst suppression we propose a state-space model in which the observation process is a binomial model and the state equation is a Gaussian random walk. We estimate the model using an approximate expectation maximization algorithm and illustrate its application in the analysis of rodent burst suppression recordings under general anesthesia and a patient during induction of controlled hypothermia. Main result. The BSP algorithms track burst suppression on a second-to-second time scale, and make possible formal statistical comparisons of burst suppression at different times. Significance. The state-space approach suggests a principled and informative way to analyze burst suppression that can be used to monitor, and eventually to control, the brain states of patients in the operating room and in the intensive care unit.

  2. WOM ja eWOM : pankit ja negatiivinen eWOM

    OpenAIRE

    Stigzelius, Teemu

    2015-01-01

    Tämä opinnäytetyö käsittelee Word of Mouth ja electronic Word of Mouth –viestintää. Word of Mouthin tehokkuus perinteiseen markkinointiin on jo pitkään ollut yritysten ja tutkijoiden tiedossa. Internetin käytön yleistyminen avaa yrityksille uusia mahdollisuuksia edulliseen ja tehokkaaseen markkinointiin. Toisaalta se aiheuttaa yrityksille myös uusia uhkia mahdollisten negatiivisten viestien levitessä arvaamattomasti ja hallitsemattomasti verkossa. Opinnäytetyö on tehty osana NEMO-hanketta...

  3. THE FERMI-GBM X-RAY BURST MONITOR: THERMONUCLEAR BURSTS FROM 4U 0614+09

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Linares, M.; Chakrabarty, D.; Connaughton, V.; Bhat, P. N.; Briggs, M. S.; Preece, R.; Jenke, P.; Kouveliotou, C.; Wilson-Hodge, C. A.; Van der Horst, A. J.; Camero-Arranz, A.; Finger, M.; Paciesas, W. S.; Beklen, E.; Von Kienlin, A.

    2012-01-01

    Thermonuclear bursts from slowly accreting neutron stars (NSs) have proven difficult to detect, yet they are potential probes of the thermal properties of the NS interior. During the first year of a systematic all-sky search for X-ray bursts using the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope we have detected 15 thermonuclear bursts from the NS low-mass X-ray binary 4U 0614+09 when it was accreting at nearly 1% of the Eddington limit. We measured an average burst recurrence time of 12 ± 3 days (68% confidence interval) between 2010 March and 2011 March, classified all bursts as normal duration bursts and placed a lower limit on the recurrence time of long/intermediate bursts of 62 days (95% confidence level). We discuss how observations of thermonuclear bursts in the hard X-ray band compare to pointed soft X-ray observations and quantify such bandpass effects on measurements of burst radiated energy and duration. We put our results for 4U 0614+09 in the context of other bursters and briefly discuss the constraints on ignition models. Interestingly, we find that the burst energies in 4U 0614+09 are on average between those of normal duration bursts and those measured in long/intermediate bursts. Such a continuous distribution in burst energy provides a new observational link between normal and long/intermediate bursts. We suggest that the apparent bimodal distribution that defined normal and long/intermediate duration bursts during the last decade could be due to an observational bias toward detecting only the longest and most energetic bursts from slowly accreting NSs.

  4. Fuzzy-Based Adaptive Hybrid Burst Assembly Technique for Optical Burst Switched Networks

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Abubakar Muhammad Umaru

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available The optical burst switching (OBS paradigm is perceived as an intermediate switching technology for future all-optical networks. Burst assembly that is the first process in OBS is the focus of this paper. In this paper, an intelligent hybrid burst assembly algorithm that is based on fuzzy logic is proposed. The new algorithm is evaluated against the traditional hybrid burst assembly algorithm and the fuzzy adaptive threshold (FAT burst assembly algorithm via simulation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the hybrid and the FAT algorithms in terms of burst end-to-end delay, packet end-to-end delay, and packet loss ratio.

  5. Ühinemise ja iseolemise vastuseis. Ideaalid ja reaalsus / Rein Tootmaa

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tootmaa, Rein

    2001-01-01

    Mängufilmid "Keiser ja palgamõrtsukas" ("Jing ke ci qin wang") : režissöör Chen Kaige : Jaapan-Hiina-Prantsusmaa 1999 ja "Tiiger ja draakon" ("Wo hu chang long") : režissöör Ang Lee : Hiina-Hongkong-Ameerika Ühendriigid 2000. Lisa : Aare Ermeli koostatud Chen Kaige ja Ang Lee loomingu lühikokkuvõtted. Kokkuvõte inglise keeles lk. 128

  6. Muusikaretk Ugandasse ja Venemaale

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2009-01-01

    Uganda muusikute Joel Sebunjo ja Bukko Brite kontserdist sarja Muuilm ja Mõnda raames 20. okt. ja loengkontserdist "Venemaa muusikas ja ajas" (esinevad ajaloolane David Vseviov ja pianist Age Juurikas) 29. okt. Palamuse rahvamajas, esinejatest

  7. Markkinoinnin kehittäminen, Verkkomarkkinointi ja sosiaalinen media : JA-KI Muutto Oy

    OpenAIRE

    Kahanpää, Timo

    2015-01-01

    Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli kehittää ja tehostaa helsinkiläisen muuttoalan yrityksen JA-KI Muutto Oy:n markkinointia verkossa ja siellä nimenomaan sosiaalisessa mediassa. Työn tavoitteena oli löytää ja tuoda esille keinoja ja kehittämisehdotuksia, joiden avulla markkinointia verkossa voitaisiin tehostaa entisestään. Opinnäytetyö tehtiin kehittämistehtävänä ja se jakautuu kahteen osaan: teoriaosaan ja kehittämisosaan. Teoriaosiossa käydään läpi eri lähteiden kautta ensin markkinoin...

  8. Geographic variation in alkaloid production in Conium maculatum populations experiencing differential herbivory by Agonopterix alstroemeriana.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Castells, Eva; Berhow, Mark A; Vaughn, Steven F; Berenbaum, May R

    2005-08-01

    Conium maculatum, a Eurasian weed naturalized in North America, contains high concentrations of piperidine alkaloids that act as chemical defenses against herbivores. C. maculatum was largely free from herbivory in the United States, until approximately 30 yr ago, when it was reassociated via accidental introduction with a monophagous European herbivore, the oecophorid caterpillar Agonopterix alstroemeriana. At present, A. alstroemeriana is found in a continuum of reassociation time and intensities with C. maculatum across the continent; in the Pacific Northwest, A. alstroemeriana can cause severe damage, resulting in some cases in complete defoliation. Studies in biological control and invasion biology have yet to determine whether plants reassociated with a significant herbivore from the area of indigeneity increase their chemical defense investment in areas of introduction. In this study, we compared three locations in the United States (New York, Washington, and Illinois) where C. maculatum experiences different levels of herbivory by A. alstroemeriana to determine the association between the intensity of the interaction, as measured by damage, and chemical defense production. Total alkaloid production in C. maculatum was positively correlated with A. alstroemeriana herbivory levels: plants from New York and Washington, with higher herbivory levels, invested two and four times more N to alkaloid synthesis than did plants from Illinois. Individual plants with lower concentrations of alkaloids from a single location in Illinois experienced more damage by A. alstroemeriana, indicative of a preference on the part of the insect for plants with less chemical defense. These results suggest that A. alstroemeriana may act either as a selective agent or inducing agent for C. maculatum and increase its toxicity in its introduced range.

  9. Interactive effects of plant-available soil silicon and herbivory on competition between two grass species

    Science.gov (United States)

    Garbuzov, Mihail; Reidinger, Stefan; Hartley, Susan E.

    2011-01-01

    Background and Aims The herbivore defence system of true grasses (Poaceae) is predominantly based on silicon that is taken up from the soil and deposited in the leaves in the form of abrasive phytoliths. Silicon uptake mechanisms can be both passive and active, with the latter suggesting that there is an energetic cost to silicon uptake. This study assessed the effects of plant-available soil silicon and herbivory on the competitive interactions between the grasses Poa annua, a species that has previously been reported to accumulate only small amounts of silicon, and Lolium perenne, a high silicon accumulator. Methods Plants were grown in mono- and mixed cultures under greenhouse conditions. Plant-available soil silicon levels were manipulated by adding silicon to the soil in the form of sodium silicate. Subsets of mixed culture pots were exposed to above-ground herbivory by desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria). Key Results In the absence of herbivory, silicon addition increased biomass of P. annua but decreased biomass of L. perenne. Silicon addition increased foliar silicon concentrations of both grass species >4-fold. Under low soil-silicon availability the herbivores removed more leaf biomass from L. perenne than from P. annua, whereas under high silicon availability the reverse was true. Consequently, herbivory shifted the competitive balance between the two grass species, with the outcome depending on the availability of soil silicon. Conclusions It is concluded that a complex interplay between herbivore abundance, growth–defence trade-offs and the availability of soil silicon in the grasses' local environment affects the outcome of inter-specific competition, and so has the potential to impact on plant community structure. PMID:21868406

  10. Herbivory-induced mortality increases with radial growth in an invasive riparian phreatophyte

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hultine, K. R.; Dudley, T.; Leavitt, S.

    2012-12-01

    Under equal conditions, plants that allocate a larger proportion of resources to growth must do so at the expense of allocating fewer resources to storage. The critical balance between growth and storage leads to the hypothesis that in high-resource environments, plants that express high growth rates are more susceptible to episodic disturbance than plants that express lower growth rates. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the radial growth (RG), basal area increment (BAI) and carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in tree-ring alpha-cellulose of mature tamarisk trees (Tamarix spp.) occurring at three sites in the western United States. All of the trees had been subjected to episodic foliage herbivory over three or more consecutive growing seasons by the recently released biological control agent, the tamarisk leaf beetle (Diorhabda carinulata) resulting in approximately 50% mortality in each stand (n = 31 live and killed trees, respectively). Mean annual BAI (measured from annual ring widths) in the 10 years prior to the onset of herbivory was on average 45% higher in killed trees compared to live trees (P tamarisk leaf beetle, they also expressed higher (less negative) δ13C ratios compared to live trees. In fact, at a site near Moab, UT, mean annual BAI was 100% higher in killed trees despite having about a 0.5‰ higher δ13C relative to live trees (P = 0.0008). These patterns suggest that the killed trees operated with a lower stomatal conductance despite the fact that they were more productive. Results from this investigation suggest that live trees allocated a relatively large proportion of resources to storage, thereby allowing these trees to produce new leaves after each subsequent herbivory event, whereas recently killed trees likely allocate a larger proportion of resources to growth at the expense of maintaining smaller storage reserves than living trees. Herbivory by the tamarisk leaf beetle therefore may be expected to reduce the overall net primary

  11. Tietokoneen ja internetin viihde- ja hyötykäyttö kotona

    OpenAIRE

    Ollila, Teijo

    2012-01-01

    Tietokoneet ja internet on yhä tärkeämmässä asemassa jokaisen elämässä. Käytämme tietojenkäsittelyä tietämättämme asioidessamme muiden kanssa ja kun hoidamme jokapäiväisiä asioitamme. Tietokone ja internet ovat jossain määrin pakollisia jokaiselle kansalaiselle. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on luoda helppokäyttöinen ja yksinkertainen opas tietokoneen hyöty- ja viihdekäyttöön kotona. Työssä tutkitaan tietokoneen ja internetin ominaisuuksia ja sovelluksia yleisluontoisesti. Opinnäytety...

  12. Draama ja lyhytelokuva sosiaalipedagogisen lapsi- ja nuorisotyön menetelminä

    OpenAIRE

    Koivuniemi, Roosa

    2013-01-01

    Toiminnallisessa opinnäytetyössämme tavoitteena oli tutkia ja kokeilla, miten draamalliset menetelmät toimivat lastensuojelulaitoksessa asuvan nuoren itsetunnon, itsensä ilmaisemisen ja sosiaalisten taitojen kehittäjänä. Selvitimme myös sitä, toimivatko nämä menetelmät lasten ja nuorten ajatusten ja tunteiden purkamisessa. Työskennellessämme lasten- ja nuorten parissa olemme huomanneet tarpeen näiden taitojen kehittämiselle. Järjestimme lastensuojelulaitoksessa asuville nuorille kuuden kuukau...

  13. SUUNTA JA MUUTOS. HAVAINTOJA VIRON JA SUOMEN LIIKEVERBEISTÄ

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hannu Tommola

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Suund ja muutumine. Tähelepanekuid eesti ja soome liikumisverbidest. Käesolevas artiklis püütakse selgitada eesti ja soome keele kõige sagedasemate liikumisverbide polüfunktsionaalsust. Soome keele tulla vastab küll põhitähenduses eesti verbile tulema, kuid ei väljenda lahkumist – seda väljendatakse soome keeles verbiga lähteä. Samuti erinevad meie keeled inhoatiivi väljendamises: soome keele kõige tavalisem muutumisverb on tulla, eesti keeles aga saama. Soome keele verbi jäädä ja eesti keele verbi jääma on vaadeldud liikumisverbidena nende võimaliku muutuse presupositsiooni tõttu. Jääma väljendab siiski ka seisundi tekkimise tähendust. See tähendus esineb soome verbil jääda vaid idioomides. Eesti keele jääma on näide polüseemia tüübist, mida on nimetatud enantioseemiaks (ühel ja samal lekseemil on vastandtähendused. Üks läänemeresoome liikumisverbide omapära näiteid on verb käydä/käima, mis võimaldab väljendada kahesuunalist liikumist. Soome ja eesti verbide põhitähendused on sarnased, aga kõigis kasutustes käydä ja käima ei kattu, sest käydä esineb ka muutumisverbina, eesti verbil see tähendus puudub. Lõpuks käsitletakse lühidalt idiomaatilisi väljendeid, nt. tuli kuntoon / meni pieleen ning läks korda/viltu.

  14. Herbivory drives the spread of salt marsh die-off.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mark D Bertness

    Full Text Available Salt marsh die-off is a Western Atlantic conservation problem that has recently spread into Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA. It has been hypothesized to be driven by: 1 eutrophication decreasing plant investment into belowground biomass causing plant collapse, 2 boat wakes eroding creek banks, 3 pollution or disease affecting plant health, 4 substrate hardness controlling herbivorous crab distributions and 5 trophic dysfunction releasing herbivorous crabs from predator control. To distinguish between these hypotheses we quantified these variables at 14 Narragansett Bay salt marshes where die-off intensity ranged from <5% to nearly 98%. Nitrogen availability, wave intensity and plant growth did not explain any variation in die-off. Herbivory explained 73% of inter-site variation in die-off and predator control of herbivores and substrate hardness also varied significantly with die-off. This suggests that salt marsh die-off is being largely driven by intense herbivory via the release of herbivorous crabs from predator control. Our results and those from other marsh systems suggest that consumer control may not simply be a factor to consider in marsh conservation, but with widespread predator depletion impacting near shore habitats globally, trophic dysfunction and runaway consumption may be the largest and most urgent management challenge for salt marsh conservation.

  15. Signal transduction downstream of salicylic and jasmonic acid in herbivory-induced parasitoid attraction by Arabidopsis is independent of JAR1 and NPR1

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Poecke, van R.M.P.; Dicke, M.

    2003-01-01

    Plants can defend themselves indirectly against herbivores by emitting a volatile blend upon herbivory that attracts the natural enemies of these herbivores, either predators or parasitoids. Although signal transduction in plants from herbivory to induced volatile production depends on jasmonic acid

  16. Impact of warming, moderate nitrogen addition and bark herbivory on BVOC emissions and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tiiva, Päivi; Häikiö, Elina; Kasurinen, Anne

    2018-04-10

    The changing climate will expose boreal forests to rising temperatures, increasing soil nitrogen (N) levels and an increasing risk of herbivory. The single and interaction effects of warming (+2 °C increase), moderate N addition (30 kg ha-1 year-1) and bark herbivory by large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) on growth and emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from shoots of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were studied in growth chambers over 175 days. In addition, warming and N addition effects on shoot net photosynthesis (Pn) were measured. Nitrogen addition increased both shoot and root dry weights, whereas warming, in combination with herbivory, reduced stem height growth. Warming together with N addition increased current-year shoot Pn, whereas N effects on previous-year shoot Pn were variable over time. Warming decreased non-oxygenated monoterpene (MT) emissions in June and increased them in July. Of individual MT compounds, α-pinene, δ-3-carene, γ-terpinene and terpinolene were among the most frequently responsive compounds in warming treatments in the May-July period. Sesquiterpene emissions were observed only from warming treatments in July. Moderate N addition increased oxygenated monoterpenes in May, and MTs in June and September. However, N addition effect on MTs in June was clearer without warming than with warming. Bark herbivory tended to increase MT emissions in combination with warming and N addition 3 weeks after the damage caused by weevils. Of individual compounds in other BVOC blends, herbivory increased the emissions of methyl-benzene, benzene and hexanal in July. Hence, though both warming and N addition have a potential to change BVOC emissions from Scots pines, the N effect may also be partly cancelled by warming. Furthermore, herbivory pressure in combination with climate warming and N addition may, at least periodically, increase BVOC release to the atmosphere from young Scots pine seedlings.

  17. Jasmonic acid is a key regulator of spider mite-induced volatile terpenoid and methyl salicylate emission in tomato

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Ament, K.; Kant, M.R.; Sabelis, M.W.; Haring, M.A.; Schuurink, R.C.

    2004-01-01

    The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) mutant def-1, which is deficient in induced jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation upon wounding or herbivory, was used to study the role of JA in the direct and indirect defense responses to phytophagous mites (Tetranychus urticae). In contrast to earlier reports,

  18. Romantikutest, armastusega ja ja halastuseta / Margit Tõnson

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tõnson, Margit, 1978-

    2010-01-01

    Kolmest suvelavastusest: Tiit Palu dramatiseering Gustave Flaubert'i teosest "Madame Bovary" Endla teatris, Marcel Pagnoli "Tuulesaared", lavastaja Maria Peterson - Theatrum ja MTÜ Arhipelaag Hiiumaal Tahkuna tuletorni all ja Eugene O'Neilli "Iha jalakate all", lavastaja Roman Baskin, MTÜ Kell Kümme Kurgjal Jakobsoni talumuuseumis

  19. Top-down control of herbivory by birds and bats in the canopy of temperate broad-leaved oaks (Quercus robur.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Stefan M Böhm

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available The intensive foraging of insectivorous birds and bats is well known to reduce the density of arboreal herbivorous arthropods but quantification of collateral leaf damage remains limited for temperate forest canopies. We conducted exclusion experiments with nets in the crowns of young and mature oaks, Quercus robur, in south and central Germany to investigate the extent to which aerial vertebrates reduce herbivory through predation. We repeatedly estimated leaf damage throughout the vegetation period. Exclusion of birds and bats led to a distinct increase in arthropod herbivory, emphasizing the prominent role of vertebrate predators in controlling arthropods. Leaf damage (e.g., number of holes differed strongly between sites and was 59% higher in south Germany, where species richness of vertebrate predators and relative oak density were lower compared with our other study site in central Germany. The effects of bird and bat exclusion on herbivory were 19% greater on young than on mature trees in south Germany. Our results support previous studies that have demonstrated clear effects of insectivorous vertebrates on leaf damage through the control of herbivorous arthropods. Moreover, our comparative approach on quantification of leaf damage highlights the importance of local attributes such as tree age, forest composition and species richness of vertebrate predators for control of arthropod herbivory.

  20. “Tuhansien laulujen maa” : maisema ja identiteetti 1980- ja 1990-lukujen suomenkielisessä rocklyriikassa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Susanna Laamanen

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Artikkelissa tutkitaan suomalaisen maiseman ja identiteetin kuvauksia suomenkielisessä rocklyriikassa vuosina 1980–1999. Aineisto muodostuu kahdestakymmenestä laulusta yhdeltätoista eri artistilta ja yhtyeeltä. Tutkimusmetodina käytetään temaattista sisällönanalyysiä. Kappaleiden ja niiden lyriikoiden tutkimus tuo lisätietoa Suomi-kuvan tutkimukseen ja nostaa esiin suomalaisen rockmusiikin äänen, joka on mukana ihmisten arjessa. Suomalainen rockmusiikki on osa suomalaista populaarikulttuuria ja kulttuurihistoriaa. Sillä on kyky uusintaa ja representoida Suomea ja suomalaisuutta. Aineiston kappaleiden maisema muodostuu pääkaupungin, pikkukaupunkien, luonnon ja maaseudun ympäristöistä. Kappaleissa ollaan välitilassa, yksikään ympäristö ei nouse johtavaksi teemaksi. Lyriikoissa uusinnetaan topeliaanista suomalaisuutta niin kestävyyden, sitkeyden, vapaudenhalun kuin kohtaloon alistumisen muodossa sekä suomalaisen kirjallisuuden ja iskelmän luontokuvauksen perinnettä. Sanoituksissa kommentoidaan agraarin ja urbaanin lähekkäin oloa, suomalaisen elämänmuodon ja identiteetin murrosta sekä 1990-luvun lamaa. Sanoitusten maisema ja identiteetti kietoutuvat subjektin tunteisiin ja tarinaan, universaaleihin aiheisiin rakkaudesta ja omasta eksistenssistä. Ne paljastavat, toisin kuin matkailumarkkinointi, Suomen ja suomalaisuuden säröt positiivisten asioiden ohella.

  1. QKD-Based Secured Burst Integrity Design for Optical Burst Switched Networks

    Science.gov (United States)

    Balamurugan, A. M.; Sivasubramanian, A.; Parvathavarthini, B.

    2016-03-01

    The field of optical transmission has undergone numerous advancements and is still being researched mainly due to the fact that optical data transmission can be done at enormous speeds. It is quite evident that people prefer optical communication when it comes to large amount of data involving its transmission. The concept of switching in networks has matured enormously with several researches, architecture to implement and methods starting with Optical circuit switching to Optical Burst Switching. Optical burst switching is regarded as viable solution for switching bursts over networks but has several security vulnerabilities. However, this work exploited the security issues associated with Optical Burst Switching with respect to integrity of burst. This proposed Quantum Key based Secure Hash Algorithm (QKBSHA-512) with enhanced compression function design provides better avalanche effect over the conventional integrity algorithms.

  2. Suzuki ja Szilvay : meetodist ja individuaalsusest / Lembi Mets

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Mets, Lembi

    2000-01-01

    23. ja 24. apr. esines Tallinnas ans. Helsingin Juniorijousten F-avain-sello-bassoryhmä. 3. mail esines Tallinnas keelpilliõpilaste orkester Suzuki Nordic String. Suzuki ja Szilvayde muusikaõpetuse meetoditest, nende erinevustest, kasutamisvõimalustest Eestis

  3. Viestintäverkkojen ja -palveluiden toimivuuden ja tietoturvallisuuden häiriönhallinta

    OpenAIRE

    Paananen, Rauli

    2017-01-01

    Yhteiskunnassa on käynnissä voimakas kaiken mahdollisen digitalisoiminen ja esimerkiksi kaikkia viranomaisia koskee velvollisuus sähköistää keskeiset palvelunsa kuluttajien saataville. Sähköinen asiointi, palveluiden kasvava määrä ja kuluttajien siirtyminen mobiili- ja verkkopalveluihin luo markkinoille uusia innovaatioita ja tuo kansalaisille arjen sujuvuutta hoitaa päivittäisiä asioitaan, ajasta ja paikasta riippumatta. Toisaalta yhteiskunnan toimivuus on entistä haavoittuvampi ja alttiimpi...

  4. Keha ja ihu, iha ja piin Augusti tantsufestivalil / Agni Lass

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Lass, Agni

    2006-01-01

    Augusti Tantsufestivali etendustest Tallinna Kunstihoones ja Kanuti Gildi saalis - Horvaatia kunstirühmituse BAD co lavastus "Fleshdance", Nada Gambier "Confessions - the autopsy of a performance", Simone Aughterlony ja Thomas Wodianka projekt "Performers on Trial", Nürnbergi trupi "Fine. da capo", Shani Granot' ja Peter Foli "It's a small world"

  5. Võigas ja seletamatu tsirkus : kaasaja ja alateadvuse pained "Agent Sinikaelas" / Sven Vabar

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Vabar, Sven

    2002-01-01

    Mängufilm "Agent Sinikael" : stsenaristid Marko Raat ja Andres Maimik : režissöör Marko Raat : operaator Arko Okk : helilooja Janek Murd : kunstnikud Margus Tammik ja Jaana Jüris : nimiosas Mait Malmsten : produtsendid Peeter Urbla ja Veiko Õunapuu : Exitfilm ja Suhkur Film, 2002

  6. The genesis of period-adding bursting without bursting-chaos in the Chay model

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yang Zhuoqin; Lu Qishao; Li Li

    2006-01-01

    According to the period-adding firing patterns without chaos observed in neuronal experiments, the genesis of the period-adding 'fold/homoclinic' bursting sequence without bursting-chaos is explored by numerical simulation, fast/slow dynamics and bifurcation analysis of limit cycle in the neuronal Chay model. It is found that each periodic bursting, from period-1 to 7, is separately generated by the corresponding periodic spiking pattern through two period-doubling bifurcations, except for the period-1 bursting occurring via a Hopf bifurcation. Consequently, it can be revealed that this period-adding bursting bifurcation without chaos has a compound bifurcation structure with transitions from spiking to bursting, which is closely related to period-doubling bifurcations of periodic spiking in essence

  7. Macro-grazer herbivory regulates seagrass response to pulse and press nutrient loading.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ravaglioli, Chiara; Capocchi, Antonella; Fontanini, Debora; Mori, Giovanna; Nuccio, Caterina; Bulleri, Fabio

    2018-05-01

    Coastal ecosystems are exposed to multiple stressors. Predicting their outcomes is complicated by variations in their temporal regimes. Here, by means of a 16-month experiment, we investigated tolerance and resistance traits of Posidonia oceanica to herbivore damage under different regimes of nutrient loading. Chronic and pulse nutrient supply were combined with simulated fish herbivory, treated as a pulse stressor. At ambient nutrient levels, P. oceanica could cope with severe herbivory, likely through an increase in photosynthetic activity. Elevated nutrient levels, regardless of the temporal regime, negatively affected plant growth and increased leaf nutritional quality. This ultimately resulted in a reduction of plant biomass that was particularly severe under chronic fertilization. Our results suggest that both chronic and pulse nutrient loadings increase plant palatability to macro-grazers. Strategies for seagrass management should not be exclusively applied in areas exposed to chronic fertilization since even short-term nutrient pulses could alter seagrass meadows. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Müüt "Illujanka ja Tešub" ja ezenpurulliyaš pidustused hetiidi religioosse ideoloogia ja kuningavõimu kontekstis. Mesopotaamia ja hatti mõjutused / Vladimir Sazanov

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Sazanov, Vladimir, 1979-

    2011-01-01

    Anatoolias aset leidnud kevadise purulli pidustuste aegu deklameeritud lohetapmise motiivi sisaldava müüdi "Illujanka ja Tešub" tõlge ja kommentaarid ning võimalikest võõrmõjudest (Mesopotaamia ja hatti mõjudest) sellele müüdile

  9. Frequency Modulation of Transcriptional Bursting Enables Sensitive and Rapid Gene Regulation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Congxin; Cesbron, François; Oehler, Michael; Brunner, Michael; Höfer, Thomas

    2018-04-25

    Gene regulation is a complex non-equilibrium process. Here, we show that quantitating the temporal regulation of key gene states (transcriptionally inactive, active, and refractory) provides a parsimonious framework for analyzing gene regulation. Our theory makes two non-intuitive predictions. First, for transcription factors (TFs) that regulate transcription burst frequency, as opposed to amplitude or duration, weak TF binding is sufficient to elicit strong transcriptional responses. Second, refractoriness of a gene after a transcription burst enables rapid responses to stimuli. We validate both predictions experimentally by exploiting the natural, optogenetic-like responsiveness of the Neurospora GATA-type TF White Collar Complex (WCC) to blue light. Further, we demonstrate that differential regulation of WCC target genes is caused by different gene activation rates, not different TF occupancy, and that these rates are tuned by both the core promoter and the distance between TF-binding site and core promoter. In total, our work demonstrates the relevance of a kinetic, non-equilibrium framework for understanding transcriptional regulation. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  10. A repeating fast radio burst.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Spitler, L G; Scholz, P; Hessels, J W T; Bogdanov, S; Brazier, A; Camilo, F; Chatterjee, S; Cordes, J M; Crawford, F; Deneva, J; Ferdman, R D; Freire, P C C; Kaspi, V M; Lazarus, P; Lynch, R; Madsen, E C; McLaughlin, M A; Patel, C; Ransom, S M; Seymour, A; Stairs, I H; Stappers, B W; van Leeuwen, J; Zhu, W W

    2016-03-10

    Fast radio bursts are millisecond-duration astronomical radio pulses of unknown physical origin that appear to come from extragalactic distances. Previous follow-up observations have failed to find additional bursts at the same dispersion measure (that is, the integrated column density of free electrons between source and telescope) and sky position as the original detections. The apparent non-repeating nature of these bursts has led to the suggestion that they originate in cataclysmic events. Here we report observations of ten additional bursts from the direction of the fast radio burst FRB 121102. These bursts have dispersion measures and sky positions consistent with the original burst. This unambiguously identifies FRB 121102 as repeating and demonstrates that its source survives the energetic events that cause the bursts. Additionally, the bursts from FRB 121102 show a wide range of spectral shapes that appear to be predominantly intrinsic to the source and which vary on timescales of minutes or less. Although there may be multiple physical origins for the population of fast radio bursts, these repeat bursts with high dispersion measure and variable spectra specifically seen from the direction of FRB 121102 support an origin in a young, highly magnetized, extragalactic neutron star.

  11. The genesis of period-adding bursting without bursting-chaos in the Chay model

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yang Zhuoqin; Lu Qishao; Li Li

    2006-01-01

    According to the period-adding firing patterns without chaos observed in neuronal experiments, the genesis of the period-adding 'fold/homoclinic' bursting sequence without bursting-chaos is explored by numerical simulation, fast/slow dynamics and bifurcation analysis of limit cycle in the neuronal Chay model. It is found that each periodic bursting, from period-1 to period-7, is separately generated by the corresponding periodic spiking pattern through two period-doubling bifurcations, except for the period-1 bursting occurring via a Hopf bifurcation. Consequently, it can be revealed that this period-adding bursting bifurcation without chaos has a compound bifurcation structure with transitions from spiking to bursting, which is closely related to period-doubling bifurcations of periodic spiking in essence

  12. Zygmunt Bauman ja Rein Raud vestlesid kultuurist ja poliitikast

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2014-01-01

    TLÜ Kultuuriteaduste ja kunstide doktorikooli kutsel Tallinnas viibinud sotsioloogi, Leedsi ülikooli emeriitprofessori Zygmunt Baumani ja TLÜ juhtivteadur Rein Raua vahel Kirjanike Liidu saalis toimunud avalikust vestlusest

  13. Mineviku, oleviku ja tuleviku dünaamikast Kristjan Raua vaadetes ja tegevuses / Elo-Hanna Seljamaa

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Seljamaa, Elo-Hanna, 1980-

    2008-01-01

    Kristjan Raua vaadetest ja tegevusest kaasaegsete rahvuslike ideede ja taotluste taustal, viisist mõtestada ja suhestada rahvakunsti ja kujutavat kunsti, arendades nõnda rahvuslikku kunsti ja rahvuskultuuri ning tema loomingu ja ühiskondliku tegevuse vahelistest seostest

  14. INVESTIGATION OF PRIMORDIAL BLACK HOLE BURSTS USING INTERPLANETARY NETWORK GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ukwatta, T. N. [Director' s Postdoctoral Fellow, Space and Remote Sensing (ISR-2), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 (United States); Hurley, K. [University of California, Berkeley, Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450 (United States); MacGibbon, J. H. [Department of Physics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224 (United States); Svinkin, D. S.; Aptekar, R. L.; Golenetskii, S. V.; Frederiks, D. D.; Pal' shin, V. D. [Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, 194021 (Russian Federation); Goldsten, J. [Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723 (United States); Boynton, W. [Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 (United States); Kozyrev, A. S. [Space Research Institute, 84/32, Profsoyuznaya, Moscow 117997 (Russian Federation); Rau, A.; Kienlin, A. von; Zhang, X. [Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse, Postfach 1312, Garching, D-85748 (Germany); Connaughton, V. [University of Alabama in Huntsville, NSSTC, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805 (United States); Yamaoka, K. [Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8558 (Japan); Ohno, M. [Department of Physics, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 (Japan); Ohmori, N. [Department of Applied Physics, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki 889-2192 (Japan); Feroci, M. [INAF/IAPS-Roma, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133, Roma (Italy); Frontera, F., E-mail: tilan@lanl.gov [Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara (Italy); and others

    2016-07-20

    The detection of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) in the solar neighborhood would have very important implications for GRB phenomenology. The leading theories for cosmological GRBs would not be able to explain such events. The final bursts of evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs), however, would be a natural explanation for local GRBs. We present a novel technique that can constrain the distance to GRBs using detections from widely separated, non-imaging spacecraft. This method can determine the actual distance to the burst if it is local. We applied this method to constrain distances to a sample of 36 short-duration GRBs detected by the Interplanetary Network (IPN) that show observational properties that are expected from PBH evaporations. These bursts have minimum possible distances in the 10{sup 13}–10{sup 18} cm (7–10{sup 5} au) range, which are consistent with the expected PBH energetics and with a possible origin in the solar neighborhood, although none of the bursts can be unambiguously demonstrated to be local. Assuming that these bursts are real PBH events, we estimate lower limits on the PBH burst evaporation rate in the solar neighborhood.

  15. Ensiapuohjeistus ja -koulutus : Attendo Kilpiäisten palvelutalo ja hoivakoti Onnela

    OpenAIRE

    Lyytikäinen, Mari; Hakala, Lea

    2017-01-01

    Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin yhteistyössä kahden eri toimeksiantajan kanssa: Attendo Kilpiäisten palvelutalo Lahdessa ja Hoivakoti Onnela Iitissä. Palvelutalot ovat keskenään hyvin samantyyppiset, molemmissa palvelutaloissa tarjotaan tehostettua palveluasumista vanhuksille. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli laatia palvelutalo-olosuhteisiin sopiva ensiapuohjeistus ja pitää henkilökunnalle ensiapukoulutuksia. Tarkoituksena oli yhtenäistää toimintaa ensiaputilanteissa ja tuoda niihin varmuutta ja jä...

  16. Monimuoto-opiskelijoiden ajanhallinta ja jaksaminen : kokemuksia perheen, työn ja opiskelun yhteensovittamisesta

    OpenAIRE

    Ranne, Satu-Maaret; Salminen, Piia

    2011-01-01

    Ranne Satu-Maaret ja Salminen Piia. Monimuoto-opiskelijoiden ajanhallinta ja jaksaminen - kuinka sovittaa yhteen perhe, työ ja opiskelu. Diakonia-ammattikorkeakoulun monimuoto-opiskelijoiden kokemuksia ajanhallinnasta ja jaksamisesta. Pori, kevät 2011, 34 s. Diakonia-ammattikorkeakoulu, Diak Länsi, Pori. Hoitotyön koulutusohjelma. Sairaanhoitaja (AMK). Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia ammattikorkeakoulussa monimuotoisesti opiskelevien opiskelijoiden ajanhallintaa ja jaksamista: ...

  17. Specificity of induced defenses, growth, and reproduction in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) in response to multispecies herbivory.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Moreira, Xoaquín; Abdala-Roberts, Luis; Hernández-Cumplido, Johnattan; Cuny, Maximilien A C; Glauser, Gaetan; Benrey, Betty

    2015-08-01

    • Following herbivore attack, plants can either reduce damage by inducing defenses or mitigate herbivory effects through compensatory growth and reproduction. It is increasingly recognized that such induced defenses in plants are herbivore-specific, but less is known about the specificity of compensatory responses. Damage by multiple herbivores may also lead to synergistic effects on induction and plant fitness that differ from those caused by a single herbivore species. Although largely unstudied, the order of arrival and damage by different herbivore species might also play an important role in the impacts of herbivory on plants.• We investigated the specificity of defense induction (phenolics) and effects on growth (number of stems and leaves) and reproduction (number of seeds, seed mass, and germination rate) from feeding by two generalist leaf-chewing herbivores (Spodoptera eridania and Diabrotica balteata) on Phaseolus lunatus plants and evaluated whether simultaneous attack by both herbivores and their order of arrival influenced such dynamics.• Herbivory increased levels of leaf phenolics, but such effects were not herbivore-specific. In contrast, herbivory enhanced seed germination in an herbivore-specific manner. For all variables measured, the combined effects of both herbivore species did not differ from their individual effects. Finally, the order of herbivore arrival did not influence defense induction, plant growth, or seed number but did influence seed mass and germination.• Overall, this study highlights novel aspects of the specificity of plant responses induced by damage from multiple species of herbivores and uniquely associates such effects with plant lifetime fitness. © 2015 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

  18. "Hariduse ja kasvatuse sõnaraamat"

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Helin Puksand

    2014-11-01

    Full Text Available 2014. aastal ilmus viiekeelne "Hariduse ja kasvatuse sõnaraamat", milles on 4850 mõistet paljudelt hariduse ja kasvatuse aladelt: kasvatus ja areng, alusharidus, põhi- ja keskharidus, kutse- ja kõrgharidus, huviharidus, eripedagoogika, andragoogika, sotsiaalpedagoogika, didaktika, koolikorraldus, kasvatusteaduslik uurimistöö, pedagoogika ajalugu jne. Iga mõiste kohta on esitatud eesti, inglise, saksa, soome ja vene termin ning enamasti ka seletus. "Hariduse ja kasvatuse sõnaraamat" on mõeldud kõigile haridustöötajaile ja haridusvaldkonnast huvitatuile.

  19. Proteins differentially expressed in elicited cell suspension culture of Podophyllum hexandrum with enhanced podophyllotoxin content

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bhattacharyya Dipto

    2012-05-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Podophyllotoxin (PTOX, the precursor for semi-synthesis of cancer therapeutics like etoposide, teniposide and etophos, is primarily obtained from an endangered medicinal herb, Podophyllum hexandrum Royle. PTOX, a lignan is biosynthetically derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in the P. hexandrum cell proteome potentially related to PTOX accumulation in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA elicitation. High-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE followed by colloidal Coomassie staining and mass spectrometric analysis was used to detect statistically significant changes in cell’s proteome. Result The HPLC analysis showed approximately 7–8 fold change in accumulation of PTOX, in the 12day old cell suspension culture (i.e. after 9days of elicitation elicited with 100 μM MeJA as compared to the control. Using 2-DE a total of 233 spots was detected, out of which 105 spots were identified by MALDI TOF-TOF MS/MS. Data were subjected to functional annotation from a biological point of view through KEGG. The phenylpropanoid and monolignol pathway enzymes were identified, amongst these, chalcone synthase, polyphenol oxidase, caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases, caffeic acid-O-methyl transferase etc. are noted as important. The relation of other differentially accumulated proteins with varied effects caused by elicitors on P. hexandrum cells namely stress and defense related protein, transcription and DNA replication and signaling are also discussed. Conclusions Elicitor-induced PTOX accumulation in P. hexandrum cell cultures provides a responsive model system to profile modulations in proteins related to phenylpropanoid/monolignol biosynthesis and other defense responses. Present findings form a baseline for future investigation on a non-sequenced medicinal herb P. hexandrum at molecular level.

  20. Dealing with double trouble: consequences of single and double herbivory in Brassica juncea

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Mathur, V.; Tytgat, T.O.G.; Graaf, de R.M.; Kalia, V.; Reddy, A.S.; Vet, L.E.M.; Dam, van N.M.

    2013-01-01

    In their natural environment, plants are often attacked simultaneously by many insect species. The specificity of induced plant responses that is reported after single herbivore attacks may be compromised under double herbivory and this may influence later arriving herbivores. The present study

  1. Effect of long-term exclusion of fire and herbivory on the soils and ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    The wettest grassland, Piet Retief Sourveld on a southern aspect, was transformed to a shrubland matrix (mainly Helichrysum splendidum) with tree clumps of forest precursor species (Rhus dentata, Halleria lucida, Myrsine africana, Buddleja salviifolia, Leucosidea ... Ferns benefitted from exclusion of fire and herbivory.

  2. Gamma Ray Bursts - Observations

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gehrels, N.; Cannizzo, J. K.

    2010-01-01

    We are in an exciting period of discovery for gamma-ray bursts. The Swift observatory is detecting 100 bursts per year, providing arcsecond localizations and sensitive observations of the prompt and afterglow emission. The Fermi observatory is observing 250 bursts per year with its medium-energy GRB instrument and about 10 bursts per year with its high-energy LAT instrument. In addition, rapid-response telescopes on the ground are providing new capabilities to study optical emission during the prompt phase and spectral signatures of the host galaxies. The combined data set is enabling great advances in our understanding of GRBs including afterglow physics, short burst origin, and high energy emission.

  3. Heterogeneity in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts

    Science.gov (United States)

    Norris, Jay P.; Gehrels Neil; Scargle, Jeffrey D.

    2011-01-01

    We analyze the Swift/BAT sample of short gamma-ray bursts, using an objective Bayesian Block procedure to extract temporal descriptors of the bursts' initial pulse complexes (IPCs). The sample comprises 12 and 41 bursts with and without extended emission (EE) components, respectively. IPCs of non-EE bursts are dominated by single pulse structures, while EE bursts tend to have two or more pulse structures. The medians of characteristic timescales - durations, pulse structure widths, and peak intervals - for EE bursts are factors of approx 2-3 longer than for non-EE bursts. A trend previously reported by Hakkila and colleagues unifying long and short bursts - the anti-correlation of pulse intensity and width - continues in the two short burst groups, with non-EE bursts extending to more intense, narrower pulses. In addition we find that preceding and succeeding pulse intensities are anti-correlated with pulse interval. We also examine the short burst X-ray afterglows as observed by the Swift/XRT. The median flux of the initial XRT detections for EE bursts (approx 6 X 10(exp -10) erg / sq cm/ s) is approx > 20 x brighter than for non-EE bursts, and the median X-ray afterglow duration for EE bursts (approx 60,000 s) is approx 30 x longer than for non-EE bursts. The tendency for EE bursts toward longer prompt-emission timescales and higher initial X-ray afterglow fluxes implies larger energy injections powering the afterglows. The longer-lasting X-ray afterglows of EE bursts may suggest that a significant fraction explode into more dense environments than non-EE bursts, or that the sometimes-dominant EE component efficiently p()wers the afterglow. Combined, these results favor different progenitors for EE and non-EE short bursts.

  4. HETEROGENEITY IN SHORT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Norris, Jay P.; Gehrels, Neil; Scargle, Jeffrey D.

    2011-01-01

    We analyze the Swift/BAT sample of short gamma-ray bursts, using an objective Bayesian Block procedure to extract temporal descriptors of the bursts' initial pulse complexes (IPCs). The sample is comprised of 12 and 41 bursts with and without extended emission (EE) components, respectively. IPCs of non-EE bursts are dominated by single pulse structures, while EE bursts tend to have two or more pulse structures. The medians of characteristic timescales-durations, pulse structure widths, and peak intervals-for EE bursts are factors of ∼2-3 longer than for non-EE bursts. A trend previously reported by Hakkila and colleagues unifying long and short bursts-the anti-correlation of pulse intensity and width-continues in the two short burst groups, with non-EE bursts extending to more intense, narrower pulses. In addition, we find that preceding and succeeding pulse intensities are anti-correlated with pulse interval. We also examine the short burst X-ray afterglows as observed by the Swift/X-Ray Telescope (XRT). The median flux of the initial XRT detections for EE bursts (∼6x10 -10 erg cm -2 s -1 ) is ∼>20x brighter than for non-EE bursts, and the median X-ray afterglow duration for EE bursts (∼60,000 s) is ∼30x longer than for non-EE bursts. The tendency for EE bursts toward longer prompt-emission timescales and higher initial X-ray afterglow fluxes implies larger energy injections powering the afterglows. The longer-lasting X-ray afterglows of EE bursts may suggest that a significant fraction explode into denser environments than non-EE bursts, or that the sometimes-dominant EE component efficiently powers the afterglow. Combined, these results favor different progenitors for EE and non-EE short bursts.

  5. Fideo ja Vilm Pärnus

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    1999-01-01

    Pärnu Fideo- ja Vilmifestival 2.-3. apr. Muuseumi Aidas. Margus Tiitsmaa ja Sütevaka Andrese performance'test. Jasper Zoova ja Erno Võsa installatsioonist "Eesti mehe ja naise identifitseerimise masin". Taivani kunstniku Eliza Lin'i fotoinstallatsioonist ja videost

  6. BurstMem: A High-Performance Burst Buffer System for Scientific Applications

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wang, Teng [Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Oral, H Sarp [ORNL; Wang, Yandong [Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Settlemyer, Bradley W [ORNL; Atchley, Scott [ORNL; Yu, Weikuan [Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

    2014-01-01

    The growth of computing power on large-scale sys- tems requires commensurate high-bandwidth I/O system. Many parallel file systems are designed to provide fast sustainable I/O in response to applications soaring requirements. To meet this need, a novel system is imperative to temporarily buffer the bursty I/O and gradually flush datasets to long-term parallel file systems. In this paper, we introduce the design of BurstMem, a high- performance burst buffer system. BurstMem provides a storage framework with efficient storage and communication manage- ment strategies. Our experiments demonstrate that BurstMem is able to speed up the I/O performance of scientific applications by up to 8.5 on leadership computer systems.

  7. Nonsensical choices? Fall armyworm moths choose seemingly best or worst hosts for their larvae, but neonate larvae make their own choices.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Julio C Rojas

    Full Text Available Selecting optimal host plants is critical for herbivorous insects, such as fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, an important maize pest in the Americas and Africa. Fall armyworm larvae are presumed to have limited mobility, hence female moths are presumed to be largely responsible for selecting hosts. We addressed host selection by fall armyworm moths and neonate and older (3rd-instar larvae, as mediated by resistance and herbivory in maize plants. Thus, we compared discrimination among three maize cultivars with varying degrees of resistance to fall armyworm, and between plants subjected or not to two types of herbivory. The cultivars were: (i susceptible, and deficient in jasmonic acid (JA production and green leaf volatiles (GLV emissions (inbred line B73-lox10; (ii modestly resistant (B73, and; (iii highly resistant (Mp708. The herbivory types were: (i ongoing (= fall armyworm larvae present, and; (ii future (= fall armyworm eggs present. In choice tests, moths laid more eggs on the highly resistant cultivar, and least on the susceptible cultivar, though on those cultivars larvae performed poorest and best, respectively. In the context of herbivory, moths laid more eggs: (i on plants subject to versus free of future herbivory, regardless of whether plants were deficient or not in JA and GLV production; (ii on plants subject versus free of ongoing herbivory, and; (iii on plants not deficient in compared to deficient in JA and GLV production. Neonate larvae dispersed aerially from host plants (i.e. ballooned, and most larvae colonized the modestly resistant cultivar, and fewest the highly resistant cultivar, suggesting quasi-directional, directed aerial descent. Finally, dispersing older larvae did not discriminate among the three maize cultivars, nor between maize plants and (plastic model maize plants, suggesting random, visually-oriented dispersal. Our results were used to assemble a model of host selection by fall armyworm moths and

  8. Kunstnik ja tema kodu : Carl Timoleon von Neff Piira ja Muuga mõisas / Ants Hein

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Hein, Ants, 1952-

    2004-01-01

    Ateljeedest Euroopas alates 15. sajandist ja Eestis alates 19. sajandist. Pikemalt Julius Kleveri ja Otto Moelleri ateljeest. Maalikunstnik Carl Timoleon von Neffi elust ja loomingust, kunsti kollektsioneerimisest. Piira ja Muuga mõisahoonest, plaanid, sise- ja välisvaated

  9. Eesti keeleuuenduse ja itaalia "questione della lingua" paralleelid ja põimumised / Daniele Monticelli

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Monticelli, Daniele, 1970-

    2009-01-01

    Itaalia keele korraldamisel ja uuendamisel osalenud teadlaste ja kirjanike retoorikast, argumenteerimise strateegiatest ja keelekorralduse teoreetilistest alustest, kõrvutades neid eesti keeleuuenduse analoogsete aspektidega

  10. Population-level consequences of herbivory, changing climate, and source-sink dynamics on a long-lived invasive shrub.

    Science.gov (United States)

    van Klinken, R D; Pichancourt, J B

    2015-12-01

    Long-lived plant species are highly valued environmentally, economically, and socially, but can also cause substantial harm as invaders. Realistic demographic predictions can guide management decisions, and are particularly valuable for long-lived species where population response times can be long. Long-lived species are also challenging, given population dynamics can be affected by factors as diverse as herbivory, climate, and dispersal. We developed a matrix model to evaluate the effects of herbivory by a leaf-feeding biological control agent released in Australia against a long-lived invasive shrub (mesquite, Leguminoseae: Prosopis spp.). The stage-structured, density-dependent model used an annual time step and 10 climatically diverse years of field data. Mesquite population demography is sensitive to source-sink dynamics as most seeds are consumed and redistributed spatially by livestock. In addition, individual mesquite plants, because they are long lived, experience natural climate variation that cycles over decadal scales, as well as anthropogenic climate change. The model therefore explicitly considered the effects of both net dispersal and climate variation. Herbivory strongly regulated mesquite populations through reduced growth and fertility, but additional mortality of older plants will be required to reach management goals within a reasonable time frame. Growth and survival of seeds and seedlings were correlated with daily soil moisture. As a result, population dynamics were sensitive to rainfall scenario, but population response times were typically slow (20-800 years to reach equilibrium or extinction) due to adult longevity. Equilibrium population densities were expected to remain 5% higher, and be more dynamic, if historical multi-decadal climate patterns persist, the effect being dampened by herbivory suppressing seed production irrespective of preceding rainfall. Dense infestations were unlikely to form under a drier climate, and required net

  11. The responses of crop - wild Brassica hybrids to simulated herbivory and interspecific competition: implications for transgene introgression.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sutherland, Jamie P; Justinova, Lenka; Poppy, Guy M

    2006-01-01

    Brassica rapa grows as a wild and weedy species throughout the world and is the most likely recipient of transgenes from GM oilseed rape. For transgene introgression to occur, the critical step which must be realized, is the formation of an F1 hybrid. Concerns exist that hybrid populations could be more vigorous and competitive compared to the parental species. This study examines the effect of simulated herbivory and interspecific competition on the vegetative and reproductive performance of non-transgenic F1 hybrids and their parental lines. Several vegetative and reproductive performance measures were used to determine the effect of simulated herbivory and competition on the Brassica lines, including leaf length and biomass for herbivory and seedling height and biomass for competition. For defoliation experiments, B. rapa showed little response in terms of leaf length but B. napus and the F1 hybrid responded negatively. Brassica rapa showed elevated biomass responses, but B. napus and the hybrid demonstrated negative responses to defoliation. Defoliation at the cotyledon stage had a slight effect upon final biomass with the F1 hybrid performing significantly worse than B. napus, although seed counts were not significantly different. For the series of competition experiments, hybrids seemed to be more similar to B. rapa in terms of early seedling growth and reproductive measures. The underperformance of hybrid plants when challenged by herbivory and competition, could potentially decrease survivorship and explain the rarity of hybrids in field surveys. However, should transgene introgression occur, the dynamics of hybrids could change radically thus increasing the risk of gene flow from a transgenic oilseed rape crop to the wild recipient.

  12. Herbivory on the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson in contrasting Spanish Mediterranean habitats

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Cebrian, J.; Duarte, C.M.; Marbà, N.

    1996-01-01

    We assess the magnitude and variability of herbivory (i.e. leaf consumption and sloughing caused by herbivore bites) on the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa along the Spanish Mediterranean coast and test the hypothesis that this is higher in meadows growing in sheltered bays than in exposed, open zones.

  13. [Vene impeerium ja Baltikum: venestus, rahvuslus ja moderniseerimine 19. sajandi teisel poolel ja 20. sajandi alguses. 1] / Toomas Karjahärm

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Karjahärm, Toomas, 1944-

    2010-01-01

    Arvustus: Vene impeerium ja Baltikum : venestus, rahvuslus ja moderniseerimine 19. sajandi teisel poolel ja 20. sajandi alguses. I / koostanud Tõnu Tannberg, Bradley Woodworth. Eesti Ajalooarhiivi toimetised ; 16 (23). (Tartu : Eesti Ajalooarhiiv, 2009)

  14. A search for optical bursts from the repeating fast radio burst FRB 121102

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hardy, L. K.; Dhillon, V. S.; Spitler, L. G.; Littlefair, S. P.; Ashley, R. P.; De Cia, A.; Green, M. J.; Jaroenjittichai, P.; Keane, E. F.; Kerry, P.; Kramer, M.; Malesani, D.; Marsh, T. R.; Parsons, S. G.; Possenti, A.; Rattanasoon, S.; Sahman, D. I.

    2017-12-01

    We present a search for optical bursts from the repeating fast radio burst FRB 121102 using simultaneous observations with the high-speed optical camera ULTRASPEC on the 2.4-m Thai National Telescope and radio observations with the 100-m Effelsberg Radio Telescope. A total of 13 radio bursts were detected, but we found no evidence for corresponding optical bursts in our 70.7-ms frames. The 5σ upper limit to the optical flux density during our observations is 0.33 mJy at 767 nm. This gives an upper limit for the optical burst fluence of 0.046 Jy ms, which constrains the broad-band spectral index of the burst emission to α ≤ -0.2. Two of the radio pulses are separated by just 34 ms, which may represent an upper limit on a possible underlying periodicity (a rotation period typical of pulsars), or these pulses may have come from a single emission window that is a small fraction of a possible period.

  15. Cosmic gamma bursts

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ehstulin, I.V.

    1980-01-01

    A brief consideration is being given to the history of cosmic gamma burst discovery and modern knowledge of their properties. The time dependence of gamma bursts is described and their possible sources are discussed

  16. Videvikuvaevused ja kehakaemused / Kairi Prints

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Prints, Kairi, 1977-

    2011-01-01

    Nüüdistanstulavastusest "Penombre" ("Videvik"), lavastaja stsenarist, koreograaf ja esitaja Rosalba Torres Guerrero, video autor, stsenarist ja esitaja Lucas Racasse. Etendused 2. ja 3. augustil NO99 Põhuteatris. Tallinna Ülikooli kaasaegse tantsu dotsent ja tantsuteatri Fine5 koreograaf Tiina Ollesk selgitab Rosalba Torres Guerrero liikumise tausta ja tähendust

  17. Detection circuit for gamma-ray burst

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Murakami, Hiroyuki; Yamagami, Takamasa; Mori, Kunishiro; Uchiyama, Sadayuki.

    1982-01-01

    A new gamma-ray burst detection system is described. The system was developed as an environmental monitor of an accelerator, and can be used as the burst detection system. The system detects the arrival time of burst. The difference between the arrival times detected at different places will give information on the burst source. The frequency of detecting false burst was estimated, and the detection limit under the estimated frequency of false burst was also calculated. Decision whether the signal is false or true burst was made by the statistical treatment. (Kato, T.)

  18. Traditsiooniliselt ja pluralistlikult / Epp Annus

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Annus, Epp, 1969-

    1996-01-01

    Nüpli kevadkool (seminari 'Traditsioon ja pluralism' järg põhirõhuga kirjandusloole), korraldajateks Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus, Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum ja Tartu Ülikooli eesti kirjandusloo uurimisgrupp. Ettekanded: Loone Ots. Kuninganna jalad ehk Non sciunt, se scient. Eesti kirjandust välistudengitele; Kristi Metste. Tubli pioneer Kampmaa; Peep Ehasalu. 'Kiired' ja soomlased; Sirje Olesk. Kodu- ja väliseesti kahekõne 1950.-1960. aastatel; Marin Laak. Kriitikateos kirjandusloos : näide 1924. aastast (Valmar Adamsi arvustus Jaan Kärneri romaani 'Bianka ja Ruth' puhul); Ene-Reet Soovik. Koed, põimed ja takerdused : Ants Orase tõlkekriitikast ja -praktikast; Epp Annus. Anakroonilised võitlused romaanis 'Tõde ja õigus'; Luule Epner. Kahe 'Libahundi' vahel : draama ja teater 1960.-70ndate vahetusel, põikega proosasse; Toomas Liivamägi. Mõned vulgariseeringud (20. sajandi modernism energia jäävuse seadusest lähtudes); Toomas Muru. Paabeli torn ja Gooti katedraal; Aare Pilv. Kirjandusloolisus kui hoiak; Indrek Särg - Sven Kivisildnik. Eesti gayluule järjekordne algus; Rutt Hinrikus. Reed Morn, andekas parasiit; Kajar Pruul. Ühe kunstiteose analüüs (Sven Kivisildniku luuletus 'Eesti Nõukogude Kirjanike Liit'); Ele Süvalep. Modernist Jaan Oks

  19. Shrub biomass production following simulated herbivory: A test of the compensatory growth hypothesis

    Science.gov (United States)

    Terri B. Teaschner; Timothy E. Fulbright

    2007-01-01

    The objective of this experiment was to test the hypotheses that 1) simulated herbivory stimulates increased biomass production in spiny hackberry (Celtis pallida), but decreases biomass production in blackbrush acacia (Acacia rigidula) compared to unbrowsed plants and 2) thorn density and length increase in blackbrush acacia to a...

  20. ML3: a novel regulator of herbivory-induced responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Fridborg, I.; Johansson, A.; Lagensjo, J.; Leelarasamee, N.; Floková, Kristýna; Tarkowská, Danuše; Meijer, J.; Bejai, S.

    2013-01-01

    Roč. 64, č. 4 (2013), s. 935-948 ISSN 0022-0957 R&D Projects: GA AV ČR KAN200380801 Grant - others:GA MŠk(CZ) ED0007/01/01 Program:ED Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z50380511 Keywords : Arabidopsis thaliana * herbivory * jasmonic acid Subject RIV: EC - Immunology Impact factor: 5.794, year: 2013

  1. Animaalselt ja humaanselt / Karlo Funk

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Funk, Karlo, 1971-

    1998-01-01

    Esilinastus 6 animafilmi : "Vares ja hiired", autorid Priit Tender ja Mikk Rand; "Just märried", autor Peep Pedmanson; "Päevavalgus", autor Mait Laas; "Tom ja Fluffy", režissöörid Janno Põldma ja Heiki Ernits; "Bermuda", autor Ülo Pikkov; "Primavera", režissöörid Riho Unt ja Hardi Volmer

  2. Eettinen ja arvojohtaminen johtamisessa

    OpenAIRE

    Hallamaa, Taru

    2010-01-01

    Tämän opinnäytetyön aiheena oli eettinen ja arvojohtaminen organisaatiossa. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää, mitä on eettinen johtaminen ja arvojohtaminen, ja miten ne liittyvät aikaisempiin johtamiskäsityksiin ja -menetelmiin. Lisäksi tarkoituksena oli saada selville, miten eettistä ja arvojohtamista voidaan käyttää arkipäivän johtamisessa hyväksi, sekä miten nämä voidaan ottaa käyttöön yksittäisessä organisaatiossa. Tarkastelussa kiinnitettiin huomiota myös siihen, mikä merkitys näillä johtamis...

  3. Gamma-ray burst models.

    Science.gov (United States)

    King, Andrew

    2007-05-15

    I consider various possibilities for making gamma-ray bursts, particularly from close binaries. In addition to the much-studied neutron star+neutron star and black hole+neutron star cases usually considered good candidates for short-duration bursts, there are also other possibilities. In particular, neutron star+massive white dwarf has several desirable features. These systems are likely to produce long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), in some cases definitely without an accompanying supernova, as observed recently. This class of burst would have a strong correlation with star formation and occur close to the host galaxy. However, rare members of the class need not be near star-forming regions and could have any type of host galaxy. Thus, a long-duration burst far from any star-forming region would also be a signature of this class. Estimates based on the existence of a known progenitor suggest that this type of GRB may be quite common, in agreement with the fact that the absence of a supernova can only be established in nearby bursts.

  4. Energia ja sisekliima labor aitab parandada arhitektide ja inseneride koostööd / Hendrik Voll

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Voll, Hendrik, 1980-

    2010-01-01

    TTÜ ehitusteaduskonna kütte ja ventilatsiooni õppetoolis valmis energia ja sisekliima labor, mille spetsiaalsed päikesekiirguse ja hajuvalguse stendid aitavad inseneridel ja arhitektidel parandada energiasimulatsiooniprogrammide kasutusoskusi

  5. Suurkiskja- ja kotkakahju ennetamise meetmed Eesti ja Soome saartel ning rannikualadel / T. Otstavel

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Otstavel, Teet, 1964-

    2013-01-01

    Uuring käsitleb Eesti ja Soome rannikualade ja saarte loomakasvatajate võimalusi suurendada karjamaadel kaitset suurkiskjate ja merikotkaste vastu ning kasutada suurkiskjate rünnakute ennetamise meetmeid, eelkõige karjavalvekoeri

  6. Parisuhdemuodon vaikutus perimykseen ja verotukseen

    OpenAIRE

    Paviala, Katriina

    2016-01-01

    Tässä opinnäytteessä tutkittiin parisuhdemuodon vaikutusta perimykseen ja verotukseen. Päätarkoituksena oli koota yhteen avioliiton verohyödyt ja tuoda esiin avo- ja avioliiton erot verotuksen ja perimyksen näkökulmasta. Tavoitteena oli, että työn luettuaan lukijalla on selkeä käsitys avioliiton eduista perimyksessä ja verotuksessa. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin kvalitatiivisia menetelmiä ja lainopillisia keinoja. Laadullisista tutkimusmenetelmistä hyödynnettiin tapaustutkimusta. Lähdemat...

  7. Drought and flooding have distinct effects on herbivore-induced responses and resistance in Solanum dulcamara.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nguyen, Duy; D'Agostino, Nunzio; Tytgat, Tom O G; Sun, Pulu; Lortzing, Tobias; Visser, Eric J W; Cristescu, Simona M; Steppuhn, Anke; Mariani, Celestina; van Dam, Nicole M; Rieu, Ivo

    2016-07-01

    In the field, biotic and abiotic stresses frequently co-occur. As a consequence, common molecular signalling pathways governing adaptive responses to individual stresses can interact, resulting in compromised phenotypes. How plant signalling pathways interact under combined stresses is poorly understood. To assess this, we studied the consequence of drought and soil flooding on resistance of Solanum dulcamara to Spodoptera exigua and their effects on hormonal and transcriptomic profiles. The results showed that S. exigua larvae performed less well on drought-stressed plants than on well-watered and flooded plants. Both drought and insect feeding increased abscisic acid and jasmonic acid (JA) levels, whereas flooding did not induce JA accumulation. RNA sequencing analyses corroborated this pattern: drought and herbivory induced many biological processes that were repressed by flooding. When applied in combination, drought and herbivory had an additive effect on specific processes involved in secondary metabolism and defence responses, including protease inhibitor activity. In conclusion, drought and flooding have distinct effects on herbivore-induced responses and resistance. Especially, the interaction between abscisic acid and JA signalling may be important to optimize plant responses to combined drought and insect herbivory, making drought-stressed plants more resistant to insects than well-watered and flooded plants. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  8. Laatu- ja validointitoiminta elintarviketeollisuudessa

    OpenAIRE

    Vanhatalo, Heidi

    2017-01-01

    Opinnäytetyö laadittiin Zeus Tech Oy:n toimeksiannosta. Zeus Tech Oy tuottaa validointi-, mittaus-, testaus- ja laadunvarmistuspalveluja lääke- ja bioteollisuuden, sekä elintarviketeollisuuden alojen toimijoille. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää laatu- ja validointitoiminnan kehittämiskohteita elintarviketeollisuudessa. Opinnäytetyön teoriaosuudessa käsitellään laatua, laadunvalvontaa ja -hallintaa, sekä validointia elintarviketeollisuudessa. Työn kokeellisessa osuudessa luotiin kyselytutkimus...

  9. Solar microwave bursts - A review

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kundu, M. R.; Vlahos, L.

    1982-01-01

    Observational and theoretical results on the physics of microwave bursts that occur in the solar atmosphere are reviewed. Special attention is given to the advances made in burst physics over the last few years with the great improvement in spatial and time resolution, especially with instruments like the NRAO three-element interferometer, the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, and more recently the Very Large Array. Observations made on the preflare build-up of an active region at centimeter wavelengths are reviewed. Three distinct phases in the evolution of cm bursts, namely the impulsive phase, the post-burst phase, and the gradual rise and fall, are discussed. Attention is also given to the flux density spectra of centimeter bursts. Descriptions are given of observations of fine structures with temporal resolution of 10-100 ms in the intensity profiles of cm-wavelength bursts. High spatial resolution observations are analyzed, with special reference to the one- and two-dimensional maps of cm burst sources.

  10. Õpetajate-õpilaste interaktsioon ja sisuloome suhtlusportaalides: õpetajate arvamused ja kogemused

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sandra Räim

    2014-11-01

    Full Text Available Artikli eesmärk on anda ülevaade õpetajate arvamustest ja kogemustest, mis puudutavad õpetajate ja õpilaste interaktsiooni ja sisuloomet suhtlusportaalides. Fookusgrupi intervjuudes nelja kooli keskkooliõpetajatega (N = 21 uuriti, milliseid erinevusi on õpetajad täheldanud enda ja õpilaste loodud veebisisus ning millistel juhtudel ja mil viisil on õpetajad pidanud vajalikuks õpilaste suhtlusportaalide postitustele reageerida. Muu hulgas sooviti teada, millistele alustele tugineb õpetaja-õpilase suhtlusportaali sõprus ning kas õpetajad tunnevad vajadust sotsiaalmeedia suhtlust suunavate käitumisjuhiste järele. Intervjuude kvalitatiivsest sisuanalüüsist nähtub, et õpetajate arvates jagavad õpilased suhtlusportaalides liigselt privaatset infot, mistõttu pidasid nad enda kohuseks ebasobivaid postitusi märgates õpilaste sisuloomesse sekkuda. Õpetajad võtsid ka suhtlusportaalides endale õpilaste harija ja mentori rolli ning soovisid oma veebikäitumisega pakkuda eeskuju, samas ei adunud nad täiel määral õpetaja-õpilase veebisuhtluse võimalikke tagajärgi. Õpetaja-õpilase veebisuhtlust reguleerivate käitumisjuhiste järele aga vajadust ei nähtud. Uuringu tulemused viitavad veebisisu loomega kaasnevatele põlvkondlikele erinevustele ning avavad õpetajate-õpilaste probleeme suhtlusportaali auditooriumi tajumisel. Summary

  11. Lapsed ja digikultuur / Katrin Kuusik

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kuusik, Katrin

    2015-01-01

    Vestlusest TLÜ BFMi koolitusjuhi ja laste filmikooli juhendajaga tema poolt laste ja õpetajatega läbi viidud hariduslikest projektidest, mille eesmärgiks on tutvustada ja rakendada erinevaid filmi ja animatsiooni nippe koolitöös

  12. KEHONKUVA JA MEDIA : 9.-luokkalaisten tyttöjen kehonkuva ja median vaikutus siihen

    OpenAIRE

    Vainionpää, Charlotta; Koski, Riikka

    2016-01-01

    Tämän tutkimuksen aiheena oli kehonkuva ja media: 9.-luokkalaisten tyttöjen kehonkuva ja median vaikutus siihen. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää minkälaisena tytöt kokevat oman kehonkuvansa, minkälaisia ulkonäköpaineita tytöillä on ja miten media vaikuttaa heidän kehonkuvaansa. Työn teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä pääkäsitteet olivat nuoruus, kehonkuva ja media. Nuoruus-osiossa käsiteltiin nuoruuden määrittelyn lisäksi murrosikää ja murrosiän fyysisiä sekä psyykkisiä muutoksia. Keh...

  13. Kangelane ja kaabakas: kuulsad kuningad muistse LähisIda ja Kreeka pärimustes / Mait Kõiv

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kõiv, Mait, 1961-

    2015-01-01

    Mesopotaamia, Pärsia ja Vana-Kreeka kolmest olulisest dünastiast. Akkadi kuningatest - Sargon'ist ja Naram-Sin'ist, Pärsia kuningatest Kyros'est ja Kambyses'est. Korintose türannidest Kypselos'est ja Periandros'est. Pärimuse tagamaadest: müütidest, propagandast ja reaalsusest. Dünastia rajaja kujutamisest kangelasena ja dünastia viimase esindaja demoniseerimisest

  14. Optical observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hjorth, J.; Pian, E.; Fynbo, J.P.U.

    2004-01-01

    We briefly review the status and recent progress in the field of optical observations of gamma-ray burst afterglows. We will focus on the fundamental observational evidence for the relationship between gamma-ray bursts and the final evolutionary phases of massive stars. In particular, we will address (i) gamma-ray burst host galaxies, (ii) optically dark gamma-ray burst afterglows, (iii) the gamma-ray burst-supernova connection, and (iv) the relation between X-ray flashes, gamma-ray bursts, and supernovae

  15. Palgast meil ja Saksamaal / Vello Kutsar

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kutsar, Vello

    2007-01-01

    Joonised: 1. Kogu Eesti keskmine brutokuupalk III kvartalis aastatel 2000-2007 kroonides ja selle kasv protsentsides; 2. Keskmine brutokuupalk maakonniti 2006. ja 2007. a. III kvartalis (kr) ja kasv (%); 3. Brutokuupalga võrdlus (EUR); Tabelid: 1. Keskmine brutokuupalk tegevusalade lõikes 2006. ja 2007. a. III kvartalis (kr.) ja kasv protsentides; 2. Valikulisi brutokuupalga ja tarbijahinna indeksi võrdlusi. Eesti ja Saksamaa

  16. Effect of abiotic elicitation on main health-promoting compounds, antioxidant activity and commercial quality of butter lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Złotek, Urszula; Świeca, Michał; Jakubczyk, Anna

    2014-04-01

    The study presents changes in the phytochemical levels, antiradical activity and quality of lettuce caused by different chemical elicitors: arachidonic acid (AA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA). The application of 1 μM and 100 μM JA induced an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids. Flavonoid levels were also increased after treatment with 100 μM AA and ABA. Some of the elicitor concentrations used also caused an increase in the levels of other phytochemicals, such as chlorophyll a (1 μM and 100 μM AA, 50 μM ABA); chlorophyll b (100 μM AA); carotenoids (100 μM AA, 1 μM JA and 100 μM ABA) and vitamin C (100 μM AA, 100 μM JA). The highest antiradical activity was noted after treatment with 100 μM AA, 100 μM JA. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability was positively and significantly correlated with flavonoid, chlorophyll and carotenoid levels. These results may suggest that the antiradical activity of lettuce was determined not only by phenolics, but also by other bioactive compounds. Elicitation did not change the sensory quality of lettuce. Therefore, treatment with elicitors could be a useful tool for improving the health-promoting qualities of lettuce without the loss of sensory quality. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. Solar Radio Bursts and Space Weather

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gopalswamy, Natchimuthuk,

    2012-01-01

    Radio bursts from the Sun are produced by electron accelerated to relativistic energies by physical processes on the Sun such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The radio bursts are thus good indicators of solar eruptions. Three types of nonthermal radio bursts are generally associated with CMEs. Type III bursts due to accelerated electrons propagating along open magnetic field lines. The electrons are thought to be accelerated at the reconnection region beneath the erupting CME, although there is another view that the electrons may be accelerated at the CME-driven shock. Type II bursts are due to electrons accelerated at the shock front. Type II bursts are also excellent indicators of solar energetic particle (SEP) events because the same shock is supposed accelerate electrons and ions. There is a hierarchical relationship between the wavelength range of type /I bursts and the CME kinetic energy. Finally, Type IV bursts are due to electrons trapped in moving or stationary structures. The low frequency stationary type IV bursts are observed occasionally in association with very fast CMEs. These bursts originate from flare loops behind the erupting CME and hence indicate tall loops. This paper presents a summary of radio bursts and their relation to CMEs and how they can be useful for space weather predictions.

  18. Ökoloogilised vaatenurgad ja laste internetikasutus: sissevaade mikro- ja makrotasandi analüüsi

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Brian O’Neill

    2015-11-01

    Full Text Available Igivanad arutelud, milles käsitletakse laste kokkupuudet meediatehnoloogiaga, toovad kommunikatsiooni ja meediauuringute suunal esile erimeelsusi ja vaidlusi põhjustanud pikaajalise traditsiooni. Olgugi et meediatarbimise mõju lastele on uuritud juba ringhäälingu algusaegadest peale, on selle üle endiselt vähe teoretiseeritud ja seda on kirjanduses harva käsitletud, samuti on see meediapoliitika debattides pälvinud vaid vähest mõistmist. Laste ja internetiuuringute puhul on vanad vaidlused süvenenud. Lähtudes ühelt poolt hoiatavatest teadetest riskide, ülemäärase arvutikasutuse ja selle kahjuliku mõju kohta ning teiselt poolt kiidu laulust "digimaailma päriselanikele" ja tehnoloogia võimele muuta maailma, seadis EU Kids Online endale eesmärgiks koguda andmeid, mis aitavad luua terviklikumat pilti veebikeskkonnast, milles noored tegutsevad. Siinses artiklis paigutan selle valdkonna tööd ökoloogilisse raamistikku, lähtudes nii Bronfenbrenneri bioökoloogilisest käsitlusviisist, mis on olnud tähtsal kohal uutes lapsepõlve sotsioloogilistes käsitlustes, kui ka üldisemalt defineeritud meediaökoloogia teoreetilisest raamistikust. Viimast seostatakse peamiselt McLuhani ja hiljem Postmani töödega, kus kirjeldatakse meediakeskkonda kui keerulise vastastikuse mõjutamise süsteemi tehnoloogia ja ühiskonna vahel, kus mitmesugused suhtlusviisid ja vahendatud vastastikune mõjutamine kujundavad oluliselt inimkäitumist ja ühiskondlikku elu. Selline vaatenurk on mõningate põletavate probleemidega tegelemisel väga vajalik, kui kõne all on teadusuuringutel põhinev poliitikakujundamine, mis on seotud interneti haldamise ja reguleerimisega ning noorte kaitsmisega internetikeskkonnas.  Full text

  19. Kuluttajansuoja valmismatkoissa ja omatoimimatkoissa : Valmismatkat ja lentomatkailu Euroopan unionin alueella

    OpenAIRE

    Hanhineva, Marjo

    2012-01-01

    Opinnäytetyössä on vertailtu valmismatkojen ja omatoimimatkojen eroja kuluttajansuojan näkökulmasta. Valmismatka on etukäteen järjestetty ja yhdistettyyn hintaan tarjottu matkailupalvelujen yhdistelmä, joka sisältää kuljetuksen lisäksi majoituksen sekä usein myös muita kokonaisuuden kannalta olennaisia palveluita. Matkailupalveluiden yhdistelmää ei pidetä etukäteen järjestettynä eli valmismatkana, jos matkustaja itse omasta aloitteestaan suunnittelee ja kokoaa yhdistelmän omien toivomusten mu...

  20. Nasta- ja kitkarenkaiden vertailu

    OpenAIRE

    Sairanen, Henri

    2011-01-01

    Suomen talvi-ilmasto asettaa erityisvaatimuksia henkilöautojen renkaille. Jäisillä teillä ajamiseen vaaditaan renkaalta erityisominaisuuksia, jotta sujuva ja turvallinen liikenne on mahdollista. Autoilijat käyvät jatkuvasti keskustelua siitä, kumpi rengas on parempi talviajoon, nastarengas vai kitkarengas. Työni tarkoitus oli koota yhteen eri tutkimuksissa ilmi tullutta tietoa nasta- ja kitkarenkaista ja vertailla renkaiden hyviä ja huonoja puolia. Tämä työ on toteutettu itsenäisesti per...

  1. Gaas arvudes ja protsentides

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2007-01-01

    Diagrammid: Primaarenergia tarbimise struktuur Eestis; Maagaasi tarbimine Eestis 1996-2006; Maagaasi tarbimine kliendigruppide lõikes 2004-2006; Vedelgaasi tarbimine Eestis 1996-2006; Vedelgaasi tarbimise struktuur 2004-2006; Primaarenergia tarbimine 2005 regiooniti; Primaarenergia tarbimine maailmas 1980-2005; Maagaasi tõendatud varud maailmas 2005 aasta lõpuks; Maagaasi varude jaotumine regiooniti aastatel 85, 95 ja 2005; Maagaasi tootmine ja tarbimine regiooniti; Maagaasi varude suhe tootmismahtudesse; Maagaasi tootmine ja tarbimine riigiti 2005; Vedelgaasi nõudlus ja tootmine regiooniti. Kaardid. Graafikud

  2. Complex transitions between spike, burst or chaos synchronization states in coupled neurons with coexisting bursting patterns

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gu Hua-Guang; Chen Sheng-Gen; Li Yu-Ye

    2015-01-01

    We investigated the synchronization dynamics of a coupled neuronal system composed of two identical Chay model neurons. The Chay model showed coexisting period-1 and period-2 bursting patterns as a parameter and initial values are varied. We simulated multiple periodic and chaotic bursting patterns with non-(NS), burst phase (BS), spike phase (SS), complete (CS), and lag synchronization states. When the coexisting behavior is near period-2 bursting, the transitions of synchronization states of the coupled system follows very complex transitions that begins with transitions between BS and SS, moves to transitions between CS and SS, and to CS. Most initial values lead to the CS state of period-2 bursting while only a few lead to the CS state of period-1 bursting. When the coexisting behavior is near period-1 bursting, the transitions begin with NS, move to transitions between SS and BS, to transitions between SS and CS, and then to CS. Most initial values lead to the CS state of period-1 bursting but a few lead to the CS state of period-2 bursting. The BS was identified as chaos synchronization. The patterns for NS and transitions between BS and SS are insensitive to initial values. The patterns for transitions between CS and SS and the CS state are sensitive to them. The number of spikes per burst of non-CS bursting increases with increasing coupling strength. These results not only reveal the initial value- and parameter-dependent synchronization transitions of coupled systems with coexisting behaviors, but also facilitate interpretation of various bursting patterns and synchronization transitions generated in the nervous system with weak coupling strength. (paper)

  3. Gamma-ray burst spectra

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Teegarden, B.J.

    1982-01-01

    A review of recent results in gamma-ray burst spectroscopy is given. Particular attention is paid to the recent discovery of emission and absorption features in the burst spectra. These lines represent the strongest evidence to date that gamma-ray bursts originate on or near neutron stars. Line parameters give information on the temperature, magnetic field and possibly the gravitational potential of the neutron star. The behavior of the continuum spectrum is also discussed. A remarkably good fit to nearly all bursts is obtained with a thermal-bremsstrahlung-like continuum. Significant evolution is observed of both the continuum and line features within most events

  4. Kolm Armastust ja Anarhiat. Nekrofiil, drellimõrvar ja John Woo Tallinnas / Jaan Ruus

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Ruus, Jaan, 1938-2017

    2009-01-01

    Helsingi filmifestivali "Armastus ja Anarhia" mitme seansi toimumisest Eestis 1993.a. septembris : Abel Ferrara "Drellimõrvar" ("Driller Killer", 1979), sakslase Jörg Buttgereiti "Nekromantik" (1987) ja "Nekromantik 2" (1991), John Woo "Hard Boiled" (1993). Buttgereit ja Woo olid ka ise kohal

  5. Igavene juuli : näitleja ja lavastaja suvedialoog / Mati Unt ja Andrus Vaarik

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Unt, Mati, 1944-2005

    2004-01-01

    Mati Unt ja Andrus Vaariku vestlus näitleja ja lavastaja omavahelisest koostööst. Näitleja kui dirigent Andrus Vaariku arvates. Dialoogi vahel on avaldatud katkendid Elias Canetti "Mass ja võim" ("Masse und Macht") Mati Sirkeli tõlkes

  6. Leipzigi kirjandusauhind: "Sõda ja rahu" ning filosoofia ja perverssused

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2011-01-01

    Leipzigi kirjandusmessi auhinna ilukirjanduse kategoorias sai austerlane Clemens J. Setz jutukogu "Die Lieber zur Zeit des Mahlstädter Kindes" ("Armastus Mahlstadti lapse ajal"). Tõlkeauhinna sai Barbara Conradi uue L. Tolstoi "Sõja ja rahu" tõlke eest ning aimekirjanduse ja esseistikaauhind läks Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitungi vastutavale toimetajale Henning Ritterile

  7. Analysis of historic bursts and burst detection in water supply areas of different size

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Bakker, M.; Trietsch, E.A.; Vreeburg, J.H.G.; Rietveld, L.C.

    2014-01-01

    Pipe bursts in water distribution networks lead to water losses and a risk of damaging the urban environment. We studied hydraulic data and customer contact records of 44 real bursts for a better understanding of the phenomena. We found that most bursts were reported to the water company shortly

  8. Experiments with duckweed-moth systems suggest global warming may reduce rather than promote herbivory

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Heide, van Tj.; Roijackers, R.M.M.; Peeters, E.T.H.M.; Nes, van E.H.

    2006-01-01

    1. Wilf & Labandeira (1999)suggested that increased temperatures because of global warming will cause an increase in herbivory by insects. This conclusion was based on the supposed effect of temperature on herbivores but did not consider an effect of temperature on plant growth. 2. We studied

  9. Algebran ja geometrian yhdyskohtia lukio-opetuksessa ja kuution tilavuuden kahdentaminen

    OpenAIRE

    Tuohilampi, Antti

    2012-01-01

    Työ kertoo kuinka voimme kehittää lukio-opetuksessa algebran ja geometrian yhdyskohtia. Tämä on tarkoitettu lukion pitkän matematiikan analyyttisen geometrian kurssin yhteyteen, tai lisä materiaalina tämän jälkeen esimerkiksi matematiikka kerhoon. Kerron työssäni ensiksi geometrian aksioomista ja aksiomaattisesta todistamisesta. Seuraavaksi tutkin janojen suhteita, verrantoja ja kolmion sivujen suhteita. Jatkan tästä kuution tilavuuden tuplaamiseen. Tarkoituksena on löytää tapa esittää nämä a...

  10. Selective Herbivory by an Invasive Cyprinid, the Rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kapuscinski, Kevin L [SUNY-ESF, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry; John, Farrell M [SUNY-ESF, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Stehman, Stephen V [SUNY-ESF, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Boyer, Gregory L [SUNY-ESF, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Fernando, Danilo D [SUNY-ESF, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Teece, Mark A [SUNY-ESF, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Tschaplinski, Timothy J [ORNL

    2014-01-01

    1. Herbivory by non-native animals is a problem of growing concern globally, especially for ecosystems where significant native herbivores did not previously exist or have been replaced by non-natives. The rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) is an omnivorous cyprinid that has a nearly global longitudinal distribution due to human translocations, yet it is unknown whether the rudd feeds selectively among aquatic macrophyte species common to North American waters. 2. We tested a null hypothesis of non-selective feeding by rudds using five species of aquatic macrophytes: Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Najas flexilis, Stuckenia pectinata, and Vallisneria americana. Four rudds were placed in 15 different 890-L tanks and presented with known quantities of each macrophyte species (each tank serving as a block in a randomized complete block design). Each macrophyte bundle was weighed on six dates during a 13 d experiment. Differences in mean percent weight remaining among macrophyte species were tested using repeated measures analysis of variance. We also quantified differences among chemical attributes of the five macrophyte species and qualitatively determined if selective feeding by rudds was related to dry matter content (DMC), percent C by dry weight (%C), percent N by dry weight (%N), and the concentrations of total soluble proteins, two organic acids (aconitic and oxalic acid), total soluble phenolic compounds (<1,000 Da), nine soluble phenolic metabolites, and total phenolic compounds. 3. Selective feeding by rudds was evident, with the order of macrophyte removal (from highest to lowest) being: N. flexilis > E. canadensis > S. pectinata > V. americana > C. demersum. Selection was positively related to %C and atomic C:N, but not DMC, %N, or concentration of total soluble proteins, contrary to the expectation that rudds would select the most nutritious plants available. The concentration of aconitic acid was greatest in N. flexilis, a preferred macrophyte

  11. Punainen nainen ja kuoleman diskurssi

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tuuli Kataja

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available Artikkelissa tarkastellaan vuoden 1918 työväenperinteessä hahmottuvaa naiskuvaa keskittyen kuolemaa käsitteleviin lauluihin ja runoihin. Aineisto koostuu arkistoaineistosta ja kirjoittajan isoisän sotilasmuistiosta.Punaiset laulut ja runot ovat luokkataistelun aseita ja jo sellaisenaan kiistävää folklorea. Niiden faattinen funktio oli motivoida yksilöt kollektiiviksi sekä ylläpitää ja vahvistaa ryhmän yhteistä ideologista identiteettiä. Niiden keskeiset teemat ovatkin juuri ideologia ja kuolema. Teemojen kautta hahmottuvat paitsi kuolemankäsitykset myös naiskuva - sekä yleinen että kuoleman kautta positioituva. Olennaista on naisen asema suhteessa sotaan.Perinteinen nainen on kuolemaan nähden objekti, poissaoleva tai etäinen. Naisen ja kuoleman ikiaikainen liitto saa rinnalleen konsensusta rikkovaa naiskuvaa, kun perinteisten hahmojen rinnalle astuu taisteleva subjekti, joka kiistää naisen roolin surun tulkkina ja passiivisena objektina. Vaikka kuoleman normia peilataan edelleen miehiseen sukupolveen, aatteen puolesta taisteltaessa veljeys on sukupuoleton käsite.

  12. Luomu- ja lähiruoka opintojakso hotelli- ja ravintola- alan ammattioppilaitoksiin

    OpenAIRE

    Nurminen, Jessica

    2007-01-01

    Tämä toimintaympäristön kehittämisen opintokokonaisuuteen kuuluva kehittämishanke on tehty Jyväskylän ammattikorkeakoulun opettajakoulussa talvella 2006- 2007. Kehittämishankkeessa olen suunnitellut uuden opintojakson ammatillisiin hotelli- ja ravintola- alan oppilaitoksiin. Kehittämishankkeeni tavoitteena on luoda oppilaitoksiin uusi opintojakso, joka avartaa opiskelijoiden näkemystä ja tietoa luomu- ja lähiruoasta. Kehittämishankkeessani olen suunnitellut 10 opintoviikon mittaisen vapaasti ...

  13. Spatial patterning and floral synchrony among trillium populations with contrasting histories of herbivory

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Christopher R. Webster

    2015-02-01

    Full Text Available We investigated the spatial patterning and floral synchrony within and among populations of a non-clonal, forest understory herb, Trillium catesbaei. Two populations of T. catesbaei within Great Smoky Mountains National Park were monitored for five years: Cades Cove (high deer abundance and Whiteoak Sink (low deer abundance. All individuals within each population were mapped during year one and five. Only flowering and single-leaf juveniles were mapped during intervening years. Greater distances between flowering plants (plants currently in flower and substantially lower population densities and smaller patch sizes were observed at Cades Cove versus Whiteoak Sink. However, with the exception of flowering plants, contrasting histories of herbivory did not appear to fundamentally alter the spatial patterning of the T. catesbaei population at Cades Cove, an area with a long and well-documented history of deer overabundance. Regardless of browse history, non-flowering life stages were significantly clustered at all spatial scales examined. Flowering plants were clustered in all years at Whiteoak Sink, but more often randomly distributed at Cades Cove, possibly as a result of their lower abundance. Between years, however, there was a positive spatial association between the locations of flowering plants at both sites. Flowering rate was synchronous between sites, but lagged a year behind favorable spring growing conditions, which likely allowed plants to allocate photosynthate from a favorable year towards flowering the subsequent year. Collectively, our results suggest that chronically high levels of herbivory may be associated with spatial patterning of flowering within populations of a non-clonal plant. They also highlight the persistence of underlying spatial patterns, as evidenced by high levels of spatial clustering among non-flowering individuals, and the pervasive, although muted in a population subjected to chronic herbivory, influence of

  14. The effects of surface-applied jasmonic and salicylic acids on caterpillar growth and damage to tomato plants

    Science.gov (United States)

    Aaron L. Iverson; Louis R. Iverson; Steve Eshita

    2001-01-01

    We tested the role of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in altering the tomato plant's defense against herbivory by tobacco hornworm. Treatments of SA or JA were topically applied to tomato plants, hornworm consumption was allowed to proceed for 12 days, and harvest analyses were performed Measurements taken included a subjective plant rating (1-10 score...

  15. Theraplay-vuorovaikutusterapian tunnettavuus ja sen hyödyt Satakunnan ja Pirkanmaan lastensuojelulaitoksissa

    OpenAIRE

    Väkiparta, Tuija

    2009-01-01

    Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on selvittää miten hyvin Satakunnan ja Pirkanmaan lastensuojelulaitoksissa tunnetaan Theraplay-vuorovaikutusterapia ja miten sitä lastensuojelulaitoksissa käytetään. Aiheen työhöni sain siitä, kun olin kesällä 2007 töissä MLL:n Kuntoutus- ja kehittämiskeskus Huvituksessa Yläneellä. Siellä tätä Theraplay-terapiaa käytetään hyvin onnistuneesti. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on saada vastaus kysymyksiin: 1. Tunnetaanko ja käytetäänkö Theraplay-vuorovaikutuste...

  16. Aletamine maastikukujunduse- ja kultuuritegurina Põhja- Euroopas ja Eestis / Ülle Tarkiainen

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tarkiainen, Ülle, 1957-

    2014-01-01

    Aletamise vormidest. Alesavolastest ja ale põletamisega seotud müütidest. Alepõletamise algusest Eestis. Aletamise kajastumisest 17. sajandi allikmaterjalides. Metsapõldudest viljatootmise ja uusasustuse ressursina. Aletamise marginaliseerumisest.

  17. Suppression of jasmonic acid-dependent defense in cotton plant by the mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pengjun Zhang

    Full Text Available The solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis, has been recently recognized as an aggressively invasive pest in China, and is now becoming a serious threat to the cotton industry in the country. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the molecular mechanisms employed by cotton for defending against P. solenopsis before the pest populations reach epidemic levels. Here, we examined the effects of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA, salicylic acid (SA, and herbivory treatments on feeding behavior and on development of female P. solenopsis. Further, we compared the volatile emissions of cotton plants upon JA, SA, and herbivory treatments, as well as the time-related changes in gossypol production and defense-related genes. Female adult P. solenopsis were repelled by leaves from JA-treated plant, but were not repelled by leaves from SA-treated plants. In contrast, females were attracted by leaves from plants pre-infested by P. solenopsis. The diverse feeding responses by P. solenopsis were due to the difference in volatile emission of plants from different treatments. Furthermore, we show that JA-treated plants slowed P. solenopsis development, but plants pre-infested by P. solenopsis accelerated its development. We also show that P. solenopsis feeding inhibited the JA-regulated gossypol production, and prevented the induction of JA-related genes. We conclude that P. solenopsis is able to prevent the activation of JA-dependent defenses associated with basal resistance to mealybugs.

  18. Fermi/GAMMA-RAY BURST MONITOR OBSERVATIONS OF SGR J0501+4516 BURSTS

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lin Lin; Zhang Shuangnan; Kouveliotou, Chryssa; Baring, Matthew G.; Van der Horst, Alexander J.; Finger, Mark H.; Guiriec, Sylvain; Preece, Robert; Chaplin, Vandiver; Bhat, Narayan; Woods, Peter M.; Goegues, Ersin; Kaneko, Yuki; Scargle, Jeffrey; Granot, Jonathan; Von Kienlin, Andreas; Watts, Anna L.; Wijers, Ralph A. M. J.; Gehrels, Neil; Harding, Alice

    2011-01-01

    We present our temporal and spectral analyses of 29 bursts from SGR J0501+4516, detected with the gamma-ray burst monitor on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope during 13 days of the source's activation in 2008 (August 22- September 3). We find that the T 90 durations of the bursts can be fit with a log-normal distribution with a mean value of ∼123 ms. We also estimate for the first time event durations of soft gamma repeater (SGR) bursts in photon space (i.e., using their deconvolved spectra) and find that these are very similar to the T 90 values estimated in count space (following a log-normal distribution with a mean value of ∼124 ms). We fit the time-integrated spectra for each burst and the time-resolved spectra of the five brightest bursts with several models. We find that a single power law with an exponential cutoff model fits all 29 bursts well, while 18 of the events can also be fit with two blackbody functions. We expand on the physical interpretation of these two models and we compare their parameters and discuss their evolution. We show that the time-integrated and time-resolved spectra reveal that E peak decreases with energy flux (and fluence) to a minimum of ∼30 keV at F = 8.7 x 10 -6 erg cm -2 s -1 , increasing steadily afterward. Two more sources exhibit a similar trend: SGRs J1550-5418 and 1806-20. The isotropic luminosity, L iso , corresponding to these flux values is roughly similar for all sources (0.4-1.5 x 10 40 erg s -1 ).

  19. PWR clad ballooning: The effect of circumferential clad temperature variations on the burst strain/burst temperature relationship

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Barlow, P.

    1983-01-01

    By experiment, it has been shown by other workers that there is a reduction in the creep ductility of Zircaloy 4 in the α+β phase transition region. Results from single rod burst tests also show a reduction in burst strain in the α+β phase region. In this report it is shown theoretically that for single rod burst tests in the presence of circumferential temperature gradients, the temperature dependence of the mean burst strain is not determined by temperature variations in creep ductility, but is governed by the temperature sensitivity of the creep strain rate, which is shown to be a maximum in the α+β phase transition region. To demonstrate this effect, the mean clad strain at burst was calculated for creep straining at different temperature levels in the α, α+β and β phase regions. Cross-pin temperature gradients were applied which produced strain variations around the clad which were greatest in the α+β phase region. The mean strain at burst was determined using a maximum local burst strain (i.e. a creep ductility) which is independent of temperature. By assuming cross-pin temperature gradients which are typical of those observed during burst tests, then the calculated mean burst strain/burst temperature relationship gave good agreement with experiment. The calculations also show that when circumferential temperature differences are present, the calculated mean strain at burst is not sensitive to variations in the magnitude of the assumed creep ductility. This reduces the importance of the assumed burst criterion in the calculations. Hence a temperature independent creep ductility (e.g. 100% local strain) is adequate as a burst criterion for calculations under PWR LOCA conditions. (author)

  20. Vägivald ja propaganda

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2006-01-01

    8. IV-28. V Tallinna Kunstihoones Elin Kardi, Marco Laimre, Marko Mäetamme ja Andres Tali näitus "Vägivald ja propaganda". 26. IV-7. V näituse raames emergency biennale, rahvusvaheline rändnäitus Tšetšeenia toetuseks. 27. IV Kaasaegse Kunsti Eesti Keskuse IV ettekannete päev "Kunstniku moraalsed valikud liberaalse demokraatia ja islami kokkupõrgetes". Esinevad Margit Sutrop, Johannes Saar, Marek Järvik, Ene-Liis Semper & Eero Epner ning näitusel "Vägivald ja propaganda" osalevad kunstnikud

  1. 27. ja 28. IX toimus Narvas VII Eesti muuseumide näituste festival ja seminar

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2004-01-01

    I koha pälvis ERMi ja Adamson-Ericu muuseumi koostööprojekt "Viinapuuväät. Maasikakiri II" (kontseptsiooni ja haridusprogrammi autorid Vaike Reemann, Ülle Kruus, Kersti Koll ja Kai Tuvik, kujundaja Denes Farkas, monteerija Vahur Puik), II - Tartu Kunstimuuseumi näitus "Muuseum muuseumis" (kontseptsiooni autorid ja teostajad Ahti Seppet, Hannes Varblane), III - Viljandi muuseumi näitus "Rõõmud lumel ja jääl" (idee autor Herki Helves)

  2. Eesti ja USA juhtide kohtumiste peateema on NATO ja demokraatia / Vahur Koorits

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Koorits, Vahur, 1981-

    2006-01-01

    USA presidendi George W. Bushi visiidi ajal toimuvatel USA ja Eesti riigijuhtide kohtumistel räägitakse NATO ja demokraatia tulevikust, samuti tulevad kõne alla missioonid Afganistanis ja Iraagis ning eestlaste viisavabadus USA-sse reisimisel. Lisa: Millest kavatsevad riigijuhid kohtumistel rääkida: Ansip, Ilves, Bush. Vt. samas: Bushi visiidi ajal vilksatab Eesti üheks õhtuks ameeriklaste teleekraanidel

  3. Observations of short gamma-ray bursts.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fox, Derek B; Roming, Peter W A

    2007-05-15

    We review recent observations of short-hard gamma-ray bursts and their afterglows. The launch and successful ongoing operations of the Swift satellite, along with several localizations from the High-Energy Transient Explorer mission, have provoked a revolution in short-burst studies: first, by quickly providing high-quality positions to observers; and second, via rapid and sustained observations from the Swift satellite itself. We make a complete accounting of Swift-era short-burst localizations and proposed host galaxies, and discuss the implications of these observations for the distances, energetics and environments of short bursts, and the nature of their progenitors. We then review the physical modelling of short-burst afterglows: while the simplest afterglow models are inadequate to explain the observations, there have been several notable successes. Finally, we address the case of an unusual burst that threatens to upset the simple picture in which long bursts are due to the deaths of massive stars, and short bursts to compact-object merger events.

  4. Avatud meeled ja intellektuaalsed mõttemängud / Gerhard Lock ja Evelin Lagle

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Lock, Gerhard, 1978-

    2010-01-01

    10. sünnipäeva tähistava Küberstuudio tegevusest. 2. märtsil Kumu auditooriumis etendunud Monika Mattieseni ja Hasso Krulli multimeediaooperist "Loomise mõnu", kavas olid ka Mirjam Tally ja Erkki-Sven Tüüri elektroakustilised teosed flöödile ja kammerorkestrile

  5. Tuotesijoittelu elokuvissa ja tv-sarjoissa

    OpenAIRE

    Kujala, Toni

    2017-01-01

    Tämä opinnäytetyö käsittelee tuotesijoittelua ja miten se ilmenee elokuvissa ja tv-sarjoissa. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää mitä tuotesijoittelu on, miten se vaikuttaa katsojiin ja miten sitä voi hyödyntää eri toimijoiden markkinointiviestinnässä. Tuotesijoittelun vaikutuksia katsojiin on selvitetty kvalitatiivisella menetelmällä haastattelemalla viittä ihmistä ja tutkimalla tuotesijoittelusta käytyä keskustelua eri keskustelupalstoilla ja sosiaalisessa mediassa. Haastattelussa ol...

  6. Quadri-Pulse Theta Burst Stimulation using Ultra-High Frequency Bursts - A New Protocol to Induce Changes in Cortico-Spinal Excitability in Human Motor Cortex

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Jung, Nikolai H; Gleich, Bernhard; Gattinger, Norbert

    2016-01-01

    Patterned transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) such as theta burst stimulation (TBS) or quadri-pulse stimulation (QPS) can induce changes in cortico-spinal excitability, commonly referred to as long-term potentiation (LTP)-like and long-term depression (LTD)-like effects in human motor cortex (M...... of sinusoidal TMS pulses elicited either a posterior-anterior (PA) or anterior-posterior (AP) directed current in M1. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded before and after qTBS to probe changes in cortico-spinal excitability. PA-qTBS at 666 Hz caused a decrease in PA-MEP amplitudes, whereas AP...... in cortico-spinal excitability. Induced current direction in the brain appears to be relevant when qTBS targets I-wave periodicity, corroborating that high-fidelity spike timing mechanisms are critical for inducing bi-directional plasticity in human M1....

  7. X-ray bursts: Observation versus theory

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lewin, W. H. G.

    1981-01-01

    Results of various observations of common type I X-ray bursts are discussed with respect to the theory of thermonuclear flashes in the surface layers of accreting neutron stars. Topics covered include burst profiles; irregular burst intervals; rise and decay times and the role of hydrogen; the accuracy of source distances; accuracy in radii determination; radius increase early in the burst; the super Eddington limit; temperatures at burst maximum; and the role of the magnetic field.

  8. Low interannual precipitation has a greater negative effect than seedling herbivory on the population dynamics of a short-lived shrub, Schiedea obovata.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia; Gaoue, Orou G

    2018-01-01

    Climate projections forecast more extreme interannual climate variability over time, with an increase in the severity and duration of extreme drought and rainfall events. Based on bioclimatic envelope models, it is projected that changing precipitation patterns will drastically alter the spatial distributions and density of plants and be a primary driver of biodiversity loss. However, many other underlying mechanisms can impact plant vital rates (i.e., survival, growth, and reproduction) and population dynamics. In this study, we developed a size-dependent integral projection model (IPM) to evaluate how interannual precipitation and mollusk herbivory influence the dynamics of a Hawaii endemic short-lived shrub, Schiedea obovata (Caryophyllaceae). Assessing how wet season precipitation effects population dynamics it critical, as it is the timeframe when most of the foliar growth occurs, plants flower and fruit, and seedlings establish. Temporal variation in wet season precipitation had a greater effect than mollusk herbivory on S . obovata population growth rate λ, and the impact of interannual precipitation on vital rates shifted across plant ontogeny. Furthermore, wet season precipitation influenced multiple vital rates in contrasting ways and the effect of precipitation on the survival of larger vegetative and reproductively mature individuals contributed the most to variation in the population growth rate. Among all combination of wet season precipitation and herbivory intensities, the only scenario that led to a growing population was when high wet precipitation was associated with low herbivory. Our study highlights the importance of evaluating how abiotic factors and plant-consumer interactions influence an organism across its life cycle to fully understand the underpinning mechanisms that structure its spatial and temporal distribution and abundance. Our results also illustrate that for short-lived species, like S. obovata , seedling herbivory can have

  9. Lugemis- ja kuulamissoovitusi lapsemeelsetele : [heliraamatud ja -plaadid lastele] / Esme Kassak

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kassak, Esme

    2010-01-01

    Arvustus: Jancis, Kaspar. Seiklus Salamandril, ehk, Morten Viksi uskumatud juhtumised lollide laevas. Tallinn : Menu Kirjastus, 2010 ; Kivirähk, Andrus. Kaka ja kevad [Helisalvestis] / loeb Ülle Kaljuste. Tallinn ; Varrak, 2010 ; Kivirähk, Andrus. Kaelkirjak [Helisalvestis] / loeb Harriet Toompere. Tallinn : Varrak, 2010 ; Tungal, Leelo. Hea lapse laulud [Helisalvestis]. Tallinn : Nõmmelill, 2010 ; Pajusaar, Priit. Lapsed, liblikad ja teised mutukad [Helisalvestis]. Tallinn : Varrak, 2010 ; Toman, Eduard. Gena ja teised : [Helisalvestis]. Tallinn : Greenroom Studio, 2010 ; Vilmusenaho, Marika. Tuulejutu viisid [Helisalvestis] / esitavad Meero Muusiku laululapsed. I.k. : Tempo Rubato, 2009 ; Raud, Eno. Sipsik : laste unejutud / loeb Salme Reek. Tallinn : Eesti Rahvusringhääling, 2010

  10. PEDAGOGINEN PIENRYHMÄTOIMINTA JA SEN VAIKUTUS KASVATTAJIEN TYÖHYVINVOINTIIN PUISTOLAN JA KYMINTEHTAAN PÄIVÄKODEISSA

    OpenAIRE

    Saarivirta, Johanna

    2015-01-01

    Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää kasvatushenkilökunnan ajatuksia ja kokemuksia pedagogisen pienryhmätoiminnan vaikutuksista työhyvinvointiin Kymin-tehtaan ja Puistolan päiväkodeissa. Näille kokemuksille taustaksi selvitettiin kasvattajien käsityksiä omaa hyvinvointia ja työhyvinvointia tuottavista ja tukevista tekijöistä, pedagogisen pienryhmätoiminnan taustaa, sen erilaisia toteutusmuotoja, etuja ja haasteita sekä sitä, kuinka kasvattajat kokevat sen työhyvinvointinsa kannalta...

  11. Ühe kuupäeva ajalooline ja poliitiline tagapõhi : 8. ja 9. mai Prantsusmaal, Balti riikides ja Venemaal / Jean-Pierre Minaudier ; prantsuse keelest tõlkinud Indrek Koff

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Minaudier, Jean-Pierre

    2007-01-01

    Teise Maailmasõja lõpu tähistamisest 8. ja 9. mail Balti riikides, Venemaal ja Prantsusmaal. Artikli aluseks on ettekanne TLÜ Eesti Humanitaarinstituudi ja Prantsuse Kultuurikeskuse korraldatud rahvusvahelisel konverentsil "Ajalugu ja poliitika. Mineviku kasutamisest ja ärakasutamisest" 14. oktoobril 2006 Tallinnas

  12. Secured Hash Based Burst Header Authentication Design for Optical Burst Switched Networks

    Science.gov (United States)

    Balamurugan, A. M.; Sivasubramanian, A.; Parvathavarthini, B.

    2017-12-01

    The optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising technology that could meet the fast growing network demand. They are featured with the ability to meet the bandwidth requirement of applications that demand intensive bandwidth. OBS proves to be a satisfactory technology to tackle the huge bandwidth constraints, but suffers from security vulnerabilities. The objective of this proposed work is to design a faster and efficient burst header authentication algorithm for core nodes. There are two important key features in this work, viz., header encryption and authentication. Since the burst header is an important in optical burst switched network, it has to be encrypted; otherwise it is be prone to attack. The proposed MD5&RC4-4S based burst header authentication algorithm runs 20.75 ns faster than the conventional algorithms. The modification suggested in the proposed RC4-4S algorithm gives a better security and solves the correlation problems between the publicly known outputs during key generation phase. The modified MD5 recommended in this work provides 7.81 % better avalanche effect than the conventional algorithm. The device utilization result also shows the suitability of the proposed algorithm for header authentication in real time applications.

  13. Green Leaf Volatiles: A Plant’s Multifunctional Weapon against Herbivores and Pathogens

    Science.gov (United States)

    Scala, Alessandra; Allmann, Silke; Mirabella, Rossana; Haring, Michel A.; Schuurink, Robert C.

    2013-01-01

    Plants cannot avoid being attacked by an almost infinite number of microorganisms and insects. Consequently, they arm themselves with molecular weapons against their attackers. Plant defense responses are the result of a complex signaling network, in which the hormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) are the usual suspects under the magnifying glass when researchers investigate host-pest interactions. However, Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs), C6 molecules, which are very quickly produced and/or emitted upon herbivory or pathogen infection by almost every green plant, also play an important role in plant defenses. GLVs are semiochemicals used by insects to find their food or their conspecifics. They have also been reported to be fundamental in indirect defenses and to have a direct effect on pests, but these are not the only roles of GLVs. These volatiles, being probably one of the fastest weapons exploited, are also able to directly elicit or prime plant defense responses. Moreover, GLVs, via crosstalk with phytohormones, mostly JA, can influence the outcome of the plant’s defense response against pathogens. For all these reasons GLVs should be considered as co-protagonists in the play between plants and their attackers. PMID:23999587

  14. Luonto ja seikkailu fysioterapiassa: systemoitu kirjallisuuskatsaus

    OpenAIRE

    Hevosmaa, Assi

    2016-01-01

    Luontoympäristöllä on tutkitusti myönteisiä vaikutuksia fyysiseen, psyykkiseen ja sosiaaliseen terveyteen ja hyvinvointiin. Elämykselliset ja kokemukselliset toimintamuodot on otettu käyttöön useilla eri aloilla kuten kuntoutuksessa ja terapiassa. Osallisuus ja kokemuksellisuus voivat aktivoida ja motivoida muuten passiiviset asiakkaat liikkeelle. Katsauksen taustalla oli kiinnostus laajentaa näkökulmaa erilaisista menetelmistä, joita voitaisiin hyödyntää fysioterapiassa. Olen kiinnostun...

  15. Show- ja streettanssijoiden esiintymisjännitys : Esiintymisjännityksen hyödyt ja haitat

    OpenAIRE

    Ekoluoma, Heini-Maria

    2015-01-01

    Tutkin opinnäytetyössäni show- ja streettanssijoiden esiintymisjännitystä. Perehdyin jännittämisen syntymiseen, sen laukaiseviin tekijöihin ja mielen ja kehon tuntemuksiin jännittämistilanteessa. Usein esiintymisjännitystä lähestytään vain suoritusta heikentävänä tekijänä, joten halusin ottaa myös huomioon jännittämisen positiiviset vaikutukset. Lisäksi perehdyin jännittämistä ja esiintymistä käsittelevään kirjallisuuteen ja nostin osan mielenkiintoisiksi kokemistani jännittämis-teorioista es...

  16. Efficacy of plastic mesh tubes in reducing herbivory damage by the invasive nutria (Myocastor coypus) in an urban restoration site

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sheffels, Trevor R.; Systma, Mark D.; Carter, Jacoby; Taylor, Jimmy D.

    2014-01-01

    The restoration of stream corridors is becoming an increasingly important component of urban landscape planning, and the high cost of these projects necessitates the need to understand and address potential ecological obstacles to project success. The nutria(Myocastor coypus) is an invasive, semi-aquatic rodent native to South America that causes detrimental ecological impacts in riparian and wetland habitats throughout its introduced range, and techniques are needed to reduce nutria herbivory damage to urban stream restoration projects. We assessed the efficacy of standard Vexar® plastic mesh tubes in reducing nutria herbivory damage to newly established woody plants. The study was conducted in winter-spring 2009 at Delta Ponds, a 60-ha urban waterway in Eugene, Oregon. Woody plants protected by Vexar® tubes demonstrated 100% survival over the 3-month initial establishment period, while only 17% of unprotected plantings survived. Nutria demonstrated a preference for black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp trichocarpa) over red osier dogwood (Cornussericea) and willow (Salix spp). Camera surveillance showed that nutria were more active in unprotected rather than protected treatments. Our results suggest that Vexar® plastic mesh tubing can be an effective short-term herbivory mitigation tool when habitat use by nutria is low. Additionally, planting functionally equivalent woody plant species that are less preferred by nutria, and other herbivores, may be another method for reducing herbivory and improving revegetation success. This study highlights the need to address potential wildlife damage conflicts in the planning process for stream restoration in urban landscapes.

  17. A peroxidase-dependent apoplastic oxidative burst in cultured Arabidopsis cells functions in MAMP-elicited defense.

    Science.gov (United States)

    O'Brien, Jose A; Daudi, Arsalan; Finch, Paul; Butt, Vernon S; Whitelegge, Julian P; Souda, Puneet; Ausubel, Frederick M; Bolwell, G Paul

    2012-04-01

    Perception by plants of so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as bacterial flagellin, referred to as pattern-triggered immunity, triggers a rapid transient accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously identified two cell wall peroxidases, PRX33 and PRX34, involved in apoplastic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we describe the generation of Arabidopsis tissue culture lines in which the expression of PRX33 and PRX34 is knocked down by antisense expression of a heterologous French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) peroxidase cDNA construct. Using these tissue culture lines and two inhibitors of ROS generation, azide and diphenylene iodonium, we found that perxoxidases generate about half of the H2O2 that accumulated in response to MAMP treatment and that NADPH oxidases and other sources such as mitochondria account for the remainder of the ROS. Knockdown of PRX33/PRX34 resulted in decreased expression of several MAMP-elicited genes, including MYB51, CYP79B2, and CYP81F2. Similarly, proteomic analysis showed that knockdown of PRX33/PRX34 led to the depletion of various MAMP-elicited defense-related proteins, including the two cysteine-rich peptides PDF2.2 and PDF2.3. Knockdown of PRX33/PRX34 also led to changes in the cell wall proteome, including increases in enzymes involved in cell wall remodeling, which may reflect enhanced cell wall expansion as a consequence of reduced H2O2-mediated cell wall cross-linking. Comparative metabolite profiling of a CaCl2 extract of the PRX33/PRX34 knockdown lines showed significant changes in amino acids, aldehydes, and keto acids but not fatty acids and sugars. Overall, these data suggest that PRX33/PRX34-generated ROS production is involved in the orchestration of pattern-triggered immunity in tissue culture cells.

  18. Solar Drift-Pair Bursts

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stanislavsky, A.; Volvach, Ya.; Konovalenko, A.; Koval, A.

    2017-08-01

    In this paper a new sight on the study of solar bursts historically called drift pairs (DPs) is presented. Having a simple morphology on dynamic spectra of radio records (two short components separated in time, and often they are very similar) and discovered at the dawn of radio astronomy, their features remain unexplained totally up to now. Generally, the DPs are observed during the solar storms of type III bursts, but not every storm of type III bursts is linked with DPs. Detected by ground-based instruments at decameter and meter wavelengths, the DP bursts are limited in frequency bandwidth. They can drift from high frequencies to low ones and vice versa. Their frequency drift rate may be both lower and higher than typical rates of type III bursts at the same frequency range. The development of low-frequency radio telescopes and data processing provide additional possibilities in the research. In this context the fresh analysis of DPs, made from recent observations in the summer campaign of 2015, are just considered. Their study was implemented by updated tools of the UTR-2 radio telescope at 9-33 MHz. During 10-12 July of 2015, DPs forming the longest patterns on dynamic spectra are about 7% of the total number of recorded DPs. Their marvelous resemblance in frequency drift rates with the solar S-bursts is discussed.

  19. Plant responses to variable timing of aboveground clipping and belowground herbivory depend on plant age

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Wang, Minggang; Bezemer, T. Martijn; van der Putten, W.H.; Brinkman, Pella; Biere, Arjen

    2017-01-01

    Aims Plants use different types of responses such as tolerance and induced defense to mitigate the effects of herbivores. The direction and magnitude of both these plant responses can vary with plant age. However, most studies have focused on aboveground herbivory, whereas important feeding occurs

  20. 30 CFR 57.3461 - Rock bursts.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Rock bursts. 57.3461 Section 57.3461 Mineral...-Underground Only § 57.3461 Rock bursts. (a) Operators of mines which have experienced a rock burst shall— (1) Within twenty four hours report to the nearest MSHA office each rock burst which: (i) Causes persons to...

  1. Hullumisstseenid ja kontsert-roim ooperis

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2008-01-01

    Installatsioon-ooperi "Hullumisstseene kvaliteetooperitest" esietendusest 6. juulil Pärnu vanalinna põhikooli õuel ja kontserdist Toots & Friends esituses 7. ja 21. juulil Pärnu mudaravilas ja (vt.www.ooper.parnu.ee)

  2. Tuotteen kehitys ja kaupallistaminen : Case Vasikan Hiiligeeli

    OpenAIRE

    Lehtilä, Veera

    2017-01-01

    Tuotekehitys ja tuotteen kaupallistaminen nähdään usein salatieteenä, jonka hallitsevat vain harvat ja valitut superinnovatiiviset yksilöt. Todellisuudessa kyseessä on yksi vakaan ja kannattavan yrityksen perustoiminnoista, jota toteutetaan yrityksen eri toimijoiden, kuten tuotekehitys,talous ja markkinointi, yhteistyönä suunnitelmallisesti ja harkiten, tutkittuun tietoon ja kulloiseenkin aikaan perustuen, olemassa olevien resurssien ja aikataulujen rajoissa. Kyseessä on mielenkiintoinen ja u...

  3. Ühe kuupäeva ajalooline ja poliitiline tagapõhi : 8. ja 9. mai Prantsusmaal, Balti riikides ja Venemaal / Jean-Pierre Minaudier ; tõlk. Indrek Koff

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Minaudier, Jean-Pierre

    2007-01-01

    Teise maailmasõja lõpu tähistamise kuupäevadega seotud ajaloolise ja poliitilise tausta käsitlemisel on autor keskendunud Venemaa, Balti riikide ja Prantsusmaa riigijuhtide ametlikele kõnedele, avaldustele ja intervjuudele, mis on olulised 2005. aasta maikuu kriisi seisukohast: kahe Balti riigi presidendid keeldusid osalemast Saksamaa kapituleerumise 60. aastapäeva üritustel Moskvas. Artikli aluseks on ettekanne rahvusvahelisel konverentsil "Ajalugu ja poliitika. Mineviku kasutamisest ja ärakasutamisest" 14. oktoobril Tallinnas

  4. Immuunsus ja sanatoorium

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Jõgeva, Sandra, 1976-

    2009-01-01

    Katrin Murbachi (Šveits) & Riikka Tauriaineni (Soome) näitus "Sanatoorium" Tallinna Linnagaleriis 2. augustini. Rühmituse Noolegrupp liikmete Triinu Jürvese ja Villem Jahu videoinstallatsioon "Immunity Summary and the Outside World" ("Immuunsuse kokkuvõte ja sealpoolne maailm") Kultuurikatlas 24. juulil

  5. Gidon Kremer ja Kremerata Baltica

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2001-01-01

    G. Kremer ja Kremerata Baltica esitamas Tshaikovski, shostakovitshi ja Desjatnikovi loomingut pühapäeval, 16. detsembril kl.19 Vanemuise Kontserdimajas ja esmaspäeval, 17. detsembril kl.19 Estonia kontserdisaalis

  6. The Drift Burst Hypothesis

    OpenAIRE

    Christensen, Kim; Oomen, Roel; Renò, Roberto

    2016-01-01

    The Drift Burst Hypothesis postulates the existence of short-lived locally explosive trends in the price paths of financial assets. The recent US equity and Treasury flash crashes can be viewed as two high profile manifestations of such dynamics, but we argue that drift bursts of varying magnitude are an expected and regular occurrence in financial markets that can arise through established mechanisms such as feedback trading. At a theoretical level, we show how to build drift bursts into the...

  7. Herbivory by resident geese: The loss and recovery of wild rice along the tidal Patuxent River

    Science.gov (United States)

    Haramis, G.M.; Kearns, G.D.

    2007-01-01

    Well known for a fall spectacle of maturing wild rice (Zizania aquatica) and migrant waterbirds, the tidal freshwater marshes of the Patuxent River, Maryland, USA, experienced a major decline in wild rice during the 1990s. We conducted experiments in 1999 and 2000 with fenced exclosures and discovered herbivory by resident Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Grazing by geese eliminated rice outside exclosures, whereas protected plants achieved greater size, density, and produced more panicles than rice occurring in natural stands. The observed loss of rice on the Patuxent River reflects both the sensitivity of this annual plant to herbivory and the destructive nature of an overabundance of resident geese on natural marsh vegetation. Recovery of rice followed 2 management actions: hunting removal of approximately 1,700 geese during a 4-year period and reestablishment of rice through a large-scale fencing and planting program.

  8. Kasvojen suojelua ja hauskanpitoa : keskustelunanalyyttinen tutkimus huumorin rakentumisesta alkuopetuksen ja yläkoulun erityisopetuksessa

    OpenAIRE

    Haukka, Vuokko

    2010-01-01

    Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tarkastella huumorin rakentumista alkuopetuksen ja yläkoulun erityisopetusympäristöissä ja keskittyä erityisesti siihen, millaisissa eri tarkoituksissa huumoria käytetään. Lisäksi selvitettiin, millaisia eroja ja yhtäläisyyksiä huumorin rakentumisessa ilmeni kahdessa tarkastelemassani ikäluokassa. Huumori ymmärrettiin tässä tutkimuksessa pohjimmiltaan sosiaaliseksi ilmiöksi ja näin ollen sitä tutkittiin tiukasti kiinni vuorovaikutuksellisessa ko...

  9. Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanõelad - võõrapärased ja omad / Marika Mägi

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Mägi, Marika

    1997-01-01

    Artiklis käsitletakse Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsete ehtenõelte tüpoloogiat ja kandmisviise. Vaatluse alla on võetud rõngaspeaga, kolmnurkpeaga ja varasemad kaksikristpeaga nõelad, mille dateeringut ja tüpoloogilist arengut on varasemaga võrreldes täpsustatud. Joonised, diagrammid, fotod

  10. Tagasivaateid ja välissuhteid / Johannes Pedak

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Pedak, Johannes, 1908-2003

    1981-01-01

    Akadeemilistest perekondadest ja suguvõsadest korporatsioonis, ülikooli lõpetamise ja doktorikraadi kaitsmisega seotud kommetest, suhetest vähemusrahvuste- ja naaberriikide üliõpilasorganisatsioonidega ja üliõpilasvahetusest Soome, Saksamaa, Inglismaa ja Ungariga. Soome ja eesti üliõpilasorganisatsioonide võrdlus

  11. Identiteet ja migratsioon / Francis Fukuyama

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Fukuyama, Francis

    2007-01-01

    Autor peab islamiäärmuslust immigrantide identiteedikriisi ilminguks ning arutleb identiteedipoliitika olemuse ja tuleviku üle Euroopa ja Ameerika postmodernses multikultuurilises ühiskonnas. Vt. samas: Jeffrey Goldstein: Euroopa ja USA - konkurendid või partnerid

  12. X-ray bursts observed with JEM-X

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Brandt, Søren Kristian; Chenevez, Jérôme; Lund, Niels

    2006-01-01

    We report on the search for X-ray bursts in the JEM-X X-ray monitor on INTEGRAL during the first two years of operations. More than 350 bursts from 25 different type-I X-ray burst sources were found.......We report on the search for X-ray bursts in the JEM-X X-ray monitor on INTEGRAL during the first two years of operations. More than 350 bursts from 25 different type-I X-ray burst sources were found....

  13. Kultuurmaastike ja elukeskkonna kujunemine ning hoidmine, sh poollooduslike koosluste taastamine ja hooldamine, mets, keskkond, loodushoid ja sood / Kaul Nurm

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Nurm, Kaul

    2004-01-01

    Autori arvates tuleb maaelu uue arengukava väljatöötamisel keskmesse tõsta talupere ja sellised struktuurid, mis suudavad ning soovivad alalhoidlikke tootmisviise rakendada, aidates nii oma tegevusega kaasa puhta ja mitmekesise looduse kujunemisele, säilimisele

  14. Igavesti elav ja ikka uuenev "Mees ja naine" / Mark Soosaar

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Soosaar, Mark, 1946-

    2001-01-01

    Pärnu Uue Kunsti Muuseumis avatud rahvusvahelisel aktinäitusel saab vaadata Jean Cocteau (1889-1963), Robert Mapplethorpe'i (1946-1989), Kaarel Liimandi (1906-1941), Jan Sierhuisi, Vilmantas Marcinkeviciuse, Evald Okase, Joel Peter Witkini, Jan Saudeki ja Jean Rustini loomingut. Pikemalt J. Cocteau, J. Saudeki ja J. Rustini töödest

  15. Karvased ja sulelised / Tambet Kaugema

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kaugema, Tambet

    2002-01-01

    Kaks esimest osa ETV poliitilise pila nukushõust "Pehmed ja karvased" : stsenaristid Toomas Kall ja Andrus Kivirähk : idee autor, režissöör ja kunstnik Hardi Volmer : produtsent, idee autor Raivo Suviste

  16. The devil to pay: a cost of mutualism with Myrmelachista schumanni ants in ‘devil's gardens’ is increased herbivory on Duroia hirsuta trees

    OpenAIRE

    Frederickson, Megan E; Gordon, Deborah M

    2007-01-01

    ‘Devil's gardens’ are nearly pure stands of the myrmecophyte, Duroia hirsuta, that occur in Amazonian rainforests. Devil's gardens are created by Myrmelachista schumanni ants, which nest in D. hirsuta trees and kill other plants using formic acid as an herbicide. Here, we show that this ant–plant mutualism has an associated cost; by making devil's gardens, M. schumanni increases herbivory on D. hirsuta. We measured standing leaf herbivory on D. hirsuta trees and found that they sustain higher...

  17. Moostes taas mõtte- ja kunstitalgud

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2002-01-01

    17. ja 18. VIII lõpetatakse Moostes teised "Postsovkhozi" mõtte- ja keskkonnakunsti talgud "Kihid". Organiseerijad Evelyn Müürsepp ja Maia Möller. Moostes nädal aega elanud ja loonud kunstnikud. Seminari kavast, esinejatest, filmiprogrammist

  18. The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems: climate-mediated changes in herbivory and community phase shifts

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vergés, Adriana; Steinberg, Peter D.; Hay, Mark E.; Poore, Alistair G. B.; Campbell, Alexandra H.; Ballesteros, Enric; Heck, Kenneth L.; Booth, David J.; Coleman, Melinda A.; Feary, David A.; Figueira, Will; Langlois, Tim; Marzinelli, Ezequiel M.; Mizerek, Toni; Mumby, Peter J.; Nakamura, Yohei; Roughan, Moninya; van Sebille, Erik; Gupta, Alex Sen; Smale, Dan A.; Tomas, Fiona; Wernberg, Thomas; Wilson, Shaun K.

    2014-01-01

    Climate-driven changes in biotic interactions can profoundly alter ecological communities, particularly when they impact foundation species. In marine systems, changes in herbivory and the consequent loss of dominant habitat forming species can result in dramatic community phase shifts, such as from coral to macroalgal dominance when tropical fish herbivory decreases, and from algal forests to ‘barrens’ when temperate urchin grazing increases. Here, we propose a novel phase-shift away from macroalgal dominance caused by tropical herbivores extending their range into temperate regions. We argue that this phase shift is facilitated by poleward-flowing boundary currents that are creating ocean warming hotspots around the globe, enabling the range expansion of tropical species and increasing their grazing rates in temperate areas. Overgrazing of temperate macroalgae by tropical herbivorous fishes has already occurred in Japan and the Mediterranean. Emerging evidence suggests similar phenomena are occurring in other temperate regions, with increasing occurrence of tropical fishes on temperate reefs. PMID:25009065

  19. Mirth and laughter elicited by electrical stimulation of the human anterior cingulate cortex.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Caruana, Fausto; Avanzini, Pietro; Gozzo, Francesca; Francione, Stefano; Cardinale, Francesco; Rizzolatti, Giacomo

    2015-10-01

    Laughter is a complex motor behavior that, typically, expresses mirth. Despite its fundamental role in social life, knowledge about the neural basis of laughter is very limited and mostly based on a few electrical stimulation (ES) studies carried out in epileptic patients. In these studies laughter was elicited from temporal areas where it was accompanied by mirth and from frontal areas plus an anterior cingulate case where laughter without mirth was observed. On the basis of these findings, it has been proposed a dichotomy between temporal lobe areas processing the emotional content of laughter and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and motor areas responsible of laughter production. The present study is aimed to understand the role of ACC in laughter. We report the effects of stimulation of 10 rostral, pregenual ACC (pACC) patients in which the ES elicited laughter. In half of the patients ES elicited a clear burst of laughter with mirth, while in the other half mirth was not evident. This large dataset allow us to offer a more reliable picture of the functional contribute of this region in laughter, and to precisely localize it in the cingulate cortex. We conclude that the pACC is involved in both the motor and the affective components of emotions, and challenge the validity of a sharp dichotomy between motor and emotional centers for laughing. Finally, we suggest a possible anatomical network for the production of positive emotional expressions. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. Jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase regulates development and herbivory-induced defense response in rice.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Qi, Jinfeng; Li, Jiancai; Han, Xiu; Li, Ran; Wu, Jianqiang; Yu, Haixin; Hu, Lingfei; Xiao, Yutao; Lu, Jing; Lou, Yonggen

    2016-06-01

    Jasmonic acid (JA) and related metabolites play a key role in plant defense and growth. JA carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT) may be involved in plant defense and development by methylating JA to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and thus influencing the concentrations of JA and related metabolites. However, no JMT gene has been well characterized in monocotyledon defense and development at the molecular level. After we cloned a rice JMT gene, OsJMT1, whose encoding protein was localized in the cytosol, we found that the recombinant OsJMT1 protein catalyzed JA to MeJA. OsJMT1 is up-regulated in response to infestation with the brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens). Plants in which OsJMT1 had been overexpressed (oe-JMT plants) showed reduced height and yield. These oe-JMT plants also exhibited increased MeJA levels but reduced levels of herbivore-induced JA and jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile). The oe-JMT plants were more attractive to BPH female adults but showed increased resistance to BPH nymphs, probably owing to the different responses of BPH female adults and nymphs to the changes in levels of H2 O2 and MeJA in oe-JMT plants. These results indicate that OsJMT1, by altering levels of JA and related metabolites, plays a role in regulating plant development and herbivore-induced defense responses in rice. © 2015 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

  1. Teadus- ja erialaraamatukogudel oma päev ja aasta teo auhind / Kristina Rallmann

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Rallmann, Kristina

    2008-01-01

    Esimene teadus- ja erialaraamatukogude päev toimus 22. oktoobril 2008 Tallinna majanduskoolis, teadusraamatukogu aasta teo auhind läks RR-i virtuaaalnäitusele "Meie parlament ja aeg: fakte, sündmusi, dokumente, inimesi" ning erialaraamatukogu aasta teo auhind Eesti Pimedate Raamatukogu töörühmale heliteavikute CD-plaatidele automatiseeritud paljundamise ja posti teel laenutamise süsteemi eest

  2. UWB dual burst transmit driver

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dallum, Gregory E [Livermore, CA; Pratt, Garth C [Discovery Bay, CA; Haugen, Peter C [Livermore, CA; Zumstein, James M [Livermore, CA; Vigars, Mark L [Livermore, CA; Romero, Carlos E [Livermore, CA

    2012-04-17

    A dual burst transmitter for ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems generates a pair of precisely spaced RF bursts from a single trigger event. An input trigger pulse produces two oscillator trigger pulses, an initial pulse and a delayed pulse, in a dual trigger generator. The two oscillator trigger pulses drive a gated RF burst (power output) oscillator. A bias driver circuit gates the RF output oscillator on and off and sets the RF burst packet width. The bias driver also level shifts the drive signal to the level that is required for the RF output device.

  3. Suvi ja koerad / Marko Tiidelepp

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tiidelepp, Marko

    2013-01-01

    Millele pöörata tähelepanu suvel, et koer oleks kaitstud ja terve ning 2013. aasta suvel toimuvatest koertenäitustest, kuulekuskoolituse meistrivõistlustest, agility-võistlustest ja teistest üritustest koertele ja nende kasvatajatele

  4. Simulated herbivory and vegetation dynamics in coal slurry ponds reclaimed as wetlands

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mathis, M.J.; Middleton, B.A. [Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL (USA). Dept. of Plant Biology

    1999-12-01

    The biodiversity of coal slurry ponds can be inhibited at least in part, by dense stands of Phragmites australis. In this study, it is demonstrated that species richness can be increased in coal slurry ponds if the dominant species (P. Australis and Typha latifolia) are removed and that underwater herbivory simulated by cutting will kill emergents. The study was conducted in the greenhouse and the field in both flooded and drawndown conditions. In a reclaimed coal pond at Pyramid State Park, Illinois, neither P. australis nor T. Latifolia survived cutting underwater, but all of the uncut plants survived. Regrowth measured as total biomass of stems was less among flooded versus freely drained plants (0.3 and 2.6 g biomass, respectively). Cut versus uncut plants, combining freely drained and flooded, had less below-ground biomass (99.4 and 254.4 g, respectively). In an unreclaimed coal slurry pond with monospecific stands of P. Australis, plant species richness increased in cut plots as compared to uncut plots (29 vs 2 species, respectively) between March and September, 1995. This study demonstrated that species richness can be increased in coal ponds by mechanical cutting and this potentially by herbivory; however, the additional species were mostly exotics.

  5. Integroitu projektitoimitus lisä- ja korjausrakentamisessa

    OpenAIRE

    Söderström, P. (Pia)

    2013-01-01

    Tiivistelmä Työn tarkoituksena on tarkastella toimijoiden integroinnin mahdollisuuksia lisä- ja korjausrakennushankkeissa. Työssä selvitetään, mitä toimijoita sekä miten ja milloin toimijat tulisi ottaa mukaan hankkeeseen, jotta hanketta voitaisiin optimoida kokonaisuutena ja sitä kautta taata parempi toimijoiden tyytyväisyys ja projektin arvontuottokyky. Työssä luodaan perusta lisä- ja korjausrakentamisen hankkeiden tehokk...

  6. Diabetesta sairastavan alaraajahaavapotilaan elintavat ja omaseuranta

    OpenAIRE

    Jaatinen, Noora

    2015-01-01

    Tämän opinnäytetyön tutkimuksella oli tarkoitus kuvata alaraajahaavaa sairastavien diabeetikoiden omaseurannan ja elintapojen toteutumista. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa alaraajahaavaa sairastavien diabeetikoiden elintavoista ja omaseurannan toteutumisesta haavahoitajille ja jalkatyöryhmälle. Näin he voivat tarttua tutkimuksessa ilmi tulleisiin puutteellisiin kohtiin ja sen myötä ohjata potilasta parempiin elintapoihin sekä kannustaa tunnollisempaan ja parempaan omaseurantaan vas...

  7. Päike ja pall : [luuletused] / Ott Arder

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Arder, Ott

    2001-01-01

    Sisu: Päike ja pall ; Õuna ja lõuna ; Kõige ilusam asi ; Emajõgi ; Väikemehe probleem ; Küünal ; Kapten ; Kaksteist kilu ja kaks teist kilu ; Suur ja seisev, ripub seinal ; Laul tagumisest vagunist ; Ultimaatum ; Ilus algus ; Pliiat(siga) ; Mure ja Amour ; kodust ja loomadest ; Eesli jõulupuu ; Aja saapad ; Lendav järv ; Unenäolaul ; Tere hommikust ja õhtust ; Kõik, mis juhtub ja ei juhtu ; Kas panna päkka või visata varvast ; Lihtne mees ; Väljaütlev ; Külm sõda ; Ohkav kruvi ; Metsa all ; Lauluke ; Unemetsades ; Suur rõõm ja väike mure ; Hea muusika ; Koer poiss ja plika ; Kes mängida veel ei oska ; Raske lumi ; Mere kaldal ; Unenäoukse taga

  8. Muusikamaailm : Milano La Scala sulgeb uksed. Schönberg ja Kandinsky. Preemiaid ja tunnustusi. Witold Szalonek lahkunud. / Priit Kuusk

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kuusk, Priit, 1938-

    2002-01-01

    Milano La Scala suletakse kaheks aastaks ümberehituseks ja renoveerimiseks. Moskvas toimub näitus ja kontserdisari "Schönberg ja Kandinsky ئ maalikunst ja muusika dialoogis". Erinevaid preemiaid ja tunnustusi saanud muusikad. 74aastasena suri Berliinis nimekas poola helilooja, pianist ja pedagoog Witold Szalonek

  9. Solar X-ray bursts

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Urnov, A.M.

    1980-01-01

    In the popular form the consideration is given to the modern state tasks and results of X-ray spectrometry of solar bursts. The operation of X-ray spectroheliograph is described. Results of spectral and polarization measurings of X-ray radiation of one powerful solar burst are presented. The conclusion has been drawn that in the process of burst development three characteristic stages may be distingwished: 1) the initial phase; just in this period processes which lead to observed consequences-electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation are born; 2) the impulse phase, or the phase of maximum, is characterised by sharp increase of radiation flux. During this phase the main energy content emanates and some volumes of plasma warm up to high temperatures; 3) the phase of burst damping, during which plasma cools and reverts to the initial condition

  10. Muutumatud ja muutuvad / Meelis Friedenthal

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Friedenthal, Meelis, 1973-

    2016-01-01

    Varauusaja nn. universaalsest inimesest. Aristotelese kümnest kategooriast. Ülikoolidest ja seal õpetatud distsipliinidest varauusajal. Distsipliinide ühisest eesmärgist - kuidas hästi ja õigesti elada. Teaduse ja religiooni vastandumine sai võimalikuks alles siis kui ühendteooria vahetus mehhanistliku maailmapildi vastu. Keskajal ja varauusajal oli võimalik vaimsetes asjades teatud kindlus, sest kõik asjad olid viidud ühistele alustele. Kaasaja ühiskonnaprobleemid ei ole lahendatavad ainult tehnokraatlike vahenditega

  11. Jalkojen ihon suojaus- ja kevennyskoulutus

    OpenAIRE

    Lokka, Maija

    2016-01-01

    Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on tuottaa koulutusvideo demonstraation keinoin tukemaan Mills Enterprises Ltd Oy:n tuoteviestintää jalkojenhoidon ammattilaisille, kosmetologeille sekä alan opiskelijoille. Video tuotetaan yhteistyössä viestintäalan ammattilaisten kanssa. Tavoitteena on tuottaa tiivis tietopaketti yleisimpien jalkaongelmien ennaltaehkäisyyn ja hoitoon ihon suojaus- ja kevennystuotteiden avulla. Perinnölliset ja ulkoiset tekijät voivat aiheuttaa ongelmia jalkojen iholle ja va...

  12. Monitoring burst (M-burst) — A novel framework of failure localization in all-optical mesh networks

    KAUST Repository

    Ali, Mohammed L.; Ho, Pin-Han; Wu, Bin; Tapolcai, Janos; Shihada, Basem

    2011-01-01

    Achieving instantaneous and precise failure localization in all-optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks has been an attractive feature of network fault management systems, and is particularly important when failure-dependent protection is employed. The paper introduces a novel framework of real-time failure localization in all-optical WDM mesh networks, called monitoring-burst (m-burst), which aims to initiate a graceful compromise between consumed monitoring resources and monitoring delay. Different from any previously reported solution, the proposed m-burst framework has a single monitoring node (MN) which launches optical bursts along a set of pre-defined close-loop routes, called monitoring cycles (m-cycles), to probe the links along the m-cycles. Bursts along different m-cycles are kept non-overlapping through any link of the network. By identifying the lost bursts due to single link failure events only, the MN can unambiguously localize the failed link in at least 3-connected networks. We will justify the feasibility and applicability of the proposed m-burst framework in the scenario of interest. To avoid possible collision among optical bursts launched by the MN, we define the problem of collision-free scheduling and formulate it into an integer linear program (ILP) in order to minimize the monitoring delay. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and the proposed solution.

  13. Monitoring burst (M-burst) — A novel framework of failure localization in all-optical mesh networks

    KAUST Repository

    Ali, Mohammed L.

    2011-10-10

    Achieving instantaneous and precise failure localization in all-optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks has been an attractive feature of network fault management systems, and is particularly important when failure-dependent protection is employed. The paper introduces a novel framework of real-time failure localization in all-optical WDM mesh networks, called monitoring-burst (m-burst), which aims to initiate a graceful compromise between consumed monitoring resources and monitoring delay. Different from any previously reported solution, the proposed m-burst framework has a single monitoring node (MN) which launches optical bursts along a set of pre-defined close-loop routes, called monitoring cycles (m-cycles), to probe the links along the m-cycles. Bursts along different m-cycles are kept non-overlapping through any link of the network. By identifying the lost bursts due to single link failure events only, the MN can unambiguously localize the failed link in at least 3-connected networks. We will justify the feasibility and applicability of the proposed m-burst framework in the scenario of interest. To avoid possible collision among optical bursts launched by the MN, we define the problem of collision-free scheduling and formulate it into an integer linear program (ILP) in order to minimize the monitoring delay. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and the proposed solution.

  14. Hoolime ja vastutame / Hallar Meybaum

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Meybaum, Hallar

    2005-01-01

    Keemiatööstuse liitude vabatahtlik sihtalgatus Hoolime ja Vastutame on ellu kutsutud liikmesettevõtete tegevuse ja toodete, tervishoiu, ohutuse, keskkonnakaitse, avalikkuse kaasamise ning tööstusharust teavitamise parandamiseks. Programmiga liitunud Eesti ettevõtete tegevusest. Lisatud statistilised joonised ja tabelid

  15. Laps ja loodus / Patrik Grahn

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Grahn, Patrik

    2009-01-01

    Looduses viibimise ja mängimise tähtsusest lapse arengus. Artiklis tuginetakse uurimustele looduse, parkide ja aedade erinevate omadustega tüüpidest, eelkooliõuede õuemängude kohtadest ning looduspiirkondade tähendusest laste tervisele, motoorikale ja keskendumisvõimele

  16. Launeen keskuspuiston visuaalinen ilme ja infografiikka

    OpenAIRE

    Virtanen, Jenni

    2013-01-01

    Opinnäytetyön aiheena on suunnitella Launeen keskuspuistolle visuaalinen ilme ja sitä noudattavat sovellukset. Visuaaliseen ilmeen suunnitteluun kuuluu logon, typografian ja tunnusvärien suunnittelu. Sovelluksissa painotan erityisesti informatiivisia sovelluksia, kuten opastejärjestelmää, aluekarttaa ja infotaulun asettelua. Itse työ on konseptisuunnitelma. Opinnäytetyötäni varten olen tutkinut suomalaisia teema- ja kaupunkipuistoja ja niiden visuaalisia ilmeitä. Painotin tutkimuksessani e...

  17. Synergistic, additive and antagonistic impacts of drought and herbivory on Pinus sylvestris: leaf, tissue and whole-plant responses and recovery.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bansal, Sheel; Hallsby, Göran; Löfvenius, Mikael O; Nilsson, Marie-Charlotte

    2013-05-01

    Forests typically experience a mix of anthropogenic, natural and climate-induced stressors of different intensities, creating a mosaic of stressor combinations across the landscape. When multiple stressors co-occur, their combined impact on plant growth is often greater than expected based on single-factor studies (i.e., synergistic), potentially causing catastrophic dysfunction of physiological processes from an otherwise recoverable situation. Drought and herbivory are two stressors that commonly co-occur in forested ecosystems, and have the potential to 'overlap' in their impacts on various plant traits and processes. However, the combined impacts from these two stressors may not be predictable based on additive models from single-stressor studies. Moreover, the impacts and subsequent recovery may be strongly influenced by the relative intensities of each stressor. Here, we applied drought stress and simulated bark-feeding herbivory at three levels of intensity (control, moderate and severe) in a full factorial design on young Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings. We assessed if the combined effects from two stressors were additive (responses were equal to the sum of the single-factor effects), synergistic (greater than expected) or antagonistic (less than expected) on a suite of morphological and physiological traits at the leaf-, tissue- and whole-plant level. We additionally investigated whether recovery from herbivory was dependent on relief from drought. The two stressors had synergistic impacts on specific leaf area and water-use efficiency, additive effects on height and root-to-shoot ratios, but antagonistic effects on photosynthesis, conductance and, most notably, on root, shoot and whole-plant biomass. Nevertheless, the magnitude and direction of the combined impacts were often dependent on the relative intensities of each stressor, leading to many additive or synergistic responses from specific stressor combinations. Also, seedling recovery was far more

  18. Aboveground herbivory by the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) affects soil nematode communities under different rice varieties

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Liu, M.; Huang, J.; Chen, X.; Wang, F.; Ge, C.; Su, Y.; Shao, B.; Tang, Y.; Li, H.

    2009-01-01

    Interactions between aboveground–belowground communities play an important role in regulating terrestrial ecological processes; however, the interactions between rice varieties, herbivory and the soil community are often ignored. A pot experiment with a full 2×2 factorial design was conducted to

  19. Sotsiaalsed probleemid Eesti ühiskonnas - meeste ja naiste hinnangud 1993. ja 1998. aastal / Eda Heinla

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Heinla, Eda, 1953-

    2001-01-01

    Uurimusest, mille andmestik pärineb TPÜ Rahvusvaheliste ja Sotsiaaluuringute Instituudi perekonnasotsioloogide poolt 1993. ja 1998.a. läbi viidud elanikkonnaküsitlustest "Eesti 93" ja "Eesti 98", kus ühe bloki moodustas sotsiaalsete probleemide küsimustik

  20. Canopy gap replacement failure in a Pennsylvania forest preserve subject to extreme deer herbivory

    Science.gov (United States)

    Brian S. Pedersen; Angela M. Wallis

    2003-01-01

    While research has demonstrated the adverse effects of deer herbivory on forest regeneration in forests managed for timber production, less study has been devoted to the long term effects of deer on the dynamics of forests set aside as natural areas. At sufficiently high population densities, deer could interrupt the typical cycle of canopy gap formation and...

  1. Localization of Gamma-Ray Bursts Using the Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Connaughton, V.; Briggs, M.S.; Goldstein, A.; Meegan, C.A.; Paciesas, W.S.; Preece, R.D.; Wilson-Hodge, C.A.; Gibby, M.H.; Greiner, J.; Gruber, D.; Jenke, P.; Kippen, R.M.; Pelassa, V.; Xiong, S.; Yu, H-F.; Bhat, P.N.; Burgess, J.M.; Byrne, D.; Fitzpatrick, G.; Foley, S.; Giles, M.M.; Guiriec, S.; van der Horst, A.J.; von Kienlin, A.; McBreen, S.; McGlynn, S.; Tierney, D.; Zhang, B..B.

    2015-01-01

    The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has detected over 1400 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) since it began science operations in 2008 July. We use a subset of over 300 GRBs localized by instruments such as Swift, the Fermi Large Area Telescope, INTEGRAL, and MAXI, or through triangulations from the

  2. Within-population variation in response of red oak seedlings to herbivory by gypsy moth larvae

    Science.gov (United States)

    T. Scott Byington; Kurt W. Gottschalk; James B. McGraw

    1994-01-01

    The potential for an evolutionary response to gypsy moth (Lymantna dispar L.) herbivory was investigated in red oak (Quercus rubra L.), a preferred host. Seedlings of nine open-pollinated families were grown in a greenhouse and experimentally defoliated by fourth instar larvae in the summer of 1991 to assay for intraspecific...

  3. Liikelahjat mikro- ja pk-yrityksissä

    OpenAIRE

    Danhammer, Joni

    2014-01-01

    Liikelahjat ovat osa yrityksen menekinedistämistä ja kuuluvat tiiviisti yrityksen markkinointiviestintään. Kuitenkin yleinen talouden kiristynyt tilanne ja vuoden 2014 alussa voimaan astunut verouudistus liikelahjojen verovähennyksissä ovat asioita, jotka vaikuttavat liikelahjojen menekkiin ja niiden antamistapojen muuttumiseen mikro- ja pk-yrityksissä. Näin ollen yrityksillä tulisi tässä tilanteessa olla selkeä käsitys siitä, millaisia liikelahjoja yritys haluaa nykyisin henkilökunnalleen ja...

  4. Herbivory on macro-algae affects colonization of beach-cast algal wrack by detritivores but not its decomposition

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Philip Eereveld

    2013-05-01

    Full Text Available Spatial subsidies have increasingly been considered significant sources of matter and energy to unproductive ecosystems. However, subsidy quality may both differ between subsidizing sources and vary over time. In our studies, sub-littoral herbivory by snails or isopods on red or brown macro-algae induced changes in algal tissues that affected colonization of beach-cast algal wrack by supra-littoral detritivores (amphipods. However, microbial decay and decomposition through the joint action of detritivores and microbes of algal wrack in the supra-littoral remained unaffected by whether or not red or brown algae had been fed upon by snails or isopods. Thus, herbivory on marine macro-algae affects the cross-system connection of sub-littoral and supra-littoral food webs transiently, but these effects diminish upon ageing of macro-algal wrack in the supra-littoral zone.

  5. Evolutsioonilised kaalutlused ja filosoofia / Tiiu Hallap

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Hallap, Tiiu

    1999-01-01

    Solipsistlikust ja mittesolipsistlikust reaktsioonist, bioloogilisest ja psühholoogilisest altruismist, evolutsiooniteooria sõltuvusest ühiskondlikest ideoloogiatest, Elliot Soberi evolutsioonilistest seletustest realistlikule maailmatunnetusele ja altruismile

  6. Big data -teknologian perusteet ja mahdollisuudet

    OpenAIRE

    Juurinen, Susanna

    2013-01-01

    Työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia tiedonhallintaa ja big data -ratkaisujen käytännön toteutusta, mahdollisuuksia, haasteita ja hyötyjä. Työssä kuvataan tiedon määrän kehitystä, keräysprosesseja ja -menetelmiä sekä pohditaan tiedonhallinnan vaatimuksia ja tietoturvallisuutta. Työn tarkoitus oli selvittää tiedonhallinnan ja analytiikan uusimman trendin, big datan, vaikutusmahdollisuuksia organisaatioiden toimintaan. Tiedon analytiikkaa voidaan valjastaa liiketoiminnan tai muiden toimialueiden t...

  7. Pelillisyys ja uudet teknologiat musiikin oppimisessa

    OpenAIRE

    2017-01-01

    Tämä julkaisu on osa PLAY Pelillisyys, asiantuntijuus ja yrittäjyys musiikissa -hanketta, jonka päätoteuttaja oli Jyväskylän ammattikorkeakoulu ja osato¬teuttaja Jyväskylän ammattiopisto. Hanketta rahoitti Euroopan sosiaalirahasto (ESR) Keski-Suomen Elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen (ELY) kautta. PLAY-hankkeen päätavoitteena oli nostaa Suomalaisen musiikkikampuk¬sen henkilöstön musiikkikasvatusteknologiaan liittyvä pedagoginen osaaminen ja asiantuntijuus kansallisesti ja kansainväli...

  8. Kaupunkibrändi ja nuorten matkailumotivaatio Helsingissä ja Kööpenhaminassa

    OpenAIRE

    Liuhto, Laura; Urhola, Johanna

    2014-01-01

    Helsingin kaupungille toimeksiantona tehdyn opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on selvittää matkailumotivaation syitä sekä kaupunkibrändin ja -kulttuurin vaikutuksia matkakohteen valinnassa Helsingissä ja Kööpenhaminassa. Näiden pohjalta tehdään kehitysideoita nuorisomatkailuun Helsingin kaupungille. Työn kohderyhmänä ovat 18–26-vuotiaat nuoret aikuiset matkailijat, joista käytetään tässä työssä nimitystä nuoret. Tietoperustassa käsitellään matkailumotivaatiota ja siihen liittyviä teorioita. Tois...

  9. Rappliance - palautinkisko : uudentyyppisen kuorsauksenestokojeen suunnittelu ja valmistus

    OpenAIRE

    Parikka, Teemu

    2008-01-01

    Opinnäytetyön tarkoitus on perehtyä kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla uniapneakiskoihin ja lopuksi suunnitellaan ja tehdään uudenlainen koje, joka on toimiva, miellyttävä käyttää ja edullinen valmistaa. Työssä selvitetään myös millä periaatteella kuorsauksenestokojeet toimivat ja millainen vaikutus niillä on potilaaseen ja uniapneaan. Työn tavoite on parantaa hammasteknikoiden ja hammaslääkäreiden tietämystä uniapneakiskoista, niiden valmistuksesta, toiminnasta ja siitä miksi niitä tarvitaan. ...

  10. Hoitajien ja vanhempien välinen vuorovaikutus

    OpenAIRE

    HASTRUP, ARJA

    2006-01-01

    Pikkulapsen mielenterveys määritellään lapsen kyvyksi kokea, säädellä ja ilmaista tunteita, muodostaa läheisiä ja turvallisia ihmissuhteita sekä tutkia ympäristöä ja oppia. Vanhempien ohjaus ja varhaisen vuorovaikutuksen tukeminen suojaavat lapsen kehitystä. Työntekijän ja vanhempien välinen hyvä vuorovaikutus on yksi edellytys intervention onnistumiselle, kun halutaan tukea lapsen ja vanhempien välistä vuorovaikutusta. Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli kuvata hoitotyöntekijöiden ja vanhempien...

  11. Kiriku maaomand ja maakasutus Eestis 19. sajandil ja 20. sajandi algul / Tiit Rosenberg

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Rosenberg, Tiit, 1946-

    2013-01-01

    Evangeelse luteriusu kiriku maaomandist Eestis, kirikumaade õiguslikust alusest, suurusest ja struktuurist, kirikumõisate pidamisest, õigeusu kiriku maadest. Kiriku maavaldus oli kujunenud ajalooliselt ja oli Eesti ulatuses piirkonniti suuresti erinev

  12. Euroopa Liidu teadus ja tehnoloogia / Lembo Tanning

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tanning, Lembo

    2001-01-01

    Ilmunud ka: Buhgalterskije Novosti, nr. 7, 2001, lk. 42-47. Euroopa Liidu teaduse ja tehnoloogia areng ja hetkeseis. Tabelid ja diagrammid: töötajate arv EL-i kõrgtehnoloogia majandusharudes ja teadusintensiivses teeninduses; EL-i regioonide uurimis-arengutöödele tehtud kulutused ning patentide arv; EL-i regioonide kõrgtehnoloogia edetabel 1997; uurimis- ja arendustöödele tehtud riiklikud kulutused SKP-st 1998; teaduse ja tehnoloogia inimressursid 1999

  13. Muravskaja ja Nurk Katowices

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2009-01-01

    2. Katowice biennaalil Poolas, mis toimub nime all „The European Constitution. What makes Europe?”, osalevad Eestist Tanja Muravskaja (fotoseeria "Positsioonid", video ja installatsioon "Monumendid") ja Kaarel Nurk (fotoseeria "Mehe aasta")

  14. Kleenexi ja Tampaxi pojad / Urmas Petti

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Petti, Urmas, 1965-2016

    2013-01-01

    Laste ja noorte kasvamisest ja kasvatamisest tänapäeval, nende hakkamasaamisest üha keerulisemaks muutuvas ühiskonnas; autor tsiteerib Jaak Jõerüüti (romaan "Muutlik" 2010) ja kommenteerib argentiina kirjanikku Julio Cortázar'i ja briti kolumnisti võrdlevas usuteaduses Karen Armstrongi (raamat "Jumala ajalugu", orig. "A History of God" 1993)

  15. Macroalgal herbivory on recovering versus degrading coral reefs

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chong-Seng, K. M.; Nash, K. L.; Bellwood, D. R.; Graham, N. A. J.

    2014-06-01

    Macroalgal-feeding fishes are considered to be a key functional group on coral reefs due to their role in preventing phase shifts from coral to macroalgal dominance, and potentially reversing the shift should it occur. However, assessments of macroalgal herbivory using bioassay experiments are primarily from systems with relatively high coral cover. This raises the question of whether continued functionality can be ensured in degraded systems. It is clearly important to determine whether the species that remove macroalgae on coral-dominated reefs will still be present and performing significant algal removal on macroalgal-dominated reefs. We compared the identity and effectiveness of macroalgal-feeding fishes on reefs in two conditions post-disturbance—those regenerating with high live coral cover (20-46 %) and those degrading with high macroalgal cover (57-82 %). Using filmed Sargassum bioassays, we found significantly different Sargassum biomass loss between the two conditions; mean assay weight loss due to herbivory was 27.9 ± 4.9 % on coral-dominated reefs and 2.2 ± 1.1 % on reefs with high macroalgal cover. However, once standardised for the availability of macroalgae on the reefs, the rates of removal were similar between the two reef conditions (4.8 ± 4.1 g m-2 h-1 on coral-dominated and 5.3 ± 2.1 g m-2 h-1 on macroalgal-dominated reefs). Interestingly, the Sargassum-assay consumer assemblages differed between reef conditions; nominally grazing herbivores, Siganus puelloides and Chlorurus sordidus, and the browser , Siganus sutor, dominated feeding on high coral cover reefs, whereas browsing herbivores, Naso elegans, Naso unicornis, and Leptoscarus vaigiensis, prevailed on macroalgal-dominated reefs. It appeared that macroalgal density in the surrounding habitat had a strong influence on the species driving the process of macroalgal removal. This suggests that although the function of macroalgal removal may continue, the species responsible may change

  16. Tapahtumia ja kohtaamisia Otavamediassa

    OpenAIRE

    Hönö, Päivi

    2011-01-01

    Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli Otavamedian tapahtumamarkkinoinnin kehittäminen vastaamaan tämän päivän haasteisiin. Tutkimuskysymyksenä oli, mikä on brändin rooli tapahtumamarkkinoinnissa, kun huomioidaan alaan vaikuttavat trendit ja muuttunut kilpailuympäristö. Opinnäytetyö liittyi Otavamedian myynti- ja markkinointiorganisaatioon. Koska kysymys on kyseisten tahojen yhteistyöstä, etsittiin opinnäytetyössä vastauksia seuraaviin kysymyksiin: mikä on tapahtumamarkkinoinnin rooli myynti- ja markk...

  17. Knowledge of Arthropod Carnivory and Herbivory: Factors Influencing Preservice Elementary Teacher's Attitudes and Beliefs toward Arthropods

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wagler, Ron; Wagler, Amy

    2013-01-01

    Human negativity toward arthropods has been well documented but the factors that contribute to this negativity have been elusive. This study explored knowledge of arthropod carnivory and herbivory as possible casual factors that contribute to the negative tendencies preservice elementary teachers have toward most arthropods. Specifically, this…

  18. Sõprusest ja armastusest / Kristi Paap

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Paap, Kristi

    2011-01-01

    Eesti, läti ja leedu keraamikanäitus "Družba narodov ehk rahvaste sõprus" Eesti Tarbekunsti- ja Disainimuuseumis 10. aprillini 2011. 15 osalejat loetletud. Domilė Ragauskaitė (Leedu), Tõnis Kriisa, Ingrid Alliku ja Tiina Kaljuste töödest. Leo Rohlini fragmentaarium " Nokturn" Tallinnas galeriis Hop 22. veebr. 2011

  19. Energeetikast ja maagaasist / Einari Kisel

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kisel, Einari, 1972-

    2007-01-01

    Maagaasi osa Eesti energiabilansis on kasvanud 10,8%-lt 1995.a. 15,5%-ni 2005. a. Regionaalse gaasituru arengu mõju Eestile: Läänemerre kavandatav Venemaa ja Saksamaa gaasitoru, Eesti ja Soome vahelise gaasitoru Balticconnector uuringud, kaugemates plaanides Balti regiooni vedelgaasi terminali rajamine, uute maagaasi hoidlate rajamine Lätisse ja Leetu

  20. Tutkintavankien olot ja oikeuksien toteutuminen

    OpenAIRE

    Rantala, Kati; Tyni, Sasu; Koskenniemi, Lauri; Liimatainen, Anu; Kääriäinen, Henri

    2017-01-01

    Kriminologian ja oikeuspolitiikan instituutin tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu tutkintavankien oloja ja oikeuksien toteutumista. Analyysi perustuu tutkintavangeille suunnattuun lomakekyselyyn, joka toteutettiin syksyllä 2015. Suurin osa vastaajista oli yleisesti ottaen tyytyväisiä oloihinsa, oikeuksiensa toteutumiseen ja toimintamahdollisuuksiin tutkintavankilassa. Toisaalta vakaviakin puutteita ilmeni, eli tulosten mukaan tutkintavankien asemassa on runsaasti korjaamisen varaa. Moneen tutkimukse...

  1. X-Ray Bursts from NGC 6652

    Science.gov (United States)

    Morgan, Edward

    The possibly transient X-ray Source in the globular cluster NGC 6652 has been seen by BeppoSax and the ASM on RXTE to undergo X-ray bursts, possibly Type I. Very little is known about this X-ray source, and confirmation of its bursts type-I nature would identify it as a neutron star binary. Type I bursts in 6 other sources have been shown to exhibit intervals of millisecond ocsillation that most likely indicate the neutron star spin period. Radius-expansion bursts can reveal information about the mass and size of the neutron star. We propose to use the ASM to trigger an observation of this source to maximize the probability of catching a burst in the PCA.

  2. Transitions to Synchrony in Coupled Bursting Neurons

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dhamala, Mukeshwar; Jirsa, Viktor K.; Ding, Mingzhou

    2004-01-01

    Certain cells in the brain, for example, thalamic neurons during sleep, show spike-burst activity. We study such spike-burst neural activity and the transitions to a synchronized state using a model of coupled bursting neurons. In an electrically coupled network, we show that the increase of coupling strength increases incoherence first and then induces two different transitions to synchronized states, one associated with bursts and the other with spikes. These sequential transitions to synchronized states are determined by the zero crossings of the maximum transverse Lyapunov exponents. These results suggest that synchronization of spike-burst activity is a multi-time-scale phenomenon and burst synchrony is a precursor to spike synchrony.

  3. Transitions to synchrony in coupled bursting neurons

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dhamala, Mukeshwar; Jirsa, Viktor K.; Ding Mingzhou

    2004-01-01

    Certain cells in the brain, for example, thalamic neurons during sleep, show spike-burst activity. We study such spike-burst neural activity and the transitions to a synchronized state using a model of coupled bursting neurons. In an electrically coupled network, we show that the increase of coupling strength increases incoherence first and then induces two different transitions to synchronized states, one associated with bursts and the other with spikes. These sequential transitions to synchronized states are determined by the zero crossings of the maximum transverse Lyapunov exponents. These results suggest that synchronization of spike-burst activity is a multi-time-scale phenomenon and burst synchrony is a precursor to spike synchrony

  4. Intermediate herbivory intensity of an aboveground pest promotes soil labile resources and microbial biomass via modifying rice growth

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Huang, J.; Liu, M.; Chen, X.; Chen, J.; Chen, F.; Li, H.; Hu, F.

    2013-01-01

    The importance of aboveground herbivores for modifying belowground ecosystems has prompted numerous studies; however, studies can be biased by context dependent conditions which lead to extremely inconsistent results. So far, the impacts of herbivory inte

  5. Kuuntele ja osallistu - Sosiaalinen media myynnin ja markkinoinnin tukena

    OpenAIRE

    Lönnblad, Hanna

    2010-01-01

    Sosiaalinen media on tullut jäädäkseen. Viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana IRC-Gallerian, Habbo Hotelin ja Facebookin kaltaiset palvelut ovat omineet itselleen kasvavan osan nykyihmisen ajankäytöstä niin töissä, kouluissa kuin vapaa-ajalla. Sosiaalisen median palveluita pidetään teinien leikkipaikkoina, mutta tosiasiassa uusi media tarjoaa rajattomasti potentiaalia myös yritystoiminnan kehittämiseen ja kasvattamiseen kaiken-kokoisille yrityksille. Virtuaalista maailmaa ei tule väheksyä. Opi...

  6. Resignatsioonis ja lootuses / Paul-Eerik Rummo

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Rummo, Paul-Eerik, 1942-

    2010-01-01

    Ettekanne kodu- ja väliseesti kirjanike kohtumisel Helsingi Ülikoolis 15.-16. mail 1989. Poliitikast ja kirjandusest, Nõukogude Eesti kirjandusest. Artur Alliksaare, Uku Masingu ja Kersi Merilaasi loomingust

  7. FutisFun - Liikuntatapahtuman suunnittelu ja toteutus

    OpenAIRE

    Rasmus, Rebecca; Järvelä, Jenny

    2017-01-01

    Tämä opinnäytetyö toteutettiin kahden opiskelijan yhteistyönä. Toinen tekijöistä opiskelee ammattikorkeakoulu Arcadassa ja toinen Haaga-Helian ammattikorkeakoulussa. Työstä on tehty Arcadan vaatimusten mukaisesti myös ruotsinkielinen pidempi tiivistelmä, joka on työn lopussa liitteenä. Opinnäytetyössä perehdytään tapahtuman järjestämiseen ja markkinointiin sekä lasten ja nuorten motivointiin, ja työssä suunnitellaan ja toteutetaan jalkapallotapahtuma 5-12 – vuotiaille tytöille. Opinnäyte...

  8. Laadun- ja riskienhallinta johtamisjärjestelmässä ISO 9001:2015 ja ISO 31000:2009 mukaisesti

    OpenAIRE

    Reinvall, Niko; Karhunen, Joonas

    2015-01-01

    Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on tarkastella riskienhallinnan ja laadunhallintajärjestelmien suhdetta ISO 9001:2015 ja ISO 31000:2009-standardien viitekehyksessä, tutkimuskysymyksen ollessa ”miten ja miksi integroida ISO 9001 mukaista laadunhallintaa ja ISO 31000 mukaista riskienhallintaa organisaation johtamisjärjestelmään”. Lisäksi työssä tarkastellaan standardien välisiä yhtymäkohtia ja riskienhallinnan merkitystä ISO 9001:2015 mukaisessa laadunhallintajärjestelmässä. Työn tilaaja...

  9. The Second SWIFT Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sakamoto, T.; Barthelmy, S. D.; Baumgartner, W. H.; Cummings, J. R.; Fenimore, E. E.; Gehrels, N.; Krimm, H. A.; Markwardt, C. B.; Palmer, D. M.; Parsons, A. M.; hide

    2012-01-01

    We present the second Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) catalog of gamma-ray bursts. (GRBs), which contains 476 bursts detected by the BAT between 2004 December 19 and 2009 December 21. This catalog (hereafter the BAT2 catalog) presents burst trigger time, location, 90% error radius, duration, fluence, peak flux, time-averaged spectral parameters and time-resolved spectral parameters measured by the BAT. In the correlation study of various observed parameters extracted from the BAT prompt emission data, we distinguish among long-duration GRBs (L-GRBs), short-duration GRBs (S-GRBs), and short-duration GRBs with extended emission (S-GRBs with E.E.) to investigate differences in the prompt emission properties. The fraction of L-GRBs, S-GRBs and S-GRBs with E.E. in the catalog are 89%, 8% and 2% respectively. We compare the BAT prompt emission properties with the BATSE, BeppoSAX and HETE-2 GRB samples.. We also correlate the observed prompt emission properties with the redshifts for the GRBs with known redshift. The BAT T(sub 90) and T(sub 50) durations peak at 70 s and 30 s, respectively. We confirm that the spectra of the BAT S-GRBs are generally harder than those of the L-GRBs.

  10. Stimulus induced bursts in severe postanoxic encephalopathy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tjepkema-Cloostermans, Marleen C; Wijers, Elisabeth T; van Putten, Michel J A M

    2016-11-01

    To report on a distinct effect of auditory and sensory stimuli on the EEG in comatose patients with severe postanoxic encephalopathy. In two comatose patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with severe postanoxic encephalopathy and burst-suppression EEG, we studied the effect of external stimuli (sound and touch) on the occurrence of bursts. In patient A bursts could be induced by either auditory or sensory stimuli. In patient B bursts could only be induced by touching different facial regions (forehead, nose and chin). When stimuli were presented with relatively long intervals, bursts persistently followed the stimuli, while stimuli with short intervals (encephalopathy can be induced by external stimuli, resulting in stimulus-dependent burst-suppression. Stimulus induced bursts should not be interpreted as prognostic favourable EEG reactivity. Copyright © 2016 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Stellar Sources of Gamma-ray Bursts

    OpenAIRE

    Luchkov, B. I.

    2011-01-01

    Correlation analysis of Swift gamma-ray burst coordinates and nearby star locations (catalog Gliese) reveals 4 coincidences with good angular accuracy. The random probability is 4\\times 10^{-5}, so evidencing that coincident stars are indeed gamma-ray burst sources. Some additional search of stellar gamma-ray bursts is discussed.

  12. Piip ja Tuut ootavad Amarillosse ja Coca-Cola Plazasse perepäevale

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2004-01-01

    Kord kuus, septembrist 2004 kuni 2005.a. maini korraldatavatest perepäevadest. C-C Plazas on perepäevade ajal kavas eriprogramm ja enne või pärast filmi on pered oodatud Viru hotelli restorani Amarillo, kus kavas spetsiaalne lasteprogramm klounidelt Piip ja Tuut

  13. Interjööri kujunduse ja moekunsti seosed ja vastasmõjud / Jane Kukk

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kukk, Jane

    2011-01-01

    Teoreetilise uurimuse eesmärgiks oli vaadelda disaini laiemalt, kõrvutades moe- ja interjööridisaini, looduskeskkonna, sotsiaalpoliitilise ja kultuuriruumi mõjutusi sellele ning jõudes järeldusele, et kõik disaini valdkonnad on tänu disainimise protsessi samale mudelile sarnased, on omavahel seotud ja võivad üksteist mõjutada, eriti tingimustes, kus moetööstus on laiendanud oma tegevust interjööri valdkonda, soovides luua terviklikku elustiili paketti tänapäeva tarbimisühiskonnas

  14. Neutrino burst identification in underground detectors

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fulgione, W.; Mengotti-Silva, N.; Panaro, L.

    1996-01-01

    We discuss the problem of neutrino burst identification in underground ν-telescopes. First the usual statistical analysis based on the time structure of the events is reviewed, with special attention to the statistical significance of burst candidates. Next, we propose a second level analysis that can provide independent confirmation of burst detection. This exploits the spatial distribution of the single events of a burst candidate, and uses the formalism of the entropy of information. Examples of both techniques are shown, based on the LVD experiment at Gran Sasso. (orig.)

  15. Kasvukeskkond ja andekus / Marika Veisson

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Veisson, Marika, 1949-

    2001-01-01

    Imikute ja väikelastega läbi viidud longituuduuringu eesmärgiks oli välja selgitada kasvukeskkonna faktorite mõju väikelapse intellekti arengule. Töös osalesid professorid M. Vikat, V. Kolga, teadur A. Vikat, doktor E. Tomberg, magistrandid M. Laane, K. Nugin ja I. Tuisk ning V. Vallner ja A. Veber

  16. Igal pool ja mitte kuskil / Piibe Piirma

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Piirma, Piibe

    2006-01-01

    Võrgu- ehk netikunsti ajaloost ja arengust. Korea kunstniku Nam June Paiki, Vene kunstnike Aleksei Shulgini ja Olja Ljalina, hollandi fotograafi Joan Heemskerk'i, belgia kunstniku Dirk Paesmans'i, sloveeni kunstnike Vuk Cosic'i ja Marko Pelijhan'i, kanada kunstniku Robert Adrian X-i, saksa kunstnike Wolfgang Staehle, Rena Tangens'i ja Cornelia Sollfranki tegevusest. Šveitsi kunstirühmituse "Etoy" performance'ist "Toywar". Lühidalt eesti võrgukunstist, Mare Tralla ja Tiia Johannsoni tegevusest. Repliigid Heie Treierilt ja Raivo Kelomehelt

  17. Swift: A gamma ray burst MIDEX

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Barthelmy, Scott

    2001-01-01

    Swift is a first of its kind multiwavelength transient observatory for gamma-ray burst astronomy. It has the optimum capabilities for the next breakthroughs in determining the origin of gamma-ray bursts and their afterglows as well as using bursts to probe the early Universe. Swift will also perform the first sensitive hard X-ray survey of the sky. The mission is being developed by an international collaboration and consists of three instruments, the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), the X-ray Telescope (XRT), and the Ultraviolet and Optical Telescope (UVOT). The BAT, a wide-field gamma-ray detector, will detect ∼1 gamma-ray burst per day with a sensitivity 5 times that of BATSE. The sensitive narrow-field XRT and UVOT will be autonomously slewed to the burst location in 20 to 70 seconds to determine 0.3-5.0 arcsec positions and perform optical, UV, and X-ray spectrophotometry. On-board measurements of redshift will also be done for hundreds of bursts. Swift will incorporate superb, low-cost instruments using existing flight-spare hardware and designs. Strong education/public outreach and follow-up programs will help to engage the public and astronomical community. Swift has been selected by NASA for development and launch in late 2003

  18. SGR J1550-5418 Bursts Detected with the Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor during Its Most Prolific Activity

    Science.gov (United States)

    vanderHorst, A. J.; Kouveliotou, C.; Gorgone, N. M.; Kaneko, Y.; Baring, M. G.; Guiriec, S.; Gogus, E,; Granot, J.; Watts, A. L.; Lin, L.; hide

    2012-01-01

    We have performed detailed temporal and time-integrated spectral analysis of 286 bursts from SGR J1550-5418 detected with the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) in 2009 January, resulting in the largest uniform sample of temporal and spectral properties of SGR J1550-5418 bursts. We have used the combination of broadband and high time-resolution data provided with GBM to perform statistical studies for the source properties.We determine the durations, emission times, duty cycles, and rise times for all bursts, and find that they are typical of SGR bursts. We explore various models in our spectral analysis, and conclude that the spectra of SGR J15505418 bursts in the 8-200 keV band are equally well described by optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung (OTTB), a power law (PL) with an exponential cutoff (Comptonized model), and two blackbody (BB) functions (BB+BB). In the spectral fits with the Comptonized model, we find a mean PL index of -0.92, close to the OTTB index of -1. We show that there is an anti-correlation between the Comptonized E(sub peak) and the burst fluence and average flux. For the BB+BBfits, we find that the fluences and emission areas of the two BB functions are correlated. The low-temperature BB has an emission area comparable to the neutron star surface area, independent of the temperature, while the high temperature BB has a much smaller area and shows an anti-correlation between emission area and temperature.We compare the properties of these bursts with bursts observed from other SGR sources during extreme activations, and discuss the implications of our results in the context of magnetar burst models.

  19. INTEGRAL monitoring of unusually long X-ray bursts

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    of the accreted material, these bursts may be explained by either the unstable burning of a large pile of mixed hydrogen and helium, or the ignition of a thick pure helium layer. Long duration bursts are particularly expected at very low accretion rates and make possible to study the transition from a hydrogen......Thermonuclear bursts on the surface of accreting neutron stars in low mass X-ray binaries have been studied for many years and have in a few cases confirmed theoretical models of nuclear ignition and burning mechanisms. The large majority of X-ray bursts last less than 100s. A good number......-rich bursting regime to a pure helium regime. Moreover, a handful of long bursts have shown, before the extended decay phase, an initial spike similar to a normal short X-ray burst. Such twofold bursts might be a sort of link between short and super-bursts, where the premature ignition of a carbon layer could...

  20. Bursting synchronization in scale-free networks

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Batista, C.A.S.; Batista, A.M.; Pontes, J.C.A. de; Lopes, S.R.; Viana, R.L.

    2009-01-01

    Neuronal networks in some areas of the brain cortex present the scale-free property, i.e., the neuron connectivity is distributed according to a power-law, such that neurons are more likely to couple with other already well-connected ones. Neuron activity presents two timescales, a fast one related to action-potential spiking, and a slow timescale in which bursting takes place. Some pathological conditions are related with the synchronization of the bursting activity in a weak sense, meaning the adjustment of the bursting phase due to coupling. Hence it has been proposed that an externally applied time-periodic signal be applied in order to control undesirable synchronized bursting rhythms. We investigated this kind of intervention using a two-dimensional map to describe neurons with spiking-bursting activity in a scale-free network.

  1. Ilves sõitis Saksamaale ja Hollandisse

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2007-01-01

    President Toomas Hendrik Ilves sõitis töövisiidile Saksamaale ja Hollandisse. President osaleb Berliinis konverentsil "Kontinentide konkurents - tulevikku kujundavad Saksamaa ja Euroopa" ning kohtub Saksamaa parlamendisaadikutega. Haagis kohtuvad T. H. Ilves ja proua Evelin Ilves Madalmaade kuninganna Beatrix'i, välisminister Maxime Jacques Marcel Verhageni ja Haagi linnapeaga ning külastavad dirigent Neeme Järvi 70. sünnipäeva kontserti

  2. Kirjutamisest ja kirjutamise õpetamisest / Anne Uusen

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Uusen, Anne

    2001-01-01

    Kirjutamise olemusest, kirjutamise motiveerimisest, kirjutamise (õpetamise ja õppimise) eesmärgid ja ülesanded. 1998/2000 õa. jooksul täienduskoolituses ja kaugõppes õppivate algklassiõpetajate hulgas läbi viidud küsitlusest, eesmärgiga uurida, mida õpetajad kirjutamise juures tähtsaks peavad, milliseid kirjutamisülesandeid nad õpilastele annavad ning milline on õpetajate enesehinnang oma koolitusele ja teadmistele kirjutamisest

  3. Paraproletariaat ja vilets Valgre / Sandra Jõgeva

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Jõgeva, Sandra, 1976-

    2008-01-01

    Eesti Kunstiakadeemia interdistsiplinaarsete kunstide osakonna ning Pärnu filmi- ja videofestivali alternatiivkino "Le Cinema Extraordinaire" (kuraatorid Erik Alalooga ja Ville-Karel Viirelaid) Tallinnas Nongrata Kunstikonteineris kultuuritehases Polymer 1.-22. II. Minna Hindi autoriõhtu (filmid "Kolm pilti elust ja ajast" ning "Sees või väljas") ja Jaan-Jürgen Klausi filmid "Sinitäheke" (peategelane Erkki Hüva) ning "Erakpoeet Marko Kompus"

  4. BATSE/OSSE Rapid Burst Response

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Matz, S. M; Grove, J. E; Johnson, W. N; Kurfess, J. D; Share, G. H; Fishman, G. J; Meegan, Charles A

    1995-01-01

    ...) slew the OSSE detectors to burst locations determined on-board by BATSE. This enables OSSE to make sensitive searches for prompt and delayed post-burst line and continuum emission above 50 keV...

  5. Some polarization features of solar microwave bursts

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Uralov, A M; Nefed' ev, V P [AN SSSR, Irkutsk. Sibirskij Inst. Zemnogo Magnetizma Ionosfery i Rasprostraneniya Radiovoln

    1977-01-01

    Consequences of the thermal microwave burst model proposed earlier have been considered. According to the model the centimeter burst is generated at the heat propagation to the upper atmosphere. The polarization features of the burst are explained: a change of the polarization sign in a frequency range, a rapid change of the polarization sign in the development of a burst at a fixed frequency, a lack of time coincidence of the moments of the burst maximum of the polarization and of the total flux. From the model the consequences are obtained, which are still not confirmed by experiment. An ordinary-type wave prevails in the burst radiation, in the course of which the polarization degree falls on the ascending branch of bursts development. At the change of the polarization sign at the fixed frequency prior to the sign change an ordinary-type wave should be present in excess and later an extreordinary type wave.

  6. Tolerance to deer herbivory and resistance to insect herbivores in the common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Puentes, A; Johnson, M T J

    2016-01-01

    The evolution of plant defence in response to herbivory will depend on the fitness effects of damage, availability of genetic variation and potential ecological and genetic constraints on defence. Here, we examine the potential for evolution of tolerance to deer herbivory in Oenothera biennis while simultaneously considering resistance to natural insect herbivores. We examined (i) the effects of deer damage on fitness, (ii) the presence of genetic variation in tolerance and resistance, (iii) selection on tolerance, (iv) genetic correlations with resistance that could constrain evolution of tolerance and (v) plant traits that might predict defence. In a field experiment, we simulated deer damage occurring early and late in the season, recorded arthropod abundances, flowering phenology and measured growth rate and lifetime reproduction. Our study showed that deer herbivory has a negative effect on fitness, with effects being more pronounced for late-season damage. Selection acted to increase tolerance to deer damage, yet there was low and nonsignificant genetic variation in this trait. In contrast, there was substantial genetic variation in resistance to insect herbivores. Resistance was genetically uncorrelated with tolerance, whereas positive genetic correlations in resistance to insect herbivores suggest there exists diffuse selection on resistance traits. In addition, growth rate and flowering time did not predict variation in tolerance, but flowering phenology was genetically correlated with resistance. Our results suggest that deer damage has the potential to exert selection because browsing reduces plant fitness, but limited standing genetic variation in tolerance is expected to constrain adaptive evolution in O. biennis. © 2015 European Society For Evolutionary Biology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2015 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.

  7. Eesti ja USA sõlmisid kokkuleppe

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2017-01-01

    Kaitseminister Margus Tsahkna ja Ameerika Ühendriikide suursaadik Eestis James Melville allkirjastasid Eesti ja USA kaitsekoostöö kokkuleppe, mis hakkab reguleerima Eestis viibivate USA relvajõudude liikmete, nende pereliikmete ja lepinglaste õiguslikku staatust

  8. Gamma Ray Bursts-Afterglows and Counterparts

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fishman, Gerald J

    1998-01-01

    Several breakthrough discoveries were made last year of x-ray, optical and radio afterglows and counterparts to gamma-ray bursts, and a redshift has been associated with at least one of these. These discoveries were made possible by the fast, accurate gamma-ray burst locations of the BeppoSAX satellite. It is now generally believed that the burst sources are at cosmological distances and that they represent the most powerful explosions in the Universe. These observations also open new possibilities for the study of early star formation, the physics of extreme conditions and perhaps even cosmology. This session will concentrate on recent x-ray, optical and radio afterglow observations of gamma-ray bursts, associated redshift measurements, and counterpart observations. Several review and theory talks will also be presented, along with a summary of the astrophysical implications of the observations. There will be additional poster contributions on observations of gamma-ray burst source locations at wavelengths other than gamma rays. Posters are also solicited that describe new observational capabilities for rapid follow-up observations of gamma-ray bursts.

  9. Võrdlev brändiuuring : NKB, Tallinn 2007 ja NPNK, Tallinn ja Tartu 2005 : noor kunst / Andreas Trossek

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Trossek, Andreas, 1980-

    2007-01-01

    Noorte kunstnike biennaal (NKB) "Tagajärjed ja ettepanekud" Tallinnas Rüütelkonna hoones, kuraatorid Rael Artel ja Anneli Porri, korraldaja Kaasaegse Kunsti Eesti Keskus. Noortepanga reklaam (NPNK) Tallinnas ja Tartus 2005. aastal

  10. Kõlblus ja kõlbavus / Jüri Hain

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Hain, Jüri, 1941-

    1998-01-01

    20. saj. alguse eesti kunstist ja kirjandusest, mida on peetud moraalituks. Kunstis: A. Weizenbergi skulptuurid "Koit" ja "Hämarik", A. Vabbe akvarell "Daam boas" ja E. Wiiralti graafiline leht "Susanna". Kriitikute vastakatest seisukohtadest kõlbluse ja kõlbavuse kohta

  11. Lumelinnad Kemis ja Rovaniemis / Rael Artel

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Artel, Rael, 1980-

    2004-01-01

    Veebruari algul avati Soomes Rovaniemis ja Kemis lume- ja jääskulptuuri park "The Snow Show". Kuraator New Yorgi galerist Lance Fung. Osalenud kunstnikud ja arhitektid (Zaha Hadid, Juhani Pallasmaa, Anish Kapoor, Tadao Ando jt.)

  12. Ooperimaailmast siit ja sealt / Tiiu Levald

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Levald, Tiiu, 1940-

    2016-01-01

    Lavastustest „Reekviem… ja elu enne” ja „Jevgeni Onegin” (Brigitta festival), „Lendav Hollandlane” (RO Estonia), „Tsaari mõrsja” ja „Kahe pealinna duett” (Helikon-Ooper Estonias) ning „Madama Butterfly” (Läti RO)

  13. Uni, internet ja alkohol / Merike Sisask

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Sisask, Merike, 1968-

    2011-01-01

    2009. aastal Tallinna üldhariduskoolide 8. ja 9. klasside õpilaste hulgas läbiviidud uuringust, mis sisaldas küsimusi noorte tervise- ja riskikäitumise ning sellega seotud hoiakute ja väärtushinnangute kohta

  14. Helpotusta hallux valgukseen! : 8 viikon harjoitusohjelman ja kinesioteippauksen vaikutus hallux valgus virheasentoon, koettuun kipuun ja toimintakykyyn

    OpenAIRE

    Uusihaka, Noora; Hiirikoski, Joonas

    2013-01-01

    Hallux valgus eli vaivaisenluu on yleinen jalkaterän toimintahäiriö, jota esiintyy jopa 25 prosentilla ihmisistä. Usein hallux valgus on kivulias ja vaikuttaa toimintakykyyn ja elämänlaatuun negatiivisesti. Jalkaterän toimintahäiriöt, jotka aiheuttavat hallux valgusta, ovat usein seurausta jalkaterän lihasten alentuneesta lihasvoimasta ja –kontrollista. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on tuottaa tietoa hallux valguksen yleisyydestä, sen etiologisista tekijöistä ja konservatiivisen hoidon mahd...

  15. Alguses oli Arvo Pärdi muusika ja siis tulid Jalakas ja videokunstnikud / Tiiu Laks

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Laks, Tiiu, 1984-

    2010-01-01

    Tõnu Kaljuste ja Peeter Jalaka lavastusest "Alguses oli", lavastuse aluseks Arvo Pärdi teosed "In Principio" ja "Miserere", 17. augustil Noblesse valukojas toimunud etendusest, muusikaline juht Tõnu Kaljuste

  16. SGR J1550-5418 BURSTS DETECTED WITH THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY BURST MONITOR DURING ITS MOST PROLIFIC ACTIVITY

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Van der Horst, A. J.; Finger, M. H. [Universities Space Research Association, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 (United States); Kouveliotou, C. [Space Science Office, VP62, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 (United States); Gorgone, N. M. [Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320 (United States); Kaneko, Y.; Goegues, E.; Lin, L. [Sabanc Latin-Small-Letter-Dotless-I University, Orhanl Latin-Small-Letter-Dotless-I -Tuzla, Istanbul 34956 (Turkey); Baring, M. G. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, MS-108, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251 (United States); Guiriec, S.; Bhat, P. N.; Chaplin, V. L.; Goldstein, A. [University of Alabama, Huntsville, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35805 (United States); Granot, J. [Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904 (Israel); Watts, A. L. [Astronomical Institute ' Anton Pannekoek' , University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, 1090 GE Amsterdam (Netherlands); Bissaldi, E.; Gruber, D. [Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, Postfach 1312, 85748 Garching (Germany); Gehrels, N.; Harding, A. K. [NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (United States); Gibby, M. H.; Giles, M. M., E-mail: A.J.VanDerHorst@uva.nl [Jacobs Technology, Inc., Huntsville, AL (United States); and others

    2012-04-20

    We have performed detailed temporal and time-integrated spectral analysis of 286 bursts from SGR J1550-5418 detected with the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) in 2009 January, resulting in the largest uniform sample of temporal and spectral properties of SGR J1550-5418 bursts. We have used the combination of broadband and high time-resolution data provided with GBM to perform statistical studies for the source properties. We determine the durations, emission times, duty cycles, and rise times for all bursts, and find that they are typical of SGR bursts. We explore various models in our spectral analysis, and conclude that the spectra of SGR J1550-5418 bursts in the 8-200 keV band are equally well described by optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung (OTTB), a power law (PL) with an exponential cutoff (Comptonized model), and two blackbody (BB) functions (BB+BB). In the spectral fits with the Comptonized model, we find a mean PL index of -0.92, close to the OTTB index of -1. We show that there is an anti-correlation between the Comptonized E{sub peak} and the burst fluence and average flux. For the BB+BB fits, we find that the fluences and emission areas of the two BB functions are correlated. The low-temperature BB has an emission area comparable to the neutron star surface area, independent of the temperature, while the high-temperature BB has a much smaller area and shows an anti-correlation between emission area and temperature. We compare the properties of these bursts with bursts observed from other SGR sources during extreme activations, and discuss the implications of our results in the context of magnetar burst models.

  17. [Max Weber. Poliitika kui elukutse ja kutsumus. Teadus kui elukutse ja kutsumus] / Hermo Kuusk

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kuusk, Hermo, 1976-

    2011-01-01

    Tutvustus: Weber, Max. Poliitika kui elukutse ja kutsumus ; Teadus kui elukutse ja kutsumus / tõlkijad: Jaan Isotamm, Henn Käärik, Kaia Sisask. Tallinn : TLU Press, 2010. (Bibliotheca controversiarum)

  18. Kierkegaard, religioon ja eksistentsialism / Haljand Udam

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Udam, Haljand, 1936-2005

    1999-01-01

    Taani filosoofist ja teoloogist Soren Kierkegaardist (1818-1855) ja tema raamatust "Kartus ja värin". Raamatu eesti keelde tõlkija artikkel. Ilmunud ka kogumikus: Udam, Haljand. Maagid, filosoofid, poliitikud. Tallinn : Perioodika, 2002, lk. 39-44. (Loomingu Raamatukogu)

  19. Lojaalsed kliendid ja suhete loomine / Katrin Aedma

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Aedma, Katrin

    2007-01-01

    Teenindust käsitlevate raamatute tutvustus. Seth Godini "Nõusolekuturundus: kuidas muuta võõraid sõpradeks ja sõpru klientideks", Kaj Storbacka ja Jarmo R. Lehtineni "Klientsuse reeglid või tants klientide pilli järgi" ja Frederick F. Reichheldi "Lojaalsuse reeglid. Kuidas edukad juhid loovad kestvaid töö- ja kliendisuhteid". Lisad: Eksimused ja surmapatud teeninduses!; Sellest, mida sa tead, pole kasu, kui sa seda ei kasuta!

  20. Liikematkustuksen ja matkatoimistopalvelujen tarpeiden kohtaaminen

    OpenAIRE

    Leppälä, Susanna

    2014-01-01

    Tässä tutkimuksessa perehdytetään liikematkailuun ja sen erityispiirteisiin matkatoimistopalvelujen näkökulmasta. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tutkia matkatoimistopalvelujen ja liikematkailun kohtaamista erityisesti palvelujen käyttäjien näkökulmasta. Mitä liikematkustuksen varaajat todella arvostavat liikematkatoimiston palveluissa ja miten liikematkustuspalveluiden tulisi kehittyä jotta ne vastaisivat tulevaisuuden liikematkustajien tarpeita? Teoriaosuus koostuu liikematkailun, palvel...

  1. Jan ja Ken - vennad disainerid ja sisearhitektid / Jan Joonas Graps, Ken-Kristjan Ruut ; intervjueerinud Tanel Veenre

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Graps, Jan Joonas, 1972-

    2009-01-01

    Jan Joonas Grapsi ja Ken-Kristjan Ruuduga nende loomingust ja kujundamispõhimõtetest. 2004. a. asutasid vennad oma sisearhitektuuri ja disainiga tegeleva firma Jan & Ken OÜ. Pälvisid Eesti Sisearhitektide Liidu 2008. aasta parima ühiskondliku interjööri preemia, EXPO 2010 Eesti paviljoni võistlusel 2. koha

  2. Ohjaamisen ja opettamisen välimaastossa

    OpenAIRE

    Vesalainen, Anne-Maria

    2012-01-01

    Opinnäytetyössä tarkastellaan ohjaamisen ja opettamisen suhdetta opiskelijaryhmälähtöisessä musiikkiteatterin valmistumisprosessissa. Taidepedagogiikan näkemykset soveltuvat sekä ohjaamiselle että opettamiselle. Keskeistä ovat opiskelijalähtöisyys ja konstruktivistinen oppimiskäsitys Opettaja tai ohjaaja auttaa opiskelijan luovuutta ja oppimista. Opinnäytetyössä tarkastellaan Seurakuntaopiston Artistiluokkien (2010 ja 2011) musiikkiteatteriesitysten Stalkatut elämät (20...

  3. Toimitila-, palo- ja pelastusturvallisuus majoitusyrityksessä

    OpenAIRE

    Pajunen, Touko

    2010-01-01

    Opinnäytetyö tehtiin erään Etelä-Savossa sijaitsevan hotellin hotellipäällikön toimeksiannosta. Työn tavoitteena oli kerätä tietoperusta toimitila-, palo- ja pelastusturvallisuudesta, ja laatia sen pohjalta turvallisuuskatsaus kyseisessä hotellissa. Turvallisuuskatsauksen tavoitteena oli nostaa esiin mahdollisia toimitila-, palo- ja pelastusturvallisuuteen liittyviä epäkohtia ja ehdottaa niihin ratkaisuja. Turvallisuuskatsaus koostui kahdesta tutkimuksesta. Ensimmäisessä arvioitiin toimit...

  4. THE FIVE YEAR FERMI/GBM MAGNETAR BURST CATALOG

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Collazzi, A. C. [SciTec, Inc., 100 Wall Street, Princeton, NJ 08540 (United States); Kouveliotou, C.; Horst, A. J. van der; Younes, G. A. [Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20052 (United States); Kaneko, Y.; Göğüş, E. [Sabancı University, Orhanlı-Tuzla, İstanbul 34956 (Turkey); Lin, L. [François Arago Centre, APC, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris (France); Granot, J. [Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, P.O. Box 808, Raanana 43537 (Israel); Finger, M. H. [Universities Space Research Association, NSSTC, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805 (United States); Chaplin, V. L. [School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Avenue S, Nashville, TN 37232 (United States); Huppenkothen, D. [Center for Data Science, New York University, 726 Broadway, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10003 (United States); Watts, A. L. [Anton Pannekoek Institute, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, 1090 GE Amsterdam (Netherlands); Kienlin, A. von [Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse 1, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Baring, M. G. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, MS-108, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251 (United States); Gruber, D. [Planetarium Südtirol, Gummer 5, I-39053 Karneid (Italy); Bhat, P. N. [CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899 (United States); Gibby, M. H., E-mail: acollazzi@scitec.com [Jacobs Technology, Inc., Huntsville, AL (United States); and others

    2015-05-15

    Since launch in 2008, the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has detected many hundreds of bursts from magnetar sources. While the vast majority of these bursts have been attributed to several known magnetars, there is also a small sample of magnetar-like bursts of unknown origin. Here, we present the Fermi/GBM magnetar catalog, providing the results of the temporal and spectral analyses of 440 magnetar bursts with high temporal and spectral resolution. This catalog covers the first five years of GBM magnetar observations, from 2008 July to 2013 June. We provide durations, spectral parameters for various models, fluences, and peak fluxes for all the bursts, as well as a detailed temporal analysis for SGR J1550–5418 bursts. Finally, we suggest that some of the bursts of unknown origin are associated with the newly discovered magnetar 3XMM J185246.6+0033.7.

  5. Hierarchic Analysis Method to Evaluate Rock Burst Risk

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ming Ji

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available In order to reasonably evaluate the risk of rock bursts in mines, the factors impacting rock bursts and the existing grading criterion on the risk of rock bursts were studied. By building a model of hierarchic analysis method, the natural factors, technology factors, and management factors that influence rock bursts were analyzed and researched, which determined the degree of each factor’s influence (i.e., weight and comprehensive index. Then the grade of rock burst risk was assessed. The results showed that the assessment level generated by the model accurately reflected the actual risk degree of rock bursts in mines. The model improved the maneuverability and practicability of existing evaluation criteria and also enhanced the accuracy and science of rock burst risk assessment.

  6. Pornograafia, kunst ja tsensuur / Katrina Sirelpuu

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Sirelpuu, Katrina

    2011-01-01

    Lõputöös uuritakse seksikultuuri, selle erinevaid tahke ja vorme ajaloos, samuti kust läheb erinevate kogukondade teadvuse piir pornograafia ja kunstina tõlgendatava vahel. Praktiline osa koosneb viiest suureformaadilisest moefotost, millel poseerivad erineva seksuaalse energia ja hoiakuga modellid

  7. Observation of gamma-ray bursts with GINGA

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Murakami, Toshio; Fujii, Masami; Nishimura, Jun

    1989-01-01

    Gamma-ray Burst Detector System (GBD) on board the scientific satellite 'GINGA' which was launched on Feb. 5, 1987, was realized as an international cooperation between ISAS and LANL. It has recorded more than 40 Gamma-Ray Burst candidates during 20 months observation. Although many observational evidences were accumulated in past 20 years after the discovery of gamma-ray burst by LANL scientists, there are not enough evidence to determine the origin and the production mechanism of the gamma-ray burst. GBD consists of a proportional counter and a NaI scintillation counter so that it became possible to observe energy spectrum of the gamma-ray burst with high energy resolution over wide range of energy (1.5-380 keV) together with high time resolution. As the result of observation, the following facts are obtained: (1) A large fraction of observed gamma-ray bursts has a long X-ray tail after the harder part of gamma-ray emission has terminated. (2) Clear spectral absorption features with harmonic in energy was observed in some of the energy spectrum of gamma-ray bursts. These evidences support the hypothesis that the strongly magnetized neutron star is the origin of gamma-ray burst. (author)

  8. Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) Instrument Response

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Parsons, A.; Barthelmy, S.; Cummings, J.; Gehrels, N.; Hullinger, D.; Krimm, H.; Markwardt, C.; Tueller, J.; Fenimore, E.; Palmer, D.; Sato, G.; Takahashi, T.; Nakazawa, K.; Okada, Y.; Takahashi, H.; Suzuki, M.; Tashiro, M.

    2004-01-01

    The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), a large coded aperture instrument with a wide field-of-view (FOV), provides the gamma-ray burst triggers and locations for the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer. In addition to providing this imaging information, BAT will perform a 15 keV - 150 keV all-sky hard x-ray survey based on the serendipitous pointings resulting from the study of gamma-ray bursts, and will also monitor the sky for transient hard x-ray sources. For BAT to provide spectral and photometric information for the gamma-ray bursts, the transient sources and the all-sky survey, the BAT instrument response must be determined to an increasingly greater accuracy. This paper describes the spectral models and the ground calibration experiments used to determine the BAT response to an accuracy suitable for gamma-ray burst studies

  9. Seaweed richness and herbivory increase rate of community recovery from disturbance.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Aquilino, Kristin M; Stachowicz, John J

    2012-04-01

    The importance of herbivores and of plant diversity for community succession and recovery from disturbance is well documented. However, few studies have assessed the relative magnitude of, or potential interactions between, these factors. To determine the combined effect of herbivory and surrounding algal species richness on the recovery of a rocky intertidal community, we conducted a 27-month field experiment assessing algal recruitment and succession in cleared patches that mimic naturally forming gaps in the ambient community. We crossed two herbivore treatments, ambient and reduced abundance, with monocultures and polycultures of the four most common algal species in a mid-high rocky intertidal zone of northern California. We found that both the presence of herbivores and high surrounding algal richness increased recovery rates, and the effect of algal richness was twice the magnitude of that of herbivores. The increased recovery rate of patches containing herbivores was due to the consumption of fast-growing, early colonist species that preempt space from perennial, late-successional species. Mechanisms linking algal richness and recovery are more numerous. In polycultures, herbivore abundance and species composition is altered, desiccation rates are lower, and propagule recruitment, survival, and growth are higher compared to monocultures, all of which could contribute the observed effect of surrounding species richness. Herbivory and species richness should jointly accelerate recovery wherever palatable species inhibit late-successional, herbivore-resistant species and recruitment and survival of new colonists is promoted by local species richness. These appear to be common features of rocky-shore seaweed, and perhaps other, communities.

  10. Nuorten nukkuminen ja uni

    OpenAIRE

    Kinnunen, Elisa

    2015-01-01

    Tämän opinnäytetyön aiheena on nuorten nukkuminen ja uni. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää, mitä tietoa Reisjärven kristillisen opiston nuoret ovat saaneet nukkumiseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä ja mistä nukkumiseen liittyvistä tekijöistä he haluavat tietoa. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa nuorten nukkumistottumuksista ja siitä, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat nuorten nukkumiseen heidän omien kokemustensa mukaan. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli myös tuottaa tietoa, millaisia nukku...

  11. Sukupuoli ja vastaelokuva

    OpenAIRE

    Jakobsson, Erkki

    2013-01-01

    Kirjallinen opinnäytetyöni keskittyy analysoimaan feminististä maskuliinisuuden dekonstruktiota Catherine Breillatin new french extrimism-genren elokuvassa ”Anatomie de l'enfer” (2004). Tutkin myös elokuvan sisältöä. Opinnäytetyöni vertailee sukupuoli-identiteettejä historiallisessa traditionaalisessa mallissa ja modernissa eksistentiaalisessa mallissa. Yritän selittää miten ja miksi ne ovat muuttuneet. Tutkin muutamia esimerkkejä eksistentialistisista vaihtoehdoista verrattuna traditiona...

  12. Globaliseeruv kuritegevus ja terror / Ando Leps

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Leps, Ando, 1935-

    2002-01-01

    29. märtsil moodustati Riias ülemaailmsel kuritegevuse- ja terrorismivastasel foorumil Läänemerega piirnevate riikide Kuritegevuse- ja Terrorismivastane Foorum. Võeti vastu põhikiri, nimetati ametisse juhatus ja büroo direktor. Foorumi üheks kaasesimeheks valiti Ando Leps. Autor: Keskerakond. Parlamendisaadik

  13. Arutlus autorist ja ruumist / Meelis Oidsalu

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Oidsalu, Meelis, 1978-

    2010-01-01

    Dokumentaalfilmi sarjas "Eesti lood" linastunud filmidest: "Beebilõust" - Saaremaa poeedist ja hiphop-muusikust Andrus Elbingust, režissöör ja stsenarist Margit Lillak ning "Pastacas" - Soomes elavast Eesti kunstnikust ja muusikust Ramo Tedrest, režissöör Rein Kotov

  14. Objekti ja tegevuse leksikaalne markeeritus eesti õppijakeeles

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pille Eslon

    2012-10-01

    Full Text Available Uurimus on osa laiemast projektist, milles võrreldakse õppijakeelt eesti keele fraseoloogilise ainese ja standardkirjakeelega. Artiklis käsitletakse objekti ja tegevust iseloomustavate leksikaalsete markeritega (markeeritud ning ilma markeriteta (Ø-markeeritusega objektifraase ja kirjeldatakse nende kasutuspiiranguid. Objektifraasid on leitud erinevatest keelekasutusvariantidest teksti- ja sõnastikusageduse põhjal: valitud on vaid lauses verbist paremale jäävad objekti sisaldavad kontekstid. Objektifraasid on reastatud verbivormide sageduse alusel, misjärel on välja arvutatud iga tüvemorfeemi osakaal eesti õppijakeeles ja fraseoloogilises aineses. Erinevate valimite põhjal saadud andmete võrdlusest nähtub, et nii sagedaste tuumverbide kui ka harva esinevate täistähenduslike verbide esindumus on samalaadne. Käesoleva uurimuse tarbeks on valitud nelja kõige sagedasema verbi (andma, tegema, võtma ja saama objektifraasid. Järgnenud kvalitatiivses analüüsis ning tulemuste interpreteerimisel ei tugineta fraasistruktuuri grammatikale ega semantilistele rollidele, vaid objektifraasi markeerituse metamõistele, mille abil on lingvistikas tavaliselt kirjeldatud foneetiliste tunnuste ja morfoloogiliste kategooriate opositsioone. Artiklis on vastandatud leksikaalsete markeritega (markeeritud ning leksikaalsete markeriteta (Ø-markeeritusega objektifraasid. Objekti on eesti õppijakeeles määratletud tavaliselt kvaliteedi- ja kvantiteedisõnadega, tegevust adressaadi ning kvantiteedi- ja rõhusõnadega. Uurimus võimaldab vastata küsimusele, miks on objekti ja tegevust leksikaalselt markeeritud (määratletud, miks jäetud markeerimata; missugused on objektifraasi markeerituse/markeerimatuse semantilised, leksikaalgrammatilised, morfosüntaktilised ja struktuursed piirangud.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/LV22.01

  15. Seksuaali- ja sukupuolivähemmistöön kuuluvien perheellistyminen ja siihen liittyvät perheoikeudelliset ongelmat

    OpenAIRE

    Kyllönen, Maija

    2016-01-01

    Sukupuolineutraali avioliittolaki astuu voimaan 1. maaliskuuta 2017. Uudistettu isyyslaki astui voimaan tammikuussa 2016. Äitiyslakia ja translain muutosta lisääntymiskyvyttömyys- ja naimattomuusedellytysten poistamiseksi valmisteltiin syksyllä 2014, mutta kummastakaan ei annettu lakiesitystä Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tutkia, millaisia mahdollisuuksia ja rajoitteita lainsäädäntö asettaa seksuaali- ja sukupuolivähemmistöjen perheellistymiselle. Tavoitteena oli myös tutkia, millainen sa...

  16. Eestlanna, jaapanlanna ja tantsivad kehad / Keiu Virro

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Virro, Keiu, 1987-

    2010-01-01

    Koreograafid-tantsijad Külli Roosna ja Anna esitavad Tallinnas Kanuti Gildi saalis ja Tartus Genialistide klubis oma soolo-tantsuetenduse, milles ühinevad Ida ja Lääs. Läänt esindab Külli Roosna (Eesti) "Circle Through" ja Ida esindab Anna (Jaapan) "Busu". Organisaatoriks on Sõltumatu Tantsu Ühendus

  17. Osastonäytteenoton ergonomia : kartoitus ja kokeilu

    OpenAIRE

    Ronkainen, Helmiina; Singh, Janita

    2015-01-01

    Terveydenhoitoalan ammatit ovat fyysisesti ja psyykkisesti rasittavia. Fyysistä rasittavuutta aiheuttavat hankalat työasennot, raskaat työt ja työn pakkotahtisuus. Psyykkisesti rasittavia tilanteita ovat muun muassa jatkuva kiireen tuntu ja kasvavat odotukset työntekijää kohtaan, esimerkiksi lääkärit odottavat laboratoriovastauksia nopeammin ja potilaat vaativat hoidoltaan enemmän. Fyysistä ja psyykkistä rasittavuutta voidaan vähentää hyvin suunnitellulla työergonomialla. Ergonomian tavoittee...

  18. "Kalevipoeg" ja "Kalevala" / Märt Laarman

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Laarman, Märt, 1896-1979

    1998-01-01

    Varem ilmunud: Tallinn : Kool, 1922. Autori pseudonüüm M. Salak. . Sisu: "Kalevipoja" saamislugu; "Kalevipoeg" ja "Kalevala"; Vead "Kalevipoja" värsitehnikas ja keeles; Eesti ained "Kalevalas"; "Kalevala" mõju "Kalevipojale"; Kalevipoja algupära; "Kalevipoja" kompositsioon ja tegelased; Kaunid kohad "Kalevipojas"; Kokkuvõte.

  19. Praktikaõpe toitlustus- ja majutusvaldkonna koolituses / Sirje Rekkor

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Rekkor, Sirje

    2002-01-01

    Kehtna Majandus- ja Tehnoloogiakooli koostööst Eesti Riikliku Eksami- ja Kvalifikatsioonikeskuse, Eesti Hotellide ja Resoranide Liidu, Jyväskylä Catering Institutèga Soome Vabariigist ja Escuela de Hosteleria de Malaga Hispaania Kuningriigist toitlustuse ja majutuse praktikaõppe parandamise eesmärgil

  20. Data compilations for primary production, herbivory, decomposition, and export for different types of marine communities, 1962-2002 (NODC Accession 0054500)

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — This dataset is a compilation of published data on primary production, herbivory, and nutrient content of primary producers in pristine communities of...

  1. ”Olen juuri niin tiedostava, kuin minun on varaa olla” – Saksalais- ja suomalaisnuorten suhde kodin sisustamiseen ja puuhuonekaluihin

    OpenAIRE

    Hakala, Inkeri

    2014-01-01

    Tutkielma tarkastelee nuorten kuluttajien kodinsisustukseen ja puuhuonekaluihin liittämiä merkityksiä saksalaisessa ja suomalaisessa kontekstissa. Aihetta lähestytään maun ja elämäntyylin sekä kuluttajien tavarasuhteen näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu Saksassa ja Suomessa huonekaluliikkeissä ja -messuilla kerätystä havainnoin-timateriaalista sekä 23–34 -vuotiaille kuluttajille tehdystä 22 teemahaastattelusta. Havainnointiaineistoa on käytetty tutkimuskontekstin hahmottamisessa. Haas...

  2. Armastus ja anarhia / J[aan] R[uus

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    J. R.

    1993-01-01

    Helsingi filmifestivali "Armastus ja anarhia" mängufilmid "Nekromantik I" (1987) ja "Nekromantik II" (1991), režissöör Jörg Buttgereit ja "Trellimõrtsukas" (1979), režissöör Abel Ferrara, Tallinna kinos "Eha". Arvustavad Rainer Sarnet, Jaak Kilmi, Marko Raat ja J. R. (Jaan Ruus)

  3. Lavater ja Goethe / Linnar Priimägi

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Priimägi, Linnar, 1954-

    2016-01-01

    Arvustus: Lavateri näoraamat : valgustusajastu pilk inimesele ja kunstile : toetudes Johann Caspar Lavateri menuteosele "Füsiognoomilisi fragmente inimesetundmise ja ligimesearmastuse edendamiseks" (1775-1778) / koostanud, kommenteerinud ja toimetanud Anu Allikvee ja Tiina-Mall Kreem ; fragmentide tõlge: Katrin Kaugver. Tallinn : Eesti Kunstimuuseum, Mikkeli Muuseum ; Tallinna Ülikool, Akadeemiline Raamatukogu. 2015

  4. Dark gamma-ray bursts

    Science.gov (United States)

    Brdar, Vedran; Kopp, Joachim; Liu, Jia

    2017-03-01

    Many theories of dark matter (DM) predict that DM particles can be captured by stars via scattering on ordinary matter. They subsequently condense into a DM core close to the center of the star and eventually annihilate. In this work, we trace DM capture and annihilation rates throughout the life of a massive star and show that this evolution culminates in an intense annihilation burst coincident with the death of the star in a core collapse supernova. The reason is that, along with the stellar interior, also its DM core heats up and contracts, so that the DM density increases rapidly during the final stages of stellar evolution. We argue that, counterintuitively, the annihilation burst is more intense if DM annihilation is a p -wave process than for s -wave annihilation because in the former case, more DM particles survive until the supernova. If among the DM annihilation products are particles like dark photons that can escape the exploding star and decay to standard model particles later, the annihilation burst results in a flash of gamma rays accompanying the supernova. For a galactic supernova, this "dark gamma-ray burst" may be observable in the Čerenkov Telescope Array.

  5. Algal growth and species composition under experimental control of herbivory, phosphorus and coral abundance in Glovers Reef, Belize.

    Science.gov (United States)

    McClanahan, T R; Cokos, B A; Sala, E

    2002-06-01

    The proliferation of algae on disturbed coral reefs has often been attributed to (1) a loss of large-bodied herbivorous fishes, (2) increases in sea water nutrient concentrations, particularly phosphorus, and (3) a loss of hard coral cover or a combination of these and other factors. We performed replicated small-scale caging experiments in the offshore lagoon of Glovers Reef atoll, Belize where three treatments had closed-top (no large-bodied herbivores) and one treatment had open-top cages (grazing by large-bodied herbivores). Closed-top treatments simulated a reduced-herbivory situation, excluding large fishes but including small herbivorous fishes such as damselfishes and small parrotfishes. Treatments in the closed-top cages included the addition of high phosphorus fertilizer, live branches of Acropora cervicornis and a third unmanipulated control treatment. Colonization, algal biomass and species composition on dead A. palmata "plates" were studied weekly for 50 days in each of the four treatments. Fertilization doubled the concentration of phosphorus from 0.35 to 0.77 microM. Closed-top cages, particularly the fertilizer and A. cervicornis additions, attracted more small-bodied parrotfish and damselfish than the open-top cages such that there was moderate levels of herbivory in closed-top cages. The open-top cages did, however, have a higher abundance of the chemically and morphologically defended erect algal species including Caulerpa cupressoides, Laurencia obtusa, Dictyota menstrualis and Lobophora variegata. The most herbivore-resistant calcareous green algae (i.e. Halimeda) were, however, uncommon in all treatments. Algal biomass increased and fluctuated simultaneously in all treatments over time, but algal biomass, as measured by wet, dry and decalcified weight, did not differ greatly between the treatments with only marginally higher biomass (p reefs except for creating space. In contrast, A. cervicornis appears to attract aggressive damselfish that

  6. Liberaalne impeerium ja Eesti / Mart Laar

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Laar, Mart, 1960-

    2006-01-01

    Venemaa imperialistlikest hoiakutest ja majanduse kasutamisest poliitilise relvana. Vene äriringkondadele tehtud järeleandmistest Eestis ja murest Eesti ühiskonnas alanud tasalülitamisprotsessi üle, mille märkideks on avalik-õigusliku ringhäälingu politiseerimine ning Keskerakonna ja selle rahastajate alanud sissetung meediaturule

  7. Demokraatia ja õigus / Toomas Varrak

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Varrak, Toomas, 1940-

    2009-01-01

    Autor analüüsib demokraatia teoreetilistele seisukohtadele tuginedes Eesti poliitikat ja riigikorraldust taasiseseisvumise järgsel perioodil, sh. 2007. aasta pronkssõduri teisaldamist ja sellega seotud rahutusi

  8. BURST AND OUTBURST CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETAR 4U 0142+61

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Göğüş, Ersin; Chakraborty, Manoneeta; Kaneko, Yuki [Sabancı University, Orhanlı-Tuzla, İstanbul 34956 (Turkey); Lin, Lin [Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 (China); Roberts, Oliver J. [School of Physics, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Belfield, Dublin 4 (Ireland); Gill, Ramandeep; Granot, Jonathan [Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, P.O. Box 808, Ranana 43537 (Israel); Horst, Alexander J. van der; Kouveliotou, Chryssa; Younes, George [Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 (United States); Watts, Anna L. [Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam (Netherlands); Baring, Matthew [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, MS-108, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251 (United States); Huppenkothen, Daniela [Center for Data Science, New York University, 726 Broadway, 7th Floor, NY 10003 (United States)

    2017-01-20

    We have compiled the most comprehensive burst sample from magnetar 4U 0142+61, comprising 27 bursts from its three burst-active episodes in 2011, 2012 and the latest one in 2015 observed with Swift /Burst Alert Telescope and Fermi /Gamma-ray Burst Monitor. Bursts from 4U 0142+61 morphologically resemble typical short bursts from other magnetars. However, 4U 0142+61 bursts are less energetic compared to the bulk of magnetar bursts. We uncovered an extended tail emission following a burst on 2015 February 28, with a thermal nature, cooling over a timescale of several minutes. During this tail emission, we also uncovered pulse peak phase aligned X-ray bursts, which could originate from the same underlying mechanism as that of the extended burst tail, or an associated and spatially coincident but different mechanism.

  9. Daddy : Animaation Storyboard ja Animatic

    OpenAIRE

    Mustajärvi, Lilli

    2012-01-01

    Opinnäytetyöni on animaation storyboard sekä sen mukainen animatic-versio, hahmojen karaktäärinen ja visuaalinen suunnittelu sekä interion suunnittelu ja toteutus. Hahmot on toteutettu piirroksina ja taustat 3D:nä. Kuvakerronta on rakennettu vaiheittain luonnoksesta viimeistellen lopulliseen muotoonsa. My graduation work is an animatic based on my storyboard. Creating characters and designing interior for the animation. Characters has been drawn traditional way and background has been crea...

  10. Ülikooli kirjandusauhinna said Kangro ja Valton

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2008-01-01

    Tallinna Ülikooli kirjandusauhinna pälvisid noor luuletaja ja tõlkija Maarja Kangro luulekogu "Tule mu koopasse mateeria" eest ja Arvo Valton tõlkesarjade "Väikeste rahvaste suur kirjandus" ja "Noorte luule" väljaandmise eest. Vt. ka Keel ja Kirjandus, nr. 4, 2008, lk. 317; Looming, nr. 4, 2008, lk. 634

  11. Nuoruudessa koetun seksuaalisen kaltoinkohtelun muodot ja ilmitulo

    OpenAIRE

    Kangas, Ilona; Tolonen, Emmi

    2009-01-01

    Nuorten kokema seksuaalinen häirintä ja väkivalta on vaiettu, mutta valitettavan yleinen ongelma. Kotimaista tutkimusta nuorten kokemasta seksuaalisesta kaltoinkohtelusta on tehty vähän. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää nuoruudessa koetun seksuaalisen kaltoinkohtelun muotoja ja ilmituloa kirjallisuuden ja Väestöliiton internetissä keräämän kyselyaineiston avulla. Työ on osa Terveys- ja hoitoalan klusterin projektia Nuorten seksuaaliterveyden edistämisen toteutuminen koulu- ja opiskel...

  12. Evolution in an ancient detoxification pathway is coupled with a transition to herbivory in the drosophilidae.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gloss, Andrew D; Vassão, Daniel G; Hailey, Alexander L; Nelson Dittrich, Anna C; Schramm, Katharina; Reichelt, Michael; Rast, Timothy J; Weichsel, Andrzej; Cravens, Matthew G; Gershenzon, Jonathan; Montfort, William R; Whiteman, Noah K

    2014-09-01

    Chemically defended plant tissues present formidable barriers to herbivores. Although mechanisms to resist plant defenses have been identified in ancient herbivorous lineages, adaptations to overcome plant defenses during transitions to herbivory remain relatively unexplored. The fly genus Scaptomyza is nested within the genus Drosophila and includes species that feed on the living tissue of mustard plants (Brassicaceae), yet this lineage is derived from microbe-feeding ancestors. We found that mustard-feeding Scaptomyza species and microbe-feeding Drosophila melanogaster detoxify mustard oils, the primary chemical defenses in the Brassicaceae, using the widely conserved mercapturic acid pathway. This detoxification strategy differs from other specialist herbivores of mustard plants, which possess derived mechanisms to obviate mustard oil formation. To investigate whether mustard feeding is coupled with evolution in the mercapturic acid pathway, we profiled functional and molecular evolutionary changes in the enzyme glutathione S-transferase D1 (GSTD1), which catalyzes the first step of the mercapturic acid pathway and is induced by mustard defense products in Scaptomyza. GSTD1 acquired elevated activity against mustard oils in one mustard-feeding Scaptomyza species in which GstD1 was duplicated. Structural analysis and mutagenesis revealed that substitutions at conserved residues within and near the substrate-binding cleft account for most of this increase in activity against mustard oils. Functional evolution of GSTD1 was coupled with signatures of episodic positive selection in GstD1 after the evolution of herbivory. Overall, we found that preexisting functions of generalized detoxification systems, and their refinement by natural selection, could play a central role in the evolution of herbivory. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e

  13. Bursting synchronization in clustered neuronal networks

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yu Hai-Tao; Wang Jiang; Deng Bin; Wei Xi-Le

    2013-01-01

    Neuronal networks in the brain exhibit the modular (clustered) property, i.e., they are composed of certain subnetworks with differential internal and external connectivity. We investigate bursting synchronization in a clustered neuronal network. A transition to mutual-phase synchronization takes place on the bursting time scale of coupled neurons, while on the spiking time scale, they behave asynchronously. This synchronization transition can be induced by the variations of inter- and intracoupling strengths, as well as the probability of random links between different subnetworks. Considering that some pathological conditions are related with the synchronization of bursting neurons in the brain, we analyze the control of bursting synchronization by using a time-periodic external signal in the clustered neuronal network. Simulation results show a frequency locking tongue in the driving parameter plane, where bursting synchronization is maintained, even in the presence of external driving. Hence, effective synchronization suppression can be realized with the driving parameters outside the frequency locking region. (interdisciplinary physics and related areas of science and technology)

  14. Ühe suve akvarellid / Evelin Samuel ja Liina Hergauk

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Samuel, Evelin, 1975-

    2015-01-01

    Roosanupuline kampsun, idee ja teostus Evelin Samuel. Vanaroosa pluus ja barett, idee ja teostus Ruta Tännav. Mohäärlõngast topp, idee ja teostus Anna Verschik. Linane topp, idee ja teostus Liina Hergauk. Pitsmustritega mohäärkleit, idee ja teostus Ruta Tännav. Puuvillane topp, idee ja teostus Anna Verschik

  15. Viisakus ja selle tajumine tekstiliigiti / Katrin Rikberg

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Rikberg, Katrin

    2009-01-01

    Artikkel tutvustab keelesuhtluse viisakuse kultuuriomaseid mõisteid ja nende seoseid asjakohasusega ning keskendub ametlikule viisakusele ja vestluskäitumisele. Küsimustiku abil läbi viidud taju-uuringust, mille eesmärk oli võrrelda tekstide vastuvõtu erinevaid külgi, et saada teada, mida ja miks peetakse eesti kultuuriruumis viisakaks ja asjakohaseks

  16. Esma Auto ja Mazda on loodud kestma

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2003-01-01

    Ülevaade olulisematest sündmustest Esma Auto kümne tegevusaasta jooksul. Kommenteerivad Tarmo Järvoja, Mart Laar ja Enn Sau. Diagrammid ja skeemid: AS Esma Auto müügi statistika läbi aastate; AS Esma Auto kasum ja klientide arv aastate lõikes; Esma Auto esindused Eestis ja pakutavad teenused

  17. Tagasivaade elule ja ajale / Ene Liivik

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Liivik, Ene, 1933-

    2010-01-01

    Artikkel põhineb kahel käsikirjal "Tagasi waade möödunud elule ja ajale. Utškuju-Tarhani küla aja lugu. 50ne aastane juubel" ja "Lahtised lehed", mille autoriks on Helmi Koolmann. Käsikirjas meenutavad Helmi ja tema abikaasa Rein Koolmann Krimmis elatud aastaid

  18. Nirvaana, susla ja internet / Tarmo Teder

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Teder, Tarmo, 1958-

    2000-01-01

    Kolm stuudio Nukufilm uut nukufilmi : "Saamueli Internet" : Stsenarist Andrus Kivirähk : režissöör ja kunstnik Riho Unt; "Teekond Nirvaanasse" : Stsenarist, režissöör ja kunstnik Mait Laas; "Eilne vedur" : režissöörid Mikk Rand ja Kalju Kivi

  19. Isad ja tütred, isad ja pojad / Jüri Ross, Kristine Ross, Fjodor Berman ...[jt.] ; üles kirjutanud Jaana Liigand

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2011-01-01

    Büroomaailma juht Jüri Ross ja turundusdirektor Kristine Ross, BLRT Grupi omanik Fjodor Berman ja BLRT Grupi tütarfirma Refonda tegevdirektor Mark Berman, Saaremaa Laevakompanii ja paljude firmade omanik Vjatšeslav Leedo ja Mosaiigi kohviku omanik Katrin Leedo ärist, juhtimisest ja omavahelistest suhetest

  20. Ilusad, otstarbekad ja nutikad / Tiina Kolk

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kolk, Tiina

    2011-01-01

    Konkursi "Eesti parimad interjöörid ja disain 2010" võidutööd: ADM Interactive'i bürooruumid (Ühiskondliku interjööri preemia), kohvik Supelsaksad (Söögikoha interjööri preemia), välinäitus "Eesti kirjanik karikatuuris" (Näituse ja installatsiooni kujunduse preemia), Kihnu muuseum (Ajaloolise interjööri preemia). Nimetatud võidutööde autorid ja žürii koosseis. Nominentide töödest on avatud Arhitektuuri- ja Disainigaleriis 31. maini näitus

  1. Palgaralli aeglustub ja inflatsioon tõuseb / Vello Kutsar

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kutsar, Vello

    2007-01-01

    2007. aastal kasvas brutokuupalk keskmiselt 20,4 protsenti, järgmisel aastal palgakasv aeglustub ja inflatsioon kasvab, mis mõjutab enim väikesepalgalisi. Joonised: 1. Brutopalk II kvartalis aastatel 2000-2007 (kr) ja selle kasvud protsentides; 2. Keskmine brutopalk maakonniti 2006. ja 2007. a. II kvartalis (kr) ja kasv (%); Tabelid: 1. Keskmine brutokuupalk tegevusalade lõikes 2006. ja 2007. a. II kvartalis (kr) ja kasv protsentides; 2. Rahandusministeeriumi 2007. aasta suvine majandusprognoos

  2. Leikki, luovuus, oivallus : pelien ja pelillisyyden mahdollisuudet instrumenttiopetuksessa

    OpenAIRE

    Kaartinen, Emmi

    2015-01-01

    Kuinka saada soiton opiskelusta hauskempaa? Tämä opinnäytetyö vastaa kysymykseen sukeltamalla pelien ja pelillistetyn opetuksen maailmaan. Projekti syntyi tarpeesta saada luovuutta, improvisointia ja yhdessä oppimista tukevaa uutta instrumenttiopetusmateriaalia. Kaiken taustalla on heittäytyminen ja oman musiikin tekeminen hauskalla ja poikkeavalla tavalla. Erilaiset pelit tuovat vaihtelua ja lisäväriä soittotuntien kulkuun, rikastuttavat ja monipuolistavat sisältöä sekä innostavat musiik...

  3. Sotsiaalteenuste kvaliteedi hindamine ja kontroll / Heli Tooman

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tooman, Heli, 1949-

    2002-01-01

    Uurimisprojekti "Sotsiaalteenuste vajadus ja kasutamine - territoriaalsed, sotsiaalsed ja kultuurilised erinevused" raames katsetati SERVQUAL meetodit sotsiaalteenuste kvaliteedi mõõtmiseks Pärnu ja Narva sotsiaalasutustes. Tabelid. Bibliogr.

  4. Self-regulation of turbulence bursts and transport barriers

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Floriani, E; Ciraolo, G; Ghendrih, Ph; Sarazin, Y; Lima, R

    2013-01-01

    The interplay between turbulent bursts and transport barriers is analyzed with a simplified model of interchange turbulence in magnetically confined plasmas. The turbulent bursts spread into the transport barriers and, depending on the competing magnitude of the burst and stopping capability of the barrier, can burn through. Simulations of two models of transport barriers are presented: a hard barrier where interchange turbulence modes are stable in a prescribed region and a soft barrier with external plasma biasing. The response of the transport barriers to the non-linear perturbations of the turbulent bursts, addressed in a predator–prey approach, indicates that the barriers monitor an amplification factor of the turbulent bursts, with amplification smaller than one for most bursts and, in some cases, amplification factors that can significantly exceed unity. The weak barriers in corrugated profiles and magnetic structures, as well as the standard barriers, are characterized by these transmission properties, which then regulate the turbulent burst transport properties. The interplays of barriers and turbulent bursts are modeled as competing stochastic processes. For different classes of the probability density function (PDF) of these processes, one can predict the heavy tail properties of the bursts downstream from the barrier, either exponential for a leaky barrier, or with power laws for a tight barrier. The intrinsic probing of the transport barriers by the turbulent bursts thus gives access to the properties of the barriers. The main stochastic variables are the barrier width and the spreading distance of the turbulent bursts within the barrier, together with their level of correlation. One finds that in the case of a barrier with volumetric losses, such as radiation or particle losses as addressed in our present simulations, the stochastic model predicts a leaky behavior with an exponential PDF of escaping turbulent bursts in agreement with the simulation

  5. Maailmade loomine ja rahvuspaviljonid Veneetsias / Kati Ilves

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Ilves, Kati, 1984-

    2009-01-01

    53. Veneetsia biennaal "Making Worlds / Fare Mondi / Maailmu luues" 7. VI-22. XI, kuraator Daniel Birnbaum. Hiina kunstniku Chu Yuni tööst "Constellation / Tähtkuju" kuraatorinäitusel. Lühidalt USA (Bruce Nauman) ja Hispaania (Miquel Barcelo) paviljonidest, pikemalt Taani ja Põhjamaade (kunstnike-kuraatorite Michael Elmgreeni ja Ingar Dragseti projekt "The Collectors / Kogujad"), Prantsuse (Claude Lévèque'i "Le Grand Soir / Suur öö", kuraator Christian Bernard) ja Egiptuse (Adel El Siwi ja Ahmad Askalany "Leggermente monumentale / Kergelt monumentaalne") paviljonidest

  6. The γ-ray burst-detection system of SPI

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lichti, G.G.; Georgii, R.; Kienlin, A. von; Schoenfelder, V.; Wunderer, C.; Jung, H.-J.; Hurley, K.

    2000-01-01

    The determination of precise locations of γ-ray bursts is a crucial task of γ-ray astronomy. Although γ-ray burst locations can be obtained nowadays from single experiments (BATSE, COMPTEL, BeppoSax) the location of bursts via triangulation using the interplanetary network is still important because not all bursts will be located precisely enough by these single instruments. In order to get location accuracies down to arcseconds via triangulation one needs long baselines. At the beginning of the next decade several spacecrafts which explore the outer planetary system (the Mars-Surveyor-2001 Orbiter and probably Ulysses) will carry γ-ray burst instruments. INTEGRAL as a near-earth spacecraft is the ideal counterpart for these satellites. The massive anticoincidence shield of the INTEGRAL-spectrometer SPI allows the measurement of γ-ray bursts with a high sensitivity. Estimations have shown that with SPI some hundred γ-ray bursts per year on the 5σ level can be measured. This is equivalent to the BATSE sensitivity. We describe the γ-ray burst-detection system of SPI, present its technical features and assess the scientific capabilities

  7. Balloon observation of gamma-ray burst

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nishimura, Jun; Fujii, Masami; Yamagami, Takamasa; Oda, Minoru; Ogawara, Yoshiaki

    1978-01-01

    Cosmic gamma-ray burst is an interesting high energy astrophysical phenomenon, but the burst mechanism has not been well understood. Since 1975, long duration balloon flight has been conducted to search for gamma-ray bursts and to determine the source locations. A rotating cross-modulation collimator was employed to determine the locations of sources, and four NaI(Tl) scintillation counters were employed to detect hard X-ray with energy from 20 to 200 keV. The balloon light was performed at altitude of 8.3 mb from September 28, 1977, and the observation time of 79 hours was achieved. In this experiment, the monitor counter was not mounted. The count increase was observed at 16 h 22 m 31 s JST on October 1, 1977. The event disappeared after 1 sec. The total flux is estimated to be 1.6 x 10 -6 erg/cm 2 sec at the top of the atmosphere. When this event was observed, the solar-terrestrial environment was also quiet. Thus, this event was attributed to a small gamma-ray burst. Unfortunately, the duration of the burst was so short that the position of the burst source was not able to be determined. (Yoshimori, M.)

  8. Jackson, sportauto ja kinbaku / Kadri Karro

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Karro, Kadri

    2011-01-01

    Mari-Liis Laanemaa video- ja fotonäitus "Meel ja Michael Jackson" Tallinna Linnagaleriis 26. juunini. Fotograaf Herkki-Erich Merila näitus "Kinbaku" Haus galeriis 15. juulini. Austria kunstniku Klaus Waggeri rallimaalide ja Urmas Teearu kogusse kuuluvate mootorrataste näitus "Unforgettable Moments" Tam galeriis juuni lõpuni 2011

  9. Verkkokaupan rakennus ja palveluntarjoajan valinta

    OpenAIRE

    Hukkanen, Petri

    2015-01-01

    Opinnäytetyön toimeksiantajana toimii opinnäytetyön tekijä itse. Tekijän tarkoituksena on perustaa puusta valmistettuja asusteita myyvä verkkokauppa. Opinnäytetyön teoria osuuden tavoitteena oli hankkia tietoa verkkokaupan rakentamisen tärkeimmistä osa-alueista. Tutkimustavoitteena oli vertailun ja arvioinnin perusteella selvittää paras ja toimivin verkkokauppa-alusta opinnäytetyön tekijän yritykselle. Tutkimus on laadullinen tutkimus. Aineistonkeruumenetelminä ovat dokumentit ja havain...

  10. Vallankumous, machismo ja Neitsyt Maria

    OpenAIRE

    Seppälä, Maija

    2012-01-01

    Etnografinen pro gradu -tutkielma käsittelee Nicaraguan sisällissodan vaikutusta sukupuolirakenteisiin ja naisiin kohdistuvaan väkivaltaan Matagalpan kaupungissa ja sen läheisellä maaseudulla. Työssä on tarkasteltu väkivallan taustalla vaikuttavia sukupuoleen liittyviä symboleja, ideologioita sekä institutionaalisia rakenteita ja niiden yhteyksiä sisällissotaan. Tutkimuskysymyksiä ovat: miksi naisiin kohdistuva väkivalta on lisääntynyt Nicaraguan sisällissodan jälkeen, miten poliittinen konfl...

  11. Seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) seedlings in a high-CO2 world: from physiology to herbivory

    KAUST Repository

    Hernán, Gema

    2016-12-01

    Under future increased CO2 concentrations, seagrasses are predicted to perform better as a result of increased photosynthesis, but the effects in carbon balance and growth are unclear and remain unexplored for early life stages such as seedlings, which allow plant dispersal and provide the potential for adaptation under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, the outcome of the concomitant biochemical changes in plant-herbivore interactions has been poorly studied, yet may have important implications in plant communities. In this study we determined the effects of experimental exposure to current and future predicted CO2 concentrations on the physiology, size and defense strategies against herbivory in the earliest life stage of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. The photosynthetic performance of seedlings, assessed by fluorescence, improved under increased pCO2 conditions after 60 days, although these differences disappeared after 90 days. Furthermore, these plants exhibited bigger seeds and higher carbon storage in belowground tissues, having thus more resources to tolerate and recover from stressors. Of the several herbivory resistance traits measured, plants under high pCO2 conditions had a lower leaf N content but higher sucrose. These seedlings were preferred by herbivorous sea urchins in feeding trials, which could potentially counteract some of the positive effects observed.

  12. Seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) seedlings in a high-CO2 world: from physiology to herbivory.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hernán, Gema; Ramajo, Laura; Basso, Lorena; Delgado, Antonio; Terrados, Jorge; Duarte, Carlos M; Tomas, Fiona

    2016-12-01

    Under future increased CO 2 concentrations, seagrasses are predicted to perform better as a result of increased photosynthesis, but the effects in carbon balance and growth are unclear and remain unexplored for early life stages such as seedlings, which allow plant dispersal and provide the potential for adaptation under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, the outcome of the concomitant biochemical changes in plant-herbivore interactions has been poorly studied, yet may have important implications in plant communities. In this study we determined the effects of experimental exposure to current and future predicted CO 2 concentrations on the physiology, size and defense strategies against herbivory in the earliest life stage of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. The photosynthetic performance of seedlings, assessed by fluorescence, improved under increased pCO 2 conditions after 60 days, although these differences disappeared after 90 days. Furthermore, these plants exhibited bigger seeds and higher carbon storage in belowground tissues, having thus more resources to tolerate and recover from stressors. Of the several herbivory resistance traits measured, plants under high pCO 2 conditions had a lower leaf N content but higher sucrose. These seedlings were preferred by herbivorous sea urchins in feeding trials, which could potentially counteract some of the positive effects observed.

  13. Frequency of fast, narrow γ-ray bursts

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Norris, J.P.; Maryland Univ., College Park; Cline, T.L.; Desai, U.D.; Teegarden, B.J.

    1984-01-01

    The paper describes the existence of two γ-ray burst populations detected by the ISEE-3 experiment. Data from the distribution of 123 Venera 13 and 14 events (60 detected by both spacecraft) also suggests two γ-ray burst populations in each experiment sample, the domains separated with a minimum near 1 or 2 s. The authors point out that the results of the Goddard ISEE-3 γ-ray burst spectrometer actually enhance the appearance of two burst populations suggested in the Venera data. (author)

  14. Effects of procaine on a central neuron of the snail, Achatina fulica Ferussac.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lin, Chia-Hsien; Tsai, Ming-Cheng

    2005-02-18

    Effects of procaine on a central neuron (RP1) of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac) were studied pharmacologically. The RP1 neuron showed spontaneous firing of action potential. Extra-cellular application of procaine (10 mM) reversibly elicited bursts of potential. The bursts of potential elicited by procaine were not blocked after administration of (1) prazosin, propranolol, atropine, d-tubocurarine, (2) calcium-free solution, (3) ryanodine (4) pretreatment with KT-5720 or chelerythrine. The bursts of potential elicited by procaine were blocked by adding U73122 (10 microM) and the bursts of potential were decreased if physiological sodium ion was replaced with lithium ion or incubated with either neomycin (3.5 mM) or high magnesium solution (30 mM). Preatment with U73122 (10 microM) blocked the initiation of bursts of potential. Ruthenium red (100 microM) or caffeine (10 mM) facilitated the procaine-elicited bursts of potential. It is concluded that procaine reversibly elicits bursts of potential in the central snail neuron. This effect was not directly related to (1) the extra-cellular calcium ion fluxes, (2) the ryanodine sensitive calcium channels in the neuron, or (3) the PKC or PKA related messenger systems. The procaine-elicited bursts of potential were associated with the phospholipase activity and the calcium mobilization in the neuron.

  15. Web 2.0 - Haasteet ja mahdollisuudet

    OpenAIRE

    Nordbäck, Nina

    2010-01-01

    Tämä opinnäytetyö kertoo, mitä Web 2.0 on, ottaa esille sen haasteita ja mahdollisuuksia yrityksien liiketoimintaan keskittyneenä ja selvittää kuinka sosiaalisia medioita käytetään erilaisissa yrityksissä. Työ keskittyy myös internetpalveluiden käytettävyyteen. Sosiaaliset mediat ovat internetissä toimivia yhteisöjä, blogeja, video- ja kuvapalveluita, verkkokauppoja ja keskustelupalstoja, joissa internetkäyttäjät pääsevät jakamaan tietoa keskenään. Sosiaaliselle medialle tyypillistä ovat usei...

  16. Perhekeskeisyys lasten ja nuorten teho-osastolla

    OpenAIRE

    Sirola, Outi

    2015-01-01

    Lapsen joutuminen lasten teho-osastolle aiheuttaa kriisin sekä potilaalle että koko perheelle. Perhekeskeisen hoitotyön avulla pyritään lisäämään vanhempien luottamusta ja yhteistyötä sekä tämän kautta vähentämään potilaan ja vanhempien ahdistusta. Tämän kehittämisprojektin tavoitteena oli kehittää perhekeskeisyyttä Turun yliopistollisen keskussairaalan lasten ja nuorten teho-osastolla. Projektin tarkoituksena oli toimintakulttuurin muuttaminen perhekeskeisempään suuntaan ja sitä kautta lapse...

  17. M Road Oy: Arvo-ja laatudokumentti

    OpenAIRE

    Röynä, Mira

    2017-01-01

    Opinnäytetyön aiheena on yrityksen arvot ja laatutekijät. Opinnäytetyön tutkimuksellinen näkökulma syntyy konstruktiivisesta tutkimuksesta sekä kyselystä ja tiimityöskentelystä. Työssä tutustutaan tarkasti arvojen ja laatutekijöiden teoriaan, joiden pohjalta analysoidaan työntekijäkyselyn ja tiimityöskentelyn tuloksia. Työn tavoitteena on saada yhdistettyä franchaising-yritys M Road Oy:n arvot koko M Room –ketjun arvoja vastaavaksi, sekä parantaa yrityksen tuottamaa laatua. Toimeksiantaja...

  18. LTEmittaukset ja mittalaitteet

    OpenAIRE

    Ajalin, Lassi

    2010-01-01

    LTE on neljännen sukupolven (4G) matkapuhelinteknologia, jonka tarkoituksena on kas-vattaa matkapuhelinverkkojen datan siirtonopeuksia ja parantaa palveluita. LTE-tekniikan avulla tavoitellaan myös kustannussäästöjä. Tässä insinöörityössä on perehdytty LTE-teknologiaan sekä LTE-mittalaitteisiin ja selvitetty, soveltuvatko oppilaitoksen nykyiset mittalaitteet radiorajapinnan LTE-mittaukseen. Tutkimustyön tuloksena voidaan todeta, että oppilaitoksen nykyiset mittalaitteet eivät sovellu LTE-mitt...

  19. Perhetekijöiden yhteys 8.- ja 9.-luokkalaisten tyttöjen ja poikien itsearvioituun ahdistuneisuuteen -Kouluterveyskysely 2013

    OpenAIRE

    Peltola, Anniina

    2016-01-01

    Suomessa on tutkittu paljon perhetekijöiden ja perhesuhteiden muutosten yhteyksiä lasten hyvinvointiin. Perherakenteiden kuten vuoroasumisen yhteyttä lasten hyvinvointiin on Suomessa tutkittu vähemmän. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata 8.- ja 9.-luokkalaisten tyttöjen ja poikien perhetekijöitä ja itsearvioitua ahdistuneisuutta sekä niiden välistä yhteyttä. Lisäksi oli tarkoitus tutkia taustatekijöiden yhteyttä itsearvioituun ahdistuneisuuteen. Saatua tietoa voidaan hyödyntää kouluter...

  20. Possible galactic origin of. gamma. -ray bursts

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Manchanda, R K; Ramsden, D [Southampton Univ. (UK). Dept. of Physics

    1977-03-31

    It is stated that extragalactic models for the origin of non-solar ..gamma..-ray bursts include supernova bursts in remote galaxies, and the collapse of the cores of active stars, whilst galactic models are based on flare stars, thermonuclear explosions in neutron stars and the sudden accretion of cometary gas on to neutron stars. The acceptability of any of these models may be tested by the observed size spectrum of the ..gamma..-ray bursts. The extragalactic models predict a power law spectrum with number index -1.5, whilst for the galactic models the number index will be -1. Experimental data on ..gamma..-ray bursts is, however, still meagre, and so far only 44 confirmed events have been recorded by satellite-borne instruments. The number spectrum of the observed ..gamma..-ray bursts indicates that the observed distribution for events with an energy < 10/sup -4/ erg/cm/sup 2/ is flat; this makes the choice of any model completely arbitrary. An analysis of the observed ..gamma..-ray events is here presented that suggests very interesting possibilities for their origin. There appears to be a preferred mean energy for ..gamma..-ray bursts; some 90% of the recorded events show a mean energy between 5 x 10/sup -5/ and 5 x 10/sup -4/ erg/cm/sup 2/, contrary to the predicted characteristics of the number spectrum of various models. A remarkable similarity is found between the distribution of ..gamma..-ray bursts and that of supernova remnants, suggesting a genetic relationship between the two and the galactic origin of the ..gamma..-ray bursts, and the burst source could be identified with completely run down neutron stars, formed during supernova explosions.

  1. The differential effects of herbivory by first and fourth instars of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tang, Jennie Y; Zielinski, Raymond E; Zangerl, Arthur R; Crofts, Antony R; Berenbaum, May R; Delucia, Evan H

    2006-01-01

    The effect of different feeding behaviours of 1st and 4th instar Trichoplusia ni on photosynthesis of Arabidopsis thaliana var. Columbia was characterized using spatially resolved measurements of fluorescence and leaf temperature, as well as leaf gas exchange,. First instars made small holes with a large perimeter-to-area ratio and avoided veins, while 4th instars made large holes with a low perimeter-to-area ratio and consumed veins. Herbivory by 1st instars reduced photosynthesis more strongly in the remaining leaf tissue than that by 4th instars. Photosystem II operating efficiency (PhiPSII) was correlated with the rate of CO2 exchange, and reductions in PhiPSII in areas around the missing tissues contributed to a 15.6% reduction in CO2 assimilation on the first day following removal of 1st instars. The corresponding increases in non-photochemical quenching and greater rates of non-stomatal water loss from these regions, as well as the partial reversal of low PhiPSII by increasing the ambient CO2 concentration, suggests that localized water stress and reduced stomatal conductance contributed to the inhibition of photosynthesis. Damage by 1st but not 4th instars reduced the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) by 4-8%. While herbivory by both 1st and 4th instars increased dark respiration rates, the rates were too low to have contributed to the observed reductions in CO2 exchange. The small holes produced by 1st instars may have isolated patches of tissue from the vascular system thereby contributing to localized water stress. Since neither 1st nor 4th instar herbivory had a detectable effect on the expression of the Rubisco small subunit gene, the observed differences cannot be attributed to changes in expression of this gene. The mode of feeding by different instars of T. ni determined the photosynthetic response to herbivory, which appeared to be mediated by the level of water stress associated with herbivore damage.

  2. Cereal crop volatile organic compound induction after mechanical injury, beetle herbivory (Oulema spp.), or fungal infection (Fusarium spp.)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Herbivory, mechanical injury or pathogen infestation to vegetative tissues can induce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) production, which can provide defensive functions to injured and uninjured plants. In our studies with ‘McNeal’ wheat, ‘Otana’ oat, and ‘Harrington’ barley, plants that were mechan...

  3. Pärnu-Jaagupi (Korbe) kihelkonna ja kiriku vanimast ja vanemast ajaloost. 1.-2 / Ilmar Arens

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Arens, Ilmar, 1912-1994

    1981-01-01

    Pärnu-Jaagupi kihelkonna ja kiriku ajaloost. "Paganlik" - katoliiklikust ajastust 1226. a. kuni Rootsi aja alguseni 1617. Kirikuvisitatsioonist Pärnu-Jaagupis 19. märtsil 1699. aastal ja vastavast protokollist

  4. Distsiplinaarne fotograafia ja interdistsiplinaarne kunstiparadiis / Peeter Linnap

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Linnap, Peeter, 1960-

    2003-01-01

    Vastuseks H. Soansi ja A. Härmi artiklile "Mõned teravad polaroidid" (Sirp, 2003, 13. VI, lk. 17). Eesti 90-ndate ja praegune fotograafia. Fotograafia: mono- ja interdistsiplinaarne. Fototeooriate regulaarne surm

  5. Hinna kujundamise strateegia ja taktika

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2002-01-01

    Katkend Thomas T. Nagle ja Reed K. Holdeni raamatust "The strategy and tactics of pricing". Katkendis ära toodud raamatu 6. peatükk, milles esitatakse peamised ideed ja defineeritakse kesksed mõisted

  6. Vorst ja poliitika / Ivar Tallo

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tallo, Ivar, 1964-

    2002-01-01

    Siiani on lahendamata erakondade rahastamise küsimus, samuti on reguleerimata, kes ja missuguses vormis tohib lobby teha ja kuidas peavad avaliku võimu esindajad sellisesse huvide esindamisse suhtuma. Autor: Rahvaerakond Mõõdukad

  7. Throughput Estimation Method in Burst ACK Scheme for Optimizing Frame Size and Burst Frame Number Appropriate to SNR-Related Error Rate

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ohteru, Shoko; Kishine, Keiji

    The Burst ACK scheme enhances effective throughput by reducing ACK overhead when a transmitter sends sequentially multiple data frames to a destination. IEEE 802.11e is one such example. The size of the data frame body and the number of burst data frames are important burst transmission parameters that affect throughput. The larger the burst transmission parameters are, the better the throughput under error-free conditions becomes. However, large data frame could reduce throughput under error-prone conditions caused by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) deterioration. If the throughput can be calculated from the burst transmission parameters and error rate, the appropriate ranges of the burst transmission parameters could be narrowed down, and the necessary buffer size for storing transmit data or received data temporarily could be estimated. In this paper, we present a method that features a simple algorithm for estimating the effective throughput from the burst transmission parameters and error rate. The calculated throughput values agree well with the measured ones for actual wireless boards based on the IEEE 802.11-based original MAC protocol. We also calculate throughput values for larger values of the burst transmission parameters outside the assignable values of the wireless boards and find the appropriate values of the burst transmission parameters.

  8. Kohderyhmäskenaarioita miesten jalkine- ja vaatemalliston suunnittelulle ja toteutukselle

    OpenAIRE

    Turunen, Niina

    2013-01-01

    Opinnäytetyön aiheena oli kohderyhmän määritys sekä jalkine- ja vaatemalliston suunnittelu potentiaalisen kohderyhmän näkökulmasta. Opinnäytetyössä selvitettiin kohderyhmä kahden suunnittelijan yhteistyönä suunnitellulle miesten jalkine- ja vaatemallistolle syys-talvi 2013 - 2014 -sesongille. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli suunnitella ensimmäinen yhteinen kahden suunnittelijan mallisto yhteistyössä Hämeen ammattikorkeakoulun tekstiilin pääaineopiskelijan Laura Lepistön kanssa. Opinnäytetyö...

  9. "Frank ja Wendy" rikub jõulud ja võtab söögiisu / Astrid Kannel

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kannel, Astrid, 1967-

    2004-01-01

    Animafilm "Frank ja Wendy" : autor David Snowman = Priit Pärn, Ülo Pikkov, Priit Tender ja Kaspar Jancis : Eesti Joonisfilm 2004. Kõik autorid vastavad midagi artikli autori provotseerivatele küsimustele

  10. Optimal Codes for the Burst Erasure Channel

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hamkins, Jon

    2010-01-01

    Deep space communications over noisy channels lead to certain packets that are not decodable. These packets leave gaps, or bursts of erasures, in the data stream. Burst erasure correcting codes overcome this problem. These are forward erasure correcting codes that allow one to recover the missing gaps of data. Much of the recent work on this topic concentrated on Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes. These are more complicated to encode and decode than Single Parity Check (SPC) codes or Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, and so far have not been able to achieve the theoretical limit for burst erasure protection. A block interleaved maximum distance separable (MDS) code (e.g., an SPC or RS code) offers near-optimal burst erasure protection, in the sense that no other scheme of equal total transmission length and code rate could improve the guaranteed correctible burst erasure length by more than one symbol. The optimality does not depend on the length of the code, i.e., a short MDS code block interleaved to a given length would perform as well as a longer MDS code interleaved to the same overall length. As a result, this approach offers lower decoding complexity with better burst erasure protection compared to other recent designs for the burst erasure channel (e.g., LDPC codes). A limitation of the design is its lack of robustness to channels that have impairments other than burst erasures (e.g., additive white Gaussian noise), making its application best suited for correcting data erasures in layers above the physical layer. The efficiency of a burst erasure code is the length of its burst erasure correction capability divided by the theoretical upper limit on this length. The inefficiency is one minus the efficiency. The illustration compares the inefficiency of interleaved RS codes to Quasi-Cyclic (QC) LDPC codes, Euclidean Geometry (EG) LDPC codes, extended Irregular Repeat Accumulate (eIRA) codes, array codes, and random LDPC codes previously proposed for burst erasure

  11. Sijoitusrahastojen ja sijoitussidonnaisten vakuutusten verotus

    OpenAIRE

    Niemi, Jonna

    2012-01-01

    Opinnäytetyön aiheena on sijoitusrahastojen ja sijoitussidonnaisten vakuutusten verotus sekä verotuksen tuomat edut ja riskit sijoittajalle. Sijoitusrahastojen osalta työssä kuvataan kasvurahaston osakkaan verotusta, sillä ainoastaan kasvurahastot tarjoavat sijoittajalle mahdollisuuden pitkäaikaiseen säästämiseen. Sijoitussidonnaisista vakuutuksista opinnäytetyössä käsitellään vapaaehtoinen eläkevakuutus ja sijoitusvakuutus. Opinnäytetyöllä ei ole toimeksiantajaa vaan aihe on syntynyt kirjoit...

  12. Gamma-Ray Bursts: 4th Huntsville Symposium. Proceedings

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Meegan, C.A.; Preece, R.D.; Koshut, T.M.

    1998-01-01

    These proceedings represent papers presented at the Fourth Huntsville Gamma-Ray Bursts Symposium held in September, 1997 in Huntsville, Alabama, USA. This conference occurred at a crucial time in the history of the gamma-ray burst research. In early 1997, 30 years after the detection of the first gamma-ray burst by the Vela satellites, counterparts to bursts were finally detected at optical and radio wavelengths. The symposium attracted about 200 scientists from 16 countries. Some of the topics discussed include gamma-ray burst spectra, x-ray observations, optical observations, radio observations, host galaxies, shocks and afterglows and models of gamma-ray bursts. There were 183 papers presented, out of these, 16 have been abstracted for the Energy Science and Technology database

  13. X-ray echoes from gamma-ray bursts

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dermer, C.D.; Hurley, K.C.; Hartmann, D.H.

    1991-01-01

    The identification of an echo of reflected radiation in time histories of gamma-ray burst spectra can provide important information about the existence of binary companions or accretion disks in gamma-ray burst systems. Because of the nature of Compton scattering, the spectrum of the echo will be attenuated at gamma-ray energies compared with the spectrum of the primary burst emission. The expected temporal and spectral signatures of the echo and a search for such echoes are described, and implications for gamma-ray burst models are discussed. 35 refs

  14. Mobiilideittailusovellus Tinderin käyttö ja sen vaikutukset ihmisen identiteettiin ja itsensä esittämiseen

    OpenAIRE

    Puranen, Juuso

    2016-01-01

    Tinderin kaltaisten mobiilisovellusten käyttö on nopeassa ajassa muovannut nykyajan deittailukulttuuria ja tarjonnut uusia keinoja etsiä ja tavata uusia ih-misiä. Tinderiä ei ole kuitenkaan ilmiönä tutkittu laajalti, vaikka mobiilideittai-lusovellus on tehnyt internetin välityksellä tapahtuvasta suhteiden muodosta-misesta hyväksyttävämpää ja jopa trendikästä. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten Tinderin käyttö vaikuttaa ihmisen identiteettiin ja itsensä esittämiseen. Teoree...

  15. Majandusarvestus ja tegelikkus / Vello Vallaste

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Vallaste, Vello, 1947-

    2011-01-01

    Majandusarvestus ei pruugi ettevõtte tegelikku olukorda peegeldada, mis tähendab, et majandusarvestus võib olla ebausaldusväärne. Näiteid Ameerika Ühendriikidest ja Eestist (Enron, Luterma AS ja Celander Ehitus)

  16. Taotlused ja tulemus / Rein Tootmaa

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tootmaa, Rein

    2002-01-01

    Helle Karise kavandatava portreefilmide sarja "Contra mortem" esimene film "Dr. Andres Ellamaa" : operaatorid Peter Murdmaa ja Marko Piirsoo : monteerija Eero Karis : produtsendid Helle Karis ja Maret Hirtentreu : kasutatud Carl Orffi muusikat : Myth Film 2002

  17. Lugedes Pilve ja Pazi / Mathura

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Mathura, pseud., 1973-

    2007-01-01

    Võrdlevalt Aare Pilve luulekogust "Näoline" (kirj. Tuum, 2007) ja Octavio Pazi luulekogust "Alati on olevik" (hispaania k. tlk. Ain Kaalep, Jaan Kaplinski, Asta Põldmäe ja Jüri Talvet, kirj. Perioodika, 1984)

  18. Majandusareng, innovatsioon ja tehnoloogilis-majanduslik paradigma : väljakutse Kesk- ja Ida-Euroopa riikidele / Tarmo Kalvet, Rainer Kattel

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kalvet, Tarmo, 1975-

    2002-01-01

    Autorid analüüsivad läbiviidud uuringute alusel majanduslikku arengut ning teadus- ja arendustegevust Kesk- ja Ida-Euroopa riikides ning Eestis ja tõdevad, et innovatsioonil põhineva majandussüsteemini jõudmiseks on vaja senisest suuremat riigi toetust.

  19. Armin Tuulse ja kirikute uurimine / Kersti Markus

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Markus, Kersti, 1962-

    2008-01-01

    Arhitektuuri- ja kunstiajaloolase tegevusest 1930. aastate Eestis ja Teise maailmasõja järgses Rootsis. Saksa ja rootsi teadlaste vahelistest kultuuriregiooni vaidlustest. Eesti kunsti omapära otsingutest. Keskaegse sakraalkunsti uurimise meetoditest

  20. Filme meist ja meie ajast / Raimo Jõerand

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Jõerand, Raimo

    2007-01-01

    EFSA filmiekspert teavitab uutest eesti tõsielufilmidest : Urmas E. Liivi "Casting" ja "Briljantroheline maja, pumbakaev ja valge laev", Andres Maimiku, Jaak Kilmi "Müümise kunst", James ja Maureen Tusty "Laulev revolutsioon"

  1. Keele kestlikkuse ja kao konstrueerimine poolavalikes diskursustes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kadri Koreinik

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Artikli peaeesmärk on analüüsida keele kestlikkuse ja kao diskursiivset konstrueerimist Saksamaa ja Soome eestlaste ning setu ja võru keele kasutajate poolstruktureeritud intervjuude näitel. Intervjuuandmestik pärineb koostööprojektist European Language Diversity for All (ELDIA, mille keskmes on väikese kõnelejaskonnaga soome-ugri keeled tänapäeva mitmekeelsetes ühiskondades. Saksamaal ja Soomes elavad eestlased esindavad allohtoonseid keelerühmi; setu- ja võrukeelsed moodustavad autohtoonsed Eesti keelekogukonnad, mille piiritlemine pole probleemitu. Kõigi nimetatud kogukondade puhul on tegu mitmekeelsete eestlastega, kes on suuremal või vähemal määral säilitanud oma vähemuskeele enamuskeelses, vastavalt saksa-, soome- ja eestikeelses keeleruumis. Diskursusanalüüsi kõrval vaadeldakse põgusalt, kuidas hindavad oma keeleoskust erinevas vanuses inimesed. Kogu keelekestlikkuse ja -kao diskursus on vaadeldav legitimatsioonidiskursusena, kus osalised argumenteerivad vähemuskeelte funktsioonide ja tuleviku üle. Ühe põhitulemusena võib esile tuua, et kõik vaadeldud keelekogukonnad püsivad keelelise või kultuurilise rikastamise diskursiivses raamistikus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa9.09

  2. Gamma-ray burst observations: the present situation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vedrenne, G.

    1984-01-01

    Recent results in gamma ray burst investigations concerning the spectral variability on a short time scale, precise locations, and the discovery of optical flashes in gamma ray burst positions on archival plates are presented. The implications of optical and X-ray observations of gamma ray burst error boxes are also discussed. 72 references

  3. Detecting pipe bursts by monitoring water demand

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Bakker, M.; Vreeburg, J.H.G.; Van der Roer, M.; Sperber, V.

    2012-01-01

    An algorithm which compares measured and predicted water demands to detect pipe bursts was developed and tested on three data sets of water demand and reported pipe bursts of three years. The algorithm proved to be able to detect bursts where the water loss exceeds 30% of the average water demand in

  4. Fine structure in fast drift storm bursts

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    McConnell, D.; Ellis, G.R.A.

    1981-01-01

    Recent observations with high time resolution of fast drift storm (FDS) solar bursts are described. A new variety of FDS bursts characterised by intensity maxima regularly placed in the frequency domain is reported. Possible interpretations of this are mentioned and the implications of the short duration of FDS bursts are discussed. (orig.)

  5. Intrinsic bursting of AII amacrine cells underlies oscillations in the rd1 mouse retina.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Choi, Hannah; Zhang, Lei; Cembrowski, Mark S; Sabottke, Carl F; Markowitz, Alexander L; Butts, Daniel A; Kath, William L; Singer, Joshua H; Riecke, Hermann

    2014-09-15

    In many forms of retinal degeneration, photoreceptors die but inner retinal circuits remain intact. In the rd1 mouse, an established model for blinding retinal diseases, spontaneous activity in the coupled network of AII amacrine and ON cone bipolar cells leads to rhythmic bursting of ganglion cells. Since such activity could impair retinal and/or cortical responses to restored photoreceptor function, understanding its nature is important for developing treatments of retinal pathologies. Here we analyzed a compartmental model of the wild-type mouse AII amacrine cell to predict that the cell's intrinsic membrane properties, specifically, interacting fast Na and slow, M-type K conductances, would allow its membrane potential to oscillate when light-evoked excitatory synaptic inputs were withdrawn following photoreceptor degeneration. We tested and confirmed this hypothesis experimentally by recording from AIIs in a slice preparation of rd1 retina. Additionally, recordings from ganglion cells in a whole mount preparation of rd1 retina demonstrated that activity in AIIs was propagated unchanged to elicit bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells. We conclude that oscillations are not an emergent property of a degenerated retinal network. Rather, they arise largely from the intrinsic properties of a single retinal interneuron, the AII amacrine cell. Copyright © 2014 the American Physiological Society.

  6. Wilson, Lansing ja Hoover - Ameerika välispoliitika ja Eesti riigi tekkimine / Olavi Arens

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Arens, Olavi, 1940-

    2006-01-01

    Ameerika Ühendriikide rollist Eesti ja teiste Balti riikide tekkimisel aastatel 1918-1920. On käsitletud Ameerika presidendi Woodrow Wilsoni kõnesid ning nende ja Ameerika üldist tähendust maailma välispoliitikas Versailles' rahuläbirääkimistel

  7. Kriitika ja eimiski ('Traditsioon ja pluralism') / Hasso Krull

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Krull, Hasso, 1964-

    1996-01-01

    Ettekanne seminaril 'Traditsioon ja pluralism I' 31. V 1996 Tallinnas. Ka Mati Undi raamatust 'Vastne argimütoloogia' (Tln. : Vagabund, 1996) Vastukaja: Unt, Mati. Sekundaarsed // Kultuurimaa. - 1996. - 25. sept. - Lk. 3

  8. Preemia professor Lembit Andresenile ja professor Leida Taltsile : [Haridusministeeriumi ja EAPSi kasvatusteaduslike tööde konkurss] / Ulve Kala

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kala, Ulve, 1947-

    1998-01-01

    Teadustöö preemia sai Lembit Andresen eesti rahvakasvatuse ja õpetuse ajaloo põhjaliku käsitlemise eest monograafias "Eesti rahvakooli ja pedagoogika ajalugu. I." (Tallinn, Avita, 1997, 264 lk.) ja populaarteadusliku töö preemia Leida Talts kasvatusteaduse nüüdisaegsete seisukohtade rakendusliku käsitlemise eest monograafias "Kasvatus põhikooli algastmes" (Tallinn, Riiklik Eksami- ja Kvalifikatsioonikeskus, 1997, 210 lk.)

  9. Kuopion kotisairaalapilottihanke; sairaanhoitajien ja ensihoitajien yhteistyön toimivuus ja ammatilliset valmiudet

    OpenAIRE

    Miettinen, Elvi; Kallio, Tiia

    2014-01-01

    Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli haastattelututkimuksen avulla selvittää Kuopion kotisairaalapilottihankkeessa työskennelleiden sairaanhoitajien ja ensihoitajien yhteistyön toimivuutta ja ammatillisia valmiuksia. Opinnäytetyön tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tulosten perusteella kehittää kotisairaalatoimintamallia. Opinnäytetyö oli laadullinen tutkimus, joka toteutettiin teemahaastatteluna ryhmähaastattelumuodossa. Tutkimus sisälsi kolme teemaa: kotisairaalapilottihanke, yhteist...

  10. Traditsioonist ja uuendusest korea modernkunstis / Katrin Kivimaa

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kivimaa, Katrin, 1969-

    2005-01-01

    Souli galeriides ja muuseumides valitseb eeldatud kõrgtehnoloogilise kunsti asemel maalikunst. Pikemalt naiskunstnik Wook-kyung Choi (1940-1985) ja Jong-gu Lee näitustest ning soo- ja naisuuringute kongressist "Women's World 2005"

  11. Õpetajate praktika ja klassikeskkond / Krista Loogma

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Loogma, Krista, 1946-

    2014-01-01

    OECD rahvusvahelise õpetamise ja õppimise võrdlusuuringust (TALIS) 2013, milles analüüsitakse õpetajate pedagoogilisi veendumusi ja nende seoseid uuendusliku õpetamispraktikaga, õpetajate koostööd ning klassikeskkonda ja distsiplinaarset kliimat klassis

  12. Mobiilipalvelut ja NFC

    OpenAIRE

    Kurtti, Joni

    2011-01-01

    NFC, Near Field Communication, on hyvin lyhyiden etäisyyksien radiotaajuinen tiedonsiirtomene-telmä. Se perustuu RFID-tekniikkaan. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutustuttiin NFC-tekniikkaan ja sen nykyisiin sovelluksiin, erityisesti mobiilipalveluihin. Tarkoituksena oli lisätä omaa ja yrityksen, IT-parkin, tietämystä aihealueen teknologioista. Työ pohjautuu kirjallisuustutkimukseen digitaali-lähtein. NFC-toiminnan fysikaalinen perusta on sähkömagneettikentän induktiossa. NFC-tekniikan tär-keimmät...

  13. Eestlane ja sakslane Kunstihoones

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    1998-01-01

    Siim-Tanel Annuse ja Abraham David Christiani ühisnäitus 18. dets.-st Tallinna Kunstihoones. Kuraator Dorothee Bauerle-Willert. A. D. Christianilt on näitusel skulptuurid, Mississippi joonistuste seeria, S.-T. Annuselt maalid. Näituse avamisele järgnenud Krista Kodrese juhendatud diskussioonil "Siin ئ piirideta, läbisegi ja piirideta või hoopis maailmakunst provintsist" osalejad

  14. Paris, Texas. Saksamaal ja sinu peas / Kairi Prints

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Prints, Kairi

    2010-01-01

    6.- 12. oktoobrini Tallinnas ja Tartus toimuval filmifestivalil "Uus Saksa Kino" saab vaadata Wim Wendersi muusikadokumentaale. "Film ja filosoofia" rubriigis koha- ja rahvusespetsiifika eksistentsist tänapäeva filmikunstis ja W. Wendersi filmist "Paris, Texas" (USA 1984)

  15. Stiilsed emad ja tütred / Keilit Aedma

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Aedma, Keilit

    2016-01-01

    Sisearhitekt Aet Pieli ja tema tütre Anrike Pieli, moedisainer Roberta Eineri ja tema ema Ljudmilla Eineri, tekstiilikunstnik Signe Kivi ja tema tütre Liisa Kivi, ajakirjanik Keilit Aedma ja tema ema Kadi Aedma-Reiningu riietumisstiilist

  16. Sulam Eesti ja Inglise vaimulikust muusikast / Kersti Inno

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Inno, Kersti, 1954-

    2007-01-01

    Eesti Filharmoonia Kammerkoori ja inglise organisti ning helilooja Christopher Bowers-Broadbenti kontserdist 9. veebr. Haapsalu Toomkirikus ja 10. veebr. Tallinna Niguliste kirikus (ettekandel C. Bowers-Broadbenti sekvents orelile ja koorile "7Words" ja Cyrillus Kreegi "Reekviem" uues seades)

  17. Työpaikkakiusaaminen - sen seuraukset ja selviytymiskeinot

    OpenAIRE

    Päivärinta, Salla

    2014-01-01

    Opinnäytetyöni aihe on työpaikkakiusaaminen. Kiinnostus aihetta kohtaan syntyi omista kokemuksistani työpaikalla ja siitä, että olen ollut mukana luottamushenkilötoiminnassa useita vuosia. Tavoitteena on avata työpaikkakiusaamista ilmiönä, ja millaisia vakavia vaikutuksia sillä on niin työntekijään, hänen läheisiinsä, työpaikkaan ja koko yhteiskuntaan. Selvitän, mikä on ja mikä ei ole työpaikkakiusaamista ja epäasiallista häirintää. Kuvaan sitä, millaiseksi kiusaaja työpaikalla koetaan. Tutki...

  18. Bursting neurons and ultrasound avoidance in crickets

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gary eMarsat

    2012-07-01

    Full Text Available Decision making in invertebrates often relies on simple neural circuits composed of only a few identified neurons. The relative simplicity of these circuits makes it possible to identify the key computation and neural properties underlying decisions. In this review, we summarize recent research on the neural basis of ultrasound avoidance in crickets, a response that allows escape from echolocating bats. The key neural property shaping behavioral output is high-frequency bursting of an identified interneuron, AN2, which carries information about ultrasound stimuli from receptor neurons to the brain. AN2's spike train consists of clusters of spikes –bursts– that may be interspersed with isolated, non-burst spikes. AN2 firing is necessary and sufficient to trigger avoidance steering but only high-rate firing, such as occurs in bursts, evokes this response. AN2 bursts are therefore at the core of the computation involved in deciding whether or not to steer away from ultrasound. Bursts in AN2 are triggered by synaptic input from nearly synchronous bursts in ultrasound receptors. Thus the population response at the very first stage of sensory processing –the auditory receptor- already differentiates the features of the stimulus that will trigger a behavioral response from those that will not. Adaptation, both intrinsic to AN2 and within ultrasound receptors, scales the burst-generating features according to the stimulus statistics, thus filtering out background noise and ensuring that bursts occur selectively in response to salient peaks in ultrasound intensity. Furthermore AN2’s sensitivity to ultrasound varies adaptively with predation pressure, through both developmental and evolutionary mechanisms. We discuss how this key relationship between bursting and the triggering of avoidance behavior is also observed in other invertebrate systems such as the avoidance of looming visual stimuli in locusts or heat avoidance in beetles.

  19. AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF CORONAL TYPE II RADIO BURSTS: THE AUTOMATED RADIO BURST IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM METHOD AND FIRST OBSERVATIONS

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lobzin, Vasili V.; Cairns, Iver H.; Robinson, Peter A.; Steward, Graham; Patterson, Garth

    2010-01-01

    Major space weather events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections are usually accompanied by solar radio bursts, which can potentially be used for real-time space weather forecasts. Type II radio bursts are produced near the local plasma frequency and its harmonic by fast electrons accelerated by a shock wave moving through the corona and solar wind with a typical speed of ∼1000 km s -1 . The coronal bursts have dynamic spectra with frequency gradually falling with time and durations of several minutes. This Letter presents a new method developed to detect type II coronal radio bursts automatically and describes its implementation in an extended Automated Radio Burst Identification System (ARBIS 2). Preliminary tests of the method with spectra obtained in 2002 show that the performance of the current implementation is quite high, ∼80%, while the probability of false positives is reasonably low, with one false positive per 100-200 hr for high solar activity and less than one false event per 10000 hr for low solar activity periods. The first automatically detected coronal type II radio burst is also presented.

  20. NICER Eyes on Bursting Stars

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kohler, Susanna

    2018-03-01

    What happens to a neutron stars accretion disk when its surface briefly explodes? A new instrument recently deployed at the International Space Station (ISS) is now watching bursts from neutron stars and reporting back.Deploying a New X-Ray MissionLaunch of NICER aboard a Falcon 9 rocket in June 2017. [NASA/Tony Gray]In early June of 2017, a SpaceX Dragon capsule on a Falcon 9 rocket launched on a resupply mission to the ISS. The pressurized interior of the Dragon contained the usual manifest of crew supplies, spacewalk equipment, and vehicle hardware. But the unpressurized trunk of the capsule held something a little different: the Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER).In the two weeks following launch, NICER was extracted from the SpaceX Dragon capsule and installed on the ISS. And by the end of the month, the instrument was already collecting its first data set: observations of a bright X-ray burst from Aql X-1, a neutron star accreting matter from a low-mass binary companion.Impact of BurstsNICERs goal is to provide a new view of neutron-star physics at X-ray energies of 0.212 keV a window that allows us to explore bursts of energy that neutron stars sometimes emit from their surfaces.Artists impression of an X-ray binary, in which a compact object accretes material from a companion star. [ESA/NASA/Felix Mirabel]In X-ray burster systems, hydrogen- and helium-rich material from a low-mass companion star piles up in an accretion disk around the neutron star. This material slowly funnels onto the neutron stars surface, forming a layer that gravitationally compresses and eventually becomes so dense and hot that runaway nuclear fusion ignites.Within seconds, the layer of material is burned up, producing a burst of emission from the neutron star that outshines even the inner regions of the hot accretion disk. Then more material funnels onto the neutron star and the process begins again.Though we have a good picture of the physics that causes these bursts

  1. Geniaalsus ja hullumeelsus / Ly Ehin

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Seppel, Ly, 1943-

    2005-01-01

    Itaalia psühhiaatri ja kriminoloogi Cesare Lombroso raamatust "Geniaalsus ja hullumeelsus" (ilm. 1864), kus ta väidab, et pärilik hullumeelsus lööb geniaalsetel inimestel sagedamini välja kui kurjategijatel

  2. Street Food Suomessa ja liiketoimintasuunnitelma katuruokayritykselle

    OpenAIRE

    Hellman, Joonas; Koski, Olli

    2016-01-01

    Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kerätä tietoa katuruoasta Suomessa ja tuottaa taustatietoa oman yrityksen liiketoimintasuunnitelmaa varten. Teoriatiedot hankittiin pääasiassa alan kirjallisuudesta, Internet-lähteistä sekä käyttäen hyväksi omaa ja alan yleistä tietoa. Tutkimusosa koostuu kyselytutkimuksesta ja sen analysoimisesta. Opinnäytetyön tekijät osallistuivat Ravintolapäivään saadakseen käytännön kokemusta ja tietoa. Kaikkia kolmea edellä mainittua osa-aluetta käytettiin päät...

  3. Ositus- ja perintösaanto : luovutusvoittoverokiemuroineen

    OpenAIRE

    Kaisla, Irma

    2008-01-01

    Opinnäytetyössä on selkeytetty kuolinpesien luovutusvoittojen verotuskäytäntöjä erilaisissa tilanteissa. On tarkasteltu ja pohdittu ositusta ja perinnönjakoa peilaten niiden tekemistä tai tekemättä jättämistä luovutusvoittoverotukseen. Osituksen ja perinnönjaon ajankohdalla on myös merkitystä luovutusvoiton suuruuteen ja siitä syntyvän veron määrään. Ositus on aina tehtävä ennen perinnönjakoa. Lesken osakkuusasema kuolinpesässä lakkaa kun ositus on toimitettu. Osituksen jälkeen perillise...

  4. Max Jakobsoni saatuseaastad, soomlased ja meie / Imbi Paju

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Paju, Imbi, 1959-

    2008-01-01

    Soome politoloogist ja diplomaadist Max Jakobsonist ja tema uuest raamatust "Saatuseaastad. Soome tõusis, andis Venemaale järele ja pääses". Artiklis on juttu ka Max Jakobsoni suhetest Eesti presidentide Lennart Meri ja Toomas Hendrik Ilvesega

  5. Klaasist, betoonist ja üllast ideest / Piret Veigel

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Veigel, Piret, 1961-

    2003-01-01

    Sisearhitektide Argo ja Katrin Vaikla kodu. Looduslähedusest, ruumilahendusest ja materjalikasutusest. Puituksed, köögi aknaalune kapp ja söögilaud valmistati A. ja K. Vaikla jooniste järgi firmas Disekt. Välisvaade, 13 sisevaadet

  6. Figaro ja Taska / Maarja Undusk

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Undusk, Maarja, 1959-

    2010-01-01

    Eduard Taska 120. sünniaastapäevale pühendatud Eduard Taska ja 1982. aastast Rootsis elava Marje Taska näitus "Vanaisa ja mina" Eesti Tarbekunsti- ja Disainimuuseumis 30. maini 2010, kuraator Anne Tiivel. Näitus "Eesti köited Prantsusmaal III" Eesti Rahvusraamatukogus 17. aprillini 2010. Väljas on tööd, mis osalesid 2009. a. X rahvusvahelisel köitekunstibiennaalil St. Rémy-lès Chevreuse'is, kus Euroopa Liidu poolt välja pandud peapreemia võitis Kristiina Nurk

  7. "Teine" ja teistmoodi, eriline ja erinev muuseumis = The "other" : the unique and the different in museums / Adele-Marie Dzidzaria

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Dzidzaria, Adele-Marie

    2006-01-01

    "Kambrist" muuseumiks, privaatsest avalikuks. Kultuuriline "teine" - kolooniad, immigrandid ja integratsioon. Ühiskondlikud "teised" - hullud ja vangid. "Läbipaistva" muuseumi idee ja "teistsugused" ekspositsioonid. A.-M. Dzidzaria - Amsterdami Reinwardti Akadeemia rahvusvaheline museoloogia magister

  8. Halduskohtu pädevus : Riigikohtu administratiivosakonna ja halduskolleegiumi praktika aastatel 1919-1940 ja 1992-2009 / Liina Kanger, Marelle Leppik

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kanger, Liina, 1983-

    2009-01-01

    Halduskohtu pädevuse piiritlemine õiguskorras ja teistest kohtuharudest (eraõiguse valdkonnas, kriminaal- ja väärteoasjades, põhiseaduslikkuse järelevalve teostamisel, riigiõiguslikes vaidlustes ja organitüli lahendamisel)

  9. Valitud ja valitsenud : Eesti parlamentaarsete ja muude esinduskogude ning valitsuste isikkoosseis aastail 1917-1999 / Olev Olesk

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Olesk, Olev, 1921-2017

    1999-01-01

    rets. rmt.: Valitud ja valitsenud : Eesti parlamentaarsete ja muude esinduskogude ning valitsuste isikkoosseis aastail 1917-1999 / koostaja Jaan Toomla. Tallinn : Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu, 1999. 474 lk.

  10. INTEGRAL monitoring of unusually long X-ray bursts

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Chenevez, Jérôme; Falanga, M.; Kuulkers, E.

    2008-01-01

    of exceptional burst events lasting more than ~10 minutes. Half of the dozen so-called intermediate long bursts registered so far have been observed by INTEGRAL. The goal is to derive a comprehensive picture of the relationship between the nuclear ignition processes and the accretion states of the system leading...... up to such long bursts. Depending on the composition of the accreted material, these bursts may be explained by either the unstable burning of a large pile of mixed hydrogen and helium, or the ignition of a thick pure helium layer. Intermediate long bursts are particularly expected to occur at very...

  11. Teadus- ja arendustegevus ettevõtlussektoris / Aime Pirrus

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Pirrus, Aime

    2007-01-01

    Eesti teadus- ja arendustegevuse strateegia näeb tuleviku Eestit teadmistepõhise ühiskonnana. Teadmistepõhises majanduses rakendatakse energia- ja ressursikulutuste vähendamiseks uusi säästlikke tehnoloogiaid. Lisatud tabel, graafik ja diagrammid

  12. Botaanikud Chamisso ja Eschscholtz Californias / Tiiu Speek

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Speek, Tiiu, 1958-

    2012-01-01

    Loodusteadlaste A. von Chamisso ja J. Fr. Eschscholtzi osalemisest O. von Kotzebue ekspeditsioonidel (1815-1818 ning 1823-1826); reisidel kogutud ja kirjeldatud USA lääneosa ja California taimeliikidest ning neist koostatud herbaariumite saatusest

  13. Silmapaistev Juri Lotmani ja Zara Mintsi arhiiv

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2007-01-01

    Tallinna Ülikoolis paikneb rahvusvaheliselt tunnustatud semiootiku Juri Lotmani ja tema abikaasa Zara Mintsi arhiiv ja raamatukogu. Juri Lotmani poeg ja Tallinna Ülikooli Eesti Humanitaarinstituudi professor Mihhail Lotman on rahul, et arhiiv asub Eestis

  14. Kuidas Udmurdi ja Mordva vabariik lipud said / Jaak Prozes

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Prozes, Jaak, 1965-

    2008-01-01

    Kunstnikud Juri Lobanov ja Andrei Aljoshkin räägivad Udmurdi vabariigi ja Mordva vabariigi lipu ja vapi saamisloo. Udmurdi ja Mordva lipu värvide tähendusest. Udmurtia, Mordva, Komi ja Marimaa esimene kaasaegse kunsti näitus "Põhi ja kirre : kontinentaalne alateadvus" Kumu Kunstimuuseumis 14. märts-18. mai 2008

  15. Eesti ja Venemaa vahele kerkis teatrisild / Rait Avestik

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Avestik, Rait, 1974-

    2009-01-01

    27. märtsil Moskvas alanud 15. teatrifestivalist "Kuldne mask" ja Eesti teatrite - NO99 lavastusega "GEP", Eesti Nuku- ja Noorsooteater lavastusega "Mängurid" ja Rahvusooper Estonia kahe lühiballetiga "Hamlet" ja "Libahunt" - osalemisest festivali eriprogrammis "Kuldne mask pluss"

  16. Observation of cosmic gamma ray burst by Hinotori

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Okudaira, Kiyoaki; Yoshimori, Masato; Hirashima, Yo; Kondo, Ichiro.

    1982-01-01

    The solar gamma ray detecor (SGR) on Hinotori has no collimator, and the collimator of a hard X-ray monitor is not effective for gamma ray with energy more than 100 KeV. Accordingly, the detection system can detect cosmic gamma ray burst, and two bursts were observed. The first burst was detected on February 28, 1981, and the source of the burst was in the direction of 81 degree from Venus. The time profile and the spectrum were observed. In July 21, 1981, the second burst was detected. The time profile obtained with the SGR was compared with those of PVO (Pioneer Venus Orbiter) and LASL-ISEE. The time difference among the data of time profiles indicated that the source of the burst was not the sun. The spectrum was also measured. (Kato, T.)

  17. Effects of herbivory and flooding on reforestation of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.]) saplings planted in Caddo Lake, Texas

    Science.gov (United States)

    Keeland, Bobby D.; Dale, Rassa O.; Darville, Roy; McCoy, John W.

    2011-01-01

    The effects of herbivory and flooding were examined on survival and growth of planted baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) saplings at three sites in Caddo Lake, TX, over a 4-yr period. There were two flood regimes (shallow periodic and deep continuous), where half of the saplings in each flood regime were protected by tree shelters to prevent herbivory. By the end of the first year, over 80% of saplings survived with half of saplings classified as healthy. By the end of the fourth year, only half of the saplings were alive and one-third were healthy. At all three sites, the combination of no protection and continuous flooding resulted in a significant number of missing saplings. Likewise, most unprotected saplings in periodic flooding were missing by the end of the study. Saplings clipped by herbivores showed about 50% chance of recovery, but many of the sprouts were of poor quality. Protected saplings in tree shelters achieved significantly greater survival and height growth.

  18. Advances in gamma-ray burst astronomy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cline, T.L.; Desai, U.D.

    1976-01-01

    Work at Goddard is presently being carried out in three major areas of gamma-ray burst research: (1) A pair of simultaneously operating 0.8-m 2 burst detectors were successfully balloon-borne at locations 800 miles apart on 9 May, 1975, each to atmospheric depths of 3 to 4 g cm -2 , for a 20-h period of coincident data coverage. This experiment investigates the size spectrum of bursts in the 10 -7 to 10 -6 erg cm -2 size region where dozens of events per day are expected on a -1.5 index integral power-law extrapolation. Considerable separation in latitude was used to avoid possible atmospheric and auroral secondary effects. Its results are not yet available. (2) A deep-space burst detector, the first spacecraft instrument built specifically for gamma-ray burst studies, was recently successfully integrated into the Helios-B space probe. Its use at distances of up to 2 AU will make possible the first high-resolution directional study of gamma-ray burst source locations. Similar modifications to several other space vehicles are also being prepared. (3) The gamma-ray instrument on the IMP-7 satellite is presently the most sensitive burst detector still operating in orbit. Its results have shown that all measured event-average energy spectra are consistent with being alike. Using this characteristic spectrum to select IMP-7 candidate events of smaller size than those detected using other spacecraft in coincidence, a size spectrum is constructed which fits the -1.5 index power law down to 2.5 x 10 -5 erg cm -2 per event, at an occurrence rate of about once per month. (Auth.)

  19. Study on cosmic gamma bursts in the ''KONUS'' experiment

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mazets, E.P.; Golenetskij, S.V.; Il'inskij, V.N.; Panov, V.N.; Aptekar', R.L.; Gur'yan, Yu.A.; Sokolov, I.A.; Sokolova, Z.Ya.; Kharitonova, T.V.

    1979-01-01

    Made are the investigations of cosmic gamma bursts with the help of the ''Konus'' apparatus, positioned on the ''Venera 11'' and ''Venera 12'' automatic interplanetary stations. 37 gamma bursts have been recorded in the energy range from 50 to 150 keV during the observation period from September to December 1978. Time profiles of bursts on 4, 9 and 24.11.1978 are presented. For the most events the time of burst increase and decrease constitute parts and units of seconds. Differential energy spectra are measured for all recorded bursts. In many cases the spectrum shape is similar to the grade one with the 1.5-2.3 index. In a graphical form built up are the integral distributions of gamma bursts appearence frequency in dependence on their intensity and maximum capacity in the burst peak. Galaxy coordinates of the 17-teen bursts, for which a simple localization is possible, are put on the celestial sphere map. The type of the integral distributions and the source distribution about the celestial sphere show that the gamma burst sources are whithin the Galaxy

  20. Rahvusvaheline seminar "Improvisatsioon ja spontaansus" / Mari Kolle

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kolle, Mari

    2003-01-01

    26.- 30. märtsini korraldab International University Global Theatre Experience Malpilsis rahvusvahelise seminari professionaalsetele tantsijatele, koreograafidele ja näitlejatele. Läbi viivad seminari psühholoog ja tantsuterapeut I. Mayore ja koreograaf S. Ostrenko

  1. A Novel QKD-based Secure Edge Router Architecture Design for Burst Confidentiality in Optical Burst Switched Networks

    Science.gov (United States)

    Balamurugan, A. M.; Sivasubramanian, A.

    2014-06-01

    The Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is an emergent result to the technology issue that could achieve a viable network in future. They have the ability to meet the bandwidth requisite of those applications that call for intensive bandwidth. The field of optical transmission has undergone numerous advancements and is still being researched mainly due to the fact that optical data transmission can be done at enormous speeds. The concept of OBS is still far from perfection facing issues in case of security threat. The transfer of optical switching paradigm to optical burst switching faces serious downfall in the fields of burst aggregation, routing, authentication, dispute resolution and quality of service (QoS). This paper proposes a framework based on QKD based secure edge router architecture design to provide burst confidentiality. The QKD protocol offers high level of confidentiality as it is indestructible. The design architecture was implemented in FPGA using diverse models and the results were taken. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for real time secure routing applications of the Optical burst switched networks.

  2. Budapestis ja Ungaris / Karl Rumor

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Rumor, Karl, pseud., 1886-1971

    2008-01-01

    Doonau jõest, Budapesti ajaloost, linnaarhitektuurist ja kuninglikust lossist. Ungari eri piirkondade looduse, põllumajanduse ja rahva eripäradest. Trianoini rahulepinguga kaotatud maa-aladest. Varem ilmunud: Uus Eesti 3., 5., 13. veebr. 1937, nr. 34, 36, 44

  3. Maailmavaade ja hariduseelarve / Mailis Reps

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Reps, Mailis, 1975-

    2006-01-01

    Eesti hariduseelarvest, hariduskuludest ning -toetustest. Diagrammid: Avaliku sektori kogukulud haridusele, % eelarvest; Üld-, kutse- ja kõrghariduse rahastamine. Tabelid: Üld-, kutse- ja kõrghariduse rahastamise osakaal hariduskuludes; Üldhariduse rahastamise kasv kulukohtade lõikes aastail 2000-2005

  4. Regulatiivsus ja selle sisustamise problemaatika / Triinu Rauk

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Rauk, Triinu, 1988-

    2013-01-01

    Haldustegevuse vormidest. Haldusaktist, haldusakti andmisest keeldumise regulatiivsest olemusest ja tuvastava haldusakti regulatiivsest olemusest. Artikkel põhineb autori 2013. a. Tartu Ülikooli õigusteaduskonnas kaitstud magistritööl "Haldusakti, toimingu ja menetlustoimingu eristamise kriteeriumid ja vaidlustamine halduskohtus"

  5. Tagasi looduse ja inimese juurde / Tiina Abel

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Abel, Tiina, 1951-

    2010-01-01

    Kunstipoliitika ja ametlik kunst. Heroiline alastuse motiiv. 1937. aasta Pariisi maailmanäitus. Väitlused kunsti rahvuslikkuse ja eesti stiili üle. Kunstikool ja kunstiühing Pallas. Prantsuse orientatsiooni süvenemine. Kaks Prantsuse kunstikultuuri manifestatsiooni

  6. Eestimaine feng shui talus ja mõisas / Kadi Lehtmets

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Lehtmets, Kadi

    2006-01-01

    Geobioloogia ja feng shui asjatundjad Siret ja Janno Seeder on uurinud ja mõõtnud Eesti talukohtade ja mõisate energeetikat. Ilmneb, et on osatud end loodusenergiatega tasakaalu seada. S. ja J. Seederi nõuandeid uue maja ehitajaile

  7. Ei ruokaa, ei elokuvaa : elokuvacateringin analysointi ja yritystoiminnan perustaminen liiketoimintasuunnitelman ja henkilökohtaisen työkokemuksen avulla

    OpenAIRE

    Itkonen, Johanna

    2017-01-01

    Tässä opinnäytetyössä käsittelen elokuva-cateringiä (freelancer-toimintana) sen mahdollisuuksia ja toimenpiteitä kasvaa yritykseksi (Jojo Foods, työnimi) liiketoimintasuunnitelman avulla, sekä tarkastella mitä vaaditaan ja mitä henkilökohtaisesti toivon elokuvacatering -alan yritykseltäni tulevaisuudessa. Suomessa opinnäytetyön kirjoitushetkellä on vain yksi erityisesti elokuvatuotantoihin ja -kuvauksiin suunnattu catering-alan yritys, jonka omistaa ja pyörittää yksi ihminen. Freelance-toimij...

  8. 3rd Interplanetary Network Gamma-Ray Burst Website

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hurley, Kevin

    1998-05-01

    We announce the opening of the 3rd Interplanetary Network web site at http://ssl.berkeley.edu/ipn3/index.html This site presently has four parts: 1. A bibliography of over 3000 publications on gamma-ray bursts, 2. IPN data on all bursts triangulated up to February 1998, 3. A master list showing which spacecraft observed which bursts, 4. Preliminary IPN data on the latest bursts observed.

  9. THE INTERPLANETARY NETWORK SUPPLEMENT TO THE BURST AND TRANSIENT SOURCE EXPERIMENT 5B CATALOG OF COSMIC GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hurley, K.; Briggs, M. S.; Kippen, R. M.; Kouveliotou, C.; Fishman, G.; Meegan, C.; Cline, T.; Trombka, J.; McClanahan, T.; Boynton, W.; Starr, R.; McNutt, R.; Boer, M.

    2011-01-01

    We present Interplanetary Network localization information for 343 gamma-ray bursts observed by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) between the end of the 4th BATSE catalog and the end of the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) mission, obtained by analyzing the arrival times of these bursts at the Ulysses, Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR), and CGRO spacecraft. For any given burst observed by CGRO and one other spacecraft, arrival time analysis (or t riangulation ) results in an annulus of possible arrival directions whose half-width varies between 11 arcsec and 21 0 , depending on the intensity, time history, and arrival direction of the burst, as well as the distance between the spacecraft. This annulus generally intersects the BATSE error circle, resulting in an average reduction of the area of a factor of 20. When all three spacecraft observe a burst, the result is an error box whose area varies between 1 and 48,000 arcmin 2 , resulting in an average reduction of the BATSE error circle area of a factor of 87.

  10. Õpetamine esi- ja algõpetuses : Alusväärtused. Ülesanded ja eesmärgid. Orientatsioonidest õppeaineteni. Metoodilised tervikud. Hindamine

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2001-01-01

    Esi- ja algõpetuse alusväärtused ja eesmärgid. Esiõpetuse teadmisala-orientatsioonid ja algõpetuse õppeained. Mängu tähtsusest väikelaste õppimises, õppetunni planeerimine, integreeritud õpetus algõpetuses. Hindamine esi- ja algõpetuses

  11. Valokuva, avain osallisuuteen ja oppimiseen

    OpenAIRE

    Taavitsainen, Päivi

    2013-01-01

    Tämän toiminnallisen opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli osallisuutta lisäävää valokuvausmenetelmää ni-meltä Photovoice, sekä kuvista kerrotuttamista käyttäen suunnitella ja toteuttaa toiminnallisia tuokioita 4 – 6 vuotiaille lapsille päiväkodin lapsiryhmässä. Työssä havainnoitiin mitä ja miten lapset valokuvaavat. Lasten ottamista kuvista- ja kertomuksista etsittiin myös asioita, jotka tukisivat tutkivan oppimisen pro-sessin aloittamista, sekä arvioitiin photovoice – menetelmän käyttökelpoisuut...

  12. Sanoma- ja aikakauslehtimainonta iPadissa

    OpenAIRE

    Malmi, Jaakko

    2011-01-01

    Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää, minkälaisia mainossisältöjä on Applen iPad-laitteessa ilmestyvissä sanoma- ja aikakauslehdissä sekä muodostaa niiden perusteella kattava tyypittely. Tavoitteena oli myös selvittää, miten iPad-lehtien mainokset eroavat paperilehtien mainoksista ja miten iPadin ominaisuuksia on hyödynnetty mainoksissa. Opinnäytetyö oli osa eReading-hanketta, joka on Tivit Oy:n Next Media –ohjelman suurin yrityshanke. Hankkeessa tutkitaan sähköisiä lukulaitteita ja kehite...

  13. Kuljetinosuuden modernisointi ja energiatehokkuuden parantaminen

    OpenAIRE

    Peltoniemi, Jani

    2016-01-01

    Opinnäytetyön aiheena oli kartoittaa tölkkituotantolinjan yhden kuljetinosuuden nykytilanne ja tähän pohjautuen suunnitella yhteistyössä SEW-Eurodrive Oy:n kanssa uusi, energiatehokkaampi toteutus. Kuljetinosuudella on 19 vaihdemoottoria, joista 12 moottoria ohjataan taajuusmuuttajilla ja 7 moottoria kontaktoreilla. Teoriaosuudessa on perehdytty laitteiden tämän hetken haasteisiin ja pyritty selvittämään, mitä hyötyjä sekä säästöjä käyttöjen modernisoinnilla mahdollisesti saavutettaisiin. ...

  14. Tarbekunstist ja kunstitarbest / Peep Ilmet

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Ilmet, Peep, pseud., 1948-

    2010-01-01

    4. rahvusvahelisest köitekunsti näitusest "Scripta manent" Eesti Tarbekunsti- ja Disainimuuseumis, näituse arengust, eesti köitekunstist, autori soovitused eesti köitekunsti rikastamiseks. Raamatu sisu kaitse ja ligipääsetavuse nõudest

  15. Sijoitusvakuutusten ja kapitalisaatiosopimusten verokohtelu

    OpenAIRE

    Syväpuro, Olli

    2015-01-01

    Markkinoilla on nykyisin useita erilaisia kotimaisia ja ulkomaisia sijoitussidonnaisia henkivakuutuksia ja kapitalisaatiosopimuksia, joita usein markkinoidaan verosuunnitteluinstrumentteina sijoittajien varallisuudelle. Näiden instrumenttien ns. vakuutuskehyksen sisällä sijoittaja voi vaihtaa sijoituskohteita ilman että vakuutuksen sisällä hallinnoitavien instrumenttien tuloverotus realisoituu. Tuloveroa maksetaan pääsääntöisesti vasta kun nostetaan tuotto-osuutta vakuutuksesta. Kyseiste...

  16. Mise en scène ja kertova lavastus

    OpenAIRE

    Bruun, Ida

    2013-01-01

    Tämä opinnäytetyö tutkii mise en scèneä ja lavastuksen kerronnallista vaikutusta elokuvassa. Työ on toteutettu toiminnallisena ja koostuu kirjallisesta osasta ja teososasta. Teososa on vuonna 2012 ensi-iltansa saanut fiktiivinen lyhytelokuva Varjelus. Toimin elokuvassa lavastajana ja rekvisitöörinä. Kirjallinen osuus alkaa käsittelemällä mise en scènen, eli ’näyttämöllepanon’ määritelmää ja sen syntyä elokuvalliseksi konseptiksi. Työ etenee esittelemään ja tarkastelemaan käsitteen eri vis...

  17. Dynamic encoding of natural luminance sequences by LGN bursts.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nicholas A Lesica

    2006-07-01

    Full Text Available In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN of the thalamus, visual stimulation produces two distinct types of responses known as tonic and burst. Due to the dynamics of the T-type Ca(2+ channels involved in burst generation, the type of response evoked by a particular stimulus depends on the resting membrane potential, which is controlled by a network of modulatory connections from other brain areas. In this study, we use simulated responses to natural scene movies to describe how modulatory and stimulus-driven changes in LGN membrane potential interact to determine the luminance sequences that trigger burst responses. We find that at low resting potentials, when the T channels are de-inactivated and bursts are relatively frequent, an excitatory stimulus transient alone is sufficient to evoke a burst. However, to evoke a burst at high resting potentials, when the T channels are inactivated and bursts are relatively rare, prolonged inhibitory stimulation followed by an excitatory transient is required. We also observe evidence of these effects in vivo, where analysis of experimental recordings demonstrates that the luminance sequences that trigger bursts can vary dramatically with the overall burst percentage of the response. To characterize the functional consequences of the effects of resting potential on burst generation, we simulate LGN responses to different luminance sequences at a range of resting potentials with and without a mechanism for generating bursts. Using analysis based on signal detection theory, we show that bursts enhance detection of specific luminance sequences, ranging from the onset of excitatory sequences at low resting potentials to the offset of inhibitory sequences at high resting potentials. These results suggest a dynamic role for burst responses during visual processing that may change according to behavioral state.

  18. Mõtteid ja muljeid III ESTA Eesti üleriigiliselt viiuldajate ja tšellistide konkursilt / Edith Peinemann ; interv. Kristina Kõrver

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Peinemann, Edith

    2008-01-01

    6.-9. detsembrini Eesti Muusika- ja Teatriakadeemias toimunud III ESTA (Euroopa Keelpilliõpetajate Ühing) Eesti üleriigilisest viiuldajate ja tšellistide konkursist. Mõtteid jagavad žürii esimees ja liikmed ning viiulipedagoogid. Laureaatide nimekiri

  19. Low-Frequency Type III Bursts and Solar Energetic Particle Events

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gopalswamy, Nat; Makela, Pertti

    2010-01-01

    We analyzed the coronal mass ejections (CMEs), flares, and type 11 radio bursts associated with a set of six low frequency (15 min) normally used to define these bursts. All but one of the type III bursts was not associated with a type 11 burst in the metric or longer wavelength domains. The burst without type 11 burst also lacked a solar energetic particle (SEP) event at energies >25 MeV. The 1-MHz duration of the type III burst (28 min) is near the median value of type III durations found for gradual SEP events and ground level enhancement (GLE) events. Yet, there was no sign of SEP events. On the other hand, two other type III bursts from the same active region had similar duration but accompanied by WAVES type 11 bursts; these bursts were also accompanied by SEP events detected by SOHO/ERNE. The CMEs were of similar speeds and the flares are also of similar size and duration. This study suggests that the type III burst duration may not be a good indicator of an SEP event.

  20. Uusiomateriaalien käytön ohjeistuksen ja hankekäytäntöjen kehitystarpeet ja mahdollisuudet tierakentamisessa

    OpenAIRE

    Torniainen, S. (Sanna)

    2018-01-01

    Tiivistelmä Suomessa käytetään huomattava määrä neitseellistä luonnonkiviainesta tierakentamisessa vuosittain. Uusiomateriaalien soveltuvuutta ja käyttöä tierakentamisessa on tutkittu jo kymmenien vuosien ajan ja etenkin viimeisten vuosien aikana niiden käyttö on hiljalleen kasvanut. Tutkimuksista ja erilaisista kehitysohjelmista huolimatta uusiomateriaalien käyttö ei kuitenkaan ole lisääntynyt ja laajentunut toivotulla tav...

  1. Rembrandt läbi Goya ja Picasso

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2000-01-01

    16. juulini Amsterdamis Rembrandti majamuuseumis avatud konseptsiooninäitus "Rembrandt, Goya ja Picasso: söövitatud mälestused" annab vastuse küsimustele, kas ja kuidas Rembrandt mõjutas ning inspireeris Goyat ja Picassot nende graafilises loomingus.

  2. Poliitikauuringud ja õiguspoliitika kujundamine Eestis / Peep Pruks

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Pruks, Peep, 1963-

    2000-01-01

    Poliitikauuringutest lääneriikides (USA-s) ning Ida- ja Kesk-Euroopa üleminekuühiskondades. Mõttekeskustest (think tank), Eesti poliitikauuringute keskusest PRAXIS ning projektidest "Avaliku sektori ja kolmanda sektori õigusloome alane koostöö" ja "Eesti kriminaalmenetluse optimeerimine"

  3. Akadeemiast ja "Akadeemiast" / Kati Ilves

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Ilves, Kati, 1984-

    2011-01-01

    Tallinnas Märzi projektiruumis detsembris 2010 eksponeeritud Madis Luige kureeritud näitusest "Akadeemia", mis tegeleb Eesti Kunstiakadeemias kunstnike koolituse ja kunstnike tuleviku probleemidega. Nele Aunapi, Alver Linnamäe, Tõnu Tunneli ja Taavi Kübara töödest

  4. Valitsejad ja alamad / Jaan Kaplinski

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kaplinski, Jaan, 1941-

    2004-01-01

    Valitsevate klasside tekkimisest ühiskonnas, võimuhaaramisest ja teiste rahvaste vallutamisest. Varem ilmunud inglise k.: Rulers, parasites and feeling of national inferiority // Suomen Antropologi, 1979, nr. 1 ; eesti k.: Kaplinski, Jaan. See ja teine. Tartu : Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, 1996

  5. Kultussari maalt ja merelt / Veiko Märka

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Märka, Veiko, 1964-

    2009-01-01

    1950-1960ndatel ilmunud Eesti Riikliku Kirjastuse raamatusarjast "Seiklusjutte maalt ja merelt". Ka kirjastuse Jutulind väljaandel ilmunud Richard Kaljo illustratsioonidest Dumas' teostele "Musketärid" (2008) ja Tõnu Trubetsky teosest "Mina ja George" (1996, kasutas sarja "Seklusjutte..." kujundust)

  6. Meelelahutuslik pantvangidraama ja muud jamad / Merit Kask

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Kask, Merit

    2006-01-01

    Eesti, Läti ja Sloveenia koostööfilm "Koer, lennuk ja laulupidu" ("Kilnieks/The Hostage") : režissöör Laila Pakalnina : operaator ja üks produtsentidest Arko Okk : Eesti-poolne tootja Acuba Film. Tallinna kobarkinos alates 15. septembrist

  7. Tartu Ülikool esitleb juubelialbumit ja dokumentaalfilmi

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2007-01-01

    Tartu Ülikooli 375. aastapäeva puhul esitletakse ülikooli kohvikus kinkeraamatut "Universitas Tartuensis 375" ja samanimelise dokumentaalfilmi DVD-d. Viimase stsenaristideks on Jaak Lõhmus ja Lauri Vahtre, režissöörideks Rene Vilbre ja Märten Vaher

  8. Revolutsioonilisest ja igavikulisest VI Tallinna arhitektuuritriennaalil / Ave Randviir

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Randviir, Ave, 1981-

    2005-01-01

    Tallinna arhitektuuritriennaali idee sünnist. 1990.a. toimus esimene triennaal nimega Põhja- ja Baltimaade Arhitektuuritriennaal. Niguliste kirikus toimunud VI Tallinna arhitektuuritriennaalist. Korraldajaks Irina Raud. Tunnuslauseks "Feeling Architecture". Triennaali avanud ja lõpetanud Peter Davey ja teiste esinejate ettekannetest. Eestlastest esinesid Juhan Maiste ja Vilen Künnapu

  9. Ja ne prosto obespokojen. Ja zol / Edward Lukas

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Lukas, Edward

    2007-01-01

    Autor kritiseerib Eesti valitsuse otsust teisaldada pronkssõdur Tõnismäelt ning sellele järgnenud vandaalitsemist, Venemaa käitumist Eesti Moskva suursaatkonnaga ning Euroopa Liidu, NATO ja G-7 riikide mitteadekvaatset reageeringut sellele

  10. Tree Species Richness Promotes Invertebrate Herbivory on Congeneric Native and Exotic Tree Saplings in a Young Diversity Experiment.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Annika Wein

    Full Text Available Tree diversity in forests is an important driver of ecological processes including herbivory. Empirical evidence suggests both negative and positive effects of tree diversity on herbivory, which can be, respectively, attributed to associational resistance or associational susceptibility. Tree diversity experiments allow testing for associational effects, but evidence regarding which pattern predominates is mixed. Furthermore, it is unknown if herbivory on tree species of native vs. exotic origin is influenced by changing tree diversity in a similar way, or if exotic tree species escape natural enemies, resulting in lower damage that is unrelated to tree diversity. To address these questions, we established a young tree diversity experiment in temperate southwestern Germany that uses high planting density (49 trees per plot; plot size 13 m2. The species pool consists of six congeneric species pairs of European and North American origin (12 species in total planted in monocultures and mixtures (1, 2, 4, 6 species. We assessed leaf damage by leaf-chewing insects on more than 5,000 saplings of six broadleaved tree species. Plot-level tree species richness increased leaf damage, which more than doubled from monocultures to six-species mixtures, strongly supporting associational susceptibility. However, leaf damage among congeneric native and exotic species pairs was similar. There were marked differences in patterns of leaf damage across tree genera, and only the genera likely having a predominately generalist herbivore community showed associational susceptibility, irrespective of the geographical origin of a tree species. In conclusion, an increase in tree species richness in young temperate forests may result in associational susceptibility to feeding by generalist herbivores.

  11. Prosteettisten ja digitaalisten efektien merkitys kauhuelokuvassa

    OpenAIRE

    Sariola, Sari

    2011-01-01

    Käsittelen opinnäytetyössäni sitä, miten erilaiset tekniikat tehdä erikoistehosteet vaikuttavat elokuvaan ja sen realistisuuteen. Rajasin tutkimuksen kohteen kauhuelokuvagenreen ja yhteen sen vanhimmista hirviöistä, ihmissuteen. Lähestyn aihetta vertailemalla kolmea eri kauhuelokuvaa. Keskityn vertailtavissa elokuvissa ennen kaikkea ihmissusien muodonmuutoskohtauksiin ja niiden yleiseen uskottavuuteen, sekä tekniikoihin joilla kohtaukset toteutettiin. Tutkielmassa vertailuun käytetyt elo...

  12. 20. X avati arhitektuuri- ja disainigaleriis...

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    2004-01-01

    Väljapanek "Vaateaken Eesti ekspositsioonile Veneetsia arhitektuuribiennaalil". Eestit esindab 9. Veneetsia arhitektuuribiennaalil Eesti Arhitektide Liidu projekt "Aeg-maha-arhitektuur", idee autor Kristjan Holm, kaasautorid Liina Jänes ja Pille Epner. Kabli rannast Veneetsiasse teisaldatud puust hobusekujulise välikäimla on loonud Agu Külm ja Jukka-Pekka Jalovaara. Ku-Ku klubis esilinastus Marianne Kõrveri, Rain Tolgi ja Andres Maimiku dokumentaalfilm "Surm Veneetsias"

  13. Glioomien diagnoosi ja ennuste - molekyylidiagnostiikan mahdollisuudet

    OpenAIRE

    Haapasalo, Joonas; Hyartt, Antti; Salmi, Minja; Nordfors, Kristiina; Lahtela, Sirpa-Liisa; Kähkönen, Marketta; Helén, Pauli; Haapasalo, Hannu

    2014-01-01

    Glioomat ovat aivojen tukisolukasvaimia ja primaarisista aivokasvaimista yleisimpiä. Diffuusien glioomien hoito perustuu kasvaimen kirurgiseen poistoon sekä säde- ja solunsalpaajahoitoon. Diagnoosi tehdään kasvaimen histopatologisesta tutkimuksesta, jota voidaan nykyisin täydentää molekyylidiagnostisilla tutkimuksilla. Esitämme Tampereen yliopistollisessa sairaalassa vuosina 1983-2009 hoidettujen glioomapotilaiden ennustetta kuvaavia uusia menetelmiä, joista tärkeimpiä ovat IDH-mutaation ja 1...

  14. Aknad ja trepid taevasse / John Snelson

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Snelson, John

    2008-01-01

    Londoni firmas VX Design töötava arhitekti Ian Chee T-maja Londonis Chelseas. Hoonel on seinalaiuses sisehoovi avanevad aknad ja katuseaknad. Ülemisele korrusele viiv terasega ümbritsetud ja klaasist astmetega trepp "ripub" seina küljes. Sisustuses näeb Arne Jacobseni, Althea Wilsoni, Antonio Citterio, VX Design'i kujundatud mööblit ja esemeid. 11 värv. vaadet

  15. Effects of simulated root herbivory and fertilizer application on growth and biomass allocation in the clonal perennialSolidago canadensis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schmid, B; Miao, S L; Bazzaz, F A

    1990-08-01

    Compensatory growth in response to simulated belowground herbivory was studied in the old-field clonal perennialSolidago canadensis. We grew rootpruned plants and plants with intact root systems in soil with or without fertilizer. For individual current shoots (aerial shoot with rhizome and roots) and for whole clones the following predictions were tested: a) root removal is compensated by increased root growth, b) fertilizer application leads to increased allocation to aboveground plant organs and increased leaf turnover, c) effects of fertilizer application are reduced in rootpruned plants. When most roots (90%) were removed current shoots quickly restored equilibrium between above-and belowground parts by compensatory belowground growth whereas the whole clone responded with reduced aboveground growth. This suggests that parts of a clone which are shared by actively growing shoots act as a buffer that can be used as source of material for compensatory growth in response to herbivory. Current shoots increased aboveground mass and whole clones reduced belowground mass in response to fertilizer application, both leading to increased allocation to aboverground parts. Also with fertilizer application both root-pruned and not root-pruned plants increased leaf and shoot turnover. Unfertilized plants, whether rootpruned or not, showed practically no aboveground growth and very little leaf and shoot turnover. Effects of root removal were as severe or more severe under conditions of high as under conditions of low nutrients, suggesting that negative effects of belowground herbivory are not ameliorated by abundant nutrients. Root removal may negate some effects of fertilizer application on the growth of current shoots and whole clones.

  16. Saatuste tahvel ja taevakirjad / Liina Ootsing-Lüecke

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Ootsing-Lüecke, Liina

    2009-01-01

    "Tahvli" ja "raamatu" kui maailmakorra tagamise ja saatuse juhtimise fenomenide esinemine müütides, eepostes, hümnides ja muudes Lähis-Ida kirjanduslikes allikates, sh piiblikirjanduses 3. aastatuhandest eKr kuni esimeste sajanditeni pKr. "Saatuste tahvel" kui mesopotaamia fenomen ja selle kandumine naaberrahvaste kirjanduslikesse allikatesse

  17. Amnesia International - varajane arvutikunst ja liikumine Tendencies / Darko Fritz ; tõlk. Rael Artel ja Mare Tralla

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Fritz, Darko

    2001-01-01

    1960. ja 1970. aastate arvutikunstist Tendenciese liikumise põhjal. Zagrebi Kaasaegse Kunsti Galerii näitused "The Tendencies" aastatel 1961-1973. Darko Fritzi ja netikunstnik Vuk Cosici kirjavahetusest 2000. aastal

  18. NYYD Ensemble ja Riho Sibul / Anneli Remme

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Remme, Anneli, 1968-

    2001-01-01

    Gavin Bryarsi teos "Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet" NYYD Ensemble'i ja Riho Sibula esituses 27. detsembril Pauluse kirikus Tartus ja 28. detsembril Rootsi- Mihkli kirikus Tallinnas. Kaastegevad Tartu Ülikooli Kammerkoor (Tartus) ja kammerkoor Voces Musicales (Tallinnas). Kunstiline juht Olari Elts

  19. Palgad ja maksud Euroopa Liidus / Lembo Tanning

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tanning, Lembo

    2002-01-01

    Ilmunud ka: Buhgalterskije Novosti nr. 5, lk. 49-53. Järg Raamatupidamisuudised nr. 6 lk. 45-49. EL-i riikide bruto- ja netopalkade, maksude ning peretoetuste analüüs. Võimalikest muutustest Eesti palkades ja maksudes peale EL-iga liitumist. Tabelid ja diagrammid

  20. No time for candy: passionfruit (Passiflora edulis) plants down-regulate damage-induced extra floral nectar production in response to light signals of competition.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Izaguirre, Miriam M; Mazza, Carlos A; Astigueta, María S; Ciarla, Ana M; Ballaré, Carlos L

    2013-09-01

    Plant fitness is often defined by the combined effects of herbivory and competition, and plants must strike a delicate balance between their ability to capture limiting resources and defend against herbivore attack. Many plants use indirect defenses, such as volatile compounds and extra floral nectaries (EFN), to attract canopy arthropods that are natural enemies of herbivorous organisms. While recent evidence suggests that upon perception of low red to far-red (R:FR) ratios, which signal the proximity of competitors, plants down-regulate resource allocation to direct chemical defenses, it is unknown if a similar phytochrome-mediated response occurs for indirect defenses. We evaluated the interactive effects of R:FR ratio and simulated herbivory on nectar production by EFNs of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). The activity of petiolar EFNs dramatically increased in response to simulated herbivory and hormonal treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Low R:FR ratios, which induced a classic "shade-avoidance" repertoire of increased stem elongation in P. edulis, strongly suppressed the EFN response triggered by simulated herbivory or MeJA application. Strikingly, the EFN response to wounding and light quality was localized to the branches that received the treatments. In vines like P. edulis, a local response would allow the plants to precisely adjust their light harvesting and defense phenotypes to the local conditions encountered by individual branches when foraging for resources in patchy canopies. Consistent with the emerging paradigm that phytochrome regulation of jasmonate signaling is a central modulator of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, our results demonstrate that light quality is a strong regulator of indirect defenses.