Severe postwar malnutrition did not have a negative impact on the earnings and subsequent pensions of German men born in 1945-1948.

Science.gov (United States)

Hermanussen, M; Weick, S; Scheffler, C

2017-10-01

Poverty has often been associated with malnutrition, stunted growth, impaired cognitive development and poor earnings. We studied whether these associations were found in German men born and raised shortly after World War II during severe and long-standing nationwide malnutrition. We analysed German old-age pension payments, as a rough measure of lifetime earnings, in German men born from 1932 to 1960 and compared the at-risk-of-poverty rates of German men born in 1945-1948 versus 1935-1938 and 1955-1958. Substantially fewer women worked during this period and their longer life expectancy makes their pension payments difficult to interpret. We therefore limited our analysis to men. Men born in the 1930s received the highest monthly old-age pensions and these declined slightly in men born from 1945 to 1948, indicating a minute impairment in work-related income in cohorts born shortly after the war. We also found that there was no evidence for increased at-risk-of-poverty rates in men born in 1945-1948 versus those born in 1935-1938 and in 1955-1958. Being born and raised following World War II was associated with a minute work and pension impairment that was not visible in the at-risk-of-poverty rates. These findings question statements associating early childhood nutrition and future lifetime earnings. ©2017 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Covert Operation ``Sun God'' - History of German Solar Research in the Third Reich and Under Allied Occupation (German Title: Kommandosache ``Sonnengott'' - Geschichte der deutschen Sonnenforschung im Dritten Reich und unter alliierter Besatzung)

Science.gov (United States)

Seiler, Michael P.

Between 1939 and 1945 the Luftwaffe of the Third Reich invested large sums in solar research and the establishment of a chain of solar observatories under the code word “Sun God”. Observations of the different phenomena of solar activity were intended to allow a dependable daily prediction of the best frequency bands for long-range military radio. For the development of these research activities the Luftwaffe used a young astrophysicist, who - being the son of a well-known leftist publisher of the Weimar Republic - did appear not well suited to perform “war decisive research” for the Nazi regime: Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer (1910-1975). Circumventing the usual academic tenure, Hitler's war turned the barely thirty-year-old and up to then rather unsuccessful Kiepenheuer into an influential director of a research institution, which he was to remain for the next three decades as well. This book recounts the history of German solar research in the period 1939-1949, her entanglement with the crimes of the Nazi regime as well as her use by the Western Allies until the founding of the German Federal Republic.

[Genesis and political background of "Sonderaktion Krakau" 6 XI 1939].

Science.gov (United States)

August, J

1998-01-01

The decision to imprison Cracow's University professors on November 6, 1939 was made in connection with the establishment of the so-called General Government, as a second stage of German security police action in nazi-occupied Poland to ensure German rule also over Central and Southern Poland. By this way Sonderaktion Krakau (Special Action Cracow)--as continuation of politische Flurbereinigung (political cleaning up) started in German occupied Western Poland in September 1939--was a part of a second wave of persecution directed against the Polish societies' social classes indicated by Nazi leaders and chiefs of German security police as Poland's leadership, a wave of persecution now, since the end of October 1939, enlarged on Central and Southern Poland. The imprisonment of the Cracow Professors subsequently marked the perspective, that Poland's scientific and academic institutions as a whole would be destroyed, so that in future no Polish scientists, intellectuals and university people even would have the possibility to do scientific work and to have subsistence from doing this kind of work. As a consequence, Poland's intellectuals and university-trained people as a social class in future would disappear indefinitely, and the people of Poland, deprived of intellectual leadership, would be transformed into a mass of dependend lower-class working people, so that the Nazi leaders mournfull future-scenario for their rule in German occupied Central and Eastern Europe would become reality. By this way the imprisonment of the Cracow Professors on November 6, 1939 was the first step to realize Nazi future plans concerning Central and Eastern Europe.

Malaria and World War II: German malaria experiments 1939-45.

Science.gov (United States)

Eckart, W U; Vondra, H

2000-06-01

The epidemiological and pharmacological fight against malaria and German malaria research during the Nazi dictatorship were completely under the spell of war. The Oberkommando des Heeres (German supreme command of the army) suffered the bitter experience of unexpected high losses caused by malaria especially at the Greek front (Metaxes line) but also in southern Russia and in the Ukraine. Hastily raised anti-malaria units tried to teach soldiers how to use the synthetic malaria drugs (Plasmochine, Atebrine) properly. Overdoses of these drugs were numerous during the first half of the war whereas in the second half it soon became clear that it would not be possible to support the army due to insufficient quantities of plasmochine and atebrine. During both running fights and troop withdrawals at all southern and southeastern fronts there was hardly any malaria prophylaxis or treatment. After war and captivity many soldiers returned home to endure heavy malaria attacks. In German industrial (Bayer, IG-Farben) and military malaria laboratories of the Heeres-Sanitäts-Akademie (Army Medical Academy) the situation was characterised by a hasty search for proper dosages of anti-malaria drugs, adequate mechanical and chemical prophylaxis (Petroleum, DDT, and other insecticides) as well as an anti-malaria vaccine. Most importantly, large scale research for proper atebrine and plasmochine dosages was conducted in German concentration camps and mental homes. In Dachau Professor Claus Schilling tested synthetic malaria drugs and injected helpless prisoners with high and sometimes lethal doses. Since the 1920s he had been furiously looking for an anti-malaria vaccine in Italian mental homes and from 1939 he continued his experiments in Dachau. Similar experiments were also performed in Buchenwald and in a psychiatric clinic in Thuringia, where Professor Gerhard Rose tested malaria drugs with mentally ill Russian prisoners of war. Schilling was put to death for his criminal

SOUTH AFRICA AND THE WAR AGAINST JAPAN 1941-1945

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Second World War contain few details of South . Africans who served in the Far East. Commander. H.R. Gordon-Cumming's unpublished Official His- tory of the SA Naval Forces in the Second World. War 1939-1945 includes narratives of the two South. African ships which served in the Far East, HMSAS. BARBRAKE.

Femmes et films de guerre en Grande-Bretagne (1939-1945 : signes d’émancipation ou cas de manipulation ? Women and War Films in Britain (1939-1945: Signs of Emancipation or Cases of Manipulation?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Elizabeth de Cacqueray

2009-10-01

Full Text Available This article analyzes the representation of women in a certain number of filmic texts released in Great Britain between 1939 and 1945: more particularly, Fires Were Started, Millions Like Us and Went the Day Well? The innovatory roles these films offer to women have led me to ask whether the representation corresponds to a reflection of a genuine situation at the time or whether it is the result of a manipulation of the image of women in the interests of propaganda. The filmic representations are compared to a well-known Women’s Auxiliary Air Force recruitment poster, an example of direct propaganda, and to women’s personal accounts of their war-time experiences. Similarities in method between the poster and the films emerge which underline the propaganda slant of the films. Certain aspects of the women’s accounts confirm the representation of women provided by the films, thus supporting the theory whereby the films reflect the relatively emancipating effects of the war for women. However, the examination of these accounts also reveals the extent to which the films omit certain aspects of women’s war experiences: the sometimes negative attitudes of men towards women in the work place, the trauma for mothers around the evacuation of their children […] The propaganda slant of the films is thus as much due to what they omit to mention as it is due to the image of women which reaches the screen.

The red atom. The help at USSR of German scientists between 1945 and 1961. how did USSR recover the nazi uranium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Andurand, R.

2009-01-01

In the previous chapters was exposed the saga of German scientists that worked for Soviet scientists from 1945 to 1961 and allowed these ones to make up for the delay in a record time they had on the American people. However, without the help of German scientists, that were at exceptional level they would succeed regardless but they would take the same time than the others ones to reach the same result. To be complete, one should, in this fourth chapter, precise how the Soviet people succeeded to recover the uranium from the nazi nuclear programme. (N.C.)

[Anorexia nervosa in German medical literature 1900 to 1945. The role of anorexia nervosa in the origin of psychosomatic medicine].

Science.gov (United States)

Habermas, T

1992-01-01

German-language publications on anorexia nervosa and Simmonds' disease from between 1900 and 1945 are reviewed in order to trace factors inherent in medical thinking which have mostly hindered German-language medicine in understanding anorexia nervosa. It is demonstrated that a) the few German-language physicians who did describe central and possible characteristics of a.n. (weight-phobia, overactivity, bulimia, self-induced vomiting) were enabled to do so by valuing detailed clinical description, also of psychic characteristics, and an interest in the neuroses; b) the concept of anorexia nervosa was better known than previously assumed, though largely misunderstood; c) typical diagnostic misinterpretations led to typical biases in the description of the syndrome; d) in Germany more than in other countries a.n. was confounded with Simmonds' disease; and e) in addition to other factors, one reason for this lay in the 'holistic' ideal of psychosomatic medicine in the 1930s.

Polish Literature of the Holocaust. The First Instalment: 1939-1968

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Katarzyna Kuczyńska-Koschany

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The text is a critical attempt discussing the compendium Literatura polska wobec Zagłady, (“Polish Literature in the Face of the Holocaust” edited and published by three prominent scholarly experts on the subject: Sławomir Buryła, Dorota Krawczyńska and Jacek Leociak. This is the first of the three volumes of the series Reprezentacje Zagłady w kulturze polskiej (“Representations of the Holocaust in Polish Culture” – an endeavour which is imposing already in its first instalment concerning the years 1939-1968. The time frame of the abovementioned volume is marked by the date of the beginning of World War II (1939, resulting in the Holocaust of the Jews of Europe, and a “dry pogrom”, that is was the anti-Semitic campaign in Poland in 1968 (the campaign itself and its writings shall be examined in the following volume. A comprehensive and very carefully prepared monograph has been divided into two fundamental parts: concerning the literature reacting to the Holocaust conducted by Nazi Germany during the war (1939-1945 and discussing the literary echoes of that genocide in the years 1945-1968. The study and invaluable interpretational effort have been focused on personal document literature (Marta Janczewska, Jacek Leociak, the prose (Sławomir Buryła, Dorota Krawczyńska, the poetry (Piotr Matywiecki and the press (Ewa Koźmińska-Frejlak. A separate chapter has been devoted to a the “global text”, i.e., Archiwum Ringelbluma (“Ringelblum’s Archives”. Highly appreciating the entire volume as well as its individual fragments, recalling fundamental considerations and the ones concerning details, finally, proposing small corrections and pointing to minor shortcomings, the author of the critical review suggests the use of the formula “Polish literature of the Holocaust” (analogous to the formula coined by Grzegorz Niziołek “Polish theatre of the Holocaust” as the one principally necessary to be contrasted with the

[German neurology and neurologists during the Third Reich: brain research and "euthanasia"].

Science.gov (United States)

Martin, M; Karenberg, A; Fangerau, H

2016-08-01

The connection between systematic killing of the mentally ill and disabled, euphemistically called "euthanasia" in the National Socialism ideology, and German brain research has been thoroughly investigated and in detail; however, the impact of this criminal nexus on the image and self-perception of German neurologists as well as the status of neurology as a medical discipline is still the subject of controversial debates.Between 1939 and 1945 the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (KWI) in Berlin along with other research centres were insofar enmeshed in the "euthanasia" program as brains of killed patients were dissected in the guise of "concomitant research" in order to generate medical knowledge. Affected were mainly individuals suffering from oligophrenia, early childhood brain atrophy, cerebral palsy and epilepsy. According to current historical research, collegial networks were instrumental in receiving brains of killed patients. Furthermore, civil research units were supplemented by military ones at the KWI. These, too, were concerned with the collection of medical knowledge, for instance on injuries of the brain and spinal cord. The historical approach to consider the Nazi organizations and medicine as "resources for each other" seems, therefore, at least in part applicable to neurology.

Analýza hospodářsko-politických vztahů Německa a Sovětského svazu v letech 1939-1941

OpenAIRE

Fabianková, Klára

2007-01-01

This dissertation deals with German-Soviet economic and political relations from 1939 to 1941. These were forms of totalitarian regimes whose cooperation was not suspended though its own dynamics were influenced by ideological, economic, and political conditions. One of the motives for the intensification of German-Soviet cooperation was Germany's attempt to secure self-sufficiency in the development of raw materials. The German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of August 23rd, 1939 was a calculated ...

Signal Security in the Ardennes Offensive: 1944-1945

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Moe

1997-01-01

...) during the Ardennes Offensive of 1944-1945. The work includes a brief introduction to the offensive and to the history of SIGSEC, and examines how the American and German armies safeguarded communications from the enemy...

Soviet Nationalities in German Wartime Strategy, 1941-1945.

Science.gov (United States)

1982-08-01

at War, 1 939-1945, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1966. Steiner , Felix, Die Armee der Geachteten, Plesse Verlag, Gettingen, 1963. -,Die...Baumeister, Rudolf , "Erfahrungen mit Ostfreiwilligen," Wehrkunde, April 1955. Davydov, I. V., "Propaganda idei druzby narodov v period bitvy za Kavkaz

A German catastrophe? German historians and the Allied bombings, 1945-2010

NARCIS (Netherlands)

von Benda-Beckmann, B.R.

2010-01-01

As one of the major symbols of German suffering, the Allied bombing war left a strong imprint on German society. To a much wider extent than is often claimed, the Allied bombings became part of German debates on the Second World War. In both the GDR as well as the Federal Republic before and after

Postwar Perspectives in Danish Musical Culture 1945

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Pedersen, Peder Kaj

by Bernhard Christensen and Herman D. Koppel’s Symphony nr. 3, op. 39. Through a case study of those two works and the reception of their first performance in the cultural perspective sketched above some important tendencies in Danish music in the middle of the 20th century can be shown.......Few months after the end of the German occupation of Denmark in 1945, Gunnar Heerup in an essay (“Kulturen er udelelig” [Culture is indivisible], in: Levende musik, september 1945) argued, that Danish musical culture after the war had to aim at versatility and multiplicity. The national Danish...

Preußisch Holland/Paslek - die Wende des Jahres 1945. Die Vertreibung/Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung 1945-1947.

OpenAIRE

Wisniewska, Joanna Ewa

2006-01-01

Below mentioned Dissertation depicts one of the most complex issues of polish/german questions of post war history: German nation eviction from the territory handed over to Polish administration as a result of Potsdam pact. This issue applies to the area of present-day Paslek district (former Kreis Preußisch Holland) situated in western part of the previously known Eastern Prussia (now Warmia and Mazury region).Time range indicate on one hand permission of district evacuation (21 Jan 1945) an...

The Abode of the Other (Museums in German Concentration Camps 1933-1945

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Božidar Jezernik

2011-03-01

Full Text Available In major German concentration camps, museums were set up with the aim of collecting exhibits and displaying them within a Rassenkunde (race science framework. As the discourse of racial anthropology was built on the rhetoric of the difference between the ‘pure’ races and people with ‘inferior hereditary quality,’ SS museums put on display ‘pieces of evidence’ with a view to rendering present and visible that which was absent and invisible: the hierarchical order of different races. Thus, collections displayed in SS museums in concentration camps were instrumental in the process of defining the Aryan Übermensch (superhuman as the personification of all desirable physical, cultural and intellectual attributes, born to conquer and rule the world as a member of the Herrenvolk (master race, and the non-Aryan, above all the Jewish Untermensch (subhuman as his opposite, a radically other and barely human, suitable only for menial chores.The first museum established in German concentration camps was opened in Dachau early in the 1930s. Similar museums worked in other German concentration camps (Buchenwald, Mauthausen and Auschwitz. The richest was the museum in Gusen I, the sub-camp of Mauthausen. In autumn 1940, when the SS began with the construction of a railway between KZ Gusen I and St Georgen railway station, a grave-yard from the Bronze-Age was found. All the finds were housed in an archaeological museum that was established at the Museumsbaracke (museum barrack within the camp. By the side of archaeological findings, human skins, skulls and body parts were put on view. At the time of the liberation of Gusen I, on 5 May 1945, a collection of 286 body parts was found and a voluminous album with fragements of tattooed human skin. Today, from all the SS museums’ anthropological exhibits not a single one is on display in the museum exhibitions set up in the former concentration camps. So far, these establishments also escaped the

The Abode of the Other (Museums in German Concentration Camps 1933-1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Božidar Jezernik

2007-12-01

Full Text Available In major German concentration camps, museums were set up with the aim of collecting exhibits and displaying them within a Rassenkunde (race science framework. As the discourse of racial anthropology was built on the rhetoric of the difference between the ‘pure’ races and people with ‘inferior hereditary quality,’ SS museums put on display ‘pieces of evidence’ with a view to rendering present and visible that which was absent and invisible: the hierarchical order of different races. Thus, collections displayed in SS museums in concentration camps were instrumental in the process of defining the Aryan Übermensch (superhuman as the personification of all desirable physical, cultural and intellectual attributes, born to conquer and rule the world as a member of the Herrenvolk (master race, and the non-Aryan, above all the Jewish Untermensch (subhuman as his opposite, a radically other and barely human, suitable only for menial chores.The first museum established in German concentration camps was opened in Dachau early in the 1930s. Similar museums worked in other German concentration camps (Buchenwald, Mauthausen and Auschwitz. The richest was the museum in Gusen I, the sub-camp of Mauthausen. In autumn 1940, when the SS began with the construction of a railway between KZ Gusen I and St Georgen railway station, a grave-yard from the Bronze-Age was found. All the finds were housed in an archaeological museum that was established at the Museumsbaracke (museum barrack within the camp. By the side of archaeological findings, human skins, skulls and body parts were put on view. At the time of the liberation of Gusen I, on 5 May 1945, a collection of 286 body parts was found and a voluminous album with fragements of tattooed human skin. Today, from all the SS museums’ anthropological exhibits not a single one is on display in the museum exhibitions set up in the former concentration camps. So far, these establishments also escaped the

The Purge of National Teaching in Morella (1936-1945 | La depuración del magisterio nacional en Morella (1936-1945

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Marta García Monfort

2015-12-01

Full Text Available The outbreak of the Civil War, apart from spreading havoc and blood all through Spain, caused some kind of deeply rooted social breakdown generating an endless thirst for revenge. While the military structures were deploying their strategy on the battlefield, the apparatus of power of both sides was establishing mechanisms of coercion and control mainly aimed at the submission of controlled territory. In this context, the purge of National Teachers favoured an ideological selection based on terror with preventive and punitive purposes. After the military conflict, under Francoist authorities the purge continued systematically, and with a repressive orientation, until the fifties. This analysis seeks to describe the idiosyncrasies of the purging processes developed in Republican Morella (1936-1938 and further in Franco’s regime (1939-1945. | El estallido de la Guerra Civil, además de sembrar de dolor y sangre la geografía española, provocará una ruptura social de hondo raigambre que generará en la sociedad una interminable sed de venganza. Al mismo tiempo que las estructuras militares desplegaban su estrategia en el campo de batalla, los aparatos de poder de los dos bandos establecieron unos mecanismos de coacción y control encaminados en primera instancia a la sumisión del territorio dominado. En este contexto, la depuración del Magisterio Nacional propiciará una selección ideológica con unos fines preventivos y punitivos. Finalizada la contienda bélica, la purga continuará sistematizada y con un carácter represivo de la mano de las autoridades franquistas hasta la década de los cincuenta aproximadamente. Este análisis trata de describir la idiosincrasia de los procesos depuradores desarrollados en la Morella republicana (1936-1938 y, posteriormente, en la franquista (1939-1945.

Readiness to reconcile and post-traumatic distress in German survivors of wartime rapes in 1945.

Science.gov (United States)

Eichhorn, S; Stammel, N; Glaesmer, H; Klauer, T; Freyberger, H J; Knaevelsrud, C; Kuwert, P

2015-05-01

Sexual violence and wartime rapes are prevalent crimes in violent conflicts all over the world. Processes of reconciliation are growing challenges in post-conflict settings. Despite this, so far few studies have examined the psychological consequences and their mediating factors. Our study aimed at investigating the degree of longtime readiness to reconcile and its associations with post-traumatic distress within a sample of German women who experienced wartime rapes in 1945. A total of 23 wartime rape survivors were compared to age- and gender-matched controls with WWII-related non-sexual traumatic experiences. Readiness to reconcile was assessed with the Readiness to Reconcile Inventory (RRI-13). The German version of the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) was used to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. Readiness to reconcile in wartime rape survivors was higher in those women who reported less post-traumatic distress, whereas the subscale "openness to interaction" showed the strongest association with post-traumatic symptomatology. Moreover, wartime rape survivors reported fewer feelings of revenge than women who experienced other traumatization in WWII. Our results are in line with previous research, indicating that readiness to reconcile impacts healing processes in the context of conflict-related traumatic experiences. Based on the long-lasting post-traumatic symptomatology we observed that our findings highlight the need for psychological treatment of wartime rape survivors worldwide, whereas future research should continue focusing on reconciliation within the therapeutic process.

Music in Nazi-Occupied Poland between 1939 and 1945

OpenAIRE

Naliwajek-Mazurek Katarzyna

2016-01-01

The paper is a survey of research on music in territories of occupied Poland conducted by the author in recent years, as well as a review of selected existing literature on this topic. A case study illustrates a principal thesis of this essay according to which music was used by the German Nazis in the General Government as a key elements of propaganda and in appropriation of conquered territories as both physical and symbolic spaces.

Music in Nazi-Occupied Poland between 1939 and 1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Naliwajek-Mazurek Katarzyna

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The paper is a survey of research on music in territories of occupied Poland conducted by the author in recent years, as well as a review of selected existing literature on this topic. A case study illustrates a principal thesis of this essay according to which music was used by the German Nazis in the General Government as a key elements of propaganda and in appropriation of conquered territories as both physical and symbolic spaces.

Heisenberg's war. The secret history of the German bomb

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Powers, T.

1993-01-01

The history of Second World War Germany's 'Uranium Project', which often is referred to as the 'myth of the German atomic bomb', has been attracting the mind's of secret service men, futurologists, historians and journalists since after the end of the war it has become possible to lift the veil of secrecy. Powers book adds another one to the many investigations published since them. His approach to the piece of history starts with Heisenberg's visit to the U.S.A. in summer 1939, describes the plans of the German Heereswaffenamt pursued with the Uranium Project, and their counterpart on the side of the Allied Forces where German scientists, as immigrants in England and in the U.S.A., were doing their best to launch research for the development of an atomic bomb. The end of this 'competition' is marked by the internment of the ten German scientists and bomb specialists in Fall Hall. The leading story of the book centers on the small group of scientists around Heisenberg, who cleverly 'torpedoed' the development of the German atomic bomb in the years from 1939 until 1944. (HP) [de

The red atom. The help at USSR of German scientists between 1945 and 1961. how did USSR recover the nazi uranium; L'atome rouge. L'aide a l'Urss des savants allemands entre 1945 et 1961. Comment l'Urss a recupere l'uranium nazi

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Andurand, R

2009-07-15

In the previous chapters was exposed the saga of German scientists that worked for Soviet scientists from 1945 to 1961 and allowed these ones to make up for the delay in a record time they had on the American people. However, without the help of German scientists, that were at exceptional level they would succeed regardless but they would take the same time than the others ones to reach the same result. To be complete, one should, in this fourth chapter, precise how the Soviet people succeeded to recover the uranium from the nazi nuclear programme. (N.C.)

Quality of the relationship between origin of childhood perception of attachment and outcome of attachment associated with diagnosis of PTSD in adult Finnish war children and Finnish combat veterans from World War II (1939-1945) - DSM-IV applications of the attachment theory.

Science.gov (United States)

Andersson, Pentti Kalevi

2015-06-01

Using diagnoses exclusively, comparable evaluations of the empirical evidence relevant to the content can be made. The term holocaust survivor syndrome according to the DSM-IV classification encompasses people with diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorders and psychopathological symptoms exposed to the Nazi genocide from 1933-1945 identified by Natan Kellermann, AMCHA, Israel (1999). The relationships between disorders of affectionate parenting and the development of dysfunctional models on one hand, and various psychopathological disorders on the other hand were investigated. Multi-axial assessment based on PTSD diagnosis (APA, 2000) with DSM-IV classification criteria of holocaust survivor syndrome and child survivor syndrome earlier found in holocaust survivors was used as criteria for comparison among Finnish sub-populations. Symptoms similar to those previously described in association with holocaust survivor syndrome and child survivor syndrome were found in the population of Finnish people who had been displaced as children between 1939-1945. Complex PTSD syndrome is found among survivors of prolonged or repeated trauma who have coping strategies intended to assist their mental survival. Surviving Finnish child evacuees had symptoms at similar level to those reported among holocaust survivors, though Finnish combat veterans exhibited good mental adjustment with secure attachment.

[Central Work Camp in Jaworzno (1945-1949) -- epidemiological aspects -- attempt of evaluation].

Science.gov (United States)

Smolik, Przemysław

2013-01-01

Publication presents the short history of camp hospital which was organised in 1943 Nazi concentration camp Neu-Dachs in Jaworzno. The camp was a branch of Oświecim concentration camp. Atfer the war damage of the camp, the restoration was begun in 1945. Already in Febraury 1945, in place of German concentration camp, rises Central Work Camp. Several thousands of prisoners of war were placed there. The prisoners of war: Germans, Volksdeutches, Silesians were forced emlpoyed in nearby coal mines. Since 1947 the camp was a place of staying for several thousands Ukrainians who were displaced from eastern part of Poland in "Vistula Operation". Based on available written materials, publication is an attempt to analyse and evaluate: sanitary conditions, prison illnesses, mortality reasons among prisoners, hospital equipment, personel work conditions. The publication gives opportunity to compare conditions of prison hospital under nazi occupation and conditions in the camp which was organised in the same place under Stalin system of terror.

The German Physical Society Under National Socialism

Science.gov (United States)

Hoffmann, Dieter; Walker, Mark

2004-12-01

The history of the German Physical Society from 1933 to 1945 is not the same as a comprehensive history of physics under Adolf Hitler, but it does reflect important aspects of physicists' work and life during the Third Reich.

Land change in the Central Corn Belt Plains Ecoregion and hydrologic consequences in developed areas: 1939-2000

Science.gov (United States)

Karstensen, Krista; Shaver, David; Alexander, Randal; Over, Thomas; Soong, David T.

2013-01-01

This report emphasizes the importance of a multi-disciplinary understanding of how land use and land cover can affect regional hydrology by collaboratively investigating how increases in developed land area may affect stream discharge by evaluating land-cover change from 1939 to 2000, urban housing density data from 1940 to 2010, and changes in annual peak streamflow from water years 1945 to 2009. The results and methods crosscut two mission areas of the U.S. Geological Survey (Climate and Land Use, Water) and can be used to better assess developed land change and hydrologic consequences, which can be used to better assess future management and mitigation strategies.

Vysídlení německého obyvatelstva na Chebsku 1945 - 1948

OpenAIRE

RAMBOUSKOVÁ, Ivana

2011-01-01

The handed bachelor?s work concerns with Czech-German relationship after Second World War particularly between years 1945-1948. It is focused on the sad sequel of Second World War when occurred the biggest transport of people in the Czech state history- displacement of Sudeten Germans. In the first part of my work is sketched the characteristic of the period which preceded turn of events. These events resulted with the start of Adolf Hitler?s power and with Second World War. Then I described ...

[The hospital at Hillersleben Germany, April 1945].

Science.gov (United States)

Weisskopf, Varda

2014-01-01

On 6th April 1945, nine days before the liberation of the Bergen Belsen Concentration Camp, about 2,500 Jewish prisoners were ordered to prepare to leave the camp on the next day. On 7th April, the prisoners left through the gates of the camp and began to walk about 10 kilometers to the train station near the city of Celle. There they were ordered to board a train that would take them to the Theresienstadt Concentration Camp. After six days of travel, the train stopped near the village of Farsleben, Germany, where it was liberated by the 743rd Tank Battalion of the 30th Infantry Division, of the U.S. 9th Army, on 13th April 1945. The 105th Medical Battalion of the same Division was the primary care provider for the survivors, who were then taken in vehicles available from the 30th Infantry Division, and organized into a convoy by the Division's Liaison Officer, Lt. Frank W. Towers, to the town of Hillersleben. A former German Air Force Base was located at Hillersleben with a small hospital that could not provide medical attention to all the survivors. On 21st April, Company C of the 95th Medical Battalion, received an order to go to Hillersleben. Colonel Dr. William W. Hurteau, the Commanding Officer of this Battalion, determined that the biggest task given to the Battalion during World War II, was establishing another hospital in the town of Hillersleben and providing additional beds in the existing hospital, which was a structure that had served as a boarding school. Furthermore, they needed to acquire hospital equipment which was obtained from German equipment and supplies that had been captured by the U.S. MiLitary. Also, they took care of obtaining food supplies from German warehouses, and meat and milk from local dairy farms. The lives of the prisoners on this train were saved by the heroism and dedicated work of those brave soldiers of the 30th Infantry Division and the 95th Medical Battalion.

Visualizing Discipline of the Body in a German Open-Air School (1923-1939): Retrospection and Introspection

Science.gov (United States)

Thyssen, Geert

2007-01-01

This article considers how historians might use imagery in the context of an open-air school in Germany, Senne I-Bielefeld (1922-1939). In considering the "nature" of such images, issues and problems associated with their interpretation are illuminated and discussed. First, two images selected from the pre-Nazi period of the school are…

A MITF mutation associated with a dominant white phenotype and bilateral deafness in German Fleckvieh cattle.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ute Philipp

Full Text Available A dominantly inherited syndrome associated with hypopigmentation, heterochromia irides, colobomatous eyes and bilateral hearing loss has been ascertained in Fleckvieh cattle (German White Fleckvieh syndrome. This syndrome has been mapped to bovine chromosome (BTA 22 using a genome-wide association study with the bovine high density single nucleotide polymorphism array. An R210I missense mutation has been identified within microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF as responsible for this syndrome. The mutation is located in the highly conserved basic region of the protein and causes a negative-dominant effect. SOX10 and PAX3 promoter binding site mutations in MITF could be ruled out as causative for the German White Fleckvieh syndrome. Molecular characterization of this newly detected bovine syndrome means a large animal model is now available for the Tietz syndrome in humans.

The German-Jewish soldier: from participant to victim.

Science.gov (United States)

Penslar, Derek

2011-01-01

The story of German-Jewish soldiers and veterans of World War I illustrates how, under circumstances of inclusion (even if incomplete) rather than vicious persecution, Jewish suffering in wartime, and with it the forms of collective memory and strategies for commemoration of the dead, could closely parallel, even intersect with, the suffering of Germans as a whole. To be sure, the points of intersection were accompanied by points of deflection. Even when Jews served, fought, suffered and died as German soldiers, their interpretations of the war experience, and their communities’ postwar memory and commemorative practices, differed from those of other Germans. In many ways, however, German-Jewish veterans suffered the aftermath of the war as did other Germans; they shared the prevailing fury over war guilt and reparations, and they retained a strong pride in their military service, a pride through which they interpreted the events of 1933–1945.

'Die koren onthoudt, wordt gevloekt onder het volk...'. De zwarte markt in voedingswaren 1940-1948

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

H.A.M. Klemann

2000-01-01

Full Text Available The Black Market in Food Stuffs (1940-1948In this article on the black market during the German occupation of the Netherlands and the first few years following it, it becomes clear that market production only started in 1941 and accounted for approximately 20% of annual agrarian production from 1942 until 1948. The big exception was 1944 and 1945, when famine swept over the area of the country that was still occupied. During this time, black market production was not only up to 40% but the nature of the production also changed. Until 1943, luxury products had been sold. In 1944 and 1945 this changed to potatoes, corn and even sugar beet. When one reconstructs the series of tables on the cost of living at the time, including black market prices and the real wages that resulted from these, it becomes apparent that up to 1943 the real income of wage earners dropped dramatically by 40% compared to 1939, however in 1944 and 1945 the index number (1939 = 100 dropped even further to as little as 32 and 24. It was only by exchanging shoes, clothing, jewellery and furniture that the starving population of the urbanised western part of the country was able to survive. Farmers, on the other hand, earned a lot from it.

Geheime Fotos. Die Kooperation von Associated Press und NS-Regime (1942–1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Norman Domeier

2017-08-01

Full Text Available This article is based on a new archival find from the papers of foreign correspondent Louis P. Lochner. It proves the existence of a secret German-American cooperation between Associated Press (AP and the ›Bureau Laux‹, an agency of the SS and the German Foreign Office, during the war years 1942–1945. With the permission of the Roosevelt administration, AP and the Bureau Laux exchanged photos via diplomatic pouch on a daily basis until spring 1945, first via Lisbon and from 1944 via Stockholm as well. Approximately 40,000 photos were swapped in this way between the war enemies while the battles of the Second World War were fought and the Holocaust was taking place. In Berlin, the AP photos were presented daily to the highest Nazi leadership. They were then also used for anti-American and anti-Semitic propaganda in the German press. Conversely, thousands of Nazi photos received by AP New York via Lisbon and Stockholm were printed in the American and international press. This article sheds new light on both AP as a news and picture agency and on foreign reporting during the Nazi era and the Second World War. * * * Der im vorliegenden Aufsatz präsentierte Quellenfund aus dem Nachlass des Auslandskorrespondenten Louis P. Lochner belegt eine geheime deutsch-amerikanische Kooperation zwischen Associated Press (AP und dem »Büro Laux«, einer Agentur von SS und Auswärtigem Amt, während der Kriegsjahre 1942–1945. Mit Genehmigung der Roosevelt-Administration tauschten AP und Büro Laux bis zum Frühjahr 1945 täglich per Diplomatenpost Fotomaterial aus – zunächst via Lissabon, ab 1944 auch via Stockholm. Schätzungsweise 40.000 Fotos wurden so zwischen den Feinden übermittelt, während die Schlachten des Zweiten Weltkrieges geschlagen wurden und der Holocaust stattfand. In Berlin war das AP-Fotomaterial für die oberste Führung des NS-Regimes bestimmt; zudem wurde es für antiamerikanische und antisemitische Propaganda in der NS

Hoyt S. Vandenberg, The Life of a General

Science.gov (United States)

2000-01-01

Offensive, 1939-1945 (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1984), p. 157; Kenneth Young, ed., The Dia- ries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, Vol. 2: 1939-1965...Godfrey McHugh, Vandenberg’s aide, recalled that Mrs. LeMay was at the Twining quarters measuring windows for drapes when word was announced that there...Messenger, Charles. "Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939-1945. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1984. Millis, Walter, and E. S

[German ophthalmologists and NSDAP

Science.gov (United States)

Rohrbach, Jens Martin

2008-01-01

Approximately 40-45 % of all German physicians joined the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) until 1945. Reasons for party membership are manifold and still a matter of debate. Very likely, the extraordinary high representation of medical doctors in the NSDAP was rather a result of active entry than recruitment by the party. There are only few data concerning the willingness of ophthalmologists to become a party member ("Parteigenosse", "Pg"). According to the list of University teachers in Germany ("Hochschullehrerkarte"; Federal Archive, Berlin), the list of the members of the German Ophthalmological Society (DOG) of 1934 and especially the list of NSDAP-members (Federal Archive, Berlin) the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Directors of German University eye hospitals (chairmen) were members of the NSDAP with a frequency of 23% in 1933 and 48% in 1938 as well as in 1943. The motivation for joining the party was most likely the perspective of acceleration of the academic career. 2. "Only" 30% of the ophthalmologists working in private praxis were "Pg" (until 1945). 3. Both chairmen and ophthalmologists in private praxis were equally hindered to join the NSDAP between May 1st 1933 and May 1st 1937 when the party temporarily stopped registration. 4. The majority of ophthalmologists who joined the NSDAP were born between 1880 and 1900 and thus had taken part in World War I as soldiers or had experienced the times of need after WW I. Only few ophthalmologists succeeded in the NS-hierarchy and probably only one ophthalmologist, Walther Löhlein from Berlin, came in personal contact with Adolf Hitler who was constantly in fear for his sight after his eye injury in October 1918. The "Law for the prevention of genetically disabled offsprings" ("Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses") from July 14th, 1933 separated ophthalmologists into two parties: those advocating sterilization to a high degree and those recommending sterilization only

Jazz als probleem. Receptie en acceptatie van de jazz in de wederopbouwperiode van Nederland 1945-1952

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kleinhout, G.W.H.

2006-01-01

After the liberation of The Netherlands in 1945 jazz went through a new start because it had been banned from the public sphere and forced to go and stay underground for most of the five years of German occupation. As a consequence of this the young generation was at a loss what to make of popular

The German Radiological Society and the protagonists of radiology during the time of National Socialism. State of research, explanation attempts, desiderata and research prospects

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schmidt, M.; Winzen, T.; Gross, D.

2015-01-01

The intention of the authors is the recognition and critical analysis of efforts to study the history of the German Radiological Society during the time of National Socialism from 1933 to 1945 with the goal of determining existing desiderata and identifying the resulting research prospects. There is a need to study concrete individual biographies of radiologists (members of the German Radiological Society, perpetrators, and victims) and their careers before and after 1945 as well as the importance of the interdisciplinarity of the discipline and the lack of institutional involvement during the ''Third Reich''. Moreover, the comparatively difficult starting situation of the study of the history of the German Radiological Society is discussed.

Salazar y Franco en el panorama internacional: estrategia diplomática y propaganda (1936-1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alberto Pena Rodríguez

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo es una aproximación al estudio de la proyección propagandística y la estrategia diplomática internacionaldesarrollada por la dictadura portuguesa y el Movimiento Nacional franquista para defender, promocionar y consolidar ambos regímenes autoritarios en la Península Ibérica durante el periodo 1936-1945. El principal argumento de la investigación sostiene que el papel jugado por Salazar y sus servicios diplomáticos fue muy relevante en la victoria del general Franco en la Guerra Civil española. La prensa y ladiplomacia portuguesa prestaron una cobertura propagandística extraordinaria al franquismo. Sin embargo, el estallido de la Segunda Guerra mundial obligó a Franco y Salazar a firmar el Pacto de Amistad y No Agresión en 1939 y a crear posteriormente el Bloque Ibérico para garantizar su neutralidad y supervivencia.This research is an approach to study the propagandistic projection and the international diplomatic strategy conducted by the Portuguese dictatorship and the Franco National Movement to defend, to promote and to consolidate both authoritarian regimes in the Iberia Peninsula during the 1936-1945 period. The main argument of this work holds that the role played by Salazar and his diplomatic services was very relevant for the Franco’s victory inthe Spanish Civil War. The press and the Portuguese diplomacy lent a extraordinary aid to the Franco regime However, the outbreak of the Second World War II forced to Franco and Salazar to sign the Pact of Friendship and Non Aggresion in 1939 and to create later the Iberian Block to ensure their neutrality and survival.

Książka o getcie białostockim

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kerszman, Gustaw

2014-01-01

Remarks about the book: Rafael Rajzner, Henry R. Lew: Losy nieopowiedziane. Zagłada Żydów białostockich 1939-1945 (Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. E. Ringelbluma : Warszawa 2013)......Remarks about the book: Rafael Rajzner, Henry R. Lew: Losy nieopowiedziane. Zagłada Żydów białostockich 1939-1945 (Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. E. Ringelbluma : Warszawa 2013)...

[Romanticism in German medicine in the light of home historiography of 1802-1945].

Science.gov (United States)

Plonka-Syroka, B

1998-01-01

The German non-materialist medicine of the first half of the 19th century is presently a subject of advanced historical studies, carried out in Europe and USA. Until the mid-20th century, however, it was only the German authors who produced literature dedicated to the above-mentioned medicine. The purpose of this study is to present to the Polish reader the main trends in the German medical historiography that have been taking up the subject for 150 years. The historians of German medicine distinguished trends in the post-war period as the studies of the history of their native medical historiography developed. A Polish historian taking up the task of characterizing of the main methodological trends in German medical historiography is faced with the necessity to take position on the findings of German authors who took up the above-mentioned subject earlier. In my studies I worked mainly on the findings of the following authors: Nelly Tsouyopoulos, Urban Wiesing and Hans-Uwe Lammel. They served me as a guide to the old historical-medical literature that I managed to reach in the libraries of Dresden and Leipzig. Some of the German studies (H. Haeser, J. Petersen) were translated to Polish language and in those cases I leaned on the Polish translators. In this study I discuss the following methodological trends in historiography of German medicine of the 1st half of the 19th century: eclectic trends, philosophical trends, positivistic trends, neo-romantic trends, and social-cultural trends. I also present the analysis of theories of the most important representatives of the trends. Thanks to this I could reconstruct the process of shaping of the discussed epoch image in the light of various concepts of its description. As a result different characteristics of the epoch were grasped although the factography level they referred to was common. This study outlines also further developoment of the historiography of the discussed subject in the second half of the 20th

United States nuclear tests, July 1945 through September 1992

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1994-12-01

This document lists chronologically and alphabetically by name all nuclear tests and simultaneous detonations conducted by the United States from July 1945 through September 1992. Several tests conducted during Operation Dominic involved missile launches from Johnston Atoll. Several of these missile launches were aborted, resulting in the destruction of the missile and nuclear device either on the pad or in the air.

Brief history of US debt limits before 1939.

Science.gov (United States)

Hall, George J; Sargent, Thomas J

2018-03-20

Between 1776 and 1920, the US Congress designed more than 200 distinct securities and stated the maximum amount of each that the Treasury could sell. Between 1917 and 1939, Congress gradually delegated all decisions about designing US debt instruments to the Treasury. In 1939, Congress began imposing a limit on the par value of total federal debt outstanding. By summing Congressional borrowing authorizations outstanding each year for each bond, we construct a time series of implied federal debt limits before 1939. Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

Le reti di spionaggio e sabotaggio nazifasciste nell’Italia occupata dagli Alleati (1943-1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nicola Tonietto

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The aim of this work is to describe German and Republican Fascists secret services espionage and sabotage networks, their missions and their agents who were sent to the South-Central Italy, between 1943 and 1945, with the goal of obstructing the Allied advance. The two German secret services, namely Abwehr and Sicherheitsdienst, recruited Italian agents (who belonged to the Milizia, the Black Brigades or Borghese’s Decima Mas to take part in espionage and sabotage operations beyond the Allied lines. Even the fascists themselves, through the newborn SID or other groups like Prince Pignatelli’s or Pucci-Del Massa Office, tried to plan espionage networks but also to prepare the ground for the survival of the fascism after the end of the war.

[Physicians in the Swedish-German Association 1937-1945, who and why?].

Science.gov (United States)

Hansson, Nils M G; Nilsson, Peter M

2007-01-01

The national association Sweden-Germany (In Swedish: Riksföreningen Sverige-Tyskland; RST) was founded in 1937. The headquarters were located in Lund, in southern Sweden. The proclamation for the association gathered more than 400 signatures, among them 40 physicians. The purpose of the RST was to evaluate and eventually support the arguments of contemporary Nazi Germany, mainly in positive words, and to cultivate the ideological homogeneity within Sweden. During its historical boom period 1938-1943, RST had about 5600 members, of which nearly 200 were physicians. As a peak RST activity the summer summit meeting in Jönköping August, 1941, the members gathered and listened to lectures and proclamations mixed with music in a beautiful environment. The association published a periodical paper, in which members published articles on various themes related to German culture and politics, as well as commentaries on war changes. This essay discusses the RST-memberships of Swedish physicians. Reasons relevant for joining RST may be due to scientific contacts in Germany, or because of German relatives and close friends, if not political agreement with the German Nazi government. Some members chose to leave the association in disappointment after the German military attacks on neighbouring countries of Sweden in April 1940 (Denmark and Norway), although the association grew significantly from 1941-1943. The lesson to be learned from RST is that a leading academic profession, such as the Swedish physicians, participated with many prominent members in a friendship organistaion with the once victorious, but later defeated Germany during the turbulent years just before and during the Second World War. Further research efforts will focus on individual biographies and careers of some of these physicians, ranging from common country-side general practitioners to one Nobel laureate.

West German Jewry: Guilt, Power and Pluralism

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anthony d. Kauders

2010-04-01

Full Text Available The essay will address the history of West German Jewry using the concept of guilt as its guiding theme. Jews in West Germany had a bad conscience on account of living in the “land of the murderers.” This bad conscience not only distinguished them from other Jewish communities, it also explains much of what characterized West German Jewry from 1945 to 1989: its particular economic structure; its especially close ties to Israel; its preoccupation with democratization; its power arrangements; and its communal life. The essay will address these issues, and trace a development that led from a close-knit, ideologically homogeneous group to one that became ever more pluralistic in the 1970s and 1980s.

American cinema and the construction of masculinity in film in the Federal Republic after 1945.

Science.gov (United States)

Leal, Joanne

2012-01-01

Since 1945, film in the Federal Republic has maintained an ambivalent relationship to American cinema and its embedded ideologies and nowhere is this more evident than in (West) German film's representations of masculinity. This article focuses on three historical moments when political and social shifts resulted in a problematising of male identities in the Federal Republic: the mid-1950s, the early 1970s and the late 1990s. Cinema responded to a perceived destabilisation of gender norms by exploring constructions of German masculinity in relation to the ambivalently received models of male identity offered by American cinema. With a detailed analysis of three specific examples – Georg Tressler's Die Halbstarken (1956), Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Der amerikanische Soldat (1970) and Fatih Akin's Kurz und schmerzlos (1998) – this article investigates the manner in which German cinema engages with these competing conceptions of masculinity and demonstrates the ways in which divergent understandings of gender identity can impact on representations of national and ethnic identity.

Foreign Direct Investments into Denmark before 1939

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Pedersen, Kurt; Strandskov, Jesper

2008-01-01

Abstract Drawing on a new database, this article presents the first systematic description and assessment of inward FDI into Denmark before World War II. A total of 168 cases were identified, with British, American and German firms dominating the overall picture as might be expected. The composit...

Why didn't Hitler get the atomic bomb

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chevassus-au-Louis, Nicolas

2013-01-01

This bibliographical note presents a book in which the author reports his historical studies on the Nazi's nuclear activities as, by the end of the 1930's, Germany was probably the leader in this domain. He mentions and describes the various programs that were launched between 1939 and 1945, discusses some evidences related to the fact that the Germans probably tried to master nuclear energy production, and that they might have tested a weapon containing fissile materials (probably a dirty bomb). The author analyses the reasons of the failure of this nuclear sector: a lack of organization, war and bombings, and a relative lack of interest of political authorities

Edward Y. Hartshorne and the Reopening of German Universities, 1945-1946: His Personal Account.

Science.gov (United States)

Tent, James F.

1997-01-01

Characterizes U.S. Edward Y. Hartshorne as a "manager of German social recovery." An instructor at Harvard University and protege of sociologist Talcott Parsons, Hartshorne was instrumental in the post-war reopening of German universities. Discusses Hartshorne's activities in military intelligence and psychological warfare, as well as…

Orthopaedics in Germany under the influence of National-Socialist healt-politic in the years 1933-1945.

Science.gov (United States)

von Grabowski, Michał T W

2015-01-01

In the paper the health-care of physically disabled patients in Germany before, during and after the II world war are discussed. The circumstances of introduction of "Racial-Hygiene" - laws and orthopedic indications for the sterilization and euthanasia are described. Patients with severe physical and mental disabilities were potential candidates for annihilation. The tragic fate of jewish physicians is remembered. The activity of board of the German Orthopeadic Society (DOG) in the years 1933-1945 is described and critically analysed.

[Refugees at Malmö Epidemic Hospital in 1945].

Science.gov (United States)

Cronberg, S

1993-01-01

In 1945, 423 refugees were admitted because of contagious disease at Malmö Epidemic Hospital. Of these refugees 159 men and 167 women arrived from the German concentration camps in Ravensbrück, Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen, Neuengamme and others. Others arrived in a boat destined to be sunk when peace came and the crew changed mind, letting the boat board at Malmö harbour. Thus life was saved to more than 95% of its passengers. Of the refugees 31% came from Poland, 24% from Scandinavian countries, 12% from Benelux and 10% from France. Louse-borne typhus was the most frequent diagnosis that occurred in 35%. Other common disorders were diphtheria, scarlet fever, enteric fever and tuberculosis. Almost all prisoners from concentration camps were malnourished and had sustained severe cruelty. Most of them recovered rapidly when given food and vitamins.

49 CFR 194.5 - Definitions.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... National Contingency Plan (40 CFR part 300). Onshore oil pipeline facilities means new and existing pipe... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 194.5 Section 194.5 Transportation... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY RESPONSE PLANS FOR ONSHORE OIL PIPELINES...

O "abrasileiramento" das associações esportivas de Teutônia/Estrela no Rio Grande do Sul The "abrasileiramento" of the sports associations from Teutônia/Estrela in Rio Grande do Sul

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cecília Elisa Kilpp

2012-03-01

Full Text Available As associações esportivas teuto-brasileiras de Teutônia/Estrela no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul sofreram o processo de abrasileiramento no período da Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918 e da Segunda Grande Guerra (1939-1945. Este artigo objetivou identificar os conflitos de identidades culturais nas associações esportivas de Teutônia/Estrela desencadeados pelas ações nacionalizadoras conduzidas pelos interventores do Estado Rio Grande do Sul no período das grandes guerras mundiais. As fontes históricas consultadas revelaram que a prática de esportes tradicionais nas associações teuto-brasileiras enfraqueceu, como no caso do bolão, ao mesmo tempo que outros esportes foram incorporados, principalmente o futebol. A adesão a esta nova prática esportiva significa um movimento na direção do processo de integração às ações nacionalizadoras.The German-Brazilian sport associations of Teutônia/Estrela in the State of Rio Grande do Sul suffered the process of abrasileiramento in the period of the World War I (1914-1918 and of the World War II (1939-1945. This article aimed to identify the conflicts of cultural identities in the sport associations of Teutônia/Estrela developed by the nationalization actions leaded by the intervenors of the Rio Grande do Sul State in the period of the great world wars. Historical sources revealed that the practice of traditional sports in the German-Brazilian sport associations weakened, asthe bolão, while other sports were incorporated, mainly the soccer. The adhesion to this new sport means a movement in the direction of the process of integration in the nationalization actions.

21 CFR 184.1945 - Vitamin B12.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Vitamin B12. 184.1945 Section 184.1945 Food and... Substances Affirmed as GRAS § 184.1945 Vitamin B12. (a) Vitamin B12, also known as cyanocobalamin (C63H88Co... is used in food at levels not to exceed current good manufacturing practice. Vitamin B12 also may be...

Debating Sex: Education Films and Sexual Morality for the Young in Post-War Germany, 1945-1955.

Science.gov (United States)

Winkler, Anita

2015-01-01

After 1945 rapidly climbing figures of venereal disease infections menaced the health of the war-ridden German population. Physicians sought to gain control over this epidemic and initiated large-scale sex education campaigns to inform people about identification, causes and treatment of VD and advised them on appropriate moral sexual behaviour as a prophylactic measure. Film played a crucial role in these campaigns. As mass medium it was believed film could reach out to large parts of society and quickly disseminate sexual knowledge and moral codes of conduct amongst the population. This essay discusses the transition of the initial central role of sex education films in the fight against venereal disease in the immediate post-war years towards a more critical stance as to the effects of cinematographic education of the young in an East and West German context.

Hitler's bomb: the secret story of Germans' attempts to get the nuclear weapon

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Karlsch, Rainer

2007-01-01

In this historical book, the author claims to have evidence concerning the development and testing of a possible 'nuclear weapon' by Nazi Germany in 1945. The 'weapon' in question is not alleged to be a standard nuclear weapon powered by nuclear fission, but something closer to either a radiological weapon (a so-called 'dirty bomb') or a hybrid-nuclear fusion weapon. Its new evidence is concerned primarily with the parts of the German nuclear energy project (an attempted clandestine scientific effort led by Germany to develop and produce atomic weapons during World War II) under Kurt Diebner, a German nuclear physicist who directed and administrated the project

The German Radiological Society and the protagonists of radiology during the time of National Socialism. State of research, explanation attempts, desiderata and research prospects; Die Deutsche Roentgengesellschaft und die Protagonisten der Radiologie in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Forschungsstand, Erklaerungsansaetze, Desiderate und Perspektiven

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmidt, M.; Winzen, T.; Gross, D. [RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen (Germany). Inst. of the History, Theory and Ethics of Medicine

2015-06-15

The intention of the authors is the recognition and critical analysis of efforts to study the history of the German Radiological Society during the time of National Socialism from 1933 to 1945 with the goal of determining existing desiderata and identifying the resulting research prospects. There is a need to study concrete individual biographies of radiologists (members of the German Radiological Society, perpetrators, and victims) and their careers before and after 1945 as well as the importance of the interdisciplinarity of the discipline and the lack of institutional involvement during the ''Third Reich''. Moreover, the comparatively difficult starting situation of the study of the history of the German Radiological Society is discussed.

Ernst Rüdin, 1874-1952: a German psychiatrist and geneticist.

Science.gov (United States)

Weber, M M

1996-07-26

Ernst Rüdin (1874-1952) was one of the major representatives of German psychiatry, genetics, and eugenics in the first half of the twentieth century. Born in Switzerland, he was influenced early on by his brother-in-law Alfred Ploetz, who propagated the ideas of social Darwinism and "racial hygiene" in Germany after 1890. Rüdin began his career in psychiatry at Emil Kraepelin's clinic in Munich, where he developed the concept of "empirical genetic prognosis" of mental disorders. He published his first results on the genetics of schizophrenia in 1916. From 1917-1945 Rüdin was director of the Genealogical-Demographic Department at the German Institute for Psychiatric Research, which Kraepelin had founded. After a short interruption from 1925-1928, Rüdin returned to Munich and enlarged the department. After 1933 the National Socialist government and party endorsed Rüdin's work by supplying financial and manpower support. Nazi health policy required a scientific basis to justify its actions, and Rüdin's ideas corresponded partially with this kind of thinking. In 1934 he prepared the official commentary on the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring." The connections of Rüdin's department to National Socialism can be understood as one of the main reasons for the critical attitude towards psychiatric genetics in Germany after 1945.

49 CFR 19.45 - Cost and price analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Cost and price analysis. 19.45 Section 19.45... Requirements Procurement Standards § 19.45 Cost and price analysis. Some form of cost or price analysis shall be made and documented in the procurement files in connection with every procurement action. Price...

[The boycott against German scientists and the German language after World War I].

Science.gov (United States)

Reinbothe, R

2013-12-01

After the First World War, the Allied academies of sciences staged a boycott against German scientists and the German language. The objective of the boycott was to prevent the re-establishment of the prewar dominance of German scientists, the German language and German publications in the area of international scientific cooperation. Therefore the Allies excluded German scientists and the German language from international associations, congresses and publications, while they created new international scientific organizations under their leadership. Medical associations and congresses were also affected, e. g. congresses on surgery, ophthalmology and tuberculosis. Allied physicians replaced the "International Anti-Tuberculosis Association" founded in Berlin in 1902 with the "Union Internationale contre la Tuberculose"/"International Union against Tuberculosis", founded in Paris in 1920. Only French and English were used as the official languages of the new scientific organizations, just as in the League of Nations. The boycott was based on the fact that the German scientists had denied German war guilt and war crimes and glorified German militarism in a manifesto "To The Civilized World!" in 1914. The boycott first started in 1919 and had to be abolished in 1926, when Germany became a member of the League of Nations. Many German and foreign physicians as well as other scientists protested against the boycott. Some German scientists and institutions even staged a counter-boycott impeding the resumption of international collaboration. The boycott entailed an enduring decline of German as an international scientific language. After the Second World War scientists of the victorious Western Powers implemented a complete reorganization of the international scientific arena, based on the same organizational structures and language restrictions they had built up in 1919/1920. At the same time scientists from the U.S.A. staged an active language and publication policy, in

The toxicology of zinc chloride smoke producing bombs and screens

NARCIS (Netherlands)

El Idrissi, Ayman; van Berkel, Lisanne; Bonekamp, Nadia E; Dalemans, Diana J Z; van der Heyden, Marcel A G

CONTEXT: Zinc chloride (ZnCl2)-based smoke bombs and screens are in use since the Second World War (1939-1945). Many case descriptions on ZnCl2 smoke inhalation incidents appeared since 1945. OBJECTIVE: We provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical symptoms and underlying pathophysiology due

USDA-ASCS 1936-1939 Air Photos

Data.gov (United States)

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources — This data set is a digital version of aerial photographs taken during the 1936-1939 time frame for the USDA-ASCS. These photos were originally recorded at a scale of...

Hybrid Warfare

Science.gov (United States)

2013-08-01

nations: France and the U.S.12 The non- state actor in the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War, Lebanese Hezbollah, combined the aspects of conventional and...served weapons systems.94 In terms of concurrent experience, the German Army successfully invaded Poland in 1939 and had successfully dominated France in...dominant ideology was that of the Communist Party as interpreted by Joseph Stalin. Generically interpreted, communism—Leninism/ Marxism — can be described

The Farm Hall reports. Intercepted conversations of the German nuclear scientists interned in England in 1945/46

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rechenberg, H.

1994-01-01

This detailed report critically highlights the contents of the Farm Hall transcripts, which have meanwhile been published both in the original English and German version. Secondary literature up to the summer of 1933 has also been taken into account and is commented on. The introduction, which outlines the previous history (the German uranium project during World War II), is intended to facilitate understanding of the intercepted conversations between the German uranium researchers. (orig./HP) [de

Between Nationalism and Internationalism: The German Chemical Society In Comparative Perspective, 1867-1945.

Science.gov (United States)

Johnson, Jeffrey Allan

2017-09-04

One-hundred fifty years ago, on the eve of German unification, about one-hundred people gathered in Berlin to found the German Chemical Society (DChG) under the charismatic leadership of August Wilhelm von Hofmann, who attracted a large international membership by promoting modern organic chemistry. By 1892, when Emil Fischer succeeded Hofmann, the DChG was the world's largest chemical society. Under Fischer the Society promoted international collaboration with foreign societies, and in 1900 it opened an impressive headquarters, the Hofmann House, where it centralized its greatly expanded literary activity including abstracts and reference publications. Yet a half-century later, after war and racial-national extremism, the house lay in ruins and the Society had ceased to exist. In remembering the Society, one may well ask why its auspicious beginning should have led to this ignominious end. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Spirit Piagam Jakarta Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mujar Ibnu Syarif

2016-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract: In the second trial BPUPKI, both nationalist and Islamic groups consensual that the future of Indonesia's independence will be based on the principle "godhood by running Shari'ah obligation for adherents". The consensus seems to be built on the foundation is not solid. Therefore it is not surprising that one day after the proclamation of independence, the agreement re-questioned. That same day, PPKI held a hearing to review the deal. As a result, the clause contained in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution was changed to "Based on Belief in God Almighty". After the issuance of a Presidential Decree, began the debate about the existence of the spirit of the Jakarta Charter in 1945 which is applicable in the context of Indonesian politics in this contemporary age.  Abstrak: Spirit Piagam Jakarta dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Pasca Lahirnya Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959. Pada sidang kedua Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI / Dokuritsu Zyunbi Tyosakai yang berlangsung sejak tanggal 10 hingga 16 Juli 1945, baik golongan nasionalis maupun golongan Islam berkonsensus bahwa masa depan Indonesia merdeka akan didasarkan pada sila "Ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syari'at Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya".  Penting dicatat, konsensus tersebut agaknya dibangun di atas landasan yang tidak kokoh. Karena itu, tidak aneh bila satu hari setelah proklamasi Kemerdekaan RI, tepatnya tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, kesepakatan tersebut kembali dipersoalkan. Pada hari itu juga, Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI yang dibentuk tanggal 7 Agustus 1945 dan diketuai oleh Soekarno, menyelenggarakan sidang untuk meninjau kembali kesepakatan tersebut. Dalam sidang tersebut, anak kalimat  yang terdapat dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945 (Piagam Jakarta, yakni: "Berdasarkan kepada Ketuhanan, dengan kewajiban menjalankan syari'at Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya" diubah menjadi "Berdasar atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa".  Setelah

Nazism in Syria and Lebanon. The ambivalence of the German option, 1933-1945

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Nordbruch, Götz

2009-01-01

to take root in Arab societies as well. In the first publication to reconstruct Lebanese and Syrian encounters with Nazism in the context of an evolving local political culture and to base its analysis on a comprehensive review of Arab, French and German sources, Götz Nordbruch examines the reactions...

Breaking teleprinter ciphers at Bletchley Park an edition of I.J. Good, D. Michie and G. Timms : general report on tunny with emphasis on statistical methods (1945)

CERN Document Server

Diffie, W; Field, J

2015-01-01

This detailed technical account of breaking Tunny is an edition of a report written in 1945, with extensive modern commentary Breaking Teleprinter Ciphers at Bletchley Park gives the full text of the General Report on Tunny (GRT) of 1945, making clear how the ideas, notation and the specially designed machines that were used differ from what was generally accepted in 1945, and, where a modern reader might be misled, from what is understood now. The editors of this book clarify the sometimes slightly strange language of the GRT and explain the text within a variety of contexts in several separate historical story lines, some only implicit in the GRT itself. The first story, told by the authors of the GRT, describes how, using specially designed machines, including from 1944 the "Colossus", the British broke the enciphered teleprinter messages sent by the highest command levels of the Germany Army. The cipher machines the Germans used were the Loren SZ 40 series, called "Tunny" by the British. The second stor...

Elements of traditional Tuvan cosmology in the state emblem of the People’s Republic of Tuva, 1935-1939

OpenAIRE

Boris B. Mongush

2016-01-01

The article examines the constituent elements of the state emblem of the People’s Republic of Tuva (in its 1935/1939 version). We view state emblems as a special type of historical source where constituent emblems and elements are, in fact, reflections of a certain worldview. Emblems of the People’s Republic of Tuva (PRT) originally were full of Buddhist religious symbolism, but in the course of time it switched over to representing the dominance of the Soviet heraldic symbolism. Among the...

Interaction of science and diplomacy: Latin American, the United States and nuclear energy, 1945-1955

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cabral, R.

1986-01-01

Nuclear programs in Argentina and Brazil can be traced to August 1945 when their scientific communities articulated responses to the atomic bombings of Japan. They culminated in attempts to develop independent nuclear programs, sharply opposed by the United States, during the nationalist governments of Juan Peron and Getulio Vargas. This dissertation, based on primary sources from the three nations, analyzes these programs and the American responses. Latin America entered the nuclear age attempting to control natural resources, to improve scientific establishments, and to appraise Latin American-United States relations. Despite some clear warnings about nuclear dangers, the new form of energy was seen as the solution to industrial problems, poverty, and outside political interference. International opposition, which may have included nuclear threats from the United States, blocked Argentina's first attempt in 1947. After 1948, Peron wanted a nuclear program for cheap energy and prestige. The qualifications of the Brazilian scientists gave more substance to their program. The program originated in August, 1945, but assumed national proportion with the government of Vargas in 1951. Lack of American cooperation forced Vargas to establish a secret program with Germany. American troops intervened taking over the German equipment already completed. The final collapse came about with Vargas' suicide in August, 1954

Project Trinity 1945-1946

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Maag, Carl

1982-01-01

This report describes the activities of an estimated 1,000 personnel, both military and civilian, in Project TRINITY, which culminated in detonation of the first nuclear device, in New Mexico in 1945...

Elemental Germans Klaus Fuchs, Rudolf Peierls and the making of British nuclear culture 1939-59

CERN Document Server

Laucht, Christoph

2012-01-01

Christoph Laucht offers the first investigation into the roles played by two German-born emigre atomic scientists, Klaus Fuchs and Rudolf Peierls, in the development of British nuclear culture, especially the practice of nuclear science and the political implications of the atomic scientists' work, from the start of the Second World War until 1959.

An Image of Britain during the Second World War: The films of Humphrey Jennings (1939-1945 Une image de la Grande-Bretagne pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : les films de Humphrey Jennings (1939-1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Elena Von Kassel

2009-10-01

Full Text Available Il s’agit de chercher à comprendre comment le style poétique a pu atteindre des sommets avec les films de Humphrey Jennings dans le documentaire anglais et comment ces films résultent d’un mélange entre deux traditions du cinéma britannique, traditions jusque-là opposées. A l’initiative d’Alberto Cavalcanti, en 1939, The First Days, coréalisé par Humphrey Jennings, Harry Watt et Pat Jackson, fut, au tout début la guerre, le premier film offrant une réflexion sur des réalités, lorsque l’on avait essayé de manipuler le public dans Le lion a des ailes, tourné la même année, mais aussi  le premier film anglais de propagande de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dont Alexander Korda avait lancé et soutenu la réalisation. Quand, partant pour Ealing Studios, Cavalcanti quitte la direction de la GPO Film Unit, il est remplacé par Ian Dalrymple, le producteur du film Le lion a des ailes. C’est sous la direction de Dalrymple qu’au GPO, désormais appelé Crown Film Unit, un nouveau genre de film put émerger. Dans cet esprit démocratique, après The First Days, fut tourné en coréalisation London Can Take It (1940, par Humphrey Jennings et Harry Watt, le thème portant sur la façon dont les Londoniens supportaient les bombardements. Puis, Jennings a réalisé Heart of Britain, le thème portant, cette fois, sur la résistance de toute l’Angleterre. Words for Battle, qui suivit, était un film de propagande historique. Toutefois, c’est avec Listen to Britain, en 1942, que Jennings put vraiment toucher le public. La guerre n’était pas encore gagnée, mais la propagande dans le documentaire anglais était bien plus efficace que celle de l’ennemi, et parvenait, en même temps, à toucher toutes les couches de la population.

The Mental Aftermath - The Mentality of German Physicists 1945-1949

Science.gov (United States)

Hentschel, Klaus

2007-01-01

Few scientific communities have been more thoroughly studied than 20th-century German physicists. Yet their behavior and patterns of thinking immediately after the war remains puzzling. During the first five postwar years they suspended their internecine battles and a strange solidarity emerged. Former enemies were suddenly willing to exonerate each other blindly and even morally upright physicists began to write tirades against the 'denazification mischief' or the 'export of scientists'. Personal idiosyncracies melded into a strangely uniform pattern of rejection or resistance to the Allied occupiers, with attendant repressed feelings and self-pity. Politics was once again perceived as remote, dirty business. It was feared that the least concession of guilt would bring down even more severe sanctions on their discipline. Using tools from the history of mentality, such as analysis of serial publications, these tendenciesare examined. The perspective of emigre physicists, as reflected in their private letters and reports, embellish this portrait.

How Anticommonism ‘Cemented’ the American Conservative Movement in a Liberal Age of Conformity, 1945–64

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lee Haddigan

2010-02-01

Full Text Available With the publication in 1976 of George H. Nash’s The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945, interest in post-WWII opposition to the dominant liberal consensus of the time has steadily grown. Most commentators on the subject, in the attempt to construct a coherent narrative, try to find the shared values that united the conservative movement in the early Cold War era. Invariably, they regard, in Nash’s word, the “cement” of conservatism in this period as anticommunism. Three other subjects, however, hold a greater claim than anticommunism in fusing together the disparate strands of conservative thought. Two of them, constitutionalism and opposition to the aims and methods of the United Nations, are topics for another essay. This article deals with a third conservative “impulse”; a disdain for the use of the power of the state, and cultural pressures, in forcing Americans to conform to the strictures of a liberal-dominated society. Focusing on conservative critics of education, the arts, mass media, social scientists, and the economy, the article contends that “anticommonism” helped tie together a conservative intellectual movement after 1945, because anticommunism could not.

The nuclear research and technology development in the GDR from 1945 to 1965. Framework conditions, policy of the State party and implementation; Die Kernforschung und Kerntechnologieentwicklung in der DDR 1945-1965. Rahmenbedingungen, Politik der Staatspartei und Umsetzung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Strauss, Olaf

2012-06-07

The study follows the development of the nuclear research and nuclear technology in the GDR between 1945 and 1965. The GDR as an industrial country was highly dependent on brown coal, which was the only available primal energy source in the former GDR. Therefore the civil use of nuclear power called the attention of the executive and party leadership. This consideration was supported by the fact of large uranium deposits on the territory of former East Germany. After the foundation of the GDR, a first attempt to establish an independent nuclear power industry had failed. From 1955 on, the efforts in this direction have been stepped up. Despite the enormous effort of material and human resources the development of an independent East German nuclear industry never got off the ground. In 1965 it was decided to continue the buildup of an East German nuclear industry on base of the nuclear technology of the former Soviet Union. This decision marked a turning point in the East German energy policy and the end to ambitious plans of an independent nuclear industry. The research shows the frame, the preconditions and objectives of the development of the East German nuclear industry on the base of relevant documents from the government of the former GDR, the political machine of the Communist Party (SED) and the Academy of Science Berlin. The research is implementing the context of international nuclear research and technical progress against the background of the Cold War and the international nuclear euphoria as well as within the range of global politics. The discussion focusses on two points. Along with high expectations to an independent energy production and an exporting nuclear industry, the Communist party aimed for clear political results. The author will show the connection between plans of the executive and party leadership of the SED for an ambitious nuclear energy development and the international acceptance of the East German State in the German-German rivalry.

Collateral damage: Educational attainment and labor market outcomes among German war and post-war cohorts

OpenAIRE

Hendrik Jürges

2012-01-01

We use data from the West German 1970 census to explore the link between being born during or shortly after World War II and educational and labor market outcomes 25 years later. We document, for the first time, that men and women born in the relatively short period between November 1945 and May 1946 have significantly and substantially lower educational attainment and occupational status than cohorts born shortly before or after. Several alternative explanations for this new finding are put ...

Restrained Policy and Careless Execution: Allied Strategic Bombing on the Netherlands in the Second World War

Science.gov (United States)

2011-05-19

food and money to the crew of a downed British Wellington. Source: A. Korthals Altes, Luchtgevaar: Luchtaanvallen op Nederland , 1940- 1945...of the Liberation of Europe (New York: Free Press, 2008). 6Chris van der Heijden, Grijs Verleden: Nederland en de Tweede Wereldoorlog (Amsterdam... Nederland Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog (Den Haag, The Netherlands: Studiegroep Luchtoorlog 1939-1945, 2008), 141-143. 3 Endless Controversy Strategic

“World domination or ruin”. Friedrich von Bernhardi and German militarism before World War I

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mihael Antolović

2016-02-01

Full Text Available The paper analyzes the role of militarism in the political life of Germany before WWI. By pointing out the roe of militarism in the political life of Germany at the start of the 20th century, the paper puts an emphasis on the writing of Friedrich von Bernhardi titled Germany and the next war, published in 1912. Bernhardi sought to prove the inevitability of “preemptive war” and territorial annexations in order to provide for the economic and political interests of Germany as a global force. Bernhardi legitimized his opinion by calling on social-Darwinist arguments as well as the tradition of German idealist philosophy, and claiming that war is the only means by which it is possible to sustain German culture as the highest form of “German spirit” and its most valuable contribution to humanity. Considering the high rank which Bernhardi held as a general in the German military, as well as how his attitudes fell in with German foreign policy of the period, Bernhardi’s writing represents, in a condensed fashion, an expression of militaristic ideas present in German society before WWI.

Hiroshima August 6 1945; Hiroshima 6 aout 1945

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Villatoux, P.

2009-07-01

This book makes a comeback on this key event of the Second World War, from the US decision taken by H. Truman in 1945 to use the atomic bomb in Japan up to the geo-political swing which has been its direct consequence. The book allows to bring back the genesis of the Manhattan project, a herculean scientific and technological secret program, to which about 140000 scientists, technicians and engineers have taken part during less than three years. The design of this terrible weaponry has switched the world into a new era, the nuclear one

Luftwaffe Maritime Operations in World War II: Thought, Organization and Technology

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Gould, Winston A

2005-01-01

.... This paper will examine the Luftwaffe's thinking, organization, and technology as they pertained to Countersea Operations during World War II, with a focus on the Battle of the Atlantic during the period 1939-1945...

Football in the occupied Poland (1939-1945)

OpenAIRE

Ferenc, Jakub

2014-01-01

Aquest article presenta la història del futbol a Polònia durant la Segona Guerra Mundial – el període més dramàtic en la història del país (fins i tot considerant la seva dramàtica història en general). La recerca comprèn tres aspectes de la història del futbol a la Polònia ocupada durant la Segona Guerra Mundial: els partits oficials de futbol, incloent-hi no sols els partits de la lliga i la selecció sinó també el tràgic destí dels jugadors polonesos que es van veure obligats a portar l’uni...

An empirical analysis of the German interest rate

NARCIS (Netherlands)

den Butter, F.A.G.; Jansen, P.W.

2004-01-01

The short run and long run influences of the main determinants of the German long-term interest rate are estimated using quarterly data for the period 1982-2001. A major reason for the focus on the German interest rate is that this rate, and hence its determinants, will be dominant in explaining the

PERBANDINGAN PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH AMANDEMEN UNDANG-UNDANG DASAR 1945

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Yesi Anggraini

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Comparing national development planning as the state policy in the broad outlines in the period before and after the amendment of the Constitution 1945 (UUD 1945 as well as to analyze the position of national development planning guidelines were created after the amendment of the Constitution 1945. Based normative juridical approach, by examining all the rules legislation relating to the legal issues is researched concluded that the First, there are some similarities and differences in the Platform for National Development Planning in the period before and after the 1945 amendment, as for the equation is the substance of the two, whereas the difference lies in the pattern of policy-making, as well as law formulation. Second, the Status Law on National Development Planning System (SPPN and the regulations under it is official documents which contain the cornerstone of development planning in the era of reforms as a change of planning from documents in the past.Keywords: National Development Planning System, the Constitution 1945

Learning from the Germans? History and Memory in German and European Discourses of Integration

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Andrew Beattie

2007-08-01

Full Text Available History and memory appear to be increasingly important to discussions of European values and identity, as exemplified by references to ‘bitter experiences’ and ‘divided pasts’ in the draft EU constitution. The article takes recent suggestions that Europe could learn from German experiences of confronting multiple difficult pasts as its starting point, and considers critically what lessons those German experiences might in fact hold for ‘Europe’. It explores similarities and differences in the two integration contexts and their dominant approaches to, and assumptions about history and public memory. Specifically, it considers debates about the east-west division of the Cold War and about the place of communism and nazism in public memory. Contrary to common assumptions, the article argues that German experiences are not necessarily worth of European emulation.

O cywilizacyjny awans Polski Roman Dmowski wobec idei modernizacji Polski 1918–1939

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Wojciech Kapica

2014-07-01

Full Text Available For a civilizational development of Poland.  Roman Dmowski in the face of the idea of modernization of Poland 1918–1939The Roman Dmowski’s propositions of modernization of interwar Poland (1918–1939 can not be considered in terms of theories of modernization created after 1945 as a coherent, logic systems. For Dmowski the modern (modernized Poland would be a „efficient” state with capitalist economy, free market and the respect for private property, with reduced social legislation, with developed industry and agriculture, with a strong middle class, with restricted bureaucratic machine; a national state with restricting the rights of national minorities, with low number of Jews, with the limiting the powers of the legislature and a strong executive, with association polishness with catholicism and strong emphasis on the presence of catholic religion in social life. Some ideas of Dmowski were not bad (e.g. save money and reduction of excessively developed bureaucratic machine, the development of industry and agriculture, the fight against speculation, however, the proposals were often too vague or unclear or were remarkably oriented to the free market and for this reason had no chance of implementation and popularity in the atmosphere of the 20s and 30s in interwar Poland (e.g. proposal of reduction excessively developed social legislation, some of proposals were expressly anti-Semitic. Similarly, in the area of the Polish political system and political life Dmowski offered „positive” solutions (recovery and moralisation of Polish political life, raising the niveau of political culture of the Polish political elites and Polish society, strengthening of executive power and „negative” proposals (association polishness with catholicism and his instrumental use, desire to make Poland a national state, desire to move away from the rule of parliamentary, postulate of removing the excess of the Jewish population in Poland. The least

Menakar Kekuasaan Presiden dalam Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar 1945

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Rahayu Prasetianingsih

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Konstitusi dapat ditafsirkan berbeda-beda oleh masing-masing rezim yang berkuasa termasuk mengenai kekuasaan Presiden. Di Amerika Serikat berkembang pemikiran yang diperdebatkan apakah presiden memiliki kekuasaan yang sifatnya tersirat (implied power dari kekuasaan yang diberikan oleh konstitusinya, dan berkembang executive order sebagai implied power presiden. Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 sebelum perubahan dinilai memberikan kewenangan atau membuka celah tafsir yang besar pada kekuasaan Presiden. Dengan demikian, paradigma perubahan UUD 1945 diantaranya adanya keinginan untuk mengurangi kekuasaan tersebut. Tulisan ini akan membahas apakah UUD 1945 setelah perubahan telah memberikan kekuasaan yang cukup kepada presiden dan apa saja kewenangan yang merupakan turunan langsung dari kekuasaan presiden. Kekuasaan Presiden berdasarkan UUD 1945 juga mempunyai kecenderungan untuk bertambah seiring dengan berkembangnya sistem ketatangaraan bahkan untuk menjalankan pemerintahan, presiden dapat membentuk Peraturan Pemerintah dan Peraturan Presiden selain terlibat secara langsung dalam pembentukan UU dan dapat mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang dalam keadaan kegentingan yang memaksa (emergency law. Kewenangan presiden dalam pembentukan UU, Perpu dan PP secara tegas disebutkan dalam UUD 1945, sedangkan kewenangan pembentukan Perpres menjadi kewenangan yang ditafsirkan dari ketentuan Pasal 4 ayat (1 UUD 1945.

Advertising in Actas Dermosifiliográficas, 1909-1939.

Science.gov (United States)

Díaz-Díaz, R M

2014-05-01

We review advertisements published in the journal Actas Dermosifiliográficas between 1909 and 1939. Treatments for sexually transmitted diseases were advertised with particular frequency, and they offer a case in point that exemplifies the close relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and medical journals. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV. All rights reserved.

GERMAN EPISTOLARY HERITAGE OF IVAN FRANKO AND ITS DOMINANT FEATURES

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V.V. Tkachivsky

2015-09-01

Full Text Available The epistolary heritage of Ivan Franko contains over six thousand letters. German epistolary correspondence addressed to Vienna, Berlin, Budapest, Heidelberg, Freiburg, Stanislav, Chernivtsi. The author of the article analyzes also the response letters sent to I. Franko. His first letters in German were addressed to Olha Roshkevych. They were written under the strong impression that the epistolary novel “The Sorrows of Young Werther” by J.W. von Goethe had had on I. Franko. The Ukrainian writer’s correspondence with H. Kanner and I. Singer the editors of the weekly newspaper “Zeit” is an evidence of their close cooperation. I. Franko had close professional ties with V. Adler one of the founders and leaders of the Austrian social-democratic party, the editor of Vienna newspaper “Arbeiterzeitung”, as well as with V. Adler’s wife Emma. I. Franko’s correspondence with a prominent Slavic scholar V. Yagic didn’t contain only private matters discussions. The third part of it is totally scientific which actually makes it valuable for researchers. I. Franko’s epistolary works reflect his artistic writer’s style neither in form nor in content. His letters are characterized by the depth of his thought, consistency of his statements, clearness of the sentence constructions, tendency to critical assessments of phenomena and scientific findings.

El plan del nitrogeno (1939-61)

OpenAIRE

Antonio Gómez de Mendoza

1997-01-01

Evolución histórica de la industria del nitrógeno en España durante el período de 1939 a 1961 a través de cuatro apartados: el problema del nitrógeno en el período de entre guerras, los cambios introducidos por el INI, análisis de la gestión de la Sociedad Ibérica del Nitrógeno y el estudio de la industria del nitrógeno entre 1951-1961.

German energy market 2014; Deutscher Energiemarkt 2014

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schiffer, Hans-Wilhelm [World Energy Council, London (United Kingdom). World Energy Resources; Weltenergierat - Deutschland, Berlin (Germany). Arbeitsgruppe ' Energie fuer Deutschland'

2015-03-15

In 2014 the German government's primary goal of engaging German power suppliers to step up their production of renewable energy while speeding up energy efficiency improvement measures continued to dominate the debate. The present article provides an updated overview of the German energy market. Following on from last year's edition it gives a condensed synopsis of key indicators of the energy economy. Besides summarising general facts about the energy mix it goes into detail about the following individual energy resources: crude oil, natural gas, brown coal, hard coal, nuclear energy and renewable energies. It also explains current price trends in both the international and domestic markets.

[Alfred Kohn, professor of histology at German University in Prague].

Science.gov (United States)

Nanka, O; Grim, M

2008-01-01

Prof. Kohn (1867-1959) was the head of the Institute of Histology at the Medical Faculty of German University in Prague for 26 years. In 2007 we commemorated his 140th birthday, and 2009 we will remember the 50th anniversary of his death. He entered the history of medicine by discovery of nature and origin of parathyroid glands and by pioneer research into chromaffin cells and sympathetic paraganglia. Kohn's papers on the pituitary, interstitial cells of testes, and ovaries are also related to endocrinology. All his studies are based on descriptive and comparative histological and embryological observations. Kohn was twice the dean of German Medical Faculty, and a member or honorary member of many important scientific societies. He was repeatedly nominated for Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine. For his Jewish origin he was expelled from Deutsche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und Künste für die Tschechoslowakische Republik in 1939 and transported to Terezin ghetto in 1943. After the war he lived in Prague. On the occasion of his 90th birthday he was elected honorary president of Anatomische Gesellschaft and awarded by the Czechoslovak Order of Labour. Alfred Kohn died in 1959. He was one of the outstanding personalities that Prague gave to the world of science.

The Possibility of Vice-Presidents’ Authority Arrangement in the 1945 Constitution through Constitutional Amendment

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fajar L. Suroso

2016-04-01

Full Text Available The debate over the vice-presidents’ authority reappeared in the administration of President Jokowi after the “authority expansion of the Chief of Presidency Staff” and the case of “Rizal Ramli vs Jusuf Kalla”. This article is intended to provide arguments for the idea of some parties to organize more explicit and detailed the authority of vice-president in the 1945 Constitution. The idea arises from the absence of further arrangement on the authority of vice-president in the 1945 Constitution. This article is systematized into 3 (three sub-theme; 1 the arrangement of the vice-presidents’ authority in the constitution for several countries; 2 The authority of the vice-president according to the 1945 Constitution, and 3 New resultant and the possibility of 1945 Constitution amendment. The result revealed a number of interesting things; 1 the constitutions of other countries do not specify the authority of the vice-president and put the vice-president as a “spare tire” when the president is absent; 2 no new resultant about the position and authority of the vice-president so that theoretically is not reason enough to regulate in detail the authority of the vice-president through the 1945 Constitution amendment; 3 arrangement in detail in the authority of vice-president in the 1945 Constitution holds the potential to confuse the presidential system design as the 1945 Constitution. Therefore, the possibility of vice-presidents’ authority arrangement in the 1945 Constitution through amendment is very small, both in terms of momentum and the substance of issues.

PRINSIP-PRINSIP KONSTITUSIONALITAS KOPERASI BERDASARKAN UUD NEGARA RI TAHUN 1945

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Agus Kusnadi

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Abstract Cooperative identity is at risk with the Act 17 of 2012 on Cooperatives, which relies on the values of capitalism. Capitalism is characterized through the economic activities and financial control by the efforts of large private properies in the sense of the individual and groups, profit oriented, the market economy competition dominant supported by consumerism, and the pricing of labor that follows the market mechanism. As a result, it is importance to make purification of cooperative base on UUD 1945 as set in Art. 33 par. (1, to make clear the principles of constitutionality of cooperatives in Indonesia. The principle of the constitutionality of the cooperative include brotherhood, man as main actors, social welfare oriented, synergy, market driven, shared interests, and mutual interest . Key words: cooperative, constitutionality, brotherhood   Abstrak Jati diri koperasi terancam hilang dengan adanya UU 17 Tahun 2012 tentang Perkoperasian yang menyandarkan pada nilai-nilai kapitalisme. Kapitalisme dicirikan adanya kegiatan ekonomi dan kontrol keuangan oleh usaha-usaha besar milik privat dalam arti orang seorang maupun keluarga, akumulasi laba sebesar-besarnya dalam motif profit (profit oriented, ekonomi pasar persaingan dominan yang ditopang dengan konsumerisme, dan penentuan harga tenaga kerja yang mengikuti mekanisme pasar. Akibatnya diperlukan pemurnian bangun usaha koperasi sebagaimana UUD 1945 mengaturnya dalam Pasal 33 ayat (1 sehingga jelas prinsip-prinsip konstitusionalitas koperasi di Indonesia. Prinsip konstitusionalitas koperasi meliputi berasaskan kekeluargaan, manusia sebagai penentu, berorientasi pada kesejahteraan sosial, kerjasama/sinergi, pasar dikendalikan, kepentingan bersama, dan mutual interest. Kata kunci: koperasi, konstitusionalitas, kekeluargaan

An empirical analysis of the German long-term interest rat

NARCIS (Netherlands)

den Butter, F.A.G.; Jansen, P.W.

2004-01-01

The short run and long run influences of the main determinants of the German long-term interest rate are estimated using quarterly data for the period 1982-2001. A major reason for the focus on the German interest rate is that this rate, and hence its determinants, will be dominant in explaining the

How to Deal with Non-Dominant Languages – Metalinguistic Discourses on Low German in the Nineteenth Century

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nils Langer

2013-01-01

Full Text Available This paper discusses nineteenth-century metalinguistic discussions of Low German, an authochthonous of Northern Germany, which, having lost its status as a written language suitable for formal discourse during the Early Modern period, has since been reduced to the spoken domain. During the nineteenth century the language was on the verge of enjoying a revival, with original poetry being published and extensive discussions as to whether Low German ought to play a role in formal education. As this article shows, this discussion was intense and controversial. Comparing the views of Klaus Groth, the leading proponent of Low German in the second half of the nineteenth century, with the internal debates amongst school teachers - hitherto never discussed by the scholarly literature – this article demonstrates the intellectual and ideological split felt by these educational practioners in their views of Low German: on the one hand, they recognise the cultural value of Low German as the historical language of the North and the native language of the pupils they teach, on the other hand they agree with each other that the language of education and science, as well as national unity, can only be High German. We hope to show with our discussion not only how very similar modern thinking on the use of Low German is to these historical discussions but also how the status and perception of many regional and minority languages across the world has been subject to the same or very similar thoughts and pressures.

Because We Need Them...: German-Dutch relations after the occupation: economic inevitability and political acceptance, 1945-1957

NARCIS (Netherlands)

M. Lak (Martijn)

2011-01-01

textabstractGerman-Dutch economic relations have been so intense since the late nineteenth century that their economies have often been regarded as being mutually dependent. Although protectionism and monetary problems undermined these contacts during the interwar period, this mutual dependency has

The Madrid School of Neurology (1885-1939).

Science.gov (United States)

Giménez-Roldán, S

2015-01-01

The emergence of neurology in Madrid between 1885 and 1939 had well-defined characteristics. On foundations laid by Cajal and Río-Hortega, pioneers combined clinical practice with cutting-edge neurohistology and neuropathology research. Luis Simarro, trained in Paris, taught many talented students including Gayarre, Achúcarro and Lafora. The untimely death of Nicolás Achúcarro curtailed his promising career, but he still completed the clinicopathological study of the first American case of Alzheimer's disease. On returning to Spain, he studied glial cells, including rod cells. Rodríguez Lafora described progressive myoclonus epilepsy and completed experimental studies of corpus callosum lesions and clinical and neuropathology studies of senile dementia. He fled to Mexico at the end of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Sanchís Banús, a sterling clinical neurologist, described the first cluster of Huntington's disease in Spain, and he and Río-Hortega joined efforts to determine that pallidal degeneration underlies rigidity in advanced stages of the disease. Just after the war, Alberca Llorente eruditely described inflammatory diseases of the neuraxis. Manuel Peraita studied "the neurology of hunger" with data collected during the siege of Madrid. Dionisio Nieto, like many exiled intellectuals, settled in Mexico DF, where he taught neurohistological methods and neuropsychiatry in the tradition of the Madrid School of Neurology. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

The nuclear research and technology development in the GDR from 1945 to 1965. Framework conditions, policy of the State party and implementation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Strauss, Olaf

2012-01-01

The study follows the development of the nuclear research and nuclear technology in the GDR between 1945 and 1965. The GDR as an industrial country was highly dependent on brown coal, which was the only available primal energy source in the former GDR. Therefore the civil use of nuclear power called the attention of the executive and party leadership. This consideration was supported by the fact of large uranium deposits on the territory of former East Germany. After the foundation of the GDR, a first attempt to establish an independent nuclear power industry had failed. From 1955 on, the efforts in this direction have been stepped up. Despite the enormous effort of material and human resources the development of an independent East German nuclear industry never got off the ground. In 1965 it was decided to continue the buildup of an East German nuclear industry on base of the nuclear technology of the former Soviet Union. This decision marked a turning point in the East German energy policy and the end to ambitious plans of an independent nuclear industry. The research shows the frame, the preconditions and objectives of the development of the East German nuclear industry on the base of relevant documents from the government of the former GDR, the political machine of the Communist Party (SED) and the Academy of Science Berlin. The research is implementing the context of international nuclear research and technical progress against the background of the Cold War and the international nuclear euphoria as well as within the range of global politics. The discussion focusses on two points. Along with high expectations to an independent energy production and an exporting nuclear industry, the Communist party aimed for clear political results. The author will show the connection between plans of the executive and party leadership of the SED for an ambitious nuclear energy development and the international acceptance of the East German State in the German-German rivalry.

[From South Tyrol to Württemberg: the "resettlement" of South Tyrolean psychiatric patients within the Germano-Italian Option Agreement of 1939].

Science.gov (United States)

Fiebrandt, Maria; Rüdenburg, Bodo; Müller, Thomas

2012-01-01

Object of this article is the procedure of the transport of South Tyrol patients to the South Wuerttemberg asylums Zwiefalten und Schussenried as well as to some extent to the former asylum of Weissenau near Ravensburg in 1940 and 1942. Attention is focused on the pioneering state pre-negotiations, the so-called option treaties between the German Reich and Fascist Italy as part of the general aspect of National Socialist bio-Politics.The treatment of these South Tyrol patients in the asylums themselves, as well as their fate will be put into the context of the resettlement actions at the margins of the "Third Reich", which started in 1939 and widely affected the European continent. By presenting the abuse of medical patients in the aim to solve the political problems having occurred after bio-political goals had been set into practice, this study offers new material to the history of National Socialist psychiatry, as well as to National Socialist Foreign Policy in the case of Italy.

Reconstruction of the 1945 Wieringermeer Flood

Science.gov (United States)

Hoes, O. A. C.; Hut, R. W.; van de Giesen, N. C.; Boomgaard, M.

2013-03-01

The present state-of-the-art in flood risk assessment focuses on breach models, flood propagation models, and economic modelling of flood damage. However, models need to be validated with real data to avoid erroneous conclusions. Such reference data can either be historic data, or can be obtained from controlled experiments. The inundation of the Wieringermeer polder in the Netherlands in April 1945 is one of the few examples for which sufficient historical information is available. The objective of this article is to compare the flood simulation with flood data from 1945. The context, the breach growth process and the flood propagation are explained. Key findings for current flood risk management addresses the importance of the drainage canal network during the inundation of a polder, and the uncertainty that follows from not knowing the breach growth parameters. This case study shows that historical floods provide valuable data for the validation of models and reveal lessons that are applicable in current day flood risk management.

Sixty years of science at UNESCO 1945-2005

CERN Document Server

Zharov, V; Glaser, G; Richardson, J; de Padirac, B; Archibald, G

2006-01-01

Sixty Years of Science at UNESCO 1945-2005 offers an inside perspective on the past six decades of this engagement. Written by historians and scientists from all over the world as well as by former and active staff members, the story is enriched by an historical analysis of the first 20 years of the Organization's action in science. The volume traces through six parts the role played by UNESCO in the history of international science cooperation in an ever-changing world : I. Setting the Scene, 1945-1965 II. Basic Sciences and Engineering III. Environmental Sciences IV. Science and Society V. Overviews and Analyses and VI. Looking Ahead. It also features a list of chronological milestones set along the way.

union defence forces : statistics of the wounded and prisoners of war ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

UNION DEFENCE FORCES : STATISTICS OF THE. WOUNDED AND PRISONERS OF WAR DURING. THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1939-1945. Compiled by Captain J.E. Loraine-Grews. In 1943, after active service as ROMS of Die Middellandse Regiment in the Western Desert during which he escaped capture at Tobruk ...

A profile of Biokinetics service provided by the University of Kwa ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Biokinetics can be viewed as an emerging member of the South African health professions in comparison to the longstanding professions of physiotherapy, chiropractics and occupational therapy which were established in 1924, 1939 and 1945, respectively. The aim of this investigation was to determine the profile of the ...

The rise and the crisis of the German nuclear economy 1945-1975

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radkau, J.

1983-01-01

The nuclear economy has for some time been complaining of being the scapegoat of a protest movement the origin and motive of which has nothing to do with nuclear technology. On the opposite side the sticker ''Nuclear energy - No thanks'' has long become the distinguishing sign of people longing to change their entire way of life. The fact that this protest movement around 1970 did spring from blatantly weak points of the nuclear technology which at the time became obvious has practically fallen into oblivion. The author describes the history of the German nuclear economy under changing aspects in its sociopolitical, economic and technical context. Files of the ministries in charge and their advisory committees, minites of the committees of the Bundestag, bequests of influential personages and oral communications - material which for the most part has not so far been either used or published - provide insight into connections unexplained until now or unknown altogether. This historic recourse might lead to the subject as such, viz. nuclear technology, becoming again the object of discussions instead of ''Nuclear energy. No thanks'' being used as a sticker. (orig./HP) [de

Reconstructing the Past? Low German and the Creating of Regional Identity in Public Language Display

Science.gov (United States)

Reershemius, Gertrud

2011-01-01

This article deals with language contact between a dominant standard language--German--and a lesser-used variety--Low German--in a situation in which the minoritised language is threatened by language shift and language loss. It analyses the application of Low German in forms of public language display and the self-presentation of the community in…

Berliner Geowissenschaftlerinnen an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität von 1906 bis 1945, eine Fallstudie

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

B. A. R. Mohr

2003-01-01

Full Text Available In dieser Untersuchung werden beispielhaft die Lebenswege und Karrieren von Berliner Geowissenschaftlerinnen im Zeitraum von 1906 bis 1945 nachgezeichnet und analysiert. Ähnlich wie an anderen deutschen bzw. westlichen Universitäten, aber im Gegensatz zu Russland, begann die Tätigkeit von Frauen in den Geowissenschaften spät, und das Fach wurde auch relativ selten gewählt, hauptsächlich wegen der zu geringen Berufschancen. Aber die besondere Situation in Berlin mit mehreren sich ergänzenden Institutionen und dem daraus resultierenden breiten Spektrum an geowissenschaftlichen Disziplinen, sowie ausgezeichneten Professoren, ließ dennoch Raum für eine Ausbildung in diesem Bereich und erlaubte, wenn auch in bescheidenem Maße, eine gewisse Karrieremöglichkeit. Während der hier untersuchten 40 Jahre haben weniger als 20 Frauen in den Geowissenschaften und benachbarten Gebieten promoviert. Mehrere dieser Frauen blieben in dem von ihnen gewählten Fach weiterhin aktiv und wurden erfolgreich. Zwei Frauen gelang eine akademische Karriere — eine als Universitätsprofessorin, die auch Schülerinnen hatte. Andere arbeiteten an staatlichen Institutionen, wie z. B. dem Geologischen Landesamt. Wenige Frauen blieben nach ihrer Verheiratung beruflich aktiv, wenn auch nicht offiziell angestellt, sondern als Ehefrauen. Andere arbeiteten als "Ersatz" für die im Kriege stehenden Männer. Einige waren aus persönlichen und politischen Gründen, insbesondere während der NS-Zeit, gezwungen, die Geowissenschaften zu verlassen, konnten aber teilweise auf anderen Gebieten erfolgreich arbeiten. This paper documents the lives and careers of women geoscientists at the Berlin Friedrich-Wilhelms-University from 1906 through 1945. Traditionally, in Germany, women had difficulties to be accepted in geosciences (except for geography/geology teachers, because of strong links between geology and mining, a field dominated clearly by men. In western European countries

IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP DEMOKRASI DAN NOMOKRASI DALAM STRUKTUR KETATANEGARAAN RI PASCA AMANDEMEN UUD 1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Martha Pigome

2011-05-01

Full Text Available The principle of democracy and nomocracy as state in the Constitution 1945 is the embodiment of the state that based on civil sovereignty and state characteristics that uphold the law. Implemention of those two principles changes the structure of the state that established the Constitutional Court. This institution known as the guardian of democracy of any process of political democatization and legal policy. The consitutional Court plays an important role in maintaining the state constitution (Constitution 1945. Constitutional Court have an authority to solve dispute elections and general election. This institution also have a role to judicial review of any statute that not synchronize with the Constitution 1945.

Tyske våben og øvrige udrustning i Danmark efter 2. verdenskrig

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hertel Rasmussen, Peter

2016-01-01

When the Second World War ended in May 1945 the German armed forces left a very large stock of weapons and military equipment in Denmark. For the Danish army this presented a welcome opportunity to used left German arms and military equipment for a limited period in the training of the first Danish...... of Denmark. So when peace came in spring 1945 the Danish Army was without any weapons and more or less without any foreign currency to buy new weapons. The destruction took its start in late summer 1945; guns, tanks, rifles, machine-guns, helmets etc. were turned into scrap by the Army´s Technical corps...... of German weapons and military equipment for use by the Norwegian Army. A special problem constituted the large German air bases in Denmark, constructed in the second part of the war as part of the German air defence against the allied bomber offensive against Germany. There was evidence that former Danish...

Voluntary participation, state involvement: Indonesian propaganda in the struggle for maintaining independence, 1945-1949

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Zara, M.Y.

2016-01-01

After the Japanese occupation (1942-1945), the Indonesian archipelago experienced an unprecedented struggle: the Dutch-Indonesian conflict of 1945-1949, also known as the Indonesian Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence. This study examines how the leadership of the Republic of Indonesia

'Germanje': Dutch empire-building in Nazi-occupied Europe

NARCIS (Netherlands)

von Frijtag Drabbe Kunzel, G.G.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/097836753

2017-01-01

Recent historiography on Nazism has taken what has been coined ‘the imperial turn’. The key issue at stake is to what extent Germany’s expansionist policy between 1939 and 1945 could be considered a variant of the more general historical phenomenon of (modern) imperialism. Over the course of the

Morgan, Prof. Thomas Hunt

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Fellowship. Fellow Profile. Elected: 1939 Honorary. Morgan, Prof. Thomas Hunt Nobel Laureate (Medicine) - 1933. Date of birth: 25 September 1866. Date of death: 4 December 1945. YouTube; Twitter; Facebook; Blog. Academy News. IAS Logo. 29th Mid-year meeting. Posted on 19 January 2018. The 29th ...

Modeling of a historical earthquake in Erzincan, Turkey (Ms 7.8, in 1939) using regional seismological information obtained from a recent event

Science.gov (United States)

Karimzadeh, Shaghayegh; Askan, Aysegul

2018-04-01

Located within a basin structure, at the conjunction of North East Anatolian, North Anatolian and Ovacik Faults, Erzincan city center (Turkey) is one of the most hazardous regions in the world. Combination of the seismotectonic and geological settings of the region has resulted in series of significant seismic activities including the 1939 (Ms 7.8) as well as the 1992 (Mw = 6.6) earthquakes. The devastative 1939 earthquake occurred in the pre-instrumental era in the region with no available local seismograms. Thus, a limited number of studies exist on that earthquake. However, the 1992 event, despite the sparse local network at that time, has been studied extensively. This study aims to simulate the 1939 Erzincan earthquake using available regional seismic and geological parameters. Despite several uncertainties involved, such an effort to quantitatively model the 1939 earthquake is promising, given the historical reports of extensive damage and fatalities in the area. The results of this study are expressed in terms of anticipated acceleration time histories at certain locations, spatial distribution of selected ground motion parameters and felt intensity maps in the region. Simulated motions are first compared against empirical ground motion prediction equations derived with both local and global datasets. Next, anticipated intensity maps of the 1939 earthquake are obtained using local correlations between peak ground motion parameters and felt intensity values. Comparisons of the estimated intensity distributions with the corresponding observed intensities indicate a reasonable modeling of the 1939 earthquake.

77 FR 54652 - Draft Program Comment for Common Post-1945 Concrete and Steel Bridges

Science.gov (United States)

2012-09-05

... constructed by State transportation agencies after 1945, using reinforced concrete or steel beams and designs... proposed Program Comment: Program Comment for Common Post-1945 Concrete and Steel Bridges I. Introduction... reinforced concrete or steel beams and designs that quickly became standardized. These common bridge types...

Psychodynamics in child psychiatry in Sweden, 1945-85: from political vision to treatment ideology.

Science.gov (United States)

Nelson, Karin Zetterqvist; Sandin, Bengt

2013-09-01

In this article, changing treatment ideologies and policies in child psychiatric outpatient services in Sweden from 1945 to 1985 are examined. The aim is to discuss the role played by psychoanalytic and psychodynamic thinking in this process of change. When mental health services for children were introduced in the mid-1940s, psychoanalytic thinking was intertwined with the social democratic vision of the Swedish welfare state in which children symbolized the future. In practice, however, treatment ideology was initially less influenced by psychoanalytic thinking. From the early 1960s, child psychiatric services expanded and the number of units increased. By then, the political vision had disappeared, but a treatment ideology began to evolve based on psychodynamic theories, which became dominant in the 1970s.

Intergeneration transmission of cultural heritage of polish Tatars family in the years 1918 - 1939

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URSZULA WRÓBLEWSKA

2017-10-01

Full Text Available The subject matter of my article is analysis religion educational and cultural processes, which influenced in family on Polish Muslim Tatars during the period between World Wars. Chronological rangę overlaps 1918-1939 years. During that period, Poland built its State structures after a long time of partitions. I would like to display a multi-dimensional characteristic of Polish Tatars religion education. In my article I would like to answer to the ąuestion: What was important in transfer between generation in family of Tatars? I would also like to fili in ‘blank’ in the researches in the field of Tatars minority and family educational processes in the years 1918-1939.

Hiroshima August 6 1945

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villatoux, P.

2009-01-01

This book makes a comeback on this key event of the Second World War, from the US decision taken by H. Truman in 1945 to use the atomic bomb in Japan up to the geo-political swing which has been its direct consequence. The book allows to bring back the genesis of the Manhattan project, a herculean scientific and technological secret program, to which about 140000 scientists, technicians and engineers have taken part during less than three years. The design of this terrible weaponry has switched the world into a new era, the nuclear one

Fallout forecasting: 1945-1962

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kennedy, W.R. Jr.

1986-03-01

The delayed hazards of fallout from the detonations of nuclear devices in the atmosphere have always been the concern of those involved in the Test Program. Even before the Trinity Shot (TR-2) of July 16, 1945, many very competent, intelligent scientists and others from all fields of expertise tried their hand at the prediction problems. This resume and collection of parts from reports, memoranda, references, etc., endeavor to chronologically outline prediction methods used operationally in the field during Test Operations of nuclear devices fired into the atmosphere

Traditional Bulgarian Hunter's Cuisine (Hunter's Cooking Book (1939 [In Bulgarian

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A. Petrushev

2012-09-01

Full Text Available This very rare book was published in Belogradchik in 1939. The publisher is Stamen Kamenov. Stamen Kamenov owned a printing press, where several books of local and national importance were printed. This is a cookbook with recipes for cooking wild game. The book is relevant to modern man because it shows what has been the cuisine of old Bulgarians.

Untitled

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Lobelia anaena (Hewitt, 1939), and L. trialata Buch-Ham. (Kausik and. Subramanyam, 1945b). In L. syphilitica L. (Crete, 1938) and Cephalo- stigma Schimperi Hochst. (Kausik and Subramanyam, in Press), however, it is the primary embryonal cell that divides first. In the three-celled pro- embryo the middle and basal cells ...

On the contrast between Germanic and Romance negated quantifiers

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Robert Cirillo

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Universal quantifiers can be stranded in the manner described by Sportiche (1988, Giusti (1990 and Shlonsky (1991 in both the Romance and Germanic languages, but a negated universal quantifier can only be stranded in the Germanic languages. The goal of this paper is to show that this contrast between the Romance and the Germanic languages can be explained if one adapts the theory of sentential negation in Zeijlstra (2004 to constituent (quantifier negation. According to Zeijlstra’s theory, a negation marker in the Romance languages is the head of a NegP that dominates vP, whereas in the Germanic languages a negation marker is a maximal projection that occupies the specifier position of a verbal phrase. I will show that the non-occurrence of stranded negated quantifiers in the Romance languages follows from the fact that negation markers in the Romance languages are highly positioned syntactic heads.

IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP DEMOKRASI DAN NOMOKRASI DALAM STRUKTUR KETATANEGARAAN RI PASCA AMANDEMEN UUD 1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Martha Pigome

2011-05-01

Full Text Available The principle of democracy and nomocracy as state in the Constitution 1945 is the embodiment of the state that based on civil sovereignty and state characteristics that uphold the law. Implemention of those two principles changes the structure of the state that established the Constitutional Court. This institution known as the guardian of democracy of any process of political democatization and legal policy. The consitutional Court plays an important role in maintaining the state constitution (Constitution 1945. Constitutional Court have an authority to solve dispute elections and general election. This institution also have a role to judicial review of any statute that not synchronize with the Constitution 1945.   Keywords : Demoratization, Rule of Law, Constitution and Legal Policy

Early synchrotron design in the UK, 1945-50

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lawson, J.D.

1994-01-01

In 1945 it was decided to initiate a programme of synchrotron development under the aegis of the newly formed Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell. The work was carried out at Malvern, in premises used during the war for radar research, mainly by scientists transferred shortly after the end of the war. Two 30 MeV machines were designed and constructed there, partly for use in physics research, and partly as prototypes for larger machines to be built in Glasgow and Oxford. The most notable achievement was the conversion of a small American betatron by Goward and Barnes to become the world's first synchrotron in 1946. The activities of the Malvern team during the five year period from 1945 are described; extensive references to the published literature and laboratory reports are made, but other material not recorded elsewhere is described. (author)

Eddy Powell 1939 - 2003

CERN Multimedia

2003-01-01

We were saddened to learn that Eddy Powell had passed away on Saturday 26 July after a long illness. Eddy had so many friends at CERN and made such a contribution to the Organisation that it is impossible that his passing goes without comment. Eddy was born in England on 4 August 1939 and, after serving his apprenticeship with the U.K. Ministry of Defence, he joined CERN in September 1965. As an electrical design draftsman with the Synchro-cyclotron Division he played an important role in the upgrades of that machine in the early 1970's, particularly on the RF systems and later on the development of the ISOLDE facility. This brought him into close contact with many of the technical support services in CERN and, unlike many of his compatriots, he acquired a remarkably good fluency in French. Always inquisitive on the physics carried out at CERN, he spent a great deal of time learning from physicists and engineers at all levels. When he felt sufficiently confident he became a CERN Guide for general public visit...

Stan wojenny w syntezach dziejów PRL. Próba analizy historiograficznej

OpenAIRE

Brzechczyn, Krzysztof

2008-01-01

Celem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja obrazu stanu wojennego występującego w następujących syntezach dziejów PRL: A. Czubiński, "Najnowsze dzieje Polski 1944-1983" i "Polska i Polacy po II wojnie światowej", A. Friszke, "Polska. Losy państwa i narodu", A. Paczkowski, "Pół wieku dziejów Polski, 1939-1989", W. Roszkowski, "Najnowsza historia Polski, 1945-2002",t. II-III, A.L. Sowa, "Od Drugiej do Trzeciej Rzeczypospolitej (1945-2001)". Wymienione dzieła analizowane są według następujących kryteri...

7 CFR 1945.18 - United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Agriculture Council (FAC).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 13 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Agriculture Council (FAC). 1945.18 Section 1945.18 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE, RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE...

Changes in sediment volume in Alder Lake, Nisqually River Basin, Washington, 1945-2011

Science.gov (United States)

Czuba, Jonathan A.; Olsen, Theresa D.; Czuba, Christiana R.; Magirl, Christopher S.; Gish, Casey C.

2012-01-01

The Nisqually River drains the southwest slopes of Mount Rainier, a glaciated stratovolcano in the Cascade Range of western Washington. The Nisqually River was impounded behind Alder Dam when the dam was completed in 1945 and formed Alder Lake. This report quantifies the volume of sediment deposited by the Nisqually and Little Nisqually Rivers in their respective deltas in Alder Lake since 1945. Four digital elevation surfaces were generated from historical contour maps from 1945, 1956, and 1985, and a bathymetric survey from 2011. These surfaces were used to compute changes in sediment volume since 1945. Estimates of the volume of sediment deposited in Alder Lake between 1945 and 2011 were focused in three areas: (1) the Nisqually River delta, (2) the main body of Alder Lake, along a 40-meter wide corridor of the pre-dam Nisqually River, and (3) the Little Nisqually River delta. In each of these areas the net deposition over the 66-year period was 42,000,000 ± 4,000,000 cubic meters (m3), 2,000,000 ± 600,000 m3, and 310,000 ± 110,000 m3, respectively. These volumes correspond to annual rates of accumulation of 630,000 ± 60,000 m3/yr, 33,000 ± 9,000 m3/yr, and 4,700 ± 1,600 m3/yr, respectively. The annual sediment yield of the Nisqually (1,100 ± 100 cubic meters per year per square kilometer [(m3/yr)/km2]) and Little Nisqually River basins [70 ± 24 (m3/yr)/km2] provides insight into the yield of two basins with different land cover and geomorphic processes. These estimates suggest that a basin draining a glaciated stratovolcano yields approximately 15 times more sediment than a basin draining forested uplands in the Cascade Range. Given the cumulative net change in sediment volume in the Nisqually River delta in Alder Lake, the total capacity of Alder Lake since 1945 decreased about 3 percent by 1956, 8 percent by 1985, and 15 percent by 2011.

Masculinity in Crisis? – What a Man (2011) and the German 'relationship comedy'

OpenAIRE

Von Eicken, Verena

2014-01-01

This article discusses the German romantic comedy What a Man (Schweighöfer, 2011) as a continuation of the Comedy Wave of 1990s German film. Eric Rentschler dismissed these ‘New German Comedies’ for being conservative and pedestrian in form and content, considering them the epitome of the ‘cinema of consensus’. It is argued that What a Man, while highly similar to the 1990s ‘relationship comedies’ in its narrative structure and content, is indicative of a shift in dominant ideas and values re...

Politics, Education and Pedagogy: Ruptures, Continuities and Discontinuities (Spain 1936-1939)

Science.gov (United States)

Viñao, Antonio

2015-01-01

Until around 10 years ago, the conventional wisdom in educational historiography held that the start of the Civil War (1936-1939), marking as it did the placing of education at the service of the war effort, involved a rupture, in both the Republican government and the "rebel" or Franco camp, with the preceding years as to the…

De electorale steun voor de Nationaal Socialistische Beweging in 1935 en 1939

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Flap, Henk; Tammes, Peter

2008-01-01

Summary Electoral support for the National Socialist Movement in 1935 and 1939 What was the social background of the electorate of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands before the Second World War? Passchier and Van der Wusten (1979) came closest to an answer when they compared

Freinet en España (1926-1939 - Freinet in Spain (1926-1939

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Luis Hernández Huerta

2012-03-01

Full Text Available Freinet na Espanha (1926-1939ResumoOs postulados sobre educação de Celestín Freinet, em seu empenho de dotar a Cooperativa de Ensino Laico - CEL - de um caráter internacional, transcendem as fronteiras francesas. A Espanha não ficou alheia a essa influência e logo a sua proposta foi bem acolhida apesar de, num primeiro momento, ter tido uma difusão escassa e pouca aplicação. Foram os ventos da renovação pedagógica propiciados pela Segunda República que deram o impulso e fomentaram a prática das novas técnicas educativas provenientes da França. Assim, o incipiente movimento freinetiano espanhol foi tomando corpo e, em pouco tempo, contou com um batalhão de mestres franco atiradores, uma sólida organização e um futuro promissor, marcado pelo começo da guerra civil. Esta pesquisa investiga a recepção espanhola da Escola Moderna, a divulgação e difusão da mesma, o itinerário seguido pelo movimento freinetiano espanhol em sua expansão e depuração franquista. Também apresenta um esboço do perfil dos professores integrantes do movimento.Palavras-chave: Freinet; Espanha; II República; depuração; renovação pedagó-gica; escola moderna.  FREINET IN SPAIN (1926-1939AbstractThe postulates on education from Celestín Freinet, and his determination to provide to the Cooperative of Lay Education - CLE - of an international character, came out soon the French borders. Spain was not foreign to such influence and, very soon, the Freinet’s educational offer had a good reception, even though, in the first moment, it had scanty diffusion and minor application. The winds of pedagogic renovation, propitiated by the Spanish Second Republic, gave impulse and encouraged the application of the new educational technologies from France. Thus, the incipient freinet’s spanish movement was taking shape and, in a little time, this had a battalion of sniper teachers, who wanted to apply those ideas, a solid organization and a promising

[Polish medical ethics in the period 1945-1980].

Science.gov (United States)

Wichrowski, Marek

2003-01-01

The purpose of this article is o present that main currents of Polish medical ethics in the years 1945-1980, which the author treats as the 'prehistory' of Poland's contemporary bioethics. The author begins by ascertaining the post-war disappearance of two Polish traditions--that of the Warsaw school of philosopher-physicians (known in the West as the Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine) and the Lwów-Warsaw School of Philosophy. The political system that come into being after 1945 was not conducive to the development of medical ethics, but several clear orientations may be discerned in the utterances of physicians, lawyers, moral technologlans and academic philosophers. The analysis begins with Catholic ethics in its archaic 1950s-vintage form. The author then presents the thinking of ethicians Independent of both the Church and Marxism (the milieu of the journal 'Etyka') as well as the deontological writings of physicians.

Ideology and ethics. The perversion of German psychiatrists' ethics by the ideology of national socialism.

Science.gov (United States)

Singer, L

1998-01-01

As soon as Adolf Hitler came to into power in 1933, four laws on racial segregation and race protection were edicted between 1934 and 1935. Schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychoses, epilepsy and alcoholism were regarded as hereditary mental illnesses. These laws were responsible for the sterilisation of 350,000 individuals who were thought to be at the source of the propagation of hereditary illnesses which might endanger the health and the future of the Aryan Germans. On September 1, 1939, Action T4 was launched: it required that all the mentally ill be exterminated. This action, which was run by the highest level of the Reich's chancellery with the help of psychiatrists coming from all backgrounds including university professors, was supposed to grant a serene death to all the mentally ill considered as untreatable. The death sentences were carried out by the medical staff in psychiatric hospitals specially equipped with gas chambers. Following protests, Action T4 was officially stopped on August 24, 1941, but, in reality, continued until the end of the war. The death sentences were carried out using either lethal doses of medication or food deprivation. One hundred and fifty thousand individuals fell victim to that therapeutic extermination which played an economic role as important as the one deemed to social protection. Many German academics, researchers, psychiatrists, geneticians and anthropologists played and active part in these murders which were carried out in the name of Nazi ideology based upon the supremacy of the Northern Germanic race and the necessity to protect it from miscegenation, especially from Jews. In the final part of this paper, the author gives an explanation of the perversion of ethics carried out by German psychiatrists.

A History of English Women’s Cricket, 1880-1939

OpenAIRE

Threlfall-Sykes, Judy

2015-01-01

This thesis is a study of the history of women’s cricket from the 1880s until 1939. Although the primary focus of this thesis is the interwar years, it explores the earliest forms of women’s cricket to provide context for the motivation of individuals to promote the game as acceptable for women, and of those who denounced its suitability. By exploring societal concerns over correct masculine and feminine behaviour and ideals, this thesis provides insight into the methods that contemporaries a...

IDIOMS CONTAINING THE COMPONENT BLACK / SCHWARZ IN THE ENGLISH AND GERMAN LANGUAGES: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yakovleva, S.L.

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The article presents a comparative analysis of English and German idiomatic expressions containing the component of colour in their structure. It has been revealed that black dominates in the English linguistic idiomatic view of the world. The core centre of the focal colours in the German culture is also schwarz / black. General and specific features of black / schwarz as a part of national linguistic views of the world of the English and German languages are considered in the article.

[The Jewish Hospital in Budapest under the Nazi occupation (1944-1945)].

Science.gov (United States)

Weisskopf, Varda

2008-01-01

On March 19, 1944 the German army invaded and occupied Hungary. The Waffen-SS soldiers captured the buildings of the Jewish community in Budapest, including the famous and important Jewish hospital on Szabolcs Street, founded in 1802. The Jewish hospital moved into a school belonging to the Jewish community on 44 Wesselényi Street. The hospital personnel managed to smuggle out medical equipment, and operating rooms were transferred into this central, temporary medical location. Other hospitals were founded, some inside the ghetto, others outside. The Judenrat supplied these hospitals with medical equipment obtained through contributions from Jews. The temporary hospitals admitted sick patients and a great number of those injured as a result of the war in Budapest. These hospitals operated with poor equipment. Surgeries were sometimes performed on kitchen tables, and medical equipment was sterilized by burning the synagogue's benches and library books. As of December 1944, there was no electricity in the hospitals. Thus doctors were forced to operate by the light of candles and flashlights. Nevertheless, they managed to save numerous lives. In spite of the terrible conditions under which the medical staff worked, they were committed to their mission, and their courage deserves appreciation. Ghetto Budapest was liberated by the Red army on 18th January, 1945. Thousands of Jews were released from the temporary hospitals.

SNJ-1945, a calpain inhibitor, protects SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+ and rotenone

Science.gov (United States)

Knaryan, Varduhi H.; Samantaray, Supriti; Sookyoung, Park; Azuma, Mitsuyoshi; Inoue, Jun; Banik, Naren L.

2014-01-01

Complex pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves multiple CNS cell types. Degeneration in spinal cord neurons alongside brain has been shown to be involved in PD and evidenced in experimental parkinsonism. However, the mechanisms of these degenerative pathways are not well understood. In order to unravel these mechanisms SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were differentiated into dopaminergic and cholinergic phenotypes respectively and used as cell culture model following exposure to two parkinsonian neurotoxicants MPP+ and rotenone. SNJ-1945, a cell-permeable calpain inhibitor was tested for its neuroprotective efficacy. MPP+ and rotenone dose-dependently elevated the levels of intracellular free Ca2+ and induced a concomitant rise in the levels of active calpain. SNJ-1945 pre-treatment significantly protected cell viability and preserved cellular morphology following MPP+ and rotenone exposure. The neurotoxicants elevated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) more profoundly in SH-SY5Y cells differentiated into dopaminergic phenotype, and this effect could be attenuated with SNJ-1945 pre-treatment. In contrast, significant levels of inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2, Cox-2 and cleaved p10 fragment of caspase-1) were upregulated in the cholinergic phenotype, which could be dose-dependently attenuated by the calpain inhibitor. Overall, SNJ-1945 was efficacious against MPP+ or rotenone-induced ROS generation, inflammatory mediators, and proteolysis. A post-treatment regimen of SNJ-1945 was also examined in cells and partial protection was attained with calpain inhibitor administration 1–3 h after exposure to MPP+ or rotenone. Taken together these results indicate that calpain inhibition is a valid target for protection against parkinsonian neurotoxicants, and SNJ-1945 is an efficacious calpain inhibitor in this context. PMID:24341912

Budownictwo sakralne w diecezji łódzkiej w latach 1945-1989

OpenAIRE

Opaliński, Mateusz

2017-01-01

Tematem niniejszej rozprawy jest budownictwo sakralne w diecezji łódzkiej w latach 1945–1989. Omawiana kwestia jest emanacją ogólnego konfliktu między Kościołem rzymskokatolickim a władzami państwowymi w tzw. Polsce Ludowej. Potrzeba wznoszenia nowych miejsc sprawowania kultu religijnego była istotna z punktu widzenia Episkopatu, a także zasadna biorąc pod uwagę zmiany, jakie zaszły po 1945 r. w strukturze demograficznej i wyznaniowej. Wznoszenie obiektów sakralnych było wówczas znakiem zarów...

[German neurology and neurologists during the Third Reich: the aftermath].

Science.gov (United States)

Martin, M; Fangerau, H; Karenberg, A

2016-08-01

The article discusses the consequences for neurology as a discipline which resulted from neurologists' participation in the crimes committed under National Socialism (NS). Chronologically, the current literature distinguishes mainly four overlapping stages: (1) a first phase was characterized by legal persecution and "denazification", which was also the time of the Nuremberg doctors' trial in which no neurologists were on trial. A detailed documentation of the trial for the German medical profession was published by Alexander Mitscherlich. (2) In the subsequent practice of wide amnestying and reintegration of former Nazi followers during the 1950s, neurologists were no exception as its elite continued in their positions. The year 1953 was the year of the Lisbon scandal, when chiefly Dutch representatives protested against the participation of Julius Hallervorden in the International Congress of Neurology. The newly founded societies, the German Society for Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie, DGN) and the German Society for Psychiatry and Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, DGPN), unanimously supported their member. (3) The next period was characterized by a nascent criticism of the prevailing attitude of covering up the crimes committed by physicians during the Nazi period. The discovery of incriminating brain sections at various Max Planck Institutes brought neurology to the focus of the debate. (4) Since the 1980s and 1990s historians (of medicine) have been systematically examining medicine's Nazi past in a professional way, which resulted in a noticeable increase of knowledge. Additionally, a new generation of scholars provoked a change of mind insofar as they recognized medicine's responsibility for the crimes committed between 1933 and 1945. We expect that future historical research will further elucidate the history of neurology during the NS regime and have consequences for our current understanding of research

Nuclear fission: reaction to the discovery in 1939

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Badash, L.; Hodes, E.; Tiddens, A.

1985-01-01

Historical aspects of the behavior of scientists in the aftermath of the discovery of nuclear fission are presented. An extensive background section is given which documents the worldwide discussion of atomic energy over the preceding four decades. A second section briefly surveys the research highlights of 1939. The third section examines the reactions of scientists, primarily in the United States, and includes coverage by newspapers, magazines and radio. The final section includes a number of themes to explain why there was little acknowledgment of the potential of the bomb to affect personal morality, the scientific community and international relations

Flucht ins »Dritte Reich«. Wie Osteuropäer Schutz im NS-Staat suchten (1943–1945

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Jan-Hinnerk Antons

2017-08-01

Full Text Available From 1943 to 1945, several hundred thousand Eastern Europeans fled westwards with the retreating Wehrmacht for fear of Soviet repressions. The flight of non-Germans into the ›Third Reich‹, however, has not attracted special attention in the historiography of migration and refuge. The second contiguous field of study – historical research on Displaced Persons (DPs – rarely touches the topic either, even though relevant groups of non-Jewish DPs in post-war Germany had come this way. The neglect of this topic may stem from its moral ambiguity, as many of the refugees had collaborated to various extents with the German occupation administrations. This article not only seeks to shed light on the motivations, the conditions and the dimensions of this migration, but also tries to show what guided the Nazi authorities in their dealings with the refugees. To what extent did they base their practical actions on the paradigms of racism, economic and military utilitarianism, and political loyalty? The perspectives and records of the Nazi administrations are contrasted with examples of how the events were interpreted in the memoirs of Ukrainian refugees. * * * Hunderttausende Osteuropäer flohen zwischen 1943 und 1945 mit der zurückweichenden Wehrmacht gen Westen, da sie Repressionen der Sowjetmacht erwarteten. Dieser komplexe Vorgang ist in der Historiographie zu Migration und Flucht bislang wenig berücksichtigt worden. Auch das zweite hier relevante Forschungsfeld, die Geschichtsschreibung über Displaced Persons (DPs, hat vom Phänomen der nicht-deutschen Flucht aus Osteuropa kaum Notiz genommen, obwohl relevante Anteile der nicht-jüdischen DPs eben jene Flucht vollzogen hatten. Die Gründe dafür liegen möglicherweise im Unbehagen über die moralische Ambivalenz. Denn viele der Flüchtenden hatten in unterschiedlichen Formen und Ausmaßen als Unterstützer oder Mittäter des Nationalsozialismus agiert. Der Aufsatz geht nicht nur den Motiven

7 CFR 1945.35 - Special EM loan training.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY Disaster Assistance-General § 1945.35 Special EM loan training... workshop and a test. (c) Objective. The basic objective of this training program is to keep State and... employees in administering the EM loan program. (d) Comprehensive EM loan training package. A comprehensive...

[The German Ophthalmological Society (DOG) during the Period of National Socialism].

Science.gov (United States)

Rohrbach, J M

2006-11-01

Sixty-one years after the end of the Hitler dictatorship, the history of the German Ophthalmological Society (DOG) has still hardly been investigated. According to different sources, especially the reports of the DOG congresses 1934, 1936, 1938, and 1940, the following picture can be drawn: 1. The seizure of power ("Machtergreifung") of Adolf Hitler was appreciated by most of the DOG members. 2. After a change of the constitution the DOG came under the control of the "Reichsinnenministerium". However, it escaped the egalitarianism ("Gleichschaltung") and remained relatively independent. 3. Approximately 40 % of the heads of the German university eye clinics who were the most influential DOG representatives were members of the national socialistic German working party (NSDAP). Almost all of these joined the party in 1933 or later. 4. Up to the last congress in Dresden, 1940, the DOG activities were quite extensive. After that time the activities strongly declined. 5. The "Law for the prevention of genetically disabled offspring" ("Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses") from January 1st 1934 was intensely discussed by the DOG. Some prominent ophthalmologists and DOG members were at least in part responsible for the sterilisations because of "congenital blindness". However, as far as it is known, the DOG itself did not intervene directly concerning the practice of sterilisation. 6. Between 1932 and 1940, the DOG lost approximately 12 % of its members. Many of these stemmed from foreign countries, and many were German Jews. The latter left the DOG, as Walther Löhlein stated after the end of the war, "voluntarily". However, a main reason for leaving the DOG was very likely the feeling of being unwanted. The national socialism had several disastrous effects on ophthalmology. Although single DOG members participated in the excesses, the DOG as an organization was not directly involved. However, taking into consideration that more than 10 % of the members of the

NCBI nr-aa BLAST: CBRC-MEUG-01-1939 [SEVENS

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

Full Text Available CBRC-MEUG-01-1939 ref|NP_036916.1| cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain) [Rattus norvegicu...s] sp|P20272|CNR1_RAT RecName: Full=Cannabinoid receptor 1; Short=CB1; Short=CB-R; AltName: Full=Brain-type cann...abinoid receptor emb|CAA39332.1| CB1 cannabinoid receptor [Rattus norvegicus] gb|AAA99067.1| neuronal cann...abinoid receptor [Rattus norvegicus] gb|EDL98589.1| cannabinoid receptor 1 (bra...in) [Rattus norvegicus] prf||1613453A cannabinoid receptor NP_036916.1 0.0 94% ...

Manfred Gurlitt and the Japanese Operatic Scene, 1939-1972

OpenAIRE

GALLIANO, Luciana

2006-01-01

Manfred Gurlitt (1890-1972), a gifted composer and conductor, came tofeel he had to escape his native Germany in the late 1930s, as did manyother musicians. Although he had, in an idiosyncratic fashion, come toterms with the National Socialist regime, he exiled himself to Japan in1939, hoping to obtain a position that would allow him to maintain oreven to burnish his reputation in the world of music. His most brilliantearlier successes had been in opera, and in Japan his career was mainlylink...

Zoological results of the Dutch New Guinea expedition, 1939. No. 51) The Birds

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Junge, G.C.A.

1953-01-01

The present paper is the report on a collection of birds brought together during the expedition of the "Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap" to the Wissel Lake area in 1939. The zoologist of this expedition Prof. Dr. H. Boschma collected with the assistance of two mantris of the

Análisis de la narrativa infantil escrita por mujeres (1920-1939

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francisca Sánchez-Pinilla

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Nuestro trabajo aborda el estudio de un corpus de cuentos infantiles publicados por mujeres en la prensa nacional de adultos entre 1920 y 1939. Son sus objetivos: hacer visible esa producción; analizar las diferentes propuestas estéticas e ideológicas formalizadas en esta escritura y reinsertar esta producción artística en el sistema literario en el que se produjo, ya que nace dentro de éste y son las circunstancias históricas posteriores las que lo aíslan y lo convierten en una escritura menor. La visibilización de la escritura femenina infantil para niños se constituye en tres fases: autoras que publican en el último tercio del siglo XIX; autoras que publican entre 1900 y 1920 y autoras que escriben entre 1920 y 1939. Los ámbitos para los que estas mujeres producen son el escolar, el familiar, el asociativo, el editorial, la ilustración gráfica, y la prensa escrita.

Anti-Armor Defense Data Study (A2D2). Phase 2. Volume 4. US Anti-Tank Defense at Krinkelt-Rocherath, Belgium (December, 1944)

Science.gov (United States)

1991-02-15

nearby jeep, draped a belt of ammunition around his neck, and stepped out into the street. He walked steadily toward the panzer, firing his machine gun...German Armoured Fighting Vehicles 1926-1945. New York City: Galahad Books, 1969. [Library of Congress] d. Nap Relevant to this Effort GSGS 4414 Sheets...Complete Illustrated History of GerMan Armoured Fighting Vehicles 1926-1945. New York City: Galahad Books, 1969. [LC]. The Sicilian Camoaian. [OCMH D 763

Nuclear technology in the Netherlands, 1945-1974

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lagaaij, A.; Verbong, G.

1998-01-01

The history of the development of the application of nuclear energy in the Netherlands after the Second World War is described for the period 1945-1974, focusing on the most important technical projects, the parties involved and their mutual, often difficult, relations. The most important players in this field were the scientists, the electric utilities, the Dutch government and the industry

Trends in obstetric radiography, 1939-81

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gilman, E.A.; Stewart, A.M.; Knox, E.G.; Kneale, G.W.

1989-01-01

Trends in obstetric radiography in Britian between 1939 and 1981 are reported. During this period the number of films needed to complete each examination decreased. The timing of x-rays also changed towards late pregnancy, and there was virtual elimination of all first trimester exposures following the introduction of the '10-day rule' in 1972. After the introduction of ultrasound, x-rays for twins decreased, x-rays for breech presentations remained unchanged and x-rays for foetal maturity increased. Despite repeated demonstrations of the cancer risk, the proportion of exposed infants was higher in 1970-81 (14%) than in 1960-9 (11%) or 1950-9 (12%). There were fewer x-rays in 1976-81 (12%) than in 1970-5 (15%), but it is possible that withdrawal of the '10-day rule' in 1985 will reverse this trend. (author)

Interval Size and Phrase Position: A Comparison between German and Chinese Folksongs

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniel Shanahan

2012-09-01

Full Text Available It is well known that the pitch of the voice tends to decline over the course of a spoken utterance. Ladd (2008 showed that there is also a tendency for the pitch range of spoken utterances to shrink as the pitch of the voice declines. Motivated by this work, two studies are reported that test for the existence of “late phrase compression” in music where the interval size tends to decline toward the end of a phrase. A study of 39,863 phrases from notated Germanic folksongs shows the predicted decline in interval size. However, a second study of 10,985 phrases from Chinese folksongs shows a reverse relationship. In fact, the interval behaviors in Chinese and Germanic folksongs provide marked contrasts: Chinese phrases are dominated by relatively large intervals, but begin with small intervals and end with medium-small intervals. Germanic phrases are dominated by relatively medium intervals, but begin with large intervals and end with small intervals. In short, late phrase interval compression is not evident cross-culturally.

[Von den Restgütern zu den Sowchosen in Estland 1939-1953. Dokumentensammlung] / Olev Liivik

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Liivik, Olev, 1975-

2011-01-01

Arvustus: Von den Restgütern zu den Sowchosen in Estland 1939-1953 : Dokumentensammlung / Hrsg. von David Feest, Karsten Brüggemann. Berlin : Lit Verlag, 2010. (Schriften der Baltischen historischen Kommission ; Bd. 15)

Mental health, citizenship, and the memory of World War II in the Netherlands (1945-85).

Science.gov (United States)

Oosterhuis, Harry

2014-03-01

After World War II, Dutch psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals articulated ideals of democratic citizenship. Framed in terms of self-development, citizenship took on a broad meaning, not just in terms of political rights and obligations, but also in the context of material, social, psychological and moral conditions that individuals should meet in order to develop themselves and be able to act according to those rights and obligations in a responsible way. In the post-war period of reconstruction (1945-65), as well as between 1965 and 1985, the link between mental health and ideals of citizenship was coloured by the public memory of World War II and the German occupation, albeit in completely different, even opposite ways. The memory of the war, and especially the public consideration of its victims, changed drastically in the mid-1960s, and the mental health sector played a crucial role in bringing this change about. The widespread attention to the mental effects of the war that surfaced in the late 1960s after a period of 20 years of public silence should be seen against the backdrop of the combination of democratization and the emancipation of emotions.

49 CFR 1242.30 - Dismantling retired road property and depreciation (accounts XX-17-39, XX-18-39, XX-19-39, 62-17...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Dismantling retired road property and depreciation (accounts XX-17-39, XX-18-39, XX-19-39, 62-17-00, 62-18-00, and 62-19-00). 1242.30 Section 1242.30....30 Dismantling retired road property and depreciation (accounts XX-17-39, XX-18-39, XX-19-39, 62-17...

La música orquestal peruana de 1945 a 2005 : Identidades en la diversidad

OpenAIRE

Petrozzi-Stubin, Clara

2009-01-01

Peruvian orchestral music 1945–2005. Identities in diversity Peruvian music for orchestra has not been studied as a whole before, and is hardly known by Peruvian musicians and public. The aim of the thesis is to give a panoramic view of Peruvian orchestral music after 1945, study the particular historical context in which these works were created and how they reflect the search for a musical identity of its own, be it individual, local, national or Latin American. Identity is a cons...

Harold Clayton Urey: 29 April 1893 - 5 January 1981

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cohen, K.P.; Runcorn, S.K.; Suess, H.E.; Thode, H.G.

1983-01-01

The career of Harold Clayton Urey is described in detail in three parts: (i) prewar career 1893-1940 and the award of the Nobel prize in chemistry, (ii) war years 1939-44 and the atomic bomb, (iii) post-war career 1945-81 and the solar system. His research work in atomic physics, lunar physics and astronomy is outlined. (U.K.)

Nanofibers for drug delivery - incorporation and release of model molecules, influence of molecular weight and polymer structure

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Hrib, Jakub; Širc, Jakub; Hobzová, Radka; Hampejsová, Z.; Bosáková, Z.; Munzarová, M.; Michálek, Jiří

2015-01-01

Roč. 6, 25 Sep (2015), s. 1939-1945 ISSN 2190-4286 R&D Projects: GA MŠk(CZ) EE2.3.30.0029; GA ČR(CZ) GA13-00939S; GA MŠk(CZ) ED1.1.00/02.0109 Institutional support: RVO:61389013 Keywords : nanofibers * nanofibrous carriers * needle-free electrospinning Subject RIV: CE - Biochemistry Impact factor: 2.778, year: 2015

Von der Gesundheitsfürsorge zur politischen Kotrolle der Gesundheit: Das öffentliche Gesundheitswesen im Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Šustrová, Radka

2017-01-01

Roč. 57, č. 2 (2017), s. 367-393 ISSN 0523-8587 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA14-35273S Institutional support: RVO:67985921 Keywords : Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 1939-1945 * health * National Socialism Subject RIV: AB - History OBOR OECD: History (history of science and technology to be 6.3, history of specific sciences to be under the respective headings)

This-worldly and other-worldly: a holocaust pilgrimage

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tina Hamrin-Dahl

2010-01-01

Full Text Available This story is about a kind of pilgrimage, which is connected to the course of events which occurred in Częstochowa on 22 September 1942. In the morning, the German Captain Degenhardt lined up around 8,000 Jews and commanded them to step either to the left or to the right. This efficient judge from the police force in Leipzig was rapid in his decisions and he thus settled the destinies of thousands of people. After the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the town (renamed Tschenstochau had been occupied by Nazi Germany, and incorporated into the General Government. The Nazis marched into Częstochowa on Sunday, 3 September 1939, two days after they invaded Poland. The next day, which became known as Bloody Monday, approximately 150 Jews were shot deadby the Germans. On 9 April 1941, a ghetto for Jews was created. During World War II about 45,000 of the Częstochowa Jews were killed by the Germans; almost the entire Jewish community living there.The late Swedish Professor of Oncology, Jerzy Einhorn (1925–2000, lived in the borderhouse Aleja 14, and heard of the terrible horrors; a ghastliness that was elucidated and concretized by all the stories told around him. Jerzy Einhorn survived the ghetto, but was detained at the Hasag-Palcery concentration camp between June 1943 and January 1945. In June 2009, his son Stefan made a bus tour between former camps, together with Jewish men and women, who were on this pilgrimage for a variety of reasons. The trip took place on 22–28 June 2009 and was named ‘A journey in the tracks of the Holocaust’. Those on the Holocaust tour represented different ‘pilgrim-modes’. The focus in this article is on two distinct differences when it comes to creed, or conceptions of the world: ‘this-worldliness’ and ‘other- worldliness’. And for the pilgrims maybe such distinctions are over-schematic, though, since ‘sacral fulfilment’ can be seen ‘at work in all modern constructions of travel, including

Changing the Subject: English in London, 1945-1967

Science.gov (United States)

Yandell, John

2014-01-01

Two recent books, "English Teachers in a Postwar Democracy: Emerging Choice in London Schools, 1945-1965" and "The London Association for the Teaching of English, 1947-67: A History," explore an important period in the development of English as a school subject and in the remaking of the professional identity of English…

Does Europe Include Japan? European Normativity in Japanese Attitudes towards International Law, 1854–1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Urs Matthias Zachmann

2014-01-01

Full Text Available European normativity has been an epistemological problem for Japan throughout modernity (1868–1945. This essay discusses this problem in the case of international law by tracing its reception and application from the beginning, the opening- up of Japan in 1854, until the final demise of its imperialist project in 1945. During this period, Japan was the only non-Western great power in the hitherto all-European concert of powers. International law and the critique of European normativity played a central role in Japan’s ascent to power and confrontation with the West. In the first phase of reception between 1954 and 1905, Japanese attitudes towards international law were marked by an exceptional commitment to and acquiescence with the European standard, in line with Japan’s ambition to »leave Asia«. However, due to its strategic purposes, European normativity was more a means of political expediency than a matter of intrinsic conviction. Moreover, after the initial phase of receiving and practicing the principles of international law with considerable success, many Japanese began to feel a certain estrangement and inner reservation to European standards. Not until 1905, was Japan in a position to gradually challenge Europe. Thus, Japan’s interwar period (1905–1931 was an uneasy combination of outward compliance and inner reservation, a tension that Japan eventually resolved by withdrawing from Europe and trying to build its own autonomous sphere in East Asia after 1931. However, the example of Japanese international lawyers shows that in order to save international law from its ultranationalist critics and enemies, European normativity still remained the central cultural reference, albeit now in its revisionist variant (especially Soviet and Nazi German political thought and subject to a strategic re-interpretation. Thus, from the perspective of Japanese international lawyers, despite the Pan-Asianist pretenses of Japan’s official

NATIONALIZATION OF THE FRENCH CAPITAL IN CROATIA 1945 - AN EXAMPLE OF THE SODOAD COMPANY

OpenAIRE

Anić, Tomislav

2007-01-01

In 1945 "the revolutionary forces" gained political power in Yugoslavia. The economic and political transformation necessary for the development of a socialist society was possible only by abrogating the existing proprietary relations. This is exactly the reason why the Communist Party of Yugoslavia decided to disown all capital holders (including foreign capital holders) in order to withhold the material basis for the power struggle. The SODOAD company was among firms nationalized in 1945.

Nuclear energy: fusion and fission - From the atomic nucleus to energy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2002-09-01

Matter is made up of atoms. In 1912, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford (who had shown that the atom had a nucleus), and the Danish physicist Niels Bohr developed a model in which the atom was made up of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. In 1913, Rutherford discovered the proton, and in 1932, the English physicist Chadwick discovered the neutron. In 1938, Hahn and Strassmann discovered spontaneous fission and the French physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie, assisted by Lew Kowarski and Hans Von Halban, showed in 1939 that splitting uranium nuclei caused an intense release of heat. The discovery of the chain reaction would enable the exploitation of nuclear energy. 'It was the Second World War leaders who, by encouraging research for military purposes, contributed to the development of nuclear energy'. During the Second World War, from 1939 to 1945, studies of fission continued in the United States, with the participation of emigre physicists. The Manhattan project was launched, the aim of which was to provide the country with a nuclear weapon (used at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945). After the war ended, research into energy production by the nuclear fission reaction continued for civil purposes. CEA (the French Atomic Energy Commission) was set up in France in 1945 under the impetus of General de Gaulle. This public research body is responsible for giving France mastery of the atom in the research, health, energy, industrial, safety and defense sectors. (authors)

Gender, British Administration and Mission Management of Education in Zambia 1900-1939

Science.gov (United States)

Allen, Julia

2010-01-01

This article discusses the impact of including gender in the analytical framework in a study of the management and provision of education in Zambia from 1900 to 1939. It shows that a focus on gender allows females to enter the historical narrative and the leadership of women such as Mabel Shaw, Hannah Frances Davidson and Julia Smith can be given…

German Studies in America. German Studies Notes.

Science.gov (United States)

Sander, Volkmar; Osterle, Heinz D.

This volume contains two papers, "German Studies in America," by Volkmar Sander, and "Historicism, Marxism, Structuralism: Ideas for German Culture Courses," by Heinz D. Osterle. The first paper discusses the position of German studies in the United States today. The greatest challenge comes from low enrollments; therefore,…

War film as a political problem in Polish press 1945–1949

OpenAIRE

Rachwald, Tomasz

2015-01-01

This book was financially supported by the National Programme for the Development of Humanities: project “Cinema: Intercultural Perspective. Western-European Cinema in Poland, Polish Cinema in Western Europe. Mutual Perception of Film Cultures (1918–1939)”.

Mujer y Anticlericalismo: La Justicia Militar en Marbella 1937–1939

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Lucía Prieto Borrego

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Este artículo está basado en los sumarios de trece mujeres vecinas del municipio de Marbella, sometidas a juicio entre 1937 y 1939. Las mujeres procesadas por la Justicia Militar tienen como acusación común la participación en cualquiera de las modalidades de la violencia anticlerical durante la guerra civil en Marbella. La atribución de conductas anticlericales e iconoclastas a mujeres conocidas por su participación en actividades de naturaleza sociopolítica fue utilizada para justificar una represión que penalizaba la trasgresión de lo que se consideraba la condición femenina._______________________ABSTRACT:This article is based on the summaries of thirteen neighboring women of the municipality of Marbella, submitted to judgment between 1937 and 1939. The women tried by the Military Justice take the participation as a common accusation in any of the modalities of the anticlerical violence during the civil war in Marbella. The attribution of anticlerical conduct and iconoclast to women known by his participation in activities of nature socio-political were used for to justify a repression that was penalizing the transgression of what it was considered to be the feminine condition.

[German research institute/Max-Planck Institute for psychiatry].

Science.gov (United States)

Ploog, D

1999-12-01

The Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie (DFA, German Institute for Psychiatric Research) in Munich was founded in 1917 bel Emil Kraepelin. For a long time it was the only institution in Germany entirely devoted to psychiatric research. Because of its strictly science-oriented and multidisciplinary approach it also became a model for institutions elsewhere. Kraepelin's ideas have certainly had a strong influence on psychiatry in the twentieth century. The fascinating and instructive history of the DFA reflects the central issues and determinants of psychiatric research. First, talented individuals are needed to conduct such research, and there was no lack in this regard. Second, the various topics chosen are dependent on the available methods and resources. And finally, the issues addressed and the ethical standards of the researchers are heavily dependent on the zeitgeist, as is evident in the three epochs of research at the DFA, from 1917 to 1933, from 1933 to 1945, and from the postwar period to the present. With the introduction of molecular biology and neuroimaging techniques into psychiatric research a change in paradigm took place and a new phase of the current epoch began.

Revisiting the November 27, 1945 Makran (Mw=8.2) interplate earthquake

Science.gov (United States)

Zarifi, Z.; Raeesi, M.

2012-04-01

Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) in southern Iran and southwestern Pakistan is a zone of convergence, where the remnant oceanic crust of Arabian plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate with a rate of less than 30 mm/yr. The November 27, 1945 earthquake (Mw=8.2) in eastern section of Makran followed by a tsunami, at some points 15 meters high. More than 4000 victims and widespread devastation along the coastal area of Pakistan, Iran, Oman and India are reported for this earthquake. We have collected the old seismograms of the 1945 earthquake and its largest following earthquake (August 5, 1947, Mw=7.3) from a number of stations around the globe. Using ISS data, we relocated these two events. We used the teleseismic body-waveform inversion code of Kikuchi and Kanamori to determine the slip distribution of these two earthquakes for the first time. The results show that the extent of rupture of the 1945 earthquake is larger than what previously had been approximated in other studies. The slip distribution suggests two distinct sets of asperities with different behavior in the west close to Pasni and in the east close to Ormara. The highest slip was obtained for an area between these two cities which shows geological evidence of rapid uplift. To associate this behavior with the structure of slab interface we studied the TPGA (Trench Parallel Free-air Gravity Anomaly) and TPBA (Trench Parallel Bouguer Anomaly) in MSZ. The results of TPGA does not show the expected phenomenon, which is the correlation of asperities with the area of highly negative TPGA. However, TPBA can make correlation between the observed slip distribution and the structure of slab interface. Using the topography and gravity profiles perpendicular to trench and along the MSZ, we could observe the segmentation in the slab interface. This confirms that we barely expect that the whole interface releases energy in one single megathrust earthquake. Current seismicity in MSZ, although sparse, can fairly

The Introduction of Western Psychiatry into Korea (II Psychiatric Education in Korea during the Forced Japanese Annexation of Korea (1910-1945

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CHUNG Wonyong,

2006-12-01

Full Text Available In the second report in our series on the historical investigation on the introduction of western psychiatry into Korea, authors deal with the status of psychiatric education during the Japanese forced annexation of Korea. The first lecture on psychiatry in Korea under the title "Mental Diseases" was held in Dae-han-eui-won around 1910. In 1913, the Department of Psychiatry branched off from the Department of Internal Medicine of Chosen-sotoku-fu-iing, the Colonial Governmental Clinic, the successor of Dae-han-eui-won. The chairman, Professor Suiju Sinji; and the Korean assistant Sim Ho-seop administered the psychiatric ward with 35 beds. Since 1913, an Australian missionary psychiatrist, Dr. McLaren began to teach neurology and psychiatry at Severance Union Medical College and established a Department of Psychiatry in 1923. Dr. McLaren was a faithful Christian and open minded toward Oriental religious thought such as in Buddhism and Taoism. He devoted himself to the humanitarian care of mentally ill patients and served there until 1937 when he had to leave the land due to Japanese persecution. His disciple, Dr. Lee Jung Cheol succeeded the chair of the Psychiatric Department of Severance Medical College and served until 1939. In 1916, Keijo(Seoul Medical College was established and in 1928, Keijo Teikoku Daigaku(Imperial University. From 1929 to 1941, the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of Keijo Imperial University grew under the chairmanship of Professor Kubo Kioji followed by Professor Watanabe until 1945. Many assistants including a few Koreans were gathered to the Department for training and research. The main textbook used for the psychiatric education for medical students in Korea was on Kraepelinian German Psychiatry translated and edited by Japanese psychiatrists. Lectures and clerkships for Neurology and Psychiatry were allocated generally in the curriculum for senior students for weekly 1-3 hours. Postgraduate professional

77 FR 4498 - Rules and Regulations Under the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939

Science.gov (United States)

2012-01-30

... achieve their intended purpose without unduly burdening commerce. As part of this systematic review, the Commission requests public comment on the overall costs, benefits, necessity, and regulatory and economic..., and on the costs and benefits of certain provisions of the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939. DATES...

Üks õnneliku lõpuga eksirännak : 1939. aasta eesti muusika salvestised taas Eestis / Ilvi Rauna

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Rauna, Ilvi

2008-01-01

Taani Kuningriigi kingitusest Eestile - 151 heliplaatide metallist originaalmatriisi Riigi Ringhäälingus 1939. aastal salvestatud Eesti muusikaga. Eelloost, helisalvestamise ettevalmistamisest 1937. aastast, finantseerimisest, salvesatud teostest, matritside saatusest

United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992, December 2000

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office

2000-12-01

This document list chronologically and alphabetically by name all nuclear tests and simultaneous detonations conducted by the United States from July 1945 through September 1992. Revision 15, dated December 2000.

Hiroshima Diary - August 6-September 30, 1945

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hachiya, Michihiko; Duran, Simon

2011-01-01

Michihiko Hachiya was director of the Hiroshima Communications Hospital when the world's first atomic bomb was dropped on the city. Though his responsibilities in the appalling chaos of a devastated city were awesome, he found time to record the story daily, with compassion and tenderness. Hachiya's diary covers the period from Aug. 6, 1945 to Sept. 30, 1945. He described the effects of the atomic bomb blast from its first flash in the early morning as he rested from his night shift as an air warden at the hospital. The force of the blast stripped all the clothes from his body but he and his wife survived, however they both received serious burns to their bodies and had to journey to the hospital Michihiko worked at. He spent the night in the care of the hospital staff who were not seriously injured and started making his daily rounds that he would have normally made as a doctor. As time passes an understanding of what hit their city clears up, and historical events such as the surrender of Japan are brought up. The condition of the hospital also drastically improves as more medical supplies are brought into the city, allowing them to better treat patients

Review: Holger Stoecker: Afrikawissenschaften in Berlin von 1919 bis 1945. Zur Geschichte und Topographie eines wissenschaftlichen Netzwerkes (2008 Buchbesprechung: Holger Stoecker: Afrikawissenschaften in Berlin von 1919 bis 1945. Zur Geschichte und Topographie eines wissenschaftlichen Netzwerkes

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Katrin Bromber

2009-05-01

Full Text Available Review of the monograph: Holger Stoecker: Afrikawissenschaften in Berlin von 1919 bis 1945. Zur Geschichte und Topographie eines wissenschaftlichen Netzwerkes, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 2008, ISBN 978-3-515-09161-9, 359 pages. Besprechung der Monographie: Holger Stoecker: Afrikawissenschaften in Berlin von 1919 bis 1945. Zur Geschichte und Topographie eines wissenschaftlichen Netzwerkes, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 2008, ISBN 978-3-515-09161-9, 359 Seiten.

Kovács, Mária M.2012: "Törvénytől sújtva – a numerus clausus Magyarországon, 1920-1945" (Down by the Law - the Numerus Clausus in Hungary, 1920-1945

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Tamás Kovács

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Kovács, Mária M. 2012 : Törvénytől sújtva – a numerus clausus Magyarországon, 1920-1945 (Down by the Law - the Numerus Clausus in Hungary, 1920-1945. Budapest, Napvilág Kiadó, 2012. 267 pp. Reviewed by Tamás Kovács, Magyar Országos Levéltár (Hungarian National Archives, Budapest

Paradoxale modernisering : Ede, 1945-1995: groot geworden, herkenbaar gebleven

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bloembergen-Lukkes, J.R.

2014-01-01

Summary

Ede, 1945-1995: Grew big, remained recognizable

After the Second World War, like many other municipalities in the Netherlands and elsewhere in

Den danske FN-aktivismes storhed og fald 1945-2016

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jakobsen, Peter Viggo; Kjærsgaard, Kristine

2017-01-01

Traktat Organisation (NATO) og amerikansk-ledede koalitioner. De store skift i den danske FN aktivisme i perioden 1945-2016 analyseres i tre domæner: diplomati, økonomi og militær ved hjælp af fire indikatorer: frivillighed, initiativrigdom, risikovillighed og ressourceforbrug. FN’s aktivismens storhed og...

… but You Are Not German." -- Afro-German Culture and Literature in the German Language Classroom

Science.gov (United States)

Schenker, Theresa; Munro, Robert

2016-01-01

Units and classes dedicated to multiculturalism in Germany have predominantly focused on Turkish-German literature and culture. Afro-Germans have been a minority whose culture and literature have only marginally been included in German classes, even though Afro-Germans have been a part of Germany for centuries and have undergone efforts at…

Märkmeid surnud majast : tänase Euroopa mälu / Tony Judt ; tõlk. Märt Väljataga

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Judt, Tony, 1948-2010

2006-01-01

Erinevustest holokausti mäletamises Lääne- ja Ida-Euroopas. Miks erinevad venelaste ja Venemaa satelliitriikide mälestused Teisest maailmasõjast. Venelaste lõhenenud mälust - kodanikuühendustest "Memoriaal" ja "Pamjat". Kiusatusest ületada kommunismimälestus selle peapeale pööramisega. Ebamugavast tõest, et enamiku inimeste jaoks ei olnud 1939. ja 1945. a. vahel juutidega toimunu tegelikult tähtis.

MENGGAGAS AMANDEMEN UUD 1945 DARI PEMILUKADA

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Wendy Melfa

2013-01-01

Full Text Available The Head of Region Election is a means of democracy for the autonomy region in the efforts to implement the local autonomy through the process of decentralization in the political field to manage and take care the government’s matters in the efforts to improve the people’s welfare which is based on the Section 18 Article (4 Basic Constitution 1945 of Republic Indonesia as its constitutional foundation. At the operational level of constitutional base can cause multiple interpretations about the democracy model that can be carried out. Therefore, that decision needs to be taken an amendment so that it results the clarity and firmness of the Head of Region Election stated firmly and elected directly by people. Furthermore, there’s still “debatable” opinion to classify whether head of general election is included in the regional government regime or the public election regime, so that it needs an amendment towards Chapter VIIB about General Election Section 22E Article (2 Basic Constitution 1945 of Republic Indonesia, that’s why to classify the Head of Region into the General Election management together with House of Representative (DPR, Board of Regional Representative (DPD President and Vice President and also Regional House of Representative (DPRD. This case will clarify that Head of Region Election is categorized or classified in the General Election regime. Key words: local autonomy, head of region election, amendment

Destroying Weapons of Coal, Air and Water: A Critical Evaluation of the American Policy of German Industrial Demilitarization 1945-1952

OpenAIRE

Haller, Oliver

2007-01-01

This dissertation analyses the American development and execution of the industrial demilitarization program in occupied Germany after World War II. Both Roosevelt and Truman administrations tackled the task of more or less permanently removing the basic German potential to produce armaments. A new understanding of industrial processes led policymakers to advocate the elimination of general or civilian manufacturing capacities ...

United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992, September 2015

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

None, None

2015-09-01

This document lists chronologically and alphabetically by name all nuclear tests and simultaneous detonations conducted by the United States from July 1945 through September 1992. This is Revision 16, dated September 2015.

Marlene Dietrich in the German Classroom: A German Film Project--Humanities through the Golden Age of German Cinema.

Science.gov (United States)

Flippo, Hyde

1993-01-01

Marlene Dietrich and other classic performers of German cinema can serve to open up a whole new realm for students of German, at secondary and postsecondary levels. By researching and viewing German and American film classics, students have opportunity to learn more about German language and an important element of German culture that has had…

ANOTACIONES AL BALONMANO EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL DEPORTE EN ESPAÑA (1900-1939[Annotations to handball in the historical context of sport in Spain (1900-1939

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Xavier Torrebadella-Flix

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Para abordar los orígenes del balonmano en España, el estudio de nuevas fuentes documentales históricas, nos permiten tratar el estado de la cuestión y describir o reinterpretar los acontecimientos hasta la fecha conocidos. El balonmano fue introducido a través de los Exploradores de España, la Escuela Central de Gimnasia y, principalmente, por el deporte femenino en la universidad de Madrid durante la II República. Las noticias que aquí se presentan contribuyen a construir la historia del balonmano en la coyuntura social del deporte en España entre 1900 a 1939.AbstractTo address the origins of handball in Spain, studying new historical documentary sources allows us to state the question and describe or reinterpret events so far known. The handball was introduced through the Explorers from Spain, Central School of Gymnastics and mainly by women's sports at the University of Madrid during the Second Republic. The news presented here helps build the history of handball in the social situation of sport in Spain from 1900 to 1939.Keywords: history of handball, sport and feminism, Second Republic in Spain, school sports, Central School of Gymnastics, Boy-Scouts

Double income tax between UK and US, 1914-1945 – Impact on UK multinationals

OpenAIRE

Izawa, Ryo

2015-01-01

Tax rates on business income in many countries increased enormously during World War I and stayed at a much higher level than before the war. Particularly, the UK multinationals with subsidiaries based elsewhere other than the Empire suffered from the situation because the UK did not provide a foreign tax relief until 1945, when a tax treaty with US was signed. The aim of this paper is to clarify the historical premises of establishment of the tax treaty in 1945. The major premise of this pap...

PENGARUH SISTEM MULTI PARTAI TERHADAP KEDUDUKAN PRESIDEN DALAM SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN PRESIDENSIIL MENURUT UUD NRI TAHUN 1945

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Ida R. Hasan, S.H., M.H.

2016-09-01

Full Text Available The multi-party system is a system that consists of more than two dominant parties. Under the provisions of Article 6 and Article 6A the Constitution NRI 1945 Results Changes in the election of the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia using the direct election system based on the proposals of the political party or coalition of political parties. If if adopted multi-party system, the presidential election will take place on the basis of a compromise between several parties contained therein. This was done because among the party that produced no outright majority. President elected in this way, would not want or desire should always pay attention to political parties that support it. The formulation of the problem is How the Implementation of the System Setup Multi Party in Indonesia? How to Influence System Against Multi Party Presidential Position In the presidential system of government in Indonesia? The research method is a normative juridical approach. Normative juridical approach method used to assess or analyze secondary data in the form of legal materials, especially primary law materials and secondary legal materials. Indonesia adheres to to multi-party presidential system. Multi-party system has been running since 1945 and runs until today even though some time has been changed the system of government. Post-reform, democratic system in Indonesia entered a new era, especially in an election in Indonesia. In a presidential system of government, multi-party system affect the difficulty of candidates for President and vice president produce a majority in the election.

Intelligibility of Standard German and Low German to Speakers of Dutch

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Gooskens, C.S.; Kürschner, Sebastian; van Bezooijen, R.

2011-01-01

This paper reports on the intelligibility of spoken Low German and Standard German for speakers of Dutch. Two aspects are considered. First, the relative potential for intelligibility of the Low German variety of Bremen and the High German variety of Modern Standard German for speakers of Dutch is

Making Socialists: Mary Bridges Adams and the Fight for Knowledge and Power, 1855-1939

Science.gov (United States)

Weiler, Kathleen

2012-01-01

This article presents a review of "Making socialists: Mary Bridges Adams and the fight for knowledge and power, 1855-1939," by Jane Martin. Jane Martin has explored the history of late-nineteenth-century and early-twentieth century-British women educational activists in numerous publications over the past two decades. Her first book,…

Mujeres y deporte durante el franquismo (1939-1975. Estudio piloto sobre la memoria oral de las deportistas = Women and sport during francoism (1939-1975. Pilot study on oral memory of sportswomen

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Xavier Pujadas i Martí

2013-04-01

Full Text Available Esta investigación se centra en las mujeres deportistas del período de la dictadura franquista (1939-1975 y sus percepciones acerca de las circunstancias que rodearon a la práctica del deporte femenino en esa etapa. El objetivo principal es analizar y comparar los elementos sociales, morales, culturales, estéticos y alimentarios que intervinieron en la experiencia de las mujeres deportistas durante el franquismo, con el fin de potenciar el conocimiento sobre la situación de invisibilidad de la mujer durante este periodo y colaborar en la recuperación de la memoria colectiva de las mujeres deportistas.El estudio se ha efectuado a través de una muestra intencional de 24 mujeres de Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Catalunya, País Vasco y Valencia que han sido entrevistadas por equipos de investigación territoriales de 6 universidades diferentes. El análisis realizado de los relatos de las mujeres han dado como resultado líneas de interpretación significativas relativas a las limitaciones de inicio de la práctica en la posguerra, la incidencia del discurso moral y religioso dominante, los estereotipos de género, la influencia del contexto socio-deportivo en la percepción sobre las organizaciones deportivas del régimen franquista, la imagen corporal, la invisibilidad de la mujer en los medios y la escasez alimentaria.----------------------------------------------------------------------------This research focuses on female athletes during the Franco dictatorship (1939-1975 and their perceptions about the circumstances surrounding the female sport at that period. The main objective is to analyze and compare the social, moral, cultural, aesthetic and food involved in the experience of women athletes during the Franco regime, in order to enhance knowledge about the invisibility of women during this period and assist in the recovery of memory of women athletes.The study was carried out through a sample of 24 women of Andalusia, Aragon

Danskerne og besættelsen. Holdninger og meninger 1939-1945

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Roslyng-Jensen, Palle

På grundlag af dagbøger og rapporter fra danske og udenlandske myndigheder undersøges opinion og meningsdannelse under besættelsen med særlig henblik på synet på besættelsen og på krigen. Udviklingen i opinionen karakteriseres og struktureres i forhold til relevante opinionskategorier og graden a...

„Ob man an die kleinen Kinder gedacht hat ...?“ Die Verhandlungen über medizinische Hilfe für deutsche Flüchtlinge in Dänemark am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs.

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Michael Schultheiss

2009-12-01

Full Text Available At the beginning of May 1945 almost 250.000 refugees from the eastern parts of Germany were in Denmark, having been evacuated into the occupied kingdom. From the arrival of the first refugee in February until the German capitulation in Denmark on May 5, 1945, 6.580 refugees lost their lives. Among them were more than 4.000 children who mostly died of malnutrition and pneumonia.This article examines the reasons behind this death toll and sheds light on the negotiations pertaining to medical help for the refugees between the Danish administration and the German authorities. However, due to egoistical and political considerations both on the German and Danish sides, an agreement was never settled upon.

Transkonfessionalisme, konstruktivisme en Karel Schoeman (1939–2017 oor die Kaapse piëtisme

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Andries W.G. Raath

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Transconfessionalism, constructivism and Karel Schoeman (1939–2017 on Cape pietism. The South African historiographer Karel Schoeman’s (1939–2017 research on 17th and 18thcentury ecclesiastical life and Protestant spirituality at the Cape is embedded in the context of transconfessional and transnational pietism research. As such, Schoeman’s transconfessional approach produces important correctives to traditional constructivist pietism approaches. Schoeman’s approach enables him to study Cape Protestant spirituality of the 17th and 18th centuries within the context of pietism being the most significant devotional movement (Frommigkeitsbewegung of Protestantism after the Reformation, manifesting pietism primarily as a religious phenomenon with astonishing spatial, temporal, social, spiritual, churchconfessional and theological complexities that arose around the turn of the 16th to the 17th century from criticism of the existing ecclesiastical and spiritual relations at nearly the same time in England, the Netherlands and Germany. From there it spread to Switzerland, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe and the United States. It contributed to a great extent to the worldwide Protestant mission and has remained an active movement into the present.

Československo 1945–1948: Případ hybridního režimu?

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Jaroslav Bílek

2014-08-01

Full Text Available This article presents an interpretative case study utilizing the concept of hybrid regimes as presented by Leah Gilbert and Payam Mohseni to analyse the political regime of Czechoslovakia between the years 1945–1948. Our aim is to demonstrate that rather than a mere transitional phase on the road from democracy to authoritarianism or an episode of final tremors of the pre-war (democratic regime, the 1945–1945 regime represents a full-fledged hybrid, rooted in the specific conditions of the post-war period. One of the major problems in contemporary discussions about hybrid regimes is the blurred and somewhat unstable boundary between democratic and authoritarian regimes, especially when viewed only as a function of the electoral processes and mechanics. Gilbert and Mohseni’s classification of hybrid regimes attempts to overcome this problem by including two additional analytic dimensions, allowing to point at the dynamic development of the political regime in post-war Czechoslovakia and its rather lively movement on the scale between authoritarianism and democracy.

Equality and Excellence. Hegemonic Discourses of Economisation within the German Education System

Science.gov (United States)

Peter, Tobias; Bröckling, Ulrich

2016-01-01

Looking to conflicting constitutions of education systems through the terms equality and excellence, this paper examines the discursive formation of two political rationalities in the contemporary German education system. While early childhood and primary education discourses are dominated by a terminology of equality, tertiary education…

Filantropia, poder público e combate à lepra (1920-1945 Philanthropy, government, and the fight against leprosy (1920-1945

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Vicente Saul Moreira dos Santos

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Durante a Primeira República (1889-1930, a criação das Sociedades de Assistência aos Lázaros e Defesa Contra a Lepra, na década de 1920, foi um marco nas relações entre as entidades assistenciais e os poderes públicos. Inicialmente aquelas entidades mantiveram autonomia decisória, mas suas diretrizes mudaram quando estabeleceram relações mais próximas com a política de combate à lepra, após a criação do Ministério da Educação e Saúde Pública, em 1930, no âmbito das reformas implementadas a partir de então, e, especialmente, durante a prolongada gestão de Gustavo Capanema à frente daquele ministério (1934-1945.The 1920s creation of Sociedades de Assistência aos Lázaros e Defesa Contra a Lepra under Brazil's First Republic (1889-1930 represented a milestone in relations between assistance organizations and the government. Although these organizations were at first autonomous decision-makers, their guidelines changed after they established closer relations with the government, which enacted reforms in policies to fight leprosy following the 1930 creation of the Ministry of Education and Public Health, especially during the long tenure of Minister Gustavo Capanema (1934-1945.

Editorial

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A. van Wyk

2000-08-01

Full Text Available Terwyl in Europa aan die begin van die twintigste eeu ’n stemming van kultuuroptimisme geheers het, het aan die suidpunt van Afrika ’n verwoestende oorlog plaasgevind wat algemeen as die Tweede Anglo- Boereoolog (1899-1902 bekend staan. Binne die volgende halfeeu sou Europa egter self twee maal tot op sy fondamente geskud word deur die twee wêreldoorloë van 1914-1918 en 1939-1945.

[Eugène-Humbert Guitard and French Institute of History of Science (1932-1939)].

Science.gov (United States)

Lefebvre, Thierry

2015-01-01

Named "membre-conseil" of the French Institute of History of Science in April 1932, Guitard gives there, from January 1935 to February 1939, a dozen history of pharmacy conferences. Those conferences will give birth to her especially valuable Manuel d'histoire de la littérature pharmaceutique, published in 1942 by Caffin. The author re-examines this intellectual adventure.

Colonialism and Secondary Technical Education in Hong Kong: 1945-1997

Science.gov (United States)

Lau, Wai Wah; Kan, Flora

2011-01-01

This study examines the influence of the colonial experience (1945-1997) on the planning of secondary technical education in Hong Kong. Specifically, the origins of secondary technical institutions and their positioning in secondary education are examined. Primary source materials are used as the basis of investigation and analysis, supplemented…

German Grocery Discounters: Dynamics and Regional Impact. the Case of Schleswig-Holstein (Germany

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Jürgens Ulrich

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Grocery discount stores have long dominated developments in the German food retail sector, and they continue to grow. This paper discusses the reasons for this long-term success based on internal decision-making parameters such as price, adjustment of product range, choice of location, and size of new stores. The result is significant customer acceptance, but also adverse developments viewed critically in various governance constellations. The paper is based on expert interviews and a comprehensive collection of data on grocery discount stores and supermarkets in the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein

Nuclear war and other catastrophes. Civil and catastrophe protection in the Federal republic of Germany and the United Kingdom after 1945; Atomkrieg und andere Katastrophen. Zivil- und Katastrophenschutz in der Bundesrepublik und Grossbritannien nach 1945

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Diebel, Martin [Zentrum fuer Zeithistorische Forschung, Potsdam (Germany)

2017-07-01

The book civil and catastrophe protection in the Federal republic of Germany and the United Kingdom after 1945 discusses the following issues: aerial defense and the atomic bomb (1945 - 1968), crises and catastrophes in the shadow of the bomb (1962 - 1978), civil defense and the comeback of the (nuclear) war (1976 - 1979), civil defense and the second ''Cold War'' (1979 - 1986), Chernobyl and the end of the Cold War (1979 - 1990), war, catastrophe and safety in the 20th century - a conclusion.

Tod der Płocker Bischöfe im Soldauer Konzentrationslager

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Waldemar Graczyk

2013-09-01

Full Text Available In September 1939 in Działdowo the Nazis established a transit camp for the war prisoners of the Polish September Campaign of 1939 in the former barracks of the 32 infantry regiment on Grunwaldzka Street. At the turn of 1939 and 1940 the police and the SS authorities in Königsberg transformed the Działdowo camp into the transit camp „Durchgangslager“. Priests imprisoned in the Działdowo camp from autumn 1939 to autumn 1941 constituted a special group of political prisoners. The archbishop Antoni Julian Nowowiejski and the bishop Leon Wetmański, Płock bishop suffragan, were brought to the Działdowo camp in 1941. The Płock bishops quickly became spiritual guides and the support for the prisoners in difficult moments of camp life. In order to prevent their contacts with the prisoners, the bishops were put in a separate cell number 12. They were subjected to different kinds of moral and physical torture, including the attempt to profane the cross. Difficult living conditions in the camp soon led to the death of the Płock priests: the archbishop Antoni Julian Nowowiejski died on 28 May 1941 and the bishop Leon Wetmański died on 10 October 1941. Apart from them, 47 priests and 1 seminarian lost their lives in the Działdowo camp in 1939–1945.

IMPLEMENTASI PENGISIAN JABATAN KEPALA DAN WAKIL KEPALA DAERAH BERDASARKAN UUD 1945 DI TENGAH KEBERAGAMAN DAERAH

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Ridwan Mukti

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The amandement of Article 18 UUD 1945, has brought significant changes in the regional administration. One of the changes associated with  the position of head region, which previously  for this position and for the vice of head region  elected by the Legislative Council, Now it is elected trough election.  Article 18 paragraph (4 UUD 1945 states as follows : " Governor, Regent, and Mayor respectively as head of the provincial government, district, and city elected democratically. " Term " democratically elected " under Article 18 paragraph (4 UUD 1945 is implemented through the provisions of Article 56 paragraph (1 of Law No. 32 of 2004 on Regional Government, which stipulates that all regional heads both governors, regents and mayors elected as a pair of candidates directly by the people. In fact, the provisions of the law apply to all areas without considering the fact different areas , so it has attracted a wide range of issues. Though the constitution does not definitively establish that such electoral procedures. Similarly uniformity to diversity in terms of uniformity of areas including recruitment system or filling the post of regional head felt at odds with the fact of diversity in Indonesia. Keywords : Regional Head; Regional Diversity ABSTRAK Adanya perubahan ketentuan Pasal 18 UUD 1945, telah membawa perubahan yang cukup besar pada penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah. Salah satu perubahan itu terkait dengan pengisian jabatan kepala daerah, yang sebelumnya kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah dipilih oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, saat ini telah diubah dengan cara pemilihan secara demokratis. Pasal 18 ayat (4 UUD 1945 menyatakan sebagai berikut : “Gubernur, Bupati, dan Walikota masing-masing sebagai kepala pemerintah daerah provinsi, kabupaten, dan kota dipilih secara demokratis.“ Istilah  “dipilih secara demokratis “ berdasarkan Pasal 18 ayat (4 UUD 1945 tersebut  diimplementasikan melalui ketentuan Pasal 56 ayat

An Evaluation of The Decisions Taken About Psychological Counseling and Guidance in the Turkish National Education Councils (1939-2010

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Fulya YÜKSEL-ŞAHİN

2012-05-01

Full Text Available The Purpose of the ResearchNumerous decisions regarding the psychological counseling and guidance (PCG services were taken during the Turkish National Education Councils (TNE Council, which convened eighteen times between 1939 and 2010. The present study evaluates the decisions made about the PCG services addressed in the TNE Councils held between 1939 and 2010. MethodThe study employed the case study design among qualitative research designs. Case study is an empirical research method that studies a contemporary phenomenon in its own real-life circumstances and makes a multidirectional, systematic, and in-depth examination of cases (Büyüköztürk, Kılıç-Çakmak, Akgün, Karadeniz ve Demirel, 2009. The study universe consists of the Turkish National Education Councils held between 1939 and 2010. No sampling was performed since the entire universe was available. The study employed the embedded singlecase design (type 2 among the case study designs. Written document analysis was used as the data collection method and the obtained data were analyzed through descriptive analysis. Furthermore, the data obtained from the documents are also presented in quantitative form. For this purpose, the “yes or no method” and the “covered area method” were used and frequency and percentage distributions are provided.

Trabajadores, economía de guerra y huelga general. Porto Alegre, 1942- 1945

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García Schneider, Paula

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Entre los años 1942-1945, los trabajadores porto-alegrenses se encontraban inmersos en una economía que podríamos llamar de guerra. Esa economía tuvo implicancias en su calidad de vida, debido a la carestía, especulación y pérdida progresiva del salario real. Asimismo, si bien desde la implementación del Estado Novo en 1937 el gobierno se proponía domesticar a los trabajadores, en 1942, con la intromisión del Brasil en la Segunda Guerra Mundial para lograr la intensificación de la producción, fue recortada la legislación que protegía a los trabajadores. Se pretende a partir del análisis de la escasez de alimentos y aumento del costo de vida, analizar cómo esto afectaba la vida de los trabajadores porto-alegrenses, y a su vez, cómo los trabajadores en 1945 inician un movimiento huelguista en el marco de la crisis del Estado Novo. From 1942 to 1945, the workers of Porto Alegre were immersed in what could be called a war economy. That economy had consequences in their quality of life, given the scarcity, speculation and progressive loss of the real wages. Also, despite the implementation of the Estado Novo in 1937, an attempt to placate the workers; in 1942, with the involvement of Brazil in the Second World War and with the purpose of intensifying production, the legislation that protected workers was whittled down.Considering the information about food shortages and the increase in the cost of living, the impact on the life of the Porto Alegre worker is analyzed, as well as, the manner in which in 1945, the workers started a strike movement in the context of the crisis of the Estado Novo.

[Familial occurrence of diprosopus in German Holstein calves].

Science.gov (United States)

Schulze, Ursula; Kuiper, Heidi; Doeleke, Renate; Ulrich, Reiner; Gerdwilker, Axel; Distl, Ottmar

2006-01-01

Diprosopus was diagnosed in six German Holstein calves born on different dairy farms. The degree of facial duplication varied from a partial doubling of the nostrils and upper jaw to complete duplication of the face with formation of two mouths, four eyes and four ears. Further calves descending from the same parents or dams and calves from the same farms were not affected. A joint pedigree was ascertained for the calves with diprosopus. Furthermore, a previously reported case of diprosopus could be traced back to the same ancestors of this pedigree. Consequently, we detected the first time a familial accumulation of diprosopus. Since the ancestors showed no signs of diprosopus and the frequency of diprosopus in German Holsteins is presumably low, an oligogenic inheritance is likely. Recessive genes or a combination of recessive and dominant genes may cause this anomaly.

Srovnání potravinové problematiky Německa a okupovaných území Protektorátu Čechy a Morava a Polska (1939 - 1945)

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Křížková, Veronika

2014-01-01

It was of strategically very importance for Germany to secure food supply. The Nazi-regime needed to gather a high level of supplies for the civil population as well as for the security and military troops. German agriculture, however, was not able to produce enough food to secure this supply. War situation led to an expansion in order to acquire new sources of food for Germany. This bachelor thesis wants to find out, which role the food supply was playing within the general concept of conque...

The role of chemistry in the history of radioactivity (1897-1939)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Adloff, J.P.

1997-01-01

Chemical research on radioactivity started in 1898. That year, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered in pitchblende polonium and radium. Rutherford and Soddy showed that radioactivity is an atomic phenomenon accompanied by transmutation of elements and established the basic laws of radioactive changes. The existence of isotopes was postulated after the discovery of many radioactive substances. Major discoveries in nuclear science, i.e. the atomic nucleus, the neutron and artificial radioactivity, were made with radiation sources elaborated bu chemists. Finally, in 1939, radiochemists on the search for transuranium elements, discovered nuclear fission. (authors)

“Speaking in the Unknown Tongue, Holiness Church, Jackson, 1939”

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Diana Almeida

2010-02-01

Full Text Available “Speaking in the Unknown Tongue, Holiness Church, Jackson, 1939, ” Photographs, p. 104, with the gracious permission of the Eudora Welty FoundationDear Welty,Writing by the fireplace, I see you standing with the camerathe eye of the eye of the eyein awe and wonder,a guest in Holiness Churchwatching: the painted horse “The Lord on the Cloud” in the centera white mass moving through mountainslines upon valleys, there goes the Lord ridingoh yes, rise your heart to God in praise, sisterspeaking i...

[Anja Wilhelmi. Lebensweltlen von Frauen der deutschen Oberschicht im Baltikum (1800-1939). Eine Untersuchung anhand von Autobiographien] / Alexander Ewig

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Ewig, Alexander, 1980-

2011-01-01

Arvustus: Wilhelmi, Anja. Lebenswelten von Frauen der deutschen Oberschicht im Baltikum (1800-1939). Eine Untersuchung anhand von Autobiographien. (Veröffentlichungen des Nordost-Instituts, 10.) (Wiesbaden : HArrassowitz 2008)

How Were the Pupils Dressed in a Country Village in Northern Finland in 1909-1939?

Science.gov (United States)

Heikkila, Anitta; Maatta, Kaarina

2012-01-01

In this article, we analyse schoolchildren's clothing at the village school of Rautiosaari in northern Finland between 1909 and 1939. Accordingly, we describe the kind of clothes that schoolgirls and schoolboys used during the target period. Interviews with elderly people were used as sources for the study. The research had a micro-historical…

Autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia with peripheral neuropathy maps to chr12q23-24.

Science.gov (United States)

Schüle, R; Bonin, M; Dürr, A; Forlani, S; Sperfeld, A D; Klimpe, S; Mueller, J C; Seibel, A; van de Warrenburg, B P; Bauer, P; Schöls, L

2009-06-02

Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are genetically exceedingly heterogeneous. To date, 37 genetic loci for HSP have been described (SPG1-41), among them 16 loci for autosomal dominant disease. Notwithstanding, further genetic heterogeneity is to be expected in HSP, as various HSP families do not link to any of the known HSP loci. In this study, we aimed to map the disease locus in a German family segregating autosomal dominant complicated HSP. A genome-wide linkage analysis was performed using the GeneChip Mapping 10Kv2.0 Xba Array containing 10,204 SNP markers. Suggestive loci were further analyzed by mapping of microsatellite markers. One locus on chromosome 12q23-24, termed SPG36, was confirmed by high density microsatellite fine mapping with a significant LOD score of 3.2. SPG36 is flanked by markers D12S318 and D12S79. Linkage to SPG36 was excluded in >20 additional autosomal dominant HSP families. Candidate genes were selected and sequenced. No disease-causing mutations were identified in the coding regions of ATXN2, HSPB8, IFT81, Myo1H, UBE3B, and VPS29. SPG36 is complicated by a sensory and motor neuropathy; it is therefore the eighth autosomal dominant subtype of complicated HSP. We report mapping of a new locus for autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) (SPG36) on chromosome 12q23-24 in a German family with autosomal dominant HSP complicated by peripheral neuropathy.

O tradicionalismo monarquista (1928-1945

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Teresa Malatian

2013-04-01

Full Text Available Pretende-se neste artigo abordar alguns aspectos do Catolicismo no Brasil entre 1928 e 1945, período em que se deu a fundação e o desenvolvimento do movimento monarquista Pátria-Nova na cidade de São Paulo, sob a chefia de Arlindo Veiga dos Santos. Para a análise foram utilizadas fontes manuscritas, imprensa e entrevistas de História Oral com participantes do movimento, numa perspectiva da cultura política tradicionalista. A análise permitiu verificar o envolvimento da Igreja na política na perspectiva do Neotomismo e de aportes dos pensadores tradicionalistas que se ramificaram em organizações do laicato como as congregações marianas e o Centro D.Vital.

El Gobierno de la República en el exilio : crónica de un imposible retorno

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Xavier Flores

2001-01-01

Full Text Available El triunfo de los aliados en la Segunda Guena Mundial hizo que los republicanos españoles exiliados en 1939 concibiesen esperanzas de un inmediato retomo de la República a su país con el apoyo aliado. Con esta idea se reconstituyeron las instituciones de la República Española en el exilio en México D. R, en agosto de 1945. En este artículo se analiza el proceso de esa reconstitución y los sucesivos gobiernos que se sucedieron hasta la disolución de las instituciones en junio de 1977, después de un imposible retorno.The victory of the salles in the Second World war did that the Spanish republicans exiled in 1939 were conceiving hopes ofan immediate return ofthe Republic to his(its country with the allied support. With this idea there were re-constituted the institutions of the Spanish Republic in the exile in México D.F., in August, 1945. In this article there are analyzed the process of this reconstitution and the successive governments that happened up to the dissolution of the institutions in June, 1977, afíer impossible I come back.

Exegi Monumentum: La Belgique Judiciaire (1842-1939

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Sebastiaan Vandenbogaerde

2012-07-01

Full Text Available Founded at the end of 1842, La Belgique Judiciaire lasted until 1939 and therefore was the first successful legal periodical in Belgium. Twelve years after Belgium’s independence and despite the constitutional pledge to change them as soon as possible, the Napoleonic codes were still in force. This situation was discussed in the Brussels courts where four young liberal attorneys decided to publish a new periodical providing articles in which every jurist could offer a solution for the juridical inertion. The legal practitioner also benefited from this initiative: the most important Belgian case law was published, even from the lower courts which was at that time a novelty. Next to that, interesting news about the legal world had a place in the magazine. The changes in legislation combined with a lack of renewal in the rigid editorial board and the possibility to buy alternative publications, led almost inevitably to the end of the review, a monument in the Belgian legal world.

WAS COMET C/1945 X1 (DU TOIT) A DWARF, SOHO-LIKE KREUTZ SUNGRAZER?

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Sekanina, Zdenek [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 (United States); Kracht, Rainer, E-mail: Zdenek.Sekanina@jpl.nasa.gov, E-mail: R.Kracht@t-online.de [Ostlandring 53, D-25335 Elmshorn, Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)

2015-12-10

The goal of this investigation is to reinterpret and upgrade the astrometric and other data on comet C/1945 X1, the least prominent among the Kreutz system sungrazers discovered from the ground in the twentieth century. The central issue is to appraise the pros and cons of a possibility that this object is—despite its brightness reported at discovery—a dwarf Kreutz sungrazer. We confirm Marsden’s conclusion that C/1945 X1 has a common parent with C/1882 R1 and C/1965 S1, in line with the Sekanina and Chodas scenario of their origin in the framework of the Kreutz system’s evolution. We integrate the orbit of C/1882 R1 back to the early twelfth century and then forward to around 1945 to determine the nominal direction of the line of apsides and perform a Fourier analysis to get insight into effects of the indirect planetary perturbations. To better understand the nature of C/1945 X1, its orbital motion, fate, and role in the hierarchy of the Kreutz system, as well as to attempt detecting the comet’s possible terminal outburst shortly after perihelion and answer the question in the title of this investigation, we closely examined the relevant Boyden Observatory logbooks and identified both the photographs with the comet’s known images and nearly 20 additional patrol plates, taken both before and after perihelion, on which the comet or traces of its debris will be searched for, once the process of their digitization, currently conducted as part of the Harvard College Observatory’s DASCH Project, has been completed and the scanned copies made available to the scientific community.

Fusion research in the UK 1945-1960

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hendry, J.; Lawson, J.D.

1993-01-01

Two workers, involved in the research programmes themselves, document the developments in fusion research in the United Kingdom from 1945 until 1960. Started as part of the official history of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, the text is drawn from work by various teams of scientists at laboratories around the United Kingdom. This previewing of the research programmes lead to an inevitable evaluation of their worth, an assessment of their political implications and speculation on whether certain changes might have advanced scientific progress more readily. (U.K.)

Command and Control of Guerrilla Groups in the Philippines, 1941-1945

Science.gov (United States)

2017-05-25

Jerry’s “All Those who Remained: The American-Led Guerrillas in the Philippines, 1942-1945” focuses exclusively on the resistance on Luzon. He...coastlines from steep hills to smooth sandy beaches; transportation from luxury airliner to carabao cart; inhabitants from educated Americans and

Rare earth germanates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bondar', I.A.; Vinogradova, N.V.; Dem'yanets, L.N.

1983-01-01

Rare earth germanates attract close attention both as an independent class of compounds and analogues of a widely spread class of natural and synthetic minerals. The methods of rare earth germanate synthesis (solid-phase, hydrothermal) are considered. Systems on the basis of germanium and rare earth oxides, phase diagrams, phase transformations are studied. Using different chemical analysese the processes of rare earth germanate formation are investigated. IR spectra of alkali and rare earth metal germanates are presented, their comparative analysis being carried out. Crystal structures of the compounds, lattice parameters are studied. Fields of possible application of rare earth germanates are shown

Rare earth germanates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bondar', I.A.; Vinogradova, N.V.; Dem'yanets, L.N.

1983-01-01

From the viewpoint of structural chemistry and general regularities controlling formation reactions of compounds and phases in melts, solid and gaseous states, recent achievements in the chemistry of rare earth germanates are generalized. Methods of synthesizing germanates, systems on the base of germanium oxides and rare earths are considered. The data on crystallochemical characteristics are tabulated. Individual compounds of scandium germanate are also characterized. Processes of germanate formation using the data of IR-spectroscopy, X-ray phase analysis are studied. The structure and morphotropic series of rare earth germanates and silicates are determined. Fields of their present and possible future application are considered

Paradoxale modernisering : Ede, 1945-1995: groot geworden, herkenbaar gebleven

OpenAIRE

Bloembergen-Lukkes, J.R.

2014-01-01

Summary Paradoxical Modernization Ede, 1945-1995: Grew big, remained recognizable After the Second World War, like many other municipalities in the Netherlands and elsewhere in the Western World, Ede experienced a period of rapid economic and population growth, of mobility, increase in scale, urbanization, better education, professionalization, individualization and democratization. Developments that may be summarized in the word modernization. I wondered if modernization is an exogenous proc...

A Study of the Factors Conditioning College Mathematics, 1890-1945.

Science.gov (United States)

Whittington, Russell, Jr.

This study attempted to determine (1) the nature of the influences conditioning college mathematics, (2) the impact of these influences, and (3) the changes which seem to have resulted during three chronological periods from 1890 to 1945. For each period of the study certain basic questions were investigated (1) learning theory in the teaching of…

Found: The Original 1945 Records of Australian Radio Astronomy

Science.gov (United States)

Goss, Miller; Ekers, Ron; Sim, Helen

2015-08-01

In July 2014, we found the original records of the first published Australian radio astronomy observations. These were obtained by Joseph L. Pawsey and Ruby Payne-Scott in early October 1945. The observations gave strong evidence of a million degree corona as well as frequent radio bursts.These observations followed earlier detections of the radio sun by Stanley Hey, George Southworth, Grote Reber and Elizabeth Alexander. The latter observations (the "Norfolk Island Effect" of March 1945) were the immediate motivation for the campaign carried out by Pawsey and Payne-Scott.These observations formed the basis for a number of pioneering publications: the 9 February 1946 Nature paper of Pawsey, Payne-Scott and McCready which was submitted on the last date on which data was obtained on 23 October 1945, the major publication of the initial Australian radio solar publication in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London in August 1947 and Pawsey's presentation of the radio properties of the million degree corona in the Nature of 2 November 1946. Contemporaneously with these publications, D. F.Martyn was involved in an independent theoretical study of the properties of the solar corona.(Ginzburg and Shklovsky were also involved in this era in a study of the properties of the corona.) The back-to-back Martyn and Pawsey Nature papers were the first that described the radio properties of the hot corona, due to free-free emission. The division of the observed emission into "bursting" and "quiet" modes was challenging for the novice radio astronomers.These historical records had been recognized by Paul Wild in 1968, who instructed the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics secretary to E.("Taffy") G. Bowen, Ms. Sally Atkinson, to submit these to the Australian Academy of Science. Wild characterized these documents as "of considerable historical interest". Apparently the transmission of the documents was not done; a thorough search of the Australian Academy Library in August 2014

From "Postwar Pedagogy" to "Post-Cold War Pedagogy": An Overview of the History of Educational Theory in Japan 1945-2007

Science.gov (United States)

Imai, Yasuo

2007-01-01

This paper examines the development of educational theory in Japan from 1945 to the present in five time divisions: (1) postwar "new education" and its critics (1945-52); (2) revisionist educational policy versus the people's education movement (1952-61); (3) the formation of "postwar pedagogy" as a self-reflection of the…

The German genius Europe's third renaissance, the second scientific revolution, and the twentieth century

CERN Document Server

Watson, Peter

2010-01-01

Peter Watson's virtuoso sweep through modern German thought and culture, from 1750 to the present day, will challenge and confound both the stereotypes the world has of Germany and those that Germany has of itself. From the end of the Baroque era and the death of Bach to the rise of Hitler in 1933, Germany was transformed from a poor relation among Western nations into a dominant intellectual and cultural force—more creative and influential than France, Britain, Italy, Holland, and the United States. In the early decades of the twentieth century, German artists, writers, scholars, philosophers, scientists, and engineers were leading their freshly unified country to new and unimagined heights. By 1933, Germans had won more Nobel Prizes than any other nationals, and more than the British and Americans combined. Yet this remarkable genius was cut down in its prime by Adolf Hitler and his disastrous Third Reich—a brutal legacy that has overshadowed the nation's achievements ever since. How did the Germans t...

7 CFR 1945.19 - Reporting potential natural disasters and initial actions.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 13 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Reporting potential natural disasters and initial... Assistance-General § 1945.19 Reporting potential natural disasters and initial actions. (a) Purpose. The purpose of reporting potential natural disasters is to provide a systematic procedure for rapid reporting...

MOMOWO: Women Designers, Craftswomen, Architects and Engineers between 1918 and 1945

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Groot, M.H.; Helena Seražin, Helena Seražin

2017-01-01

The book consists of six chapters, which present achievements by European women – pioneers in the fields of architecture, civil engineering, interior and industrial design and arts and crafts, who were active in the period between 1918 and 1945. The chapter Crossing Geographies deals with the

Teaching German-Americana

Science.gov (United States)

Tolzmann, Don Heinrich

1976-01-01

A university course entitled "The German-Americans" attempted to study and evaluate German culture in the U. S. Lecture topics and term paper theses are listed and a selected annotated bibliography of German-American culture is included. (CHK)

Take-Off. De opbouw van de Nederlandse luchtstrijdkrachten 1945-1973

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van der Vegt, Q.J.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/327931558

2013-01-01

There has been little academic focus on the build-up of the Dutch Air Force after the Second World War. The aim of this study is to identify the key developments in the build-up and sustainment of the Dutch air force between 1945 and 1973 and to answer the question as to which factors and actors

La guerra civil española en las revistas literarias y culturales belgas y holandesas (1936-1939)

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Adriaensen, B.Y.A.; Rymenants, K.; Vandenbosch, D.; Van Nuijs, L.

2010-01-01

Aan de hand van een analyse van de voornaamste culturele tijdschriften uit de jaren 1936-1939, wordt in dit artikel de impact van de Spaanse burgeroorlog op de Belgische (Franstalige en Nederlandstalige) en de Nederlandse literaire wereld onderzocht. In het eerste deel bestuderen Dagmar Vandebosch

Government and Public Reaction in Estonia to Soviet Pressure and the Events of September-December 1939 / Magnus Ilmjärv

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Ilmjärv, Magnus, 1961-

2013-01-01

Valitsuse ja avalikkuse reageeringutest NSV Liidu survele 1939. Molotovi-Ribbentropi Paktist. Eesti Vabariigi ja NSV Liidu vahelise vastastikuse abistamise paktist ehk nn baaside lepingust. Alternatiivsete arengute võimalikkusest

How German Geopolitics passed through the Netherlands, 1920-1945: a case study in the geography of one of geography’s ‘projects’

NARCIS (Netherlands)

de Pater, B.C.; van der Wusten, H.

2013-01-01

German geopolitics emerged from the early 1920s. It was noticed in the Netherlands but not broadly embraced. In public discourse the term ‘geopolitics’ was hardly ever used between the First and Second World Wars but it became a bit more common with the looming threat of a second war and during the

Becoming German: Integration, Citizenship and Territorialization of Germanness

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Fogelman, Tatiana

2017-01-01

understandings of integration and Germanness, this paper highlights the neglected aspect of the ascendance of Integrationspolitik since the turn of the century: namely how it superseded previous regime of completely bifurcated migration policy for "foreigners" on the one hand, and so-called "settlers" of German......, seen ever more as residing within its state territory rather than some diffuse cultural-linguistic space. Moving our understanding of Germanness beyond the "ethnic nationhood model" (Faist 2008), I argue thus that, in conjunction with the new citizenship law, the emergence of Integrationspolitik...

Johannes Hempel a jeho spisy do roku 1945

OpenAIRE

Kovács, Kristián

2008-01-01

I am trying to summarize life and theological work of Johannes Hempel till 1945. He was interested in special topics of Ethics of ancient Israel and Questions of profetic literature. By my research I was trying to include life and work of Johannes Hempel in his era and teological schools, define his work and compare it with other Old Testament scholars of his era. With reference to political situation of contemporar Germany (NS Regime) I prefer to accent Hempel's political ideas and engagemen...

Inverse gender gap in Germany: social dominance orientation among men and women.

Science.gov (United States)

Küpper, Beate; Zick, Andreas

2011-02-01

Across cultures studies show that men score higher on social dominance orientation than women. This gender gap is considered invariant, but conflicting explanations are discussed: Some authors refer to evolutionary psychology and perceive the gender gap to be driven by sociobiological factors. Other authors argue that social roles or gender-stereotypical self-construals encouraged by intergroup comparisons are responsible for attitudinal gender difference. In Study 1 we analyzed sex differences in social dominance orientation in three German probability surveys (each n > 2300). Unexpectedly, the analyses yielded an inverse gender gap with higher values for social dominance orientation in women than in men. Interactions with age, education, political conservatism, and perceived inequity indicated that the inverse gender gap can be mainly attributed to older, conservative, (and less educated) respondents, and those who feel they get their deserved share. In Study 2 we replicated the well-known gender gap with men scoring higher than women in social dominance orientation among German students. Results are interpreted on the basis of biocultural interaction, which integrates the sociobiological, social role, and self-construal perspectives. Our unusual findings seem to reflect a struggle for status by members of low-status groups who consider group-based hierarchy the most promising option to improve their status. While younger women take advantage of a relational, feminine self-construal that leads to lower social dominance orientation in young women than in young men, older women are supposed to profit from an agentic self-construal that results in stronger social dominance orientation values. Specific characteristics of the culture in Germany seem to promote this strategy. Here, we discuss the female ideal of the national socialist period and the agentic female social role in the post-war era necessitated by the absence of men.

Literární život ve stínu Mnichova (1938-1939)

OpenAIRE

Med, J. (Jaroslav)

2010-01-01

The monograph deals with the attitude of Czech writers and journalists to the social and political reality after the adoption of the Munich Agreement, during the Second Republic (October 1938 - March 1939). In-depth analysis of contemporary literary life (ie. not only literature, but especially journalism) reveals the roots of many problems which emerged during the "national disaster". The author shows the continuity of the Second and the First Republic, vividly defining the basic areas in wh...

No grammatical gender effect on affective ratings: evidence from Italian and German languages.

Science.gov (United States)

Montefinese, Maria; Ambrosini, Ettore; Roivainen, Eka

2018-06-06

In this study, we tested the linguistic relativity hypothesis by studying the effect of grammatical gender (feminine vs. masculine) on affective judgments of conceptual representation in Italian and German. In particular, we examined the within- and cross-language grammatical gender effect and its interaction with participants' demographic characteristics (such as, the raters' age and sex) on semantic differential scales (affective ratings of valence, arousal and dominance) in Italian and German speakers. We selected the stimuli and the relative affective measures from Italian and German adaptations of the ANEW (Affective Norms for English Words). Bayesian and frequentist analyses yielded evidence for the absence of within- and cross-languages effects of grammatical gender and sex- and age-dependent interactions. These results suggest that grammatical gender does not affect judgments of affective features of semantic representation in Italian and German speakers, since an overt coding of word grammar is not required. Although further research is recommended to refine the impact of the grammatical gender on properties of semantic representation, these results have implications for any strong view of the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Fondements du discours propagandiste arabe de la Grande-Bretagne au Maghreb pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale (1939-1943 The Foundations of British Arabic Propaganda Speech in North Africa during World War II (1939-1943

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Fayçal Cherif

2009-06-01

Full Text Available The Second World War’s ramifications and the landing of the Anglo-Americans in North Africa (Torch brought out the antagonism between the powers of the Axis and the Allies. Apart from the military war, a second war including more horrible and complex elements than weapons had been declared by the different rival camps: the propaganda in the Arabic language initiated at the beginning by Germany and Italy and soon developed by Great Britain too (from 1939. It was an efficient and fearsome weapon to control the spirit of the Arab people’s opinion in general, especially that of the Maghrebians, who were often hostile to the British and French colonial policies in their regions. Certainly, radio programmes were preponderant as they were easily accessible but newspapers and leaflets were also used a lot in this psychological war. The subtleties and the impact of this British propaganda will be the subject of research. This article explains the mechanism, the structures, the aims and finally the impact of British propaganda in the Arabic language in North Africa between September 1939 and May 1943.

Changes in the forest landscape of the Charles C. Deam wilderness, Southern Indiana, 1939-1990

Science.gov (United States)

MIchael A. Jenkins; George R. Parker

2000-01-01

We used aerial photographs from 1939, 1974, and 1990 to examine how land cover has changed on the 5,286-ha Charles C. Deam Wilderness of Hoosier National Forest over this time span. Digital elevation models were used to examine changes in land-cover class (closed-canopy forest, open forest, agriculture/old-field, clearcut, and pine plantation) within each land type (...

The Changing Limits and Incidence of Malaria in Africa: 1939–2009

Science.gov (United States)

Snow, Robert W.; Amratia, Punam; Kabaria, Caroline W.; Noor, Abdisalan M.; Marsh, Kevin

2012-01-01

Understanding the historical, temporal changes of malaria risk following control efforts in Africa provides a unique insight into what has been and might be archived towards a long-term ambition of elimination on the continent. Here, we use archived published and unpublished material combined with biological constraints on transmission accompanied by a narrative on malaria control to document the changing incidence of malaria in Africa since earliest reports pre-second World War. One result is a more informed mapped definition of the changing margins of transmission in 1939, 1959, 1979, 1999 and 2009. PMID:22520443

Travelling Careers: Overseas Migration Patterns in the Professional Lives of Women Attending Girton and Newnham before 1939

Science.gov (United States)

Goodman, Joyce; Jacobs, Andrea; Kisby, Fiona; Loader, Helen

2011-01-01

This paper explores the migration patterns of women who studied at Girton and Newnham prior to 1939 through whom dissemination of knowledge and values flowed from Cambridge overseas. It also considers organisations that fostered women's mobility in empire, particularly the Colonial Intelligence League for Educated Women and the International…

ROMANIA’S FOREIGN TRADE BETWEEN 1945 AND 1989

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Andrei – Cristian Balasan

2013-03-01

Full Text Available In this paper we have analysed a “special” period in the history of Romania’s trade, namely the period when market economy was replaced by the state economy. It is the period preceding the transition. We analysed how Romania’s exports and imports have evolved between 1945 and 1989, highlighting the events that influenced trade, and also what changes occurred in the structure of exports and imports by product groups and, not least, who were the main external partners of Romania.

第二次世界大戦とハリウッド・ミュージカル映画ー現実逃避かプロパガンダか

OpenAIRE

笹川, 慶子

1999-01-01

This paper focuses on how the wartime conditions in Hollywood influenced the development of Hollywood musicals and other films during 1939-1945. The goal is to foreground a historical process in which the musicals had been incorporating the different ideologies of the times,by tracting the relationships between the studios and the political and the economical situations. Under the strong influence of the F.D.Roosevelt's Administration, the Office of War Information attempted to imbue the movi...

[Ethical aspects of tuberculosis control under fascism].

Science.gov (United States)

Hahn, S

1983-05-01

At the instance of the development of the tuberculosis control in the period from 1933 to 1945 is tried to elaborate the ethical principles which are the basis of the medical care of the German population in fascist Germany. The utilitaristic and biologistic opinions of the value dominating at this time proved as altogether characterized by the social aims of fascism and at the same time serve for their realization in the field of health politics. Also in the tuberculosis control--like in other social fields--transitory progress in organisation and prophylaxis and finally to be paid with deranging setbacks which reveal the inhumanity of fascism also in this field.

The Liberalization of Canadian Immigration Policy (1945-1976

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Mariia Burtseva

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Immigration policy has played a key role in Canadian history since the second half of 19th century. Certainly, immigration legislation was a major element of it. Some of the most important reforms in Canadian immigration policy took place in the first decades after the Second World War. This was a time of multiple legislative reforms conducted by the Canadian government, but in general, the immigration regulations introduced during that period started the process of liberalization in this area. The Immigration Act of 1976 played a key role in building up the new liberal strategy of Canadian immigration. The pre-reform period is also important because it helps to understand the evolution process from discrimi¬native legislation to liberal policy. Therefore, the focus of this study is on the development of Canadian immigration policy from 1945 to 1976. The present research examines the main preconditions for the adoption of the 1976 Immigration Act. It analyses legislation regulations, which paved the ground for post-war Canadian immigration policy, with a particular emphasis on regula-tions enacted from 1945 to 1976. This article provides an overview of Canadian immigration policy in post-war period. It also identifies successive documents that proved particularly influential for Canadian immigration policy at the time. The findings of this research point to a variety of causes for the legislation changes, from foreign and domestic policy to economy policy.

Balloon Angioplasty - The Legacy of Andreas Grüntzig, M.D. (1939-1985).

Science.gov (United States)

Barton, Matthias; Grüntzig, Johannes; Husmann, Marc; Rösch, Josef

2014-01-01

In 1974, at the Medical Policlinic of the University of Zürich, German-born physician-scientist Andreas Grüntzig (1939-1985) for the first time applied a balloon-tipped catheter to re-open a severely stenosed femoral artery, a procedure, which he initially called "percutaneous transluminal dilatation". Balloon angioplasty as a therapy of atherosclerotic vascular disease, for which Grüntzig and Charles T. Dotter (1920-1985) received a nomination for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978, became one of the most successful examples of translational medicine in the twentieth century. Known today as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in peripheral arteries or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in coronary arteries, balloon angioplasty has become the method of choice to treat patients with acute myocardial infarction or occluded leg arteries. On the occasion of the 40(th) anniversary of balloon angioplasty, we summarize Grüntzig's life and career in Germany, Switzerland, and the United States and also review the developments in vascular medicine from the 1890s to the 1980s, including Dotter's first accidental angioplasty in 1963. The work of pioneers of catheterization, including Pedro L. Fariñas in Cuba, André F. Cournand in France, Werner Forssmann, Werner Porstmann and Eberhard Zeitler in Germany, António Egas Moniz and Reynaldo dos Santos in Portugal, Sven-Ivar Seldinger in Sweden, and Barney Brooks, Thomas J. Fogarty, Melvin P. Judkins, Richard K. Myler, Dickinson W. Richards, and F. Mason Sones in the United States, is discussed. We also present quotes by Grüntzig and excerpts from his unfinished autobiography, statements of Grüntzig's former colleagues and contemporary witnesses, and have included hitherto unpublished historic photographs and links to archive recordings and historic materials. This year, on June 25, 2014, Andreas Grüntzig would have celebrated his 75(th

Professor Dr Med Oskar Fehr: the fate of an outstanding German-Jewish ophthalmologist: an early contributor to cornea and external disease.

Science.gov (United States)

Lisch, Walter; Mannis, Mark J

2014-08-01

The aim of this study was to recount the immense and abrupt change in the private and professional life of a prominent German-Jewish ophthalmologist in the transition from democracy to dictatorship in Germany during the first half of the 20th century. This involves a Retrospective analysis of Fehr's clinical and scientific work as the first assistant of Julius Hirschberg's world-famous eye clinic in Berlin; evaluation of Fehr's successful tenure as a chair of Virchow's Eye Hospital; the catastrophic influence of Hitler's seizure of power on the private and professional lives of German-Jewish physicians; and an analysis of Fehr's personal and professional will to continue the practice of medicine in England. Oskar Fehr published >50 articles and was the first to describe the endemic swimming pool conjunctivitis. He was the first to specifically distinguish granular, lattice, and macular corneal dystrophies. Professor Oskar Fehr was the chair of one of the most important eye clinics in Germany for nearly 30 years. The "Anti-Jewish Medical Laws" with their terrible consequences on private and professional lives led to Fehr's emigration from his homeland to England in 1939. He obtained a British medical doctor degree after 4 years of study, and at an advanced age, he demonstrated his determination to practice ophthalmology successfully in London. Oskar Fehr died in London on August 1, 1959.

Economies of scale in electricity generation and transmission since 1945

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tombs, F.

1978-01-01

Progress in the electricity supply industry since 1945 is reviewed with particular reference to increased ratings of plant and transmission. The contribution of nuclear energy is emphasised. Developments which have taken place, and policy within the nuclear industry since the construction of Calder Hall, are examined. The performance of the Magnox stations, difficulties with AGRs, and the debate on the choice of reactors are discussed. (U.K.)

Macht der gewoonte. Regels en rituelen in de Tweede Kamer na 1945

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hoetink, A.C.

2018-01-01

In The Power of Habit. Rules and rituals in Dutch Parliament since 1945 the concept of parliamentary culture is used for a close and comprehensive examination of the cultural identity of the main representative and legislative body of the Netherlands, otherwise known as the Second Chamber. This

Modernism and Urban Renewal in Denmark 1939-1983

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Thomsen, Kristian Buhl

The Danish slum clearance and urban renewal policy is an example of a state-led urban planning topic, which was introduced in the years around the Second World War. In this paper it is explained how this topic was under a strong influence from modernist urban planning ideals, which reached Denmark...... through a transnational flow of urban planning ideas in the Western world. The paper explains how the topic developed from the adoption of the first Danish Slum Clearance Act in 1939. Furthermore it explains how modernism as the result of another transnational flow of ideas in the 1960s and 1970s was met...... with criticism, which resulted in a new policy and in the adoption of a new Urban Renewal Act in 1983. The paper is placing Denmark in a Northern European context, and it has its main focus on cases from the two biggest cities of Denmark, Copenhagen and Aarhus....

Tracing Southern Cosmopolitanisms: the intersecting networks of Islam, Trade Unions, Gender and Communism, 1945-1965

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Heather Goodall

2011-11-01

Full Text Available At the end of World War 2, there were high hopes across the Indian Ocean for a new world in which the relationships between working people would mean more than the borders which separated them. This paper will explore the fate of the hopes for new worlds, in the decades after 1945, by following the uneven relationships among working class Australians, Indonesians and Indians in the aftermath of an intense political struggle in Australia from 1945 to 1949 in support of Indonesian independence. They had been brought together by intersections between the networks established through colonialism, like trade unions, communism and feminism, with those having much longer histories, like Islam. The men and women in this Australian setting expressed their vision in 1945 for a future of universal and transnational networks across the Indian Ocean which would continue the alliances they had found so fruitful. Today their experiences as well as their hopes might be called cosmopolitanism – they expected that the person-to-person friendships they were forming could be sustained and be able to negotiate the differences between them to achieve common aims. Although these hopes for new futures of universal alliances and collaborations were held passionately in the 1940s, all seem to have died by 1970, diverted by newly independent national trajectories and defeated by the Cold War. Yet many of the relationships persisted far longer than might be expected and their unravelling was not inevitable. This paper will trace the course of a few of the relationships which began in the heat of the campaigns in Australia, 1943 to 1945, in order to identify the continuing common ground as well as the rising tensions which challenged them.

Nuclear Explosions 1945-1998

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bergkvist, Nils-Olov; Ferm, Ragnhild

2000-07-01

The main part of this report is a list of nuclear explosions conducted by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, China, India and Pakistan in 1945-98. The list includes all known nuclear test explosions and is compiled from a variety of sources including officially published information from the USA, Russia and France. The details given for each explosion (date, origin time, location, yield, type, etc.) are often compiled from more than one source because the individual sources do not give complete information. The report includes a short background to nuclear testing and provides brief information on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and the verification regime now being established to verify compliance with the treaty. It also summarizes nuclear testing country by country. The list should be used with some caution because its compilation from a variety of sources means that some of the data could be incorrect. This report is the result of cooperation between the Defence Research Establishment (FOA) and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

DEVELOPMENT MILESTONES AND TENDENCIES OF BANKING IN THE CZECH LANDS IN THE CONTEXT OF FINANCIAL LITERACY DEVELOPMENT

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Zdeněk Hruška

2015-07-01

Full Text Available In the paper there are presented the results obtained in the qualitative research in the area of banking with a specific focus on the history, present and development tendencies of banking in the Czech lands. The main target of the paper is to identify, analyze and evaluate the milestones and development tendencies in the banking system area (central banks and commercial banks in the Czech territory since the formation of the independent Czechoslovak state in 1918 until the present, i.e. 2015. The historical development is divided into seven stages when each stage is bordered by important events of a political and economical character which had a significant influence on the form of the banking system. The stages are dated in the years 1918 – 1939, 1939 – 1945, 1945 – 1989, 1989 – 1993, 1993 – 2004, 2004 – 2008 and 2008 – 2015. In the paper important milestones regarding the banking development are described and prediction of the expected banking system development future periods is performed. For each historical stage of banking development the key events which influenced the character of the banking system and the portfolio of offered services on banking market are identified in the paper. Also the main changes in the first stage of the banking system, namely in the central bank, are documented and analyzed.

Eesti Panga ehitised 1918-1940 / Mart Kalm

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kalm, Mart, 1961-

2004-01-01

Sõdadevaheline Eesti ja pangaehitus. Eesti Pank ehitab: Viljandi osakonna hoone (1927, K. Burman, taastati 1956-61 I. Jaaguse projekti järgi), Petseri osakonna hoone (1929-30, F. Adoff), Rakvere osakonna hoone (1933, F. Adoff), Tallinna peapanga hoone arhitektuurivõistlus (1933, I auhind - E. Sacharias, B. Tshernov) ja peapanga hoone (1933-35, F. Adoff, H. Johanson, E. Habermann), Tartu osakonna hoone (1935-36, A. Matteus, K. Burman, aiakujundaja J. Port) ja selle skulptuurkaunistused (J. Raudsepp, A. Eller), Võru osakonna hoone (1937-38, E. Kuusik, A. Soans, reljeefid - A. Kaasik), Pärnu pangahoone arhitektuurivõistlus (1939, parimad A. Kotli ja E. Kuusik-A. Soans) ja Pärnu osakonna hoone (1939-u. 1945, A. Kotli, A. Soans, reljeefid - J. Raudsepp), ametnike elamu Tallinnas Kentmanni 20A (1924-25), Eesti Maakrediitseltsi büroo- ja eluhoone Tallinnas Sakala 4 (1935-36, E. Kuusik)

"We call it Springbok-German!": language contact in the German communities in South Africa.

OpenAIRE

Franke, Katharina

2017-01-01

Varieties of German are spoken all over the world, some of which have been maintained for prolonged periods of time. As a result, these transplanted varieties often show traces of the ongoing language contact as specific to their particular context. This thesis explores one such transplanted German language variety – Springbok- German – as spoken by a small subset of German Lutherans in South Africa. Specifically, this study takes as its focus eight rural German communities acr...

1945-1985-40 years of Nuclear Industry: an overview of important radiation accidents

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Oliveira, A.R. de.

1986-08-01

Approximately 180 radiation accidents which occurred in the world during the period 1945-1985 are summarized. The necessity of the availability of a database specifically oriented toward researchers interested in studying the different radiation accidents reported is emphasized. (M.A.C.) [pt

El cine norteamericano durante la Gran Depresión (1929-1939

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Carmen Mainer

2013-04-01

Full Text Available El cine comienza su andadura a finales del siglo XIX como un mero entretenimiento de masas, revelando a un público ávido de novedades las posibilidades del reciente descubrimiento. Será a partir de la Revolución bolchevique de 1917 cuando los organismos de poder descubran la capacidad de la imagen en movimiento como herramienta de propaganda ideológica. Los regímenes comunista y fascista se sirvieron del cine para difundir su doctrina y en la democracia de Estados Unidos, durante el período del New Deal (1933-1939, el cine clásico de Hollywood desempeñará la misma función propagandística, aunque haciendo uso de lenguajes y géneros variados y, con frecuencia, mucho más sofisticados. Es precisamente esta faceta del Séptimo Arte, su uso como agente difusor de ideologías, la que nos interesa y se analiza en el presente artículo.The cinema begins its career in the late nineteenth century as a mere mass entertainment, revealing to an eager audience the possibilities of the new discovery. It was from the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 when the power of the moving image as ideological propaganda tool was discovered by the governments. The communist and fascist regimes used the cinema to spread their doctrines and in the American democracy, during the New Deal period (1933-1939, the classical Hollywood cinema will perform the same propaganda function, but using different languages ​​and genres, and often much more sophisticated. It is this aspect of the cinema, its use as a carier of ideologies, that interests us and analyze this article.

THE BIRTH OF NURSING AT THE INCEPTION OF THE FRANCOISM IN SPAIN (1939-1942

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María del Carmen Giménez Muñoz

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Estudio con el objetivo de analizar el nacimiento de la Enfermería en el primer franquismo en España (1939-1942. Estudio histórico cualitativo, cuyas fuentes documentales utilizadas fueron los periódicos impresos en diferentes regiones de España, en el periodo 1939-1942. La importancia del trabajo de los cuidados de enfermería en el estado de necesidad, hambre, miseria, en que había quedado la población española tras el conflicto bélico. Las enfermeras con su actitud y compromiso hacia el otro, facilitaron la administración de alimentos a los más necesitados, abastecieron de ropas a los que padecían frio y enseñaron principios de higiene a las madres para reducir la elevada tasa de mortalidad infantil y juvenil que se padecía, puntos cruciales para la actuación de la ayuda social. Por tanto, ante la adversidad, las enfermeras atendieron y cuidaron a los niños, a los enfermos, a los ancianos y a los pobres. Se concluye que la labor humanitaria de las enfermeras se convertía en un elemento de represión distribuyendo prestaciones a cambio de la exigencia de un modelo ideológico.

Radiological protection in the Spanish nuclear industry under Franco, 1939-1975.

Science.gov (United States)

Menéndez-Navarro, Alfredo; Vázquez, Luis Sánchez

2013-01-01

In debates about nuclear controversy, the issue of occupational safety in radioactive facilities is rarely foregrounded; it has historically been relegated to second place compared to the attention given to potential harm to the general population. Aiming for, at least, partially filling this historiographical gap, this article deals with the development of occupational radiological protection in Spain under the dictatorship of General Franco (1939-1975). It covers the rise of radiological protection measures on an international level and the subsequent development of legislation in the case of Spain, a process that paralleled the growth of the nation's nuclear program. Finally, it explores the main evidence of the impact of ionizing radiation on Spain's working population.

14 CFR 193.9 - Will the FAA ever disclose information that is designated as protected under this part?

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Will the FAA ever disclose information that... VOLUNTARILY SUBMITTED INFORMATION § 193.9 Will the FAA ever disclose information that is designated as protected under this part? The FAA discloses information that is designated as protected under this part...

In de ban van een beter verleden : Het Nederlandse fascisme 1923-1945

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Huberts, Willy Sjoerd

2017-01-01

'Under the spell of a better past' offers a complete survey of the rise, the flourishing and fall of almost all (over 60) fascist political parties in the Netherlands during the period 1923-1945. It discusses the entire spectrum: from the foundation in 1923 of the Union of Actualists to the fall of

Hungarian-Russian Bilingual Schools in Hungary during the Soviet Occupation (1945-1989)

Science.gov (United States)

Vamos, Agnes

2018-01-01

Through the example of the establishment, functioning, and closing of bilingual schools during the Soviet occupation of Hungary, this paper aims to introduce this segment of public education in Central-Eastern Europe. In the period between 1945 and 1989, the learning of Russian as a compulsory subject was introduced, teaching other languages was…

Word order in the Germanic languages

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Holmberg, Anders; Rijkhoff, Jan

1998-01-01

The Germanic branch of Indo-European consists of three main groups (Ruhlen 1987: 327):- East Germanic: Gothic, Vandalic, Burgundian (all extinct);- North Germanic (or: Scandinavian): Runic (extinct), Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese;- West Germanic: German, Yiddish, Luxembourgeois, ...

Excavation of Site U14/1945, Oropi Valley, Tauranga

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Campbell, M.

2004-01-01

Site U14/1945 was originally recorded as two small terraces, with two probable kumara storage pits visible on the surface of the upper terrace, and shell midden visible on the surface of the lower terrace, on a low, approximately 4 m high, hill. The most unusual feature in the site, and my main purpose in writing this paper, was the oven scoop in Trench 1. This feature appeared rather unusual when excavated for a number of reasons. 6 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab

Yugoslav teachers in Argentina 1939-1944

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Stefanović-Banović Milesa

2014-01-01

Full Text Available In this paper we present reports of Yugoslav teachers who held classes to immigrants in Argentina 1939-1944, organized by the government of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Teachers’ reports to Yugoslav Embassy in Buenos Aires testify of Kingdom of Yugoslavia efforts to oppose assimilation and promote and strengthen “Yugoslav national unity”. The reports also describe general social circumstances of Yugoslav immigrants, show various details from their everyday life and contain valuable data on numerous political, economic, social and cultural problems of this diaspora in Argentina and their relationship with motherland. We believe that archive materials presented in this paper opens numerous questions which could be topics of separate researches. Some of them could be the following: To which extent the teachers’ reports represented the actual situation and to which they were shaped to match policy and expectations of Kingdom of Yugoslavia? What was the actual influence of teachers to spreading the “national unity” among immigrants? Have their work left trace in Yugoslav diaspora and in which way? Beside all of the open issues, it is certain that teachers’ reports contain valuable data on immigrants’ everyday life, curriculum, schooling conditions, relationship with motherland, etc. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 47016: Interdisciplinarno istraživanje kulturnog i jezičkog nasleđa Srbije. Izrada multimedijalnog internet portala "Pojmovnik srpske kulture"

For Goodwill, Aid and Economic Growth: The Funding of Academic Exchange Through the Swedish Institute, 1945–2010

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Andreas Åkerlund

2015-05-01

Full Text Available The article investigates the financial basis of state-sponsored international academic exchange through the Swedish Institute (SI. Founded in 1945 the SI is the main institution for Swedish public diplomacy and is as such part of modern foreign policy and Swedish soft power. This article maps the changing sources of funding as well as the sums spent on academic exchange from 1945–2010. It also discusses the various forms of exchange programs and gives an overview of the ideas behind and arguments for such programs. The overall picture is that state-sponsored exchange after 1945 has expanded. Not only has more and more money been spent on exchange, which led to an increase in the number of persons benefitted, but there has also been a diversification in exchange schemes towards parallel programs, each designed to fulfill a certain task. Though they fund different parts of the SI exchange scheme, the main sources of funding, however, have remained the same: the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, various development assistance agencies and programs as well as the Ministry for Education.

The technical results of the Swedish nuclear weapons programme - a compilation of FOAs annual reports 1945-1972; Det svenska kaernvapenprogrammets tekniska resultat - en sammanstaellning av FOAs aarsrapporter 1945-1972

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oliver, L.; Stenholm, L

2002-02-01

The aim with this report is to summarise FOAs nuclear weapons related research that was performed 1945-1972. The report is a compilation of FOAs annual reports that originally were in a classified form but have now - mostly - been declassified. References to separate reports in the different research areas are included in the report.

British-Zionist Military Cooperation in Palestine, 1917-1939

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Mohsen M. Saleh

2003-12-01

Full Text Available The essence of the British military and security formula in Palestine was the smooth establishment of the Jewish national home with minimum costs of lives and money. However, this British pro-Zionist policy created a continuous security problem, and opened the door to all possibilities of Palestinian revolts and uprisings of both national and religious nature. The British were very active in disarming the Arabs and adopted stringent measures to crush their uprisings and revolts. But, they turned a blind eye to the Jewish arms smuggling and Jewish military organizations, especially, the Hagana, which later became the backbone of the Israeli Army. During Palestinian uprisings of 1920, 1921 and 1929 against the Zionists, most of the Palestinian casualties were inflicted by the British forces despite the fact that the Palestinians avoided attacking the British. The British-Zionist cooperation reached its peak during the Palestinian revolt of 1936-1939, and took different forms, including allowing the Jews to establish a military force of twenty two thousand men under the pretext of protecting the Jewish community.

Since Yesterday: The Nineteen Thirties in America. By Frederick Allen Lewis. New York: Bantam Books, 1939. 292pp. Since Yesterday: The Nineteen Thirties in America. By Frederick Allen Lewis. New York: Bantam Books, 1939. 292pp.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eileen Klink

2008-04-01

Full Text Available Material Covered: A compendium of events, people, places, and settings of the Thirties, this book offers information on: 1.chronology and impact of events on national and international levels–from the prelude to the Panic, September 3, 1929, through the outbreak of the war with Germany, September 3, 1939. 2.major political and business figures plus celebrities of the era–Hoover, Roosevelt, Hitler, Charles Lindbergh, Fred & Gracie Allen, etc. 3.influential organizations and unions. 4.statistical information and analysis. 5. day–to–day life—e.g., the books, magazines, and newspapers; films and radio programs; automobiles; fashions; the weather. Material Covered: A compendium of events, people, places, and settings of the Thirties, this book offers information on: 1.chronology and impact of events on national and international levels–from the prelude to the Panic, September 3, 1929, through the outbreak of the war with Germany, September 3, 1939. 2.major political and business figures plus celebrities of the era–Hoover, Roosevelt, Hitler, Charles Lindbergh, Fred & Gracie Allen, etc. 3.influential organizations and unions. 4.statistical information and analysis. 5. day–to–day life—e.g., the books, magazines, and newspapers; films and radio programs; automobiles; fashions; the weather.

Administering "Operation Pied Piper"--How the London County Council Prepared for the Evacuation of Its Schoolchildren 1938-1939

Science.gov (United States)

Gartner, Niko

2010-01-01

In September 1939, two days before declaring war on Germany, the British government evacuated over half a million children from London to supposedly safer areas in the country. Schoolchildren went there with their teachers and infants with their mothers. Immediately after the event (and ever since) the impact of the evacuation on the children--the…

History of the Botanic Garden of the Stefan Batory University in Vilna (Vilnius (1919–1939 (in Polish

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Alicja Zemanek

2016-11-01

Full Text Available The university in Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius, now Vilniaus universitetas, founded in 1579 by Stefan Batory (Stephen Báthory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was a centre of Polish botany in 1780-1832 and 1919-1939. The Botanic Garden established by Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741–1814 in 1781 (or, actually, from 1782 survived the loss of independence by Poland (1795, and a later closure of the University (1832, and it continued to function until 1842, when it was shut down by Russian authorities. After Poland had regained independence and the University was reopened as the Stefan Batory University (SBU, its Botanic Garden was established on a new location (1919, active since 1920. It survived as a Polish institution until 1939. After the Second World War, as a result of changed borders, it found itself in the Soviet Union, and from 1990 – in the Republic of Lithuania. A multidisciplinary research project has been recently launched with the aim to create a publication on the history of science at the Stefan Batory University. The botanical part of the project includes, among others, drafting the history of the Botanic Garden. Obtaining electronic copies of archival documents, e.g. annual reports written by the directors, enabled a more thorough analysis of the Garden’s history. Piotr Wiśniewski (1884–1971, a plant physiologist, nominated as Professor in the Department of General Botany on 1 June 1920, was the organiser and the first director of the Garden. He resigned from his post in October 1923, due to financial problems of the Garden. From October 1923 to April 1924, the management was run by the acting director, Edward Bekier (1883–1945, Professor in the Department of Physical Chemistry, Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. For 13 subsequent years, i.e. from 1 May 1924 to 30 April 1937, the directorship of the Garden was held by Józef Trzebiński (1867–1941, a mycologist and one of the pioneers of

Erwin van Loo, ‘Eenige wakkere jongens’. Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers in de Britse luchtstrijdkrachten, 1940-1945

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Marc Dierikx

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Erwin van Loo, ‘Eenige wakkere jongens’. Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers in de Britse luchtstrijdkrachten, 1940-1945 (Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam 2013; Amsterdam: Boom, 2013, 515 pp., isbn 978 94 6105 926 0.

Die Evangelischen Pfarramtsbüchereien in Württemberg 1933-1945

OpenAIRE

Lütjen, Andreas

2017-01-01

Als Volksbibliotheken sind in der Evangelischen Landeskirche Württembergs zwischen 1933 und 1945 am ehesten die Bibliotheken der Pfarrämter sowie die der den Pfarrämtern vorgesetzten Dekanatämter zu bezeichnen. Diese Bibliotheken wurden von den jeweiligen Pfarrern bzw. Dekanen im Rahmen ihrer Amtsführung mitbetreut. Dazu kommen evangelische Vereinsbibliotheken wie beispielsweise die des Christlichen Vereins Junger Männer (CVJM). Die zeitgenössisch als „Bücherei“ bezeichnete Bibliothek des Obe...

Department of Film of the Ministry of Information 1945 - 1953

OpenAIRE

Stavárková, Kateřina

2017-01-01

Diploma thesis "Film Department of the Ministry of Information 1945 - 1953" deals with the cultural policy in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War. The introductory chapter focuses on evolution of the negotiations on the post-war organization in the restored Czechoslovakia. In this chapter was mentioned historical context with a focus on foreign and domestic resistance movement. A significant part of the diploma thesis is devoted to the constitution and development of the Ministry of Inf...

Entre a teoria parasitária e a oncologia experimental: uma proposta de sistematização da ciência oncológica em Portugal, 1889-1945 Between parasitic theory and experimental oncology: a proposal for systematizing oncological science in Portugal, 1889-1945

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Rui Manuel Pinto Costa

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Focaliza a produção de investigação biomédica sobre o estudo do câncer em Portugal entre 1889 e 1945. Recuperando os principais trabalhos realizados entre finais do século XIX e a primeira metade do XX, foi possível trazer a lume e delimitar um campo de ação científica ainda pouco estudado. Desde a introdução e consolidação dos princípios que definiram a oncologia experimental, detectam-se fases distintas de produção científica, oscilando entre a comprovação de teorias dominantes e a aplicação de métodos de criação artificial da doença. Propõe-se breve sistematização da orientação dos estudos dedicados à oncologia, organizados em patamares de investigação predominantes.This article deals with the bio-medical investigation of cancer studies in Portugal between 1889 and 1945. By examining the main works produced between the end of the nineteenth century and the middle of the twentieth century, it has been possible to illuminate and define a field of scientific endeavour which has been the scope of little study to date. Starting from the introduction and consolidation of the defining principles of experimental oncology, distinct phases can be discerned in the production of scientific material, alternating between support for the dominant theories and the application of methods for artificially creating the disease. In accordance with the principal phases of investigation, a brief systematic overview of the scope of these oncological studies is presented.

La psychologie du comportement de Pierre Naville (1904-1993).

OpenAIRE

Carbonel , Frédéric

2012-01-01

working paper ; preprint non référencé; Acquis au marxisme dès 1925, militant trotskiste depuis 1928, Pierre Naville est mobilisé en septembre 1939 comme simple caporal au train des Equipages sur Paris puis au secrétariat du cabinet Daladier au tout début de la " drôle de guerre ". On oublie trop souvent l'œuvre critique de Pierre Naville en matière de psychologie essentiellement développée entre 1942 et 1945.

Menelusuri Konsep Keadilan Pemilihan Umum Menurut UUD 1945

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Khairul Fahmi

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Abstract. As a contest for garnering the trust of the people, an election shall be lawful and legitimate whenever it is conducted in a fair manner. A fair election is a constitutional mandate, explicitly stated in Article 22E point (1 of the 1945 Constitution. However, the Constitution had not provided further guidance on fair election. Consequently, exploring the philosophical base of the fairness of the election will be critical in order to formulate the benchmark of fairness of the election. Furthermore, such benchmark will be referred to in formulating regulations or the technical issues of election organization. By means of conceptual approach, this Excerpt wishes to explore this cause. Based on the studies conducted, the fairness of election as intended by the Constitution is actually based on the concept of fairness and the social justice stated in the Fifth Principles of Pancasila.Abstrak. Sebagai kontestasi memperebutkan kepercayaan rakyat, sebuah pemilu akan sah dan memeroleh legitimasi bila mana ia dilaksanakan secara adil. Pemilu yang adil merupakan salah satu mandat konstitusional yang secara tegas dimuat dalam Pasal 22E ayat (1 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Konstitusi tidak memberi panduan lebih jauh ihwal bagaimana sesungguhnya pemilu yang adil. Oleh karenanya, menelurusi landasan filosofis keadilan pemilu menjadi amat penting guna merumuskan ukuran adil atau tidaknya pemilu. Untuk selanjutnya, ukuran itulah yang akan diacu dalam merumuskan aturan maupun teknis penyelenggaraan pemilu. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan konseptual, nukilan ini hendak mendalami hal itu. Berdasarkan hasil kajian yang dilakukan, keadilan pemilu yang dikehendaki konstitusi sesungguhnya dilandaskan pada konsep keadilan sebagai fairness dan keadilan sosial yang termuat dalam Sila Kelima Pancasila.  DOI: 10.15408/jch.v4i2.4098

Explanatory models of addictive behaviour among native German, Russian-German, and Turkish youth.

Science.gov (United States)

Penka, S; Heimann, H; Heinz, A; Schouler-Ocak, M

2008-01-01

In Germany, the public system of addiction treatment is used less by migrants with addictive disorders than by their non-migrant counterparts. To date, the literature has focused primarily on language, sociocultural factors, and residence status when discussing access barriers to this part of the health care system. However, little attention has been paid to cultural differences in explanatory models of addictive behaviour. This is surprising when we consider the important role played by popular knowledge in a population's perceptions of and responses to illnesses, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment. In the present study, we examined explanatory models of addictive behaviour and of mental disorders in 124 native German und Russian-German youth and compared these models to those observed in an earlier study of 144 German and Turkish youth. We employed the free listing technique German and to compile the terms that participating subjects used to describe addictive behaviour. Subsequently, we examined how a subset of our study population assigned these terms to the respective disorders by means of the pile sort method. Although the explanatory models used by the German and Russian-German youth in our study were surprisingly similar, those employed by Turkish youth did not make any fundamental distinction between illegal and legal drugs (e.g. alcohol and nicotine). German and Russian-German youth regarded eating disorders as "embarrassing" or "disgraceful", but Turkish youth did not. Unlike our German and Russian-German subjects, the Turkish youth did not classify eating disorders as being addictive in nature. Moreover, medical concepts crucial to a proper understanding of dependence disorders (e.g. the term "physical dependence") were characterised by almost half of our Turkish subjects as useless in describing addictions. These findings show that it is impossible to translate medical or everyday concepts of disease and treatment properly into a different

Images of the Second World War in Austrian Literature after 1945

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Karl Müller

2007-01-01

Full Text Available The author examines selected examples of post-1945 Austrian literature, asking what pictures of the Second World War they imparted and what role they played when, certainly from 1948 on, a certain image of history began to take shape in Austria against the background of the Cold War. This image involved a fade-out in particular of the racist nature of the war, and it had a collectively exonerating and distorting impact. Attention is paid to the stories and novels of former participants in the war and National Socialists, such as, for example, Erich Landgrebe, Erich Kern, Hans Gustl Kernmayr, Kurt Ziesel. A contrast is seen in the anti-war novel, Letzte Ausfahrt (Last Exit (1952 by the former soldier Herbert Zand, who turns against the dominant image of history, as well as in Ingeborg Bachmann's use of war memories as a topic. The texts are read as a reservoir of selective memory: on the one hand they are critical, individual counter-memories and on the other hand, they make a positive contribution to the formation of the aforesaid collective image. One may say that a war of perception was fought around the Second World War; it was undoubtedly won in the immediate post-war years by those literary works that legitimized or at least trivialized the war. The critical voices of Herbert Zand, Gerhard Fritsch, and Ingeborg Bachmann were unfortunately the quieter ones and were not particularly successful in their time.

Nota sobre Lutzomyia (Trichopygomyia Dasypodogeton (Castro, 1939, com a redescrição do macho e da fêmea (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae

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A. Vianna Martins

1983-06-01

Full Text Available Os autores, após transcreverem a descrição original da Lutzomyia (Trichopygomyia dasypodogeton (Castro, 1939, inicialmente publicada de maneira muito resumida em jornal não científico, redescrevem, de acordo com as normas atualmente adotadas, ambos os sexos dessa espécie, inclusive com desenhos dos elementos taxonomicamente importantes. É, também, dada uma chave para a identificação das espécies do subgênero trichopygomyia Barreto, 1952.After a transcription of the original description of Lutzomyia (Trichopygomyia dasypodogeton (Castro, 1939, first published very briefly in a non-scientific journal, the authors redescribe, with drewings of the importante taxonomic elements, both sexes of the species. A key for the identification of the species of the subenus Trichopygomyia Barreto, 1952, is also given.

Re-examination of the original questionnaire documents for the 1944 Tonankai, 1945 Mikawa, and 1946 Nanaki earthquakes

Science.gov (United States)

Harada, Tomoya; Satake, Kenji; Furumura, Takashi

2016-04-01

With the object of estimating seismic intensity, the Earthquakes Research Institute (ERI) of the University of Tokyo performed questionnaire surveys for the significant (destructive or large/great) earthquakes from 1943 to 1988 (Kayano, 1990, BERI). In these surveys, Kawasumi (1943)'s 12-class seismic intensity scale similar to the Modified Mercalli scale (MM-scale) was used. Survey results for earthquakes after 1950 were well investigated and published (e.g. Kayano and Komaki, 1977, BERI; Kayano and Sato, 1975, BERI), but the survey results for earthquakes in the 1940s have not been published and original documents of the surveys was missing. Recently, the original sheets of the surveys for the five earthquakes in the 1940s with more than 1,000 casualties were discovered in the ERI warehouse, although they are incomplete (Tsumura et al, 2010). They are from the 1943 Tottori (M 7.2), 1944 Tonankai (M 7.9), 1945 Mikawa (M 6.8), 1946 Nankai (M 8.0), and 1948 Fukui (M 7.1) earthquakes. In this study, we examined original questionnaire and summary sheets for the 1944 Tonankai, 1945 Mikawa, and 1946 Nanaki earthquakes, and estimated the distributions of seismic intensity, various kinds of damage, and human behaviors in detail. Numbers of the survey points for the 1944, 1945, and 1946 event are 287, 145, and 1,014, respectively. The numbers for the 1944 and 1945 earthquakes are much fewer than that of the 1946 event, because they occurred during the last years of World War II. The 1944 seismic intensities in the prefectures near the source region (Aichi, Mie, Shizuoka, and Gifu Pref.) tend to be high. However, the 1944 intensities are also high and damage is serious at the Suwa Lake shore in Nagano Pref. which is about 240 km far from the source region because seismic waves are amplified dramatically in the thick sediment in the Suwa Basin. Seismic intensities of the 1945 Mikawa earthquake near the source region in Aichi Pref. were very high (X-XI). However, the

Re-Inventing Infectious Disease: Antibiotic Resistance and Drug Development at the Bayer Company 1945-80.

Science.gov (United States)

Gradmann, Christoph

2016-04-01

This paper analyses how research on antibiotic resistance has been a driving force in the development of new antibiotics. Drug resistance, while being a problem for physicians and patients, offers attractive perspectives for those who research and develop new medicines. It imposes limits on the usability of older medicines and simultaneously modifies pathologies in a way that opens markets for new treatments. Studying resistance can thus be an important part of developing and marketing antibiotics. The chosen example is that of the German pharmaceutical company Bayer. Before World War Two, Bayer had pioneered the development of anti-infective chemotherapy, sulpha drugs in particular, but had missed the boat when it came to fungal antibiotics. Exacerbated by the effects of war, Bayer's world market presence, which had been considerable prior to the war, had plummeted. In this critical situation, the company opted for a development strategy that tried to capitalise on the problems created by the use of first-generation antibiotics. Part and parcel of this strategy was monitoring what can be called the structural change of infectious disease. In practice, this meant to focus on pathologies resulting from resistance and hospital infections. In addition, Bayer also focused on lifestyle pathologies such as athlete's foot. This paper will follow drug development and marketing at Bayer from 1945 to about 1980. In this period, Bayer managed to regain some of its previous standing in markets but could not escape from the overall crisis of anti-infective drug development from the 1970s on.

DEMorphy, German Language Morphological Analyzer

OpenAIRE

Altinok, Duygu

2018-01-01

DEMorphy is a morphological analyzer for German. It is built onto large, compactified lexicons from German Morphological Dictionary. A guesser based on German declension suffixed is also provided. For German, we provided a state-of-art morphological analyzer. DEMorphy is implemented in Python with ease of usability and accompanying documentation. The package is suitable for both academic and commercial purposes wit a permissive licence.

Report on the perception of the Soviet-Estonian relations by the inhabitants of the Pechora region in 1939-1940 / Nadezhda Lebedeva

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Lebedeva, Nadezhda

2000-01-01

Sotsioloogilisest küsitlusest, mille eesmärgiks oli uurida maaelanike majandustegevust piiriäärsetel aladel. Pihkva oblasti Kruppi küla elanikelt küsiti ka nende arvamust selle kohta, kuidas nad hindasid poliitilist olukorda 1939.-1940. a.

Health Information in German (Deutsch)

Science.gov (United States)

... Tools You Are Here: Home → Multiple Languages → German (Deutsch) URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/languages/german.html Health Information in German (Deutsch) To use the sharing features on this page, ...

[Sven Jüngerkes. Deutsche Besatzungsverwaltung in Lettland 1941-1945. Eine Kommunikations- und Kulturgeschichte nationalsozialistischer Organisationen] / Toomas Hiio

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Hiio, Toomas, 1965-

2012-01-01

Arvustus: Jüngerkes, Sven.Deutsche Besatzungsverwaltung in Lettland 1941-1945. Eine Kommunikations- und Kulturgeschichte nationalsozialistischer Organisationen (Historische Kulturwissenschaft, 15). (Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2010)

DDR-Landeskundliches im Deutschunterricht (East German Culture in the German Lesson).

Science.gov (United States)

Wazel, Gerhard

1988-01-01

Demonstrates with concrete examples from the texts of a German class for advanced learners how aspects of East German culture can be realized in vocabulary, in lectures, and in the development of listening comprehension and speaking skills. Texts are appended. (DJD)

Convergence and conflict: anthropology, psychiatry and feminism in the early writings of Madeleine Pelletier (1874?1939)

OpenAIRE

2008-01-01

Abstract This paper reviews the early career and psychiatric writings of Madeleine Pelletier (1874?1939), between 1901 and 1906. Pelletier, a committed feminist and socialist, was the first woman to remove the barriers to women entering the French psychiatric profession, successfully passing the examination for the l'internat des hopitaux psychiatriques in 1903. Her involvement in La Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris and the Institut General de Psychologie provided a forum for her i...

Orde Wingate and the British Internal Security Strategy during the Arab Rebellion in Palestine, 1936-1939

Science.gov (United States)

2012-06-08

biographies to the military historian and practitioner are the ones by Trevor Royle and Christopher Sykes because of the depth and breadth of their research...Administrative Districts were defined as Northern, Southern and Jerusalem Districts for which each was assigned a District Commissioner. The District...Documents and Portraits From the Records of the Arab Gangs in the Arab Revolt, 1936-1939 ( Jerusalem ; Magnes Press, 1981). A translated copy can be found at

Un cinéaste antifasciste à Paris : Slatan Dudow (1934-1939)

OpenAIRE

Trugeon, Mélanie

2011-01-01

Réfugié à Paris après l’arrivée de Hitler au pouvoir en Allemagne, le metteur en scène de théâtre et cinéaste bulgare Slatan Dudow poursuit son travail militant sur scène, à la radio et sur les écrans dans la capitale française jusqu’à son expulsion en 1939-1940 où il trouve alors refuge en Suisse. À partir d’un riche fonds d’archives déposé aux Archives Nationales, inexploité à ce jour, cet article retrace les conditions et les aléas de cette activité artistique et politique, en particulier ...

Revista de las Indias (1938-1950: La difusión cultural y el mundo letrado

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Alexander Betancourt Mendieta

2016-01-01

Full Text Available En el mes de julio de 1936 apareció el primer número de la Revista de las Indias. A partir de 1938, la política editorial de la Revista apostó por una mirada más allá de las fronteras nacionales que trató de abarcar el continente temáticamente. Este cambio en el enfoque se instaló en una coyuntura compleja: la Guerra Civil Española (1936- 1939, la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945 y el cambio de gobierno de Alfonso López Pumarejo a Eduardo Santos (1938-1942. El contexto llevó a la Revista a poner énfasis en temas novedosos como difundir y comprender el quehacer letrado colombiano y el que se producía en lengua española, lo que permitió prestar atención a la situación de este tipo de trabajos en un momento de crisis; por eso, entre septiembre de 1944 y abril de 1945, la Revista elaboró y publicó las respuestas a cuatro preguntas de hombres de letras nacionales y extranjeros sobre las consecuencias que tendría la guerra para el mundo letrado en América. El presente texto propone una descripción de este proyecto editorial y cómo se percibía el devenir del quehacer intelectual en un momento de crisis internacional.

The Lyttleton-Hoyle correspondence 1939-42

Science.gov (United States)

Mitton, S.

2005-12-01

Fred Hoyle started to collaborate with his older colleague Raymond Lyttleton in 1938. Hoyle's doctoral research had been in nuclear physics, and his supervisors were Rudolph Peierls and Paul Dirac. His first papers were in quantum electrodynamics. When Hoyle decided to change his research field to astronomy, Lyttleton acted as a mentor, and it was he who suggested that Hoyle should look at the physics of accretion. From late-1939, Lyttleton and Hoyle were both scientific civil servants drafted in for war work. They were in different establishments and could communicate only by the postal service. Some 70 letters from Lyttleton to Hoyle have survived, but we do not have any copies of Hoyle's correspondence. Many letters are undated, so it required detective work to assemble them in the correct sequence. The correspondence shows that Lyttleton played the senior role in determining what problems they should tackle, and in what order. Apart from the scientific content, these letters are remarkable for the sharp personal remarks Lyttleton makes of other colleagues, and particularly the Council of the Royal Astronomical Society. I make the suggestion that the poisonous and prolonged nature of the correspondence considerably influenced Hoyle's subsequent attitude to the establishment, to government-employed astronomers, and to the RAS. This was detrimental when Hoyle found, later in his career, that he would have to provide answers to these stakeholders. This research has been supported by St Edmund's College, Cambridge, UK.

Balloon Angioplasty – The Legacy of Andreas Grüntzig, M.D. (1939–1985)

Science.gov (United States)

Barton, Matthias; Grüntzig, Johannes; Husmann, Marc; Rösch, Josef

2014-01-01

In 1974, at the Medical Policlinic of the University of Zürich, German-born physician-scientist Andreas Grüntzig (1939–1985) for the first time applied a balloon-tipped catheter to re-open a severely stenosed femoral artery, a procedure, which he initially called “percutaneous transluminal dilatation”. Balloon angioplasty as a therapy of atherosclerotic vascular disease, for which Grüntzig and Charles T. Dotter (1920–1985) received a nomination for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978, became one of the most successful examples of translational medicine in the twentieth century. Known today as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in peripheral arteries or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in coronary arteries, balloon angioplasty has become the method of choice to treat patients with acute myocardial infarction or occluded leg arteries. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of balloon angioplasty, we summarize Grüntzig’s life and career in Germany, Switzerland, and the United States and also review the developments in vascular medicine from the 1890s to the 1980s, including Dotter’s first accidental angioplasty in 1963. The work of pioneers of catheterization, including Pedro L. Fariñas in Cuba, André F. Cournand in France, Werner Forssmann, Werner Porstmann and Eberhard Zeitler in Germany, António Egas Moniz and Reynaldo dos Santos in Portugal, Sven-Ivar Seldinger in Sweden, and Barney Brooks, Thomas J. Fogarty, Melvin P. Judkins, Richard K. Myler, Dickinson W. Richards, and F. Mason Sones in the United States, is discussed. We also present quotes by Grüntzig and excerpts from his unfinished autobiography, statements of Grüntzig’s former colleagues and contemporary witnesses, and have included hitherto unpublished historic photographs and links to archive recordings and historic materials. This year, on June 25, 2014, Andreas Grüntzig would have celebrated

[German influences on Romanian medical terminology].

Science.gov (United States)

Răcilă, R G; Răileanu, Irena; Rusu, V

2008-01-01

The medical terminology plays a key part both in the study of medicine as well as in its practice. Moreover, understanding the medical terms is important not only for the doctor but also for the patients who want to learn more about their condition. For these reasons we believe that the study of medical terminology is one of great interest. The aim of our paper was to evaluate the German linguistic and medical influences on the evolution of the Romanian medical terminology. Since the Romanian-German cultural contacts date back to the 12th century we had reasons to believe that the number of German medical words in Romanian would be significant. To our surprise, the Romanian language has very few German words and even less medical terms of German origin. However, when we searched the list of diseases coined after famous medical personalities, we found out that 26 % of them bore the names of German doctors and scientists. Taken together this proves that the German medical school played an important role on the evolution of Romanian medicine despite the fact that the Romanian vocabulary was slightly influenced by the German language. We explain this fact on the structural differences between the Romanian and German languages, which make it hard for German loans to be integrated in the Romanian lexis. In conclusion we state that the German influence on the Romanian medical terminology is weak despite the important contribution of the German medical school to the development of medical education and healthcare in Romania. Key

The principle of phase stability and the accelerator program at Berkeley, 1945--1954

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lofgren, E.J.

1994-07-01

The discovery of the Principle of Phase Stability by Vladimir Veksler and Edwin McMillian and the end of the war released a surge of accelerator activity at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (then The University of California Radiation Laboratory). Six accelerators incorporating the Principle of Phase Stability were built in the period 1945--1954

STUDI TENTANG KONSEP TATANAN ARSITEKTUR TIONGHOA DI SURABAYA YANG DIBANGUN SEBELUM TAHUN 1945

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KARTONO, J. Lukito

2012-12-01

Full Text Available This paper intends to explore the spatial concept of Chinese Architecture in Surabaya which was built prior 1945. The arrival of Chinese people decades ago brought along diverse culture that permeates the local Indonesian culture and once the Chinese settled down, the on-going cultural dialogue started to influence the Chinese in return. Most importantly, this cultural exchange process allowed the Chinese to introduce their own spatial architectural concept, which seems prescriptive, that applied to all buildings typology, starting from house, temple and the palace. In Surabaya context, the Chinese fixed-prescriptive spatial architectural concept observed to deviate from norm. Hence, this paper intends to explore this phenomenon comparing Surabaya’s Chinese spatial architectural concept, represented by temples, prayer houses as well as houses built prior 1945 era, to the Chinese original spatial concept. This research hopes to conclude that the main difference between the two is the absence of light well which known as Tien Ching which was originally located in the middle of the building in all Chinese Architecture in Surabaya.

[Sample German LAPS.

Science.gov (United States)

Rosenthal, Bianca

Four learning activity packages (LAPS) for use in secondary school German programs contain instructional materials which enable students to improve their basic linguistic skills. The units include: (1) "Grusse," (2) "Ich Heisse...Namen," (3) "Tune into Your Career: Business Correspondence 'Auf Deutch'," and (4) "Understanding German Culture."…

Spatial power spectrum of the geomagnetic field since 1945

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Senanayake, W.E.

1987-04-01

The Geomagnetic field for the period 1945-1990 has been analyzed in terms of Spatial Power Spectra of the Main Field and its Secular Variation. It is observed that for the above interval, the magnetic energy density at the core-mantle boundary is almost conserved. This supports the idea that an exchange of energy between different spherical harmonic constituents could occur. The distinctive behaviour of the first two terms (Dipole and Quadrupole), as seen from the spectra of the main field and secular variation, probably indicates somewhat different feature associated with the field origin. (author). 28 refs, 3 figs, 1 tab

Nazionale e globale nella rinascita dell’Internazionale socialista (1945-1951

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Enrico Pugliese

2012-02-01

Full Text Available This article focuses on the refoundation of Socialist International after the Second World War (1945-1951. It tackles three elements of socialist history through the archives preserved at the Institute of Social History in Amsterdam: the socialist building of an International organization, the new ideas and political issues in the socialist political culture, the socialist support to European technical governance. In this way, the paper underlines some crucial points as the relation between socialism and Nation State, and introduces the European integration question.

«A Ca’ Giustinian fu tutto diverso». La mostra di Paolo Veronese a Venezia (1939 / «A Ca’ Giustinian fu tutto diverso» (At Ca’ Giustiniani eveything was different. Paolo Veronese exhibition in Venice (1939

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Matilde Cartolari

2016-12-01

Full Text Available La mostra di Paolo Veronese si svolse a Venezia nel 1939 sotto la direzione di Rodolfo Pallucchini. Promuovendo una ricognizione materiale e critica dell’opera del maestro, la mostra fu l’occasione per effettuare una massiccia campagna di restauri ad opera del bergamasco Mauro Pellicioli e della sua squadra di collaboratori. Agendo sul duplice fronte della museografia e del restauro, Pallucchini si pose in dialogo con le parallele definizioni elaborate in sede istituzionale da Guglielmo Pacchioni e Giulio Carlo Argan. Il presente saggio intende offrire, attraverso materiale archivistico inedito, un’analisi del ruolo della mostra di Veronese nel contesto nazionale e internazionale, ricostruendo con un approccio interdisciplinare le dinamiche teoriche e operative che ne animarono lo svolgimento. Veronese exhibition took place in Venice in 1939 under the direction of Rodolfo Pallucchini. While promoting both material and critical examination of Veronese’s work, the exhibition was an opportunity to undertake a massive restoration, performed by Mauro Pellicioli and his team of collaborators. Pallucchini’s museographical and conservative program was in close relation with the theories promoted by Guglielmo Pacchioni and Giulio Carlo Argan in public administration. This paper intends to offer, through unpublished archival evidence, a detailed analysis of Veronese exhibition in relation to national and international context, in order to understand with an interdisciplinary approach both its theoretical and practical aspects.

Accent, Intelligibility, and the Role of the Listener: Perceptions of English-Accented German by Native German Speakers

Science.gov (United States)

Hayes-Harb, Rachel; Watzinger-Tharp, Johanna

2012-01-01

We explore the relationship between accentedness and intelligibility, and investigate how listeners' beliefs about nonnative speech interact with their accentedness and intelligibility judgments. Native German speakers and native English learners of German produced German sentences, which were presented to 12 native German speakers in accentedness…

Conspiracy, Guilt and Rationality: The Memory and History of the German Military Occupation of Denmark on 9 April 1940

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Roslyng-Jensen, Palle

2013-01-01

The German Military Occupation of Denmark 9. April 1940 was undertaken as a surprise attack and met very short Danish military resistance. It created for long debates, juridical encounters and dicussuions regarding future Danish military policy. Historical analyses did not became dominant before ...

LES CERFS-VOLANTS OU LA MÉMOIRE HISTORIQUE DE ROMAIN GARY

OpenAIRE

Barkate , Jonathan

2016-01-01

International audience; Dédié à la mémoire, le dernier roman de Romain Gary rend un vibrant hommage à la Résistance et doit être lu comme un testament destiné à perpétuer le souvenir de ceux qui ont contribué à surmonter la honte des années d’occupation. La galerie de portraits de résistants vante la folie sacrée et le roman met en scène un triangle amoureux en miroir de la situation politique de 1939-1945.

Manipulaation merkit : tulkinta toisen maailmansodan propagandajulisteista semioottisen kuva-analyysin keinoin

OpenAIRE

Salohalla, Lassi

2014-01-01

Tämä opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on tarkastella toisen maailmansodan aikaisten propagandajulisteiden viestintää ja tutkia julisteiden välittämien viestien merkitysten muodostumista. Pyrkimyksenä on löytää propagandajulisteiden kuvituksista ja teksteistä viestinnällisiä piilomerkityksiä ja pohtia viestien lähettäjien päämääriä. Toisen maailmansodan aikaisilla propagandajulisteilla tässä työssä tarkoitetaan vuosien 1939 ja 1945 välillä sotamenestyksen tai kansantalouden edistämistarkoituksiin...

Sistem Ekonomi Pancasila: Memaknai Pasal 33 UUD 1945

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Fuad Bawazier

2017-11-01

Full Text Available Even though our the founding fathers have givenvery clear in developing the Indonesian economy system as clearly stated in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, in practice,the implementation of the Constitution does still not become the focus of government policy from one regime to the next. The understanding and the readiness of the leader, similar to the leader influencers, toimplement Article 33 of the Constitution the Berkeley Mafia in the New Order era who has alienated the Indonesian people to achieve theformulated desirable economic development stated in the Constitution. Does Pancasila economic system have a doubt full role to our decision makers and never give up to  stop trying other formula.

Practice of Propaganda on Korean Peninsula (1945-1960

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Zhyvora Olexii

2016-05-01

Full Text Available The topic of propaganda, which was thought to be a part of the Cold War past, was recently revived by modern and rather successful application in Georgian, Syrian and Ukrainian conflicts. In this regard Korean Peninsula is a perfect example of prolonged use of mutual practice of indoctrination to study its origins. This article discuses the evolution of propaganda use by both Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Republic of Korea (1945-1960 in cultural, economic and political dimensions. Qualitative text analysis and case study in conjunction with theoretical framework of A. E. Cassirer, S. Langer, E. Barneys and W. Lippmann are used to establish techniques used, and to explain its overall success.

1939 : la "falsa ruta" de los regionalistas catalanes

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Francesc Vilanova i Vila-Abadal

1996-01-01

Full Text Available Cuando los regionalistas catalanes (los dirigentes de la Lliga Catalana y todos los elementos que se movían a su alrededor regresaron a Barcelona, a partir de febrero de 1939, ya sabían perfectamente que la victoria franquista (la única posible para ellos, al menos si aspiraban a regresar a casa y recuperar los bienes y las propiedades estaría acompañada de unos costes y una factura muy concretos: la liquidación de la autonomía catalana (avanzada en abril de 1938, en el momento que las tropas fascistas ocuparon Lleida y de las instituciones del país (las políticas y, probablemente, culturales, la represión política, la prohibición de todo tipo de juego partidista e, incluso, la persecución del uso público de la lengua catalana, aunque todo ello fuera de forma limitada y por un período de tiempo prudencial, y la exclusión de los regionalistas de los principales centros de poder públicos (desde el gobierno a las diputaciones, pasando por todo tipo de organismos intermedios.

German Orientalism

OpenAIRE

Margaret Olin

2011-01-01

Review of: Suzanne L. Marchand, German Orientalism in the Age of Empire: Religion, Race and Scholarship, Cambridge and Washington, D.C.: Cambridge University Press, 2009. This analysis of Suzanne L. Marchand’s German Orientalism in the Age of Empire: Religion, Race and Scholarship reads her contribution in part against the background of Edward Said’s path breaking book Orientalism. Differences lie in her more expansive understanding of the term ‘Oriental’ to include the Far East and her conce...

CULTURAL MEMORY OF VICTORY OF LAS TUNAS CITY' LODGES FROM 1930 TO 1945 / MEMORIA CULTURAL DE LAS LOGIAS DE VICTORIA DE LAS TUNAS 1930-1945

OpenAIRE

Milena Medina Pérez

2012-01-01

The cultural memory of the lodges of Victoria de Las Tunas (1930-1945), it constitutes the topic of the present investigation. The thematic of the lodges has been approached for studious and investigating, not alone of the town but of several parts of the world. Still when these studies exist, the related with the cultural memory of the lodges of the territory, is in the pages of the documents of the time that which leaves to the light starting from this investigation, to show yesterday's Tun...

Saksa kirjandus Noor-Eesti ajal. Young Estonia and German Literature

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Liina Lukas

2012-04-01

Full Text Available Impelled by a desire to free themselves from the German influence that had dominated the development of Estonian literature, and from the one-sided relation of cultural dependence that had lasted several hundred years, the Young Estonia movement sought to modernize Estonian literature through borrowing from other European literatures, in particular from French, Scandinavian, and Finnish. This article seeks to clarify the relative importance and selection criteria of translations from German literature for the literary field of the Young Estonia era. Further, I seek to elucidate Young Estonia’s contribution to the renewal of these selection criteria in the first, but more importantly the second decade of the 20th century. The long list of translations from German to Estonian at the beginning of the century speaks of the ”light Muse” of German family newspapers, with an admixture of the following: naturalist light fiction with a social theme and social drama; the historical novel (great favourite of the era of historicism, trendy fiction for both feminine and masculine audiences, and an overwhelming proportion of ”Heimatskunst” (literature of local colour. In the first and second decade of the new century, new names appear on the Estonian literary scene that signal a change in taste. For example, naturalist authors (Kretzer, Hauptmann, Halbe, Dehmel crop up sporadically amidst texts meant for leisure reading. Although the first translations of Nietzsche only appeared in 1901, already in 1902 critics had reason to speak of ”Nietzsche in Estonian literature”. 1910 marked the breakthrough of Viennese modernism in the Estonian literary field (Schnitzler, Altenberg, Bahr. Under the influential protection of the Young Estonians (Suits, Kallas, and published by the Young Estonia Publishing House, Baltic German novellawriter Eduard Keyserling enters the Estonian literary scene. Though ”mass consumption” literature from Germany continued

Crystal chemistry of germanates: Characteristic structural features of Li,Ge-germanates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ilyushin, G.D.; Dem'yanets, L.N.

2000-01-01

Crystallochemical classification of eleven compounds from the Li-germanate family is suggested. Depending on the set of the primary building units (PBU) (M-octahedra of the composition [GeO 6 ] and T-tetrahedra of the composition [GeO 4 ]) and the type of their 'condensation', these germanates are divided into three crystallochemical groups: framework MT-structures (four phases), condensed MT-structures (two phases), and tetrahedral T-condensed structures (five phases). The structural characteristics of the framework Li,Ge-germanates are considered, i.e., their symmetry, crystallographically independent sets of the primary building units, framework architecture, and the types of chains and layers of the (Ge,O)-radicals

Fragua Social. Prensa, cultura y movilización en la CNT valenciana (1936-1939)

OpenAIRE

Alcolea Escribano, Josefa

2015-01-01

Este estudio aborda la historia del diario valenciano Fragua Social, órgano de expresión del Comité Regional de Levante y del Comité Nacional de la CNT durante la guerra civil española de 1936 a 1939. Pretende completar y renovar los conocimientos sobre la CNT valenciana desde un enfoque cultural, y determinar su relación con la organización nacional y con las otras fuerzas sindicales y políticas durante los tres años que duró la guerra. Analiza el contenido formal del diario, la evolución de...

Nuclear war and other catastrophes. Civil and catastrophe protection in the Federal republic of Germany and the United Kingdom after 1945

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Diebel, Martin

2017-01-01

The book civil and catastrophe protection in the Federal republic of Germany and the United Kingdom after 1945 discusses the following issues: aerial defense and the atomic bomb (1945 - 1968), crises and catastrophes in the shadow of the bomb (1962 - 1978), civil defense and the comeback of the (nuclear) war (1976 - 1979), civil defense and the second ''Cold War'' (1979 - 1986), Chernobyl and the end of the Cold War (1979 - 1990), war, catastrophe and safety in the 20th century - a conclusion.

Strategic capacity withholding through failures in the German-Austrian electricity market

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bergler, Julian; Heim, Sven; Hüschelrath, Kai

2017-01-01

In electricity day-ahead markets organized as uniform price auction, a small reduction in supply in times of high demand can cause substantial increases in price. We use a unique data set of failures of generation capacity in the German-Austrian electricity market to investigate the relationship between electricity spot prices and generation failures. Differentiating between strategic and non-strategic failures, we find a positive impact of prices on non-usable marginal generation capacity for strategic failures only. Our empirical analysis therefore provides evidence for the existence of strategic capacity withholding through failures suggesting further monitoring efforts by public authorities to effectively reduce the likelihood of such abuses of a dominant position. - Highlights: • We investigate the relationship between electricity spot prices and generation failures. • Announced (non-strategic) failures are found to decrease with increasing price. • Unannounced (strategic) failures of marginal technologies increase with increasing price. • Our evidence is consistent with the presence of capacity withholding strategies in the German-Austrian electricity market.

Nurses Writing about Psychiatric Nurses' Involvement in Killings during the Nazi Era: A Preliminary Discourse Analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Holmes, Colin A; McAllister, Margaret; Crowther, Andrew

2016-01-01

Nurses actively killed people in Nazi Europe between 1939 and 1945. The so-called ‘science of eugenics’ underpinned Nazi ideology, used to further the Nazi racist agenda. Edicts sanctioned selection and medically supervised killing of people, and nurses, principally in mental hospitals, participated in the killing of between 100–300 thousand patients. Erroneously termed ‘euthanasia', there were three phases: the initial programme involving children, the T4 adult programme, and ‘wild euthanasia'. Unofficial killings also took place before 1939. This paper uses discourse analysis to map and analyse published texts which explore the role of nurses in Nazi Germany. The aim is to identify its characteristics as a body of literature, to note strengths and weaknesses, emphases and silences, and to note aspects that need further exploration. It acknowledges that how these events are to be understood and represented in contemporary discourse constitutes a significant problem for historians of nursing.

Music to Teach German By.

Science.gov (United States)

Schulte, Leo

1985-01-01

Discusses how music can be intergrated with regular lesson plans to teach German vocabulary, grammar, and history and to give insights into German culture. Also included are sources for basic background information, a list of recordings of the German music, and notes on selecting and presenting it in the language class. (SED)

Maternalismo, políticas públicas e benemerência no Brasil (1930-1945 Maternalism, state policy, and women's philanthropic activities in Brazil (1930-1945

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Maria Lúcia Mott

2001-01-01

Full Text Available Este artigo tem por objetivos: 1. revisitar as propostas das entidades filantrópicas organizadas e administradas por mulheres na primeira metade do século XX; 2. repensar o papel que tiveram na elaboração de programas e no estabelecimento de políticas públicas; 3. chamar a atenção para a necessidade de uma releitura do movimento feminista brasileiro. O encaminhamento destes tópicos será feito a partir da análise do discurso maternalista. A pesquisa baseou-se principalmente na documentação levantada nos arquivos da Cruzada Pró Infância, entidade fundada em 1930, na cidade de São Paulo, e focalizará as propostas referentes à proteção da maternidade feitas pela sua diretora-presidente Pérola Byington, entre 1930-1945.The objectives of this study are: 1. To review the proposals of philanthropic entities, organized and managed by women in the first half of the 20th century; 2. To rethink the role they played elaborating programs and establishing public policies; 3. To call attention to the need of reviewing the Brazilian feminist movement. The guide for these topics will be based on the analysis of the maternalist discourse. The research was based on documents from the archives of the Cruzada Pró Infância (Crusade Pro-Childhood an entity founded in the city of Sao Paulo in 1930. It will focus on the proposals for maternity protection elaborated by Pérola Byington, its managing director between 1930-1945.

Memorialisation in Norrtälje, Mariehamn and Pargas: 1881-1939

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Lara Band

2013-10-01

Full Text Available The data, the result of an archaeological survey of more than 300 memorials dating from 1881 – 1939 in cemeteries in Norrtälje, Sweden; Mariehamn, Åland and Pargas, Finland, was collected for an MA dissertation: ‘The Åland Islands Question’ – A New Perspective? A comparative study of three burial grounds on Åland, in Finland and in Sweden. The dissertation explored the potential for carrying out archaeological studies of memorialisation in a Nordic context, concentrating on the twin themes of identity and nationalism with particular reference to the League of Nations 1921 Agreement on the Autonomy of Åland. The dataset, deposited with the Swedish National Data Service, comprises a database with the details of each memorial, a photograph of each memorial and of the cemeteries, and a note on methodology. Reuse potential includes the incorporation of the data into wider studies of memorialisation, utilisation for gender studies, studies of nationalism, design history and genealogy.

Estimation of 1945 to 1957 food consumption

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Anderson, D.M.; Bates, D.J.; Marsh, T.L.

1993-03-01

This report details the methods used and the results of the study on the estimated historic levels of food consumption by individuals in the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) study area from 1945--1957. This period includes the time of highest releases from Hanford and is the period for which data are being collected in the Hanford Thyroid Disease Study. These estimates provide the food-consumption inputs for the HEDR database of individual diets. This database will be an input file in the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Integrated Code (HEDRIC) computer model that will be used to calculate the radiation dose. The report focuses on fresh milk, eggs, lettuce, and spinach. These foods were chosen because they have been found to be significant contributors to radiation dose based on the Technical Steering Panel dose decision level.

How do German bilingual schoolchildren process German prepositions? - A study on language-motor interactions.

Science.gov (United States)

Ahlberg, Daniela Katharina; Bischoff, Heike; Strozyk, Jessica Vanessa; Bryant, Doreen; Kaup, Barbara

2018-01-01

While much support is found for embodied language processing in a first language (L1), evidence for embodiment in second language (L2) processing is rather sparse. In a recent study, we found support for L2 embodiment, but also an influence of L1 on L2 processing in adult learners. In the present study, we compared bilingual schoolchildren who speak German as one of their languages with monolingual German schoolchildren. We presented the German prepositions auf (on), über (above), and unter (under) in a Stroop-like task. Upward or downward responses were made depending on the font colour, resulting in compatible and incompatible trials. We found compatibility effects for all children, but in contrast to the adult sample, there were no processing differences between the children depending on the nature of their other language, suggesting that the processing of German prepositions of bilingual children is embodied in a similar way as in monolingual German children.

Collaboration patterns in the German political science co-authorship network.

Science.gov (United States)

Leifeld, Philip; Wankmüller, Sandra; Berger, Valentin T Z; Ingold, Karin; Steiner, Christiane

2017-01-01

Research on social processes in the production of scientific output suggests that the collective research agenda of a discipline is influenced by its structural features, such as "invisible colleges" or "groups of collaborators" as well as academic "stars" that are embedded in, or connect, these research groups. Based on an encompassing dataset that takes into account multiple publication types including journals and chapters in edited volumes, we analyze the complete co-authorship network of all 1,339 researchers in German political science. Through the use of consensus graph clustering techniques and descriptive centrality measures, we identify the ten largest research clusters, their research topics, and the most central researchers who act as bridges and connect these clusters. We also aggregate the findings at the level of research organizations and consider the inter-university co-authorship network. The findings indicate that German political science is structured by multiple overlapping research clusters with a dominance of the subfields of international relations, comparative politics and political sociology. A small set of well-connected universities takes leading roles in these informal research groups.

Parliamentary privilege--mortality in members of the Houses of Parliament compared with the UK general population: retrospective cohort analysis, 1945-2011.

Science.gov (United States)

Dennis, John; Crayford, Tim

2015-12-14

To examine mortality in members of the two UK Houses of Parliament compared with the general population, 1945-2011. Retrospective cohort analysis of death rates and predictors of mortality in Members of Parliament (MPs) and members of the House of Lords (Lords). UK. 4950 MPs and Lords first joining the UK parliament in 1945-2011. Standardised mortality ratios, comparing all cause death rates of MPs and Lords from first election or appointment with those in the age, sex, and calendar year matched general population. Between 1945 and 2011, mortality was lower in MPs (standardised mortality ratio 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.76) and Lords (0.63, 0.60 to 0.67) than in the general population. Over the same period, death rates among MPs also improved more quickly than in the general population. For every 100 expected deaths, 22 fewer deaths occurred among MPs first elected in 1990-99 compared with MPs first elected in 1945-49. Labour party MPs had 19% higher death rates compared with the general population than did Conservative MPs (relative mortality ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.40). The effect of political party on mortality disappeared when controlling for education level. From 1945 to 2011, MPs and Lords experienced lower mortality than the UK general population, and, at least until 1999, the mortality gap between newly elected MPs and the general population widened. Even among MPs, educational background was an important predictor of mortality, and education possibly explains much of the mortality difference between Labour and Conservative MPs. Social inequalities are alive and well in UK parliamentarians, and at least in terms of mortality, MPs are likely to have never had it so good. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

La arquitectura de la Groβstadt : Berlín, 1900-1945

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Mónica Vázquez Astorga

2011-01-01

Full Text Available El presente artículo recoge las conclusiones más importantes obtenidas durante mi estancia de investigación realizada en Berlín en el verano de 2009, que tuvo por objeto el estudio y análisis de la actividad arquitectónica desarrollada en Berlín antes y después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y, en concreto, entre 1900 y 1945. Se valora también el contexto existente en esta ciudad tras las destrucciones ocasionadas por el segundo conflicto mundial, aludiendo a las diversas propuestas ideadas para su reconstrucción. Asimismo, se ha buscado establecer paralelismos con el panorama arquitectónico europeo.The following article includes the most important conclusions drawn from my research stay in Berlin during the summer of 2009. The main aim of my research was to study and analyse the architectural development carried out in Berlin between 1900 and 1945, before and after the II World War, taking also into account the prevailing context of the city due to the damages caused by this War, the numerous reconstruction projects put forward in that moment, together with an attempt to establish parallelisms with the European architectural prospect of that historical moment.

An overview of animal science research 1945-2011 through science mapping analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Rodriguez-Ledesma, A; Cobo, M J; Lopez-Pujalte, C; Herrera-Viedma, E

2015-12-01

The conceptual structure of the field of Animal Science (AS) research is examined by means of a longitudinal science mapping analysis. The whole of the AS research field is analysed, revealing its conceptual evolution. To this end, an automatic approach to detecting and visualizing hidden themes or topics and their evolution across a consecutive span of years was applied to AS publications of the JCR category 'Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science' during the period 1945-2011. This automatic approach was based on a coword analysis and combines performance analysis and science mapping. To observe the conceptual evolution of AS, six consecutive periods were defined: 1945-1969, 1970-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2005 and 2006-2011. Research in AS was identified as having focused on ten main thematic areas: ANIMAL-FEEDING, SMALL-RUMINANTS, ANIMAL-REPRODUCTION, DAIRY-PRODUCTION, MEAT-QUALITY, SWINE-PRODUCTION, GENETICS-AND-ANIMAL-BREEDING, POULTRY, ANIMAL-WELFARE and GROWTH-FACTORS-AND-FATTY-ACIDS. The results show how genomic studies gain in weight and integrate with other thematic areas. The whole of AS research has become oriented towards an overall framework in which animal welfare, sustainable management and human health play a major role. All this would affect the future structure and management of livestock farming. © 2014 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Exilio y emigración : apuntes acerca de las relaciones hispano-suizas, 1939-1964

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Sebastián Farré

1998-01-01

Full Text Available El estudio del exilio provocado por la guerra civil y de la emigración de obreros españoles en Suiza nos ofrece una perspectiva original de las relaciones del gobierno suizo con el franquismo. La actitud de la Confederación frente a la presencia de destacados exilados (el cardenal Vidal i Barraquer, Don Juan de Borbón, Josep Tarradellas, etc. y más tarde de una importante colonia española, nos ayuda a comprender mejor las principales decisiones adoptadas por la diplomacia tielvética. Desde el reconocimiento del gobierno de Franco en 1939, hasta las medidas en contra de las manifestaciones antifranquistas al inicio de los 60, podemos esbozar un primer balance: las relaciones bilaterales tiispano-suizas durante estos 25 años se destacaron por su solidez.The study of the exile provoked by civil war and the emigration of spanish workers to Switzerland presents and unique perspective of the relations between the swiss governement and the franquism. The attitude of the Confederation towards the present of certain exiled spanish oficiáis (el cardenal Vidal i Barraquer, Don Juan de Borbón, Josep Tarradellas, etc. and the later the presence of an importanf spanish colony, helps us to understand various principal decisions adopted by the helvetic diplomacy. Since the governement recognition of the Franco régimen in 1939 until the measures taken against the anti- Franco manifestations at the beginning of the 1960s, we are able to outline an initial balance: the bilateral spanish-swiss relations during the first 25 years stand out as a result of their solidity.

Sectarianism in the Syrian Jazira: community, land and violence in the memories of World War I and the French mandate (1915- 1939)

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Altug, S.

2011-01-01

This thesis is a historico-anthropological study of the transformations in the understandings of self and community among the Armenian, Syriac, and Kurdish refugees in the French Jazira in the post-genocide world. (1915- 1939). It explored the processes of change in self-identification and the terms

Theodor Körner in Böhmen

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Petrbok, Václav

2014-01-01

Roč. 22, 1-2 (2014), s. 103-128 ISSN 1803-456X Institutional support: RVO:68378068 Keywords : Körner, Theodor * reception * Czech literature * German literature * 1815-1945 Subject RIV: AJ - Letters, Mass-media, Audiovision

The Case of Hirose Akira: The Ethical Predicament of a Japanese Buddhist Youth during World War II

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Kunihiko Terasawa

2018-06-01

Full Text Available The Japanese Buddhist clergy’s collaboration with the Japanese war machine during the Fifteen Year War (1931–1945 is notorious. Yet the struggles of ordinary lay Buddhist youths during World War II remain less publicized. This article examines the case of a young Shinshū Buddhist soldier, Hirose Akira, 廣瀬明 (1919–1947, and scrutinizes the diary he kept between 1939 and 1946. Mobilized between February 1942 and January 1945, Hirose became increasingly disillusioned, especially when he witnessed injustices and the officers’ thoughtlessness in ordering junior soldiers to make sacrifices while enjoying their privileges. His diary reveals an early skepticism toward the Japanese embrace of expansionism and the hypocrisy of its justifications for the war of aggression waged against China and Asia as a whole. Independently from the battle’s fate, by 1944 Hirose considered that Japan was already defeated because of what he saw as “her own people’s ego and selfishness.”

A history of US nuclear testing and its influence on nuclear thought, 1945-1963

CERN Document Server

Blades, David M

2014-01-01

As states continue to pursue nuclear weaponry, nuclear testing remains an important political issue in the twenty-first century. This survey examines how and why the U.S. conducted nuclear tests from 1945 through 1963 and the resulting influence on key questions from normalization and de-normalization up to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963.

A single methyltransferase YefA (RlmCD) catalyses both m5U747 and m5U1939 modifications in Bacillus subtilis 23S rRNA

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Desmolaize, Benoit; Fabret, Céline; Brégeon, Damien

2011-01-01

Escherichia coli possesses three paralogues. These comprise the methyltransferases TrmA that targets U54 in tRNAs, RlmC that modifies U747 in 23S rRNA and RlmD that is specific for U1939 in 23S rRNA. The tRNAs and rRNAs of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis have the same three m(5)U modifications....... However, as previously shown, the m(5)U54 modification in B. subtilis tRNAs is catalysed in a fundamentally different manner by the folate-dependent enzyme TrmFO, which is unrelated to the E. coli TrmA. Here, we show that methylation of U747 and U1939 in B. subtilis rRNA is catalysed by a single enzyme...

L’Albania fascista (1939-1943. Stato della ricerca e piste da seguire

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Redi Halimi

2017-10-01

Full Text Available This paper will provide an overview of the scientific studies about Italy’s occupation of Albania during World War II. It also suggests the issues still to be addressed and shows the disposal of new archival sources, finally available to scholars. Documentary collections on the Union between Italy and Albania are abundant but there are just a few historical works that analyze them thoroughly. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part briefly describes the major events and the Union’s institutional framework. The second one provides an overview of the historiography about Albania during 1939-1943. The third part gives an overview of the documents available in recent years. The last one suggests the main research the mes related to Italy as an occupying power during World War II.

Considerações sobre a anistia de 1945 na imprensa

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Paulo Jorge Corrêa Campos

2015-12-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho busca atentar para os conflitos políticos no contexto do final do Estado Novo, no ano de 1945. Para tal, propõe-se a apresentar a articulação em torno da campanha pela anistia política na imprensa brasileira, a partir de março até a decretação da mesma no mês seguinte. Ao buscar tal referencial empírico, o texto almeja apresentar dados que auxiliem na compreensão da adesão ou não da participação popular ao movimento.

WYŁĄCZENIE OSÓB NARODOWOŚCI NIEMIECKIEJ Z GRONA UPRAWNIONYCH OKREŚLONYCH W PROJEKCIE USTAWY O ŚWIADCZENIACH PIENIĘŻNYCH PRZYZNAWANYCH NIEKTÓRYM OSOBOM, KTÓRYCH DOTYCZYŁY PROCESY NACJONALIZACJI

OpenAIRE

Sierakowski, Bartosz

2009-01-01

In this paper the author looks at the legal status of post-German property in Poland in the light of the bill on monetary benefit for certain persons affected by nationalisation processes, and analyses international law acts under which Poland acquired that property. Special attention has been given to the Treaty of Potsdam of 2 August 1945 and the Polish-Soviet agreement of 16 August 1945 which regulated the manner of reparations for war damages caused by Nazi occupation in Po...

Field Expedient Armor Modifications to US Armored Vehicles

Science.gov (United States)

2006-06-01

Report on US vs. German Armor,” Exhibit 3, p. 42. 37Ibid., Exhibit 2, p. 38. 38Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under Armor , The Marine Corps and the...Washington, D.C., 1945), 62. 43Estes, Marines Under Armor , 81. 44Ibid. 45Cameron, “Armor Combat Development 1917-1945,” 17. 46Mayo, The Technical...Marines Under Armor , 53. 72William E. Bennett, Charles W. Fletcher, French G. Lewis, Gerald H. Shea, Rufus J. Cleghorn, James F. Beaver and Thomas

[Socialist escapes. Breaking away from ideology and everday routine in Eastern Europe 1945-1989] / Karsten Brüggemann

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Brüggemann, Karsten, 1965-

2014-01-01

Arvustus: Socialist escapes: Breaking away from ideology and everday routine in Eastern Europe 1945-1989, co-edited with Cathleen M. Giustino and Catherine J. Plum (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2013).

Layers of root nouns in Germanic

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hansen, Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard

2017-01-01

The root-noun declension became productive in early Germanic, containing (I) inherited root nouns, (IIa) original substrate or loan words, and transitions from other declensions in (IIb) Proto-Germanic and (III) North Germanic. As ablaut was abolished, the inherited type would display ablaut grades...

O Crisol: periódico das alunas do Colégio Americano (Porto Alegre/RS, 1945-1964 - O Crisol: the jornal by students of the Colégio Americano (Porto Alegre/RS, 1945-1964

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dóris Bittencourt Almeida, Brasil

2013-04-01

Full Text Available Neste trabalho investiga-se o periódico O Crisol, produzido pelas alunas do Colégio Americano, uma escola de Porto Alegre/RS, entre os anos de 1945 e 1964. Esse periódicodiz muito à História da Educação, pois evidencia saberes e práticas que circulavam nacomunidade do Colégio e revela um pouco das representações da cultura juvenil daquele tempo. Aqui interessam os significados dos discursos difundidos pelo periódico nos processos de subjetivação provocados pelos textos e suas possíveis influências na construção das identidades das jovens leitoras e escritoras do jornal. A pesquisa identifica-se com os pressupostos teóricos da História Cultural e se inscreve no campo das práticas de leitura e escrita e de memórias juvenis, tendo como referenciais as concepções da cultura escrita enquanto produção discursiva de um determinado tempo e lugar.Palavras-chave: memórias juvenis, escritas escolares, práticas de escrita. O CRISOL: THE JORNAL BY STUDENTS OF THE COLÉGIO AMERICANO (PORTO ALEGRE/RS, 1945-1964 AbstractThis work investigates the journalO Crisolproduced by students of the Colégio Americano, a school in Porto Alegre/RS, between the years 1945 and 1964.The journal says much to the History of Education, as evidenced knowledges and pratices circulating in the community,showing a bit of representations of youth culture in that time. Herethe interest by meaning’s dissemination of speeches by the journal in the processes of subjectivation caused by texts and their possible influences on the construction of identities of young readers and writers of the newspaper. The research identifies with the theoreticals presuppositions o Cultural History and inscribed in the field of reading and writing practices and memories of youth, taking as reference the concepts of the writing culture as a discursive production of a determinated time and place.Key-words: youth’s memories, written school, writing practices. O CRISOL: EL

77 FR 68790 - Program Comment Issued for Streamlining Section 106 Review for Actions Affecting Post-1945...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-11-16

... Program Comment including: Removing reinforced concrete rigid frames, metal rigid frames, and curved metal... culverts and reinforced concrete boxes among the common bridge types covered by the Program Comment. Two... Program Comment: Program Comment for Common Post-1945 Concrete and Steel Bridges I. Introduction Every...

Centennial ties: Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) and William Osler (1849-1919) on Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564).

Science.gov (United States)

Toodayan, Nadeem

2017-08-01

Andreas Vesalius is often regarded as the founding father of modern anatomical study. The quincentennial anniversary of his birth - 31 December 2014 - has been very widely commemorated, and it is the purpose of this article to contrast these celebrations with what happened during the Vesalius quatercentenary year of 1914. More specifically, we look at how Vesalius was perceived a century ago by examining his influence on two of western medicine's most iconic gentlemen - Harvey Williams Cushing (1869-1939) and his larger than life mentor, Sir William Osler (1849-1919).

How do German bilingual schoolchildren process German prepositions? – A study on language-motor interactions

Science.gov (United States)

Bischoff, Heike; Strozyk, Jessica Vanessa; Bryant, Doreen; Kaup, Barbara

2018-01-01

While much support is found for embodied language processing in a first language (L1), evidence for embodiment in second language (L2) processing is rather sparse. In a recent study, we found support for L2 embodiment, but also an influence of L1 on L2 processing in adult learners. In the present study, we compared bilingual schoolchildren who speak German as one of their languages with monolingual German schoolchildren. We presented the German prepositions auf (on), über (above), and unter (under) in a Stroop-like task. Upward or downward responses were made depending on the font colour, resulting in compatible and incompatible trials. We found compatibility effects for all children, but in contrast to the adult sample, there were no processing differences between the children depending on the nature of their other language, suggesting that the processing of German prepositions of bilingual children is embodied in a similar way as in monolingual German children. PMID:29538404

French uranium mines and miners from 1945 to 1975

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Blanc, J.

2009-04-01

The author proposes an historical review of the French uranium mining activity, and more particularly of its actors from 1945 to 1975 with the creation of the CEA and of its different departments, and their successive managers. CEA teams explored several countries but also exploit uranium ores in France (275 tons in 1956). After a continuous development until 1962, an important discovery in Niger, the activity in France faced great difficulties between 1970 and 1973, just before knowing great time due to the French electronuclear program (1974-1980), and to the strong increase of the uranium market. The first oil crisis was still a benefit, but the third oil crisis (1980) caused a reduction of power plant commissioning

Na casa e... na rua: cartografias das mulheres na cidade (Campina Grande, 1930-1945 At home and... on the streets: cartography of women around the city (Campina Grande, 1930-1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fabio Gutemberg Ramos Bezerra de Sousa

2005-06-01

Full Text Available Neste artigo fazemos uma incursão específica no mundo das mulheres. O locus do estudo é a cidade de Campina Grande, Paraíba, nos anos de 1930 a 1945, tendo como objeto os significados e implicações que algumas atividades das mulheres do meio popular tinham para a cidade e o modo como utilizavam seus espaços e territórios. Também buscamos reconstituir aspectos cotidianos da trajetória de algumas mulheres pelas ruas e subúrbios da cidade, focalizando características singulares de mulheres anônimas que apareceram na cena urbana, fazendo da cidade um lugar de múltiplas práticas, relações e conflitos.This article brings a specific gaze into women's world. The locus of our study is the city of Campina Grande (Paraíba from 1930 to 1945, emphasising the meanings and implications of some activities carried out by working class women through the city, and the ways they used its spaces and territories. We also seek to rebuild everyday aspects of their trajectories through streets and suburbs, focusing singular characteristics of anonymous women who appeared at the urban scene turning it into a place of multiple practices, relations and conflicts.

Professional Development across the Teaching Career: Teachers' Uptake of Formal and Informal Learning Opportunities

Science.gov (United States)

Richter, Dirk; Kunter, Mareike; Klusmann, Uta; Ludtke, Oliver; Baumert, Jurgen

2011-01-01

This study examined teachers' uptake of formal and informal learning opportunities across the career cycle. Analyses were based on data from 1939 German secondary teachers in 198 schools. Results showed that formal learning opportunities (in-service training) were used most frequently by mid-career teachers, whereas informal learning opportunities…

Extractive metallurgy of zirconium--1945 to the present

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Franklin, D.G.; Adamson, R.B.

1984-01-01

Although the history of the reduction of zirconium dates from 1824 and the first ductile zirconium metal was produced in the laboratory in 1914, modern reduction practice was pioneered by the U.S. Bureau of Mines starting in 1945. This paper reviews the history of the extractive metallurgy of zirconium from the early work of W. J. Kroll and co-workers at the Bureau of Mines in Albany, Ore., through the commercial development of the production of reactor-grade zirconium metal which was spurred by the requirements of the Naval Reactor Program and the development of commercial nuclear power. Technical subjects covered include processes for opening the ore, zirconium-hafnium separation, chlorination of zirconium oxide, reduction processes, and electrowinning of zirconium metal. Proposed new processes and process modifications are reviewed

Artistas españolas en la dictadura de Franco (1939–1975 = Spanish Women Artists during Franco’s Dictatorship (1939–1975

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pilar Muñoz López

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Se muestra la presencia y la trayectoria de las artistas en la Dictadura de Franco (1939–1975.Objetivos:1. Mostrar su presencia y su actividad en el arte de la época a través de la bibliografía, artículos, catálogos de exposiciones y documentos.2. Análisis y recuperación de la actividad de las artistas en el periodo de la Dictadura de Franco.3. Contribuir a la investigación sobre la historia de las mujeres, así como a un mejor conocimiento de las mujeres artistas para incidir en su visibilización en la Historia del Arte.Metodología: búsqueda de información, estudio y análisis en orden cronológico.Conclusiones: presencia destacada pero menor valoración social y artística.The paper shows the presence and the path of the artists during the Franco’s Dictatorship Age (1939–1975.Goals:1. To show her presence and activity in the art of the period from the bibliography, articles, catalogs and documents.2. To analyse and recovery of the activity of the artists in the period of the dictatorship of Franco.3. To contribute to the research about the history of the women and as a better knowledge about the women artists to increase visibility of the women in the history of art.Methodology: search of information, study and analysis of the temporal order.Conclusions: it shows the prominent presence of the women but with less social and artistic value. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} st1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal

Cross-linguistic vowel variation in trilingual speakers of Saterland Frisian, Low German, and High German.

Science.gov (United States)

Peters, Jörg; Heeringa, Wilbert J; Schoormann, Heike E

2017-08-01

The present study compares the acoustic realization of Saterland Frisian, Low German, and High German vowels by trilingual speakers in the Saterland. The Saterland is a rural municipality in northwestern Germany. It offers the unique opportunity to study trilingualism with languages that differ both by their vowel inventories and by external factors, such as their social status and the autonomy of their speech communities. The objective of the study was to examine whether the trilingual speakers differ in their acoustic realizations of vowel categories shared by the three languages and whether those differences can be interpreted as effects of either the differences in the vowel systems or of external factors. Monophthongs produced in a /hVt/ frame revealed that High German vowels show the most divergent realizations in terms of vowel duration and formant frequencies, whereas Saterland Frisian and Low German vowels show small differences. These findings suggest that vowels of different languages are likely to share the same phonological space when the speech communities largely overlap, as is the case with Saterland Frisian and Low German, but may resist convergence if at least one language is shared with a larger, monolingual speech community, as is the case with High German.

Česká próza v periodě 1945-1948

OpenAIRE

HÜBELBAUEROVÁ, Kristýna

2013-01-01

The thesis focuses on the reception of existentialism in the Czech entourage in 1945-1948. The theoretical part of the chapter is dedicated to Václav Černý and his understanding of existensialism. We are going to be focusing on the professional and theoretical texts from Jaroslav Červinka, Jindřich Chalupecký, Václav Navrátil, Jan Patočka and Ladislav Rieger, which are processing the theme. In the practical part we are going to analyze the pieces from Dušan Pala, Miroslav Hanuš and Egon Hosto...

Os periódicos acadêmicos de geografia francesa de 1940-1945. Entre a pobreza material e a resistência intelectual Les revues universitaires de géographie française de 1940 à 1945. Entre pénurie matérielle et résistance intellectuelle French Geographical Journals facing World War II. Between material scarcity and intellectual resistance

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Laurent Beauguitte

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Apesar da guerra e da escassez decorrente dela, apesar da ocupação e dos censores do governo de Vichy e alemaes, os geógrafos franceses cuidaram, entre 1940 e 1945 de continuar seus trabalhos científicos. Este artigo tem como objetivo destacar as condições de produção dos seis jornais da geografia francesa durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial e as atitudes dos geógrafos frente às notícias deste momento difícil. O impacto da escassez é facilmente quantificável, e também é possível encontrar sinais claros de resistência à ocupação e ao regime de Vichy. Falando da censura como dos prisioneiros de guerra ou das dificuldades diárias relacionadas à Segunda Guerra Mundial, os geógrafos aqui estudados escreviam sobre uma geografia do presente.Malgré la guerre et les pénuries qu’elle entraîne, malgré l’occupation et les censures tant vichystes qu’allemandes, les géographes français veillent de 1940 à 1945 à poursuivre leur activité scientifique. Cet article vise à mettre en lumière tant les conditions de production des six revues de géographie françaises durant la Seconde guerre mondiale que l’attitude des géographes vis à vis de l’actualité difficile de cette époque. Si l’impact des pénuries est aisément quantifiable, il est également possible de trouver des signes nets de résistance à l’Occupation et au régime de Vichy. Evoquant tant la censure que les prisonniers de guerre ou les difficultés quotidiennes liées à la Seconde guerre mondiale, les géographes étudiés ici écrivent une géographie au présent.Despite the war and the shortages it causes, despite the Occupation and both Vichy and German censorships, French geographers achieved, from 1940 to 1945, to continue their scientific work. This article aims to highlight both the production of French geographical journals during the World War II and the behaviour of geographers in this difficult time.If the impact of shortages can be

Excessive Profits of German Defense Contractors

Science.gov (United States)

2014-09-01

its business unit Thyssen Krupp Marine Systems, is a German defense contractor. (2) Tognom AG Tognum AG owned the MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH before... Friedrichshafen provided engines for many ships of the German Navy and for German battle tanks, such as the Leopard I and Leopard II. MTU refers to the

"East side story": on being an epidemiologist in the former USSR: an interview with Marcus Klingberg.

Science.gov (United States)

Klingberg, Marcus

2006-01-01

Marcus Klingberg was born on 7 October 1918, in Warsaw, Poland, into a Hasidic, rabbinical family. After the Nazi invasion of Poland, he escaped to the USSR where he trained and worked as an epidemiologist from 1939 to 1945. For 35 years after the war, he continued his professional work in Israel. The harsh conditions within the Soviet Union during World War II provided a challenging setting for epidemiologic work-a setting that has remained largely hidden from Western view. In this interview, Klingberg describes his work as an epidemiologist in the USSR and his subsequent encounter with Western epidemiology.

Memorie difficili. Antifascismo italiano, volontariato internazionale e guerra civile spagnola

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Enrico Acciai

2011-07-01

Full Text Available Since the end of the civil war the Italian antifascist intervention in Spain has generated several memories often conflicting with each other. Between 1936 and 1939 the Italian contribution to the republican cause was a joint one, involving all the antifascist political groups as it was for none of the other national groups. In order to understand the origin of what could be defined a real ‘atomization of memory’, the manifold legacies of the Spanish experience are to be analyzed both in the difficult two-year period 1943-1945 and during the first years of the postwar period.

México en la segunda Guerra Mundial visto por la Diplomacia venezolana

OpenAIRE

Silva L, Dómel

2013-01-01

Partiendo del análisis de una serie de documentos concernientes a las comunicaciones entre la llamada “Legación de Venezuela” en México y la Cancillería de Venezuela durante los años de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945), se esbozará las estrategias en común para ambas naciones; como fue la política de seguridad de cada Estado, enmarcada dentro de la política de seguridad continental. México por su importancia geoestratégica; por el petróleo, por su cercanía con los Estados Unidos y por la...

The Battle for Minds. Defeating Toxic Ideologies in the 21st Century

Science.gov (United States)

2013-03-01

utilizing the press, cinema and radio, but education ultimately remade Germany. By re-building, re-staffing and redesigning the educational curriculum... Japanese post-war planning, and was formalized in the 1945 Potsdam Agreement on German occupation and reconstruction. Although many in the United...unconditional surrender of the Axis powers, the Germans and the Japanese were in a state of psychological paralysis and war weariness that made them compliant

[Lessons learnt from the German smallpox outbreaks after World War II].

Science.gov (United States)

Sasse, Julia; Gelderblom, Hans R

2015-07-01

Even though smallpox was declared eradicated by WHO in 1980, it cannot be ruled out that the etiological variola virus could be used as a biological weapon. Undestroyed viruses from biowarfare programmes, virus strains left undetected in a freezer or dangerous recombinant poxvirus constructs could cause dangerous outbreaks in a relatively unprotected population. Despite an abundance of studies performed during the eradication of smallpox, epidemiological data for preparedness planning and outbreak control in modern, industrialized countries are scarce. Full-text hand search for the period from 1945 to 1975 in the main German public health journals. After World War II 12 smallpox outbreaks occurred in Germany. They were studied with the focus on the period of contagiousness, the protective effect of vaccination, booster-effect of revaccination and the place of infection. A total of 95 individuals contracted smallpox, including 10 fatalities. Despite having been previously vaccinated, 81 vaccinated persons came down with smallpox, yet 91% of them developed only mild symptoms. These patients presented a high risk for spreading the infection to contact persons due to misinterpretation of symptoms and the continuing social contacts. Basically, the risk of transmission in the first 2 to 3 days after onset of symptoms was low, thus facilitating antiepidemic measures. The importance of hospital preparedness is emphasized by the fact that most infections occurred in hospitals. The data analyzed provide valuable information for today's outbreak response planning and counter bioterrorism preparedness.

Enriching the Curriculum with Pennsylvania German

Science.gov (United States)

Meindl, Joerg

2016-01-01

The German classroom should prepare students for the linguistic diversity of the target culture, including regional varieties and German spoken outside of the D-A-CH region. Because textbooks do not often include materials on regional varieties, this article presents a model to incorporate Pennsylvania German (PG) into the curriculum. The model…

Steam generators. English-German, German-English. Dampferzeuger. Englisch-Deutsch, Deutsch-Englisch

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Junge, H D

1986-01-01

This pocket dictionary contains the most important technical terms relating to steam generators both in English-German and German-English. Part of the terms go with additional definitions or explanations. Furthermore numerous examples are presented to explain the underlying rules for the formation of word combinations. In addition, entries include a number of general terms, as experience shows that suitable equivalents for use in technical texts are often needed precisely by the specialist. (HAG).

Risk of Japanese carriers of hyperphosphorylated paratarg-7, the first autosomal-dominantly inherited risk factor for hematological neoplasms, to develop monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma.

Science.gov (United States)

Grass, Sandra; Iida, Shinsuke; Wikowicz, Aleksandra; Preuss, Klaus-Dieter; Inagaki, Atsushi; Shimizu, Kazuyuki; Ziepert, Marita; Ueda, Ryuzo; Pfreundschuh, Michael

2011-03-01

Hyperphosphorylated paratarg-7 (pP-7) is a frequent target of paraproteins in German patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)/multiple myeloma (MM). The frequency of MGUS/MM is lower in Japan than in Europe. As pP-7, the first molecularly defined autosomal-dominant risk factor for any hematological neoplasm, is inherited in a dominant fashion, we determined the incidence of the pP-7 carrier state in a Japanese population, and compared the frequency of pP-7-specific paraproteins and the pP-7 carrier state in Japanese and German patients with MGUS/MM. Peripheral blood from 111 Japanese patients with MGUS/MM and 278 healthy blood donors was analyzed for the pP-7 carrier state by isoelectric focusing and for pP-7-specific antibodies by ELISA. The Japanese group was compared with 252 German MGUS/MM patients and 200 healthy controls. Five of 111 (4.5%) Japanese and 35/252 (13.9%) German IgA/IgG MGUS/MM patients had a pP-7-specific paraprotein (P=0.009). The prevalence of healthy pP-7 carriers in the Japanese study group was 1/278 (0.36%), whereas it was 4/200 in the German group (P=0.166). The relative risk for pP-7 carriers developing MGUS/MM had an odds ratio of 13.1 in the Japanese and 7.9 in the German group. In conclusion, the fraction of pP-7 carriers with a pP-7-specific paraprotein is lower among Japanese than in German patients with MGUS/MM, but pP-7 carriers in both ethnic groups have a high risk of developing MGUS/MM. © 2011 Japanese Cancer Association.

Pemerintahan Provinsi Lampung 1945-1964

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Arizka Waranegara

2014-06-01

Full Text Available This is a library research about political elite contestation in Lampung from 1945 until 1964, at that time there are three major ideology, first is Islam, second is Nationalism and third is Communism. In the old orde era, the elite politics competition in the national level describe the same thing with the local level. If in the national level there are three major ideology, in Lampung also three ideology had played important role, the Party Communist (PKI, Indonesian Nationalsit Party (PNI and Masyumi (Islamic Faction. In the first political stage after Independence of Indonesia. In 1964, there was a first Lampung’s Governor Election, at that time R.A Zulkifli Warganegara had appointed to be Lampung first Governor, but because of the political intervention his position was replaced by Koesno Danopoyo which was fully supported by Communist Party. This is a decsriptive qualitative research, the main data comes from indepth interview and documentation. The results shown that there is basic difference between Lampung’s political elite contestation in the old orde era and reformation era. In the old orde era the competition based on ideology but in the reformation era the competition based on purely political interest.Keywords: contestation, political elite and election

Sliding toward the Free Market: Shifting Political Conditions and U.S. Agricultural Policy, 1945-1975

Science.gov (United States)

Winders, Bill

2004-01-01

Between 1945 and 1975, the twin pillars of U.S. agricultural policy--price supports and production controls--were weakened significantly. Price supports levels were reduced and made flexible in 1954, and the concept of parity was removed in 1973. Production controls were softened in 1964 and 1973. How can we explain these policy shifts? While…

O Brasil e suas naturezas possíveis (1930-1945

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Carvalho De Ostos, Natascha Stefania

2012-08-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this article is to examine the speeches made by civil society organizations and the State on the Brazilian territory, throughout the so-called Vargas Age (1930-1945. Said speeches, published in several journals of that time, believed that the natural world, split into its various parts, was the greatest expression of a country full of wealth that, if administered rationally, would be able to develop the country’s production strength. The great dilemma that permeated the discussions on the subject was: how to ensure the protection of nature, a priceless heritage, and at the same time promote economic development, which depended, according to prevailing opinion, on the widespread exploitation of natural resources.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los discursos de la sociedad civil y del Estado sobre el territorio brasileño, a lo largo de la llamada Era Vargas (1930-1945. Tales discursos, publicados en varias revistas de la época, creían que el mundo natural, en sus diversas partes, representaba la máxima expresión de un territorio lleno de riquezas, que, si administrado de forma racional, sería capaz de desarrollar las fuerzas de producción del país. El gran dilema que impregnó los debates sobre el tema, fue: cómo asegurar la protección de la naturaleza, patrimonio que no tiene precio, y al mismo tiempo promover el desarrollo económico, que dependía, según la opinión predominante, de la explotación generalizada de los recursos naturales.

Legitimization Arguments for Procedural Reforms: a semio-linguistic analysis of statement of reasons from the Civil Procedure Code of 1939 and of the draft bill of the New Civil Procedure Code of 2010.

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Matheus Guarino Sant’Anna Lima de Almeida

2016-08-01

Full Text Available This research aims to analyze the arguments of legitimization that were used in the reform of Brazilian procedural legal codes, by comparing the texts of the statement of reasons of the Civil Procedure Code of 1939 and the draft bill of the New Civil Procedure Code. We consider these codes as milestones: the Civil Procedure Code of 1939 was the first one with a national scope; the draft bill of the New Civil Procedure Code was the first one produced during a democratic period. Our goal is to search for similarities and contrasts between the legitimization arguments used in each historical and political period, by asking if they were only arguments to bestow legitimacy to such reforms. We decided to use the methodological tools of sociolinguistic analysis of speech developed by Patrick Charaudeau in his analyses of political speech in order to elucidate how the uses of language and elements of meaning in the speech construction provide justification for the concept of procedure, in both 1939 and 2010. As a result, we conclude that the process of drafting the CPC of 1939 and the New CPC, even if they are very distant in terms of political and historical contexts, they are also very close in their rhetorical construction and their attempt to find justification and adherence. On balance, some of the differences depend on the vocabulary used when the codes were developed, their justification and the need for change. 

The National Socialist State in the View of Norbert Frei
O estado nacional-socialista na ótica de Norbert Frei

OpenAIRE

Marco Pais Neves dos Santos

2012-01-01

This article has as context World War II, the largest and bloodiest conflict in human history, and is the conception of the National Socialist State produced by Norbert Frei, one of the most influential historians of our time, in his work: The State of Hitler: The national Socialist power from 1933 to 1945. It has as object how Norbert Frei conceives German history between the years of 1933-1945, and his critical eye on the National Socialist State, analysing not only from the standpoint of i...

Democratic survival in Latin America (1945-2005

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Aníbal PÉREZ-LIÑÁN

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Why do democracies survive or break down? In this paper, it returns to this classic question with an empirical focus on Latin America from 1945 to 2005. The argument deviates from the quantitative literature and a good part of the qualitative literature on democratic survival and breakdown. It is argued that structural variables such as the level of development and inequalities have not shaped prospects for democratic survival in Latin America. Nor, contrary to findings in some of the literature, has economic performance affected the survival of competitive regimes. Instead, it is focused on the regional political environment and on actors’ normative preferences about democracy and dictatorship and their policy radicalism or moderation. It is argued that 1 a higher level of development did not increase the likelihood of democratic survival in Latin America over this long time; 2 if actors have a normative preference for democracy, it is more likely to survive; and 3 policy moderation facilitates democratic survival.

BDA: Anglo-American Air Intelligence, Bomb Damage Assessment, and the Bombing Campaigns Against Germany, 1914-1945

Science.gov (United States)

2005-05-19

attention at the Bombing 8 See Colin Sinnott, The RoyalAir Force andAircraft Design, 1923-1939: Air Staff Operational Requirements (London: Frank Cass...supporting, motorized unit fielding five detached parties for ground surveys. The BAU was commanded by Group Captain E.S.D. Drury , the Chief Armament...dossiers, collective analysis of materials, and collaborative production of finished reports. A combined committee, chaired by Drury and Fickel, met

SCREENING THE SOCIAL FACE OF DENMARK TO THE NAZIS

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ørskov, Frederik Forrai

2018-01-01

Looking into the state-sponsored creation and presentation of a German-language film on the Danish social state, this article discusses the complexities of Danish–German relations during the German occupation of Denmark, 1940–1945. The film, Das soziale Gesicht Dänemarks, was screened in Berlin...... to a full house, including a number of Nazi notables, and followed by a presentation by the Danish Minister of Labor and Social Affairs. Based on archival research and film analysis, the article argues that the screening in Berlin informs an understanding of an asymmetrical power relationship between...

The Permotriassic branchiosaurid Tungussogyrinus Efremov, 1939 (Temnospondyli, Dissorophoidea from Siberia restudied

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R. Werneburg

2009-08-01

Full Text Available The enigmatic temnospondyl amphibian Tungussogyrinus bergi Efremov, 1939 shares clear synapomorphies with other branchiosaurids indicated by an anteriorly elongated infratemporal fossa and small branchial denticles. Therefore Tungussogyrinus clearly belongs to the dissorophoid family Branchiosauridae. This species is characterized by a number of derived features among temnospondyls: (1 an unusually elongated anterodorsal process of the ilium; (2 the character complex concerning the tricuspid dentition. Tungussogyrinus differs from all other branchiosaurids in these two autapomorphic characters. Herein, Tungussogyrinus is thought to represent the closest relative of a clade including all other branchiosaurids with its placement outside of this clade associated with a new feeding strategy to scrape algae with the tricuspid anterior dentition and the gracile built snout region. The subfamily Tungussogyrininae Kuhn, 1962 is newly defined here by the two derived characters of Tungussogyrinus bergi. All other branchiosaurid genera and species are included in a second subfamily Branchiosaurinae Fritsch, 1879. doi:10.1002/mmng.200900001

Silent Film in the German Classroom.

Science.gov (United States)

Caldwell, David

In addition to using films in the German classroom to introduce students to German culture and history, it is important to show and study the film as film. This procedure emphasizes the importance of the film as a part of creative arts in Germany and demands student participation in observation and discussion. Many German silent films are…

Trajetória teórico-metodológica da geografia agrária brasileira: a produção em periódicos científicos de 1939-2009

OpenAIRE

Alves, Flamarion Dutra [UNESP

2010-01-01

Este estudo analisou as bases teórico-metodológicas da geografia agrária brasileira partindo do ano de 1939 até 2009, com base em dez periódicos científicos selecionados em geografia. Evidenciou-se o pluralismo de concepções metodológicas e temáticas a partir da década de 1990. Assim, a pesquisa mostrou uma determinada coerência metodológica entre os períodos de 1939 a 1965, com base no método indutivo-descritivo-empírico alicerçado na geografia regional francesa. Após este momento, a geograf...

Italian Troops on USSR occupied Territories in 1941−1945

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Игорь Игоревич Баринов

2011-12-01

Full Text Available The article studies the activities of Italian allied troops of Nazi Germany in the occupied during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 of the USSR Soviet territories. The material contained in the article allows to compare the Italian occupation administration policy and its features as well as its involvement in war crimes on Soviet territory. This article also gives a possibility to trace the organizing role of Germany in terms of organization of the occupation regime on the Soviet territory and its relations with its allies and satellites on the Eastern Front. The work is based primarily on unexplored archival documents.

From Charity to Development: Christian International Health Organizations, 1945-1978

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Walter Bruchhausen

2016-12-01

Full Text Available With the exception of the Red Cross the history of non-governmental international organizations in the field of health has received less attention from historians than intergovernmental organizations and national non-governmental organizations (NGOs. This article takes up the challenge of redressing this by examining the origins and policies of Christian agencies such as Medicus Mundi Internationalis (International Organisation for Medical Cooperation and the World Council of Churches Christian Medical Commission. Despite denominational and theological differences a story emerges of a common trajectory from a hospital-based focus on curative medicine to community-focused primary healthcare in the three decades or so after 1945.

The Lack of Collaboration between Companies and Schools in the German Dual Apprenticeship System: Historical Background and Recent Data

Science.gov (United States)

Gessler, Michael

2017-01-01

On the macro level (federal level) and exo level (state or regional level), the German Dual Apprenticeship System shows a high degree of institutionalised collaboration. However, the companies and vocational schools on the meso level (institutional level and level of the actors), in contrast, are just loosely coupled with a dominant partner (i.e.,…

Industrial production of the interbelic German from the Banat Highland

Science.gov (United States)

Rudolf, C.; Hatiegan, C.; Pellac, A.; Bogdan, S. L.; Paduraru, L.; Varga, A.

2018-01-01

The historian Fernand Braudel considered that geography dictates history because a certain region or a certain state requires a characteristic of its economic life. Commerce was often called in mercantilist period the blood that provides life of the nation. These data imply progress in terms of demographic beyond doubt, especially in the employment of the German minority living in the urban communes of the Banat Mountain. We retain the dual nature of their occupations, with farm work kept in the background, but the main plane dominated the gradual effect of industrial labour and business activities. Along with farmers, most Germans residing in villages and hamlets in the mountains of Banat were devoted to jobs in the service sector and small crafts area. They worked both as employers and employees in the stores and workshops in rural and urban areas where they resided. Working as sellers, barbers, blacksmiths, carpenters, tailors, butchers, tanners, plumbers, painters or as doctors, dentists, teachers, lawyers, they have contributed to the development of material and spiritual not only their own minority but of communities within which they were born and prospered.

“Rather More than One-Third Had No Jewish Blood”: American Progressivism and German-Jewish Cosmopolitanism at the New School for Social Research, 1933–1939

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Daniel Bessner

2012-03-01

Full Text Available The New School for Social Research’s University in Exile accepted more German and European exiled intellectuals than any other American institution of higher education. This paper argues that transnational, cosmopolitan ideological and interest-based affinities shared by left-leaning American progressives and German-Jewish intellectuals enabled the predominantly Jewish University in Exile to become a vibrant intellectual space accepted by the community of largely anti-Semitic American academics. These affinities also illuminate why, despite the fact that the émigrés’ exile was in large part the result of National Socialist hatred of Jews, Alvin Johnson (the founder of the University in Exile and the faculty members that comprised it seldom discussed the University’s Jewish demographics. The Jewish faculty members ignored the relationship between their ethnicity and exile because to focus on it would have been to admit that the cosmopolitan project they had embraced in Central Europe had failed. Johnson ignored the faculty’s Jewish heritage for two reasons. First, he endorsed a cosmopolitan American nationalism. Second, he understood that the generally anti-Semitic community of American academics would have rejected the University in Exile if he stressed the faculty’s Jewishness. In ignoring the University in Exile’s Jewish demographics, Johnson and the University’s faculty successfully adhered to a strategy designed to foster the exiles’ entrance into the American intellectual community. Thus, while cosmopolitanism failed in Germany and Central Europe, the exiles’ later influence on the American academy indicates that it partially succeeded in the United States.

German Idealism Today

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

This collection of essays provides an exemplary overwiew of the diversity and relevance of current scholarship on German Idealism. The importance of German Idealism for contemporary philosophy has recieved growing attention and acknowledgment throughout competing fields of contemporary philosophy...... scholarly debates beyond merely antiquarian perspectives. This renaissance has been a major factor of current efforts to bridge the gap between so-called "nalytic" and so-called "continental" philosophy. The volume provides a selection of readings that contributes to systematic treatments of philosophical...

A simple route to synthesize manganese germanate nanorods

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pei, L.Z.; Yang, Y.; Yuan, C.Z.; Duan Taike; Zhang Qianfeng

2011-01-01

Manganese germanate nanorods have been synthesized by a simple route using germanium dioxide and manganese acetate as the source materials. X-ray diffraction observation shows that the nanorods are composed of orthorhombic and monoclinic manganese germanate phases. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations display that the manganese germanate nanorods have flat tips with the length of longer than 10 micrometers and diameter of 60-350 nm, respectively. The role of the growth conditions on the formation of the manganese germanate nanorods shows that the proper selection and combination of the growth conditions are the key factor for controlling the formation of the manganese germanate nanorods. The photoluminescence spectrum of the manganese germanate nanorods exhibits four fluorescence emission peaks centered at 422 nm, 472 nm, 487 nm and 530 nm showing the application potential for the optical devices. - Research Highlights: → Manganese germanate nanorods have been synthesized by simple hydrothermal process. → The formation of manganese germanate nanorods can be controlled by growth conditions. → Manganese germanate nanorods exhibit good PL emission ability for optical device.

Povijest proizvodnje kalcijeva karbida u Hrvatskoj (1897. – 1945.

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Nenad Raos

2018-06-01

Full Text Available Danas je kalcijev karbid, CaC2, sporedni produkt, no u prošlom je stoljeću bio glavni proizvod bazne kemijske industrije. U radu je prikazano njegovo otkriće, početak proizvodnje na prijelazu 19. u 20. stoljeće te primjene. Poseban je naglasak dan na povijest dviju hrvatskih tvornica za proizvodnju kalcijeva karbida i cijanamida, prve u Dugom Ratu pokraj Splita od 1914. do 1979. i druge, u Skradinu i Šibeniku, od 1897. do 1945. Ukazano je i na svjetske ekološke probleme proizvodnje kalcijeva karbida i drugih proizvoda dobivenih iz kalcijeva karbida, emisiju ugljikova dioksida te onečišćenje okoliša živom (masovno trovanje u zaljevu Minamata, Japan.

New German abortion law agreed.

Science.gov (United States)

Karcher, H L

1995-07-15

The German Bundestag has passed a compromise abortion law that makes an abortion performed within the first three months of pregnancy an unlawful but unpunishable act if the woman has sought independent counseling first. Article 218 of the German penal code, which was established in 1871 under Otto von Bismarck, had allowed abortions for certain medical or ethical reasons. After the end of the first world war, the Social Democrats tried to legalize all abortions performed in the first three months of pregnancy, but failed. In 1974, abortion on demand during the first 12 weeks was declared legal and unpunishable under the social liberal coalition government of chancellor Willy Brandt; however, the same year, the German Federal Constitution Court in Karlsruhe ruled the bill was incompatible with article 2 of the constitution, which guarantees the right to life and freedom from bodily harm to everyone, including the unborn. The highest German court also ruled that a pregnant woman had to seek a second opinion from an independent doctor before undergoing an abortion. A new, extended article 218, which included a clause giving social indications, was passed by the Bundestag. When Germany was unified, East Germans agreed to be governed by all West German laws, except article 218. The Bundestag was given 2 years to revise the article; however, in 1993, the Federal Constitution Court rejected a version legalizing abortion in the first 3 months of the pregnancy if the woman sought counsel from an independent physician, and suggested the recent compromise passed by the Bundestag, the lower house of the German parliament. The upper house, the Bundesrat, where the Social Democrats are in the majority, still has to pass it. Under the bill passed by the Bundestag, national health insurance will pay for an abortion if the monthly income of the woman seeking the abortion falls under a certain limit.

Speech Act Classification of German Advertising Texts

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Артур Нарманович Мамедов

2015-12-01

Full Text Available This paper uses the theory of speech acts and the underlying concept of pragmalinguistics to determine the types of speech acts and their classification in the German advertising printed texts. We ascertain that the advertising of cars and accessories, household appliances and computer equipment, watches, fancy goods, food, pharmaceuticals, and financial, insurance, legal services and also airline advertising is dominated by a pragmatic principle, which is based on demonstrating information about the benefits of a product / service. This influences the frequent usage of certain speech acts. The dominant form of exposure is to inform the recipient-user about the characteristics of the advertised product. This information is fore-grounded by means of stylistic and syntactic constructions specific to the advertisement (participial constructions, appositional constructions which contribute to emphasize certain notional components within the framework of the advertising text. Stylistic and syntactic devices of reduction (parceling constructions convey the author's idea. Other means like repetitions, enumerations etc are used by the advertiser to strengthen his selling power. The advertiser focuses the attention of the consumer on the characteristics of the product seeking to convince him of the utility of the product and to influence his/ her buying behavior.

Le patrimoine paysager de Grazalema (1945-2005

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Pedro Romero de Solís

2008-08-01

Full Text Available Le patrimoine paysager de Grazalema (1945-2005. Nous nous proposons, dans ce texte, de décrire l’environnement de Grazalema à l’époque du séjour de J. Pitt-Rivers et d’analyser les changements les plus importants que l’on peut les observer aujourd’hui. Prenant en compte l’intérêt suscité par les valeurs de la nature à travers le temps, depuis les premiers naturalistes du xviiie siècle jusqu’à nos jours, nous nous intéressons à l’attrait croissant pour la « nature » et à la création du Parc Naturel qui a généré un type de tourisme inconnu dans cette région dans les années 1940 et qui est devenu le principal moteur des transformations sociales observées dans le village ainsi que le vecteur de la perception locale de l’environnement. Nous analysons également les changements de la société locale et de ses valeurs et nous essayions de comprendre comment les habitants de Grazalema appréhendent le paysage et comment ils ressentent la création du Parc naturel, ses avantages et ses inconvénients.The pastoral heritage of Grazalema (1945-2005. In this text we intend to describe Grazalema’s environment at the time of J. Pitt-Rivers’ visit and to analyse the most significant changes that may be observed today. In light of the interest aroused by the values of nature through the ages, from the first naturalists of the 18th century through to the present day, we take a look at the growing attraction of “nature” and the creation of a Natural Park which generated a kind of tourism which was unknown in the region in the 1940s and has become the main driving force for the social transformation observed in the village, as well as the vector for local perception of the environment. We also analyse the changes in local society and its values, and try to understand how the inhabitants of Grazalema perceive the landscape and what they feel about the creation of the Natural Park and the advantages and

Temperature and salinity measurements taken from the WELLEM; JAN and SCHWABENLAND in the Coastal N Atlantic, North Atlantic and other locations from 1937 to 1939 (NODC Accession 0002127)

Data.gov (United States)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Temperature and salinity profile data digitized from "Deutsche Antarktisce Expedition 1938/1939, mit dem Flugzeugstutzpunkt der Deutschen Lufthansa A.G.M.S....

The nuclear age in popular media a transnational history, 1945-1965

CERN Document Server

van Lente, Dick

2012-01-01

Among the many technical innovations that were introduced after World War II, none left as strong an impression on the public as the atom bombs that destroyed two Japanese cities in August 1945. People spoke of the ""atomic age"" that had now begun, as if this technological innovation would, all by itself, shape a new world. The atomic age was described as one that might soon end in the destruction of human civilization, but from the beginning, utopian images were attached to it as well. Nuclear technology offered the promise of applications in medicine, agriculture, and engineering, and nucle

Eugene Jolas: A Poet of Multilingualism

Science.gov (United States)

Kelbert, Eugenia

2015-01-01

Eugene Jolas, the first-time publisher of James Joyce's Finnegans Wake (1939 / 2012), started his career as a translingual journalist and poet. A French-German bilingual, Jolas acquired English in adolescence, crossing the Atlantic to refashion himself as an American man of letters. A "Man from Babel," as he styles himself in his…

Domination, Eternal Domination, and Clique Covering

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Klostermeyer William F.

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Eternal and m-eternal domination are concerned with using mobile guards to protect a graph against infinite sequences of attacks at vertices. Eternal domination allows one guard to move per attack, whereas more than one guard may move per attack in the m-eternal domination model. Inequality chains consisting of the domination, eternal domination, m-eternal domination, independence, and clique covering numbers of graph are explored in this paper.

Flowers in Contradiction : : Japanese Imperialism and Gender Construction Through Women's Writings, 1895-1945

OpenAIRE

Kakihara, Satoko

2014-01-01

This dissertation examines writings by women in the Japanese empire, analyzing their negotiations of gender in the metropole and the colonies and territories of Taiwan, Korea, and China between 1895 and 1945. From the Meiji era, the Japanese government attempted to modernize its subjects through social reforms and the assignation of normative gender roles: men to fight for expansion as masculinized soldiers, women to reproduce and raise future imperial subjects as feminized Good Wives and Wis...

Paleoseismic Trenching on 1939 Erzincan and 1942 Niksar-Erbaa Earthquake Surface Ruptures, the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey)

Science.gov (United States)

Akyuz, H. S.; Karabacak, V.; Zabci, C.; Sancar, T.; Altunel, E.; Gursoy, H.; Tatar, O.

2009-04-01

Two devastating earthquakes occurred between Erzincan (39.75N, 39.49E) and Erbaa, Tokat (40.70N, 36.58E) just three years one after another in 1939 and 1942. While 1939 Erzincan earthquake (M=7.8) ruptured nearly 360 km, 1942 Erbaa-Niksar earthquake (M=7.1) has a length of 50 km surface rupture. Totally, more than 35000 citizens lost their lives after these events. Although Turkey has one of the richest historical earthquake records, there is no clear evidence of the spatial distribution of paleoevents within these two earthquake segments of the North Anatolian Fault. 17 August 1668 Anatolian earthquake is one of the known previous earthquakes that may have occurred on the same segments with a probable rupture length of more than 400 km. It is still under debate in different catalogues, if it was ruptured in multiple events or a single one. We achieved paleoseismic trench studies to have a better understanding on the recurrence of large earthquakes on these two faults in the framework of T.C. DPT. Project no. 2006K120220. We excavated a total of 8 trenches in 7 different sites. While three of them are along the 1942 Erbaa-Niksar Earthquake rupture, others are located on the 1939 Erzincan one. Alanici and Direkli trenches were excavated on the 1942 rupture. Direkli trench site is located at the west of Niksar, Tokat (40.62N, 36.85E) on the fluvial terrace deposits of the Kelkit River. Only one paleoevent could be determined from the structural relationships of the trench wall stratigraphy. By radiocarbon dating of charcoal sample from above the event horizon indicates that this earthquake should have occurred before 480-412 BC. The second trench, Alanici, on the same segment was located between Erbaa and Niksar (40.65N, 36.78E) at the western boundary of a sag-pond. While signs of two (possible three) earthquakes were identified on the trench wall, the prior event to 1942 Earthquake is dated to be before 5th century AD. We interpreted this to have possibility of

German Risk Study - influences of data base, minimal requirements and system modifications

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hoertner, H.; Linden, J. von

1987-01-01

The reliability analyses for Phase B of the German Risk Study taken into account an improved reliability data base, best-estimate minimal requirements for the relevant system functions and the design modifications, which have been carried out after completion of Phase A. These points and their influence on the frequency of core melt accidents are discussed, emphasizing the reliability data. Although the detailed evaluation of operating experience for the estimation of the reliability data does result in an increase of contributions, the best-estimate minimal requirements and the system modifications carried out for the reference plant reduce the core melt frequency due to those initiating events which were dominant in Phase A of the German Risk Study. The detailed investigation of additional initiating events which had already been recognized as important during Phase A leads to additional contributions to the frequency of core melt accidents. Such initiating events are the main steam line break and the steam generator tube rupture and altogether, the evaluated contributions to the frequency of core melt are lower than the values assessed in Phase A. (orig./HP)

African Americans Who Teach German Language and Culture.

Science.gov (United States)

Fikes, Robert Jr.

2001-01-01

A large number of black scholars have pursued advanced degrees in the German language, history, and culture. Describes the history of African American interest in the German language and culture, highlighting various black scholars who have studied German over the years. Presents data on African Americans in German graduate programs and examines…

Social utopia and technological utopia in the Argentinean lefts wingsthinking in order to change agrarian capitalism, 1890-1945 Utopía social y utopía tecnológica en el pensamiento de las izquierdas argentinas para la transformación del capitalismo agrario, 1890-1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Osvaldo Fabián Graciano

2010-01-01

Full Text Available The objectives of this work are to rebuild the Communist and Socialist thinking and the political proposals used, between 1890 and 1945, to set a new model of economics and society within the agrarian sector in the Pampas Region, and which, on its basis, include elements of social and technological utopias. Along the first half of the twentieth century, the left wings developed several projects aimed to transform the agrarian economics and society in Argentina and thus, tried to influence the modifications of social and economics rural relations dominant in the country, and in particular in the Pampas Region. Those proposals started to throw the imaginary of a rural world different to the current upon the speech and the political thinking of the left wings. In many of them shaped as a social utopia and in others shaped as a technological utopia, for its realization.Este trabajo tiene como objetivos reconstruir el pensamiento socialista y comunista y las propuestas políticas con las que buscaron entre 1890 y 1945, concretar un nuevo modelo de sociedad y economía en el agro pampeano y que en sus fundamentos inscribían elementos de las utopías sociales y las tecnológicas. A lo largo de la primera mitad del siglo XX las izquierdas formularon diversos proyectos para la transformación de la economía y la sociedad agrarias argentina, intentando con ellos incidir en la modificación de las relaciones económicas y sociales rurales dominantes en el país y en particular en su región pampeana. Esas propuestas fueron proyectando en el discurso y en el pensamiento político de izquierdas el imaginario de un mundo rural alternativo al vigente, tomando en muchas de ellas la forma de la utopía social y en otras la de la utopía de tipo tecnológico para su realización.

L’éthique catholique et l’esprit du coopératisme : la Caisse d’économie des pompiers de Montréal comme observatoire sociologique (1945-1980 The catholic ethic and the spirit of cooperatism : The Montreal Firemen’s credit union as a sociological observatory (1945-1980

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paul Brochu

2012-05-01

Full Text Available Le cas de la caisse d’économie des pompiers de Montréal (première caisse francophone au Québec en 1945 nous permet de mettre en évidence une transition et une transformation importantes dans le déplacement des forces de solidarité au Québec : le passage de la paroisse au milieu de travail (métier/profession comme formes sociales d’intégration économique. Dans ce cas d’analyse, le sens d’origine religieuse de l’activité coopérative se voit transposé de la paroisse au milieu de travail. Cette étude de cas proposera l’analyse d’un discours écrit : les procès-verbaux des assemblées des membres de cette caisse d’économie, de 1945 à 1980. Un tel matériau nous permettra de prendre la mesure de cette organisation coopérative, c’est-à-dire les représentations et formes de connaissance relatives aux rapports sociaux construisant l’activité économique. L’analyse des procès-verbaux de cette caisse d’économie est aussi expressive de l’état général des rapports sociaux de la société québécoise. De 1945 à 1980, nous voyons se transformer à la fois le discours et la forme sociale de légitimité qui l’enracine. L’analyse se donnera ainsi un objet privilégié : les formes sociales de connaissance qui enracinent l’activité économique.A careful observation of Montreal’s Firemen credit union (the first francophone credit union established in the province of Quebec, in 1945 enables us to show that an important transition and transformation took place when the social solidarity moved from the parish to the workplace (work, profession, both being social forms of economic integration. In this case study, the initially religious meaning of the French cooperative financial institutions is shifting from the parish to the workplace.In this paper, we will analyze a written discourse, namely the minutes of the members’ meetings from 1945 to 1980. This material will enable us to assess this

Marital fertility decline in the Netherlands: child mortality, real wages, and unemployment, 1860-1939.

Science.gov (United States)

Schellekens, Jona; van Poppel, Frans

2012-08-01

Previous studies of the fertility decline in Europe are often limited to an earlier stage of the marital fertility decline, when the decline tended to be slower and before the large increase in earnings in the 1920s. Starting in 1860 (before the onset of the decline), this study follows marital fertility trends until 1939, when fertility reached lower levels than ever before. Using data from the Historical Sample of the Netherlands (HSN), this study shows that mortality decline, a rise in real income, and unemployment account for the decline in the Netherlands. This finding suggests that marital fertility decline was an adjustment to social and economic change, leaving little room for attitudinal change that is independent of social and economic change.

German energy market 2016

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schiffer, Hans-Wilhelm; Weltenergierat, Berlin

2017-01-01

The basic orientation of the German energy supply to the increased use of renewable energies, while increasing energy efficiency, is prediscribed by the German government's energy concept and determines the market development. A current overview of the German energy market is given, which provides also this year a concentrated Compilation of the key data of the energy industry. As in the years before, the article not only summarizes general facts about the energy mix, but also goes into detail on the development of the individual energy sources, petroleum, natural gas, brown coal and hard coal, electricity as well as renewable energies. Furthermore, the price trends of international markets and in the domestic market are explained. A current overview of the development of greenhouse gas emissions concludes the contribution. [de

[Formation of medical education in North Korea: 1945-1948].

Science.gov (United States)

Heo, Yun-Jung; Cho, Young-Soo

2014-08-01

This study focuses on the formation of medical education in North Korea from 1945 to 1948 in terms of the centralization of medical education, and on the process and significance of the systemization of medical education. Doctors of the past trained under the Japanese colonial system lived and worked as liberalists. More than half of these doctors who were in North Korea defected to South Korea after the country was liberated. Thus the North Korean regime faced the urgent task of cultivating new doctors who would 'serve the state and people.' Since the autumn of 1945, right after national liberation, Local People's Committees organized and implemented medical education autonomously. Following the establishment of the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea, democratic reform was launched, leading to the centralized administration of education. Consequently, medical educational institutions were realigned, with some elevated to medical colleges and others shut down. The North Korean state criticised the liberalistic attitude of doctors and the bureaucratic style of health administration, and tried to reform their political consciousness through political inculcation programs. The state also grant doctors living and housing privileges, which show its endeavor to build 'state medicine'. By 1947, a medical education system was established in which the education administration was put in charge of training new doctors while the health administration was put in charge of nurturing and retraining health workers. In this way, the state was the principal agent that actively established a centralized administrative system in the process of the formation of medical education in North Korea following national liberation. Another agent was deeply involved in this process - the faculty that was directly in charge of educating the new doctors. Studying the medical faculty remains another research task for the future. By exploring how the knowledge, generational experience

Breast cancer research output, 1945-2008: a bibliometric and density-equalizing analysis

LENUS (Irish Health Repository)

Glynn, Ronan W

2010-12-22

Abstract Introduction Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women, with an estimated 194,280 new cases diagnosed in the United States in 2009 alone. The primary aim of this work was to provide an in-depth evaluation of research yield in breast cancer from 1945 to 2008, using large-scale data analysis, the employment of bibliometric indicators of production and quality, and density-equalizing mapping. Methods Data were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) Science Citation Expanded database; this was searched using the Boolean operator, \\'OR\\

Making health policy: networks in research and policy after 1945.

Science.gov (United States)

Berridge, Virginia

2005-01-01

Science and policy in health and medicine have interacted in new ways in Britain since 1945. The relationship between research and policy has a history. The changing role of social medicine, the rise of health services research and "customer contractor" policies in government have been important. The relationship between research and policy has been analysed by different schools of thought. This chapter categorises them as several groups: "evidence-based", "journalism", "sociology of scientific knowledge" and "science policy studies". The chapters in the book illuminate aspects of these changing relationships. The role of chronic disease epidemiology, of new networks in public health, of media-focussed activism, and of health technology and its advocates have been more important than political interest.

Early Japanese contributions to space weather research (1945–1960

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A. Nishida

2010-04-01

Full Text Available Major contributions by Japanese scientists in the period of 1945 to 1960 are reviewed. This was the period when the foundation of the space weather research was laid by ground-based observations and theoretical research. Important contributions were made on such subjects as equatorial ionosphere in quiet times, tidal wind system in the ionosphere, formation of the F2 layer, VLF propagation above the ionosphere, and precursory phenomena (type IV radio outburst and polar cap absorption to storms. At the IGY (1957, 1958, research efforts were intensified and new programs in space and Antarctica were initiated. Japanese scientists in this discipline held a tight network for communication and collaboration that has been kept to this day.

Hiroshima - Monday August 6, 1945, 8h15 a.m

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hersey, John; Belmont, Georges; Haas, Pascale

2011-01-01

On 6 August 1945 at 8.15 a.m., Hiroshima was destroyed by the first atom bomb ever dropped on a city, killing one hundred thousand men, women and children in its white fury. This book, John Hersey's journalistic masterpiece, tells what happened on that day. Told through the memories of six civilians who survived against the odds, this timeless, powerful and compassionate document tells the moments that have preceded and followed the atomic explosion. John Hersey's spare, devastating report on the attack was first published in the New Yorker in 1946. Written in the immediate aftermath of the disaster, it is a classic piece of journalism, and a defining moment of the nuclear age

Deus ex machina or e-slave? Public perception of healthcare robotics in the German print media.

Science.gov (United States)

Laryionava, Katsiaryna; Gross, Dominik

2012-07-01

The news media plays a central role in providing information regarding new medical technologies and exerts an influence on their social perception, understanding, and assessments. This study, therefore, analyzes how healthcare robotics are portrayed in the German print news media. It examines whether the risks and opportunities of new medical technologies are presented in a balanced manner and investigates whether or not print media coverage of these technologies is affected by science-fiction discourse, in which robots appear mostly as a threat to humans. Ten years of German print media coverage (2000-2010) have been studied by means of systematic, standardized content analysis. Reporting focuses predominantly on beneficial advancements in medical practice and the advantages of robotics for patients, medical staff, and society. The results show that the dominant relationship between robots and humans that is transmitted in print media in medical contexts is positive, with robots mostly portrayed as assistants, colleagues, or even friends. Only a small number of articles report ethical questions and risks. In contrast to science-fiction discourse, the German print media provides a positive picture of robotics to the lay public.

Good luck. Rural district. The black coal mining since 1945. The first special exhibition in the new building of the German mining industry museum Bochum; Glueck auf. Ruhrgebiet. Der Steinkohlenbergbau nach 1945. Erste Sonderausstellung im Neubau des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums Bochum

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Farrenkopf, Michael [Montanhistorisches Dokumentationszentrum, Bochum (Germany); Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum (Germany). Forschungsgebiet Juengere Bergbaugeschichte

2010-03-15

As one of the eight large research museums in the Federal Republic of Germany and as a member of the Leibniz Society (Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany), the German mining industry museum Bochum understands its special exhibitions as a result of a large-scale research project. Contrary to other institutions for science, the research museums use the chance to publish their research results in the sense of 'Public Understanding of Science' to the broad public. To this extent, research museums have an important educational function for our modern society.

German Business in Russia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Irakliy D. Gvazava

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Since Perestroika German-Russian relationships have been steadily developing fueled by close contacts between the leaders of both countries. Boris Yeltsin and Helmut Kohl, Vladimir Putin and Gerhard Schröder, Dmitry Medvedev and Angela Merkel had friendly relations resulted in some fruitful business projects, intergovernmental economic forums etc. In my article I will consider the activities of German companies in Russia, advantages, barriers and expectations

Race Across Borders: Transnationalism and Racial Identity in African-American Fiction, 1929-1945

OpenAIRE

Agbodike, Kanayo Jason

2012-01-01

Race Across Borders: Transnationalism and Racial Identity in African-American Fiction, 1929-1945, examines four African-American literary texts that employ transnational themes and aesthetics as a means of resisting a logic of racial essentialism that governed the production and reception of black literature in the United States during the early 20th century. I examine the ways in which Dark Princess by W. E. B. Du Bois, Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, Banjo: A Story Witho...

Propaganda of the Occupation Regime of National Socialistic Germany in Latvia (1941-1945)

OpenAIRE

Kaspars Zellis

2011-01-01

Annotation Doctoral thesis „Propaganda of the Occupation Regime of National Socialistic Germany in Latvia (1941-1945)” presents analysis of Nazi propaganda towards people of Latvia during the World War II. The analysis covers the institutions of propaganda and the main channels of propaganda – media, radio, cinema etc. The content of propaganda has been analyzed in the research as well. The thesis deals with the issue of propaganda of integration, the main goal of which was creating a n...

The South Tirol Problem Since 1945: The Intersection of International and Domestic Politics.

Science.gov (United States)

1985-12-10

an heir, the Duke of Austria, Rudolf IV, took over the rule of the county and the title of "Count of Tirol." This relationship with the royal family...of northern Italy in September 1943 caught this off guard and two of its number, Rudolf Posch and Friedl Volgger, were arrested and sent to...14 Times (London), December 22, 1945. 1 5 Results in Kurt Steiner , Politics in Austria (Boston: fLittle, Brown, and Co., 1972), 4307 38 --. , *."’w

A Suggested Curriculum Outline for German in Secondary Schools

Science.gov (United States)

Clutterbuck, J. M.

1975-01-01

Outlines a four-year program of German study aiming to give students a basic ability in spoken and written German, knowledge of German culture, and preparation for advanced German study. Study topics and textbooks are included. (CHK)

(Reconstruyendo la identidad musical española: el jazz y el discurso cultural del franquismo durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial

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Iván Iglesias

2011-01-01

Full Text Available La victoria del general Franco en la Guerra Civil, en abril de 1939, proporcionó a su régimen la legitimidad para emprender la reconstrucción identitaria de España bajo los preceptos de la tradición, el nacionalismo y el catolicismo. La música ocupó un destacado lugar en la articulación de esa imagen, como parte integrante de la cultura y la raza españolas y como medio de información y persuasión. Este artículo analiza el papel del jazz como referente simbólico y como práctica musical en la propaganda de la dictadura franquista hasta 1945, en relación con las condiciones ideológicas y materiales de España y los avatares de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.   Palabras Clave: España, franquismo, Segunda Guerra Mundial, propaganda, Estados Unidos, música, jazz___________________________Abstract:General Franco’s victory in the Civil War, in April 1939, provided to his regime the legitimacy to tackle the reconstruction of the Spanish identity under the rules of tradition, nationalism and Catholicism. Music occupied a prominent place in the articulation of this image, as an integral part of the Spanish culture and race and as a means of information and persuasion. This article examines the role of jazz as symbolic reference and musical practice in the propaganda of the Francoist dictatorship until 1945, in relation to the ideological and material conditions of Spain and the changes of the Second World War.Keywords: Spain, Francoism, Second World War, propaganda, United States, music, jazz

(Reconstruyendo la identidad musical española: el jazz y el discurso cultural del franquismo durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iván Iglesias

2010-01-01

Full Text Available La victoria del general Franco en la Guerra Civil, en abril de 1939, proporcionó a su régimen la legitimidad para emprender la reconstrucción identitaria de España bajo los preceptos de la tradición, el nacionalismo y el catolicismo. La música ocupó un destacado lugar en la articulación de esa imagen, como parte integrante de la cultura y la raza españolas y como medio de información y persuasión. Este artículo analiza el papel del jazz como referente simbólico y como práctica musical en la propaganda de la dictadura franquista hasta 1945, en relación con las condiciones ideológicas y materiales de España y los avatares de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.   Palabras Clave: España, franquismo, Segunda Guerra Mundial, propaganda, Estados Unidos, música, jazz___________________________Abstract:General Franco’s victory in the Civil War, in April 1939, provided to his regime the legitimacy to tackle the reconstruction of the Spanish identity under the rules of tradition, nationalism and Catholicism. Music occupied a prominent place in the articulation of this image, as an integral part of the Spanish culture and race and as a means of information and persuasion. This article examines the role of jazz as symbolic reference and musical practice in the propaganda of the Francoist dictatorship until 1945, in relation to the ideological and material conditions of Spain and the changes of the Second World War.Keywords: Spain, Francoism, Second World War, propaganda, United States, music, jazz

How old are Germanic lambs?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Vrieland, Seán D.

2017-01-01

Gothic and Gutnish lamb with the meaning ‘sheep’ sets these two languages apart from the rest of Germanic, and is the most common piece of evidence used to claim they share a close connection. Yet the same meaning is found in the descendants of Proto-Fennic *lambaz, a loan from Proto-Germanic, an......Gothic and Gutnish lamb with the meaning ‘sheep’ sets these two languages apart from the rest of Germanic, and is the most common piece of evidence used to claim they share a close connection. Yet the same meaning is found in the descendants of Proto-Fennic *lambaz, a loan from Proto...

[Adjustment of the German DRG system in 2009].

Science.gov (United States)

Wenke, A; Franz, D; Pühse, G; Volkmer, B; Roeder, N

2009-07-01

The 2009 version of the German DRG system brought significant changes for urology concerning coding of diagnoses, medical procedures and the DRG structure. In view of the political situation and considerable economic pressure, a critical analysis of the 2009 German DRG system is warranted. Analysis of relevant diagnoses, medical procedures and G-DRGs in the versions 2008 and 2009 based on the publications of the German DRG-institute (InEK) and the German Institute of Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI). The relevant diagnoses, medical procedures and German DRGs in the versions 2008 and 2009 were analysed based on the publications of the German DRG Institute (InEK) and the German Institute of Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI). Changes for 2009 focus on the development of the DRG structure, DRG validation and codes for medical procedures to be used for very complex cases. The outcome of these changes for German hospitals may vary depending in the range of activities. The German DRG system again gained complexity. High demands are made on correct and complete coding of complex urology cases. The quality of case allocation in the German DRG system was improved. On the one hand some of the old problems (e.g. enterostomata) still persist, while on the other hand new problems evolved out of the attempt to improve the case allocation of highly complex and expensive cases. Time will tell whether the increase in highly specialized DRG with low case numbers will continue to endure and reach acceptable rates of annual fluctuations.

An Unlikely Trusting Relationship? The United States and Japan since 1945

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ruzicka, Jan; Keating, Vincent

The U.S.-Japanese security relationship since 1945 has provided a fertile ground for the study of international politics. Constructivists have used it to demonstrate that security is ultimately dependent on cultural norms and identity. Realists, on the other hand, maintain that the relationship...... is best understood in terms of alliance politics where one state (Japan) passes the costs of its own defence onto its ally (the United States). Given the previously-identified weaknesses in both explanations, this article explores whether the relationship could better serve as an example of a trusting...... relationship in international politics by focussing on the mutual reduction of hedging strategies....

German Vocabulary.

Science.gov (United States)

Coombs, Virginia M.

This article discusses in general terms derivational aspects of English vocabulary. Citing examples of Anglo-Saxon origin, the author provides a glimpse into the nature of the interrelatedness of English, German, and French vocabulary. (RL)

Skandinávské státy a velké evropské krize 1937 – 1939 ve světle československých diplomatických dokumentů

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Dejmek, Jindřich

2011-01-01

Roč. 61, č. 1 (2011), s. 207-380 ISSN 0036-5246 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z80150510 Keywords : Scandinavian Countries * foreign policy * European Crises 1937-1939 Subject RIV: AB - History

Fine structure of the magnetic spectrum of. cap alpha. -rays of ionium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rosenblum, S; Valadares, M; Vial, J

1948-11-22

Using as source of Io--Th an electrolytic deposit on Pt made in 1945 (27% Io), the authors studied the magnetic spectrum of the ..cap alpha..-radiation of Io from long-exposure photographs (4 to 21 days) submitted to a microscopic counting. From a simultaneously obtained ..cap alpha..-spectrum of ThC a ratio was obtained which permitted the assigning of a value of 4682 +- 10 keV to the energy of the most rapid group of Io. This group is separated from another, of a similar order of intensity, by 69 keV. A still slower group seems to exist at 170 keV from the first one (cf Ward, Proc Cambridge Phil Soc 35 322(1939)). There are indications that the groups are of a complex nature, which points to the possible existence either of a soft gamma spectrum or of a complicated beta spectrum. The presence of Ra accumulated since 1945 is visible on the spectra obtained; in a few years it will be possible to determine directly, by the method used, the half life of Ra.

CHESS BOOKS IN SPAIN (1900-1939: A BIO-BIBLIOGRAPHIC DIRECTORY AND A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jordi Brasó Rius

2016-03-01

Full Text Available The work presents a description and analysis of chess books in Spain in the period 1900 to 1939. The tools used have been the main database of the Spanish libraries, along with bibliographical indexes of the subject matter. This has been contextualized with secondary sources. This allows us to locate the works analyzed in the social context of the time. Subsequently, a bibliometric statistical analysis used to assess and interpret issues of authorship, place of publication, publishers, years of increased circulation of works or controlling specific contents of the contributions. The results are useful to check that Barcelona and Madrid topped the printing of books. Also it manifests high Spanish and foreign production around the year 30. Other data is remarkable the informative function that had the most publications.

Sweden, United States and nuclear energy. The establishment of a Swedish nuclear materials control 1945-1995

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jonter, T.

1999-05-01

This report deals mainly with the United States nuclear energy policy towards Sweden 1945-1960. Although Sweden contained rich uranium deposits and retained high competence in the natural sciences and technology, the country had to cooperate with other nations in order to develop the nuclear energy. Besides developing the civil use of nuclear power, the Swedish political elite also had plans to start a nuclear weapons programme. From the beginning of the 1950s up to 1968, when the Swedish parliament decided to sign the non-proliferation treaty, the issue was widely debated. In this report, American policy is analyzed in two periods. In the first period, 1945-1953, the most important aim was to prevent Sweden from acquiring nuclear materials, technical know-how, and advanced equipment which could be used in the production of nuclear weapons. The Swedish research projects were designed to contain both a civil and military use of nuclear energy. The first priority of the American administration was to discourage the Swedes from exploiting their uranium deposits, especially for military purposes. In the next period, 1953-1960, the American policy was characterized by extended aid to the development of the Swedish energy programme. Through the 'Atoms for Peace'-programme, the Swedish actors now received previously classified technical information and nuclear materials. Swedish companies and research centers could now buy enriched uranium and advanced equipment from the United States. This nuclear trade was, however, controlled by the American Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The American help was shaped to prevent the Swedes from developing nuclear weapons capability. From mid-50s Swedish politicians and defence experts realised that a national production of nuclear bombs would cost much more money than was supposed 4-5 years earlier. As a consequence, Swedish officials started to explore the possibilities of acquiring nuclear weapons from United States. The American

Experience and results of MELCOR application for German PWRs

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sonnenkalb, M.

1999-01-01

An introduction into severe accident research work performed at GRS with regard to the use of the MELCOR code is given in Chapter One of the paper. Experience in applying MELCOR 1.8.3 for German PWRs and results of MELCOR calculations done within the project 'Accident management - Mitigation' for German LWRs are presented in Chapter Two. This 3-year project was finished February 1998. It was funded by the German Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety - BMU. In Chapter Three, a short overview of a training course on 'Phenomenology of Severe Accidents in PWR-Plants' is given. Mainly due to the interest from German NPPs GRS developed this special training session in 1996. Since 1996 it has been held several times for operators, shift personnel and the management board of two different German NPPs and for lecture of the German NPP training centre in Essen. In Chapter Four, results of the application of MELCOR 1.8.4 for German PWRs are presented. This work is done within a new project on 'Accident Management - Mitigation' for German LWRs. It was started in March 1998 and is again funded by the German Federal Ministry BMU. An objective of this project is to perform further MELCOR calculations, to be used within a PSA level 2 study for a German PWR, which is done at GRS in parallel. The experience of using MELCOR for German PWRs are summarised in Chapter Five. (author)

[The Vargas Dictatorship in Brazil (1937-1945) and the Primer Franquismo in Spain (1939-1945): power and counter-power of nurses].

Science.gov (United States)

Santos, Tânia Cristina Franco; Gomes, Maria da Luz Barbosa; Oliveira, Alexandre Barbosa de; Almeida Filho, Antonio José de

2012-01-01

This is a historical and social study, which aimed to describe the main characteristics of the Vargas and Franco dictatorships, and to analyze the implications of these to the institutionalization of nursing in Brazil and Spain. As fonts, it was used written documents located in the historical Brazilian and Spanish archives, in addition to the literature on the subject. Data analysis, supported by concepts of Pierre Bourdieu's World Social Theory, showed that, in Brazil and Spain, in referring to the social division of labor, the meeting point between Church and the State was the seclusion of women in private space. It is concluded that the feminine qualities were capitalized by the nurses to legitimize their actions in public space, even to reproduce in that space, consented to by the State and Church, occupations appropriate to femininity.

Julgeolekuorganite "uue töömeetodi" juurutamine relvastatud vastupanuliikumise vastu 1945. aastal / Tõnu Tannberg

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Tannberg, Tõnu, 1961-

2008-01-01

Kuna võitlus vastupanuliikumisega liiduvabariikide tasandil osutus ebapiisavaks, reorganiseeriti NKGB Banditismivastase Võitluse osakond 1944. aasta lõpus peavalitsuseks. 1945. aasta algul saabus Eestisse peavalitsuse esindajana alampolkovnik Slepnev. Dokument: Aleksander Resevi ettekanne NKGB BVVO ülemale sm. Leontjevile, mis võtab kokku seni tehtu relvastatud vastupanuliikumise vastases võitluses Eesti NSV-s ning tutvustab ka lähemalt julgeolekuorganite poolt kasutusele võetud nn. uut töömeetodit. Publikatsioon on valminud ETF-i grandi 7523 raames

Mewaspadai Propaganda melalui Kajian Sejarah (Studi Atas Sistem Propaganda Jepang di Jawa 1942-1945)

OpenAIRE

Yuliati, Dewi

2012-01-01

This article describes the Japanese propaganda system in Java during its occupation (1942-1945). Before its invasion in Java the Japanese had already prepared the propaganda system intensively. The goal of the propaganda was to mobilize the commitment of the Indonesian people to support the Japanese military government to become the winner in the Greater East Asia war against the Allies. The system of the Japanese propaganda in Java includes institutions, methods, packages of propaganda, and ...

The history of mathematics in the Krakow University of Technology (1945–2015 (in Polish

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jan Koroński

2015-12-01

Full Text Available The subject of the paper is the history of Mathematics at the Krakow University of Technology since 1945 up to 2015. It presents profiles of the most famous mathematicians in the history of the Krakow University of Technology (M. Krzyżański, J. Bochenek, F. Barański, I. Łojczyk-Królikiewicz and some information about their scientific achievements.

Las autoras dramáticas españolas del exilio republicano de 1939 como protagonistas teatrales : Hacia la construcción de una genealogía

NARCIS (Netherlands)

García-Manso, Luisa

2016-01-01

The past fifteen years have seen the appearance of several plays in Spain based on historical women from the Republican Exile of 1939. They reveal how contemporary society and, particularly, women writers react against the oblivion suffered by their foremothers in history, thus creating a feminist

The German model of capitalism and the persistence of outward foreign direct investment: evidence from German manufacturing industries

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Martin T Bohl

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Against the backdrop of critique on the German model of capitalism in general, and German public policy in particular as to the ability to successfully adjust to rapid change and exogenous shocks in wake of economic globalisation, this paper investigates the degree of shock persistence in foreign direct investment (FDI of ten German manufacturing industries for the period 1976 to 2003. Theory on exports and non-FDI investment suggests that FDI should exhibit a considerable degree of shock persistence because they are subject to high sunk costs because of high entry and exit costs associated with the high level of asset specificity that is normally connected to FDI. Persistence in foreign direct investment time series data is established by applying various unit root tests. The results are robust to the potential presence of structural breaks in the data. The empirical analysis shows that German outward FDI in mature manufacturing industries, with one exception, exhibits a high degree of shock persistence. The results suggest, at least for mature German industries, that the sunk costs view on shock persistency is confirmed for outward FDI. The results furnish evidence for a tentative assessment of the relationship between German public policy and FDI strategies of multinational firms.

The technical results of the Swedish nuclear weapons programme - a compilation of FOAs annual reports 1945-1972

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Oliver, L.; Stenholm, L.

2002-02-01

The aim with this report is to summarise FOAs nuclear weapons related research that was performed 1945-1972. The report is a compilation of FOAs annual reports that originally were in a classified form but have now - mostly - been declassified. References to separate reports in the different research areas are included in the report

[Wilhelm Liepmann (1878-1939)--the fate of a gynecologist between the Kaiser Reich and Fascism].

Science.gov (United States)

Schneck, P

1984-01-01

The paper gives a bioergographical survey on the German obstetrician and gynaecologist Wilhelm Liepmann. He was Ass. Professor at the Berlin university. Later he became director of the German Women-Institute, which was founded by the Hauptverband der Krankenkassen. In 1933 Liepmann had to emigrate to Turkey, where he got the chair of gynaecology at the university of Istanbul.

USA: German in the Changing Landscape of Postsecondary Education

Science.gov (United States)

Tatlock, Lynne

2010-01-01

This article identifies recent indicators of the state of German Studies in the United States with special attention to postsecondary enrollments in German. It additionally reviews challenges to the postsecondary teaching of German as they manifest themselves both locally and nationally, including the positioning of German Studies in the life of…

La delegación del PCE en México (1939-1956 : origen y límite de una voluntad de liderazgo de la oposición

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Pablo Jesús Carrión Sánchez

2004-01-01

Full Text Available A través del estudio de la Delegación del PCE en México se analizan algunas claves esenciales del exilio político de 1939. En paralelo a la primera fase de la Dictadura los desterrados tratan de estructurar plataformas de oposición para derribarla. En ellas se observa la voluntad de liderazgo del PCE en contraste con su relativo aislamiento tanto del resto del exilio como de la propia política mexicana.Through the study of the Delegation of the PCE in México some essential keys of the political exile of 1939 are analysed. In paral leí to the firstphase ofthe Dictatorship the exiles try to structure platforms of opposition to demolish it. In them the will of leadership of the PCE is observed in contrast with its relative isolation of the rest of the exile like of the own Mexican politics.

Attitudes And Aggressive Actions. Inter-Ethnic Tensions Among German, Turkish And Resettler Adolescents

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Joachim Bruess

2014-11-01

Full Text Available The interaction between immigrants and members of the host society has been and still is an important issue during processes of migration. This study analyses inter-ethnic aggressive antisocial actions among adolescents. A descriptive analysis reveals the frequency of such behaviour among German, Turkish and Resettler (Aussiedler adolescents. The explanatory analysis concentrates on the influence of a attitudes towards violence (justifications, b an approval with social dominance, c bargaining as a conflict resolution strategy, and d trust in the judicial system (a fair treatment according to the law. It is assumed that justifications for violent behaviour and the approval with social dominance are likely to increase inter-ethnic aggressive antisocial actions. In contrast, bargaining as a preference for conflict resolution and trust in the judicial system are supposed to reduce such behaviour. A final comparison reveals whether the explanations are substantial across the groups.

Frontier nurse-midwives and antepartum emergencies, 1925 to 1939.

Science.gov (United States)

Schminkey, Donna L; Keeling, Arlene W

2015-01-01

This article examines how the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) utilized nurse-midwives to respond to antepartum emergencies such as preterm birth, eclampsia, malpresentation, and hemorrhage in the women of Appalachia in the years 1925 to 1939. Particular attention is given to the preparation that nurse-midwives received during their midwifery education to prevent and respond to emergencies. Using traditional historical research methods and primary source material from the FNS papers in the Special Collections, University of Kentucky Libraries, Lexington, Kentucky, this article describes the nurse-midwives' experiences and how they implemented skills they had learned during their training in Great Britain. Working in the isolated mountainous area of Leslie County, Kentucky-for the most part without direct assistance from physicians-FNS nurse-midwives decreased maternal and neonatal mortality rates. During their first 2000 births, they had only 2 maternal deaths, whereas the national average maternal mortality rate was approximately 7 deaths per 1000 births. The nurse-midwives performed external cephalic versions on a routine basis. For pregnancy and birth emergencies, they administered sedation, gave general anesthesia, and performed invasive lifesaving techniques in order to protect the lives of the women in their care. During these 14 years, their cross-cultural engagement, assessment skills, clinical judgment, and timely interventions improved maternal and child health throughout the region. © 2015 by the American College of Nurse-Midwives.

Comparison between Dutch and German buildings

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lony, R.J.M.; Molenaar, D.J.; Rietkerk, J.; Schuiling, D.J.B.W.; Zeiler, W. [TU/e, Univ. of Technology Eindhoven (Netherlands); Brunk, M. [RWTH Aachen (Germany)

2006-07-01

German buildings are often seen as an example to Dutch architects and Dutch building services consultants. Goal of this article is to examine and to understand differences between the Dutch and German top office buildings. Objective is to examine to which extent these buildings were designed intelligently. An Intelligent Building is one that provides a productive cost effective environment through the optimisation of six basic elements; site, skin, systems, structures, services, space plan and staff and the interrelationship between them. Based on these six aspects the comparison is made between Dutch and German buildings. (orig.)

German causative events with placement verbs

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De Knop Sabine

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Several studies have described the semantic uses of German posture verbs, but only few have dealt with German placement verbs. The present study wants to make up for this gap. Starting from a collection of examples from the core corpora of the Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (DWDS and some former studies on posture verbs, it first describes the variety of the most common German placement verbs stellen (‘to put upright’, legen (‘to lay down’, setzen (‘to set’ and stecken (‘to stick’.

GERMANISMS IN THE NORTH ČAKAVIAN DIALECT

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Marija Turk

2005-01-01

Full Text Available This paper deals with Germanisms in some local idioms of the North Čakavian dialect. Phonological, morphological and word-formation variants of Germanisms are identified. Special attention is paid to the semantic fields and to the spatial, temporal, functional and stylistic stratification of the Germanisms, and to the degree to which they are recognized and used by speakers who belong to different generations.

Domination versus disjunctive domination in graphs | Henning ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Domination versus disjunctive domination in graphs. Michael A Henning, Sinclair A Marcon. Abstract. A dominating set in a graph G is a set S of vertices of G such that every vertex not in S is adjacent to a vertex of S. The domination number of G is the minimum cardinality of a dominating set of G. For a positive integer b, ...

The Evolution of the Third Reich.

Science.gov (United States)

McCleary, George F., Jr.

1995-01-01

Presents a set of four maps illustrating changing German political borders. Includes the time period from 1933, when Hitler came to power, until the division of Germany in 1945. Includes a map showing the Allied Powers against Germany, nations allied with Germany, and neutral nations. (CFR)

[Evolution of the relative prices of food groups between 1939 and 2010 in the city of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil].

Science.gov (United States)

Yuba, Tania Yuka; Sarti, Flavia Mori; Campino, Antonio Carlos Coelho; Carmo, Heron Carlos Esvael do

2013-06-01

To analyze the evolution of relative prices of food groups and its influence on public healthy eating policies. Data from the municipality of Sao Paulo between 1939 and 2010 were analyzed based on calculating index numbers. Data from the Economic Researches Foundation Institute price database and weight structures (1939 to 1988) and from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (1989 to 2010) were used to. The price database was organized, its consistency tested and prices were deflated using the consumer price index. Relative prices were calculated and associated to food categories and groups, according to the food pyramid guide adapted for the Brazilian population. The price indices for each group were calculated according to Laspeyres modified formula. The general food price index was compared with the indices for each food group and respective category: fresh food, processed food, beverages, meat, legumes, milk and eggs, cereals and root vegetables and eating out. Price indices for fat, oil, spices, sugars and sweets and processed food showed relative price reduction. Fresh food, such as fruit and vegetables, showed an increase in relative prices. Other food groups, such as cereals, flour and pasta, meat, milk and egg, showed a steadier long term trend in relative prices. The evolution of relative prices of food in the city of Sao Paulo demonstrates a negative trend towards healthy eating at household level in the long run.

De hand van Romme. C.P.M. Romme als staatkundig hoofdredacteur van De Volkskrant (1945-1952

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M. Broersma

2000-01-01

Full Text Available Romme's hand: The politician C.P.M. Romme as editor-in-chief of the 'De Volkskrant' (1945-1952Between 1945 and 1953, C.P.M. Romme held two posts simultaneously; he was both the political leader of the Katholieke Volkspartij (KVP and editor-in-chief of the newspaper 'De Volkskrant'. Many assumptions have been made about this joint position, mostly by theorists and researchers into the subject of 'pillarization'. However, Romme's actual influence on the content of the 'Volkskrant' has not yet been properly researched. This article explores the role that Romme the politician played during his editorship of the 'Volkskrant'. It aims to show how Romme used the newspaper to attain his political goals; especially with regard to maintaining Catholic political unity and social solidarity. He wrote leading articles to influence public opinion, acted in a censorial capacity and invited journalists and political supporters to contribute articles that supported his own views. In 1952, the owner of the newspaper, the 'Katholieke Arbeidersbeweging' (The Trade Union for Catholics, forced Romme to resign. Ironically, it was a conflict about maintaining Catholic political unity - Romme's main political goal – that ultimately led to his resignation.

German atomic low meeting 2004

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ossenbuehl, F.

2005-01-01

The conference report on the German atomic law meeting 2004 contains 14 contributions on the German atomic legislation within four parts: Damage precaution in the operational phase; Legal general requirements for the final disposal - considerations ''de lege lata'' and ''de lege ferenda''. Financing of the site searching by a statutory company (''Verbandsmodell''). Atomic supervision authority - federal executive administration or federal self administration?

Vývoj plánování vědy v Československu a NDR v letech 1945-1989

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Franc, Martin; Kunštát, Miroslav

2014-01-01

Roč. 65, č. 5 (2014), s. 302-312 ISSN 0009-0700 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA13-09541S Institutional support: RVO:67985921 Keywords : Czechoslovakia, 1945-1989 * East Germany * history of science Subject RIV: AB - History

Immobile Complex Verbs in Germanic

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Vikner, Sten

2005-01-01

the V° requirements or the V* requirements. Haider (1993, p. 62) and Koopman (1995), who also discuss such immobile verbs, only account for verbs with two prefix-like parts (e.g., German uraufführen ‘to perform (a play) for the first time' or Dutch herinvoeren ‘to reintroduce'), not for the more...... frequent type with only one prefix-like part (e.g., German bauchreden/Dutch buikspreken ‘to ventriloquize'). This analysis will try to account not only for the data discussed in Haider (1993) and Koopman (1995) but also for the following: - why immobile verbs include verbs with only one prefix-like part...... are immobile, - why such verbs are not found in Germanic VO-languages such as English and Scandinavian....

Lack of Men, Flame Throwers and Rabbit Drives: Student Life in Australia's First Rural Teachers College 1945-1955

Science.gov (United States)

Potts, Anthony

2012-01-01

This article examines student life in an Australian rural teachers college. The paper is informed by studies on university student life and extends these to Australia's first rural teachers college in the period 1945-1955. It explores the diversity of students' experiences in a small college with predominately female students gradually…

The German-German history of the nuclear power plant Greifswald. Nuclear power between east and west. 2. ed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hoegselius, Per

2015-01-01

The historical study covers the chapters The nuclear power plant Greifswald; Lubmin shortly before the ''Wende'' 1989; the German ''Wende''; from the last vote for the ''Volkskammer (parliament of the German Democratic Republic) to the German reunification; Lubmin in reunified Germany; conclusions and perspectives. In the attachment technical data about the reactors WWER-440/W-230 are summarized, including a list of WWERs in the former eastern bloc countries.

ATATÜRK and TURKEY FROM AN ENGLISH DIPLOMAT’S VIEW (1933-1939 / BIR INGILIZ DIPLOMATIN GÖZÜYLE ATATÜRK ve TÜRKIYE (1933–1939

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Dr. Esra SARIKOYUNCU DEĞERLI

2008-09-01

Full Text Available Sir Percy Loraine was an assignment to the Embassy inAnkara, with the rank of Ambassador, which he took up at the end of1933. His mission lasted till May 1939. Mentioned diplomat, duringhis mission carefully observed internal and external events of Turkeyand informed the Foreign Ministry of United Kingdom and thuscontrıbuted to the development of Turkısh and England Relatıons.Healso had good relations with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk who founder of the Turkish Republic and its first president. He filled with admirationfor Atatürk’s personality and his Turkish Revolution. As a one of theEnglish diplomat Loraine, continued to do various speeches andwriting articles about Atatürk and Turkish Republic, after his missionended in Ankara. Loraine, has been opposite of the various accusationagainst Atatürk, especially “dictatorship” and “anti-religion” issues.Because of this, he made a lot of correspond with statesman andauthor also with some formal association about Atatürk.In our study, Sir Percy Loraine’s autobiography and hisopinion about Atatürk and Turkey will be expressed to take advantageof English archives documents.

German energy policy in deregulated Europe

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kuhnt, D.

2000-01-01

The author argues in favor of a more fact-oriented German energy policy: Firstly, German energy policy must accept the new European framework of a market economy. This means that German utilities must no longer be burdened with the implementation of political objectives. The German power industry needs a level playing field for competition on a European scale. Consequently, also the European partner countries should not limit themselves to the minimum conditions of the Single Market Directive in opening their markets. Secondly, German energy policy must develop new forms of cooperation with the power industry so as to maintain domestic employment and the addition of value despite considerably stronger competitive pressure. Also the conflicting targets of sustainability, continuity of supply, and economic viability must not only be discussed, but must be turned into productive approaches. Thirdly, this means that there must be no inadmissible solution in matters nuclear. If the German power industry is to remain strong, in the interest of domestic jobs and opportunities for the future, it must not lose any more domestic market share to other European companies. Fourthly, we need a new energy policy which takes cognizance of the results of market development in a more rational, less emotional way. In this respect, it should be limited henceforth to supporting renewable energies and technologies so as to enhance energy efficiency in line with market requirements. Fifthly, German energy policy must not commit the mistake of enforcing deregulation and, at the same time, exempting large segments of the market from competition. Thus, the planned expansion of renewable energies, and the increase in cogeneration to more than thirty percent of the German electricty generation, by way of quotas and revenues for electricity from these sources fed into the public grid, are incompatible with competition in Europe. The electricity tax within the framework of the eco tax, the

Elitno i popularno u jugoslovenskoj filmskoj kulturi 1945-1965.

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Rade Pantić

2017-02-01

Full Text Available The aim of this article is to try to apply the theory of culture of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, which is based on the distinction between the elitist and the popular, on the domain of the Yugoslav film culture in the period between 1945–1965. Using Bourdieu’s hypothesis that conflicting artistic tastes reflect the class antagonism in the capitalist society we tried to show how aesthetic distinctions function in the case of the film culture of socialist Yugoslavia. The communist project of a classless society proved to be incapable of producing a society devoid of relations of domination and subordination. Socialist realism tried to mask the gap between the majority of population and the party bureaucracy by means of abolishing the division between the elite and the popular culture and by creating a uniform culture for the entire population. The entire social field was thus totalized by one art form. The project of Yugoslav self-management socialism, conditioned by the Cold War situation between the East and the West, failed to develop a distinct cultural model. The project of a classless, self-governing society was hiding the gap between the new governing elite and the rest of the population, the gap that was evident in the existence of the two distinct cultures: the elite culture of socialist aestheticism and the popular culture of the rest of the population. In order to cover this social split the ruling communist party would often start the so-called anti-bureaucratic reforms, changing the cultural paradigms in order to maintain the illusion that the process of permanent self-governing revolution and withering away of the state is in progress. Occasional censorship of both elite and the popular film was to maintain the illusion that Yugoslav society and its culture were on the tracks of their own autochthonous third way road of socialism with a human face. In fact the country was more and more economically and culturally

PERBANDINGAN PEREKONOMIAN DARI MASA SOEKARNO HINGGA SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO (1945 - 2009

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Abdul Hakim

2012-07-01

Full Text Available This research to analyzes Indonesia’s economy in various presidency, that since Indonesia’s independence in 1945 until 2009. This study used qualitative research methods-historical, and found that each leadership has their stated objectives. In Suharto, began development with a clearer direction. But the factor of corruption, collusion and nepotism makes the New Order fall. Habibie did re-alignment in the economic, social and political. Gus Dur emphasizes building relationships with foreign countries in order to build the national economy. Megawati succeeded in lowering inflation and interest rates, and increase economic growth and menguatlan rupiah. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono succeeded in improving the economy in general, inflation mengendaikan, growing domestic aggregate demand, and reduce imports.

The Specifics of Post-War Canadian Immigration Policy (1945–1957

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Mariia Burtseva

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Immigration plays a significant role in various areas of the society’s life and the international policy. Investigating the Canadian experience of immigration is one of the major elements for understanding different aspects of actual mass relocation. The principal objective of this study is to investigate the specifics of Canadian immigration policy following the Second World War. The research is based on analyzing legislation regulations that established Canadian immigration policy from 1945 to 1957. The findings indicated that there were multilateral causes for the after-war immigration changes. And that in reality, Canadian immigration policy in the post-war decade was quite ambiguous because of enacting liberal and discriminatory legislation at the same time.

The German radiation protection standards

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Becker, Klaus; Neider, Rudolf

1977-01-01

The German Standards Institute (DIN Deutsches Institut fuer Normung, Berlin) is engaged in health physics standards development in the following committees. The Nuclear Standards Committee (NKe), which deals mainly with nuclear science and technology, the fuel cycle, and radiation protection techniques. The Radiology Standards Committee (FNR), whose responsibilities are traditionally the principles of radiation protection and dosimetry, applied medical dosimetry, and medical health physics. The German Electrotechnical Commission (DKE), which is concerned mostly with instrumentation standards. The Material Testing Committee (FNM), which is responsible for radiation protection in nonmedical radiography. The current body of over one hundred standards and draft standards was established to supplement the Federal German radiation protection legislation, because voluntary standards can deal in more detail with the specific practical problems. The number of standards is steadily expanding due to the vigorous efforts of about thirty working groups, consisting of essentially all leading German experts of this field. Work is supported by the industry and the Federal Government. A review of the present status and future plans, and of the international aspects with regard to European and world (ISO, etc.) standards will be presented

Dictionary for veterinary science and biosciences. German-English/English-German. With trilingual appendix: Latin terms

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mack, R.

1988-01-01

This dictionary has been compiled as a result of many years experience of translating German texts in the biological sciences, particularly veterinary medicine. The author's aim is to supplement the standard German-English general dictionaries with technical terms to in the fields of anatomy, microbiology, physiology, parasitology, pathology, pharmacology, toxicology and zootechny, with special reference to domestic animals and their diseases. (orig.) [de

Conditions in the Channel Islands during the 1940–45 German Occupation and their impact on the health of islanders: A systematic review of published reports and first-hand accounts

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George T. H. Ellison

2009-12-01

Full Text Available The 1940-45 German occupation of the Channel Islands culminated in a 10-month siege between the liberation of Normandy in 1944 and the fall of Berlin in May 1945. This paper systematically reviews published reports and first-hand accounts of conditions in the Channel Islands during the occupation, and assesses the impact of these conditions on the health of islanders. Vital registration data, official reports and first-hand accounts all suggest that the occupation was accompanied by widespread weight loss and an increase in mortality, particularly among the elderly and other vulnerable groups. Children, adolescents and young adults may have also suffered disproportionately as these groups (teenagers in particular were allocated rations that underestimated their full nutritional requirements. Indeed, data collected before, during and after the occupation reveal that the height and weight of school children was significantly lower during the occupation, while age at menarche was significantly delayed amongst girls entering puberty.

Women, engagement and censorship in the Spanish Cinema. 1939-1959

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Fátima Gil Gascón, Ph.D.

2010-01-01

Full Text Available his article analyses the formation of women’s identity in relation to love and courtship in the Spanish cinema during the first Franco regime (1939-1959. To this end, two hundred films produced in Spain during this time were analysed. These films were chosen based on two criteria: Their permanence in the box office and their relevance to the subject under study. This research was complemented with the analysis of the censorship reports about these films, which facilitated the understanding of the guidelines and influence of the government towards the representation of an official model of the Spanish women. Moreover, in order to know whether other media also contributed to the creation of the feminine identity, we consulted the most important women’s magazines and compared their messages whit those offered to women on the big screen.The analysis shows that the cinema of this years present a vision of love that was very far from the romantic and passionate feeling that appeared in other artistic representations. Female audiences that went to the cinema during this time assimilated a concept of love intrinsically linked to marriage and the formation of a family. This reality was in consonance with the mission to which, according to the Francoist regime, the Spanish women were destined.

For the little workers of the New World: ILO and child labor in the Americas (1936-1939

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José Pacheco dos Santos Júnior

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Created in 1919, the International Labour Organization took on a bold task: to standardize the world of work and to consolidate the ideal of social justice as a way of consolidate world peace. Choosing this agency as an object of study, the article aims to analyze the formulation and purposes that defined the resolutions on the work of children and young people, discussed and approved in the first two American Labour Conferences, held in Chile (1936 and in Cuba (1939. Under comparative analysis, the reflection concludes that the resolutions coming from such forums were not only to regulate but also to conform ideal models of childhood and youth.

Reconstituting the Social: Transforming Institutions and Emerging Forms of Knowledge-Making in Korea, Late Nineteenth Century to 1945

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John DiMoia

2016-09-01

Full Text Available Kyung Moon Hwang, Rationalizing Korea: The Rise of the Modern State, 1894-1945. University of California Press, 2015. 416 pp. $75 (cloth; $35 (paper/e-book. Theodore Jun Yoo, It's Madness: The Politics of Mental Health in Colonial Korea. University of California Press, 2016. 248 pp. $65 (cloth/e-book.

German Grammar in the Students' Words: The "Essentialization" of German Grammar by American College-Level Learners

Science.gov (United States)

Chavez, Monika

2011-01-01

This study of 134 college-level learners of German, enrolled in four years of instruction, showed them to "essentialize" German grammar when asked to describe it to a hypothetical friend. Kubota defined the term essentialization to capture learners' views of the target culture. Its main characteristic is the presupposition of "essential, stable,…

A systematic review of the quality of homeopathic pathogenetic trials published from 1945 to 1995.

Science.gov (United States)

Dantas, F; Fisher, P; Walach, H; Wieland, F; Rastogi, D P; Teixeira, H; Koster, D; Jansen, J P; Eizayaga, J; Alvarez, M E P; Marim, M; Belon, P; Weckx, L L M

2007-01-01

The quality of information gathered from homeopathic pathogenetic trials (HPTs), also known as 'provings', is fundamental to homeopathy. We systematically reviewed HPTs published in six languages (English, German, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Dutch) from 1945 to 1995, to assess their quality in terms of the validity of the information they provide. The literature was comprehensively searched, only published reports of HPTs were included. Information was extracted by two reviewers per trial using a form with 87 items. Information on: medicines, volunteers, ethical aspects, blinding, randomization, use of placebo, adverse effects, assessments, presentation of data and number of claimed findings were recorded. Methodological quality was assessed by an index including indicators of internal and external validity, personal judgement and comments of reviewers for each study. 156 HPTs on 143 medicines, involving 2815 volunteers, produced 20,538 pathogenetic effects (median 6.5 per volunteer). There was wide variation in methods and results. Sample size (median 15, range 1-103) and trial duration (mean 34 days) were very variable. Most studies had design flaws, particularly absence of proper randomization, blinding, placebo control and criteria for analysis of outcomes. Mean methodological score was 5.6 (range 4-16). More symptoms were reported from HPTs of poor quality than from better ones. In 56% of trials volunteers took placebo. Pathogenetic effects were claimed in 98% of publications. On average about 84% of volunteers receiving active treatment developed symptoms. The quality of reports was in general poor, and much important information was not available. The HPTs were generally of low methodological quality. There is a high incidence of pathogenetic effects in publications and volunteers but this could be attributable to design flaws. Homeopathic medicines, tested in HPTs, appear safe. The central question of whether homeopathic medicines in high dilutions can

[German neurology and neurologists during the Third Reich: Preconditions and general framework before and after 1933].

Science.gov (United States)

Martin, M; Karenberg, A; Fangerau, H

2016-08-01

This article focuses on the institutional development of neurology in Germany up to the rise to power of the National Socialists and the radical sociopolitical changes after 1933. A wide range of scattered secondary literature was assessed and evaluated. Additionally, some original sources are literally quoted and interpreted according to the context. Since the end of the nineteenth century a complicated process of separation from internal medicine and psychiatry led to the formation of a self-conscious discipline of neurology. The first generation of German neurologists succeeded in founding the German Journal for Neurology ("Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde") in 1890 and their own neurological association, the Society of German Neurologists ("Gesellschaft Deutscher Nervenärzte", GDN) in 1907. On an international scale, however, the institutional implementation of neurology with only a small number of chairs and few neurology departments remained more than modest. The ambitions for autonomy ended 2 years after the change of power in 1933. Regulatory interventions by the government and psychiatric interests led to the fusion of the GDN with the psychiatric specialist society, the new association being called the Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists ("Gesellschaft Deutscher Neurologen und Psychiater", GDNP) in 1935. In this group psychiatrists dominated the discourse. The expulsion, imprisonment and murder of physicians declared as non-Aryan or Jewish along with the forced consolidation ("Gleichschaltung") at the universities prompted profound changes in medical and academic life. It remains an ongoing challenge of neurological historical research to measure the impact of this upheaval on the few neurology departments in hospitals and private practices.

La misión pentecostal escandinava en el Chaco argentino: Etapa formativa: 1914 - 1945 Scandinavian pentecostal mission in the Argentine Chaco: First stage: 1914-1945

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César Ceriani Cernadas

2011-01-01

Full Text Available El trabajo propone una etnografía histórica sobre la misión pentecostal escandinava entre los aborígenes del Chaco Argentino durante su período formativo. Fue el misionero noruego Berger Johnsen (1888-1945 quien se instaló en el pueblo de Embarcación (provincia de Salta en 1914 con el objetivo de organizar una base misionera para el trabajo evangélico. La indagación pretende sumar conocimiento sobre esta corriente olvidada en los estudios sobre evangelización protestante en la región chaqueña tomando en cuenta cuatro ejes: 1. los valores, el imaginario y las prácticas del misionero nórdico; 2. la recepción aborigen del mensaje pentecostal, observada en los dirigentes y la memoria de los habitantes; 3. la coyuntura regional, religiosa, política y económica, que enmarcó estructuralmente el emprendimiento; 4. la realidad cultural sui generis de la misión de Embarcación, conformada por diversos grupos étnicos del corazón chaqueño y establecida en un naciente pueblo criollo.This paper proposes an historical ethnography of the Scandinavian Pentecostal mission among the aboriginal people of the Argentinean Chaco focusing on its former period. In 1914 a Norwegian missionary, Berger Johnsen (1888-1945, established a Pentecostal base in Embarcación (Province of Salta in order to embrace evangelical work. This study tries to add knowledge to this neglected trend in the studies about Protestant evangelism in the Chaco region. This will be done taking into account four topics: 1. the values, representations and practices of the Nordic missionary; 2. the aboriginal appropriation of the Pentecostal message; 3. the regional context, in terms of religion, politics and economy, framing the missionary enterprise; 4. the sui generis cultural reality of Embarcación mission, characterized by the presence of different ethnic groups from the central Chaco and a novel criollo town.

Reforms in German Higher Education: Implementing and Adapting Anglo-American Organizational and Management Structures at German Universities

Science.gov (United States)

Liefner, Ingo; Schatzl, Ludwig; Schroder, Thomas

2004-01-01

Currently, the German higher education system is undergoing drastic reform. Competitive structures and funding mechanisms are being introduced that are already successfully used in other countries. However, critics state that cultural differences prevent the effective application, in German universities, of funding mechanisms and incentives…

A German format for pupils’ training

CERN Multimedia

Antonella Del Rosso

2012-01-01

Every year CERN welcomes thousands of pupils from schools worldwide for a half-day visit to the Laboratory. However, since 2011 about ten selected students from Germany have been given the opportunity to experience CERN in much greater depth. They are fully sponsored by the German Ministry of Education and supported by an organising structure at TU Dresden - the Dresden University of Technology - led by Michael Kobel. It’s an investment that's paying off in Germany.   The German teachers who participated in the “Netzwerk Teilchenwelt” project, at CERN last week. “Netzwerk Teilchenwelt” is a project that involves 23 German universities, the DESY Laboratory, several schools and, of course, CERN. Launched in 2010 with a contribution from the German Ministry for Science and Research of about 1 million euros over three years, the project has so far involved over 4,000 students and 500 teachers. “Thanks to this project, both pupils...

Reconstruction of War Damaged Buildings - A Problem that Still Stands. The Case of the National Economy Bank in Warsaw Restored During the Second World War

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Łotysz, Sławomir

2016-12-01

The Polish national historiography remains silent on the reconstruction of damaged towns and cities that was undertaken by the German administration after capturing Poland in September 1939. This paper, on the war-time restoration of the National Economy Bank's headquarters in Warsaw, is an attempt to at least partially fill the gap. Designed by celebrated architect Rudolf Świerczyński in the late 1920s in accordance with contemporary air raid defence regulations, it was bombed and nevertheless seriously damaged during the September Campaign. Under the German management of the bank, the building was reconstructed and even modernized by commissioned Polish engineers.

Field Scale Groundwater Nitrate Loading Model for the Central Valley, California, 1945-Current

Science.gov (United States)

Harter, T.; Dzurella, K.; Bell, A.; Kourakos, G.

2015-12-01

Anthropogenic groundwater nitrate contamination in the Central Valley aquifer system, California, is widespread, with over 40% of domestic wells in some counties exceeding drinking water standards. Sources of groundwater nitrate include leaky municipal wastewater systems, municipal wastewater recharge, onsite wastewater treatment (septic) systems, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, animal farming, application of organic waste materials (sludge, biosolids, animal manure) to agricultural lands, and synthetic fertilizer. At the site or field scale, nitrogen inputs to the landscape are balanced by plant nitrogen uptake and harvest, atmospheric nitrogen losses, surface runoff of nitrogen, soil nitrogen storage changes, and leaching to groundwater. Irrigated agriculture is a dominant player in the Central Valley nitrogen cycle: The largest nitrogen fluxes are synthetic fertilizer and animal manure applications to cropland, crop nitrogen uptake, and groundwater nitrogen losses. We construct a historic field/parcel scale groundwater nitrogen loading model distinguishing urban and residential areas, individual animal farming areas, leaky wastewater lagoons, and approximately 50 different categories of agricultural crops. For non-agricultural landuses, groundwater nitrate loading is based on reported leaching values, animal population, and human population. For cropland, groundwater nitrate loading is computed from mass balance, taking into account diverse and historically changing management practices between different crops. Groundwater nitrate loading is estimated for 1945 to current. Significant increases in groundwater nitrate loading are associated with the expansion of synthetic fertilizer use in the 1950s to 1970s. Nitrate loading from synthetic fertilizer use has stagnated over the past 20 years due to improvements in nutrient use efficiency. However, an unbroken 60 year exponential increase in dairy production until the late 2000s has significantly impacted the

Mortality of German travellers on passenger vessels.

Science.gov (United States)

Oldenburg, Marcus; Herzog, Jan; Püschel, Klaus; Harth, Volker

2016-01-01

In the past two decades, more and more Germans decided to spend their holidays on a passenger vessel. This study examined the frequencies and causes of deaths of German travellers aboard passenger vessels of all flags. The shipboard deaths of all German travellers within the time period from 1998 to 2008 were counted using the German civil central register in Berlin. The available documentation in this register provides information on frequencies, circumstances and causes of deaths on ships. In the above-mentioned period of time, the total cohort of German travellers on cruise ships is estimated to be 5.97 million persons. During the 11-year examination period, 135 shipboard deaths of German passengers [102 males (75.6%) and 33 females (24.4%)] were recorded. Out of these travellers, 110 died on cruise ships. When considering only the passengers on cruise ships (without those on ferries) an average crude mortality rate of 1.8 per 100,000 German passengers was calculated. The crude mortality rate of shipboard death for males and females was 2.5 and 0.8 per 100,000 German passengers with a mean age of 71.2 years [standard deviation (SD) 16.0 years] and 73.3 years (SD 16.0 years), respectively. Significantly, more deceased travellers older than 70 years were observed on traditional cruise ships and resort vessels than on passenger ferries (P = 0.001). The causes of death were documented in 85 cases (63.0%). Out of these documented deaths, 82 (96.5%) cases were regarded to be natural causes (particularly circulatory diseases) and 3 (3.5%) as unnatural causes (twice drowning and once an accidental fall). In spite of the large proportion of unknown causes of death, this study argues for a high significance of internal causes of deaths among German passengers. Thus, ship's doctors-particularly those on traditional cruise ships-should be well experienced in internal and geriatric medicines. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of

Skin care practice in German nursing homes: a German-wide cross-sectional study.

Science.gov (United States)

Kottner, Jan; Rahn, Yasmin; Blume-Peytavi, Ulrike; Lahmann, Nils

2013-04-01

Due to anatomical and physiological changes in the course of aging and due to increased vulnerability, there are special skin care needs in elderly and care-dependent persons. Little is known about skin care practice in German long-term care facilities. The aim of the study was to gather epidemiological data about skin care practice in German nursing homes. In spring 2012 a German-wide cross sectional study was conducted in 47 nursing homes. Based on standardized data collection sheets. demographics and variables about methods and frequencies of skin cleansing and application of skin care products for 3 552 nursing home residents were collected and analyzed. The variables age, gender and level of care dependency was representative for the group of all German nursing home residents. More than 90% of investigated nursing home residents required skin care assistance. Washing body parts or the whole body were conducted most frequently (89.1%, 95% CI 88.0- 90.1). Skin care leave-on products were used in 91.7% (95% CI 90.7-92.6), whereas there were large variations between individuals. In total, more than 100 brands were used. Skin care practice in multimorbid care dependent persons shows large variations. How skin care products meet the special requirements of aged skin and whether they enhance the skin barrier function and prevent cuteneous skin damage is unknown. © The Authors • Journal compilation © Blackwell Verlag GmbH, Berlin.

[Racism as ideology and practice of domination (1933-1945)].

Science.gov (United States)

Benz, Wolfgang

2009-01-01

National Socialist ideology was comprised of various "set pieces" taken from the racial doctrines in vogue in the 19th century, which were then combined with Social Darwinism. The specifically National Socialist input resided in instrumentalizing these ideas for political purposes. Since the 18th century, the conviction, based on characteristics determined by scientific research, that humans were genetically dissimilar and therefore of differing value, had gained widespread credence. In the theory put forth by Gobineau for example, external characteristics were seen as determining an individual's intelligence and character, a view that simultaneously legitimized the imperialism and colonialism of a reputably superior "white" race. Out of this conglomerate emerged the idea of racial purity, which found specific expression in eugenics. "Selection" and "eradication" were leading concepts of this movement and at the same time methods for differentiating between the "Aryan" and inferior races. Hans F. K. Günther propagated and popularized these principles of Nazi racial ideology in The Racial Elements of European History. Renouncing their right to be part of the Volksgemeinschaft, this signaled the prelude to the war of extermination waged against allegedly inferior peoples.

Sustainable Civil-Society Engagement: Potentials of a Transnational Civil Society in French-German, Polish-German, and Czech-German Border Regions

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Klaus Boehnke

2015-04-01

Full Text Available Based on representative survey data, the present study examines potentials for the sustainable development of a transnational civil society in French-German, Polish-German, and Czech-German border regions. The theoretical framework is a social capital approach in the tradition of Putnam. Transnational engagement is seen as a key element for the development of a border-crossing civil society. For the analysis, existing forms of social capital were classified according to their bridging and bonding functions and the potentials of local and transnational activities are described. Furthermore, using multilevel analysis, the predictive power of different variables like individual dispositions and specific contexts of the regions on cross-border activities are examined. Descriptively, the expected lower level of local civil-society engagement, in general, and also with regard to the transnational activities was found for post-socialist border regions. It is shown that, first and foremost, existing experience in civil-society engagement in the local context is a high-impact predictor for both transnational activities and an interest in such activities. Other variables like feelings of a historical burden or the economic situation of the region are less important.

The Dividend Policy of German Firms

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Andres, C.; Betzer, A.; Goergen, M.; Renneboog, L.D.R.

2008-01-01

Abstract: German firms pay out a lower proportion of their cash flows, but a higher proportion of their published profits than UK and US firms. We estimate partial adjustment models and report two major findings. First, German firms base their dividend decisions on cash flows rather than published

The Dividend Policy of German Firms

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Andres, C.; Betzer, A.; Goergen, M.; Renneboog, L.D.R.

2008-01-01

German firms pay out a lower proportion of their cash flows, but a higher proportion of their published profits than UK and US firms. We estimate partial adjustment models and report two major findings. First, German firms base their dividend decisions on cash flows rather than published earnings as

Slavic idea in political thought of underground Poland during World War II

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Miszewski Dariusz

2017-12-01

Full Text Available After the German invasion in 1941, the USSR declared to be the defender of the Slavic nations occupied by Germany. It did not defend their allies, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, against the Germans in the 1938-1941. In alliance with Germans it attacked Poland in 1939. Soviets used the Slavic idea to organize armed resistance in occupied nations. After the war, the Soviet Union intended to make them politically and militarily dependent. The Polish government rejected participation in the Soviet Slavic bloc. In the Polish political emigration and in the occupied country the Slavic idea was really popular, but as an anti-Soviet idea. Poland not the Soviet Union was expected to become the head of Slavic countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe.

Fifty years of German nuclear legislation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Heller, W.

2006-01-01

The political situation and the state of legislation after World War II make it difficult to pinpoint a precise date of origin of German nuclear legislation. The restrictions imposed by the Allied High Commission (AHC) without any exception put a ban on the production of uranium and thorium metal as well as the construction of nuclear reactors. These restrictions were lifted expressly when the German Atomic Energy Act (AtG) entered into force on January 1, 1960, i.e. much later than the formal step of gaining sovereignty, which was marked by the protocol of May 5, 1955 terminating the Occupation Statute. In October 1955, the German federal government established the then Federal Ministry for Atomic Matters also in an attempt to reconnect to developments in nuclear fission in other parts of the Western world. To supersede the AHC law, the German federal government in December 1956 publicized a draft Atomic Energy Act. It is safe, therefore, to consider that year the starting point of German atomic legislation. This step was followed by deliberations preparatory to the adoption of the Atomic Energy Act. In 1957, however, adoption failed because no two-thirds majority was reached to amend the Basic Law, i.e. the Constitution. As a consequence, some federal states saw the need to adopt state legislation to regulate this area. On December 3, 1959, a new draft Atomic Energy Act was adopted by the German federal parliament after the second and third readings - coupled with an amendment to the Basic Law on that same day - with the votes of the opposition and with one abstention. (orig.)

Outline of an intellectual biography of Professor Waldemar Dutkiewicz (1939–2007

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paweł Grzybek

2017-09-01

Full Text Available The date of February 19, 2017 has marked the 10th death anniversary of Prof. Waldemar Dutkiewicz, who was an outstanding pedagogue, organiser of didactic and educational work, great social worker, and above all an eminent scholar. Professor Dutkiewicz died suddenly on February 19, 2007, still with his full creative forces. The professor was born on June 2, 1939 in Rivne, in Volhynia. In the period 1957–1963 he studied at the School of Physical Education in Krakow. He completed his pedagogical studies in 1970 at the Higher School of Pedagogy in Krakow. In 1973 he obtained a doctoral degree in physical education. His doctorate in pedagogy was publicly defended in 1982. At the Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw he received his Doctor of Letters (habilitation degree in the field of physical education in 1986. By a decision of the President of the Republic of Poland of August 22, 1995 he was awarded the title of Professor. Due to his studies and didactic work the heritage of Professor Dutkiewicz is composed of two parts: auxological and pedagogical.

Aircraft industry workers in evacuation: conditions of life of evacuated plants' workers in 1941-1945

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Михаил Юрьевич Мухин

2010-09-01

Full Text Available The article is devoted to the work of the factories in 1941-1945 in the evacuation. The author analyzes the living conditions of workers in evacuated aviation plants, their daily life, maintenance, etc. The author concludes that in the early years of the War the conditions of life of the aviation industry's workers were very difficult, and the welfare and financial situation improved in 1944, the sure sign of fracture in the Second world war.

Operational Art and the German 1918 Offensives

OpenAIRE

Zabecki, D T

2009-01-01

At the tactical level of war the Germans are widely regarded as having had the most innovative and proficient army of World War I. Likewise, many historians would agree that the Germans suffered from serious, if not fatal, shortcomings at the strategic level of war. It is at the middle level of warfare, the operational level, that the Germans seem to be the most difficult to evaluate. Although the operational was only fully accepted in the 1980s by many Western militaries as...

High-Speed Maglev Trains; German Safety Requirements

Science.gov (United States)

1991-12-31

This document is a translation of technology-specific safety requirements developed : for the German Transrapid Maglev technology. These requirements were developed by a : working group composed of representatives of German Federal Railways (DB), Tes...

The Danish Press during the German Occupation

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Roslyng-Jensen, Palle

2010-01-01

Censorship, self-censorship in Danish newspapers and Danish Radio during the German occupation of Denmark 1940-45......Censorship, self-censorship in Danish newspapers and Danish Radio during the German occupation of Denmark 1940-45...

British nurses' attitudes to electroconvulsive therapy, 1945-2000.

Science.gov (United States)

Adams, John

2015-10-01

The aim of the study was to collect and analyse historical material on nurses' attitudes to electroconvulsive therapy in Britain between 1945-2000. Electroconvulsive therapy became widely used in Britain from the late 1940s onwards and remains in current use, but became one of the main targets of the 'antipsychiatry' movement of the 1960s and 1970s. A cultural history design was used to recreate the perspectives of mental health nurses in the period under review. A range of primary sources including journal articles, textbooks and oral history sources were combined to create a coherent historical account. The controversy surrounding electroconvulsive therapy created a deep-seated ambivalence towards it among mental health nurses. While a sizeable minority were critical of its use and may have taken steps to avoid involvement with it, most acquiesced in providing the treatment. Recorded incidents of outright refusal to participate are few. Mental health nurses' views on electroconvulsive therapy are reflective of the profession's growing knowledge of the use of evidence in debating whether particular therapies should be used. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The National Socialist State in the View of Norbert Frei O estado nacional-socialista na ótica de Norbert Frei

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marco Pais Neves dos Santos

2012-04-01

Full Text Available This article has as context World War II, the largest and bloodiest conflict in human history, and is the conception of the National Socialist State produced by Norbert Frei, one of the most influential historians of our time, in his work: The State of Hitler: The national Socialist power from 1933 to 1945. It has as object how Norbert Frei conceives German history between the years of 1933-1945, and his critical eye on the National Socialist State, analysing not only from the standpoint of ideological crime and Social Darwinism, but also through the political and social history, including questioning the involvement and acceptance by society of Hitler's German government, revealing that despite Norbert Frei was born in Germany , he has never been hostage to the past, and always sought to open the debate, countering the difficulty of many Germans to remember Nazism, for whom "German guilt" of a pact with the regime, especially in the Holocaust, led them to hide for a few decades their recent past, what includes the intellectual circuits.Este artigo tem como perspetiva enquadrante a II Guerra Mundial, o maior e mais sangrento conflito da história da humanidade, e trata a conceção do Estado Nacional-Socialista produzida por Norbert Frei, um dos mais influentes historiadores da atualidade, na sua obra: O Estado de Hitler: o poder nacional-socialista de 1933 a 1945. Tem como objeto a forma como Norbert Frei concebe a história alemã, entre os anos de 1933-1945, e o seu olhar crítico sobre o Estado Nacional-Socialista, analisando-o não só do ponto de vista do crime ideológico, do darwinismo social, mas também através da história política e social, inclusive, questionando a participação e aceitação pela sociedade alemã da governação de Hitler, revelando que, apesar de ser um historiador natural da Alemanha, nunca esteve refém do passado e sempre procurou abrir o debate, contrariando a dificuldade de muitos alemães em recordarem o

The perception of the fehmarnbelt connection among german stakeholders

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lohse, Sandrina; Jespersen, Per Homann

This report gives an overview of the planned improvements of the German hinterland infrastructure connected to the fixed Fehmarn Belt Link (FBL), as well as the views of the key German stake holders towards the FBL.......This report gives an overview of the planned improvements of the German hinterland infrastructure connected to the fixed Fehmarn Belt Link (FBL), as well as the views of the key German stake holders towards the FBL....

Justifying British Advertising in War and Austerity, 1939-51.

Science.gov (United States)

Haughton, Philippa

2017-09-01

Drawing together institutional papers, the trade- and national-press, and Mass-Observation documents, this article examines the changing ways that the Advertising Association justified commercial advertising from 1939 to 1951. It argues that the ability to repeatedly re-conceptualize the social and economic purposes of advertising was central to the industry's survival and revival during the years of war and austerity. This matters because the survival and revival of commercial advertising helps to explain the composition of the post-war mixed economy and the emergence of a consumer culture that became the 'golden age' of capitalism. While commercial advertising's role in supporting periods of affluence is well documented, much less is known about its relationship with war and austerity. This omission is problematic. Advertising was only able to shape the 1950s and 1960s economy because its corporate structures remained intact during the 1940s, as the industry withstood the challenges of wartime and the difficulties presented under Attlee's government. Recognizing the deliberate attempts of advertising people to promote a role for commercial advertising invites us to reconsider the inevitability of post-war affluence, while offering fresh insight into the debate around consumer education, freedom of choice, and the centrality of advertising and communication in democratic society: issues central to the society Britain was, and hoped to become. © The Author [2017]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Teaching German Culture: An Alternative Approach.

Science.gov (United States)

Ray, Maruta L.

1985-01-01

Describes a college course on German culture in which the criterion for the inclusion of any topic in the syllabus is its mention--preferably recurrent--in the German press. Additional emphasis is placed upon the historical background of the current events. Classes are a combination of films, lectures, discussions, and student reports. (SED)

Continuity and Change: The Many Factors in Special Education Policy Development in Toronto Public Schools, 1945 to the Present

Science.gov (United States)

Ellis, Jason; Axelrod, Paul

2016-01-01

Background/Context: It is frequently assumed that changes in special education policies since 1945 have come mostly from "landmark research" or actions of a few "pioneers." We argue in this article that there have been many different sources of change, including legislation, court rulings, activism, and even shifts in socially…

Improving Critical Thinking and Authenticity in Testing Business German

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Egbert, Maria; Maxim, Hiram

1998-01-01

in Business German, the Priifung Wirtschaftsdmtsch Intmnational [International Business German Examination] (PWD) and the Zertijikat I)mtschfur den Bmuf [German Cer- tificate for Professional Purposes] (ZDfB), test only students' information retrieval skills and fail to assess their critical thinking...

"Erlebte Landeskunde:" Adding Life to a Study Abroad Program.

Science.gov (United States)

Dodds, Dinah; Wuttig, Juliana

1985-01-01

Describes a course--"German Culture and Civilization after 1945"--which is part of a study abroad program in Munich. In addition to classroom lectures, readings, music, art, television, tapes, and video, two hours a week are devoted to materials and information which students gather through interviewing residents of Munich. (SED)