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Sample records for generators diseno electrico

  1. Computer electric design of synchronous generators; Diseno electrico de generadores sincronos por computadora

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Patlan Frausto, Jose O; Acosta Aradillas, Juan [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    In this article are presented, in a conceptual manner the main elements that participate in the electric design of synchronous generators. Also, other options are presented for computers utilization as a design support. Afterwards, a computer program developed by the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) for the electric design of projecting poles generators is presented, oriented towards obtaining their electro-magnetic dimensioning. Finally, with the purpose of validating this program, the results obtained in a specific case, are presented. [Espanol] En este articulo se presentan, de manera conceptual, los principales elementos que participan en el proceso de diseno electrico de generadores sincronos. Tambien se plantean otras opciones para utilizar las computadoras como apoyo de diseno. Posteriormente, se describe un programa de computo desarrollado en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) para el diseno electrico de generadores de polos salientes, orientado a obtener su dimensionamiento electromagnetico. Por ultimo, con el proposito de validar este programa, se presentan los resultados obtenidos en un caso particular.

  2. Computer electric design of synchronous generators; Diseno electrico de generadores sincronos por computadora

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Patlan Frausto, Jose O.; Acosta Aradillas, Juan [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1986-12-31

    In this article are presented, in a conceptual manner the main elements that participate in the electric design of synchronous generators. Also, other options are presented for computers utilization as a design support. Afterwards, a computer program developed by the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) for the electric design of projecting poles generators is presented, oriented towards obtaining their electro-magnetic dimensioning. Finally, with the purpose of validating this program, the results obtained in a specific case, are presented. [Espanol] En este articulo se presentan, de manera conceptual, los principales elementos que participan en el proceso de diseno electrico de generadores sincronos. Tambien se plantean otras opciones para utilizar las computadoras como apoyo de diseno. Posteriormente, se describe un programa de computo desarrollado en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) para el diseno electrico de generadores de polos salientes, orientado a obtener su dimensionamiento electromagnetico. Por ultimo, con el proposito de validar este programa, se presentan los resultados obtenidos en un caso particular.

  3. Design of very high speed electric generators;Diseno de generadores electricos de muy alta velocidad de giro

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Labollita, Santiago [Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto Balseiro, Centro Atomico Bariloche (Argentina)

    2008-07-01

    This work approaches the design process of an electric generator suitable for running efficiently at high speed, driven by a turbo shaft.The axial flux concept was used.For the mechanical design of the prototype, cooling capacity and mounting method were considered, looking for simplicity of the parts evolved. Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets were used as magnetic source.For the electrical design, a calculation tool was developed in order to predict the prototype electrical parameters and optimize its geometry.The goal was to obtain 1 kW of electric power at a speed of 100,000 rpm.The efficiency and electrical behaviour of the prototype were characterized at speeds between 2,000 rpm and 30,000 rpm and then the behaviour at the design condition was predicted by obtaining an equivalent electric circuit.The estimated load voltage was 237 V as well as an electrical efficiency of 95%.Eddy current effects were not recognized. Increase of the internal resistance and decree of inductance were observed while raising the electric frequency.Finally, an electronic system was developed in order to use the prototype as a c.c. motor. Global performance was measured according to different supply characteristic. An optimum supply voltage was found.A maximum efficiency of 63% was reached.;El presente trabajo aborda el proceso de diseno de un generador electrico apto para funcionar eficientemente a alta velocidad, impulsado por un turboeje portatil. Se utilizo el concepto de flujo axial.En el diseno mecanico del prototipo se considero la capacidad de refrigeracion y la forma de montaje particular del conjunto, buscando la simplicidad de sus partes.Se utilizaron imanes permanentes de Neodimio-Hierro-Boro como fuente magnetica. Para el diseno electrico se genero una herramienta de calculo que permitio estimar los parametros electricos del prototipo y optimizar su geometria. Se busco obtener 1kW de potencia electrica a una velocidad de 100.000rpm.Se caracterizo el rendimiento y el

  4. Development program of electrical vehicles of batteries in the UNAM; Programa de desarrollo de vehiculos electricos de baterias en la UNAM

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carmona Paredes, G.; Chicurel Uziel, R.; Chicurel Uziel, E.; Gutierrez Martinez, F. [Instituto de Ingenieria, UNAM, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2002-09-01

    Eight years ago, project to develop a small battery powered electric bus, known today as UNAM's Electric Vehicle, was started at the Engineering Institute. This project was followed by the design and construction, under an agreement with the Mexico City Government, of the Electrobus, a public transport vehicle that was recently put in operation and is being evaluated by the City's Electric Transportation Service. Two other projects, within the scope of UNAM's Electric Vehicle Development Program refer to light trucks: the Electrovira, characterized by exceptional maneuverability, and the Electric Delivery Vehicle. These projects are being carried out respectively by the Engineering Institute and the School of Engineering's Center for Design and Manufacture. Other parties that have collaborated in the program are: the School of Architecture's Center for Research in Industrial Design, the Instruments Center, and the School of Chemistry. Work is also being done on complementary aspects which include the development of an intelligent charger for large battery packs and of a dual electronic controller, a study of the dynamic performance of lead-acid batteries, the design of a battery monitoring system, and the search for new battery alternatives. [Spanish] Hace ocho anos, el Instituto de Ingenieria inicio el proyecto de desarrollo de un minibus electrico de baterias, conocido ahora como el Vehiculo Electrico UNAM. Este proyecto fue seguido de un convenio con el Gobierno del Distrito Federal para el diseno y construccion del Electrobus, un vehiculo para transporte publico que recientemente fue puesto en operacion para ser evaluado por el Servicio de Transporte Electrico del DF. Dos proyectos mas, enmarcados dentro del Programa de Desarrollo de Vehiculos Electricos, se refieren a vehiculos ligeros de carga como el Electrovira, caracterizado por su gran maniobrabilidad y el Vehiculo Electrico de Reparto. Estos proyectos se realizan respectivamente

  5. Robust control decentralized by sliding ways of electrical of power multi-machines systems; Control robusto descentralizado por modos deslizantes de sistemas electricos de potencia multimaquinas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Huerta Avila, Hector

    2008-09-15

    This work deals with the problem of robust decentralized control of multimachine electric power systems. These systems are subject to different perturbations, such as short circuits, connection and/or disconnection of loads, lines generators, mechanical torque variations, etc. Then, it is necessary controllers which guarantee robustness under those perturbations to provide electrical energy to the loads with admissible stability margins. Moreover, the controller must be robust under parametric variations due to model uncertainties, and other physical reasons. The electrical power systems are modeled as complex great scale nonlinear systems. Then, the controller design is a challenging problem. Thus, the decentralized control schemes enable to avoid these problems. This work proposes three novel robust nonlinear techniques. The first one is based on the block control and integral sliding modes. The second obtains a sliding manifold from the Hamiltonian model of a nonlinear system to use this manifold in the integral sliding modes. The third technique enables to apply the sliding mode technique to a nonlinear block controllable system, by using Lyapunov function in each block. Then, four control schemes for electric power systems are designed. The four control schemes are robust under the perturbations of electric power systems mentioned above. The controllers proposed can be implemented in any electric power system with n generators, m lines and k loads. [Spanish] Este trabajo esta dedicado al diseno de esquemas de control robustos descentralizados que sean capaces de responder satisfactoriamente en sistemas electricos de potencia multimaquinas. Estos sistemas estan sujetos a perturbaciones de diferentes tipos, como cortos circuitos, entrada y salida de lineas de cargas o de generadores. Es evidente la necesidad de controladores que puedan rechazar estas perturbaciones para proveer energia de calidad y sin interrupciones a todos los usuarios conectados a la red

  6. Solar and electric automobiles: An idea whose time has come; Automoviles solares y electricos: Una idea cuyo tiempo ha llegado

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Padilla, Beatriz [Academia de la Investigacion Cientifica, A. C., Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1993-12-31

    Given the dependence of our transport system in combustible hydrocarbons that, besides generating serious pollution levels, eventually will become scarce, severely affecting the world economy- it is compulsory to develop non polluting transportation, capable of operating with alternative energies. In the avant-guard of this technological achievement are the competition solar automobiles, that have made great contributions (particularly for the rigorous application of the design for efficiency principles) in the development of the applicable technology to the electric vehicles. Tonatiuh is the first competition solar car built in Mexico. In 1993 Tonatiuh will compete in the Rally Formula Sol in Mexico and in the World Solar of Australia. A superficial comparison of electric vehicles with vehicles equipped with internal combustion motors, demonstrates the great advantages of the first ones, most of all at the light of the current technological advances propitiated by laws that demand them for the sale of electric vehicles. This incipient industry presents a great opportunity for Mexico, since the markets are not saturated and exist large areas of research and development. For improvement of the air quality in Mexico city, the electric vehicle would have a very positive impact, mostly applied to public transportation. [Espanol] Dada la dependencia de nuestro sistema de transporte en hidrocarburos combustibles que, ademas de generar graves niveles de contaminacion eventualmente escacearan, afectando severamente la economia mundial - es imperativo desarrollar transportes no contaminantes capaces de operar con energias alternativas. En la vanguardia de esta avanzada tecnologia se encuentran los autos solares de carreras, los cuales han hecho grandes aportaciones (particularmente por la aplicacion rigurosa de los principios del diseno para eficiencia) el desarrollo de tecnologia aplicable a vehiculos electricos. Tonatiuh es el primer auto solar de carreras que se

  7. Solar and electric automobiles: An idea whose time has come; Automoviles solares y electricos: Una idea cuyo tiempo ha llegado

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Padilla, Beatriz [Academia de la Investigacion Cientifica, A. C., Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1992-12-31

    Given the dependence of our transport system in combustible hydrocarbons that, besides generating serious pollution levels, eventually will become scarce, severely affecting the world economy- it is compulsory to develop non polluting transportation, capable of operating with alternative energies. In the avant-guard of this technological achievement are the competition solar automobiles, that have made great contributions (particularly for the rigorous application of the design for efficiency principles) in the development of the applicable technology to the electric vehicles. Tonatiuh is the first competition solar car built in Mexico. In 1993 Tonatiuh will compete in the Rally Formula Sol in Mexico and in the World Solar of Australia. A superficial comparison of electric vehicles with vehicles equipped with internal combustion motors, demonstrates the great advantages of the first ones, most of all at the light of the current technological advances propitiated by laws that demand them for the sale of electric vehicles. This incipient industry presents a great opportunity for Mexico, since the markets are not saturated and exist large areas of research and development. For improvement of the air quality in Mexico city, the electric vehicle would have a very positive impact, mostly applied to public transportation. [Espanol] Dada la dependencia de nuestro sistema de transporte en hidrocarburos combustibles que, ademas de generar graves niveles de contaminacion eventualmente escacearan, afectando severamente la economia mundial - es imperativo desarrollar transportes no contaminantes capaces de operar con energias alternativas. En la vanguardia de esta avanzada tecnologia se encuentran los autos solares de carreras, los cuales han hecho grandes aportaciones (particularmente por la aplicacion rigurosa de los principios del diseno para eficiencia) el desarrollo de tecnologia aplicable a vehiculos electricos. Tonatiuh es el primer auto solar de carreras que se

  8. System of diagnosis of generators computer aided integrated into a movable laboratory; Sistema de diagnostico de generadores asistido por computadora integrado a un laboratorio movil

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    De la Torre Vega, H. Octavio; Escorsa Morales, Oscar; Castaneda Parra, Adelina; Garcia- Colon H, Rodolfo [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico); Lopez Azamar, Ernesto [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    1999-07-01

    The development of the Movable Laboratory is presented, which will allow to combine and document the knowledge acquired by more than ten years of experience in diagnosis of electrical generators. The development of the project is divided into three main parts: laboratory design, data acquisition system (Datec) and system of diagnosis of generators computer aided (Cadis). [Spanish] Se presenta el desarrollo del Laboratorio Movil, el cual permitira conjuntar y documentar el conocimiento adquirido por mas de diez anos de experiencia en diagnostico de generadores electricos. El desarrollo del proyecto se divide en tres grandes partes: diseno de laboratorio, sistema de adquisicion de datos (Datec) y sistema de diagnostico de generadores asistido por computadora (Cadis).

  9. Recognition of faults patterns in electric generators using artificial neurons networks; Reconocimiento de patrones de fallas en generadores electricos empleando redes neuronales artificiales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rocha Sanchez, Martha Alicia

    1999-03-01

    This work present the development of a reprocessing method to reduce the information of the original data and to maintain the essential information of the data that enter the reduction process. The obtaining of these data is performed with the aid of the ICM ++ (ICMsystems), from which vectors or n-uplos of elements are obtained. This investigation allowed to analyze an evaluation of the paradigms of artificial neural networks, with the intention of detecting which of these paradigms would evolve better with the problem of fault diagnosis in electric generators. From this a prototype system was developed called diagnosis of faults in electrical generators, which automatically will recognize faults in electrical generators by means of the interpretation of the recording of partial discharges. [Spanish] El presente trabajo presenta el desarrollo de un metodo de reprocesamiento para reducir informacion de los datos originales y mantener la informacion esencial de los datos que entran al proceso de reduccion. La obtencion de estos datos se realiza con la ayuda del ICM ++ (ICMsystems), de los cuales se obtienen vectores o n-uplos de elementos. Esta investigacion permitio analizar una evaluacion de los paradigmas de redes neuronales artificiales, con el objeto de detectar cual de estos paradigmas se desempenaria mejor con el problema de diagnostico de fallas en generadores electricos. A partir de esto se desarrollo un sistema prototipo llamado diagnostico de fallas en generadores electricos, el cual automaticamente reconocera fallas en los generadores electricos mediante la interpretacion de registro de descargas parciales.

  10. Design of a hydraulic microturbine type Michell-Banki; Diseno de una microturbina hidraulica tipo Michell-Banki

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lopez Luiz, Norberto; Rodriguez Bautista, Jose; Verduzco Figueroa, Hilario; Gudino Lau, Jorge; Galindo Granados, Miguel angel [Universidad de Colima, Facultad de Ingenieria Electromecanica, Manzanillo, Colima (Mexico)]. E-mail: norberto_lopez@ucol.mx

    2010-11-15

    The aim of this paper is to present the design of a hydraulic microturbine (MTH), which may be installed in areas where supplies are not available for electric power transmission lines, but possessing hydroelectric. MTH's role is to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical work, is coupled to an electric generator, whose function is to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The turbine generator set will produce more electric power the greater the hydroelectric of the area. In southern Mexico, we have great hydroelectric potential, as the case of the states of Veracruz, Chiapas and Oaxaca, which have small causes of rivers where the MTH could be installed and put into operation. [Spanish] El objetivo de este articulo es presentar el diseno de una microturbina hidraulica (MTH), la cual podra ser instalada en zonas donde no se cuente con suministro de energia electrica por medio de lineas de transmision, pero que posean aprovechamientos hidroelectricos. La funcion de la MTH es convertir la energia hidraulica en trabajo mecanico, estara acoplada a un generador electrico, cuya funcion es convertir dicha energia mecanica en energia electrica. El conjunto turbina generador producira mas potencia electrica mientras mayor sea el aprovechamiento hidroelectrico de la zona. En el sur de Mexico contamos con un gran potencial hidroelectrico, como el caso de los estados de Veracruz, Chiapas y Oaxaca, que cuentan con pequenos causes de rios donde las MTH podrian ser instaladas y puestas en operacion.

  11. Industrial manufacturing of electric insulators; Fabricacion industrial de aisladores electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez, Lucia [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1988-12-31

    Porcelain is the insulating material more extensively used for electric insulators manufacturing, due to its dielectric properties; nevertheless, it presents fragility problems of manufacture and of resistance to the thermal shock, among others. For this reason studies are being conducted for the substitution of porcelain in the electric insulators manufacturing. In this area, the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas developed an improved insulating formulation - the polymeric concrete- and an industrial prototype machine for the manufacture of high voltage electric insulators for outdoors use. [Espanol] La porcelana es el material aislante electrico mas utilizado en la elaboracion de aisladores electricos, debido a sus propiedades dielectricas; sin embargo, presenta problemas de fragilidad, de fabricacion y de baja resistencia al choque termico, entre otros. Es por ello que se realizan estudios para sustituir la porcelana en la fabricacion de aisladores electricos. En este campo, el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas desarrollo una formulacion aislante mejorada -el concreto polimerico- y una maquina prototipo industrial para fabricar aisladores electricos de alto voltaje para uso en exteriores.

  12. Industrial manufacturing of electric insulators; Fabricacion industrial de aisladores electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez, Lucia [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    Porcelain is the insulating material more extensively used for electric insulators manufacturing, due to its dielectric properties; nevertheless, it presents fragility problems of manufacture and of resistance to the thermal shock, among others. For this reason studies are being conducted for the substitution of porcelain in the electric insulators manufacturing. In this area, the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas developed an improved insulating formulation - the polymeric concrete- and an industrial prototype machine for the manufacture of high voltage electric insulators for outdoors use. [Espanol] La porcelana es el material aislante electrico mas utilizado en la elaboracion de aisladores electricos, debido a sus propiedades dielectricas; sin embargo, presenta problemas de fragilidad, de fabricacion y de baja resistencia al choque termico, entre otros. Es por ello que se realizan estudios para sustituir la porcelana en la fabricacion de aisladores electricos. En este campo, el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas desarrollo una formulacion aislante mejorada -el concreto polimerico- y una maquina prototipo industrial para fabricar aisladores electricos de alto voltaje para uso en exteriores.

  13. Reasoning based in cases applied to diagnosis of electric generators; Razonamiento basado en casos aplicado al diagnostico de generadores electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    De la Torre Vega, H. Octavio; Garcia Tevillo, Arturo; Campuzano Martinez, Roberto [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico); Lopez Azamar, Ernesto [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    The development of a system for the diagnosis of electrical generators that apply techniques of artificial intelligence, is presented, as it is the reasoning based on cases, to support the work of the diagnosis engineer. This system is part of a system called CADIS, dedicated to the diagnosis of electrical generators out of line and reason of previous articles. In this occasion the characteristics of the reasoning module based on experiences (SirBE) are emphasized, indicating how to make a diagnosis using similar cases and how to edit the system base of experience, using the interactive editor of cases. It is included, in addition, a summarized example which represents a case for SirBE and how the system helps to make a diagnosis. [Spanish] Se presenta el desarrollo de un sistema de diagnostico de generadores electricos que aplica tecnicas de inteligencia artificial, como es el razonamiento basado en casos, para apoyar la labor del ingeniero de diagnostico. Este sistema es parte de un sistema denominado CADIS, dedicado al diagnostico de generadores electricos fuera de linea y motivo de articulos anteriores. En esta ocasion se resaltan las caracteristicas del modulo de razonamiento basado en experiencias (SirBE), indicando como realizar un diagnostico utilizando casos similares y como editar la base de experiencia del sistema utilizando el editor interactivo de casos. Se incluye, ademas, un ejemplo resumido de lo que representa un caso para SiRBE y como el sistema ayuda a realizar un diagnostico.

  14. Detection of the high vibration origin in the body of an electrical generator driven by steam turbine applying diagnostic techniques; Deteccion del origen de alta vibracion en el cuerpo de un generador electrico accionado por turbinas de vapor aplicando tecnicas de diagnostico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez Bravo, Fernando (Mexico)

    2007-11-15

    One of the problems that electric generators present is the high vibration due to causes that can go from simple mechanical unbalance, misalignment, mechanical relaxation, resonance or some other interaction that can influence in the system. In this document is presented the vibration analysis of an electric generator with a capacity of 350 MW, driven by a steam turbine composed of three stages (high pressure, intermediate pressure and low pressure) connected to the electric generator through a rigid connection. [Spanish] Uno de los problemas que se presentan en los generadores electricos es la alta vibracion debida a causas que pueden ir desde un simple desbalance mecanico, desalineamiento, aflojamiento mecanico, resonancia o alguna otra interaccion que pueda influir en el sistema. Se presenta en este documento el analisis de vibracion de un generador electrico con una capacidad de 350 MW, impulsado por una turbina de vapor compuesta de tres etapas (alta presion, presion intermedia y baja presion) acopladas al generador electrico a traves de un acoplamiento rigido.

  15. Generating units in operation. National electrical system (Public service) 2002; Unidades generadoras en operacion. Sistema electrico nacional (Servicio publico) 2002

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-03-15

    The information regarding the generation effective capacity updated to December 31, 2002 is presented. A detailed description of the effective capacity by generation region, control area, generation type and federal entity is presented. Also graphs are shown with the energy balance of the National Electrical System of Comision Federal de Electricidad and Luz y Fuerza del Centro. [Spanish] Se presenta la informacion relativa a la capacidad efectiva de generacion actualizada al 31 de diciembre de 2002. Se hace una descripcion detallada de la capacidad efectiva por region de generacion, por area de control, por tipo de generacion y por entidad federativa. Tambien se presentan unas graficas con el balance de energia del Sistema Electrico Nacional de la Comision Federal de Electricidad y de Luz y Fuerza del Centro.

  16. Integral system for computer aided design of power line transmission towers; Sistema integral para el diseno asistido por computadora de torres de transmision

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nagore, Gabriel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    The profitable use of the advantages offered by the computer aided design, through the integral system for the structural design of power transmission towers (SIDETT) will contribute to facilitate and improve the design of the structures that link the electric power generation centers with the consumers. [Espanol] El aprovechamiento de las ventajas que ofrece el diseno asistido por computadora, a traves del sistema integral para el diseno estructural de torres de transmision (SIDETT), contribuira a agilizar y mejorar el diseno de las estructuras que enlazan los centros de generacion de energia electrica con los consumidores.

  17. Integral system for computer aided design of power line transmission towers; Sistema integral para el diseno asistido por computadora de torres de transmision

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nagore, Gabriel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1986-12-31

    The profitable use of the advantages offered by the computer aided design, through the integral system for the structural design of power transmission towers (SIDETT) will contribute to facilitate and improve the design of the structures that link the electric power generation centers with the consumers. [Espanol] El aprovechamiento de las ventajas que ofrece el diseno asistido por computadora, a traves del sistema integral para el diseno estructural de torres de transmision (SIDETT), contribuira a agilizar y mejorar el diseno de las estructuras que enlazan los centros de generacion de energia electrica con los consumidores.

  18. The distributed generation in Mexico: Which are the new perspectives associated to the institutional reforms of the electrical sector?; La generacion distribuida en Mexico: Cuales son las nuevas perspectivas asociadas a las reformas institucionales del sector electrico?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Islas Samperio, Jorge [Centro de Investigacion en Energia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico); Menanteau, Philippe [Departamento de Economia y Politica de la Energia, Universidad Pierre Mendes France (France)

    2004-06-15

    Historically, the electrical systems were constituted from local networks of small scale that were added together progressively to benefit from the effects of a more abundant demand and of the economies of scale in generation, that authorize the large interconnected systems. This logic at the moment seems to show certain limits, the factors that influence these technologies can vary greatly from one country to another, but nevertheless it is found in different degrees certain constants such as the search for a greater reliability in the electrical supply, the putting into work prevention policies of climatic change or the reforms of the electrical sector. In this work the influence of these factors was examined insisting particularly on the consequences of the opening of the electrical sector, departing from an analysis of the international experience in a first time and later examining the case of Mexico in the context of the present energy situation and the debate of the energy reform. The distributed generation: a new vector of technological opportunities in the electrical sector, the barriers for the diffusion of the distributed generation: the lessons of the international experience, the institutional problematic of the distributed generation within the effective legal framework of Mexico. [Spanish] Historicamente, los sistemas electricos se constituyeron a partir de redes locales de pequena escala que se fueron agregando progresivamente para beneficiarse de los efectos de una demanda mas abundante y de las economias de escala en generacion que autorizan los grandes sistemas interconectados. Esta logica parece actualmente mostrar ciertos limites, los factores que influyen sobre estas tecnologias pueden variar grandemente de un pais al otro, pero se encuentra, sin embargo, a grados diferentes ciertas constantes tales como la busqueda de una confiabilidad mas grande en el aprovisionamiento electrico, la puesta en obra de politicas de prevencion de cambio

  19. Technical-economic study of energy efficiency in offshore industrial electrical systems; Estudio tecnico economico de eficiencia energetica en sistemas electricos industriales costa afuera

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fiscal Escalante, Raul [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico)

    2001-07-01

    In this work the methodology of analysis and the results obtained are presented in an technical-economic study for the application of power efficiency measures for a marine platform. The methodology is considered in the following steps: 1) Technical evaluation of the installation 2) Technical analyses of the optimization alternatives 3) Economic evaluation of the selected optimization alternatives graphs of the thermal regime of the variation with respect to the generation, variation of the efficiency with respect to the generation, efficiency curve of the motor and the designed curve of the pump are presented. A table of general reference parameters and another one of particular reference is given. Also a table of the economic evaluation when changing the electrical motor by one more efficient is presented. It is concluded that a potential of energy saving exists in their processes, generating an opportunity to perform a technical-economic feasibility study in these facilities. [Spanish] En este trabajo se presenta la metodologia de analisis y los resultados obtenidos en un estudio tecnico-economico para la aplicacion de medidas de eficiencia energetica para una plataforma marina. Se plantea la metodologia en los siguientes pasos: 1) Evaluacion tecnica de la instalacion 2) Analisis tecnico de las alternativas de optimizacion 3) Evaluacion economica de las alternativas de optimizacion seleccionadas. Se muestran graficas de la variacion del regimen termico respecto a la generacion, variacion de la eficiencia respecto a la generacion, curva de eficiencia del motor y curva de diseno de la bomba. Se da una tabla de parametros de referencia generales y otra de referencia particulares. Tambien se presenta una tabla de la evaluacion economica al cambiar el motor electrico por uno mas eficiente. Se concluye que existe un potencial de ahorro de energia en sus procesos, generando una oportunidad para realizar estudios de factibilidad tecnica economica en dichas instalaciones.

  20. Hybrid 95: Software for the design of hybrid systems, Potrerillo of Santa Teresa; Hybrid 95: Software de diseno de sistemas hibridos, Potrerillo de Santa Teresa

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Casaravilla, G.; Chaer, R. [Instituto de Ingenieria Electrica, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo (Uruguay)

    1997-12-31

    This paper describes the software Hybrid 95 and how it is used for the design of hybrid systems. As an application example some of the design stages are looked over (determination of the wind resource, simulations for sizing generation/storage and topology) of the Potrerillo installation. Taking into account the site clear ecological connotations, during the design consideration is made of the visual impact that represents the possible wind-generator, therefore several locations and wind-generator heights are studied, even arriving to the wind-generation elimination. [Espanol] Este trabajo describe el software Hybrid 95 y como se utiliza a los efectos del diseno de sistemas hibridos. Como ejemplo de aplicacion se recorren algunas de las etapas del diseno (determinacion del recurso eolico, simulaciones para el dimensionado de generacion/acumulacion y topologia) de la instalacion de Potrerillo. Teniendo en cuenta las claras connotaciones ecologistas del lugar, durante el diseno se tiene presente el impacto visual que representa el eventual aerogenerador por lo que se estudian diversas ubicaciones y alturas de aerogenerador, llegandose incluso a estudiar la eliminacion de la generacion eolica.

  1. Hybrid 95: Software for the design of hybrid systems, Potrerillo of Santa Teresa; Hybrid 95: Software de diseno de sistemas hibridos, Potrerillo de Santa Teresa

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Casaravilla, G; Chaer, R [Instituto de Ingenieria Electrica, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo (Uruguay)

    1998-12-31

    This paper describes the software Hybrid 95 and how it is used for the design of hybrid systems. As an application example some of the design stages are looked over (determination of the wind resource, simulations for sizing generation/storage and topology) of the Potrerillo installation. Taking into account the site clear ecological connotations, during the design consideration is made of the visual impact that represents the possible wind-generator, therefore several locations and wind-generator heights are studied, even arriving to the wind-generation elimination. [Espanol] Este trabajo describe el software Hybrid 95 y como se utiliza a los efectos del diseno de sistemas hibridos. Como ejemplo de aplicacion se recorren algunas de las etapas del diseno (determinacion del recurso eolico, simulaciones para el dimensionado de generacion/acumulacion y topologia) de la instalacion de Potrerillo. Teniendo en cuenta las claras connotaciones ecologistas del lugar, durante el diseno se tiene presente el impacto visual que representa el eventual aerogenerador por lo que se estudian diversas ubicaciones y alturas de aerogenerador, llegandose incluso a estudiar la eliminacion de la generacion eolica.

  2. Industrial stacks design; Diseno de chimeneas industriales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cacheux, Luis [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    The Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) though its Civil Works Department, develops, under contract with CFE`s Gerencia de Proyectos Termoelectricos (Management of Fossil Power Plant Projects), a series of methods for the design of stacks, which pretends to solve the a present day problem: the stack design of the fossil power plants that will go into operation during the next coming years in the country. [Espanol] El Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), a traves del Departamento de Ingenieria Civil, desarrolla, bajo contrato con la Gerencia de Proyectos Termoelectricos, de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), un conjunto de metodos para el diseno de chimeneas, con el que se pretende resolver un problema inmediato: el diseno de las chimeneas de las centrales termoelectricas que entraran en operacion durante los proximos anos, en el pais.

  3. Industrial stacks design; Diseno de chimeneas industriales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cacheux, Luis [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1986-12-31

    The Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) though its Civil Works Department, develops, under contract with CFE`s Gerencia de Proyectos Termoelectricos (Management of Fossil Power Plant Projects), a series of methods for the design of stacks, which pretends to solve the a present day problem: the stack design of the fossil power plants that will go into operation during the next coming years in the country. [Espanol] El Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), a traves del Departamento de Ingenieria Civil, desarrolla, bajo contrato con la Gerencia de Proyectos Termoelectricos, de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), un conjunto de metodos para el diseno de chimeneas, con el que se pretende resolver un problema inmediato: el diseno de las chimeneas de las centrales termoelectricas que entraran en operacion durante los proximos anos, en el pais.

  4. The argentine electric sector reform and its correlation with energy efficiency; La reforma del sector electrico argentino y su relacion con la eficiencia energetica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carpio, Claudio [MGM International (Argentina)

    2005-04-15

    The reforms in the Argentine electrical sector and the effect these have originated in the energy efficiency policies for public sector are presented. The characteristics exposed of the Argentina Electric sector previous to the 1992 transformation are the departing base that gave rise to the reform fundaments, generating privatizations and a vertical economic scheme. The transformation of the electric sector departing from its environmental regulations yielded in a quality service, good electricity distribution, better prices and proper energy efficiency. [Spanish] Se presentan las reformas en el sector electrico argentino y el efecto que han tenido sobre las politicas de eficiencia energetica elaboradas en el sector publico. Las caracteristicas expuestas del sector electrico argentino previas a la transformacion de 1992 son la base de partida que dio lugar a los fundamentos de la reforma generando privatizaciones y un esquema economico vertical. La transformacion del sector electrico a partir de sus regulaciones energeticas y ambientales redituaron en calidad de servicio, de distribucion de electricidad, precios y en la propia eficiencia energetica.

  5. Expansion plan of the electrical sector; Plan de expansion del sector electrico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cristerna Ocampo, Rafael [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    1996-07-01

    An analysis of the Mexican electrical market in the year 1994 as far as sales of electrical energy and types of users who utilized that energy, is presented. In addition, an analysis is made of the options for the future supply, where the installed electrical capacity in Mexico in 1994 is described. Also the requirements of additional capacity of power generation, from year 1995 to year 2004 are analyzed. In the internal supply of primary energy in Mexico, the hydrocarbons represent 83%, the diversified sources (nuclear, geothermal, hydro and coal) represent 7% and the biomass as well as complementary coal, the 10% balance of the primary energy. Finally an expansion plan of the transmission network of the Mexican electrical system is described. [Spanish] Se presenta un analisis del mercado electrico mexicano en el ano de 1994 en cuanto a ventas de energia electrica y los tipos de usuarios que utilizaron esa energia. Se hace un analisis ademas, de las opciones para la oferta futura, donde se describe la capacidad electrica instalada de Mexico en 1994. Tambien se analizan los requerimientos de capacidad adicional de generacion de 1995 al 2004. En la oferta interna de energia primaria en Mexico, los hidrocarburos representan el 83%, las fuentes diversificadas (nuclear, geotermia, hidro y carboelectrica) representan el 7% y la biomasa asi como el carbon complementario, el 10% restante de la energia primaria. Finalmente se describe un plan de expansion de la red de transmision del sistema electrico mexicano.

  6. Methodology for electrical studies in industrial networks including the study of electric arc; Metodologia para los estudios electricos en redes industriales incluyendo el estudio de arco electrico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rasgado Casique, Jose Pepe; Silva Farias, Jose Luis [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)]. E-mail: jrasgado@iie.org.mx; jlsilva@iie.org.mx

    2010-11-15

    This article presents a methodology for conducting electrical studies in industrial networks. The methodology included the study of arc flash as a very important area of current basic electrical studies, such as power flow, short circuit and coordination. The aim of this study is to determine the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and flash protection boundary for personnel working with or near energized equipment, based on the IEEE Std 1584-2004 and NFPA-70E- 2004. Also included are criteria and recommendations to reduce incident energy level (cal/cm{sup 2}). At work we used a distribution network for industrial type test. The studies were carried out using a commercial program for the analysis of electrical networks. [Spanish] En este articulo se presenta una metodologia para llevar a cabo los estudios electricos en redes industriales. En la metodologia se incluye al estudio de arco electrico como un area muy importante de los estudios electricos basicos actuales, como: flujos de potencia, cortocircuito y coordinacion de protecciones. El objetivo de dicho estudio es determinar el Equipo de Proteccion Personal (EPP) apropiado y los limites de proteccion para el personal que opera con o cerca de equipo energizado, con base en las normas IEEE Std. 1584-2004 y la NFPA-70E-2004. Ademas, se incluyen criterios y recomendaciones para disminuir el nivel de energia incidente (cal/cm{sup 2}). En el trabajo se utilizo una red de distribucion tipo industrial de prueba. Los estudios se llevaron a cabo utilizando un programa comercial para el analisis de redes electricas.

  7. Mobil laboratory for the evaluation on site of the power electric equipment, second generation; Laboratorio movil para la evaluacion en sitio del equipo electrico de potencia, segunda generacion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carrillo C, Jaime; Escorsa M, Oscar; Estrada G, Javier A; Iturbe F, Marlene; Robles P, Edgar [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    To the interior of the Generation of Electrical Equipment (GEE) of the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, one of the main activities is the diagnosis of the electrical equipment in service. It is well known that the power equipment represents a strong investment that requires the guarantee that it has been manufactured, installed and operated satisfactorily. The life expectancy of these devices is of thirty years, however, many of them already have surpassed that expectation. The rehabilitation or substitution of the equipment implies new investments that are needed for an evaluation of the real condition of the equipment to carry out such rehabilitation. One of the tools necessary to carry out the diagnosis, is a movable laboratory that facilitates all the necessary tools to perform a meticulous analysis that would allow, the client, to make high cost decisions. The application of the movable laboratory is advisable from the inauguration of the equipment. The electrical mechanisms are factory tested in accordance with standardized protocols; it guarantees the fulfillment of the necessary requirements for a correct operation. Nevertheless, when taking them to the assembly site, these are subjected to a series of processes and mechanical stresses that could alter the equipment conditions and its integrity. [Spanish] Al interior de la Generacion de Equipos Electricos (GEE) del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, una de las principales actividades es el diagnostico del equipo electrico en servicio. Es bien sabido que los equipos de potencia representan una fuerte inversion que requiere la garantia de que se ha fabricado, instalado y operado satisfactoriamente. La esperanza de vida de estos dispositivos es de treinta anos, no obstante, muchos de ellos ya han superado esa expectativa. La rehabilitacion o sustitucion de equipos, implica nuevas inversiones que precisan un conocimiento del estado real del equipo para llevarla a cabo. Una de las herramientas

  8. Behavior of high efficiency electric motors; Comportamiento de motores electricos de alta eficiencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bonett, Austin H. [IEEE, (United States)

    2001-09-01

    The energy efficiency is one of the main parameters in the design of the industrial motors of general purpose; nevertheless, it is avoided that it is at the cost of the reliability or to the global performance of the motor. Exist user groups of this equipment that consider that, in the search of a greater efficiency, the useful life period is diminished and the characteristics of operation of the motor are affected. During the past last years, the author has studied the aspects of quality and reliability, as well as the operative advantages of the high efficiency motors and written down the increasing interest for these aspects. Also he has detected that a great number of users has realized that, additionally to the obvious energy saving, the efficient motor offers a greater reliability and a longer useful life in most of the industrial applications. The objective of this article is to present the differences in the quality levels, reliability and operation parameters of high efficiency squirrel cage type electrical motors with those of the motors of standard manufacture. [Spanish] La eficiencia energetica es uno de los principales parametros en el diseno de los motores industriales de proposito general; sin embargo, se evita que sea a costa de la confiabilidad o del desempeno global del motor. Existen grupos de usuarios de estos equipos que consideran que, en la busqueda de una mayor eficiencia, se disminuye el periodo de vida util y se afectan las caracteristicas de operacion del motor. Durante los ultimos anos, el autor ha estudiado los aspectos de calidad y confiabilidad, asi como las ventajas operativas de los motores de alta eficiencia y anotado el incremento del interes por estos aspectos. Tambien ha detectado que un gran numero de usuarios se ha dado cuenta que, adicionalmente a los obvios ahorros de energia, el motor eficiente ofrece una mayor confiabilidad y una vida util mas larga en la mayoria de las aplicaciones industriales. El objetivo de este

  9. Methodology for bioclimatic design; Metodologia para el diseno bioclimatico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Morillon Galvez, David [Instituto de Ingenieria de la UNAM, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    A methodology for natural air conditioning of buildings is presented; bioclimatic architecture, in order to contribute to the suitable use of components of the building (walls, ceilings, floors, orientations, etc.) that when interacting with the environment takes advantage of it, without deterioration of the same, obtaining energy efficient designs. As well as an analysis of the elements and factors that the architecture must have to be sustainable; an adequate design to the environment, saving and efficient use of energy, the use of alternating energies by means of ecotechnologies and the self-sufficiency. [Spanish] Se presenta una metodologia para la climatizacion natural de edificios; arquitectura bioclimatica, con el objetivo de aportar al uso adecuado de componentes del edificio (muros, techos, pisos, orientaciones, etc.) que al interactuar con el ambiente tome ventaja de el, sin deterioro del mismo, logrando disenos energeticamente eficientes. Asi como un analisis de los elementos y factores que debe tener la arquitectura para ser sustentable; un diseno adecuado al ambiente, ahorro y uso eficiente de la energia, el uso de energias alternas mediante ecotecnologias y la autosuficiencia.

  10. Design of a seismic energy dissipator for an interruptor type 3AS2-45; Diseno de un disipador de energia sismica para un interruptor tipo 3AS2-45

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Castro Felix, Jaime

    2004-02-15

    With the aid of the theory behind seismically isolated structures and the bi-linear behavior of an isolated system of Multiple Degrees of Freedom (MDOF), the information obtained on the spectral analysis is complemented with the purpose of simulating one itself for the design of a dissipator of seismic energy. The seismicity in the world is briefly explained, (in Mexico in special for the Geothermal Field of Cerro Prieto), the types of earthquakes, etc., to give way to a documentation of the state-of-the-art in advanced seismic resistant systems and to a procedure to establish the level of seismic qualification of electrical equipment from the level of seismic performance for the Mexican Republic. [Spanish] Con la ayuda de la teoria detras de estructuras aisladas sismicamente y el comportamiento bilineal de un sistema de aislamiento de Multiples Grados de Libertad (MDOF), se complementa la informacion recabada sobre el analisis espectral con el fin de simular uno propio para el diseno de un disipador de energia sismica. Se explica brevemente la sismicidad en el mundo, en Mexico, en especial el Campo Geotermico de Cerro Prieto, los tipos de sismos, etc., para dar paso a una documentacion del estado del arte en sistemas sismorresistentes avanzados y a un procedimiento para establecer el nivel de calificacion sismica de equipos electricos a partir del Nivel de desempeno sismico para la Republica Mexicana.

  11. Environmental psychology in the bioclimatic design; La psicologia ambiental en el diseno bioclimatico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cubillas Talamante, Lorena Gpe [Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    The bioclimatic design profits of the natural resources for the improvement of the construction quality as well as the user's life. The combination of these two concepts within the architectonic design generates an interesting duality to consider within the understanding of the user's physical and psychological environment and the obtaining of a correlation of reality and dreams. Environmental psychology is focused on the researching of the psychological effects of the architectonic environment on the human experience and behavior. Human behavior works under parameters established during its development. Through the habits and styles of life practiced in childhood those parameters establish themselves to later on obtain satisfiers in the search of the life quality of human beings. [Spanish] El diseno bioclimatico aprovecha los recursos naturales para el mejoramiento de la calidad de la construccion y vida del usuario. La combinacion de estos dos conceptos dentro del diseno arquitectonico, genera dualidad interesante de entender el medio ambiente fisico y psicologico de los usuarios y obtener una identificacion entre la realidad y los suenos. La psicologia ambiental se ha enfocado a investigar sobre la relacion de los efectos psicologicos del ambiente construido o arquitectonico sobre la conducta y la experiencia humana. La conducta humana trabaja bajo parametros establecidos durante el desarrollo del mismo, a traves de los habitos y estilos de vida desde su infancia van marcando esos parametros que despues sirven para lograr satisfactores en la busqueda de la calidad de vida de los seres humanos.

  12. Network effects in the operation of electrical equipment; Efectos de la red en la operacion del equipo electrico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia T, Arturo; Rosales S, Inocente; Garcia P, Job; Ruiz F, L. Ivan; Robles P, Edgar [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    In the nineties, the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) Electrical Equipment Management (GEE) was restricted to make the diagnosis of generators, transformers, switch boards and cables, without considering the global operating conditions. With the experience acquired in different services it was verified that, inclusively when this equipment is correctly designed, it can be subjected to unfavorable operative conditions, which causes an accelerated deterioration to the degree of producing a fault. In agreement with this, the GEE settled down new line of development named Analysis of the network effect on the electrical equipment, that analyzes the behavior of the equipment originated by work abnormal causes, including the network configuration effect. [Spanish] En la decada de los noventa, la Gerencia de Equipos Electricos (GEE) del IIE se limitaba a realizar el diagnostico de generadores, transformadores, tableros de distribucion y cables, sin considerar las condiciones globales de operacion. Con la experiencia adquirida en diferentes servicios se comprobo que, inclusive cuando estos equipos esten correctamente disenados, pueden verse sometidos a condiciones de operacion desfavorables, lo que ocasiona un deterioro acelerado al grado de producir una falla. De acuerdo con esto, la GEE establecio una nueva linea de desarrollo de nominada Analisis del efecto de la red en los equipos electricos, que analiza el comportamiento de los equipos originado por causas anormales de trabajo, incluido el efecto de la configuracion de la red.

  13. Cost-benefit of energy saving in bioclimatic designs; Costo-beneficio del ahorro de energia en los disenos bioclimatios

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lopez P, J. Manuel A. [Doble dos soluciones de Negocios (Mexico); Morillon G, David; Rdriguez V, Luis [Universidad Autonoma de Mexico (Mexico)

    2001-06-01

    Tools and criteria for Cost-Benefit Analysis (ACB) of energy saving in bioclimatic designs (DB) are presented, for which a reference project is established. Based on the traditional design of air conditioning of a building and with the support of this one, the estimation of costs and benefits of the same building is made; but with passive systems. The tools used consider related resources such as time and money. Criteria are used such as: Present value (VP), Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC) and the Cost of the conserved Energy (CEC). The costs related to the construction, maintenance and operation of the design are taken into consideration. The differences between the design of reference and the Bioclimatic Design, established from the application of these criteria, allow evaluating the economic margin as far as operation and maintenance. Finally, the cost of the conserved energy of the bioclimatic measures is evaluated as an initiative for energy saving and calculates the present value from them in all of the period of useful life of the bioclimatic design. [Spanish] Se presentan herramientas y criterios para el analisis Costo-Beneficio (ACB) del ahorro de energia en los disenos bioclimaticos (DB), para lo cual se establece un proyecto de referencia. Basado en el diseno tradicional de la climatizacion de un edificio y con apoyo en este, se realiza la estimacion de costos y beneficios del mismo edificio; pero con sistema pasivos. Las herramientas usadas consideran recursos relacionados como son tiempo y dinero. Se usan criterios tales como: Valor Presente (VP), Costo Anual Equivalente (CAE) y el Costo de la Energia conservada (CEC). Se toman en consideracion los costos relacionados con la construccion, mantenimiento y operacion del diseno. Las diferencias entre el diseno de referencia y el Diseno Bioclimatico, establecidas a partir de la aplicacion de estos criterios, permiten evaluar el margen economico en cuanto a la operacion y el mantenimiento. Finalmente, se

  14. Some future tendencies in the electric power systems; Algunas tendencias futuras en los sistemas electricos de potencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sarmiento Uruchurtu, Hector Gerardo [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1996-12-31

    This document describes the most important tendencies on energy generation transmission and utilization of the electric power systems. The underlining of these tendencies has the purpose of maintaining a constant alert on the possible technological advances that must be covered at medium and long term in the Coordination Analysis of Transmission Systems [Espanol] En el presente documento se describen las tendencias mas importantes sobre generacion, transmision y utilizacion de la energia, en cuanto a los sistemas electricos de potencia. El destacar estas tendencias tiene por objeto una alerta constante sobre los posibles desarrollos tecnologicos que se deben abordar a mediano y largo plazo dentro de la Coordinacion de Analisis de Sistemas de Transmision

  15. Some future tendencies in the electric power systems; Algunas tendencias futuras en los sistemas electricos de potencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sarmiento Uruchurtu, Hector Gerardo [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1995-12-31

    This document describes the most important tendencies on energy generation transmission and utilization of the electric power systems. The underlining of these tendencies has the purpose of maintaining a constant alert on the possible technological advances that must be covered at medium and long term in the Coordination Analysis of Transmission Systems [Espanol] En el presente documento se describen las tendencias mas importantes sobre generacion, transmision y utilizacion de la energia, en cuanto a los sistemas electricos de potencia. El destacar estas tendencias tiene por objeto una alerta constante sobre los posibles desarrollos tecnologicos que se deben abordar a mediano y largo plazo dentro de la Coordinacion de Analisis de Sistemas de Transmision

  16. Environmental psychology in the bioclimatic design; La psicologia ambiental en el diseno bioclimatico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cubillas Talamante, Lorena Gpe [Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    The bioclimatic design profits of the natural resources for the improvement of the construction quality as well as the user's life. The combination of these two concepts within the architectonic design generates an interesting duality to consider within the understanding of the user's physical and psychological environment and the obtaining of a correlation of reality and dreams. Environmental psychology is focused on the researching of the psychological effects of the architectonic environment on the human experience and behavior. Human behavior works under parameters established during its development. Through the habits and styles of life practiced in childhood those parameters establish themselves to later on obtain satisfiers in the search of the life quality of human beings. [Spanish] El diseno bioclimatico aprovecha los recursos naturales para el mejoramiento de la calidad de la construccion y vida del usuario. La combinacion de estos dos conceptos dentro del diseno arquitectonico, genera dualidad interesante de entender el medio ambiente fisico y psicologico de los usuarios y obtener una identificacion entre la realidad y los suenos. La psicologia ambiental se ha enfocado a investigar sobre la relacion de los efectos psicologicos del ambiente construido o arquitectonico sobre la conducta y la experiencia humana. La conducta humana trabaja bajo parametros establecidos durante el desarrollo del mismo, a traves de los habitos y estilos de vida desde su infancia van marcando esos parametros que despues sirven para lograr satisfactores en la busqueda de la calidad de vida de los seres humanos.

  17. Thermodynamic methodology for the design of solar dryers operated with flat solar collectors; Metodologia termodinamica para el diseno de secadores operados con calentadores solares planos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Torres Reyes, Ernestina; Navarrete Gonzalez, Jose L; Ibarra Salazar, Beatriz A; Picon Nunez, Martin [Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanjuato, Guanajuato (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    In this paper a thermal performance analysis of solar drying process at operating varying conditions is presented. It is described semi-empirical models to thermal characterization of an experimental device. A simulator of thermal performance for operating varying conditions was developed as a part of the procedure of thermal design of solar dryers. On the other hand, it is described a simplified method to design solar collectors based on the determination of minimum entropy generation during the thermal conversion of the solar device by using the thermal analysis procedure established and the method derived of the second law of the Thermodynamics are finally presented. [Spanish] En este trabajo se presenta el analisis termico del comportamiento del sistema -colector solar camara de secado-. Se describen los modelos semi-empiricos con los que se caracterizo termicamente un secador solar experimental del tipo indirecto. Se presenta tambien un procedimiento de diseno de equipo de secado que toma en cuenta las condiciones variables de operacion que presentan los dispositivos solares. Por otro lado se describe un procedimiento simplificado de diseno, basado en un analisis derivado de la segunda ley de la Termodinamica. Esta metodologia se fundamenta en la minima generacion de entropia durante la conversion termica de la energia solar, utilizando colectores solares planos. Finalmente se presentan los resultados del diseno preliminar de equipo de secado utilizando los dos procedimientos mencionados.

  18. Electricity sector prospective 2009-2024; Prospectiva del sector electrico 2009-2024

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Irastorza Trejo, Veronica; Doniz Gonzalez; Virginia; Cue Aguilar; Gumersindo [Secretaria de Energia, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2009-07-01

    This prospective planning of the electricity sector is comprised of four chapters and covers the 2009-2024 planning horizon. The first chapter describes recent developments in the international market of electric energy, which analyzes trends in global consumption of electrical energy, global installed capacity by technology type and country, sources of primary and secondary energy used to generate electricity in several countries and regions, the projections of fuel consumption and the dynamic construction of new plants and infrastructure using technology that, in both advanced economies and in the emerging strategic trends represent in the context the global fight against climate change, among which the new technology and advanced nuclear reactor technologies applicable to the use of renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal, mini hydro, and bioenergy, among others. The second chapter presents the structure of the legal and regulatory framework in the electricity sector and regulatory policy instruments applicable in Mexico and saved the state permits issued in the methods considered in the Public Service Law of Electricity. The third chapter analyzes the evolution of the national electricity market in recent years, considering the behavior of domestic electricity consumption, sales to the public service sector, the seasonal behavior of demand and pricing structure. In the fourth chapter presents the path planning of consumption and electricity demand at the national, sectoral and regional levels in order to identify the requirements of capacity and energy for the period 2009-2024. [Spanish] Esta prospectiva de planeacion del sector electrico se integra por cuatro capitulos y abarca el horizonte de planeacion 2009-2024. El primer capitulo describe la evolucion reciente del mercado internacional de la energia electrica, en el cual se analizan las tendencias en el consumo mundial de energia electrica, capacidad mundial instalada por tipo de tecnologia y paises

  19. Control optimo de par para maquinas SynRM aplicadas a vehiculo electrico

    OpenAIRE

    Trancho, Elena; Ibarra, E.; Arias, A.; Kortabarria, I.

    2017-01-01

    Las maquinas de reluctancia sincrona asistidas por imanes estan atrayendo un considerable interes como alternativa a las maquinas sıncronas de imanes permanentes para su uso en sistemas de propulsion de vehıculos electricos. El control optimo de estas maquinas (incluyendo operacion en debilitamiento de campo) puede resultar complejo, ya que estas son, por lo general, muy sensibles al fenomeno de la saturacion magnetica. En este articulo se trata su control, desde los reguladores hasta el prec...

  20. Interconnection of industrial centers with the electric network of the public service; Interconexion de centros industriales con la red electrica del servicio publico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rosales Sedano, Inocente; Lopez Velazquez, Juan Jose; Garcia Paredes, Job; Robles Pimentel, Edgar [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico); Garcia Alvarez, David; Guzman Camacho, Benigno [Petroleos Mexicanos (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    The large industrial centers that have continuous production processes and consume high amounts of electrical energy, generally have their own power generation. The petrochemical complexes, the paper and steel factories and the sugar mills are examples of this type of centers. On the other hand, the new regulation for the generation of electrical energy that allows to the electrical energy interchange between private companies and the public network, has originated the necessity of connecting systems that formerly operated isolated. Since the original design of the isolated electrical systems was to operate in an independent form, making the interconnection can generate technical problems that must be analyzed and solved. In this paper, some experiences related with the behavior of electrical equipment when connected to operate with the public network, are presented. [Spanish] Los grandes centros industriales que tienen procesos de produccion continua y consumen altas cantidades de energia electrica, generalmente cuentan con generacion propia. Los complejos petroquimicos, las fabricas de papel y acero y los ingenios azucareros son ejemplos de este tipo de centros. Por otro lado, la nueva reglamentacion de generacion de energia electrica que permite el intercambio de energia electrica entre las companias privadas y la red publica, ha originado la necesidad de conectar sistemas que antes operaban aislados. Debido a que el diseno original de los sistemas electricos aislados fue trabajar en forma independiente, el realizar la interconexion puede generar problemas tecnicos que tienen que analizarse y resolverse. En este articulo, se presentan algunas experiencias relacionadas con el comportamiento del equipo electrico al operar conectado con la red publica.

  1. Voltage controller design for air conditioning; Diseno de controlador de voltaje para aire acondicionado

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia Andrade, R; Lopez Villalobos, J.J; Valderrama Chairez, J; Ramirez, R.L. [Instituto Tecnologico de Nuevo Leon, Guadalupe, Nuevo Leon (Mexico)]. E-mails: roxana_garciaandrade@yahoo.com; xe2n@yahoo.com.mx; jose.valderrama@ieee.org

    2013-03-15

    This paper discusses the design of a voltage controller for an air conditioning system in order to generate additional power in activation or startup of the system, for which as a first stage is presented the modeling power generation of electric current through alternative means, such as solar energy. The results of this study will be the basis for development of the physical prototype of this system controller. [Spanish] El presente trabajo trata sobre el diseno de un controlador de voltaje para un sistema de aire acondicionado con el fin de generar energia adicional en la activacion o arranque de dicho sistema, para lo cual como primer fase se presenta el modelado de la generacion de corriente electrica mediante medios alternos, como lo es la energia solar. Los resultados de este trabajo seran la base para desarrollo del prototipo fisico de este sistema controlador.

  2. Design and construction of a new furnace combustion pilot in IIE; Diseno y construccion de un nuevo horno experimental de combustion en el IIE

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez Flores, Marco Antonio; Tamayo Flores, G. A. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)]. E-mail: mamf@iie.org.mx; gatamayo@iie.org.mx

    2010-11-15

    To expand the scope of studies and technological developments in the Laboratory of Combustion of the Thermal Process Management a new experimental furnace with a capacity of 1.5 MWt was designed and built. Spray design studies with real operational evaluation (comparison of emission of Combustion products and thermal behavior) as well as information on the behavior of the NO{sub x} emissions will be produced. An automatic control system using a water cooling jacket provides the cooling of the furnace. The furnace design is modular, consisting of six sections. Currently three trials to its maximum load of operation have been performed. The results show that the global energy balance of the furnace matches the design. The flue gas residence time and temperature also match those at the exit of steam generators of big capacity. [Spanish] Para ampliar las posibilidades de estudios y desarrollos tecnologicos del laboratorio de combustion de la Gerencia de Procesos Termicos, se diseno y construyo un nuevo horno experimental con capacidad maxima de 1.5 MegaWatts termicos (MWt). Este horno permitira realizar estudios de diseno de atomizadores con evaluacion de operacion real (comparacion de emision de productos de combustion y comportamiento termico), asi como ampliar la informacion que se tiene en el comportamiento de la emision de los oxidos de nitrogeno (NO{sub x}) que se producen en el horno. El diseno del horno es modular, compuesto por seis secciones, las cuales se enfrian de forma independiente a traves de un sistema de control automatico, empleando una chaqueta de enfriamiento por la cual circula agua. Actualmente se han realizado tres encendidos hasta alcanzar su carga maxima de operacion, los resultados obtenidos muestran que el balance de energia global del horno experimental es practicamente el de diseno y cumple con las caracteristicas de tiempo de residencia y temperatura de gases a la salida del horno de Generadores de Vapor de gran capacidad.

  3. Systems for the calculation of electrical parameters and energy efficiency for high-capacity hydroelectric generators; Sistemas para el calculo de parametros electricos y eficiencia energetica para generadores hidroelectricos de gran capacidad

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reyes Martinez, Oscar Alfonso; Pascacio de los Santos, Alberth; Perez Abad, Carlos Alberto [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Leon Rivera, Nicolas [CFE-LAPEM, Irapuato, Guanajuato (Mexico)

    2012-07-01

    In recent years, the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) has developed important hydroelectrical power projects in Mexico. Most of them are located in the Santiago River Hydrological System in Nayarit, Mexico. A total of 27 projects with a capacity of 4,300 MW are considered but only 32% of them have been carried out. One of the most ambitious projects that continue in process of construction is the Hydroelectrical Plant La Yesca. This project will conclude in late 2012 and consists of two electric generators of 375 MW, 17 kV. It will be second in power and the third in electrical generation at the system. According to national and international standards, a set of static and dynamic tests must be performed in these generators before commissioning, to ensure their proper operation. Winding stator high voltage endurance test, three phase sudden short circuit test and energy efficiency calculation are some of the most important tests to be performed in a new electrical generator. These tests are difficult to perform on-site due to the equipment capacity required, so very few companies in the world can conduct them. In Mexico no one has the necessary infrastructure for testing in high capacity hydroelectric generators such as those from La Yesca, so the Laboratorio de Pruebas a Equipos y Materiales (LAPEM) has invested in projects to improve this project in order to meet the needs of the Mexican electricity sector. This paper is a description of the systems developed for the calculation of electrical parameters and energy efficiency for this class of generators. [Spanish] En los ultimos anos, la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) ha desarrollado importantes proyectos hidroelectricos en Mexico. La mayor parte se ubican en el Sistema Hidrologico del Rio Santiago en Nayarit, Mexico. Se consideran un total de 27 proyectos con capacidad de 4300 MW, pero solo 32 % de ellos se han llevado a cabo. Uno de los proyectos mas ambiciosos que continua en proceso de

  4. Asymptotic energies and sustainable electrical development; Energias asintoticas y desarrollo electrico sustentable

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Velez O, Carlos [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2003-07-01

    A review is made of the energy resources in use existing at the moment for the electricity production (hydraulic, coal, oil, gas and uranium). The asymptotic energies (solar, geothermal and nuclear fission and fusion) are described and the state of development in which they are up to the moment. One concludes that in the case of Mexico it would be convenient to make flexible and to reinforce the electrical systems in forecast of a greater participation of the distributed generation and to orient the extensions of the electrical generation to make a greater use of the three asymptotic energies already used: the solar (in its forms hydraulic and wind power), geothermal and the nuclear fission. [Spanish] Se pasa revista a los recursos existentes en las energias actualmente en uso para la produccion de electricidad (hidraulica, carbon, petroleo, gas y uranio). Se describen las energias asintoticas (solar, geotermia y fision y fusion nucleares) y el estado de desarrollo en que se encuentran hasta el momento. Se concluye que en el caso de Mexico convendria flexibilizar y reforzar el sistema electrico en prevision de una mayor participacion de la generacion distribuida y orientar las ampliaciones de la generacion electrica para hacer un mayor uso de tres de las energias asintoticas ya utilizadas: la solar (en sus formas hidraulica y eolica), la geotermia y la fision nuclear.

  5. System for the design of electrical distribution substations; Sistema para el diseno de subestaciones electricas de distribucion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zayas Perez, Benjamin Eddie; Islas Perez, Eduardo; Bahena Rada, Jessica Liliana; Romero Lima, Jesus [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Sierra Rodriguez, Benjamin; Moreno Diaz, Humberto [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2011-07-01

    The physical design of electric substations involves a variety of activities, such as developing, reviewing and performing modifications to different design proposals, estimating costs and producing documents to be integrated into an executive project. These activities are usually conducted at the Distribution Divisions of the Federal Electric Commission (CFE) through two separate processes: the development of engineering plans with computer-aided design software (CAD) and volumetric calculations for the initial budget using conventional spreadsheets. The documents are manually developed on an individual basis, without the existence of any functions to allow for automatically updating the design modifications of any of the plans. The corresponding initial budget becomes a lengthy and laborious process with the likelihood of inconsistencies among the documents. In order to optimize the design process for the public and electromechanical works of electric substations (ES) in a three-dimensional (3D) graphic environment, the IIE's Management of Process Supervision, in coordination with the CFE Distribution Subdivision, developed the System for the Design of Electric Substation Distribution (SDESD). This system makes use of the advantages of CAD3D technology to develop detail engineering, cost engineering to calculate initial budgets and virtual reality for three-dimensional interactive navigation. It is worth mentioning that this system is currently in the implementation phase at the CFE Distribution Subdivision. This article briefly describes the main stages in the development of the project, as well as the functioning and principal components of the system. [Spanish] El diseno fisico de subestaciones electricas implica una variedad de actividades, tales como elaborar, revisar y efectuar modificaciones de diferentes propuestas de diseno, estimar costos y producir documentos, para integrarlos como parte de un proyecto ejecutivo. Estas actividades usualmente se

  6. The opening of the Mexican electric sector to foreign investment. Volume 1; La apertura externa en el sector electrico Mexicano. Volumen 1

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Quintanilla Martinez, Juan [eds.] [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    This document is the first one of three volumes of the 1. Seminar on the Current Conditions and Perspectives of the Electric Sector in Mexico, organized by the Programa Universitario de Energia and the Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas (University Program of Energy and the Institute of Economic Research, both of them agencies of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM)). The titles of the three volumes are the following: Volume 1.- The opening of the Mexican Electric Sector to foreign investment. Volume 2.- Concrete innovation and technological learning experiences at the Luz y Fuerza del Centro enterprise. Volume 3.- The Electric Energy and the Environment in Mexico. This first volume deals on the World tendencies towards the privatization; the new financing techniques and the reorganization of the Mexican electric industry; the electric rates in the residential sector; the distribution of the income and the electricity expense in Mexican homes, the privatization of the energy in Mexico and the production costs in generation projects planning. These documents were formulated by specialists of the Electric Sector, from the Electric Sector itself as well as from academic entities, public and private [Espanol] Este documento constituye el primero de tres volumenes del Primer Seminario sobre Situacion y Perspectivas del Sector Electrico en Mexico, organizado por el Programa Universitario de Energia y el Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas, ambas dependencias de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM). Los titulos de los tres volumenes son los siguientes: volumen 1: La apertura externa del sector electrico mexicano, volumen 2: Experiencias concretas de innovacion y aprendizaje tecnologico en la empresa Luz y Fuerza del Centro, volumen 3: Energia electrica y medio ambiente en Mexico. Este primer volumen trata sobre las tendencias mundiales hacia la privatizacion; las nuevas tecnicas de financiamiento y reorganizacion de la industria

  7. Bioclimatic analysis and its impact within the design methodology; Analisis bioclimatico y su impacto dentro de la metodologia de diseno

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fuentes Fleixanet, Victor A; Rodriguez Viqueira Manuel [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco, Mexico, D.F(Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    This paper is a proposal for the systematization of the process of bioclimatic design, particularly in its analytical stage. It is based on the proposals of the classic researchers such as: Olgyay, Givoni and Szokolay, but also in new contributions like those of Yeang. Nevertheless, it is about a methodology adapted to the specific requirements of teaching and research that are carried out in the Bioclimatic Design Laboratory of the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco Unit. What is presented here is a part of a very ample research project that intends to develop or to structure a design methodology that incorporates the environmental variables related to man and architecture: of course, with the objective of facilitating the designer work so that the final architectonic product has a more harmonic response to the environment, offers conditions of integral well- being to its occupants and be is efficient in the handling of the resources. It also looks for the definition of the necessary analysis, design and evaluation tools, necessary in order that the application of the methodology is clear, simple and can be carried out by any designer, even if he does not have a wide knowledge of bioclimatic design. [Spanish] Este trabajo es una propuesta para la sistematizacion del proceso de diseno bioclimatico, particularmente en su etapa analitica. Se basa en las propuestas de los investigadores clasicos como: Olgyay, Givoni y Szokolay, pero tambien en nuevas aportaciones como las de Yeang. Sin embargo se trata de una metodologia adaptada a los requerimientos especificos de docencia e investigacion que se llevan a cabo en el Laboratorio de Diseno Bioclimatico de la Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco. Lo que aqui se presenta forma parte de un proyecto de investigacion muy amplio que pretende, desarrollar o estructurar una metodologia de diseno que incorpore las variables ambientales relacionadas con el hombre y la arquitectura: desde luego, con

  8. The optimization of electric motors repair techniques as a mean for electric energy saving; La optimizacion de las tecnicas de reparacion de motores electricos como un medio para ahorrar energia electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zagal Leon, Juan Ruben [Fideicomiso para el Ahorro de Energia Electrica (FIDE), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    This paper presents, in a very concise, which are the techniques to optimize the electric motors repair made by the Fideicomiso para el Ahorro de Energia Electrica (FIDE), the loss of efficiency that might exist after repairing an electric motor, as well as the procedures to perform an optimum reparation of the electric motors. Furthermore, some recommendations are given for the selection of an adequate rewinding shop to guarantee that the motor does not suffer efficiency losses after its repair. [Espanol] Este trabajo presenta, de manera muy concreta, cuales son las tecnicas para optimizar las tecnicas de reparacion de motores electricos realizado por el Fideicomiso para el Ahorro de Energia Electrica (FIDE), el nivel de perdida de eficiencia que puede existir despues de reparar un motor electrico, asi como los procedimientos para realizar una optima reparacion en motores electricos. Asimismo, se proporcionan algunas recomendaciones para seleccionar un taller de reembobinado adecuado para garantizar que el motor no sufra perdidas de eficiencia despues de su reparacion.

  9. The optimization of electric motors repair techniques as a mean for electric energy saving; La optimizacion de las tecnicas de reparacion de motores electricos como un medio para ahorrar energia electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zagal Leon, Juan Ruben [Fideicomiso para el Ahorro de Energia Electrica (FIDE), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1999-12-31

    This paper presents, in a very concise, which are the techniques to optimize the electric motors repair made by the Fideicomiso para el Ahorro de Energia Electrica (FIDE), the loss of efficiency that might exist after repairing an electric motor, as well as the procedures to perform an optimum reparation of the electric motors. Furthermore, some recommendations are given for the selection of an adequate rewinding shop to guarantee that the motor does not suffer efficiency losses after its repair. [Espanol] Este trabajo presenta, de manera muy concreta, cuales son las tecnicas para optimizar las tecnicas de reparacion de motores electricos realizado por el Fideicomiso para el Ahorro de Energia Electrica (FIDE), el nivel de perdida de eficiencia que puede existir despues de reparar un motor electrico, asi como los procedimientos para realizar una optima reparacion en motores electricos. Asimismo, se proporcionan algunas recomendaciones para seleccionar un taller de reembobinado adecuado para garantizar que el motor no sufra perdidas de eficiencia despues de su reparacion.

  10. 10 conference and Latin American turbomachinery exhibition; 10 congreso y exposicion latinoamericana de turbomaquinaria

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2007-11-15

    This conference was done to promote the exchange of experiences among specialists, users, manufactures and research institutions in the field of the turbomachinery. To spread the last researches and developments focus to the design and maintenance of steam, gas and hydraulic turbines, axial compressors and centrifugal pumps, fans, electric motors, auxiliary equipment and cogeneration. [Spanish] Este congreso se realizo con el fin de promover el intercambio de experiencias entre especialistas, usuarios, fabricantes e institutos de investigacion en el campo de la turbomaquinaria. Divulgar las ultimas investigaciones y desarrollos enfocados al diseno y mantenimiento de turbinas de vapor, de gas e hidraulicas, compresores axiales y centrifugos, bombas, ventiladores, motores electricos, equipos auxiliares y cogeneracion.

  11. Planning model for the expansion of the electrical generation system with risk demarcation criteria; Modelo para la planificacion de la expansion del sistema electrico de generacion con criterios de acotamiento de riesgo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez Galicia, Julio Alberto; Nieva Gomez, Rolando [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2009-07-01

    The general characteristics of a planning model for the electrical generation system expansion with risk demarcation criteria, as well as the main results of a representative study case of the Mexican Electrical System is presented. The model is based on a methodology of multiannual optimization for the generation expansion plans determination. In this context, every expansion plan defines the technology type to be installed, as well as the installation year, unit size and its location within a regional electric network. For this purpose, the model considers an interregional representation of the system identifying the necessary reinforcements to the capacity of the interregional connections. It also incorporates a Demarcation of Risk module that considers the uncertainty of the future scenarios of fuels prices to generate a set of expansion plans, among which includes the following: a) For every future of the fuel prices: the plan that diminishes the present value of the total cost (investment plus production). b) The plan that diminishes the economic risk derived from the uncertainty in the future of the fuel prices. c) A subgroup of expansion plans that are located in the efficient borders of decision, under the context of three criteria of interest: the economic risk, the investment cost of and the total cost in the future considered of greater relevance. [Spanish] Se presentan las caracteristicas generales de un modelo de planificacion de la expansion del sistema electrico de generacion con criterios de acotamiento de riesgo, asi como los principales resultados de un caso de estudio representativo del Sistema Electrico Mexicano. El modelo se basa en una metodologia de optimacion multi-anual para la determinacion de planes de expansion de la generacion. En este contexto, cada plan de expansion define el tipo de tecnologia que debera instalarse, asi como el ano de instalacion, el tamano de la unidad y su localizacion dentro de una red electrica regional. Para

  12. Feed-water heaters alternative design comparison; Comparacion de disenos alternativos de calentadores

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Torres Toledano, Gerardo [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1988-12-31

    A procedure is presented for the alternative design comparison of feed water heaters, based in the failure records of damaged tubes during operation. The procedure is used for cases in which non-continuous or random inspections are made to the feed-water heaters. [Espanol] Se presenta un procedimiento para comparar disenos alternativos de calentadores, basandose en los registros de fallas de los tubos rotos acumuladas durante su operacion. El procedimiento se emplea para casos en los que se realizan inspecciones a los calentadores no continuas, ya sea periodicas o al azar.

  13. System programs design of motors; Sistema de programas de diseno de motores

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Diaz Gonzalez Palomas, Oscar; Ciprian Avila, Fernando [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1988-12-31

    This paper describes the objective of creating the program system for induction motors design SIPRODIMO, its scope, its general characteristics, its structure and the results obtained with its application, as well as the service capacity developed by the Motors Area of the Instituto de Investigaciones Elctricas. [Espanol] En este articulo se describe el objetivo de crear el sistema de programas de diseno de motores de induccion, Siprodimo, su alcance, sus caracteristicas generales, su estructura y los resultados obtenidos con su aplicacion, asi como la capacidad de servicio desarrollada por el area de motores, del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas.

  14. The climatic change and the new demands in dwelling design; El cambio climatico y las nuevas exigencias en el diseno de la vivienda

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tardan Waltz, Jenny [Asociacion de Empresas para el Ahorro de la Energia en la Edificacion, A.C. (Mexico)

    2007-10-15

    In Mexico, the culture of energy saving began more than one decade ago, but the benefits are not yet concrete. The Mexican society, requires new designs of dwellings adapted to its needs and in addition modifies the present systems of construction that do not include criteria of design for the thermal comfort, the energy saving and the sustainability. It is urgent to reconsider the urbanism of the cities, as well as the promotion of the concept of sustainable development in all the branches of human activity. The design of dwellings must significantly integrate the energy and environmental components to reduce to the power consumption and the CO{sub 2} emissions. [Spanish] En Mexico, la cultura de ahorro de energia se inicio hace mas de una decada, pero los beneficios aun no son palpables. La sociedad mexicana, requiere de nuevos disenos de viviendas que se adapten a sus necesidades y que ademas modifiquen los sistemas de construccion actuales que no incluyen criterios de diseno para el confort termico, el ahorro de energia y la sustentabilidad. Es urgente reconsiderar el urbanismo de las ciudades, asi como la promocion del concepto de desarrollo sustentable en todas las ramas de la actividad humana. El diseno de la vivienda debe integrar los componentes energeticos y medioambientales, para reducir significativamente el consumo de energia y las emisiones de CO{sub 2}.

  15. Methodology for the location of PMU for the monitoring of critical oscillations in power systems; Metodologia para la ubicacion de PMU para el monitoreo de oscilaciones criticas en sistemas electricos de potencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Calderon Guizar, Jorge Guillermo [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2009-07-01

    The deregulation and restructuring undergone by the electrical industry, as well as the tendency at world-wide level of reorganization in generation, transmission and distribution units has brought about, as a consequence, drastic changes in the operation of the electric power systems. The difficulties to construct new transmission power lines and the continuous increase in the electricity consumption are forcing more and more to operate the electric power systems every time nearer their safety limits. Nevertheless, to assure the system reliability without mattering what so plaintiff is the operating condition is a requirement that the electrical companies must satisfy. This panorama has motivated and impelled the use of new technologies for the critical indicators the monitoring that allow the electrical companies to guarantee the system safe operation. In this paper a methodology for the location of Fasorial Measurement Units, better known as FMU for the monitoring of the critical oscillation modes in the electric power systems is presented. [Spanish] La desregulacion y reestructuracion experimentada por la industria electrica, asi como la tendencia a nivel mundial de reorganizacion en unidades de generacion, transmision y distribucion ha traido como consecuencia cambios drasticos en la operacion de los sistemas electricos de potencia. Las dificultades para construir nuevas lineas de transmision y el incremento continuo en el consumo de electricidad estan forzando a operar el sistema electrico de potencia cada vez mas cerca de sus limites de seguridad. Sin embargo, asegurar la confiabilidad del sistema sin importar que tan demandante sea la condicion de operacion es un requisito que las companias electricas deben satisfacer. Este panorama ha motivado e impulsado el uso de nuevas tecnologias para el monitoreo de indicadores criticos que permitan a las companias electricas garantizar una operacion segura del sistema. En este trabajo se presenta una metodologia para

  16. Software for the design of acoustical steam silencers of the reaction-absorption type; Software para el diseno de silenciadores acusticos de vapor del tipo reaccion-absorcion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Buendia Dominguez, Eduardo H; Alvarez Chavez, Jose M [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1990-12-31

    This paper describes the computer program named SILRA, that determines the outline dimensions of an acoustic steam silencer of the reaction-absorption type. These silencers are employed in the geothermoelectric power plants to lower the high levels of pressure and sound caused by the steam discharge to the surrounding atmosphere. The program has the capacity of predicting the noise level generated by the discharge without silencer depending on the emitting source. On SIRLA was successfully coupled the theory described in specialized literature with optimization techniques and experiences acquired in former designs. SIRLA is a powerful tool that allows the designer to optimize the equipment as well as the design time. [Espanol] En este trabajo se describe el programa de computo SILRA, que determina las dimensiones generales de un silenciador acustico de vapor tipo reaccion-absorcion, estos silenciadores se emplean en las centrales geotermoelectricas para abatir los altos niveles de presion de sonido provocados por la descarga del vapor a la atmosfera. El programa tiene la capacidad de predecir el nivel de ruido que genera la descarga sin silenciador, dependiendo de la fuente emisora. En SILRA se acoplaron con exito la teoria descrita en la literatura especializada con tecnicas de optimacion y experiencias adquiridas en disenos anteriores. SILRA es una poderosa herramienta que permite al disenador optimar tanto el equipo como el tiempo de diseno.

  17. Software for the design of acoustical steam silencers of the reaction-absorption type; Software para el diseno de silenciadores acusticos de vapor del tipo reaccion-absorcion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Buendia Dominguez, Eduardo H.; Alvarez Chavez, Jose M. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1989-12-31

    This paper describes the computer program named SILRA, that determines the outline dimensions of an acoustic steam silencer of the reaction-absorption type. These silencers are employed in the geothermoelectric power plants to lower the high levels of pressure and sound caused by the steam discharge to the surrounding atmosphere. The program has the capacity of predicting the noise level generated by the discharge without silencer depending on the emitting source. On SIRLA was successfully coupled the theory described in specialized literature with optimization techniques and experiences acquired in former designs. SIRLA is a powerful tool that allows the designer to optimize the equipment as well as the design time. [Espanol] En este trabajo se describe el programa de computo SILRA, que determina las dimensiones generales de un silenciador acustico de vapor tipo reaccion-absorcion, estos silenciadores se emplean en las centrales geotermoelectricas para abatir los altos niveles de presion de sonido provocados por la descarga del vapor a la atmosfera. El programa tiene la capacidad de predecir el nivel de ruido que genera la descarga sin silenciador, dependiendo de la fuente emisora. En SILRA se acoplaron con exito la teoria descrita en la literatura especializada con tecnicas de optimacion y experiencias adquiridas en disenos anteriores. SILRA es una poderosa herramienta que permite al disenador optimar tanto el equipo como el tiempo de diseno.

  18. Estimation of the electric potential at Los Humeros, Puebla, Mexico; Estimacion del potencial electrico del yacimiento de los Humeros, Puebla, Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Morales Solano, Nora Blanca [Comision Federal de Electricidad, Perote, Veracruz (Mexico)

    2000-12-01

    The evaluation of the electric potential of geothermal reservoir allows us to estimate the stored energy and the maximum power that could be installed at determined time. The method that was employed for the evaluation is that gradual pressure depletion of the reservoir. It consists of decompressing the system until an abandonment pressure or predetermined time of exploitation is reached. Results indicate that it is possible to generate more than 250 MW during 20 years. [Spanish] La evaluacion del potencial electrico del yacimiento geotermico permite estimar la energia recuperable y la potencia maxima que se puede instalar en un tiempo determinado. El metodo que se empleo para la evaluacion es el de descompresion gradual del yacimiento, que consiste en despresurizar el sistema hasta llegar a una presion de abandono de explotacion predeterminado, y calcular cual es la maxima potencia electrica del yacimiento bajo tales condiciones. El resultado indica que en Los Humeros es posible generar mas de 250 MW durante 20 anos.

  19. H{sub 2}S and CO{sub 2} filtration of biogas used in internal combustion engines for power generation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Huertas, Jose Ignacio; Izquierdo, Sebastian [Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, (Mexico)]. E-mail: jhuertas@itesm.mx

    2009-09-15

    mass transfer efficiency of the filter when it is compared against the mass transfer expected under quasi equilibrium conditions. Work is under way to design a high efficiency amine column for biogas treatment. [Spanish] En la actualidad, hay un creciente interes en conectar a las redes electricas nacionales miles de pequenas centrales electricas accionadas con fuentes de energia renovables. El uso de biogas como combustible en maquinas de combustion interna conectadas a un generador electrico esta emergiendo como una de las alternativas mas atractivas debido a su muy baja razon de costo beneficio y al muy alto impacto positivo sobre el ambiente. Sin embargo, el uso del biogas para generar electricidad se ha limitado por su alto contenido de H{sub 2}S ({approx}3500 ppm) and CO{sub 2} ({approx}40%). La presencia de CO{sub 2} reduce la densidad energetica del combustible y por lo tanto la salida de potencia del sistema. El alto contenido de H{sub 2}S corroe componentes importantes de la maquina como la camara de combustion, engranes de bronce y el sistema de escape. Este trabajo se orienta al diseno y manufactura de un filtro industrial de bajo costo para esta aplicacion. Entre las diferentes metodologias disponibles, CaO, NaOH y aminas se eligieron como las mas apropiadas para una aplicacion agricola tipica de generadores electricos de 100 kW. Puesto que no hay datos reportados respecto a la capacidad de absorcion de H{sub 2}S de estas sustancia, se propuso medirla mediante un burbujeador. Se trata de un arreglo experimental donde la corriente de gas pasa a traves de una cantidad fija de sustancia absorbente hasta que esta se satura. La capacidad de absorcion se determina como la cantidad de sustancia que se atrapa dividida entre la masa de la sustancia absorbente que se esta usando. Los resultados muestran una capacidad de absorcion de 2.8, 41.4 y 124.8 g de H{sub 2}S por kg de NaOH, CaO y monoetanolamina, respectivamente. Se diseno y fabrico un sistema absorbente de

  20. Simulation of the electric systems of the Laguna Verde nuclear power station; Simulacion de los sistemas electricos de la Central Laguna Verde

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rodriguez Lozano, Saul; Ruiz Ponce, Gerardo E [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1992-03-01

    In this article, the electric system models of the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Station (CNLV) simulator, are presented. These models permit the functioning simulation, in the different operation modes of the main generator (Ruiz and Rodriguez 1991a), of the auxiliaries system and of the substation (Ruiz and Rodriguez 1991b), and of the emergency diesel generators system (Ruiz and Rodriguez 1991c). The general characteristics of such systems, considered as the basis to obtain the representative models, which were developed as modules in an independent way to be integrated in the simulator, are also described. [Espanol] En este articulo, se presenta los modelos de los sistemas electricos del simulador de la Central Laguna Verde (CLV). Estos modelos permiten simular el funcionamiento, en los diferentes modos de operacion del generador principal (Ruiz y Rodriguez, 1991a), del sistema de auxiliares y de la subestacion (Ruiz y Rodriguez, 1991b) y del sistema de generadores diesel de emergencia (Ruiz y Rodriguez, 1991c). Asimismo, se describen las caracteristicas generales de tales sistemas, consideradas como la base para obtener los modelos representativos, los cuales fueron desarrollados como modulos en forma independiente para integrarse al simulador.

  1. Implementation of the design attendent by computers (CAD) for the location of structures of power transmission lines; Implementacion del diseno asistido por computadora para la localizacion de estructuras de lineas de transmision

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vega Ortiz, Miguel; Gutierrez Arriola, Gustavo [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    In order that the tools of CAD (Design Attended by Computer) that are offered in the market are really useful, they must combine the criteria and experiences of the expert designers with the specifications and practices established in the electrical company. This includes, from the introduction to the information system of the available input data and its design criteria, to obtaining the required output information. In the present work the methodology developed by the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) in the design of power transmission lines that integrates the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) requirements in the design of its transmission power lines is an advanced computer tool that results in obtaining better designs. Some of the most important aspects are the reduction of the used working time, the cost of the designed line, its reliability, the flexibility in the information handling and the quality of presentation. [Spanish] Para que las herramientas de diseno asistido por computadora que se ofrecen en el mercado sean realmente utiles deben conjuntar los criterios y experiencias de los disenadores expertos con las especificaciones y practicas establecidas en la empresa electrica. Esto incluye desde la introduccion al sistema de la informacion de datos de entrada de la que se dispone y de sus criterios de diseno hasta la obtencion de la informacion de salida que se requiere. En el presente trabajo se resume la metodologia desarrollada por el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) en el diseno de lineas de transmision, que integra los requerimientos de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) en el diseno de sus lineas de transmision en una herramienta de computo avanzada y que redunda en la obtencion de mejores disenos. Algunos de los aspectos mas importantes son la reduccion del tiempo de trabajo empleado, el costo de la linea disenada, su confiabilidad, la flexibilidad en el manejo de informacion y la calidad de presentacion.

  2. Control structures design for fossil power station units; Diseno de estructuras de control para unidades termoelectricas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Palomares Gonzalez, Daniel; Ricano Castillo, Juan Manuel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1990-12-31

    In this paper are designed an analyzed the control ties of a 300MW fossil unit at different operation levels. The design and analysis were developed on an operation range of 50% to 100% load. The main control ties were studied among which are the feedwater flow, the superheating zone temperatures and the generated output. The technique used for the design is the decomposition in singular values (DSV) of the plant transference matrix. This is a recent technique that permits finding the most important interactions among output-input variables, over a significative frequencies range for the transference matrix of the plant. For this purpose utilizes the control properties of the transference matrix, such as: control effort, output-input interaction and ruggedness with respect to uncertainties. The control structures obtained were tested in a digital model of a fossil plant unit. A comparison study of both structures (original and modified) showed enhancement in the performance of the power plant with modified structure. [Espanol] En este trabajo se disenan y analizan los lazos de control de una unidad termoelectrica de 300 MW, a diferentes niveles de operacion. El diseno y analisis se desarrollo sobre un rango de operacion de 50 a 100 por ciento de carga. Se estudiaron los principales lazos de control entre los que se encuentran el flujo de agua de alimentacion, las temperaturas de la zona de sobrecalentamiento y la potencia generada. La tecnica utilizada para el diseno es la descomposicion en valores singulares (DVS) de la matriz de transferencia de la planta. Esta es una tecnica reciente que permite encontrar las interacciones mas importantes entre variables entrada-salida, sobre un rango de frecuencias significativas para la matriz de transferencia de la planta. Utiliza para ello las propiedades de control de la matriz de transferencia, como son: esfuerzo de control, interaccion entrada-salida y robustez con respecto a incertidumbres. Las estructuras de control

  3. Control structures design for fossil power station units; Diseno de estructuras de control para unidades termoelectricas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Palomares Gonzalez, Daniel; Ricano Castillo, Juan Manuel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1989-12-31

    In this paper are designed an analyzed the control ties of a 300MW fossil unit at different operation levels. The design and analysis were developed on an operation range of 50% to 100% load. The main control ties were studied among which are the feedwater flow, the superheating zone temperatures and the generated output. The technique used for the design is the decomposition in singular values (DSV) of the plant transference matrix. This is a recent technique that permits finding the most important interactions among output-input variables, over a significative frequencies range for the transference matrix of the plant. For this purpose utilizes the control properties of the transference matrix, such as: control effort, output-input interaction and ruggedness with respect to uncertainties. The control structures obtained were tested in a digital model of a fossil plant unit. A comparison study of both structures (original and modified) showed enhancement in the performance of the power plant with modified structure. [Espanol] En este trabajo se disenan y analizan los lazos de control de una unidad termoelectrica de 300 MW, a diferentes niveles de operacion. El diseno y analisis se desarrollo sobre un rango de operacion de 50 a 100 por ciento de carga. Se estudiaron los principales lazos de control entre los que se encuentran el flujo de agua de alimentacion, las temperaturas de la zona de sobrecalentamiento y la potencia generada. La tecnica utilizada para el diseno es la descomposicion en valores singulares (DVS) de la matriz de transferencia de la planta. Esta es una tecnica reciente que permite encontrar las interacciones mas importantes entre variables entrada-salida, sobre un rango de frecuencias significativas para la matriz de transferencia de la planta. Utiliza para ello las propiedades de control de la matriz de transferencia, como son: esfuerzo de control, interaccion entrada-salida y robustez con respecto a incertidumbres. Las estructuras de control

  4. Application of unimodal optic fiber to communications among electric substations; Aplicacion de fibra optica unimodal a comunicaciones entre subestaciones electricas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez Pinon, Fernando; Hernandez Juarez, Taide [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1992-07-01

    The utilization of the unimodal fiber optics technology in the electric power systems, represents one of the best communication options because of its multiple advantages, that results in a better coordination of the technical and administrative activities, needed to carry the electric energy from its generation site to the most remote locations. In this document a study, in accordance with the available options for the design of communication systems via unimodal optic fiber, is presented. With this technology, ties of more than 100 kilometers without the need of repeating stations, can be made. [Espanol] La utilizacion de la tecnologia de fibra optica unimodal en los sistemas electricos de potencia representa una de las mejores alternativas de comunicacion por sus multiples ventajas que se traducen en una mejor coordinacion de las acitividades tecnicas y administrativas necesarias para llevar la energia electrica desde el lugar de generacion hasta los puntos mas distantes. En este documento se presenta un estudio de acuerdo a las opciones disponibles para el diseno de sistemas de comunicacion por fibra optica unimodal. Con esta tecnologia se pueden realizar enlaces mayores que 100 km sin necesidad de repetidores.

  5. Energy saving in office buildings through cheap bioclimatic design measures; Ahorro de energia en edificios de oficinas a partir de medidas de diseno bioclimatico de bajo costo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia Chavez, Jose Roberto [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco (Mexico)

    2007-01-15

    This article shows the study performed in a building of Campus Uni dad Azcapotzalco in order to evaluate some bioclimatic design strategies. And to reach the higrothermic comfort and the appropriate lighting to favor employees to increase their performance in work activities. There are some strategies in order to solve this problem: the skylight area reduction, existing lights change, ventilation increase, fixed partition door implementation, etc. The obtained outcomes make possible the beginning of bioclimatic design use to save energy in other buildings, because sometimes edifications possess a design that cause the energy waste. [Spanish] En este articulo se muestra el estudio que se hizo en un edificio en el Campus Unidad Azcapotzalco, el fin de esta labor es evaluar ciertas estrategias de diseno bioclimatico para que las personas que operan en este edificio puedan tener confort higrotermico y una iluminacion pertinente, que den como resultado un mejor desempeno en las tareas que realizan. Algunas de las estrategias para darle solucion a esta problematica son: disminuir del area de lucernarios, cambiar las luminarias existentes, aumentar la ventilacion, implementar canceleria, etc. Con los resultados obtenidos nace la esperanza de que se utilicen estrategias de diseno bioclimatico para ahorrar energia en otros edificios, ya que muchas veces las edificaciones poseen un diseno que unicamente provoca el uso imprudente de la energia.

  6. La falta de financiacion publica hipoteca el futuro del acelerador de protones valenciano. La Universidad de Valencia tiene avanzado el diseno de este dispositivo de alta tecnologia

    CERN Multimedia

    Jatvia, J M

    2002-01-01

    "La Universidad de Valencia tiene avanzado el diseno de un acelerador lineal de protones, cuya culminacion depende del compromiso del Consell en sufragar la plantilla que necesitaria el centro para estar operativo" (1 page).

  7. Substations grounding systems design; Diseno de sistemas de conexion a tierra en subestaciones

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Velazquez Sanchez, Raul [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    The grounding systems have been the object of a great number of analytical and experimental studies in the past 15 years, that have given rise to research reports on the several aspects involved in this technique. In this work are briefly reviewed various aspects that is necessary to take into account for its design, analysis and put in operation. [Espanol] Los sistemas de conexion a tierra han sido objeto de gran cantidad de estudios analiticos y experimentales en los pasados quince anos, que han dado origen a informes de investigacion sobre los diversos aspectos que involucra esta tecnica. En este trabajo se revisan brevemente diversos aspectos que es necesario considerar para su diseno, analisis y puesta en operacion.

  8. Substations grounding systems design; Diseno de sistemas de conexion a tierra en subestaciones

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Velazquez Sanchez, Raul [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1986-12-31

    The grounding systems have been the object of a great number of analytical and experimental studies in the past 15 years, that have given rise to research reports on the several aspects involved in this technique. In this work are briefly reviewed various aspects that is necessary to take into account for its design, analysis and put in operation. [Espanol] Los sistemas de conexion a tierra han sido objeto de gran cantidad de estudios analiticos y experimentales en los pasados quince anos, que han dado origen a informes de investigacion sobre los diversos aspectos que involucra esta tecnica. En este trabajo se revisan brevemente diversos aspectos que es necesario considerar para su diseno, analisis y puesta en operacion.

  9. Faults and energy losses in electric contacts; Fallas y perdidas de energia en contactos electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bratu Serban, Neagu; Campero Littlewood, Eduardo [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1994-12-31

    In this paper a brief description is made of the behavior of the electric contacts and the elements that affect in the heat release during its operation. The mathematical expressions describing this phenomenon are presented. The losses that can be produced at the contacts are evaluated and the graphs, where the behavior of these different operating conditions can be seen, are included. [Espanol] En este articulo se hace una breve descripcion del comportamiento de los contactos electricos y de los elementos que influyen en la generacion de calor durante su operacion. Se presentan las expresiones con las que se describe matematicamente este fenomeno. Se evaluan las perdidas que pueden llegar a tenerse en los contactos y se incluyen graficas donde puede verse el comportamiento de estos en diferentes condiciones de operacion.

  10. Faults and energy losses in electric contacts; Fallas y perdidas de energia en contactos electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bratu Serban, Neagu; Campero Littlewood, Eduardo [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1993-12-31

    In this paper a brief description is made of the behavior of the electric contacts and the elements that affect in the heat release during its operation. The mathematical expressions describing this phenomenon are presented. The losses that can be produced at the contacts are evaluated and the graphs, where the behavior of these different operating conditions can be seen, are included. [Espanol] En este articulo se hace una breve descripcion del comportamiento de los contactos electricos y de los elementos que influyen en la generacion de calor durante su operacion. Se presentan las expresiones con las que se describe matematicamente este fenomeno. Se evaluan las perdidas que pueden llegar a tenerse en los contactos y se incluyen graficas donde puede verse el comportamiento de estos en diferentes condiciones de operacion.

  11. Development of an electro-thermal model for ZnO surge arrester under contamination; Desarrollo de un modelo electro-termico para apartarrayos de ZnO bajo contaminacion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guardado Zavala, J.L.; Moreno Barraza, M.; Zazueta Pena, H.; Venegas Rebollar, V.; Melgoza Vazquez, E. [Instituto Tecnologico de Morelia, Morelia, Michoacan (Mexico)]. E-mail: lguarda@prodigy.net.mx; hzazuetapea@yahoo.com; vvenegas@yahoo.com; emelgoza@iimorelia.edu.mx

    2010-01-15

    An electro-thermal model for a Zinc Oxide (ZnO) surge arrester under contamination test is presented. The model is based in three sub-models: electrical, thermal and contamination, which interact in order to obtain the surge arrester performance under contamination tests. The electrical model is obtained from measurements and is based on a capacitance and a non-linear resistor. The thermal model takes into account the heat generated and dissipated by the column of varistors and its surroundings. The contamination is represented by dynamic impedance obtained from measurements in the arrester column during contamination tests. The full model is validated by calculating the temperature increase during contamination tests carried out in a two units ZnO surge arrester, class 190 kV. Finally, the results of the effect of several design and construction parameters in the voltage and temperature distribution in the arrester column during contamination tests are presented. [Spanish] Se presenta el modelo electro-termico para un apartarrayos de Oxido de Zinc (ZnO) durante pruebas de contaminacion. El modelo esta compuesto de tres sub-modelos: electrico, termico y de contaminacion, los cuales interactuan armonicamente para obtener el comportamiento del apartarrayos durante pruebas de contaminacion. El modelo electrico se obtiene de mediciones y esta compuesto de una capacitancia y una resistencia no-lineal. El modelo termico considera el calor generado y disipado en la columna de varistores y su entorno. La contaminacion se representa como una impedancia dinamica, cuyos valores se obtienen de mediciones en la columna del apartarrayos durante pruebas de contaminacion. El modelo se valida determinando el incremento de temperatura durante pruebas de contaminacion en un apartarrayos de ZnO de dos unidades clase 1990 kV. Finalmente, se presentan los resultados del impacto de diversos parametros de diseno y construccion en la distribucion de voltaje y temperatura en el apartarrayos

  12. A brief description of Polanco`s hybrid system

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nunes, Ventura [Instituto de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo (Uruguay)

    1997-12-31

    Since 1995, a hybrid system wind - PV is in service in Polanco, Uruguay. A brief description of this system and the criteria employed in its design are outlined. The experience obtained during two years operation are described from the points of view of the equipment reliability and of the electrical service provided. Future prospects of this kind of installations in Uruguay as part of the rural electrification policy are presented. [Espanol] Desde 1995 esta en servicio en Polanco, Uruguay un sistema hibrido viento-fotovoltaico. Aqui se describe brevemente este sistema y el criterio empleado en su diseno. Se describe la experiencia obtenida durante dos anos de operacion desde el punto de vista de confiabilidad de los equipos y del servicio electrico proporcionado. Se presentan prospectos futuros de esta clase de instalaciones en Uruguay, como parte de la politica de electrificacion rural.

  13. A brief description of Polanco`s hybrid system

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nunes, Ventura [Instituto de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo (Uruguay)

    1998-12-31

    Since 1995, a hybrid system wind - PV is in service in Polanco, Uruguay. A brief description of this system and the criteria employed in its design are outlined. The experience obtained during two years operation are described from the points of view of the equipment reliability and of the electrical service provided. Future prospects of this kind of installations in Uruguay as part of the rural electrification policy are presented. [Espanol] Desde 1995 esta en servicio en Polanco, Uruguay un sistema hibrido viento-fotovoltaico. Aqui se describe brevemente este sistema y el criterio empleado en su diseno. Se describe la experiencia obtenida durante dos anos de operacion desde el punto de vista de confiabilidad de los equipos y del servicio electrico proporcionado. Se presentan prospectos futuros de esta clase de instalaciones en Uruguay, como parte de la politica de electrificacion rural.

  14. Automated control of electronic equipment in intelligent buildings; Control automatizado de equipo electrico en edificios inteligentes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gutierrez Vera, Jorge [Electrica Integral, S. A. de C. V., Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1994-12-31

    This paper pretends to call the attention of the audience and of the readers of it on the great importance that on a national level the programs on primary energy as well as on secondary energy saving and conservation have. Even more if we take into account that in our country by constitutional decree, the public service of electric power is reserved to the nation through the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) which is a decentralized organization of the federal Mexican government, therefore subjected to, among many others, the Budgeting Law, Accountancy Law and Public Expenditure Law. We who know CFE, know the great difficulty, always raising, of getting resources for infrastructure works, among which we can cite: power plants, substations, transmission lines and distribution lines. Because of this, the energy saving and conservation programs represent for the electric sector the possibility or deferring the required investments to guarantee the energy offer. On the other hand, the users of the electric public service the implementation into its operational policies energy saving and conservation programs, undoubtedly will result into economical benefits and will improve the ratio kWh/Unit of the terminated product. Finally, in a country like ours, where 66% of generated electric power by the national electric sector comes from fossil fuel power plants, the generalized implementation of saving programs will diminish the need of generating kWh, and consequently, the emission of harmful pollutants to the environment such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, carbon dioxide and suspended particles. [Espanol] En este trabajo se pretende llamar la atencion de la audiencia y de los lectores del mismo, de la gran importancia que a nivel nacional tienen los programas de ahorro y conservacion de energeticos, tanto primarios como secundarios. Maxime si tomamos en cuenta que en nuestro pais, por disposicion constitucional, la prestacion del servicio publico de energia electrica

  15. Automated control of electronic equipment in intelligent buildings; Control automatizado de equipo electrico en edificios inteligentes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gutierrez Vera, Jorge [Electrica Integral, S. A. de C. V., Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1993-12-31

    This paper pretends to call the attention of the audience and of the readers of it on the great importance that on a national level the programs on primary energy as well as on secondary energy saving and conservation have. Even more if we take into account that in our country by constitutional decree, the public service of electric power is reserved to the nation through the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) which is a decentralized organization of the federal Mexican government, therefore subjected to, among many others, the Budgeting Law, Accountancy Law and Public Expenditure Law. We who know CFE, know the great difficulty, always raising, of getting resources for infrastructure works, among which we can cite: power plants, substations, transmission lines and distribution lines. Because of this, the energy saving and conservation programs represent for the electric sector the possibility or deferring the required investments to guarantee the energy offer. On the other hand, the users of the electric public service the implementation into its operational policies energy saving and conservation programs, undoubtedly will result into economical benefits and will improve the ratio kWh/Unit of the terminated product. Finally, in a country like ours, where 66% of generated electric power by the national electric sector comes from fossil fuel power plants, the generalized implementation of saving programs will diminish the need of generating kWh, and consequently, the emission of harmful pollutants to the environment such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, carbon dioxide and suspended particles. [Espanol] En este trabajo se pretende llamar la atencion de la audiencia y de los lectores del mismo, de la gran importancia que a nivel nacional tienen los programas de ahorro y conservacion de energeticos, tanto primarios como secundarios. Maxime si tomamos en cuenta que en nuestro pais, por disposicion constitucional, la prestacion del servicio publico de energia electrica

  16. Energy savings in buildings through the architectonic design; Ahorro de energa en edificaciones a traves de diseno arquitectonico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Figueroa Castrejon, A. [Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Division de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseno, Laboratorio de Arquitectura Bioclimatica (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    This paper points out the problems the existing buildings have in its architectonic design and alternatives presented to improve their habitability and energy consumption, making reference to national cases and to the social-economic environment of our country. [Espanol] El presente trabajo senala los problemas que tienen las edificaciones actuales en su diseno arquitectonico y las alternativas que se presentan para mejorar su habitabilidad y consumo energetico, haciendo referencia a los casos nacionales y al entorno socioeconmico de nuestro pas.

  17. Energy savings in buildings through the architectonic design; Ahorro de energa en edificaciones a traves de diseno arquitectonico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Figueroa Castrejon, A [Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Division de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseno, Laboratorio de Arquitectura Bioclimatica (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    This paper points out the problems the existing buildings have in its architectonic design and alternatives presented to improve their habitability and energy consumption, making reference to national cases and to the social-economic environment of our country. [Espanol] El presente trabajo senala los problemas que tienen las edificaciones actuales en su diseno arquitectonico y las alternativas que se presentan para mejorar su habitabilidad y consumo energetico, haciendo referencia a los casos nacionales y al entorno socioeconmico de nuestro pas.

  18. Modeling and simulation of the generation automatic control of electric power systems; Modelado y simulacion del control automatico de generacion de sistemas electricos de potencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Caballero Ortiz, Ezequiel

    2002-12-01

    This work is devoted to the analysis of the Automatic Control of Electrical Systems Generation of power, as of the information that generates the loop with Load-Frequency Control and the Automatic Voltage Regulator loop. To accomplish the analysis, the control classical theory and feedback control systems concepts are applied. Thus also, the modern theory concepts are employed. The studies are accomplished in the digital computer through the MATLAB program and the available simulation technique in the SIMULINK tool. In this thesis the theoretical and physical concepts of the automatic control of generation are established; dividing it in load frequency control and automatic voltage regulator loops. The mathematical models of the two control loops are established. Later, the models of the elements are interconnected in order to integrate the loop with load frequency control and the digital simulation of the system is carried out. In first instance, the function of the primary control in are - machine, area - multi machine and multi area - multi machine power systems, is analyzed. Then, the automatic control of generation of the area and multi area power systems is studied. The economic dispatch concept is established and with this plan the power system multi area is simulated, there in after the energy exchange among areas in stationary stage is studied. The mathematical models of the component elements of the control loop of the automatic voltage regulator are interconnected. Data according to the nature of each component are generated and their behavior is simulated to analyze the system response. The two control loops are interconnected and a simulation is carry out with data generated previously, examining the performance of the automatic control of generation and the interaction between the two control loops. Finally, the Poles Positioning and the Optimum Control techniques of the modern control theory are applied to the automatic control of an area generation

  19. World tendencies in the disintegration of the electric systems; Las tendencias mundiales a la desintegracion de los sistemas electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Viqueira Landa, Jacinto [Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    This paper describes the organizational changes of the electric industry, accomplished or in the process of being implemented in various countries encompassing from the modality of the independent power producers with which the competitiveness at production level is pretended to be introduced, until the total disintegration of the electric systems by means of the separation of the generation, transmission and distribution functions and the intent of implementing the access of third parties to the transmission network. Finally, the risks that these reforms imply from the stand point of service quality and the environmental protection are pointed out [Espanol] En esta ponencia se describen los cambios de organizacion de la industria electrica, realizados o en vias de implantarse en varios paises, abarcando desde la modalidad de las empresas generadoras independientes con la que se pretende introducir la competencia al nivel de la produccion, hasta la desintegracion total de los sistemas electricos mediante la separacion de las funciones de generacion, transmision y distribucion, y la pretension de implantar el acceso de terceros a la red de transmision. Finalmente se senalan los riesgos que implican estas reformas desde el punto de vista de la calidad del servicio y de la preservacion del medio ambiente

  20. Evaluation of the schemes of protections of Sistema Nacional Interconectado of year 2014 by analyzing the transient stability

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rojas Rojas, Luis Felipe

    2012-01-01

    The elaboration of a study of transient stability is seen as part of the planning process associated with the Plan de Expansion de la Transmision. Studies have historically contemplated the calculation of critics times of release of failures without allowing to obtain conclusive information about the performance of protection systems. An evaluation of the protection schemes of substations is determined make of the Sistema Nacional Interconectado of year 2014. Analysis of transient stability was used to verify compliance with the ''Criterios de Seguridad para la Planificacion, Diseno y Operacion del Sistema Electrico Nacional'' and ''Criterios de Calidad, Seguridad y Desempeno'' of the Reglamento del Mercado Electrico Regional in order to determine the necessary improvements. A methodology is proposed for simulating the behavior of protection systems using the software PSS/E, which has replaced the methodology based on the calculation of critical times. The presence of 42 substations were determined in which the release of failures for remote backup has caused unstable conditions of the system. 174 improvements have identified as necessary among which are: the implementation of distance relays in autotransformers, differential protections in reactors, differentials of lines and overcurrents of definite time in lines, duplication of differentials in bars, the replacement of pole breakers for monopolar and duplication of breakers of link bars. The current criteria have been recommended to supplement with probabilistic criteria to avoid incurring unnecessary investments. (author) [es

  1. Optimization in the design and efficiency of retractable soot blowers; Optimacion del diseno y la eficiencia de sopladores de hollin retractiles

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Diego Marin, Antonio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1988-12-31

    In this article the importance of soot blowers in the subject of design, operation and maintenance are described and the effects that its inefficient functioning causes in the steam generators. The activities and the results of a project for the evaluation of the functioning of the soot blowers in the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) boilers. Finally, the scope of a new project oriented towards the retractable soot blowers efficiency optimization, and to the creation of the infra-structure to substitute the import of its components. [Espanol] En este articulo se describe la importancia de los sopladores de hollin en los aspectos de diseno, operacion y mantenimiento, y los efectos que su funcionamiento deficiente produce en los generadores de vapor. Se presentan tambien las actividades y los resultados de un proyecto para evaluar el funcionamiento de los deshollinadores de las calderas de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE). Finalmente, se presenta el alcance de un nuevo proyecto que se orienta a optimar la eficiencia de los sopladores de hollin retractiles y a crear la infraestructura para sustituir las importaciones de sus componentes.

  2. Optimization in the design and efficiency of retractable soot blowers; Optimacion del diseno y la eficiencia de sopladores de hollin retractiles

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Diego Marin, Antonio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    In this article the importance of soot blowers in the subject of design, operation and maintenance are described and the effects that its inefficient functioning causes in the steam generators. The activities and the results of a project for the evaluation of the functioning of the soot blowers in the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) boilers. Finally, the scope of a new project oriented towards the retractable soot blowers efficiency optimization, and to the creation of the infra-structure to substitute the import of its components. [Espanol] En este articulo se describe la importancia de los sopladores de hollin en los aspectos de diseno, operacion y mantenimiento, y los efectos que su funcionamiento deficiente produce en los generadores de vapor. Se presentan tambien las actividades y los resultados de un proyecto para evaluar el funcionamiento de los deshollinadores de las calderas de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE). Finalmente, se presenta el alcance de un nuevo proyecto que se orienta a optimar la eficiencia de los sopladores de hollin retractiles y a crear la infraestructura para sustituir las importaciones de sus componentes.

  3. Application of an active current filter in the harmonics reduction in industrial electric systems; Aplicacion de un filtro activo de corriente en la reduccion de armonicos en sistemas electricos industriales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reyes Trujillo, Eleazar

    2005-08-15

    In this work it is presented the pattern of an active filter of current and their implementation in the program Simulink of MatLab to reduce the content of harmonics generated for different non lineal load. For the active filter of current they were developed each one of the stages that integrate it, from the obtaining of references, the control block and the stage of power. For the obtaining of references, the reactivates instantaneous power theory was used. For the control of the shots of the IGBT's a control knot was used based on a hysteresis band and for the stage of power, an inversor complete bridge was used with a capacitor like source of direct voltage. To analyze the behavior of the active filter, a real industrial electric system was modeled with a lineal load RL and two non lineal load, a using a converter to diodes of 6 pulses and other a working of a machine of dc with a converter to tiristores of 6 pulses. These configurations were used because their content of harmonicas is high. To this system was integrated the active filter modeled in the exit of the non lineal load to avoid that the harmonic components generated by the loads non lineal distortions the current signals. The current signals, voltage signals, power flow, power factor and the harmonic components that circulate in the industrial electric system were analyzed. [Spanish] Actualmente, la presencia de equipos basados en electronica de potencia cuya operacion es no lineal, instalados en los sistemas electricos industriales, ha incrementado la presencia de distorsion en la senal de corriente y/o tension electrica por armonicos, originando problemas en la calidad de la energia electrica. Como una solucion a este problema, en este trabajo, se presenta el modelo de un filtro activo de corriente y su implementacion en el programa Simulink de MatLab para reducir el contenido de armonicos generados por diferentes cargas no lineales. Para el filtro activo de corriente se desarrollaron cada

  4. Application of the Pinch analysis for the design of a cogeneration system in a paper mill; Aplicacion del analisis Pinch para el diseno de un sistema de cogeneracion en una industria papelera

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mani Gonzalez, A. G.; Arriola Medellin, A. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    The Pinch Analysis is a set of principles, tools and rules for the design that allow the engineer find the best way to configure the elements of a process. In the last ten years it has been utilized for the design of new processes as well as in the energy optimization of existing processes. In this paper the tools utilized for the integration of a cogeneration system in a process for the production of paper is presented. It is also presented how the combined treatment of the Pinch Analysis and the exergy concept allows to define, before the detailed design, the cogeneration potential, the fuel consumption and the amount of pollutant emissions for different cogeneration schemes. [Espanol] El analisis Pinch es un conjunto de principios, herramientas y reglas de diseno que permiten al ingeniero encontrar la mejor manera de configurar los elementos de un proceso. En los ultimos diez anos se ha utilizado para el diseno de procesos nuevos asi como en la optimacion energetica de procesos existentes. En el presente articulo se presentan las herramientas utilizadas para la integracion de un sistema de cogeneracion en un proceso de produccion de papel. Se muestra tambien como el tratamiento combinado del analisis Pinch y el concepto de energia permite definir, antes del diseno detallado, el potencial de cogeneracion, el consumo de combustible y la cantidad de emisiones contaminantes para diferentes esquemas de cogeneracion.

  5. Application of the Pinch analysis for the design of a cogeneration system in a paper mill; Aplicacion del analisis Pinch para el diseno de un sistema de cogeneracion en una industria papelera

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mani Gonzalez, A G; Arriola Medellin, A [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    The Pinch Analysis is a set of principles, tools and rules for the design that allow the engineer find the best way to configure the elements of a process. In the last ten years it has been utilized for the design of new processes as well as in the energy optimization of existing processes. In this paper the tools utilized for the integration of a cogeneration system in a process for the production of paper is presented. It is also presented how the combined treatment of the Pinch Analysis and the exergy concept allows to define, before the detailed design, the cogeneration potential, the fuel consumption and the amount of pollutant emissions for different cogeneration schemes. [Espanol] El analisis Pinch es un conjunto de principios, herramientas y reglas de diseno que permiten al ingeniero encontrar la mejor manera de configurar los elementos de un proceso. En los ultimos diez anos se ha utilizado para el diseno de procesos nuevos asi como en la optimacion energetica de procesos existentes. En el presente articulo se presentan las herramientas utilizadas para la integracion de un sistema de cogeneracion en un proceso de produccion de papel. Se muestra tambien como el tratamiento combinado del analisis Pinch y el concepto de energia permite definir, antes del diseno detallado, el potencial de cogeneracion, el consumo de combustible y la cantidad de emisiones contaminantes para diferentes esquemas de cogeneracion.

  6. Analysis and design of a dish/Stirling system for solar electric generation with a 2.7 kW air-cooled engine; Analisis y diseno de un sistema de generacion electrica termosolar con concentrador de disco parabolico y motor Stirling de 2.7 kW enfriado por aire

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Beltran-Chacon, R.; Velazquez-Limon, N. [Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Baja California (Mexico)]. E-mails: rbeltran1@uabc.edu.mx; nicolas.velazquez@uabc.edu.mx; Sauceda-Carvajal, D. [Universidad Politecnica de Baja California, Baja California (Mexico)]. E-mail: dsaucedac@upbc.edu.mx

    2012-01-15

    This paper presents a mathematical modeling, simulation and design of a solar power system of a parabolic dish with an air-cooled Stirling engine of 2.7 kW. The model used for the solar concentrator, the cavity and the Stirling engine were successfully validated against experimental data. Based on a parametric study, the design of the components of the engine is carried out. The study shows that as system capacity increases, the overall efficiency is limited by the power required by the fan, since the design of the cooler needs greater amounts of heat removal by increasing the air flow without affecting the internal conditions of the process (mass flow of working gas and internal dimensions of the same). The system was optimized and achieves an overall efficiency of solar to electric energy conversion of 26.7%. This study shows that the use of an air-cooled Stirling engine is potentially attractive for power generation at low capacities. [Spanish] Este trabajo presenta un modelado matematico, la simulacion y diseno de un sistema de generacion electrica termosolar de disco parabolico con motor Stirling de 2.7 kW enfriado directamente por aire. El modelo utilizado para el concentrador, la cavidad y el motor Stirling, fueron validados satisfactoriamente con datos experimentales. Con base en un estudio parametrico se realizo el dimensionamiento de los componentes del motor. El estudio realizado muestra que conforme se incrementa la capacidad del sistema, la eficiencia global se ve limitada por la potencia requerida por el ventilador, dado que el diseno del enfriador necesita retirar mayores cantidades de calor aumentando el flujo de aire, sin afectar las condiciones internas del proceso (flujo masico del gas de trabajo y dimensiones internas del mismo). El sistema fue optimizado obteniendo una eficiencia global de conversion de energia solar a electrica de 26.7%. Este estudio muestra que el uso de un motor Stirling enfriado directamente por aire es potencialmente

  7. Study of overvoltages by phenomenon of ferroresonance in the substation Filadelfia of the Sistema Electrico Nacional

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Montealegre Lobo, Leonardo

    2012-01-01

    The mathematical analysis of the phenomenon of ferroresonance is far from easy especially when is looked an exact solution and is wanted to take into account all relevant considerations, that the characteristic of non-linearity has presented in this phenomenon. However, a series of appropriate simplifications are conducted and is possible simulate successfully variables of interest, in this case, voltages and currents. Personnel of the Area Proteccion y Medicion, Region Chorotega of the UEN Transporte Electrico (UEN TE) has approached the Centro de Investigacion en Sistemas de Potencia to be provided by a technical support in understanding (cause and possible mitigation) of a transient event that has caused the arrester output of the Subestacion Filadelfia after conducting an energization operation in said substation. The main supply by the personnel of the UEN TE has been the current measurement of fault recorder of differential protection of power transformer, the wave forms current are recorded 100 ms before, during and 200 ms after the occurrence of the event that has blown the lightning rods low side of the substation power transformer. Research has allowed to generate the simplifications needed to reconstruct the event occurred in substation in the absence of the voltage measurements of recorded event, the magnetization curve of the transformers, the electrical characteristics of underground cables and lightning rod present in the substation. Ranges are detailed on the determination of the reasons that have caused the explosion of lightning rods in the rod 13.8 kV of substation Filadelfia when maneuvering connection of electrical equipment for energization Ingenio El Viejo. Recommendations are offered for minimizing the effects caused by these maneuvers. (author) [es

  8. Intelligent buildings vs. bioclimatic design; Edificios inteligentes vs. diseno bioclimatico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Aguayo Gonzalez, Ricardo [Tecnologico de Monterrey (Mexico)

    2006-10-15

    Present the form of intelligent buildings designing is the article purpose. Those kinds of edifications take advantage of climatic conditions which allow the users comfort and the efficient electric power use, avoiding the polluting agents. It also shows the four next following stages to design an intelligent building to know: the dry weather and relative dampness schedule variations during a year in the building location; the predominant winds direction, intensity and schedule frequency; the cloudiness, rain, etc and how to use the Givoni diagram to obtain the natural air-conditioning strategies and reach the thermal comfort. [Spanish] El proposito de este articulo es presentar la forma de disenar edificios Inteligentes, los cuales aprovechan las condiciones climaticas que permiten el confort de los usuarios y el uso eficiente de la energia electrica, evitando asi la emision de agentes contaminantes. Tambien menciona los siguientes cuatro pasos para el diseno de un edificio inteligente: conocer las variaciones horarias de temperatura seca y humedad relativa durante un ano en el lugar donde estara el edificio, saber la direccion, intensidad y frecuencia horaria de los vientos dominantes, tener conocimiento de la nubosidad, lluvia, etc. y utilizar el diagrama de Givoni para obtener las estrategias de climatizacion natural para obtener el confort termico.

  9. Cost-Benefit of the energy saving in the bioclimatic designs; Costo-Beneficio del ahorro de energia en los disenos bioclimaticos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lopez P, J. Manuel A. [Doble Dos Soluciones de Negocios, S.A. de C.V., Mexico, D.F. (Mexico); Morillon G, David; Rodriguez V, Luis [Instituto de Ingenieria de la UNAM, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    1999-07-01

    Tools and criteria for the Cost-Benefit analysis from the energy saving in bioclimatic designs (BD) are presented, for which, a reference project is established and the costs and benefits of energy saving in BD with base in that project are evaluated. A case study is presented taking as reference the traditional design of the air conditioning of a building and with this base the estimation of cost-benefit of the same building is made, but with passive systems. The tools used are those that allow to consider related resources such as time and money; in that sense, are used criteria such as: Present value (PV), Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC) and the Cost of the Conserved Energy (CCE). The costs related to the construction, maintenance and operation of the design are taken into account. The differences between the reference design and the BD, established from the application of these criteria, allow to evaluate the economic margin of the BD as far as operation and maintenance is concerned. Finally the CCE of the bioclimatic measures is evaluated as an initiative of energy saving and the present value is calculated of the energy saving in the entire useful life of a bioclimatic design. [Spanish] Se presentan herramientas y criterios para el analisis Costo-Beneficio del ahorro de energia en disenos bioclimaticos (DB), para lo cual, se establece un proyecto de referencia y se evaluan los costos y beneficios del ahorro de energia en DB con base en ese proyecto. Se presenta el estudio de un caso tomando como referencia el dise tradicional de la climatizacion de un edificio y con base en este, se realiza la estimacion de costos y beneficios del mismo edificio, pero con sistemas pasivos. Las herramientas usadas, son aquellas que permiten considerar recursos relacionados como son tiempo y dinero; en ese sentido, se usan criterios como: Valor Presente (VP), Costo Anual Equivalente (CAE) y el Costo de la Energia Conservada (CEC). Se toman en consideracion los costos relacionados

  10. Procedure for the energy evaluation of electric motors; Procedimiento para la evaluacion energetica de motores electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Feliz Quiroz, Marco Antonio [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana (Mexico)

    2002-06-01

    The present article is not a complete treaty about motors, here it is simply tried to show a practical procedure to evaluate electric motors, in order to determine the economics of their possible replacement by others of high efficiency. With the former in mind, the included database is sustained in the information of a representative number of motors brands commercialized in Mexico, since to include all the brands sold in our country would not be practical and it would be outside the scope of this publication. [Spanish] El presente articulo no es todo un tratado acerca de motores, sencillamente aqui se pretende mostrar un procedimiento practico para evaluar los motores electricos, a fin de determinar la rentabilidad de su eventual reemplazo por otros de alta eficiencia. Por lo anterior, la base de datos incluida se sustente en la informacion de un numero representativo de marcas de motores comercializados en Mexico, ya que abarcar todas las marcas vendidas en nuestro pais no seria practico y quedaria fuera del alcance de esta publicacion.

  11. Diseno de una Actividad de Aprendizaje Basada en la Argumentacion Dialogica en un curso Virtual de Biotecnologia y su Incidencia en el Desarrollo de Competencias Cientificas

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ortiz Benavides, Fedra Lorena

    El proposito de la investigacion fue evaluar la efectividad de una actividad de aprendizaje basado en la argumentacion dialogica en linea y su incidencia en el desarrollo de competencias cientificas. Se fundamenta en la teoria del aprendizaje socio cultural de Vigotsky (1984), los principios del diseno instruccional de la cognicion situada por Hung y Der-Thang (2001) y como estrategia se aplico la argumentacion dialogica utilizando el Modelo Argumentativo de Toulmin MAT (1984). El diseno experimental comparo dos grupos de estudiantes A y B en el curso virtual de Biotecnologia. El grupo A (experimental) desarrollo la discusion a partir de la estrategia disenada para este estudio y el grupo B (control) realizo la discusion desde las actividades tradicionales. El desarrollo de la competencia argumentativa se valoro con el instrumento de evaluacion para argumentacion dialogica en linea propuesta por Clark y Sampson (2008). La evaluacion de las competencias cientificas se realizo a partir de una postprueba. Los datos fueron analizados con pruebas estadisticas no parametricas. Los resultados de la investigacion, indicaron diferencias significativas en el nivel de la competencia argumental en el grupo experimental en comparacion al grupo control. Igualmente se demostro que existe una relacion positiva entre el nivel de desarrollo de la competencia argumentativa y el nivel de desarrollo de las competencias cientificas.

  12. Design of earth network in electric substations; Diseno de redes de tierra en subestaciones electricas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Raull-Martin, J. [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2000-09-01

    The purpose of this paper is to present a summarized version of the different types of construction of grounding systems, as web as their materials and formulas, which are necessary and useful for the design and building of a grounding network for medium to high voltage facilities. A description is also made of how to determine the electrical resistivity of subsoil layers with different physical characteristics. Several illustrative examples are also solved in the paper. [Spanish] El proposito de este articulo es presentar de manera resumida los diferentes tipos de construccion de los sistemas de tierra, asi como sus materiales y formulas, los cuales son necesarios y utiles para el diseno y edificacion de una red de tierra para instalaciones de mediana y alta tension. Se describe tambien la obtencion de las diferentes resistividades que presentan los terrenos con diversas caracteristicas fisicas. Asi mismo, se solucionan ejercicios ilustrativos a lo largo del articulo.

  13. Design optimization of the Laguna Verde nuclear power station fuel recharge; Optimacion del diseno de recargas de combustible para la Central Laguna Verde

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cortes Campos, Carlos Cristobal [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico); Montes Tadeo, Jose Luis [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Salazar (Mexico)

    1991-12-31

    It is described, in general terms, the procedure that is followed to accomplish the optimization of the recharge design, and an example is shown where this procedure was applied for the analysis of the type BWR reactor of Unit No. 1 of the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Station. [Espanol] Se describe en terminos generales el procedimiento que se sigue para realizar la optimacion del diseno de recargas, y se muestra un ejemplo en el que se utilizo dicho procedimiento para el analisis del reactor tipo BWR de la unidad 1, de la Central Laguna Verde (CLV).

  14. Design optimization of the Laguna Verde nuclear power station fuel recharge; Optimacion del diseno de recargas de combustible para la Central Laguna Verde

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cortes Campos, Carlos Cristobal [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico); Montes Tadeo, Jose Luis [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Salazar (Mexico)

    1992-12-31

    It is described, in general terms, the procedure that is followed to accomplish the optimization of the recharge design, and an example is shown where this procedure was applied for the analysis of the type BWR reactor of Unit No. 1 of the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Station. [Espanol] Se describe en terminos generales el procedimiento que se sigue para realizar la optimacion del diseno de recargas, y se muestra un ejemplo en el que se utilizo dicho procedimiento para el analisis del reactor tipo BWR de la unidad 1, de la Central Laguna Verde (CLV).

  15. Estimated losses of energy in a power system using a semi-statistical methodology; Estimacion de perdidas de energia en un sistema electrico de potencia mediante una metodologia semi-estadistica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez Martinez, D [Centro Universitario UAEM, Valle de Teotihuacan (Mexico)]. E-mail: david_2mtz@hotmail.com; Martinez Lendech, J.F [Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores del Oriente del Estado de Hidalgo (Mexico)]. E-mail: mrtzlendech@hotmail.com; Garcia Herrera, C; Olvera Ricano, J.G. [Centro Universitario UAEM, Valle de Teotihuacan (Mexico)]. E-mails: cozobi_garcia@yahoo.com.mx; jgolverar@uaemex.mx

    2013-03-15

    Determination of electrical losses is one of the most important tasks for any enterprise dedicated to generation, transmission, transformation and/or distribution of electric energy. Any enterprise dedicated to these activities does continuously energy balances in order to estimate whole electrical losses of specific processes. However, it is necessary to classify the whole electrical losses into technical and non-technical losses. This paper presents a proposal for estimating technical and non-technical losses in an electrical power system. [Spanish] La determinacion de las perdidas de energia electrica es una de las labores mas importantes en cualquier empresa dedicada a la generacion, transmision, transformacion y/o distribucion de energia electrica. Es indudable que toda empresa dedicada a cualquiera de las actividades mencionadas anteriormente realiza periodicamente balances de energia que permiten estimar el valor de las perdidas totales de energia del proceso considerado. No obstante, para poder realizar un mejor analisis de la problematica de las perdidas de energia, es necesario separar el valor total de perdidas obtenido mediante un balance de energia, en perdidas tecnicas y perdidas no tecnicas. El presente trabajo presenta una propuesta para la estimacion de perdidas tecnicas y no tecnicas en un sistema electrico de potencia.

  16. Deteriorating mechanisms of electric generators; Mecanismos de deterioro de generadores electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia Tevillo, Arturo; Reyes Martinez, Oscar Alfonso; Robles Pimentel, Edgar Guillermo; Esparza Saucedo, Marcos; Lopez Azamar, Jose Ernesto; Medina Flores, Alfredo; Uribe Martinez, Manuel O [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1999-12-31

    It is of the greatest importance to know the deteriorating mechanisms that an electric generator undergoes, in order to take corrective measures to stop the process in order to avoid catastrophic damages that imply non scheduled interruptions for maintenance, or inclusively, to carry on the overhaul. In this paper are discussed the deteriorating mechanisms that have been found in the stator (winding and core) and the rotor of thermoelectric and hydroelectric power stations by the natural aging process and abnormal operation. [Espanol] Es de suma importancia conocer los mecanismos de deterioro que sufre un generador, para tomar medidas correctivas que detengan el proceso, con el fin de evitar danos catastroficos que impliquen salidas no programadas para dar mantenimiento, o incluso, para efectuar la rehabilitacion. En este articulo se discuten los mecanismos de deterioro que se han encontrado en el estator (devanado y nucleo) y el rotor de generadores termicos e hidroelectricos por el proceso natural de envejecimiento y por operacion anormal.

  17. Deteriorating mechanisms of electric generators; Mecanismos de deterioro de generadores electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia Tevillo, Arturo; Reyes Martinez, Oscar Alfonso; Robles Pimentel, Edgar Guillermo; Esparza Saucedo, Marcos; Lopez Azamar, Jose Ernesto; Medina Flores, Alfredo; Uribe Martinez, Manuel O. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    It is of the greatest importance to know the deteriorating mechanisms that an electric generator undergoes, in order to take corrective measures to stop the process in order to avoid catastrophic damages that imply non scheduled interruptions for maintenance, or inclusively, to carry on the overhaul. In this paper are discussed the deteriorating mechanisms that have been found in the stator (winding and core) and the rotor of thermoelectric and hydroelectric power stations by the natural aging process and abnormal operation. [Espanol] Es de suma importancia conocer los mecanismos de deterioro que sufre un generador, para tomar medidas correctivas que detengan el proceso, con el fin de evitar danos catastroficos que impliquen salidas no programadas para dar mantenimiento, o incluso, para efectuar la rehabilitacion. En este articulo se discuten los mecanismos de deterioro que se han encontrado en el estator (devanado y nucleo) y el rotor de generadores termicos e hidroelectricos por el proceso natural de envejecimiento y por operacion anormal.

  18. Detection and evaluation of corrosion zones at high temperature in steam generators; Deteccion y evaluacion de zonas de corrosion en alta temperatura de generadoras de vapor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez Villafane, Alberto; Chacon Nava, Jose G; Huerta Espino, Mario; Mojica Calderon, Cecilio; Castillo Viveros, Antonio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1991-12-31

    This paper presents the methodology for the detection and evaluation of high corrosion zones at high temperature. The results found up to now, show a critical zone in the Babcock Hitachi design, specifically in the high temperature reheater in the zone nearby the outlet header. In the normalized design CE (Mitsubishi) of 300 MW and CE (Canada) of 300 MW, the results found in recent years show small thickness reduction, therefore a good operation of these steam generators is recognized. [Espanol] En este trabajo se presenta la metodologia para la deteccion y evaluacion de zonas de corrosion en alta temperatura. Los resultados encontrados hasta el momento muestran una zona critica en el diseno Babcock Hitachi, especificamente en el recalentador de alta temperatura en la zona cercana al cabezal de salida. En el diseno normalizado CE (Mitsubishi) de 300 MW y CE (Canada) de 300 MW, los resultados encontrados en anos recientes muestran poca disminucion de espesor, por lo que se considera una buena operacion de estos generadores de vapor.

  19. Detection and evaluation of corrosion zones at high temperature in steam generators; Deteccion y evaluacion de zonas de corrosion en alta temperatura de generadoras de vapor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez Villafane, Alberto; Chacon Nava, Jose G.; Huerta Espino, Mario; Mojica Calderon, Cecilio; Castillo Viveros, Antonio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1990-12-31

    This paper presents the methodology for the detection and evaluation of high corrosion zones at high temperature. The results found up to now, show a critical zone in the Babcock Hitachi design, specifically in the high temperature reheater in the zone nearby the outlet header. In the normalized design CE (Mitsubishi) of 300 MW and CE (Canada) of 300 MW, the results found in recent years show small thickness reduction, therefore a good operation of these steam generators is recognized. [Espanol] En este trabajo se presenta la metodologia para la deteccion y evaluacion de zonas de corrosion en alta temperatura. Los resultados encontrados hasta el momento muestran una zona critica en el diseno Babcock Hitachi, especificamente en el recalentador de alta temperatura en la zona cercana al cabezal de salida. En el diseno normalizado CE (Mitsubishi) de 300 MW y CE (Canada) de 300 MW, los resultados encontrados en anos recientes muestran poca disminucion de espesor, por lo que se considera una buena operacion de estos generadores de vapor.

  20. The use of the electric vehicle in the metropolitan area of Mexico city; Uso de vehiculos electricos en el area metropolitana de la ciudad de Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Robles, G. [Centro de Intrumentos, UNAM, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico); Sheinbaum, C. [Instituto de Ingenieria, UNAM, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    A study is performed on the impact that the introduction of the electric vehicle (EV) would have in the environmental pollution of the metropolitan area of Mexico City (MAMC) for different penetration scenarios of this technology and the costs of the electric vehicle is analyzed and compared with its counterpart, the gasoline vehicle. The associated emissions of a fleet formed of EV and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) were determined and the emissions reduction of the contaminants considered in the period 1995-2010 produced was analyzed. It was found that the introduction of EV could importantly reduce the carbon monoxide, methane and carbon dioxide and marginally the nitrogen oxides. It was determined that if the EV is massively produced its total cost for its entire useful life would be comparable to the cost of the ICEV. [Espanol] Se realiza un estudio sobre el impacto que tendria la introduccion de vehiculos electricos (VE) en la contaminacion ambiental del area metropolitana de la ciudad de Mexico (AMCM) para diferentes escenarios de penetracion de esta tecnologia y se analiza el costo de los vehiculos electricos en comparacion con su contraparte de gasolina. Se determinaron las emisiones asociadas a una flota compuesta de VE y vehiculos con motor de combustion interna (VMCI) y se analizo la reduccion que producia en las emisiones de los diferentes contaminantes considerados en el periodo 1995-2010. Se encontro que la introduccion de VE podria reducir de manera importante las emisiones de monoxido de carbono, metano y dioxido de carbono y marginalmente las de oxido de nitrogeno. Se determino que si los VE son producidos masivamente su costo total para toda su vida util seria comparable al correspondiente al de los VMCI.

  1. The use of the electric vehicle in the metropolitan area of Mexico city; Uso de vehiculos electricos en el area metropolitana de la ciudad de Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Robles, G [Centro de Intrumentos, UNAM, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico); Sheinbaum, C [Instituto de Ingenieria, UNAM, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    A study is performed on the impact that the introduction of the electric vehicle (EV) would have in the environmental pollution of the metropolitan area of Mexico City (MAMC) for different penetration scenarios of this technology and the costs of the electric vehicle is analyzed and compared with its counterpart, the gasoline vehicle. The associated emissions of a fleet formed of EV and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) were determined and the emissions reduction of the contaminants considered in the period 1995-2010 produced was analyzed. It was found that the introduction of EV could importantly reduce the carbon monoxide, methane and carbon dioxide and marginally the nitrogen oxides. It was determined that if the EV is massively produced its total cost for its entire useful life would be comparable to the cost of the ICEV. [Espanol] Se realiza un estudio sobre el impacto que tendria la introduccion de vehiculos electricos (VE) en la contaminacion ambiental del area metropolitana de la ciudad de Mexico (AMCM) para diferentes escenarios de penetracion de esta tecnologia y se analiza el costo de los vehiculos electricos en comparacion con su contraparte de gasolina. Se determinaron las emisiones asociadas a una flota compuesta de VE y vehiculos con motor de combustion interna (VMCI) y se analizo la reduccion que producia en las emisiones de los diferentes contaminantes considerados en el periodo 1995-2010. Se encontro que la introduccion de VE podria reducir de manera importante las emisiones de monoxido de carbono, metano y dioxido de carbono y marginalmente las de oxido de nitrogeno. Se determino que si los VE son producidos masivamente su costo total para toda su vida util seria comparable al correspondiente al de los VMCI.

  2. Adjustment of electrical equipment in the Akal-J oil platform of PEP for the implementation of the dehydration and desalting system of crude; Adecuacion de equipo electrico en la plataforma Akal-J de PEP para la implementacion del sistema de deshidratacion y desalado de crudo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Huesca Amador, Victor Hugo; Rosales Sedano, Inocente [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Coutino Gonzalez, Marina [PEMEX, Region Marina Noreste (Mexico)

    2010-10-09

    The Integral Asset Cantarell (AIC), of PEMEX Exploration and Production (PEP), developed a project to carry out the dehydration and desalting process of Maya (DDCM) crude of 300 MBD (thousands of daily barrels) of the Process Center (PC) of Akal-J through two integral systems of DDCM, with a capacity of 150 MBD each. The Process Center of Akal-J is conformed by eight marine platforms and the selected ones, by space availability to install these systems, were Akal-J2 and Akal-J3. In this paper the electrical analyses realized to determine the feasibility of the provision of energy to the required electrical equipment is presented, to implement the dehydration and desalting process of 300 MBD of Mayan crude, as well as the recommendations for a reliable and safe operation of the electrical system of the PC Akal-J. [Spanish] El Activo Integral Cantarell (AIC), de PEMEX Exploracion y Produccion (PEP), desarrollo un proyecto para efectuar el proceso de deshidratacion y desalado de crudo Maya (DDCM) de 300 MBD (miles de barriles diarios) de el Centro de Proceso (CP) Akal-J a traves de dos sistemas integrales de DDCM, con una capacidad de 150 MBD cada uno. El Centro de Proceso Akal-J se encuentra conformado por ocho plataformas marinas y las seleccionadas, por disponibilidad de espacio para instalar dichos sistemas, fueron Akal-J2 y Akal-J3. En este trabajo se presentan los analisis electricos realizados para determinar la factibilidad del suministro de energia a los equipos electricos requeridos, para implementar el proceso de deshidratacion y desalado de 300 MBD de crudo Maya, asi como las recomendaciones para una operacion confiable y segura del sistema electrico del CP Akal-J.

  3. The photovoltaic generators and the electric network; Los generadores fotovoltaicos y la red electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arteaga Novoa, Oscar E.; Agredano Diaz, Jaime; Huacuz Villamar, Jorge M. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    The photovoltaic generators are analyzed as an option for the electricity supply. An analysis is made of the option that these systems be utilized in sites where it is difficult to extend the power lines an in sites where the electric service already exists, such as residences, commercial buildings, network support power stations, central power stations, all this in order that the photovoltaic systems interact with the electric network for the generation of part of the energy consumed in these sites. In order that the photovoltaic systems can be interconnected with the electric network it is required: energy quality, protection and safety of the systems and persons and normativity for the interconnection. Some of the national programs of countries like Japan, United States of America and some organs of the Commission of the European Community are described. In conclusion, it is expected that the costs of this technology decrease so these systems can be widely utilized [Espanol] Se analizan los generadores fotovoltaicos como una alternativa para el suministro electrico. Se analiza la opcion de que estos sistemas se utilicen en lugares en donde es dificil extender la red electrica y en sitios en donde el servicio electrico ya existe, tales como: residencias, edificios comerciales, estaciones de apoyo a la red, estaciones centrales, esto con la finalidad de que el sistema fotovoltaico interactue con la red electrica a fin de generar parte de la energia que se consume en estos sitios. Para que los sistemas fotovoltaicos puedan estar interconectados con la red electrica se requiere: calidad de la energia, proteccion y seguridad de los sistemas y personas, y normatividad para la interconexion. Se describen algunos programas nacionales de paises como Japon, Estados Unidos y algunos organismos de la Comision de Comunidades Europeas. En conclusion, se espera que los costos de esta tecnologia disminuyan para que estos sistemas puedan ser ampliamante utilizados

  4. The photovoltaic generators and the electric network; Los generadores fotovoltaicos y la red electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arteaga Novoa, Oscar E; Agredano Diaz, Jaime; Huacuz Villamar, Jorge M [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    The photovoltaic generators are analyzed as an option for the electricity supply. An analysis is made of the option that these systems be utilized in sites where it is difficult to extend the power lines an in sites where the electric service already exists, such as residences, commercial buildings, network support power stations, central power stations, all this in order that the photovoltaic systems interact with the electric network for the generation of part of the energy consumed in these sites. In order that the photovoltaic systems can be interconnected with the electric network it is required: energy quality, protection and safety of the systems and persons and normativity for the interconnection. Some of the national programs of countries like Japan, United States of America and some organs of the Commission of the European Community are described. In conclusion, it is expected that the costs of this technology decrease so these systems can be widely utilized [Espanol] Se analizan los generadores fotovoltaicos como una alternativa para el suministro electrico. Se analiza la opcion de que estos sistemas se utilicen en lugares en donde es dificil extender la red electrica y en sitios en donde el servicio electrico ya existe, tales como: residencias, edificios comerciales, estaciones de apoyo a la red, estaciones centrales, esto con la finalidad de que el sistema fotovoltaico interactue con la red electrica a fin de generar parte de la energia que se consume en estos sitios. Para que los sistemas fotovoltaicos puedan estar interconectados con la red electrica se requiere: calidad de la energia, proteccion y seguridad de los sistemas y personas, y normatividad para la interconexion. Se describen algunos programas nacionales de paises como Japon, Estados Unidos y algunos organismos de la Comision de Comunidades Europeas. En conclusion, se espera que los costos de esta tecnologia disminuyan para que estos sistemas puedan ser ampliamante utilizados

  5. Fault detection in the electrical equipment of the artificial system, used for the oil production in marine platforms; Deteccion de fallas en los equipos electricos del sistema artificial, utilizado para la produccion de petroleo en plataformas marinas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vargas H, Vicente; Rosales S, Inocente [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Pimentel M, Jorge [Petroleos Mexicanos (Mexico)

    2007-07-01

    At present, PEMEX is using new artificial pumping systems for the production of oil, specifically the Electro Centrifugal Pumping system (ECP). Nevertheless, during the operation of the (ECP) system problems by the failure of their electrical components have appeared, mainly of the equipment installed within the well. The faults have resulted in an increased cost for the diminution in the production and the maintenance cost of the remedial work. The maintenance personnel have procedures to perform verification tests of the conditions of the bottom electrical equipment. But, in the case of an electrical failure of the equipment, its location cannot be determined, since they are installed at 3,600 m from the production wellhead. In accordance with the former, the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas proposed the application of the reflectometry technique in the time domain, to complement the maintenance procedures. This technique is a very useful diagnosis tool of the electrical equipment, which helps in the decision making of the maneuvers of preventive and corrective maintenance to be followed, with the consequent saving of resources. [Spanish] Actualmente, PEMEX esta utilizando nuevos sistemas artificiales de bombeo para la produccion de petroleo, en especifico el Sistema de Bombeo Electrocentrifugo (BEC). Sin embargo, durante la operacion del Sistema BEC se han presentado problemas por la falla de sus componentes electricos, sobre todo del equipo instalado dentro del pozo. Las fallas han resultado con un costo elevado por la disminucion en la produccion y por los trabajos de mantenimiento correctivo. El personal de mantenimiento cuenta con procedimientos para realizar pruebas de verificacion del estado de los equipos electricos de fondo. Pero, en el caso de una falla electrica de los equipos, no se puede determinar su ubicacion, dado que se instalan a 3,600 m del cabezal del pozo de produccion. De acuerdo con lo anterior, el Instituto de Investigaciones

  6. Evaluation of the impact of two flow field designs with bipolar plate flow on the performance of a PEM fuel cell; Evaluacion del impacto de dos disenos de campo de flujo de placa bipolar en el desempeno de una celda de combustible tipo PEM

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Loyola-Morales, F.; Cano-Castillo, U. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)]. E-mail: feloyola@yahoo.com.mx

    2009-09-15

    The flow field (FF) designs of bipolar plates play a fundamental role in the performance of a set of PEM fuel cells. The FF is directly related with diverse processes that occur inside the cells, such as: feeding and uniform distribution of reactant gases and the handling of water produced by the overall electrochemical reaction. Therefore, a FF design that promotes each one of those processes in an optimal manner is of utmost importance to attain the best performance of a set of fuel cells. The present work evaluated the impact of two different FF on the performance of a fuel cell. The FF designs evaluated were 4 serpentine and parallels (4SP) and 2 serpentine counter flow (SC). The stability tests for the operation of the cell applied to each of the flow fields were: flood tolerance, dehydration tolerance conditions and stoichiometry performance of 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 and 2.5. The 4SP design showed high performance stability during operation with a gradual process of flooding the system and operating at different stoichiometries. Only for the test with dehydration conditions was there a gradual decrease in its performance, of up to 27%. Compared to these results, the SC design showed a rapid fall of 45% in its performance when operating under gradual flooding of the system, a constant fall in its performance (also around 45%) with stoichiometries of 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 due to accumulation of water, and only with a stoichiometry of 2.5 did it have highly stable performance as a result of good water handling. In the test of operations under dehydration conditions, the performance of the SC design dropped to 40% and remained at this value during the rest of the test. According to these results, the performance of the 4SP design was more stable than the SC design for all of the tests implemented. [Spanish] Los disenos de campo de flujo (CF) de las placas bipolares tienen un papel fundamental en el desempeno de un conjunto de celdas de combustible tipo PEM. Los CF tienen una

  7. Measurement of harmonics in electrical power systems; Medicion de armonicas en sistemas electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Calderon Gonzalez, Gustavo Adolfo

    1998-07-01

    un sistema para la cuantificacion y estudio del contenido de armonicas en sistemas electricos. El estudio esta enfocado a senales de corriente de alimentacion de un horno de Arco Largo. El sistema desarrollado para la cuantificacion del contenido de armonicas esta formado por las siguientes partes: (a) Sistemas de adquisicion de datos: La aplicacion de un sistema de adquisicion de datos nos posibilita tomar muestras de una senal analoga de voltaje. Las muestras adquiridas que representan una senal analoga, pueden ser procesadas posteriormente en una computadora digital. El sistema de adquisicion de datos esta constituido por: Una microcomputadora IBM-PC, una tarjeta de digitalizacion de senales analogas y programacion para realizar el muestreo de las senales. (b) Procesamiento digital de senales adquiridas: Con el proposito de determinar el contenido armonico, se utilizo el metodo de la Transformada Rapida de fourier. El analisis mediante la Transformada Rapida de Fourier nos permite obtener el espectro de las senales en el dominio de la frecuencia. Mediante el analisis por medio de la transformada rapida de Fourier se tiene una disminucion sustancial en el tiempo de computo de los coeficientes correspondientes a las armonicas, esto comparado con el metodo de series discretas de Fourier. (c) Analisis de resultados obtenidos: Se realizaron varias mediciones de senales de corriente de linea y banco de capacitores del sistema de alimentacion de un horno de arco. Para cada medicion realizada se obtuvo la magnitud y la fase para cara armonica. Del conjunto de magnitudes y fases de los coeficientes, se calculo el valor promedio y su desviacion estandar. Se muestran graficas de la variacion de la magnitud y la fase de cada armonica con el tiempo. Asimismo, se tienen graficas de las formas de onda de la senal en analisis, diagramas de barras del contenido espectral promedio y un reporte de la desviacion estandar de la magnitud y la fase para cada armonica. Se incluyen

  8. Measurement and control techniques for electric equipment development; Tecnicas de medicion y control para el desarrollo de equipos electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ruiz Neblina, Joaquin [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1988-12-31

    In broad outlines the measuring and control techniques that are used in the electric equipment development in the short circuit laboratories, are described. In this article the utilization criteria of the traditional and modern (analogical and digital) instruments are described as well as the tendency towards the system`s integration for the automation of the measurement and control processes. Also, mention is made of the systems currently being developed at the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) to be applied at the Short Circuit Laboratories of Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) and of the IIE. [Espanol] Se describen a grandes rasgos las tecnicas de medicion y control que se emplean para el desarrollo de equipos electricos en los laboratorios de corto circuito. En este articulo se describen los criterios de utilizacion de los instrumentos tradicionales y modernos (analogicos y digitales), asi como la tendencia hacia la integracion de sistemas para la automatizacion de los procesos de medicion y control. Tambien se mencionan los sistemas que actualmente se desarrollan en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) para aplicarlos en los Laboratorios de Corto Circuito de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) y del Instituto.

  9. Measurement and control techniques for electric equipment development; Tecnicas de medicion y control para el desarrollo de equipos electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ruiz Neblina, Joaquin [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    In broad outlines the measuring and control techniques that are used in the electric equipment development in the short circuit laboratories, are described. In this article the utilization criteria of the traditional and modern (analogical and digital) instruments are described as well as the tendency towards the system`s integration for the automation of the measurement and control processes. Also, mention is made of the systems currently being developed at the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) to be applied at the Short Circuit Laboratories of Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) and of the IIE. [Espanol] Se describen a grandes rasgos las tecnicas de medicion y control que se emplean para el desarrollo de equipos electricos en los laboratorios de corto circuito. En este articulo se describen los criterios de utilizacion de los instrumentos tradicionales y modernos (analogicos y digitales), asi como la tendencia hacia la integracion de sistemas para la automatizacion de los procesos de medicion y control. Tambien se mencionan los sistemas que actualmente se desarrollan en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) para aplicarlos en los Laboratorios de Corto Circuito de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) y del Instituto.

  10. Reduction of CO{sub 2} emissions in the electrical sector; Reduccion de emisiones de CO{sub 2} en el sector electrico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Palafox Palafox, Sergio [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2008-07-15

    The climatic change is directly tied to the increase in the concentration of greenhouse effect gases in the atmosphere, product of human activities, mainly by the burning of fossil fuels and the deforestation. In this presentation it is spoken on the climatic change; the actions of Mexico with respect to the climatic change are mentioned; the importance of the renewable energies, such as the wind power the hydraulic energy, the geothermal and the sun power, and finally the present situation of the Mexican electrical sector is presented. [Spanish] El cambio climatico esta directamente vinculado con el aumento en la concentracion de gases de efecto invernadero en la atmosfera, producto de actividades humanas, principalmente por la quema de combustibles fosiles y la deforestacion. En esta presentacion se habla sobre cambio climatico; se mencionan las acciones de Mexico con respecto al cambio climatico; la importancia de las energias renovables, como la eolica, la hidraulica, la geotermica y la solar, y por ultimo se presenta la situacion actual del sector electrico mexicano.

  11. Steady state analysis and Eastern power system dynamic PDVSA EyP considering incorporating Furrial and PIGAP II generation plants; Analisis en regimen permanente y dinamico del sistema electrico de PDVSA EyP Oriente considerando la incorporacion de las plantas de generacion Furrial y PIGAP II

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rodriguez, S [Universidad Nacional Experimental Politecnica, Antonio Jose de Sucre, Guayana, Bolivar (Venezuela)]. E-mail: sergiodrg200@gmail.com; Vasquez, C [Petroleos de Venezuela S.A., Maturin, Monagas (Venezuela)]. E-mail: vasquezcp@pdvsa.com

    2013-03-15

    This paper is focused on steady state and dynamic analysis of Eastern Power System of Petroleum of Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) Exploration and Production, considering new single cycle gas turbine power plants in Punta de Mata and El Furrial operational areas that will start up in 2015. Network operating conditions were determined, specifically the behavior of power flows and voltage profiles in normal condition of operation and under Contingencies N-1 in PDVSA Power System, as well as the short-circuit levels at all buses of the transmission network. Afterward, it was evaluated the impact on the network caused by the starting of the biggest motor in the system, considering island operation, verifying that it's necessary to maintain the interconnection with the National Electric System. For motor starting study, machine dynamic model was determined by mean of parameters estimation of its equivalent circuit, as well as the application of nonlinear regression methods in order to obtain load model using the information supplied by the manufacturer. [Spanish] El presente trabajo esta enfocado al analisis del comportamiento en regimen permanente y dinamico del sistema electrico de Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) Exploracion y Produccion Oriente, considerando la incorporacion de nuevas Plantas de Generacion Termoelectricas de Ciclo Simple a Gas que entraran en operacion en las areas operacionales de Punta de Mata y El Furrial para el ano 2015. Se determinaron las condiciones de operacion de la red, especificamente el comportamiento de los flujos de potencia y perfiles de voltaje en Condicion Normal de operacion y bajo Contingencias N-1 dentro del Sistema de PDVSA, asi como el incremento en los niveles de cortocircuito en todas las barras de la red de transmision. Luego se evaluo el impacto en la red originado por el arranque del motor de mayor capacidad considerando la posible operacion en isla del sistema, determinandose que es necesario operar interconectado con el

  12. Allocation of thermoelectric units in short term in large scale electric power systems; Asignacion de unidades termoelectricas a corto plazo en sistemas electricos de potencia de gran escala

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guillen Moya, Isaias

    1987-08-01

    A method is presented to solve the problem of allocation of thermoelectric units in large scale electric power systems. The problem consists in determining which generating units have to be programmed to enter or to leave the operation during the intervals of the planning horizon in such a way that are satisfied at a minimum cost, and in a reliable form, the foretold demand of electric power and the physical and operative restrictions of the power system components. The method is made up of two stages: the first stage finds a feasible initial solution of thermoelectrical units by means of heuristic methods. The second stage produces a solution from a state of feasible initial allocation. The operation cost is reduced applying dynamic programming in subsequent approaches, in such a way that the product of each interaction constitutes the state of allocation of least cost found until that stage. The of search range for the optimal solution is reduced by applying technical of lagrangean relaxation to select solely the units that have the greater potential to reduce the operation cost. The algorithm is validated using a representative system of the Interconnected National System, that consists of 108 thermoelectrical units grouped in 7 groups of generation, for a planning horizon of one week divided into hourly intervals, containing 18,144 discreet variables, 18,144 continuous variables and 39,024 restrictions. In a VAX 11/780 computer the problem is solved in 55 of CPU minutes with an estimation of the 1.02% of sub-optimality that indicates how close it is of the optimal solution. The main contributions of this thesis are within the short term operation planning of the electric power systems which are: (1) The development of a heuristic-mathematical algorithm to solve the problem of allocation of thermoelectric units in large scale electric power systems, in relatively short execution time. The algorithm efficiently conjugates of lagrangean relaxation technical

  13. Conceptos de diseño para manufactura (DFM de piezas microfundidas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos Julio Cortés Rodríguez

    2005-09-01

    Full Text Available Una de las metodologIas utilizadas por la ingenierIa concurrente o diseno integrado de productos es el diseno para manufactura, DEM. Esta técnica, que está orientada a melorar la fabricación de piezas analizando geometrIas, valores y tolerancias, es utilizada en las primeras etapas de diseno para disminuir los costos de los elementos a fabricar. Se estudió el diseno para manufactura estableciendo reglas de diseno a fin de elaborar una metodologIa para diseno en microfundición.

  14. Towards a distributed electric generation scheme with non-conventional energies; Hacia un esquema de generacion electrica distribuida con energias no convencionales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Huacuz Villamar, Jorge M. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    Several factors contributed to the existence of large electric systems as we know them today, such as: the increase of the electric demand by the advancement of the industrial development, the appearance of electric equipment, and household devices and by the advancement in the engineering systems, just to mention a few of them. With all this, the third part of the World population still does not have access to the electricity service. The efforts that the small electric enterprises perform to carry the service up to the site where it is required, every day time becomes more expensive and less effective. Exhausted by the weight of a huge economic debt, many electric utilities of the developing countries find each time more difficult to obtain financing to extend the power lines. This situation becomes still more serious with the present privatization scheme of the electric utilities. Although new technologies are being developed to counteract the negative effects caused by the large electricity generation power plants, the society seems to begin to show preferences for more benign to the environment options. The scheme of distributed generation can be given in to modalities: By means of isolated systems in remote sites, where there is not access to the conventional services; and with systems interconnected with the electric network where this is available [Espanol] Varios factores contribuyeron a la aparicion de los grandes sistemas electricos como los conocemos hoy en dia, tales como: el crecimiento de la demanda electrica por el avance del desarrollo industrial, la aparicion de equipos electricos y aparatos electrodomesticos y por avances en la ingenieria de los sistemas, por mencionar algunos. Con todo ello, la tercera parte de la poblacion mundial no tiene aun acceso al servicio electrico. Los esfuerzos que realizan las companias electricas para llevar el servicio hasta donde se requiere, resultan cada vez mas costosos y menos efectivos. Agobiadas por el peso

  15. Transient stability studies on industrial power systems interconnected to the transmission grid; Estudios de estabilidad transitoria en sistemas electricos industriales con generacion propia interconectaos con el sistema de transmision

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Calderon Guizar, J.G. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)]. E-mail: jgc@iie.org.mx

    2010-10-15

    Aiming to ensure continuity in the electrical supply to critical processes, the electrical systems of large industrial plants, i.e. gas, and petrochemical industries usually posses local generation. Should the local generation be enough to satisfy the demand of the plant, then the interconnection with the public grid is commonly used as an important support for emergency conditions. This paper is concerned with the dynamical performance of two interconnected industrial power systems tied to the transmission system. Simulation results indicate that the frequency performance of one of the industrial plants, after the transients caused by the loss of the tie with the transmission system have died out, is greatly improved if both industrial plants remain connected after the disturbance. [Spanish] La continuidad en el suministro de energia electrica a procesos criticos de grandes complejos industriales, tales como plantas petroquimicas, procesadoras de gas, etc., es un aspecto de fundamental importancia para garantizar una operacion adecuada de este tipo de complejos. Con el proposito de mejorar la confiabilidad en el suministro de energia a los procesos criticos, los sistemas electricos de estos complejos industriales, generalmente cuentan con generacion propia. Si la capacidad de generacion instalada en los sistemas industriales es suficiente para satisfacer el total de la carga del complejo, la interconexion con el sistema de transmision es utilizada principalmente como respaldo durante condiciones de emergencia. En este articulo se analiza el comportamiento dinamico de dos sistemas industriales con generacion propia, disenados para operar en forma aislada, interconectados entre si, a traves de un enlace de 115 kV y con el sistema de transmision. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el comportamiento de la frecuencia en estado estable en uno de los complejos, posterior a la perdida del enlace con el sistema de transmision, mejora de manera considerable cuando estos

  16. Energy evaluation process of electric domestic refrigerators; Proceso de evaluacion energetica de refrigeradores electrodomesticos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Malacara Toral, Manuel; Ruiz Neblina, Joaquin [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1993-12-31

    A description is made of an energy evaluation study on electric domestic refrigerators carried out by the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), in its strategy for diminishing the energy consumption through the design enhancement, the manufacture, the operation and the standardization of the electric appliances. In order to initiate the evaluation-standardization process, the Mexican (NOM), the American (ANSI/AHAM) and the Canadian (CAN/CSA) standards were taken as a base to harmonize the procedures and the parameters of the tests. The energy assessment demonstrated that there are significant differences among the standards encompassed by the study, therefore, recommendations were made for the harmonization of the standards. [Espanol] Se describe un estudio de evaluacion energetica sobre refrigeradores electrodomesticos realizado en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) dentro de la estrategia para disminuir los consumos de energia a traves de mejoras en el diseno, la manufactura, la operacion y la normalizacion de equipos electricos. Se tomo como base las normas mexicanas (NOM), americana (ANSI/AHAM) y canadiense (CAN/CSA) para iniciar el proceso de evaluacion-normalizacion a fin de armonizar los procedimientos y parametros de las pruebas. La evaluacion energetica demostro que existen diferencias significativas entre las normas que abarco el estudio por lo que se presentan recomendaciones para la armonizacion de las normas.

  17. The anemodata 1-IIE. Automatic system for wind data acquisition; El anemodata 1-IIE. Sistema automatico para la adquisicion de datos de viento

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Borja, Marco Antonio; Parkman Cuellar, Pablo A [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    Wind is an inexhaustible energy source. To study its behavior in order to develop research projects and apply new technologies connected to its maximum development is one of the activities carried on at the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE). As a part of such activities, the equipment Anemodata-1-IIE was designed and built for the wind velocity and direction data acquisition. The Anemodata-1-IIE is the result of the work that the Departamento de Fuentes no Convencionales (Non-Conventional Energy Sources of the Energy Sources Department) carries on regarding the development of electric equipment for the anemometry. [Espanol] Una fuente inagotable de energia es el viento. Estudiar su comportamiento para desarrollar proyectos de investigacion y aplicar nuevas tecnologias vinculadas con su maximo aprovechamiento es una de las actividades que se realizan en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE). Como parte de dichas actividades, se diseno y construyo el equipo Anemodata-1-IIE para la adquisicion de datos de velocidad y direccion del viento. El anemodata-1-IIE es un resultado de los trabajos que el Departamento de Fuentes no Convencionales, de la division de Fuentes de Energia, lleva a cabo en torno al desarrollo de equipo electrico para anemometria.

  18. The anemodata 1-IIE. Automatic system for wind data acquisition; El anemodata 1-IIE. Sistema automatico para la adquisicion de datos de viento

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Borja, Marco Antonio; Parkman Cuellar, Pablo A. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1986-12-31

    Wind is an inexhaustible energy source. To study its behavior in order to develop research projects and apply new technologies connected to its maximum development is one of the activities carried on at the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE). As a part of such activities, the equipment Anemodata-1-IIE was designed and built for the wind velocity and direction data acquisition. The Anemodata-1-IIE is the result of the work that the Departamento de Fuentes no Convencionales (Non-Conventional Energy Sources of the Energy Sources Department) carries on regarding the development of electric equipment for the anemometry. [Espanol] Una fuente inagotable de energia es el viento. Estudiar su comportamiento para desarrollar proyectos de investigacion y aplicar nuevas tecnologias vinculadas con su maximo aprovechamiento es una de las actividades que se realizan en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE). Como parte de dichas actividades, se diseno y construyo el equipo Anemodata-1-IIE para la adquisicion de datos de velocidad y direccion del viento. El anemodata-1-IIE es un resultado de los trabajos que el Departamento de Fuentes no Convencionales, de la division de Fuentes de Energia, lleva a cabo en torno al desarrollo de equipo electrico para anemometria.

  19. Energy evaluation process of electric domestic refrigerators; Proceso de evaluacion energetica de refrigeradores electrodomesticos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Malacara Toral, Manuel; Ruiz Neblina, Joaquin [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1992-12-31

    A description is made of an energy evaluation study on electric domestic refrigerators carried out by the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), in its strategy for diminishing the energy consumption through the design enhancement, the manufacture, the operation and the standardization of the electric appliances. In order to initiate the evaluation-standardization process, the Mexican (NOM), the American (ANSI/AHAM) and the Canadian (CAN/CSA) standards were taken as a base to harmonize the procedures and the parameters of the tests. The energy assessment demonstrated that there are significant differences among the standards encompassed by the study, therefore, recommendations were made for the harmonization of the standards. [Espanol] Se describe un estudio de evaluacion energetica sobre refrigeradores electrodomesticos realizado en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) dentro de la estrategia para disminuir los consumos de energia a traves de mejoras en el diseno, la manufactura, la operacion y la normalizacion de equipos electricos. Se tomo como base las normas mexicanas (NOM), americana (ANSI/AHAM) y canadiense (CAN/CSA) para iniciar el proceso de evaluacion-normalizacion a fin de armonizar los procedimientos y parametros de las pruebas. La evaluacion energetica demostro que existen diferencias significativas entre las normas que abarco el estudio por lo que se presentan recomendaciones para la armonizacion de las normas.

  20. Electric generator overhaul of the Ing. Carlos Ramirez Ulloa hydroelectric. Central project conclusions; Rehabilitacion de los generadores de la central hidroelectrica Ing. Carlos Ramirez Ulloa. Conclusiones del proyecto

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Campuzano Martinez, Ignacio Roberto; Gonzalez Vazquez, Alejandro Esteban; Robles Pimentel, Edgar Guillermo; Esparza Saucedo, Marcos; Garcia Martinez, Javier; Sanchez Flores, Ernesto; Martinez Romero, Jose Luis [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1999-12-31

    The Hydroelectric Ing. Carlos Ramirez Ulloa Power Central has three 200 MW electric generators. The Central initiated its commercial operation in 1985. The electric generators had design problems that were properly corrected in an overhaul program that was initiated in 1996, with Unit 2 electric generator and completed in 1998 with Unit 1 electric generator. This paper presents the relevant aspects of the experience accumulated in the project. [Espanol] La central hidroelectrica Ing. Carlos Ramirez Ulloa cuenta con tres generadores de 200 MW cada uno. La central inicio su operacion comercial en 1985. Los generadores tenian problemas de diseno que fueron debidamente corregidos en un programa de rehabilitacion que inicio en 1996, con el generador de la unidad 2, y culmino en 1998 con el generador de la unidad 1. En este articulo se presentan los aspectos relevantes de la experiencia acumulada en el proyecto.

  1. Electric generator overhaul of the Ing. Carlos Ramirez Ulloa hydroelectric. Central project conclusions; Rehabilitacion de los generadores de la central hidroelectrica Ing. Carlos Ramirez Ulloa. Conclusiones del proyecto

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Campuzano Martinez, Ignacio Roberto; Gonzalez Vazquez, Alejandro Esteban; Robles Pimentel, Edgar Guillermo; Esparza Saucedo, Marcos; Garcia Martinez, Javier; Sanchez Flores, Ernesto; Martinez Romero, Jose Luis [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    The Hydroelectric Ing. Carlos Ramirez Ulloa Power Central has three 200 MW electric generators. The Central initiated its commercial operation in 1985. The electric generators had design problems that were properly corrected in an overhaul program that was initiated in 1996, with Unit 2 electric generator and completed in 1998 with Unit 1 electric generator. This paper presents the relevant aspects of the experience accumulated in the project. [Espanol] La central hidroelectrica Ing. Carlos Ramirez Ulloa cuenta con tres generadores de 200 MW cada uno. La central inicio su operacion comercial en 1985. Los generadores tenian problemas de diseno que fueron debidamente corregidos en un programa de rehabilitacion que inicio en 1996, con el generador de la unidad 2, y culmino en 1998 con el generador de la unidad 1. En este articulo se presentan los aspectos relevantes de la experiencia acumulada en el proyecto.

  2. Design, construction and characterization of a rural solar furnace; Diseno, construccion y caracterizacion de un horno solar rural

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez Luna, Gabriela

    2001-06-15

    centigrade, followed of the condition using 6 liters of oil, in which a maximum temperature of 115 centigrade was obtained and in the tests with 6 liters of water as load a maximum temperature of 95 centigrade was registered. In these tests the temperature of the oil surpasses 60 centigrade during an approximate period of 7 hours and is higher than 80 centigrade by a lapse of 5 hours. The water temperature is higher than 60 centigrade for a period of more than 5 hours and during 3 hours is higher than 80 centigrade. These results are satisfactory, because they assure the accomplishment of the process of baking inside the furnace. A calculation program was elaborated to implement the theoretical model of the concentration. This program reads the data of radiation intensity in the horizontal plane supplied by the weather station of the CIE and determines the incident radiation in the furnace collector. The theoretical model of the thermal behavior was implemented in another computer program; this program reads the data of the incident radiation in the collector of the furnace and the data of room temperature and calculates the temperature of the furnace as a time function. The model overestimates the temperature reached in the furnace, nevertheless reproduces qualitatively the thermal behavior of the same. In spite of the limitations of the theoretical model, this can be of utility in achieving the reproduction of the temperature of the load experimentally registered, through an effective coefficient of heat losses and an effective coefficient of heat capacity, characteristic of each one of the conditions of the test. [Spanish] Esta tesis presenta el diseno, construccion y caracterizacion de un horno solar tipo caja para su uso en comunidades rurales en la zona intertropical. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis parte del diseno opto-geometrico de un horno solar tipo caja propuesto por un entusiasta grupo de jovenes estudiantes (Acosta et al., 1996, Vazquez et al., 1998

  3. Cancellation of the energy efficiency program in Peru because of the electrical sector privatization; Cancelacion del programa de eficiencia energetica en Peru por la privatizacion del sector electrico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tomecich Cordova, Anibal [Centro de Conservacion de Energia y del Ambiente (CENERGIA) (Peru)

    2005-04-15

    The evolution of the activities related to the electric efficiency before and after the reforms of the electrical sector in Peru derived from the liberation of the economy is explained. In the first part it is explained as an antecedent the development of one of the most successful campaigns regarding demand management, considering it as a variable and not as a datum of the problem for statistic effects. The results of such campaign demonstrated that a proper management of the variable electricity demand, capital investments can be deferred in the electric infrastructure within the frame of sustainable social development. Afterwards it is explained the new regulatory frame and the principles that prevail for the fixation of the tariffs when the electrical sector evolves from a vertical structure to a horizontal structure. Finally it is mentioned the activities that have been carried out in a latter period to the implantation of the reforms in the sector and some important examples such as the obligation for the electric utilities to reduce their technical and commercial losses. [Spanish] Se explica la evolucion de las actividades relacionadas a la eficiencia energetica antes y despues de las reformas del sector electrico en Peru, derivada de la liberacion de la economia. En la primera parte se explica como antecedente el desarrollo de una de las campanas mas exitosas en el manejo de la demanda, considerandola como una variable y no como un dato del problema para efectos estadisticos. Los resultados de tal campana demostraron que manejando adecuadamente la variable demanda de electricidad, se puede diferir inversiones de capital en la infraestructura electrica dentro del marco de un desarrollo social sostenible. A continuacion se explica el nuevo marco regulatorio y los principios que rigen para la fijacion de las tarifas cuando el sector electrico se transforma de una estructura vertical a una estructura horizontal. Finalmente, se menciona las actividades que se

  4. Proposed method for the hydraulic design of ski-jump energy dissipators in dam spillways considering the occurrence of scour holes downstream of the structure; Metodo propuesto para el diseno hidraulico de trampolines empleados como disipadores de energia en aliviaderos para presas, considerando la ocurrencia del cono de socavacion al pie del mismo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pardo-Gomez, Rafael [Centro de Investigaciones Hidraulicas (Cuba)

    2008-04-15

    Ski-jump energy dissipators are widely used in hydraulic engineering because of their well-known effectiveness. Nevertheless, some uncertainty exits associated with the dimensions of the scour hole appearing downstream of the structure. This paper presents a new method for solving this problem. This method includes spillway stability checking as part of the design process and also stability checking of any other construction near the energy dissipation zone. [Spanish] Los disipadores de energia tipo trampolin tienen amplia utilizacion en la practica de la ingenieria hidraulica por su probada eficacia; sin embargo, su diseno esta sujeto a cierto grado de incertidumbre en cuanto a la prediccion de las dimensiones del cono de socavacion que habra de producirse aguas abajo de la estructura. En el presente trabajo se muestra un metodo novedoso, mediante el cual el autor soluciona el aspecto antes referido, toda vez que se incluye como parte del proceso de diseno la comprobacion de la estabilidad del propio aliviadero o de cualquier otra obra cercana a la zona de disipacion de energia.

  5. Design and construction of a go-kart hybrid PEM fuel cell / rechargeable battery; Diseno y construccion de un go-kart hibrido pila de combustible PEM / bateria recargable

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Suarez Alcantara, Karina; Rodriguez Castellanos, Andres; Soloza Feria, Omar [Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico D.F. (Mexico)]. E-mail: k.suarez.alcantara@gmail.com

    2008-11-15

    An hybrid Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC-Rechargeable Battery Go-kart has been designed and manufactured using AutoCAD software for the design and a CNC mechanical machine for the manufacture of components of the fuel cell. The membrane-electrode assemblies, MEAs, were integrated with a Gore-Select membrane and carbon cloth with Pt (20 wt % /C) 0.5 mg/cm{sup 2} anode and cathode electrode catalysts loading. High density graphite collector plates with 5mm thickness were used as collector plates. The estimated weigh of the go-kart with a driver is about 120 kg. The demand of the motor of the go-kart is 20 V and 5 A (100W), supplied by an hybrid system integrated by three 30Watts PEMFC. The commercially available Pb/acid rechargeable battery supplies energy for peripheral equipment. [Spanish] En este trabajo se presenta el diseno y la construccion de un go-kart hibrido pila de combustible con membrana de conduccion protonica tipo PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane, por sus siglas en ingles) y pila recargable. El diseno de los colectores de corriente de la pila se realizo utilizando el programa AutoCAD y la construccion mediante una fresadora con control numerico, CNC. Los ensambles membrana-electrocatalizador de la pila estan formados por membranas Gore-Select y por electrodos de Pt soportado en tela de carbon al 20 %peso/C con carga de 0.5 mg /cm{sup 2}, en anodo y catodo. Los platos colectores de corriente fueron manufacturados en grafito de alta densidad con espesor de 5 mm. La caracterizacion de la pila de combustible se realizo mediante ensayos de polarizacion potenciostatica. El peso total del go-kart y una persona a bordo es de 120 kg. La potencia del go-kart es generada por un motor de corriente directa de 20 V y 5 A (100 Watts). Para tal efecto, se construyeron tres pilas de combustible de 30 W cada una, con un respaldo de baterias recargables comerciales de Pb/acido para energizar equipos perifericos.

  6. Research reactor fuel bundle design review by means of hydrodynamic testing; Ensayos hidrodinamicos para verificacion de diseno de un elemento combustible para reactores de investigacion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pastorini, A; Belinco, C [Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, San Martin (Argentina). Centro Atomico Constituyentes

    1998-12-31

    During the design steps of a fuel bundle for a nuclear reactor, some vibration tests are usually necessary to verify the prototype dynamical response characteristics and the structural integrity. To perform these tests, the known hydrodynamic loop facilities are used to evaluate the vibrational response of the bundle under the different flow conditions that may appear in the reactor. This paper describes the tests performed on a 19 plate fuel bundle prototype designed for a low power research reactor. The tests were done in order to know the dynamical characteristics of the plates and also of the whole bundle under different flow rate conditions. The paper includes a description of the test facilities and the results obtained during the dynamical characterization tests and some preliminary comments about the tests under flowing water are also presented. (author) 4 refs., 12 figs., 4 tabs. [Espanol] Durante el diseno de un elemento combustible para un reactor nuclear se requiere de la realizacion de ensayos con el objeto de verificar el comportamiento de ese diseno y permitir, de ser necesario, la introduccion de modificaciones al mismo. Para verificar las caracteristicas de respuesta dinamica e integridad estructural, se realizan ensayos de vibraciones que incluyen someter al prototipo a condiciones de circulacion del fluido similares a las que soportara durante la operacion del reactor. Estos ensayos se realizan en facilidades de ensayos conocidas como circuitos hidrodinamicos, que permiten no solo someter el prototipo al flujo de fluido, sino tambien obtener una adecuada caracterizacion de la respuesta del mismo a traves del luso de sensores de distinto tipo. En este trabajo se describen los ensayos realizados sobre un prototipo de elemento combustible de 19 placas destinado a un reactor de investigacion multiproposito de baja potencia. Los ensayos tuvieron como objetivo conocer la respuesta dinamica de las placas individuales y del elemento combustible en su

  7. Fuzzy controller of speed-power of a synchronous micro generator; Controlador difuso de velocidad-potencia de un microgenerador sincrono

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez Alvarado, Raziel

    2002-11-01

    This thesis shows the design and implementation of a speed-power fuzzy-logic controller. The controller implementation was carried out on the Schrage motor-synchronous generator set. The synchronous alternator is rated 7 kVA, 220 V, 1800 rpm, 60 Hz. Two PI like fuzzy-logic controllers were developed with 9 and 25 rules. The controllers use the speed or power error and its integral as input variables and as an output the control signal from the brush-positioner of the Schrage motor. At the controller design stage, the anfis (adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system) learning and structure procedure was used for tuning up parameters of the membership functions used on the designed fuzzy controllers. These controllers are first-order Sugeno-type. The designed controllers were tested on the motor-generator set under loaded and no-loaded conditions. It was found that PI-9 rules fuzzy-logic controller had better performance on both operating conditions. [Spanish] En este trabajo de tesis se presenta el diseno e implementacion de un controlador difuso de velocidad-potencia, para un grupo motor Schrage-generador sincrono de 7 kVA, 220 V, 1800 rpm, 60 Hz. Se implementaron controladores difusos del tipo PI de 9 y 25 reglas. Estos controladores utilizan como variables de entrada el error y la integral del error, de velocidad o potencia segun corresponda, y como variable de salida la senal de control del posicionador de las escobillas del motor Schrage. En la etapa de diseno de los controladores, se utilizo la estructura y el procedimiento de aprendizaje anfis (Sistema de Inferencia Difuso Basado en Redes Adaptables, por sus siglas en ingles) para sintonizar los parametros de las funciones de membresia de los controladores difusos, los cuales son del tipo Sugeno de primer orden. Con la finalidad de validar los controladores disenados, se realizaron pruebas experimentales al grupo motor-generador en condiciones de vacio y carga. Se encontro que el controlador difuso tipo

  8. Design and manufacture of an atmospheric burner of biogas with rural application; Diseno y construccion de un quemador atmosferico de biogas con aplicaciones rurales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nunez Nunez, Jorge; Suarez Pacheco, Jose; Novelo Navarrete, Jose H; Soto Apolinar, Efrain [Universidad de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Quintana Roo (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    In this text it's resumed the methodology that was carried out to make an atmospheric burner of biogas, as the criteria that were taken in account in order to determine the main parameters of it. It introduces a synthesis of the stages of design and manufacture of the device. The utility of this type of burner increase the efficiency of the oxidation of the biogas compared with the use of conventional burners that aren't designed for this purpose. [Spanish] En este trabajo se resume la metodologia que se llevo a cabo para la construccion de un quemador de biogas tipo atmosferico, asi como los criterios que se tomaron para la determinacion de los parametros principales del mismo. Se presenta una sintesis de las etapas de diseno y manufactura del dispositivo. El uso de este tipo de quemadores aumenta la eficiencia de la oxidacion del biogas en comparacion con el uso de quemadores convencionales que no estan disenados para quemar biogas.

  9. Modal analysis of electromechanical oscillations in electrical power systems; Analisis modal de oscilaciones electromecanicas en sistemas electricos de potencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Calderon-Guizar, J.G [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)]. E-mail: jgcg@iie.org.mx

    2008-10-15

    The presence of electromechanical oscillations in any electrical power system is a typical characteristic of this kind of systems. Provided the damping associated with these oscillations lies above of a minimum specified value, the occurrence of these oscillations is not considered as a threat to the system operation. This paper focuses the attention on the application of modal analysis for assessing the dynamical behavior of a power system subjected to small disturbances for different operating conditions and transmission system topologies, as well. The reported results indicate, that modal analysis enables a straight identification of the causes that contribute negatively to the damping of the electromechanical modes. [Spanish] La presencia de oscilaciones electromecanicas en cualquier Sistema Electrico de Potencia (SEP) es una caracteristica propia de estos sistemas. Mientras el amortiguamiento asociado con este tipo de oscilaciones se encuentre dentro de los limites considerados como aceptables para la operacion continua de este tipo de sistemas, el surgimiento de estas no se considera una amenaza para la operacion segura del SEP. El presente articulo, centra su atencion en la aplicacion del analisis modal para evaluar el comportamiento dinamico de un SEP ante la ocurrencia de disturbios de magnitud pequena para diferentes topologias y condiciones de operacion. Los resultados reportados indican, que la aplicacion del analisis modal permite la identificacion directa de las causas que contribuyen en forma negativa al amortiguamiento asociado con los modos electromecanicos, asi como la ubicacion mas adecuada de controles que contribuyan a mejorar el amortiguamiento de los mismos.

  10. Atmospheric electric field effects of cosmic rays detected in Mexico City

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez, L. X; Valdes-Galicia, J. F [Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad National Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F(Mexico)

    2006-10-15

    We studied the possible effects of atmospheric electric fields, generated in thunderstorms, on the cosmic ray intensity detected at the Earth's surface by investigating the variations of the counting rates of the cosmic-ray nucleonic component, obtained from the neutron monitor installed in Mexico City, for thunderstorms during 1996 and 1997. These were years of minimum solar activity. We compare our experimental results with the general theory of cosmic ray meteorological effects by Dorman (1995). The observed intensity variation is about 0.2%. According to Dorman (1995), the effect should be between 0.27% and 0.81% on the counting rate of the neutron monitor when the atmospheric electric field intensities are around 100 to 300 Vcm-1.Our results show that either the electric field in Mexico City had less intensity than assumed by Dorman (1995), or the electric field is not uniform in time and height during the development of the thunderstorm. [Spanish] Estudiamos los posibles efectos de los campos electricos atmosfericos, generados en las tormentas electricas, sobre la intensidad de los rayos cosmicos detectados en la superficie terrestre, analizando las variaciones de las razones de conteo de la componente nucleonica de los rayos cosmicos, obtenidas por el monitor de neutrones instalado en la ciudad de Mexico, durante tormentas electricas ocurridas entre 1996 y 1997, anos del minimo solar. Comparamos nuestros resultados experimentales con la teoria general de los efectos meteorologicos en los rayos cosmicos, desarrollada por Dorman (1995). Se observo una variacion en la intensidad de alrededor de 0.2%. De acuerdo con Dorman (1995), el efecto puede estar entre 0.27 % y 0.81% en las razones de conteo del monitor de neutrones cuando las intensidades del campo electrico atmosferico se encuentran al rededor de 100 a 300 Vcm-1. Nuestros resultados muestran que los campos electricos en la ciudad de Mexico tuvieron menos intensidad que los campos electricos asumidos

  11. Energy saving or privatization? The case of the electric residential sector of Mexico; Ahorro de energia o privatizacion? El caso del sector electrico residencial de Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Friedmann, Rafael [University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)

    1994-12-31

    The validity of the premise that proposes the privatization of the electric sector as a solution to the problem of obtaining enough investment capital for the continuous expansion of the electric sector is examined. It is shown that the growth of the demand foreseen for the residential sector for year 2000, can be totally reduced by introducing technologies economically feasible to increase the efficiency and end uses of the residential electricity. With the efficient use of the electricity, the economical development is allowed for the residential sector, without large increments of the residential electricity demand. [Espanol] Se examina la validez de la premisa que propone la privatizacion del sector electrico como una solucion al problema de conseguir suficientes capitales de inversion para la continua expansion del sector. Se muestra que se puede reducir casi totalmente el crecimiento en la demanda prevista del sector residencial al ano 2000, introduciendo tecnologias economicamente factibles para aumentar la eficiencia en los usos finales de electricidad residencial. Con el uso eficiente de la electricidad, se permite el desarrollo economico del sector residencial sin grandes incrementos en la demanda residencial de electricidad.

  12. Energy saving or privatization? The case of the electric residential sector of Mexico; Ahorro de energia o privatizacion? El caso del sector electrico residencial de Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Friedmann, Rafael [University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)

    1993-12-31

    The validity of the premise that proposes the privatization of the electric sector as a solution to the problem of obtaining enough investment capital for the continuous expansion of the electric sector is examined. It is shown that the growth of the demand foreseen for the residential sector for year 2000, can be totally reduced by introducing technologies economically feasible to increase the efficiency and end uses of the residential electricity. With the efficient use of the electricity, the economical development is allowed for the residential sector, without large increments of the residential electricity demand. [Espanol] Se examina la validez de la premisa que propone la privatizacion del sector electrico como una solucion al problema de conseguir suficientes capitales de inversion para la continua expansion del sector. Se muestra que se puede reducir casi totalmente el crecimiento en la demanda prevista del sector residencial al ano 2000, introduciendo tecnologias economicamente factibles para aumentar la eficiencia en los usos finales de electricidad residencial. Con el uso eficiente de la electricidad, se permite el desarrollo economico del sector residencial sin grandes incrementos en la demanda residencial de electricidad.

  13. The insulation condition diagnosis of high tension generator stators; Diagnostico del estado de aislamiento de estatores de generadores de alta tension

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Robles Pimentel, Edgar Guillermo; Rosales Sedano, Inocente [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1990-12-31

    The high tension electrical generators are very high cost equipment, therefore they need to be very reliable. The generators preventive maintenance based in diagnosis techniques of the insulation condition might mean substantial savings for the user. In this article the most common techniques employed all over the world are presented, the greatest part of them already implemented in Mexico by the authors. The techniques and the equipment employed are analyzed and are exemplified with the results obtained in some field experiences. [Espanol] Los generadores electricos de alta tension son equipos de muy alto costo, por lo que necesitan ser muy confiables. El mantenimiento preventivo de los generadores basado en tecnicas de diagnostico del estado del aislamiento puede significar ahorros sustanciales al usuario. En este articulo se presentan las tecnicas mas comunes empleadas en el mundo, la mayor parte de ellas ya implantadas en Mexico por los autores. Se analizan las tecnicas y el equipo empleado, y se ejemplifica con resultados obtenidos de algunas de las experiencias en el campo.

  14. The insulation condition diagnosis of high tension generator stators; Diagnostico del estado de aislamiento de estatores de generadores de alta tension

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Robles Pimentel, Edgar Guillermo; Rosales Sedano, Inocente [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1989-12-31

    The high tension electrical generators are very high cost equipment, therefore they need to be very reliable. The generators preventive maintenance based in diagnosis techniques of the insulation condition might mean substantial savings for the user. In this article the most common techniques employed all over the world are presented, the greatest part of them already implemented in Mexico by the authors. The techniques and the equipment employed are analyzed and are exemplified with the results obtained in some field experiences. [Espanol] Los generadores electricos de alta tension son equipos de muy alto costo, por lo que necesitan ser muy confiables. El mantenimiento preventivo de los generadores basado en tecnicas de diagnostico del estado del aislamiento puede significar ahorros sustanciales al usuario. En este articulo se presentan las tecnicas mas comunes empleadas en el mundo, la mayor parte de ellas ya implantadas en Mexico por los autores. Se analizan las tecnicas y el equipo empleado, y se ejemplifica con resultados obtenidos de algunas de las experiencias en el campo.

  15. Graphs for the best hydraulic design of dropping irrigation systems of low load; Graficas para el diseno hidraulico optimo de sistemas de riego por goteo de baja carga

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vazquez Fernandez, E; Lopez Telles, P [Instituto de ingenieria, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2003-04-15

    In this article are shown the graphics for the best design of dropping irrigation systems of low head with 17 mm of external diameter hose and O-Tiff type insertion dropper of low outlay. The design consists in getting the minimum number of laterals once the space between these and the droppers is established. The graphics were obtained by using a model for open networks of pipes adjusted with the information for top lengths of the dropping lateral included on the manufacture's technical sheet with an 0.90 emission uniformity for flat ground conditions. The systems can be fixed or mobile (from 0.5 to 3.2 m between laterals) to irrigate orchards or farmings with its plants separated from 0.3 to 0.8 m with an average expenditure of 1.39 L/hr for black droppers. The load on the feed-tank (or bolster) is of 1.5 m. The irrigation areas may fluctuate between 750 up to 6 780 m{sup 2} and the costs from 1.1 to 13 pesos per m{sup 2}. [Spanish] Se presentan graficas para el diseno optimo de sistemas de riego por goteo de baja carga con mangueras de 17 mm de diametro externo y goteros de insercion tipo laberinto O-Tif de goteo pequeno. El diseno consiste en obtener el numero optimo de laterales una vez establecidas las separaciones entre estos y los emisores. Las graficas se obtuvieron con ayuda de un modelo matematico para redes abiertas de tuberias que fue calibrado a partir de la informacion de longitudes maximas del lateral de goteo incluida en la hoja tecnica del fabricante, con uniformidad de emision de 0.90 en terreno plano. Los sistemas pueden ser fijos o moviles para el riego de hortalizas o cultivos con separaciones entre plantas de 0.3 a 0.8 m y de 0.5 a 3.2 m entre laterales, con gastos promedio de 1.391/h para goteros de color negro. La carga en el tanque de alimentacion o cabezales de 1.5 m. Las areas de riego van desde 750 hasta 6780 m{sup 2} y los costos unitarios de 1.1 a 1.3 pesos por m{sup 2}.

  16. Design of a grounding network in electrical substations. Materials and formulas the most used; Diseno de redes de tierra en subestaciones electricas. Materiales y formulas mas utilizadas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Raull Martin, J. [Facultad de Ingenieria, UNAM, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2000-09-01

    The purpose of this paper is to present a summarized version of the different types of construction of grounding systems, as well as their materials and formulas, which are necessary and useful for the design and building of a grounding network for medium to high voltage facilities. A description is also made of how to determine the electrical resistivity of subsoil layers with different physical characteristics. Several illustrative examples are also solved in the paper. [Spanish] El proposito de este articulo es presentar de manera resumida los diferentes tipos de construccion de los sistemas de tierra, asi como sus materiales y formulas, los cuales son necesarios y utiles para el diseno y edificacion de una red de tierra para instalaciones de mediana y alta tension. Se describe tambien la obtencion de las diferentes resistividades que presenta los terrenos con diversas caracteristicas fisicas. Asimismo, se solucionan ejercicios ilustrativos a lo largo del articulo.

  17. Computer system to manage information rigs by 3D electronic models; Sistema computacional para administrar la informacion de plataformas petroleras mediante modelos electronicos 3D

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vazquez Bustos, Jesus; Segura Ozuna, Victor Octavio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2012-06-22

    The evolution and incorporation of new hardware technologies, as well as recent advances in computer systems have enabled the development of applications of computer aided design of most complete scope, such as those used for the design of industrial process plants. This article describes a software system developed to complement the capabilities of one of these systems for the design of process plants. A 3D electronic model is generated through the user interface of the design system that at the same time gives the user the ability to generate, publish, review and control the engineering document that are generated during the entire life cycle of a marine oil platform, a very particular type of industrial process plant. This way, the user obtains not only a tool for the design of an industrial plant, but also a system for managing information and engineering documents that are developed. This allows the user to do a more efficient job by putting at his disposal and in the same system, all documents and information required to perform his duty. [Spanish] La evolucion e incorporacion de nuevas tecnologias de hardware, junto con los avances recientes en sistemas de computo ha permitido el desarrollo de aplicaciones de interesante diseno de computo de mayor alcance, tales como los que se emplean en las plantas de procesos industriales. Este articulo describe un sistema de software desarrollado para complementar las capacidades de uno de estos sistemas para el diseno de proceso. Un modelo electronico se genera por medio de la interfaz de usuario del sistema de diseno, que al mismo tiempo da al usuario la capacidad para crear, publicar, revisar y controlar los documentos de ingenieria que se producen durante el ciclo de vida completo de una plataforma marina petrolera, un tipo muy particular de planta de proceso industrial. De este modo, el usuario no solo obtiene una herramienta para el diseno de una planta industrial, sino tambien un sistema para manejar informacion y

  18. Selection of electric motors for industrial processes with the rational energy use criteria; Seleccion de motores electricos para procesos industriales con criterios de uso racional de la energia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Morales Collantes, Arturo [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1993-12-31

    Under the energy and ecological crisis we are now going through, but fundamentally because as human beings we can not keep on acting in such a thoughtless way, I write these notes, with the intention that we take more into consideration that whatever we do to improve the ways of energy consumption, will ease the human life preservation. The electric motors selection, plays an important roll in this respect, since it represents the highest percentage of electric energy consumption at national level. Therefore I will point out some basic criteria for an adequate selection. [Espanol] Ante la crisis energetica y ecologica por la que actualmente pasamos, pero fundamentalmente porque como seres humanos no podemos seguir actuando en forma tan irreflexiva, escribo estas notas, con la intencion de que tomemos mas en cuenta, que lo que hagamos para mejorar las formas de consumo de energia, facilitara la preservacion de la vida humana. La seleccion de motores electricos, juega un importante papel al respecto, ya que representa el mayor porcentaje del consumo de energia electrica a nivel nacional, por lo tanto senalare algunos criterios basicos para una adecuada seleccion.

  19. Selection of electric motors for industrial processes with the rational energy use criteria; Seleccion de motores electricos para procesos industriales con criterios de uso racional de la energia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Morales Collantes, Arturo [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1992-12-31

    Under the energy and ecological crisis we are now going through, but fundamentally because as human beings we can not keep on acting in such a thoughtless way, I write these notes, with the intention that we take more into consideration that whatever we do to improve the ways of energy consumption, will ease the human life preservation. The electric motors selection, plays an important roll in this respect, since it represents the highest percentage of electric energy consumption at national level. Therefore I will point out some basic criteria for an adequate selection. [Espanol] Ante la crisis energetica y ecologica por la que actualmente pasamos, pero fundamentalmente porque como seres humanos no podemos seguir actuando en forma tan irreflexiva, escribo estas notas, con la intencion de que tomemos mas en cuenta, que lo que hagamos para mejorar las formas de consumo de energia, facilitara la preservacion de la vida humana. La seleccion de motores electricos, juega un importante papel al respecto, ya que representa el mayor porcentaje del consumo de energia electrica a nivel nacional, por lo tanto senalare algunos criterios basicos para una adecuada seleccion.

  20. Optimum design of a self-supported power transmission tower type 2M2 for 230 kW; Diseno optimo de una torre de transmision autosoportada tipo 2M2, para 230 kW

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Espejel Valdez, Eduardo [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico); Millan Monje, Alejandro; Honk Hernandez, Wenceslao [Comision Federal de Electricidad, (CFE), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1986-12-31

    A group of specialists from the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) and of the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) analyzes the design of various types of power transmission towers in their application stage, in order to enhance them. In this article the structural characteristics of the self-supported tower type 2M2 for 230 kV of two circuits and of suspension, are presented. [Espanol] Un grupo de especialistas de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) y del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) analiza el diseno de diversos tipos de torres de transmision en su etapa de aplicacion, con el fin de mejorarlos. En este articulo se presentan las caracteristicas estructurales de la torre autosoportada tipo 2M2 para 230 kV, de dos circuitos y de suspension.

  1. Optimum design of a self-supported power transmission tower type 2M2 for 230 kW; Diseno optimo de una torre de transmision autosoportada tipo 2M2, para 230 kW

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Espejel Valdez, Eduardo [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico); Millan Monje, Alejandro; Honk Hernandez, Wenceslao [Comision Federal de Electricidad, (CFE), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1985-12-31

    A group of specialists from the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) and of the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) analyzes the design of various types of power transmission towers in their application stage, in order to enhance them. In this article the structural characteristics of the self-supported tower type 2M2 for 230 kV of two circuits and of suspension, are presented. [Espanol] Un grupo de especialistas de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) y del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) analiza el diseno de diversos tipos de torres de transmision en su etapa de aplicacion, con el fin de mejorarlos. En este articulo se presentan las caracteristicas estructurales de la torre autosoportada tipo 2M2 para 230 kV, de dos circuitos y de suspension.

  2. A comparative performance study of a photovoltaic concentrator system with discrete mirror and continuos profile for two different absorber shapes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    H, Saiful; Rezau, K.M [University of Dhaka, Dhaka (Bangladesh)

    2000-07-01

    Profiles of parabolic concentrators of discrete mirror and continuos surface mirror have been designed for combined electrical thermal photovoltaic systems. In the design the changes of concentration ratio, effect of reflection, angle of incidence over the absorber have been taken into account for maximum energy collection. The performances of the system are studied for solar cells of modified grid finger for illuminations from 1-10 sun. The local concentration ratio (LCR) distribution over the absorbers for both the concentrator, the optical efficiency, thermal efficiency, electrical and thermal power output and overall efficiency have been evaluated for different values of beam radiation concentration ratio and focal distance. [Spanish] Se han disenado perfiles de concentradores parabolicos de espejo discreto y de superficie continua para sistemas fotovoltaicos combinados electricos y termicos. En el diseno los cambios de la proporcion de concentracion, del efecto de la reflexion, del angulo de incidencia sobre el observador se han tenido en cuenta para una maxima recoleccion de energia. Los rendimientos del sistema se han estudiado para celdas solares de parrilla modificada para iluminaciones solares de 1-10. Han sido evaluados para diferentes valores de la proporcion de la concentracion de la radiacion en el rayo y la distancia focal la proporcion de concentracion local (LCR) de la distribucion en los absorbedores, para el concentrador la eficiencia optica, la eficiencia termica, electrica, la produccion de energia termica y electrica y la eficiencia total.

  3. Criteria for the provision and assembly of the rotor blades of a 300 MW low pressure steam turbine for electrical generation; Criterios para el suministro y ensambles de la alabes de rotor de turbina de vapor de 300 MW baja presion para generacion electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bertin, Galo; Felix, Jorge A; Quijano, Octavio [Especialistas en Turbopartes, S.A. de C.V., Queretaro, Queretaro (Mexico)

    2007-11-15

    This paper presents some of the main criteria to consider from the inspection, disassembling and assembly of blades with different root types of a turbine rotor of steam turbines for power generation, having as an aim to count on a reliable rotor, fulfilling with the equipment original design and norms and international standards. [Spanish] Este trabajo presenta algunos de los criterios principales a considerar desde la inspeccion, desmontaje y montaje de alabes de diferentes tipos de raiz de un rotor de turbinas de vapor de generacion electrica, teniendo como finalidad contar con un rotor confiable, cumpliendo con el diseno original del equipo y con normas y estandares internacionales.

  4. Scenery of CO{sub 2} emissions for Mexico to the 2050; Escenarios de emisiones de CO{sub 2} para Mexico al 2050

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez Santalo, Jose Miguel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2008-07-15

    In this presentation the evolution of the fuel consumption in the Mexican electrical sector of 1970 to date is shown; a projection of the generation to year 2050; the participation of fossil fuels in power generation and the gas discharges of greenhouse effect. It is concluded that the electrical sector will have to get adapted to a different supply of primary sources, although will keep on being dominated by fossil fuels; to the year the 2050 the installed capacity and the electrical generation will multiply by five and the fuel diversification will have to include the coal and it will have to give a strong impulse to renewable energies. [Spanish] En esta presentacion se muestra la evolucion del consumo de combustibles en el sector electrico mexicano de 1970 a la fecha; una proyeccion de la generacion al ano 2050; la participacion de los combustibles fosiles en la generacion y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Se concluye que el sector electrico tendra que adaptarse a una oferta diferente de fuentes primarias, aunque seguira dominado por los combustibles fosiles; al ano 2050 la capacidad instalada y la generacion electrica se multiplicaran por cinco y la diversificacion de combustibles tendra que incluir el carbon y se tendra que dar un fuerte impulso a las energias renovables.

  5. Social and environmental impact of the bioclimatic design; Impacto social y ambiental del diseno bioclimatico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lopez P, J. Manuel A; Morrillon G, David; Rodriguez V, Luis [Instituto de Ingenieria de la UNAM, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    This article is about two important scopes of the Bioclimatical Design (BD), the Social scope and the environmental scope. As an introduction, it is justified the importance of this topic through the association of the BD in the context of sustainability with our country's economic model. The analysis is done under the perspective of effects of the BD on social and environmental scopes. In social scope is used the Cost and Benefit Analysis according to social evaluation. In environmental scope, effects in water, air and ground are studied, but the measurement is done according to the emissions reduction of CO{sub 2} on atmosphere because of the earn on energy consumption. The results of the measurement of this effects are related with economical costs and benefits, which may show a general view about economical, social and environmental scopes. As conclusions, interest results are show and this is proposed to incorporate them in the economical politics. [Spanish] En este articulo se tocan dos aspectos importantes del Diseno Bioclimatico (DB), el Impacto Social y el Impacto Ambiental. En la introduccion se justifica la importancia del tema, asociando el DB en el contexto de la sustentabilidad, con el modelo economico que se ha imperado en nuestro pais. El estudio se realiza bajo la perspectiva de los impactos que el DB tiene en el aspecto social y en el ambiental. En lo social, se recurre a la metodologia del Analisis Costo-Beneficio para evaluacion Social, en lo ambiental, aunque se tocan los puntos de impacto en aire, agua y uso de suelo, la medicion del impacto se realiza con base en la disminucion de emisiones de CO{sub 2} a la atmosfera por el ahorro en el consumo de energia electrica. Los resultados de la medicion de impactos se cruzan con los costos y beneficios economicos, para presentar un panorama completo en cuanto a aspectos economicos, sociales y ambientales. En las conclusiones se rescatan los resultados de interes y se proponen las inserciones de

  6. Fussy control for the operation of an electric energy generation system based in type PEM fuel cells; Control difuso para la operacion de un sistema de generacion de energia electrica basado en celdas de combustible tipo PEM

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vazquez Roman, Miguel

    2004-10-15

    In this work, the design of a control system with fuzzy PID controllers is reported. It combines the techniques of multimode control and gain scheduling as well as the design of a compensator that will reduce the interaction effects among control loops in a multivariable system. The simulated system is based on a non-lineal mathematical model. Its validity range supports up to 1440 watts, for a nominal design of 1 KW power. To carry out the fuzzy PID Controller's design, firstly the PID conventional controllers were designed for three operating points of power demand: 0 W, 500 W and 1000 W. The methodology adopted for the determination of the conventional PID controller's parameters was poles cancellation. This methodology demanded the lineal identification of the process for the three mentioned operating points: low, medium and high power. With the information obtained from the adjusted conventional controllers in the three operating points, the design of fuzzy PID controllers based on the TSK system was achieved. For this work, this method is equivalent to the technique of gain scheduling since only conventional PID controllers with the same structure are used. In addition, a control scheme using a compensator that had the function of reducing the interaction effects among the control loops was designed. The compensator was located between the controller and the plant and only introduces compensation factors among control signals, maintaining the direct path of the control loop in the original control scheme. Several tests of the whole operating range, in order to make a performance analysis of both the conventional PID controller and the fuzzy PID controller were carried out, introducing step form signals in the power demand. The performance of the generation system was validated as a function of an error based index minimization as well as on the actuator control signal shape. The dynamic coupling degree among the control loops was analyzed, as well

  7. Evolution of short circuit levels in the National Electric System, years 2007 to 2011; Evolucion de los niveles de cortocircuito del Sistema Electrico Nacional, anos 2007 al 2011

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Quintana Castaneda, J; Reyes Escobedo, G [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (Mexico)]. E-mails: jqc@iie.org.mx; gustavo.reyes@iie.org.mx; Ibarra Romo, F.G. [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)]. E-mail: federico.ibarra@cfe.gob.mx

    2013-03-15

    The present document shows an analysis of 2011 short-circuit levels on the different nodes (substations) that integrate the National Electric System. This analysis presents the figures of short-circuit levels on past years, stating on 2007, with the purpose of detecting the variation on each one of these nodes and identify the cases that because it's high levels are considered as critical nodes of the transmission system. At the end of the analysis some recommendations to minimize the potential risks are given on those substations classified as critical nodes. [Spanish] En este documento se expone un analisis de los niveles de cortocircuito que se presentaron en el 2011 en los distintos nodos (subestaciones) que conforman la red del Sistema Electrico Nacional (SEN). Este analisis muestra las cifras de los niveles de cortocircuito que se han presentado desde el ano 2007, a fin de estudiar el comportamiento y evolucion que han tenido los nodos de la red electrica, identificando aquellos puntos que por sus altos niveles de cortocircuito se consideran como nodos criticos. En la parte final del analisis se dan algunas recomendaciones para disminuir los riesgos que se pudieran presentar en aquellas subestaciones clasificadas como nodos criticos.

  8. Methodology for the location diagnosis of electrical faults in electric power systems; Metodologia para el diagnostico de ubicacion de fallas en sistema electricos de potencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rosas Molina, Ricardo

    2008-08-15

    The constant growth of the Electric Power Systems derived from the increase in the world-wide demand of energy, has brought as a consequence a greater complexity in the operation and control of the power nets. One of the most affected tasks by this situation is the operation of electrical systems against the presence of faults, where the first task to realize is, on the part of the operational personnel of the network, the rapid fault site location within the system. In the present paper the problem of the diagnose location of electrical faults in power systems is approached, from the point of view of the operators of the energy control centers of an electric company. The objective of this thesis work is to describe a methodology of operational analysis of protections, as a bases for the development of a system of diagnosis systems for faults location, that allows to consider the possible fault sites within the system as well as a justification of the operation of protections in face of a disturbance as a support to the operators of the Energy Control centers. The methodology is designed to use different information types, discreet, continuous and controls. Nevertheless, in the development of the present stage of the proposed methodology use is made exclusively of the discreet information of the conditions of breakers and operation of relays, as well as of the connectivity of the network elements. The analysis methodology consists in determining the network elements where the fault could have occurred, using the protections coverage areas associated to the operated circuit breakers. Later, these fault alternatives become ordained in descendent form of possibility using classification indexes and analyses based on fuzzy logic. [Spanish] El constante crecimiento de los Sistemas Electricos de Potencia derivado del incremento en la demanda energetica mundial, ha traido como consecuencia una mayor complejidad en la operacion y control de las redes electricas. Una de las

  9. Computational program to design heat pumps by compression (ciclo 1.0); Programa computacional para diseno de bombas de calor por compresion (ciclo 1.0)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    De Alba Rosano, Mauricio [CIE, UNAM, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    A new computational program has been developed in order to design single stage compression heat pumps. This software, named CICLO 1.0 allows the design of water-water, water-air, air-water and air-air heat pumps, for industrial and residential applications. CICLO 1.0 simulates three types of compressors: reciprocating, screw and scroll. Also has a data base created with REFPROP software which includes eleven refrigerants. The condenser and evaporator simulation includes global conductance (UA) determination, and when one or both are shell and tube's type, this software shows the even number of tube passes by shell. The software determines the best compressor and refrigerant setup taking the COP as a parameter; in order to obtain this, is necessary to know the inlet/outlet conditions of the fluid to be heated, the inlet conditions of the fluid that gives heat, and the electric motor efficiency that drives the compressor. The afforded results by CICLO 1.0 are: operation conditions from compression cycle, that means, pressures and temperatures at the inlet/outlet from every heat pump component are determined: as well as refrigerant mass flux, COP, power required by compressor, volumetric and isentropic efficiencies, heat exchangers global conductance and more data. CICLO 1.0 has been executed with heat pump data that nowadays are operating, and the results from the simulation have been very similar each other with data reported from operational facilities. [Spanish] Se ha desarrollado un nuevo programa computacional para el diseno de bombas de calor por compresion de vapor de una sola etapa. Este programa, CICLO 1.0, permite el diseno de bombas de calor de tipo: agua-agua, agua-aire, aire-agua y aire-aire, que se utilicen para aplicaciones industriales, de servicios y residenciales. CICLO 1.0 simula tres tipos de compresores: reciprocante, de tornillo y scroll: cuenta con una base de datos de refrigerantes creada con el programa REFPROP la cual incluye once

  10. Design and construction of the prototype of a digital meter of single phase electric energy based in a microcontroller; Diseno y construccion del prototipo de un medidor digital de energia electrica monofasico basado en un microcontrolador

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez Alonso, Ruben

    2003-10-15

    This research work presents the design and construction of a single-phase microcontroller-based digital electric energy meter. The digital instrument displays the energy demand (kw-h) based on up-to-date tariff provided by the Mexican national utility Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE). The meter digitally processes voltage and current line waveform samples taken at its input, displaying, in real time, the number of electrical parameters calculated. For a better instrument performance a PIC16F874 microcontroller from microchip has been used as computational core. The parameters of interest are visualized in a liquid crystal display of 2 X 16 characters. The user interface includes a menu where some of the parameters can be selected by the operator. In the event of an electric power supply disruption the meter keeps to the energy consumption in memory. The voltage and current measured levels ranges from 1 to 255 Vrms and 0.1 to 25.5 Arms, respectively. The power is displayed in 5 digits ranging from 0 to 6502.5 watts and the energy is displayed with 5 whole digits and 5 decimals ranging, from 0 kWh up to 99999.99999 kWh. These values are refreshed every one second together with the actual electrical consumption cost which ranges from 0 up to 9999.9 pesos. The digital measuring instrument has been built based on four main inter-connected modules named, data acquisition; signal conditioning; signal processing; and display. A set of efficient assembly code routines has been developed in order to calculate the number of electrical parameter previously described. After a debugging process, the optimised code has been assembled for the PIC16F874. [Spanish] El trabajo presenta el diseno y construccion de un medidor digital de energia electrica basado en un microcontrolador, el cual visualiza la demanda por el consumo de kWh, basandose en una tarifa escalonada de tipo domestico de CFE. Tambien el aparato visualiza voltaje, corriente, potencia y el tiempo de medicion

  11. Benefits in the electrical systems through an energy efficiency program; Beneficios en los sistemas electricos a traves de un programa de eficiencia energetica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kushler, M. (and others)

    2006-01-15

    The results of the search for electric efficiency programs providing savings during the hot summer days in the United States are presented. This search was named The Electric Energy Efficiency Programs Focused on Reliability and was executed in 50 states of the United States of America with the purpose of describing examples of successful programs that would help to guarantee the uninterrupted power supply, i.e. reliable by means of the consumer side demand management. Here the methodology of the project is described, the results of a discriminatory scrutiny of different programs in 50 states are presented, followed by a description of 22 programs of energy efficiency that were located as study cases along with the executive and legislative order measures taken to guarantee the reliability of the electric energy. [Spanish] Se presentan los resultados de la busqueda de programas de eficiencia energetica que proporcionen ahorros durante los dias calurosos del verano en Estados Unidos. Esta busqueda se titulo Los Programas de Eficiencia Energetica Enfocados a la Confiabilidad y fue realizada en 50 estados de la union americana con el objetivo de describir ejemplos de programas exitosos que ayudaran a garantizar un suministro electrico ininterrumpido, i. e. confiable por medio de una administracion de la demanda del lado del consumidor. Aqui se describe la metodologia del proyecto, se presentan los resultados de un escrutinio discriminatorio de diferentes programas en los 50 estados, seguidos de una descripcion de 22 programas de eficiencia energetica que se ubicaron como casos de estudio junto con las medidas de orden ejecutivo y legislativo tomadas para garantizar la confiabilidad de la energia electrica.

  12. Basic semantic architecture of interoperability for the intelligent distribution in the CFE electrical system; Arquitectura base de interoperabilidad semantica para el sistema electrico de distribucion inteligente en la CFE

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Espinosa Reza, Alfredo; Garcia Mendoza, Raul; Borja Diaz, Jesus Fidel; Sierra Rodriguez, Benjamin [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2010-07-01

    entre sistemas y aplicaciones, sustentado en el Modelo de Informacion Comun (CIM por sus siglas en ingles), establecido en las normas IEC61968 e IEC 61970. Se muestra la arquitectura basada en SSOA (Semantic Services Oriented Architecture), en EIB (Entrerprise Integration Bus) y en GID (Generic Interface Definition), asi como la secuencia para lograr la interoperabilidad de sistemas relacionados con la Gestion de la Distribucion de energia electrica en Mexico. De igual manera se describe el proceso para establecer un Modelo Semantico del Sistema electrico de Distribucion (SED) y la creacion de instancias CIM/XML, orientadas a la interoperabilidad de los sistemas de informacion en el ambito DMS, mediante el intercambio de mensajes conformados y validados segun la estructura obtenida y acorde a las reglas establecidas por el Modelo CIM. De esta forma, los mensajes y la informacion que se intercambien entre sistemas, aseguran la compatibilidad y correcta interpretacion de manera independiente al desarrollador, marca o fabricante del sistema fuente y destino. El objetivo principal es establecer la infraestructura base de interoperabilidad semantica, basada en estandares que sustente la definicion estrategica de un Sistema Electrico de Distribucion Inteligente (SEDI) en Mexico.

  13. A new aeolian generator for Mexico; Un nuevo generador eolico para Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Voronin, Boris; Gomez Reyna, Jose Antonio; Zerquera Izquierdo, Mariano David; Cardenas Grajales, Juan Jose; Zamora Quintana, Laura Angelica [Universidad de Guadalajara (Mexico)

    2009-07-01

    The use of wind kinetic energy to produce electrical energy is one of the most powerful alternatives for the human being, to avoid the risk of being in the threshold of the age of stone. In the present work, different types from aero generators are analyzed and a new generator developed by one of the authors of this article is presented. Its high efficiency is presented in comparison with the helical generators that at the moment are dominant in the construction of Aeolian mills. Perspectives of exploitation of the kinetic energy of the wind in Mexico are analyzed. A resolution model of the problem of obtaining constant parameters of electrical output, to conditions of variable mechanical parameters of entrance is shown. An example is shown of the construction of Aeolian parks that can cover all the needs of electrical energy in Mexico. [Spanish] El uso de la energia cinetica del viento para la obtencion de la energia electrica, es una de las alternativas mas poderosas para el ser humano, para evitar el riesgo de estar al umbral de la edad de piedra. En el trabajo presente, se analizan diferentes tipos de aerogeneradores y se presenta un nuevo generador desarrollado por uno de los autores de este articulo. Se muestra su alta eficiencia en comparacion con los generadores helicoidales que actualmente son dominantes en la construccion de molinos eolicos. Se analizan perspectivas de aprovechamiento de la energia cinetica del viento en Mexico. Se muestra un modelo de resolucion del problema de la obtencion de parametros de salida electricos constantes, a condiciones de los parametros mecanicos de entrada variables. Se muestra un ejemplo de la construccion de parques eolicos que pueden cubrir todas las necesidades de energia electrica en Mexico.

  14. Study of a hybrid solar-electric oven to the curing composite materials used in aeronautics; Estudio de un horno hibrido solar-electrico para el curado de materiales compuestos utilizados en aeronautica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez Roman, M. A.; Pineda Pinon, J.; Sanchez Sanchez, A. [CICATA - Unidad Queretaro, Santiago de Queretaro, Queretaro (Mexico)]. E-mail: mhernandezr0900@ipn.mx

    2010-11-15

    The study covers the curing of advanced composites in a hybrid solar electric oven. The furnace uses electricity from the grid power and solar energy provided by the heliostat concentrator system. The materials used in the experiments will be composite materials such as prepreg. The prepreg are fiberglass and carbon fiber. The resin used in the pre-impregnate will be epoxy resin. The work temperatures inside the furnace will be maximum 300 degrees Celsius. The obtained results will be useful to characterize the use of the solar energy and the characterize of the curing chamber. [Spanish] Se presenta el alcance para el estudio, el cual abarca el curado de materiales compuestos avanzados dentro de un horno hibrido solar electrico. El horno utilizara energia electrica suministrada por la red y energia solar suministrada por el sistema heliostato concentrador. Los materiales utilizados en los experimentos seran materiales compuestos tipo prepreg. Los prepreg seran de fibra de vidrio y de fibra de carbono. La resina utilizada en el preimpregando sera resina epoxica. Las temperaturas de trabajo dentro del horno seran como maximo de 300 grados centigrados. Los resultados obtenidos serviran para caracterizar el uso y aprovechamiento de la energia solar y la caracterizacion de la camara de curado.

  15. Design and analysis of an intelligent public FV lighting system; Diseno y analisis de un alumbrado publico FV inteligente

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hanessian D, Ana V.; Gordon, Manuel [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2009-07-01

    In the Mexico's National Energy Balance of 2008, it is considered that of the total of the electrical power consumption in our country, 18% is dedicated to lighting. Conscious of the necessity of saving energy in public lighting in this article is presented the design, construction and analysis of the power consumption of a public light fed with electricity of photovoltaic cells and the control of intensity on the light in inverse way of the natural light. A lamp constructed based in light emitting diodes (LEDs) is used. This has the quality of consuming very little energy that could be provided by the sun and be stored to use it at night. With this system, proven at scale, energy savings are obtained superior to 50% of the conventional one and, in relation to the commercial photovoltaic (FV) luminaries up to 30%. [Spanish] Del Balance Nacional de Energia, de Mexico, de 2008, se considera que del total del consumo de energia electrica en nuestro pais, el 18% esta dedicado a la iluminacion. Conscientes de la necesidad de ahorrar energia en alumbrado publico, en este articulo se presenta el diseno de construccion y analisis del consumo energetico de una luminaria publica alimentada con electricidad de celdas fotovoltaicas y el control de intensidad de la luz de manera inversa a la luz natural. Se utiliza un foco construido a base a los diodos emisores de luz (LEDs, por sus siglas en ingles). Estos tienen la cualidad de consumir muy poca energia que podra ser suministrada por el sol y almacenada para utilizarla en la noche. Con este sistema, probado a escala, se logran ahorros de energia superiores al 50% del convencional y, en relacion a las luminarias fotovoltaicas (FV) comerciales, hasa el 30%.

  16. Prospective of the Technology of Wind Power Generation (Annexe 5 in 'A vision of year 2030 on the use of the renewable energies in Mexico'); Prospectiva de la Tecnologia de Generacion Eoloelectrica (Anexo 5 en 'Una vision al 2030 de la utilizacion de las energias renovables en Mexico')

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Borja Diaz, Marco A [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2005-08-15

    At present, it is recognized that the advantage of the energy of the wind to generate electricity is an innovating activity of high technology that is being integrated to the electrical sectors of several countries in the context of the energy diversification. The basic concept of the wind power generators suggests simplicity; nevertheless, the enormous machines that nowadays turn the wind energy to electricity, are complex systems since they are integrated by aerodynamic, mechanical, electrical, hydraulic and electronic subsystems, whose development and integration have presented important challenges in the matter of investigation and technological development. It is for this reason that in the last 10 years several governments of industrialized countries and of some developing ones, have remarkably progressed in the restoration of elements of legislation, regulation, and fiscal measures that have opened and impelled the wind power market, in such a way that in those countries the wind power industry has become a very productive activity. [Spanish] En la actualidad, se reconoce que el aprovechamiento de la energia del viento para generar electricidad es una actividad innovadora de alta tecnologia que se esta integrando a los sectores electricos de varios paises en el contexto de la diversificacion energetica. El concepto basico de los aerogeneradores sugiere sencillez; sin embargo, las enormes maquinas que hoy en dia convierten la energia del viento en electricidad, son sistemas complejos ya que estan integrados por subsistemas aerodinamicos, mecanicos, electricos, hidraulicos y electronicos, cuyo desarrollo e integracion ha presentado retos importantes en materia de investigacion y desarrollo tecnologico. Es por ello que en los ultimos 10 anos varios gobiernos de paises industrializados y de algunos en vias de desarrollo, han progresado notablemente en la instauracion de elementos de legislacion, regulacion, y medidas fiscales que han abierto e impulsado el

  17. Proceedings of the International Wire and Cable Symposium Held in St. Louis, Missouri on 15-18 November 1993

    Science.gov (United States)

    1993-11-18

    CABEL Industria Bellcore, Morristown, NJ; and I. M. Plitz, Bellcore, Venezolana de Cables Electricos C.A., Valencia, Red Bank, NJ...COMPOSITE CABLE Salvador camps, Carlos Osorio, Richard Vasquez and J. A. Olszewski CABEL Industria Venezolana de Cables Electricos C.A. Valencia...durability. As a result. the automatic control puller can consistently pull a cable, whether the cable is wet or not. 3.2 Crawler Auto -adjusting mechanism

  18. Prospective of the Technology of Wind Power Generation (Annexe 5 in 'A vision of year 2030 on the use of the renewable energies in Mexico'); Prospectiva de la Tecnologia de Generacion Eoloelectrica (Anexo 5 en 'Una vision al 2030 de la utilizacion de las energias renovables en Mexico')

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Borja Diaz, Marco A [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2005-08-15

    At present, it is recognized that the advantage of the energy of the wind to generate electricity is an innovating activity of high technology that is being integrated to the electrical sectors of several countries in the context of the energy diversification. The basic concept of the wind power generators suggests simplicity; nevertheless, the enormous machines that nowadays turn the wind energy to electricity, are complex systems since they are integrated by aerodynamic, mechanical, electrical, hydraulic and electronic subsystems, whose development and integration have presented important challenges in the matter of investigation and technological development. It is for this reason that in the last 10 years several governments of industrialized countries and of some developing ones, have remarkably progressed in the restoration of elements of legislation, regulation, and fiscal measures that have opened and impelled the wind power market, in such a way that in those countries the wind power industry has become a very productive activity. [Spanish] En la actualidad, se reconoce que el aprovechamiento de la energia del viento para generar electricidad es una actividad innovadora de alta tecnologia que se esta integrando a los sectores electricos de varios paises en el contexto de la diversificacion energetica. El concepto basico de los aerogeneradores sugiere sencillez; sin embargo, las enormes maquinas que hoy en dia convierten la energia del viento en electricidad, son sistemas complejos ya que estan integrados por subsistemas aerodinamicos, mecanicos, electricos, hidraulicos y electronicos, cuyo desarrollo e integracion ha presentado retos importantes en materia de investigacion y desarrollo tecnologico. Es por ello que en los ultimos 10 anos varios gobiernos de paises industrializados y de algunos en vias de desarrollo, han progresado notablemente en la instauracion de elementos de legislacion, regulacion, y medidas fiscales que han abierto e impulsado el

  19. Uses and updating of the Benders method in the integer-mixed programming in the planning of the electric power systems expansion; Usos y actualizacion del metodo de Benders en la programacion entera-mixta y en la planeacion de la expansion de los sistemas electricos de potencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    De la Torre Vega, Eli

    1997-04-01

    In the first chapter the deduction of the Benders cuts are presented, departing from the properties of duality. Also the properties of the Benders cuts are presented, as well as the initial algorithm of Benders to solve any problem of lineal integer-mixed programming are presented. In the second chapter, of the planning of the expansion of means of generation and transmission in an electric power system is presented and the different structures of the mathematical programming it gives rise to and how the method of Benders can be adapted to these. In the third chapter the theoretical contributions of this work are presented: a) How to initialize the master problem to take advantage of the acquired experience after having solved a similar problem, so that it can be solved more efficiently, the succession of integer-mixed problems of linear programming that arise when solving the problem of the planning of the expansion of generation and transmission means in an electric power system. b) How to generate a master problem whose continuous optimal solution corresponds to the optimal continuous one of the integer-mixed problem, so that the search of integer solutions is made in the vicinity of the optimum continuous. c) How to generate an integer solution, close to the optimum continuous of the integer-mixed problem, that has high probability of being feasible, and that is perhaps the optimal integer solution, in a smaller time than that required to solve it in exact form. In addition, other ideas are presented that can be incorporated to the Benders method. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed ideas, in chapter 4 the results obtained when solving several problems are presented using: 1. The updated Benders method, 2. The branch and bound method, 3. The update of Benders when adding restrictions and 4. The update of Benders when considered as integer each time to more variables. Finally a summary is made of the achievements, of the conclusions obtained and

  20. Design and implementation of the 40, 50/51 protections and MEL, OEL and V/HZ limiters in a synchronous generator; Diseno e implementacion de las protecciones 40,50/51 y limitadores MEL, OEL y V/HZ en un generador sincrono

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Goitia Ochoa, Salvador Hector

    2001-10-15

    The thesis shows the design and implementation of loss of field (40) and overcurrent (50/51) relays, minimum excitation limiter (MEL), over excitation limiter (OEL) and Voltage / Frequency limiter (V/Hz). It is also shown the development of a synchronous machine mathematical model for representing the conditions of open circuit, three phase short-circuit at stator terminals and short/open circuit at the field winding. Finally, a study about the magnetic saturation effect on the protection against loss of excitation is shown. It is studied the effects on the relay settings by using the X{sub d} saturated reactance. All the tests were applied for a salient-pole synchronous machine of 7 kVA, 220 V and 1800 rpm. The machine is at the Propulsion Laboratory of the Instituto Tecnologico de La Laguna. [Spanish] En este trabajo de tesis se realiza el diseno e implementacion de las protecciones contra la perdida de campo (40) y de sobrecorriente (50/51), asi como el de los limitadores de minima excitacion (MEL), maxima excitacion (OEL) y el limitador de Voltaje / Frecuencia (V/Hz). Ademas se muestra el desarrollo de las ecuaciones del modelo matematico del generador sincrono en condiciones de circuito abierto, con una falla trifasica en terminales, con el devanado de campo en corto circuito y en circuito abierto. Por ultimo se realiza un estudio en el cual se incluye el efecto de la saturacion magnetica en la proteccion contra la perdida de campo y las consecuencias que traeria el ajustar la proteccion usando el parametro de X{sub d} saturada. Las pruebas fisicas de las protecciones y limitadores fueron aplicadas a un generador sincrono de polos salientes con una capacidad de 7 kVA, 220 V, 1800 rpm, localizado en el Laboratorio de Propulsion de Instituto Tecnologico de la laguna.

  1. Energy conservation and contribution to the sustained development through action in the bioclimate design; Ahorro de energia y contribucion al desarrollo sustentable a partir de acciones de diseno bioclimatico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia Chavez, J. R.; Dorantes Rodriguez, R. [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1995-12-31

    , balanceo de cargas en los circuitos secundarios, verificacion y mejoramiento del nivel de aislamiento electrico, incremento de la selectividad de encendido de instalacion de apagadores en las zonas cercanas a las ventanas y areas con mayor iluminacion natural. El segundo aspecto se refiere al calculo, diseno, construccion y monitoreo del funcionamiento de sistemas pasivos de enfriamiento. Los resultados obtenidos hasta ahora indican que se ha reducido el consumo de energia y mejorado las condiciones de confort ambiental de los usuarios del edificio de la biblioteca.

  2. Energy conservation and contribution to the sustained development through action in the bioclimate design; Ahorro de energia y contribucion al desarrollo sustentable a partir de acciones de diseno bioclimatico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia Chavez, J R; Dorantes Rodriguez, R [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1996-12-31

    , balanceo de cargas en los circuitos secundarios, verificacion y mejoramiento del nivel de aislamiento electrico, incremento de la selectividad de encendido de instalacion de apagadores en las zonas cercanas a las ventanas y areas con mayor iluminacion natural. El segundo aspecto se refiere al calculo, diseno, construccion y monitoreo del funcionamiento de sistemas pasivos de enfriamiento. Los resultados obtenidos hasta ahora indican que se ha reducido el consumo de energia y mejorado las condiciones de confort ambiental de los usuarios del edificio de la biblioteca.

  3. A flat solar collector built from galvanized steel plate, working by thermosyphonic flow, optimized for Mexican conditions; Un colector solar plano construido de lamina de acero galvanizada, operando por flujo termosifonico, optimizado para las condiciones mexicanas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Marroquin de Jesus, A; Olivares Ramirez, J.M.; Ramos Lopez, G.A.; Pless, R.C. [Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Unidad Queretaro (Mexico)]. E-mail: amarroquind@utsjr.edu.mx

    2009-07-15

    Design, construction, and testing of the thermal performance of a flat solar collector for domestic water heating are described. The absorbing plate is built from readily available materials: two sheets of galvanized steel, one of the channelled types, the other one flat, which are joined by electric welding. The absorber is connected to a 198-L thermotank, insulated with polyurethane foam. In terms of receiving surface, the prototype tested here has an area of 1.35 m{sup 2}, about 20% smaller than comparable copper-tube-based collectors offered in the market. Temperature measurements conducted over a 30-day period gave values which were a few degrees lower than the theoretically calculated water temperatures. Momentary thermal efficiency values between 35% and 77% were observed. The water temperature achieved the tank at the end of the day averages 65 degrees Celsius in winter weather conditions in the central Mexican highland. This design of solar water heater is well suited to Mexican conditions, as it makes use of the high local intensity of the solar radiation, and as the channel shape of the ducts minimizes bursting during the rare occurrences of freezing temperatures in the region; it also has the advantage of being manufacturable at low cost from simple materials. [Spanish] Se describe el diseno, construccion y pruebas del desempeno termico de un colector solar plano para calentamiento de agua para uso domestico. La placa absorbedora se construyo de materiales facilmente asequibles: dos placas de acero galvanizado, una del tipo acanalado y la otra plana, unidas mediante soldadura de acero electrico. La placa absorbedora esta conectada a un termotanque con capacidad de 198 L, aislado con espuma de poliuretano. La superficie receptora de este prototipo es de 1.35 m{sup 2}, aproximadamente 20% mas pequena comparado con los colectores, basados en tubos de cobre, ofertados en el mercado. Mediciones de temperatura por un periodo de 30 dias, arrojaron valores

  4. Application of the optimum reactive power dispatch to the cost establishment for the support voltage in a power electrical system for generalized dispatch; Aplicacion del despacho optimo de potencia reactiva al establecimiento del costo por el soporte de voltaje en un sistema electrico de potencia con despacho centralizado

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Barragan Gomez, Sergio Baruch

    2004-05-15

    for voltage support of each generator is formed by a fixed and a variable cost. The fixed cost is calculated from the annual recovery factor of the capital invested in the generator. The variable cost depends on the operation conditions and on the cost for loss of opportunity of the generator. To determine the total cost for the voltage support of generators, it is considered that the market of active power has already been solved previously through an economic dispatch of active power. The systems used for the evaluation of the developed program are: a 5 nodes system and the IEEE 30 nodes system. [Spanish] Los cambios en las estructuras de los sistemas electricos de esquemas verticales a esquemas horizontales ha provocado que los sistemas esten formados por cuatro segmentos: generacion, transmision, distribucion y comercializacion. Bajo este esquema el operador del sistema es el encargado de administrar y operar de manera economica y segura al sistema. Una de las tareas principales de esta organizacion junto con la red de transmision es la de realizar el movimiento de potencia desde los centros de generacion hasta los puntos de consumo, no obstante para poder llevar a cabo esta actividad se necesita un conjunto de servicios auxiliares. En un esquema horizontal, el soporte de voltaje por parte de los generadores es considerado como un servicio auxiliar, el cual es necesario para la operacion del sistema. Si bien la compensacion de potencia reactiva en un sistema electrico se debe realizar de manera local a traves de compensacion en derivacion, compensadores estaticos, condensadores sincronos y transformadores con cambiador en derivacion bajo carga, debido a que el transmitir flujos de potencia reactiva desde los generadores provoca un incremento en las perdidas del sistema de transmision; sin embargo aunque la funcion principal de los generadores sincronos es la produccion de potencia activa, de manera implicita estos generan potencia reactiva bajo ciertas condiciones

  5. Site characterization for hybrid system construction

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Saldana, R.; Miranda, U.; Medrano, M. C. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    aplicaciones incluyen sistemas centralizados o descentralizados sistemas autonomos o hibridos, aislados o interconectados a la linea electrica, etc. Se puede hacer un diseno de un sistema hibrido en particular considerando dos aspectos generales, primero, es necesario conocer el consumo electrico que sera proporcionado, tomando en cuenta necesidades presentes y futuras y como estan presentes los recursos energeticos locales en un sitio seleccionado. Finalmente, tambien es necesario efectuar un analisis economico para determinar el costo del kilowatt-hora generado usando recursos energeticos locales y compararlo con el costo de la electricidad producida por sistemas de potencia convencionales.

  6. Site characterization for hybrid system construction

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Saldana, R; Miranda, U; Medrano, M C [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    aplicaciones incluyen sistemas centralizados o descentralizados sistemas autonomos o hibridos, aislados o interconectados a la linea electrica, etc. Se puede hacer un diseno de un sistema hibrido en particular considerando dos aspectos generales, primero, es necesario conocer el consumo electrico que sera proporcionado, tomando en cuenta necesidades presentes y futuras y como estan presentes los recursos energeticos locales en un sitio seleccionado. Finalmente, tambien es necesario efectuar un analisis economico para determinar el costo del kilowatt-hora generado usando recursos energeticos locales y compararlo con el costo de la electricidad producida por sistemas de potencia convencionales.

  7. Reliability optimization in compound electric power systems with the aid of evolutionary algorithms; Optimizacion de la confiabilidad en sistemas electricos de potencia compuestos utilizando algoritmos evolucionarios

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gomez Hernandez, Jose Alberto

    2001-11-15

    The purpose of evaluating the reliability of Electric Power Systems is to estimate the ability of the system to carry out their function of taking the energy from the generating stations to the load points. This involves the reliability of generation sources and transmission that affect in the transfer of power through the transmission system that bears load loss and voltage sags between the generation and the consumption centers. In this thesis a hybrid methodology that optimize the reliability in systems generation -transmission using evolutionary algorithms is developed. This technique of optimization determines the optimum number of components (parallel redundancy in lines) and shunt compensation in load nodes necessary to maximize reliability, subject to cost restrictions, and considering security conditions in steady state, using the smallest singular value technique. The objective function will be defined as stochastic function, where the measure of interests is the smallest singular value of the Jacobian matrix of power flows solution of the most severe event according to the evaluation of reliability of the generation transmission system, this formulation is a combination of integer and continuous non linear programming, where the conventional mathematical programming algorithms present difficulties in robustness and global optimal search. The fault in generation units is determined by using the state sampling together with the transmission system by Monte Carlo simulation for a desired load level. For events where violations in security exist (lines loading, violation in voltage in load nodes and violation in reactive power of generation nodes) a model of active and reactive power dispatch is used in order to correct these violations by means of the exact penalty function linear programming technique to proceeded to determine the stability of voltage in steady state by means of the smallest singular value technique and the participation factors of nodes

  8. Hydroelectric microcentrals for small consumption centers; Microcentrales hidroelectricas para pequenos centros de consumo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Angeles A, V. H.; Espino C, F. P. [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico); Buitron Sanchez, H. C. [Programa de Ahorro de Energia para el Sector Electrico, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1995-12-31

    The utilization of alternate energy sources (wind power, solar and hydro to small scale) represents an option for the rural electrification. This paper analyzes the case of hydro microgeneration, for this purpose the mechanical and electrical fitting are mainly discussed. For the mechanical re-equipment the turbine types that can be used are fundamentally presented and how they can be selected. As to the electrical re-equipment the different types of electric generators are discussed, as well as the form of selecting them, the operation, the control and the protection in the hydroelectric microcentrals. [Espanol] La utilizacion de fuentes alternas de energia (eolica, solar e hidraulica a pequena escala) representan una alternativa para la electrificacion rural. Este trabajo trata del caso de la microgeneracion hidraulica para la cual se discuten principalmente, alternativas para el equipamiento mecanico y electrico. Para el equipamiento mecanico se presentan fundamentalmente los tipos de turbinas que pueden ser utilizadas y como se pueden seleccionar. En cuanto al equipo electrico se manejan los diferentes tipos de generadores, la forma de seleccionarlos, la operacion, el control y la proteccion en las microcentrales hidroelectricas.

  9. Hydroelectric microcentrals for small consumption centers; Microcentrales hidroelectricas para pequenos centros de consumo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Angeles A, V H; Espino C, F P [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico); Buitron Sanchez, H C [Programa de Ahorro de Energia para el Sector Electrico, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1996-12-31

    The utilization of alternate energy sources (wind power, solar and hydro to small scale) represents an option for the rural electrification. This paper analyzes the case of hydro microgeneration, for this purpose the mechanical and electrical fitting are mainly discussed. For the mechanical re-equipment the turbine types that can be used are fundamentally presented and how they can be selected. As to the electrical re-equipment the different types of electric generators are discussed, as well as the form of selecting them, the operation, the control and the protection in the hydroelectric microcentrals. [Espanol] La utilizacion de fuentes alternas de energia (eolica, solar e hidraulica a pequena escala) representan una alternativa para la electrificacion rural. Este trabajo trata del caso de la microgeneracion hidraulica para la cual se discuten principalmente, alternativas para el equipamiento mecanico y electrico. Para el equipamiento mecanico se presentan fundamentalmente los tipos de turbinas que pueden ser utilizadas y como se pueden seleccionar. En cuanto al equipo electrico se manejan los diferentes tipos de generadores, la forma de seleccionarlos, la operacion, el control y la proteccion en las microcentrales hidroelectricas.

  10. Control, protection and measuring switchboards; Tableros de control, proteccion y medicion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Marron Pena, Gustavo A. [Luz y Fuerza del Centro, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    Basically a switchboard is a cabinet or panel that contains equipment for protection of measuring and control high tension electric power components of high tension, such as: transmission power lines, power station generators or power plants, power transformers, and distribution feeders. In this paper the importance of control, Protection and Measuring Switchboards is discussed and the power installations of the national electric system is analyzed and finally, a description is made of the quality system applied in the manufacture of switchboards at Luz y Fuerza del Centro in accordance with ISO-9000 and NMX-CC Standards [Espanol] Un tablero basicamente es un gabinete o panel que contiene equipos que sirven para proteger, medir y controlar componentes electricos de potencia en alta tension, como son: lineas de transmision, generadores de centrales o plantas electricas, transformadores de potencia y alimentadores de distribucion. En este documento se analiza la importancia de los tableros de control, la proteccion y medicion en las instalaciones de potencia del sistema electrico nacional y por ultimo se describe el sistema de calidad aplicado en la fabricacion de tableros de Luz y Fuerza del Centro de acuerdo con las normas ISO-9000 y NMX-CC

  11. The electric energy and the environment in Mexico. Volume 3; Energia electrica y medio ambiente en Mexico. Volumen 3

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Quintanilla Martinez, Juan [eds.] [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    This document is the third one of three volumes of the 1. Seminar on the Current Conditions and Perspectives of the Electric Sector in Mexico, organized by the Programa Universitario de Energia and the Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas (University Program of Energy and the Institute of Economic Research), both of them agencies of the Universidad Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM). The titles of the three volumes are the following: Volume 1.- The opening of the Mexican Electric Sector to foreign investment. Volume 2.- Concrete innovation and technological learning experiences at the Luz y Fuerza del Centro enterprise. Volume 3.- The Electric Energy and the Environment in Mexico. This third volume covers the following subjects: Hydroelectricity, land use and water managing; the electric generation in Mexico and its environmental impact, the nuclear electricity and the handling of radioactive materials; the exposure to electromagnetic fields and its association with children`s leukemia; the energy in Mexico and the sustainable development; potential of electricity generation in large scale with wind power in Mexico; towards a scheme of distributed electric power generation with non-conventional energies and renewable energy sources in Mexico in the 21Century. These documents were elaborated by specialists of the electric sector, from the sector itself as well as from private and public academic entities [Espanol] Este documento constituye el tercero de tres volumenes del Primer Seminario sobre Situacion y Perspectivas del Sector Electrico en Mexico, organizado por el Programa Universitario de Energia y el Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas, ambas dependencias de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM). Los titulos de los tres volumenes son los siguientes: volumen 1: La apertura externa del sector electrico mexicano, volumen 2: Experiencias concretas de innovacion y aprendizaje tecnologico en la empresa Luz y Fuerza del Centro, volumen 3: Energia electrica

  12. Solar system design to heating water for a biodigester; Diseno de un sistema solar de calentamiento de agua para un biodigestor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gutierrez Castro, Lucia Monica; Quinto Diez, Pedro [Escuela Superior de Ingenieria Mecanica y Electrica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)]. E-mail: moni-80-lgc@hotmail.com; pqd510@hotmail.com; Tovar Galvez, Luis Raul [Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones de Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)]. E-mail: ltovarg@ipn.mx

    2010-11-15

    In this paper a Solar System of Heating Water (SSHW) to provide energy to a biodigester which produces biogas located in the Interdisciplinary Center of Investigation of Studies About Environment and Development (CIIEMAD) is assessed. This evaluation is made by means of the f Method considerating the extraterrestrial radiation, the earth radiation in the zone and the necessary energy to maintain at 55 degrees Celsius the mixture inside the biodigester. The data were introduced in the SOLAR program to calculate both the harnessing area m{sup 2} and the storage capacity in L/m{sup 2}. To guarantee the good performance of the SSHW, a control and monitoring system for the temperature of the mix inside the biodigester is proposed. It also controls the input and output temperature to the solar collectors, as well as the cost analysis which shows the savings of fuel of the SSHW with a conventional system to heating water. [Spanish] En este articulo se evalua un sistema solar de calentamiento de agua (SSCA) para proveer energia a un biodigestor que forma parte del sistema de generacion de biogas (SGB) ubicado en el Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones de Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD). Dicha evaluacion se realiza por medio del Metodo f de diseno que considera datos de radiacion terrestre, radiacion extraterrestre sobre la zona y la energia necesaria para mantener la temperatura de la mezcla dentro del biodigestor a 55 grados centigrados. Los datos fueron introducidos en el programa SOLAR para el calculo del area de captacion en m{sup 2} y la capacidad de almacenamiento en L/m{sup 2}. Para garantizar el buen funcionamiento del SSCA se propone un sistema de control y monitoreo de la temperatura de la mezcla dentro del biodigestor. Tambien se controla la temperatura de entrada y salida a los colectores solares, asi como el analisis de costos que muestra el ahorro de combustible del SSCA con un sistema convencional de calentamiento de agua.

  13. Planning the expansion of transmission with evolutionary programming; Planeacion de la expansion de transmision con programacion evolutiva

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ceciliano Meza, Jose Luis; Nieva Gomez, Rolando [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico)

    1999-07-01

    A method of evolutionary programming for the planning of transmission networks in electrical power systems is presented. This is a whole problem mixed and nonlinear, with a combinatory nature that leads to a very large number of possible solutions for electrical systems of medium and large scale. The problem of transmission planning is described briefly and later it is formulated in mathematical terms. The proposed algorithm of evolutionary programming is applied to a large scale network that is representative of the Mexican electrical system. [Spanish] Se presenta un metodo de programacion evolutiva para la planeacion de redes de transmision en sistemas electricos de potencia. Este es un problema entero mixto y no lineal, con una naturaleza combinatoria que conduce a un numero muy grande de soluciones posibles para sistemas electricos de mediana y gran escala. Se describe brevemente el problema de planeacion de transmision y posteriormente se formula en terminos matematicos. El algoritmo propuesto de programacion evolutiva se aplica a una red electrica de gran escala que es representativa del sistema electrico Mexicano.

  14. Thermal analysis of the integration of an ammonia plant; Analisis de la integracion termica de una planta de amoniaco

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arriola Medellin, Alejandro M.; Huante Perez, Liborio; Rodriguez Martinez, J. Hugo; Alcaraz Calderon, A. Moises [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)]. E-mail: aarriola@iie.org.mx; lhp@iie.org.mx; jhrm@iie.org.mx; malcaraz@iie.org.mx

    2010-11-15

    In this paper the thermal integration of an existing ammonia plant is evaluated using the Pinch Analysis tools. It is shown the design criteria that would have to fulfill the heat recovery network to take advantage of process streams thermal potentials. It was identified the heat recovery equipment that induces energy losses by incorrect streams selection, and the economic implications. [Spanish] En este trabajo se evalua la integracion termica de una planta existente de amoniaco usando las herramientas del analisis Pinch. Se muestran los criterios de diseno que deberian de cumplir las redes de recuperacion de calor, para aprovechar al maximo el potencial termico de las corrientes del proceso. Tomando como base dichos criterios se analizo el diseno la red de recuperacion de calor de la planta existente, identificando los equipos de recuperacion de calor que generan perdidas de calor por la seleccion incorrecta de las corrientes. Se estiman las perdidas economicas derivadas del diseno ineficiente de la red.

  15. Project of renewable energy for agriculture; Proyecto de energia renovable para la agricultura

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Montufar Avilez, Octavio [FIRCO (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    The document presents a general design of the hydraulic system, a hydraulic design of cattle ranch and a hydraulic design by dripping. It also discusses the components of the energy project, which are: institutional fortification, promotion and diffusion, market development (studies), specifications and certification, investments, technical support and direction of the project. The objective of this project is to diminish ignorance in the sector, to reduce the investment costs and to obtain a long term-sustainable effect. [Spanish] En este documento se describe un diseno general del sistema hidraulico, un diseno hidraulico de ganaderia, un diseno hidraulico por goteo y los componentes del proyecto de energia que son: fortalecimiento institucional, promocion y difusion, desarrollo del mercado (estudios), especificaciones y certificacion, inversiones, asistencia tecnica y direccion del proyecto. El objetivo de este proyecto es minimizar el desconocimiento en el sector, reducir los costos de inversion y que el efecto sea sostenible a largo plazo.

  16. Calculation of sensitivities in electrical systems with SIFLETCA devices; Calculo de sensibilidades en sistemas electricos con dispositivos SIFLETCA

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rubio Marroquin, Gabriel Omar

    2004-03-15

    de potencia (CUFP). Ademas, se desarrolla en esta tesis las ecuaciones utilizadas en el Jacobiano del metodo Newton-Raphson, para resolver flujos de potencia incluyendo los dispositivos SIFLETCA. Se muestra diferentes aplicaciones que se tienen al instalar un dispositivo, tales como prevencion de flujos en anillo, barrera electronica, incremento en la capacidad de transmision y especificacion del flujo de potencia en lineas de transmision. Por otra parte, se desarrolla en la tesis un analisis de sensibilidades de un sistema de potencia en estado estacionario. Tambien se proponen en la tesis los parametros de control para los cuales se calcula las sensibilidades. Asimismo, se utiliza un indice de desempeno para medir el grado de congestion de un sistema electrico. Al calcular las sensibilidades se utiliza los resultados obtenidos de los flujos de potencia. Se usa 4 redes electricas para encontrar donde se debe situar cada dispositivo SIFLETCA para reducir la congestion en el sistema. Tambien, se compara el metodo desarrollado en la tesis con un metodo de sensibilidades que emplea flujos de CD para validacion y mostrar las ventajas de usar el metodo Newton en flujos de potencia.

  17. Analysis, simulation and control of electromagnetic transients in gas insulated substations in SF6 by means of grounding grid; Analisis, simulacion y control de transitorios electromagneticos en subestaciones aisladas en SF6 por medio de redes de tierra

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez Martinez, Gaston

    2007-12-15

    The use of SF6 substations is actually an extensive practice in industrial countries. Some of they replace conventional air substations and the others are new designs in the range of 34.5 kV to 1000 kV. During the switching events in a GIS substation, very fast transients overvoltage may appear and originate faults, malfunctions in the electronic and control equipment, besides the risk by electrical discharge in the personnel who are working in the substation. These overvoltage are produced by the collapse of the electric field on GIS terminals during switching events originating Very Fast Transient Overvoltage (VFTO) and the increase of the Transient Enclosure Voltage (TEV). This investigation is focused on diminishing the magnitude of the VFTO and TEV by designing and redesigning grounding grids for gas insulated substations in SF6. The objective of this work is to design a grounding grid for an air substation and redesign it for a GIS substation. The computer simulation uses a detailed model of the substation in SF6 interconnected with an aerial grounding grid and by adding methodologically grounding rods, the VFTO and TEV within the GIS are reduced. The results of the computer simulation show that the designed grounding grid allows considerably diminishing the magnitude of the VFTO; nevertheless this design doesn't appropriately attenuate the TEV magnitude. [Spanish] Hoy en dia, el uso de subestaciones GIS se ha generalizado. Algunas reemplazan a las subestaciones aereas y otras son de nueva creacion y se instalan en tensiones de 34.5kV hasta 1000 kV. Durante las operaciones de maniobra de la subestacion GIS, se presentan sobretensiones transitorias ultra rapidas que pueden dar origen a diversas fallas, a un malfuncionamiento del equipo electronico y de control asi como el riesgo por descarga electrica al personal que labora en la subestacion. Estas sobretensiones se producen debido al colapso del campo electrico en terminales del interruptor ante

  18. Study of thermal behavior of three different housing prototypes, for a desertic climate; Estudio de comportamiento termico de tres prototipos de vivienda, para un clima desertico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bojorquez, Gonzalo; Gallegos, Ricardo; Luna, Anibal [Universidad Autonoma de Baja Callifornia, Mexicali, Baja California (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    The design of housing in Mexico, does not considers the thermal simulation as a support tool. This situation generates projects that are not thermally apt for the natural environment. The use of the thermal simulation to evaluate a building doesn't represents by itself the possibility of internal thermal comfort for the user, but rather it determines the saving levels of energy on air conditioning. The objective of this work is to quantitatively show how a proposal formally designed for a specific climate, plus the use of environmental strategies to adapt it to the climate, has minor climatic requirements than when these factors are not considered. For the development purposes of this work, three different housing prototypes were selected. Two of them where designed according to the climate and using environmental adequation strategies. The thermal behavior was simulated for each case, and the maximum climatic requirement was calculated according to the construction volume. In near future, the use of the thermal simulation to evaluate design proposals and existing buildings must be considered as a basic tool in Mexico, not just for specialists in the area of thermal evaluation, but for all those implicated in the architecture and construction. [Spanish] El diseno de vivienda en Mexico, no considera como herramienta de apoyo la simulacion termica, lo que genera proyectos no aptos termicamente al medio ambiente. El uso de la modelacion termica para la evaluacion de un edificio, no solo representa la posibilidad de confort termico del usuario, sino que determina el nivel de ahorro energetico por climatizacion artificial. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar cuantitativamente como una vivienda disenada con estrategias de adecuacion ambiental, tiene un requerimiento de climatizacion menor que aquella donde su diseno no considera el clima donde se proyecta. Para el desarrollo del trabajo se seleccionaron tres prototipos de vivienda diferentes, en dos de los cuales

  19. Pulse generator for bias materials in the plasma immerse ion implantation process; Generador de pulsos para polarizar materiales en el proceso de implantacion de iones inmersos en plasma

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lopez Callegas, Regulo; Valencia Alvarado, Raul; Munoz Castro, Arturo Eduardo; Godoy Cabrera, Oscar Gerardo [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Moreno Saavedra, Hilda; Gonzalez Colin, Mireya; Mariano Escamilla, Hector Fernando [Instituto Tecnologico de Toluca, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

    2003-10-15

    The 0-10 kV pulse generator has been designed, with 100 {mu}s duration and 1-100 Hz frequencies ranges. The use of the pulse generator is in the plasma immersed ion implantation technique (P III). The process was realized in 304 austenitic stainless steel, the results were analyzed by: SEM, X-rays diffraction and hardness Vickers. The hardness was increased due to the efficiency of the pulse generator and P III process, the results obtained showed that the nitrogen inside the stainless steel was implanted and besides some nitrides was formed and therefore the hardness was increased. Also, the more adequate work pressure was determined to carry out the P III process. [Spanish] Se presenta el diseno de un generador de pulsos de alto voltaje con amplitudes controladas de hasta 10 kV, la duracion maxima de los pulsos es del orden de los 100 {mu}s y frecuencia de repeticion en el intervalo de 1-100 Hz. La aplicacion de este generador de pulsos es para el proceso de implantacion de iones en materiales inmersos en plasmas (PIII). Los analisis hechos a los aceros austeniticos cedula 304 mediante microscopia electronica de barrido, difraccion de rayos X y dureza Vickers, muestran la eficiencia obtenida con el generador de pulsos en el proceso PIII, debido a que en el acero inoxidable se presenta un incremento en el nitrogeno y conformacion de algunos nitruros, lo cual da lugar al incremento de la dureza. Asimismo, se determino la presion de trabajo mas adecuada para llevar a cabo el proceso PIII.

  20. Models for power transformers monitoring in the intelligent electrical network: humidity and temperature of bubble generation; Modelos para el monitoreo de transformadores de potencia en la red electrica inteligente: humedad y temperatura de generacion de burbujas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Linan Garcia, Roberto; Ponce Noyola, David; Guzman Lopez, Arali [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Betancourt Ramirez, Enrique; Tamez Torres, Gerardo [PROLEC GE, (Mexico)

    2013-03-01

    This paper presents the development of two experimental models in order to ensure reliable operation of power transformers under emergency overload conditions. The first model estimates the moisture distribution in the transformer windings, while the second model estimates the safe operating temperature and time before steam bubbles generation presents. Additionally, an electronic device was designed and built, using the models developed, in order to monitor in real time both parameters. This device allows a more reliable operation of the transmission network, considering the transformers condition. [Spanish] Este documento presenta el desarrollo de dos modelos experimentales para asegurar la operacion confiable de transformadores de potencia bajo condiciones de sobrecarga de emergencia. El primer modelo estima la temperatura de operacion segura y el tiempo antes de que ocurra la generacion de burbujas de vapor. Ademas, se diseno y construyo un dispositivo electronico, usando los modelos desarrollados, con el fin de monitorear en tiempo real ambos parametros. Este dispositivo permite una operacion mas confiable de la red de transmision, considerando la condicion de los transformadores.

  1. Harmonic pollution produced by low power nonlinear loads: mathematical model and practical cases; Contaminacion armonica producida por cargas no lineales de baja potencia: modelo matematico y casos practicos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mora Barajas, M.A.; Banuelos Sanchez, P. [Universidad de las Americas Puebla (Mexico)]. E-mail: marco.morabs@udlap.mx; pedro.banuelos@udlap.mx

    2010-04-15

    Many household electrical appliances like televisions, video recorders and computers are sources of voltage and current harmonics, which increase power losses and contaminate the AC power line. These harmonics can cause serious problems in both, utilities and electrical equipment connected to the same AC line. This paper shows a mathematical analysis of harmonics content on the electrical current for a circuit representing a non linear residential load. A comparative harmonic distortion study produced by the residential loads on the electrical power lines, measured experimentally, is also shown. [Spanish] Muchos de los aparatos electricos que tenemos en casa como televisores, videograbadoras y computadoras, generan armonicos de voltaje y de corriente que incrementan las perdidas de potencia y contaminan las lineas de suministro electrico, pudiendo ocasionar severos danos tanto a las redes de energia como a los equipos que de ellas se alimentan. En este articulo se muestra un analisis matematico del contenido armonico en la corriente de un circuito que representa a una carga residencial no lineal. Ademas, a partir de mediciones electricas realizadas de manera experimental, se presente un estudio comparativo de la contaminacion armonica que este tipo de cargas introduce a las lineas de suministro electrico.

  2. Standardization for electric energy saving; Normalizacion para el ahorro de energia electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reyes Diaz, Arturo [Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1994-12-31

    This work describes shortly the current legislation on the standardization; as well as the participation of the entities Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE) and Programa de Ahorro de Energia (PAESE) in the consulting committees, for the elaboration of the Mexican official standards focussed to electric power saving. [Espanol] El presente trabajo, describe brevemente la legislacion actual sobre la normalizacion; asi como la participacion de las entidades Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE) y Programa de ahorro de Energia (PAESE) en los comites consultivos, para la elaboracion de normas oficiales mexicanas enfocadas al ahorro de energia electrica.

  3. Standardization for electric energy saving; Normalizacion para el ahorro de energia electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reyes Diaz, Arturo [Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1993-12-31

    This work describes shortly the current legislation on the standardization; as well as the participation of the entities Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE) and Programa de Ahorro de Energia (PAESE) in the consulting committees, for the elaboration of the Mexican official standards focussed to electric power saving. [Espanol] El presente trabajo, describe brevemente la legislacion actual sobre la normalizacion; asi como la participacion de las entidades Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE) y Programa de ahorro de Energia (PAESE) en los comites consultivos, para la elaboracion de normas oficiales mexicanas enfocadas al ahorro de energia electrica.

  4. Design and construction of an electrolyte PEM test; Diseno y construccion de un electrolizador PEM de prueba

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez-Huerta, R. G.; Santillan-Aragon, G. [Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)]. E-mail: rosgonzalez_h@yahoo.com.mx; Solorza-Feria, O. [CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

    2009-09-15

    llevar a cabo estos estudios se requiere contar con el equipo necesario para realizar los estudios electroquimicos y determinar la estabilidad y desempeno de distintos electrocatalizadores. En este trabajo se presenta el diseno y construccion de un electrolizador de prueba tipo PEM para determinar el desempeno de distintos electrocatalizadores anodicos. Su area activa es de 4 cm{sup 2}, su estructura es de grafito y las mallas distribuidoras de corriente son de acero inoxidable. Se determino su desempeno utilizando como electrocatalizadores anodicos Pt/C E-Tek al 10% y una mezcla 50%-50%, 25%-75% y 75%-25% de RuO{sub 2}-IrO{sub 2}. Los autores agradecen el apoyo financiero otorgado por el ICYTDF (PICS08-37), al IPN (SIP-20090433) y al Arq. Nestor Romero por el maquinado del electrolizador.

  5. General diagnosis on the control of the pollution by combustion gases of the fossil fueled power plants of the Instituto Ecuatoriano de Electrificacion (INECEL); Diagnostico general del control de la contaminacion de los gases de la combustion en las centrales termoelectricas del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Electrificacion (INECEL)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Romero Arce, Efren [Central Termica Gonzalo Zevallos, (Ecuador)

    1997-12-31

    In this paper are presented the characteristics of the electric sector of Ecuador, its interconnected system, the principal laws in effect on the prevention and control of the environmental pollution related to the electric sector and an overview of the pollution control in the fossil fueled power plants of the Instituto Ecuatoriano de Electrificacion (INECEL) [Espanol] En este trabajo se presentan las caracteristicas del Sector Electrico del Ecuador, su Sistema Nacional Interconectado, las principales leyes vigentes en el pais sobre la prevencion y control de la contaminacion ambiental relacionadas con el sector electrico y, un panorama general con respecto al control de la contaminacion en las centrales termoelectricas del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Electrificacion (INECEL)

  6. General diagnosis on the control of the pollution by combustion gases of the fossil fueled power plants of the Instituto Ecuatoriano de Electrificacion (INECEL); Diagnostico general del control de la contaminacion de los gases de la combustion en las centrales termoelectricas del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Electrificacion (INECEL)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Romero Arce, Efren [Central Termica Gonzalo Zevallos, (Ecuador)

    1996-12-31

    In this paper are presented the characteristics of the electric sector of Ecuador, its interconnected system, the principal laws in effect on the prevention and control of the environmental pollution related to the electric sector and an overview of the pollution control in the fossil fueled power plants of the Instituto Ecuatoriano de Electrificacion (INECEL) [Espanol] En este trabajo se presentan las caracteristicas del Sector Electrico del Ecuador, su Sistema Nacional Interconectado, las principales leyes vigentes en el pais sobre la prevencion y control de la contaminacion ambiental relacionadas con el sector electrico y, un panorama general con respecto al control de la contaminacion en las centrales termoelectricas del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Electrificacion (INECEL)

  7. Conventional and intelligent generalized supervisory control for combined cycle generating power stations.; Control supervisiorio generalizado convencional e inteligente para centrales de generacion de ciclo combinado

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Martinez M, Miguel A; Sanchez P, Marino [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Gonzalez Rubio S, Jose L [Cento Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo Tecnologico (Cenidet), Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    Under the expectations of expansion of electric power generation in Mexico, this work exposes the development of a conventional and intelligent generalized supervisory control (CSG) for a combined cycle generation power plant. This one allows to obtain the optimal operation of the power plant through the automatic starting of the generating units and to obtain the maximum possible amount of electrical power in automatic and safe form. For the development of the CSG a control loop by temperature was implemented for the gas turbine system and a control loop by strangled pressure for the gas turbine and a control loop by strangled pressure for the steam turbine. The design of these supervisory systems was made with base in the critical limits on the involved variables of the process: blading average temperature, for the gas turbine (GT) and strangled pressure for the steam turbine (ST) [Spanish] Bajo estas expectativas de expansion de generacion de energia en Mexico, este trabajo expone el desarrollo de un control supervisorio generalizado (CSG) para una central generacion de ciclo combinado. Este permite lograr la operacion optima de la planta a traves del arranque automatico de las unidades generadoras y obtener la maxima cantidad posible de potencia electrica en forma automatica y segura. Para el desarrollo del CSG se implanto un lazo de control por temperatura para el sistema de turbina de gas y un lazo de control por presion estrangulada para la turbina de gas y un lazo de control por presion estrangulada para la turbina de vapor. El diseno de estos sistemas supervisorio se realizo con base en los limites criticos de las variables del proceso involucradas: temperatura promedio de empaletado para la turbina de gas (TG) y presion estrangulada para la turbina de vapor (TV)

  8. Wind power project; Proyecto eolico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Borja D, Marco A. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2003-07-01

    In the international scope, nowadays it is recognized that the wind power generation is an innovating activity of high technology that has been integrated to the electrical systems in order to diversify the power generation and to foment the sustainable development. In several industrialized countries no one discusses any longer if wind power generation is a viable alternative or not, because in the last ten years the facts have widely demonstrated their technical viability and environmental advantage with respect to the conventional generation schemes. [Spanish] En el ambito internacional, hoy en dia se reconoce que la generacion eoloelectrica es una actividad innovadora de alta tecnologia que se ha integrado a los sistemas electricos con el proposito de diversificar la generacion de electricidad y fomentar el desarrollo sustentable. En varios paises industrializados ya no se discute si la generacion eoloelectrica es una alternativa viable o no, pues en los ultimos diez anos los hechos han demostrado ampliamente su viabilidad tecnica y ventaja ambiental respecto a la generacion convencional.

  9. Carbon in Spanish electric system; El carbon en el sistema electrico espanol

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Menendez Perez, E.; Camara Rascon, A.

    2002-07-01

    In this document is analysed the electrical Spanish system in the horizon of the three next decades, revising the different sources of generation, but with the look focused specifically toward the paper that the coal must play in the same, having basically to debit the questions of energetic security, environmental incidence that implies the use of the coal, and the social and economic aspects. (Author)

  10. Diagnosis system for nozzles in high voltage equipment; Sistema de diagnostico para boquillas en equipos de alta tension

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ramirez Nino, Jose; Escorsa Morales, Oscar [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico); Lopez Azamar, Ernesto [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    boquillas y que permitan prever su posible falla, el Instituto de investigaciones electricas (IIE) realizo para el laboratorio de pruebas de equipos y, materiales (LAPEM) de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), un proyecto para el desarrollo de un sistema para la medicion de corrientes capacitivas en estos equipos. Este sistema permite determinar la variacion en capacitancia y perdidas dielectricas, asi como la presencia de descargas parciales internas en boquillas de 115, 230 y 400 kV. Con esta informacion es posible determinar el estado del aislamiento interno de las boquillas y retirarlas del servicio antes de que se produzca un deterioro que ponga en peligro la integridad del equipo. La gerencia de equipos electricos del Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas desarrollo para el LAPEM un sistema que mide corrientes capacitivas de boquillas de transformadores de potencia. Este sistema se diseno con el fin de instalarse en un transformador de maquina de 400 kV en la central termoelectrica de Tula, Hidalgo, de la Comision Federal de Electricidad.

  11. Temperature control of a steam generator by means of an hybrid system PID-RLC; Control de las temperaturas de un generador de vapor mediante un sistema hibrido PID-RLC

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Palomares Gonzalez, Daniel; Garcia Mendoza, Raul [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1991-12-31

    A description is made of the design and evaluation of an hybrid control system, formed by a quadratic gaussian linear regulator (QLR) and proportional integral derivative (PID) type regulators. This scheme is used to control the reheater and secondary superheater steam temperatures of a steam generator model with a maximum capacity of 2,150,000 pounds per hour. Once applied to the model of a 300 MW steam power plant, this system showed better results than the traditional schemes and inclusively better than some modern control schemes. This fact characterizes it as a high potential system to be applied to steam power plants. [Espanol] Se describe el diseno y la evaluacion de un sistema de control hibrido, formado por un regulador lineal cuadratico gaussiano (RLC) y reguladores tipo proporcional integral derivativo (PID). Este esquema se utiliza para controlar las temperaturas de vapor del recalentador y sobrecalentador secundario del modelo de un generador de vapor con capacidad maxima de 2,150,000 libras por hora. Una vez aplicado al modelo de una unidad termoelectrica de 300 MW, este sistema produjo mejores resultados que los esquemas tradicionales e incluso mejores que algunos esquemas de control moderno. Esto lo caracteriza como un sistema con un alto potencial para aplicarse a unidades termoelectricas.

  12. Temperature control of a steam generator by means of an hybrid system PID-RLC; Control de las temperaturas de un generador de vapor mediante un sistema hibrido PID-RLC

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Palomares Gonzalez, Daniel; Garcia Mendoza, Raul [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1990-12-31

    A description is made of the design and evaluation of an hybrid control system, formed by a quadratic gaussian linear regulator (QLR) and proportional integral derivative (PID) type regulators. This scheme is used to control the reheater and secondary superheater steam temperatures of a steam generator model with a maximum capacity of 2,150,000 pounds per hour. Once applied to the model of a 300 MW steam power plant, this system showed better results than the traditional schemes and inclusively better than some modern control schemes. This fact characterizes it as a high potential system to be applied to steam power plants. [Espanol] Se describe el diseno y la evaluacion de un sistema de control hibrido, formado por un regulador lineal cuadratico gaussiano (RLC) y reguladores tipo proporcional integral derivativo (PID). Este esquema se utiliza para controlar las temperaturas de vapor del recalentador y sobrecalentador secundario del modelo de un generador de vapor con capacidad maxima de 2,150,000 libras por hora. Una vez aplicado al modelo de una unidad termoelectrica de 300 MW, este sistema produjo mejores resultados que los esquemas tradicionales e incluso mejores que algunos esquemas de control moderno. Esto lo caracteriza como un sistema con un alto potencial para aplicarse a unidades termoelectricas.

  13. Estimation of charges for services of transmission of electrical energy between regions of the national electrical system; Estimacion de cargos por servicios de transmision de energia electrica entre regiones del sistema electrico nacional

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Inda Ruiz, Adrian; Flores Alba, Dora Elia [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Escobar Lopez, Akihito [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2002-07-01

    In order to facilitate the answer of the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) to the requests of services of transmission of authorized or potential licensees, this organism devised the construction of matrices of charges that allow in a fast and direct way for specific transactions, to know the charges in which different types of transmission services incur classified by transport levels and by tension levels in which the service is asked for. These tables could be published in the media that might be judged advisable, in order that the applicant licensees have access to a preliminary estimation of the charges for the required services, without the need of going, for one first estimation, directly to the CFE for their calculation. This article presents the results of the development of a calculation tool that allows estimating, in a fast and efficient way, charges for transmission services between regions of the national electrical system. [Spanish] Para facilitar la respuesta de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) a las solicitudes de servicios de transmision de permisionarios autorizados o potenciales, esta ideo la construccion de matrices de cargos que permitan de manera rapida y directa para transacciones especificas, conocer los cargos en que incurren diferentes tipos de servicios de transmision clasificados por niveles de transporte y por niveles de tension en los que se solicita el servicio. Dichas tablas podran ser publicadas en los medios que se juzguen convenientes, con el fin de que los permisionarios solicitantes tengan acceso a una estimacion preliminar de los cargos por los servicios requeridos, sin necesidad de acudir, para una primera estimacion, directamente a la CFE para su calculo. Este articulo presenta los resultados del desarrollo de una herramienta de calculo que permite estimar, de manera rapida y eficiente, matrices de cargos por servicios de transmision entre regiones del sistema electrico nacional.

  14. Distribution electric system simulator to support decision-making for CFE (Federal Electric Commission) Distribution Control Centers; Simulador del Sistema Electrico de Distribucion para apoyo en la toma de decisiones en Centros de Control de Distribucion de la CFE

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Espinosa Reza, Alfredo; Quintero Reyes, Agustin; Garcia Mendoza, Raul; Calleros Torres, Tito Manuel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Borjas Diaz, Jesus Fidel; Sierra Rodriguez, Benjamin; Torres Abrego, Rafael [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2011-07-01

    This article presents the physical, logical and functional architecture designed to integrate the Electric Distribution System (EDS) simulator developed for the CFE and the electric energy Distribution Control Centers in Mexico. The objective of the EDS simulator is to integrate engineering distribution functions (power flow, short circuit, optimal reconfiguration and reliability, among others) and an expert system (Case-based Reasoning) to aid the process of information analysis, decision-making and the capacity-building of the CFE's Regional and Zonal Distribution Control Centers. The EDS simulator has been installed, updated and is operational in the Tampico Zone and the Gulf Division Distribution Center, as an established product that continually evolves along with the actual operating dynamics. [Spanish] Se presenta la arquitectura fisica, logica y funcional disenada para integrar el simulador del Sistema Electrico de Distribucion (SED) desarrollado para la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) y los Centros de Control de Distribucion de energia electrica en Mexico. El objetivo del simulador del SED es integrar funciones de ingenieria de distribucion (flujo de potencia, corto circuito, reconfiguracion optima, confiabilidad, entre otras) y un sistema experto (Razonamiento Basado en Casos) para apoyar el proceso de analisis de informacion, la toma de decisiones y la capacitacion en los Centros de Control de Distribucion Zonales y Regionales de CFE. El Simulador del SED se encuentra instalado, actualizado y en operacion en la Zona Tampico y en la Division de Distribucion Golfo Centro como un producto consolidado y en constante evolucion a la par de la dinamica operativa real.

  15. Insulator contamination effects; Efectos de la contaminacion en aislamientos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez, Lucia [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    Environmental contamination deteriorates the electric insulators, mechanically as well as electrically; the mechanical problems caused by contamination are related basically with materials corrosion and degradation and the electrical problems are related to the deterioration of their dielectric rigidity. From the electrical standpoint, the type of contamination that cause more problems are divided into: marine, desert and industrial. It is not uncommon to find various combinations of these types of contamination. When the electric installations operate in polluted environments, the insulator electric behavior deteriorates, provoking increments in the operation costs for maintenance as well as for replacement. Mexico has large extensions of coasts (marine contamination), where nowadays large cities and productions centers are developed (industrial pollution); also, in some cases for the energy transportation is necessary to go through large land extensions, where no vegetation of any kind exists. For this reason the contamination effect on the electric installations must be considered in order to obtain a reliable and economical energy supply. [Espanol] La contaminacion ambiental deteriora los aisladores electricos tanto mecanica como electricamente; los problemas mecanicos por contaminacion se relacionan en forma basica con la corrosion y degradacion de los materiales, y los electricos se vinculan con el deterioro de su rigidez dielectrica. Desde el punto de vista electrico, los tipos de contaminacion que mas problemas ocasionan se dividen en: marina, desertica e industrial. Es comun encontrar diversas combinaciones de estas. Cuando las instalaciones electricas operan en ambientes contaminados, el comportamiento electrico de los aisladores se deteriora, provocando incrementos en los costos de operacion, tanto por mantenimiento como por reposicion. Mexico cuenta con grandes extensiones de costas (contaminacion marina), donde actualmente se desarrollan ciudades y

  16. Insulator contamination effects; Efectos de la contaminacion en aislamientos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez, Lucia [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1986-12-31

    Environmental contamination deteriorates the electric insulators, mechanically as well as electrically; the mechanical problems caused by contamination are related basically with materials corrosion and degradation and the electrical problems are related to the deterioration of their dielectric rigidity. From the electrical standpoint, the type of contamination that cause more problems are divided into: marine, desert and industrial. It is not uncommon to find various combinations of these types of contamination. When the electric installations operate in polluted environments, the insulator electric behavior deteriorates, provoking increments in the operation costs for maintenance as well as for replacement. Mexico has large extensions of coasts (marine contamination), where nowadays large cities and productions centers are developed (industrial pollution); also, in some cases for the energy transportation is necessary to go through large land extensions, where no vegetation of any kind exists. For this reason the contamination effect on the electric installations must be considered in order to obtain a reliable and economical energy supply. [Espanol] La contaminacion ambiental deteriora los aisladores electricos tanto mecanica como electricamente; los problemas mecanicos por contaminacion se relacionan en forma basica con la corrosion y degradacion de los materiales, y los electricos se vinculan con el deterioro de su rigidez dielectrica. Desde el punto de vista electrico, los tipos de contaminacion que mas problemas ocasionan se dividen en: marina, desertica e industrial. Es comun encontrar diversas combinaciones de estas. Cuando las instalaciones electricas operan en ambientes contaminados, el comportamiento electrico de los aisladores se deteriora, provocando incrementos en los costos de operacion, tanto por mantenimiento como por reposicion. Mexico cuenta con grandes extensiones de costas (contaminacion marina), donde actualmente se desarrollan ciudades y

  17. Management of the Spanish Electric System; Gestion delsistema electrico Espanol

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Casajus, V.

    2004-07-01

    After expressing his thanks for being invited to the meeting, Victoriano Casajus said that the hoped he would not be invited again because that would mean there had been another zero, even though it didn't happen in Spain. Casajus also congratulated the Spanish nuclear power plants for their excellent operation. Before beginning his presentation, the director claimed that all of us who are involved in the Spanish electric system can be proud of having a system that is possible one of the best in the world, because it has an excellent generation mix, a tremendously balanced transmission grid and a regulatory system that, although it has its faults, is very capable of responding to society's demands. In his presentation, Casajus took stock of the growing demand for energy and power and provided data that show that the Spanish system has experienced a 43% increase in electric energy demand between 1996 and 2003. The problem is with peak demand. It is paradoxical that, in 1998, reaching 34,000 MW was a dream and now going below that figure is almost impossible. Growth of peak demand during those years was 46%. The Spanish fleet was developed in the 70s for three fundamental reasons: phase-out of liquid fuels, massive inroad of coal, and significant expansion of Spanish nuclear power. Starting in the 90s, construction of generating plants practically came to a standstill, although with the excess installed power and more or less new plants (almost all of them were less than 20 years old) it was possible to maintain 48% growth in demand. However, the coverage rate dropped from a value of 1,45 in 1996 to barely 1.10 in2001 and to 1.05 in 2002. in spite of the inclusion of the so-called renewable or special energies. The problem is that not all sources of energy provide the same coverage, and unmanageable energies cannot be considered for managing a system, added Casajus. The general director of Red Electrica noted that Spain has had problems associated with

  18. AnGel System for the diagnosis of generators in operation; Sistema AnGeL para el diagnostico de generadores en operacion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    De la Torre V, H. Octavio; Ramirez N, J. Tomas; Pascacio de los S, Alberth; Reyes M, Oscar A; Carrillo C, Jaime; Iturbe F, Marlene [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Ponce de Leon V, Eugenio [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    The continuous monitoring of the electrical variables of a generator allows the knowing of the operating status of the main components of the equipment, which is helpful at the time of emitting a diagnosis of the same one. System of diagnosis for generators of operation, denominated AnGel System (acronym of Analysis of Generators in Line). The system was developed by the Management of Electrical equipment of the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) and implemented in the six units of generation of the Manzanillo Thermoelectric Unit. The present article includes a description of the main components and functions. The world-wide tendency in monitoring systems of the fault statistics, were key elements in defining the variable to be monitored: Partial discharges (PD), Shaft current (SC), Neutral current (NC), Tangential Magnetic (TM) flux, Voltages and currents of line (as reference to the operation point). The main processes of deterioration that are intended to be observed with each one of these variables are described with greater thoroughness in the article Sistema AnGel: Aspectos teorico-practicos para el diagnostico de generadores en operacion (AnGel System: Theoretical-practical aspects for the diagnosis of generators in operation), contained in the section of Research Activities in this same issue of the IIE bulletin. [Spanish] La monitorizacion continua de las variables electricas de un generador permite conocer el estado operativo de los principales componentes del equipo, lo que es de ayuda a la hora de emitir un diagnostico del mismo. Sistema de diagnostico para generadores de operacion, denominado Sistema AnGeL (acronimo de Analisis de Generadores en Linea). El sistema fue desarrollado por la Gerencia de Equipos Electricos del IIE e implementado en las seis unidades de generacion del Complejo Termoelectrico Manzanillo. El presente articulo incluye una descripcion de los principales componentes y funciones. La tendencia mundial en sistemas de

  19. Modeling and identification for the adjustable control of generation processes; Modelado e identificacion para el control autoajustable de procesos de generacion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ricano Castillo, Juan Manuel; Palomares Gonzalez, Daniel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1990-12-31

    The recursive technique of the method of minimum squares is employed to obtain a multivariable model of the self regressive mobile mean type, needed for the design of a multivariable, self-adjustable controller self adjustable multivariable. In this article the employed technique and the results obtained are described with the characterization of the model structure and the parametric estimation. The convergency velocity curves are observed towards the parameters` numerical values. [Espanol] La tecnica recursiva del metodo de los minimos cuadrados se emplea para obtener un modelo multivariable de tipo autorregresivo de promedio movil, necesario para el diseno de un controlador autoajustable muitivariable. En el articulo, se describe la tecnica empleada y los resultados obtenidos con la caracterizacion de la estructura del modelo y la estimacion parametrica. Se observan las curvas de la velocidad de convergencia hacia los valores numericos de los parametros.

  20. Modeling and identification for the adjustable control of generation processes; Modelado e identificacion para el control autoajustable de procesos de generacion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ricano Castillo, Juan Manuel; Palomares Gonzalez, Daniel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1989-12-31

    The recursive technique of the method of minimum squares is employed to obtain a multivariable model of the self regressive mobile mean type, needed for the design of a multivariable, self-adjustable controller self adjustable multivariable. In this article the employed technique and the results obtained are described with the characterization of the model structure and the parametric estimation. The convergency velocity curves are observed towards the parameters` numerical values. [Espanol] La tecnica recursiva del metodo de los minimos cuadrados se emplea para obtener un modelo multivariable de tipo autorregresivo de promedio movil, necesario para el diseno de un controlador autoajustable muitivariable. En el articulo, se describe la tecnica empleada y los resultados obtenidos con la caracterizacion de la estructura del modelo y la estimacion parametrica. Se observan las curvas de la velocidad de convergencia hacia los valores numericos de los parametros.

  1. Marketing; La comercializacion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ortega Cardenas, Jose Luis [Luz y Fuerza del Centro, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    This document covers the subject of marketing in the electric subsector in Mexico, where the population demands greater and better services to satisfy the needs that are of the domestic, commercial, agricultural and industrial type in an environment each time more complex and global. For this reason the electric subsector must respond and collaborate for the attainment of the big strategic national objectives, established in the National Development Plan (1995-2000), respecting the specific objectives pointed out by the Program of the Electric Sector 1995-2000. The perspectives of the demand of the electric service are mentioned, as well as the contribution to the technology to improve the marketing function in the electric subsector, being this one the one that has permitted to make more efficient the marketing function. Therefore, the electric enterprises have before them the challenge and the opportunity of being able to satisfy the population demands in an effective and efficient way and with a spirit of service. A table of users by state and sails of the electric sector in GWh is portrayed [Espanol] El presente documento aborda el tema de la comercializacion en el subsector electrico en Mexico, en donde la poblacion demanda mayores y mejores servicios para satisfacer las necesidades que son de tipo domestico, comercial, agricola e industrial, en un entorno cada vez mas complejo y globalizado. Es por eso que el subsector electrico debe responder y coadyuvar en la consecucion de los grandes objetivos estrategicos nacionales, que se establecieron en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 1995-2000, debiendo acatar los objetivos especificos que se senalan en el Programa del Sector de la Energia 1995-2000. Se mencionan las perspectivas de la demanda del servicio de energia electrica, asi como la contribucion de la tecnologia para mejorar la funcion de comercializacion en el subsector electrico, siendo esta la que ha permitido eficientar la funcion de comercializacion. Por

  2. Operation planning of electrical power systems; Planeacion de operacion de sistemas electricos de potencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rivas, Elena [ed.; Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico)

    1999-07-01

    The development of a software that has facilitated and improved considerably the planning tasks, besides diminishing the production costs is presented. The software denominated Hydrothermal Coordination (HTC)(Coordinacion Hidrotermica (CHT)), was developed in the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), with this software the plan of short term operation of the generating units is determined. The software analyzes mathematically a great number of options regarding to the allocation of generation units and selects very close solutions, in cost, to the optimal one. It constitutes in addition an information system that stores the relevant data of each unit, useful for decision making. [Spanish] Se presenta el desarrollo de un software que ha facilitado y mejorado considerablemente las tareas de planeacion, ademas de disminuir los costos de produccion. El paquete denominado Coordinacion Hidrotermica (CHT), fue desarrollado en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE); con el se determina el plan de operacion a corto plazo de las unidades generadoras. El paquete analiza matematicamente un gran numero de opciones en lo que se refiere a la asignacion de unidades de generacion y selecciona soluciones muy cercanas, en costo, a la optima. Constituye ademas un sistema de informacion que almacena los datos relevantes de cada unidad, utiles para la toma de decisiones.

  3. Air Force Research Laboratory Success Stories : A Review of 2004

    Science.gov (United States)

    2004-01-01

    Phase IV performed a waveform characterization of the entire radar system. U Gain in the Electrico i Laboratory System Work sponsored by the AFRL...permanent disability, or death in recreational and professional activities that incorporate speed and agility, like auto racing, motorcycling, and skiing

  4. Operational Modelling of the Aerospace Propagation Environment. Volume II

    Science.gov (United States)

    1978-11-01

    hygrometer. Since the accuracy of hair hygrometeigis about 5% future measurements will he * performed by electrico ~ly ventilated aspiration pbychrometers...is described by a single parameter 0 . When tcne three parameters have been determined, properties of interest, such as the auto -correlation fu :tIon

  5. Potential of bioclimatic architecture for energy saving in buildings; Potencial de la arquitectura bioclimatica para ahorro de energia en edificios

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia Chavez, Jose Roberto [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1994-12-31

    The design and construction of current buildings has been characterized, most of all, in the last 30 years, for the lack of consideration in the design process of aspects that nowadays represent a fundamental importance. These aspects are related to energy conservation and environmental protection, with man as the main center of attention for the optimum satisfaction of its physiological as well as psychological needs. In this paper are presented the causes for the lack of consideration of the mentioned aspects and guidelines to follow are set forth for their integration in the design process. Also the architecture potential with a bioclimatic approach is analyzed, for energy saving in buildings. [Espanol] El diseno y construccion de edificios contemporaneos se ha caracterizado, sobre todo en los ultimos treinta anos, por la falta de consideracion en el proceso de diseno, de aspectos que hoy en dia revisten una importancia primordial. Estos aspectos se relacionan con la preservacion de la energia y del medio ambiente, teniendo al hombre como principal centro de atencion, para la satisfaccion optima de sus necesidades, tanto fisiologicas como psicologicas. En este trabajo, se presentan las causas de la falta de consideracion de los aspectos antes citados y se plantean las pautas a seguir para su integracion en el proceso de diseno. Asi mismo, se analiza el potencial de la arquitectura con un enfoque bioclimatico, para ahorro de energia en los edificios.

  6. Starting of the steam generator of a fossil fuel power plant, using predictive control based in a neuronal model; Arranque del generador de vapor de una central termoelectrica, usando control predictivo basado en un modelo neuronal

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gallardo Dominguez, Tonatiuh

    2004-09-15

    In this thesis work it is presented the design and implementation of a simulator of total scope of a predictive controller based in the neuronal model of the temperature in two stages of the heating of the steam generator of a fossil fuel power plant. An implemented control scheme is detailed, as well as the methodology for the identification of a neuronal model utilized for the control. Finally the results of the implementation in the simulator located at the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) are shown to be satisfactory. This control structure is not applied directly in closed circuit, but provides the value of the control actions to a human operator. [Spanish] En este trabajo de tesis se presenta el diseno e implementacion, en un simulador de alcance total, de un controlador predictivo basado en un modelo neuronal para el control de la temperatura en dos etapas del calentamiento del generador de vapor de una central termoelectrica. Se detalla el esquema de control implementado, asi como la metodologia de identificacion de un modelo neuronal utilizado para la sintesis del control. Finalmente se muestran los resultados de la implementacion en el simulador que se encuentra en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE); dichos resultados fueron satisfactorios. Esta estructura de control no se aplica directamente en lazo cerrado, sino que provee el valor de las acciones de control a un operador humano.

  7. Operation of the matrix converter as energy sources link of variable voltage; Operacion del convertidor matricial como enlace de fuentes de energia de voltaje variable

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lozano-Garcia, J. M; Hernandez-Figueroa, M. A; Estrada Garcia, H. J; Martinez-Patino, J [Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Salamanca, Guanajuato (Mexico)]. E-mails: jm.lozano@ugto.mx; mahf@ugto.mx; hestrada@ugto.mx; jesusmp23@ugto.mx

    2013-03-15

    Renewable energy technologies, as wind turbines, have had a remarkable penetration in power systems worldwide, causing that actual power grids became dependent and vulnerable to the variability of the energy generated by this type of resource. In that sense, power converters provide a crucial function in the performance of the overall electrical system when they are used as links between this type of generators and the power system. In this paper, a matrix converter is proposed as link device, to cope with distorted and variable voltages as the ones found in wind turbines operation where generated voltages are directly dependent on wind's speed. An analysis of its main functional characteristics when it operates subject to distorted input-voltage condition, in order to synthesize a set of output voltages with constant magnitude and frequency and without harmonic distortion, is presented. Numerical simulations and experimental results from a laboratory-scale prototype are presented to validate the converter performance. [Spanish] La gran penetracion que ha tenido la generacion de energia mediante recursos renovables, como los generadores eolicos, en el mercado energetico, han ocasionado que las redes electricas sean mas dependientes y vulnerables a la variabilidad de la energia que se genera con este tipo de recursos. En ese sentido, los convertidores de potencia utilizados como enlace entre este tipo de generadores y el sistema electrico son determinantes en el comportamiento final que se tendra en el sistema electrico. En el presente trabajo se propone la utilizacion del convertidor matricial como dispositivo de enlace y se analizan sus caracteristicas operativas en casos donde se requiere la generacion de senales de voltaje sinusoidales y con valores constantes tanto en magnitud como en frecuencia a partir de senales variables, situacion que se presenta comunmente en los aerogeneradores donde el voltaje generado depende directamente de la velocidad del

  8. Bioclimatic architecture in a social interest house; Arquitectura bioclimatica en la vivienda de interes social

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Morillon Galvez, David [Programa Universitario de Energia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    The bioclimatic architecture tries to promote one more type of design and to settle down bases to become aware and have a change of attitude toward the designing and use of the construction materials and equipment. The change consists in offering tools so that the designer and constructor consider the interaction of the environment over the construction site, in order for this last to regulate the heat interchanges with the environment and provide comfort conditions for human beings. With base in the study of the bioclima of the diverse climatic zones of the Republic, recommendations for the architectonic and urban design are emitted. Also, we will analyze and discuss over the tool that represents the bioclimatic design for the construction of buildings, under the considering that approximately 66 % of the country is submitted to warm climate. The recommendations will consist in defining the favorable orientation of the facades to the climate of the site along with thermal characteristics, thickness and finishing of the construction materials, exposure to the sun in windows, forms of the building, among others. These recommendations will allow to obtain a building designed for the conditions of comfort and at the same time energy saving, in accordance with the official norms for the thermal design of the building cover that, in this year will be compulsory for the case of non residential buildings and approaching to residential buildings. This can be without extra cost for the builder and surely with benefits for the user, such as electrical energy saving, diminution of the billing, thermal and environmental comfort conditions, among others. All of this will be presented in this document besides constructed projects and examples of modification in the present designs of houses in the country. [Spanish] La arquitectura bioclimatica trata de promover un tipo mas de diseno, trata de sentar bases para la toma de conciencia y un cambio de actitud respecto al diseno y al

  9. Nuclear plants in the expansion of the Mexican electrical system;Plantas nucleares en la expansion del sistema electrico mexicano

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Estrada S, G. J.; Martin del Campo M, C., E-mail: gestradas@yahoo.co [UNAM, Facultad de Ingenieria, Departamento de Sistemas Energeticos, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico D. F. (Mexico)

    2009-10-15

    In this work the results of four studies appear that were realized to analyze plans of long term expansion of Mexican electrical system of generation for the study period 2005-2025. The objective is to identify between the two third generation reactors with greater maturity at present which is it is that it can be integrated better in the expansion of the Mexican electrical system of generation. It was analyzed which of the four cases represents the best expansion plan in terms of two only parameters that are: 1) total cost of generation and, 2) the diversity of generated energy in all the period. In all studies candidates three different units of combined cycle were considered (802, 583 and 291 MW), a turbo gas unit of 267 MW, units of 700 MW with coal base and integrated de sulphur, geo thermo electrical units of 26.95 MW and two different types of nuclear units. In both first studies the Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (A BWR) for the nuclear units is considered, considering that is technology with more maturity of all the third generation reactors. In the following two studies were considered the European Pressurized Reactor (EPR), also of third generation, that uses in essence technology more spread to world-wide level. For this task was used the uni nodal planning model WASP-IV, developed by the IAEA to find the expansion configuration with less generation cost for each study. Considering the present situation of the generation system, the capacity additions begin starting from the year 2012 for the four studies. It is not considered the installation of nuclear plants before 2016 considering that its planning period takes 3 years, and the construction period requires at least of 5 years. In order to evaluate the diversity of each study it was used the Stirling Index or of Shannon-Weiner. In order to classify the studies in cost terms and diversity it was used like decision tool the Savage criterion, called also of minimal repentance. With this data, taking

  10. Dollar Summary of Federal Supply Classification and Service Category by Company, FY83, Part 6 (W061-Z299).

    Science.gov (United States)

    1983-01-01

    RENT OF FAC /FUEL SUPPLY 29 X299 AUTO TECHNIQUE BELGIQUE S A BELGIUM ARMY LEASE-RENT OF FAC /OTHER NON-BLDG STRUCT 31 HOFFMAN CO VIRGINIA ARMY LEASE...HARRISON & PALMI RIDGE ELECTRICAL E INC MISSOURI ARMY CONSTR: CONSTRUCTION/PARFING FACILITIES $ 123 SUSSEX ELECTRICO C MARYLAND ARMY CONSTR: CONSTRUCTION

  11. System of lower cogeneration in the cement industry; Sistema de cogeneracion inferior en la industria del cemento

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Romero Paredes, H.; Vazquez, A; Ambriz, J. J.; Fosado, A.; Cedillo, D.; Sanchez, R. [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa (Mexico)

    1999-07-01

    In this paper present work, the design of a cogeneration system was made, taking advantage of the waste thermal flows in a cement manufacturing industry. The costs by concept of energy sources in the cement industry represent between 30 and 60% of the production costs, reason why any diminution in its consumption, will be reflected considerably in the productivity of the company. In order to determine the available capacity of waste energy and to establish the dimension of the cogeneration system it was decided to initially conduct balances of matter and energy of a cement production train. For the evaluation and numerical simulation a case study of a national plant was taken. The analysis takes only into account the rotary kiln, the pre roaster, the gas cooler or conditioner, the cooler of clinker and the separators or dust recuperators. In this study the electrical mills nor the systems that operate all over the plant have been taken in consideration. The results show that in general a high potential of co-generation exists since in some cases the heat losses can reach up to a 50% of the calorific energy input. The capacity of electrical generation by means of a steam turbine when taking advantage of a fraction (in the order of 60%) the residual heat, can be between 200 and 300 watts per kilogram of clinker produced. In conclusion, when recovering by means of appropriate heat exchangers for each one of the mentioned equipment the wasted energy and a network of heat interchange optimized by means of modern technologies an important part of the electrical energy that a cement mill uses can be generated. The method used has been very attractive and with the possibility of applying it to any cement mill and thus evaluate the potentials of energy co-generation. [Spanish] En el presente trabajo, se realizo el diseno de un sistema de cogeneracion aprovechando las corrientes termicas de desecho en una industria de fabricacion de cemento. Los costos por concepto de

  12. Simulation and analysis of the tangential flow in the combustion chamber of a steam generator; Simulacion y analisis del flujo tangencial en la camara de combustion de un generador de vapor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez Ramirez, Isaias

    1997-06-01

    The present thesis work describes the simulation and analysis of the combustion chamber of a steam generator VU-60 of the tangential type, which is based on the solution of the generalized equation of transport, using mathematical models developed for the characterization of physical phenomena to close the governing equations systems. For the solution of the mathematical models and governing equations the method of finite volume was used, which is based on the concept of control volume. A three-dimensional computational model was developed by means of which the velocity, pressure, and temperature profiles were considered and species in steady state in time for the combustion chamber and fuel supplying ducts for an existing design of a steam generator. The model provides information related to the behavior of the connected variables and that are of interest in the design and manufacture of steam generators of the tangential type. Turbulence and combustion models were used for the estimation of the velocity and pressure profiles for the case of the equation of momentum and temperature for the case of the energy equation. The radiation model was not connected to the system of governing equations due to limitations in the memory of the computer used for the simulation of these phenomena. The computational model was developed in a workstation Risc System/6000 and by means of the Code of computational dynamics of fluids Star-CD. 5390 cells and 43350 vertexes constitute the model. With this model information is generated to support the designer of the steam generators in the decision making during the design and the manufacture of the combustion chambers of the steam generators of high performance of the tangential type similar to the one analyzed in this thesis work. The results obtained of the present thesis are: The flow patterns of the combustion gases inside the combustion chamber of the steam generator, as well as the velocity profiles of the oxidant in the

  13. Robust velocity and load control of a steam turbine in a combined cycle thermoelectric power station; Control robusto de velocidad y carga de una turbina de vapor en una central termoelectrica de ciclo combinado

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reyes Archundia, Enrique

    1998-12-31

    of the computation, the programming languages and the numerical methods allow to develop mathematical models that simulate in an approximate manner the processes to control, as it is the case of the combined cycle thermoelectric power station and in this way making the evaluation of algorithms of modern control possible. In chapter I a functional description of the steam turbine process is given. Since this belongs to a combined cycle thermoelectric power station, it is begun with the description of this power station, later to emphasize the subsystem of the steam turbine and emphasize each one of the elements that comprise this last one. [Espanol] Este trabajo de investigacion esta orientado a disenar, desarrollar y validar un algoritmo de control moderno, que permita la obtencion de mejores desempenos en el control de velocidad de una turbina de vapor perteneciente a una central termoelectrica de ciclo combinado, en todo el intervalo de operacion, asi como la obtencion de mejores desempenos en el control de la cantidad de megawatts generados por la misma cuando esta acoplada a un generador electrico, comparando el desempeno con el obtenido mediante el controlador convencional existente. Los cambios en la referencia de velocidad o carga, son a solicitud del operador y se dan siempre en forma de rampa, indicando la rapidez con la que se desea efectuar el cambio de valor en la referencia. Esta es la razon por la cual el objetivo principal del control a disenar es realizar un buen seguimiento a referencias del tipo rampa. En el subsistema de la turbina de vapor existente el inconveniente de que las valvulas que regulan el flujo de vapor hacia la turbina, presentan un acoplamiento con la valvula del bypass que permite derivar el flujo de vapor hacia el condensador principal sin tener que pasar por la turbina. Es por esto que se propone un control multivariable que contemple la interaccion que se presenta entre las valvulas antes mencionadas, partiendo de un diseno

  14. Impact of a PV system interconnected to the electric network of a High Consumption Domestic user's demand in BCS; Impacto de un sistema fotovoltaico interconectado a red en la demanda electrica de un usuario DAC en BCS

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jimenez Grajales, H. R.; Agredano Diaz, Jaime; Gonzalez Galarza, R.; Munguia del Rio, G. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2010-11-15

    In Mexico, the incident solar radiation is high enough, that encourage its use both to produce process heat or electricity trough solar cells in autonomous configurations or grid. In European countries with substantially lower irradiation levels such as Germany or Spain. PV Grid Connected Systems (PVGCS) are a mature technology that is widely used in these countries, mainly due to tax incentives and preferential feed in tariffs schemes. Of the benefits that electricity production modality provides both the user and to the electricity grid and also the technical benefits for the utilities for incorporating distributed generation at its distribution system. In Mexico, more and more people are motivated to invest in this type of technology. This article analyzes the particular case of a user that is classified as High Consumption Domestic Customer (HCDC) in the city of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, who owns a single phase of 6 kWp PVGCS installed on the roof of her house. The reported results in this paper come from data analyzed by the Electrical Research Institute (IIE) for a three year monitoring period. The paper includes meteorological information, energy and power balances, maximum power, standard production, system losses, efficiency of the photovoltaic generator and inverters, among other performance information. The document highlights the impact that the PV system on electricity consumption user billing from the utility, and some recommendations are provided on what must be done in order get out from the HCDC classification and the economic benefits of it. [Spanish] En Mexico se tienen niveles de irradiacion solar suficientemente altos que desde un punto de vista puramente energetico alientan a su aprovechamiento en la produccion de electricidad, ello mediante sistemas fotovoltaicos directamente conectados a la red electrica convencional (SFVI). En paises europeos con niveles de irradiacion sustancialmente inferiores - i.e. Espana o Alemania- esta

  15. Design and integration of an essay model for motorcycles within the project of emissions norm for the federal district government, Mexico; Diseno e integracion de un modulo de ensayos para motocicletas para el proyecto de normativa de emisiones del GDF

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rincon Gomez, Pedro Ignacio

    2004-02-15

    The Emissions Control Laboratory housed in the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) Engineering faculty was created in order to study the emissions of the internal combustion motors. To reach this goal the laboratory takes advantage of the different measurement instruments, such as: gas analyzers, dynamometers, etc. Some instruments or devices that can only be obtained abroad are designed in this laboratory with the aid of the Engineering Institute's Instrument Coordination. The development of these devices allows the laboratory to have each time more useful equipment adequate to its needs. In the present thesis the development of a project from the Emissions Control Laboratory is shown; it relates the electronic instrumentation of a dynamometric bench for motorcycles in order to cooperate with the generation of the Mexican Official Norm of pollution emissions from this type of vehicles in conjunction with the governmental authorities of the Mexican Federal District. To be able to do this, this device was designed in such a way that automatic measurements could be made of velocity, distance, time, torque, power, oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, to generate a database. In the development of this project a personal computer was used and a data acquisition card to capture the electronic signals of the torque and velocity sensors. The software that is utilized for the acquisition card was developed with developmental software of use assigned for instrumentation, which allowed generating a very versatile and easy- handling virtual instrument. To this date, the dynamometric bench for motorcycles operates as an additional laboratory instrument and it is believed that in the future it can be a part of the equipment of verification centers for this type of vehicles. [Spanish] El Laboratorio de Control de Emisiones de la Facultad de Ingenieria de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico fue creado con

  16. Thermoelectric power plant conversion from fuel oil to coal with integration of a CO{sub 2} capture plant. Part 1; Conversion de una central termoelectrica de combustoleo a carbon con integracion de una planta de captura de CO{sub 2}. Parte 1

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Huante Perez, Liborio; Rodriguez Martinez, J. Hugo; Arriola Medellin, Alejandro M. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2010-11-15

    The major features in the design of power plant conversion from fuel oil to coal, considering the new technical characteristics of fuel and his transportation to plant, equipment required to comply with Mexican environmental standards and additional requirements of auxiliaries are described. In addition, changes needed on power plant design were considered according to integrates CO{sub 2} capture plant alternatives. [Spanish] En este articulo se describen las caracteristicas principales en el diseno de la conversion de Centrales de combustoleo a carbon, considerando el nuevo combustible y su transporte hasta la central, los equipos requeridos para cumplir con las normas ambientales y los requerimientos adicionales de los servicios auxiliares. Adicionalmente, se lleva a cabo el analisis de los cambios requeridos en el diseno de la conversion considerando diferentes opciones para la integracion de una planta de captura de CO{sub 2}, la cual debera entregar este subproducto para su compresion y envio a su destino final para su almacenamiento.

  17. Control system pre-feedbacked for the super heated steam temperature in heat recovering units; Sistema de control pre-retroalimentado para la temperatura de vapor sobrecalentado en recuperadores de calor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lopez Alvarez, Hilario; Madrigal Espinosa, Guadalupe [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1996-12-31

    The study that is presented corresponds to the analysis, design and development of a pre-feedbacked control system for the superheated steam temperature regulation in the heat recovery units of a combined cycle thermoelectric power plant. The designs of the feedback controller and the pre-feedback control system were implemented based in a linear model of the tempering zone. This linear model was obtained through the application of parametric identification techniques to the non-linear mathematical model of a combined cycle power plant. [Espanol] El estudio que se presenta corresponde al analisis, diseno y desarrollo de un sistema de control pre-retroalimentado para regular la temperatura de vapor sobrecalentado en los recuperadores de calor de una central termoelectrica de ciclo combinado. Los disenos del controlador retroalimentado y del sistema de control prealimentado se realizaron con base en un modelo lineal de la zona de atemperacion. Este modelo lineal se obtuvo aplicando tecnicas de identificacion parametrica al modelo matematico no-lineal de una central de ciclo combinado.

  18. Atmospheric electric discharges and grounding systems; Descargas atmosfericas y sistemas de conexion a tierra

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rivas, Elena [ed.] [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico)

    1999-07-01

    In this article the work made by the Institute of Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), in the area of atmospheric electric discharges and grounding connections at Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) is presented. The work consisted of the revision of the procedures for the design of transmission lines and substations of CFE from which high indexes of interruptions are reported, from this, a program was defined that allowed to improve the existing designs in CFE. [Spanish] En este articulo se presenta el trabajo realizado por el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), en el area de descargas atmosfericas y conexiones a tierra en Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE). El trabajo consistio en la revision de los procedimientos de diseno de las areas de transmision y subestaciones de la CFE para los que se reportan altos indices de salidas, a partir de esto se definio un programa que permitio mejorar los disenos existentes en la CFE.

  19. Control system pre-feedbacked for the super heated steam temperature in heat recovering units; Sistema de control pre-retroalimentado para la temperatura de vapor sobrecalentado en recuperadores de calor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lopez Alvarez, Hilario; Madrigal Espinosa, Guadalupe [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    The study that is presented corresponds to the analysis, design and development of a pre-feedbacked control system for the superheated steam temperature regulation in the heat recovery units of a combined cycle thermoelectric power plant. The designs of the feedback controller and the pre-feedback control system were implemented based in a linear model of the tempering zone. This linear model was obtained through the application of parametric identification techniques to the non-linear mathematical model of a combined cycle power plant. [Espanol] El estudio que se presenta corresponde al analisis, diseno y desarrollo de un sistema de control pre-retroalimentado para regular la temperatura de vapor sobrecalentado en los recuperadores de calor de una central termoelectrica de ciclo combinado. Los disenos del controlador retroalimentado y del sistema de control prealimentado se realizaron con base en un modelo lineal de la zona de atemperacion. Este modelo lineal se obtuvo aplicando tecnicas de identificacion parametrica al modelo matematico no-lineal de una central de ciclo combinado.

  20. Use of the operation planning network at Centro Nacional de Control de Energia (CENACE); Uso de la red de planeacion de la operacion en el Centro Nacional de Control de Energia (CENACE)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Navarro, Roberto; Alatorre, Pedro; Gonzalez, Nemorio; Nieva, Rolando [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    A description is made of the ways Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) utilizes the system called Short Term Operation Planning Network (Red de Planeacion de la Operacion a Corto Plazo) (REDPLA) in the elaboration of the generation daily pre-dispatch (PD) of the National Electric System (SEN). The PD defines the hourly generation with which each central must contribute, to cover the predicted demand during the following 24 hours, so that the total production cost be the lowest. Respecting at every moment the transmission limitations, the characteristics of the generation system and the operational restrictions. [Espanol] Se describe la manera en que la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) utiliza el sistema denominado Red de Planeacion de la Operacion a Corto Plazo (Redpla) en la elaboracion del predespacho diario (PD) de generacion del sistema electrico nacional (SEN). El PD define la generacion horaria que debera aportar cada central electrica para cubrir la demanda pronosticada durante las proximas 24 horas, de tal manera que el costo de produccion total sea el mas bajo, respetando en todo momento las limitaciones de transmision, las caracteristicas del sistema de generacion y las restricciones operativas del sistema.

  1. Use of the operation planning network at Centro Nacional de Control de Energia (CENACE); Uso de la red de planeacion de la operacion en el Centro Nacional de Control de Energia (CENACE)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Navarro, Roberto; Alatorre, Pedro; Gonzalez, Nemorio; Nieva, Rolando [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    A description is made of the ways Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) utilizes the system called Short Term Operation Planning Network (Red de Planeacion de la Operacion a Corto Plazo) (REDPLA) in the elaboration of the generation daily pre-dispatch (PD) of the National Electric System (SEN). The PD defines the hourly generation with which each central must contribute, to cover the predicted demand during the following 24 hours, so that the total production cost be the lowest. Respecting at every moment the transmission limitations, the characteristics of the generation system and the operational restrictions. [Espanol] Se describe la manera en que la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) utiliza el sistema denominado Red de Planeacion de la Operacion a Corto Plazo (Redpla) en la elaboracion del predespacho diario (PD) de generacion del sistema electrico nacional (SEN). El PD define la generacion horaria que debera aportar cada central electrica para cubrir la demanda pronosticada durante las proximas 24 horas, de tal manera que el costo de produccion total sea el mas bajo, respetando en todo momento las limitaciones de transmision, las caracteristicas del sistema de generacion y las restricciones operativas del sistema.

  2. Designing a mini subcritical nuclear reactor; Diseno de un mini reactor nuclear subcritico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Escobedo G, C. R.; Vega C, H. R.; Davila H, V. M., E-mail: rafelaescobedo@hotmail.com [Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares, Jardin Juarez 147, Col. Centro, 98000 Zacatecas, Zac. (Mexico)

    2015-10-15

    In this work the design of a mini subcritical nuclear reactor formed by means of light water moderator, uranium as fuel, and isotopic neutron source of {sup 239}PuBe was carried out. The design was done by Monte Carlo methods with the code MCNP5 in which uranium was modeled in an array of concentric holes cylinders of 8.5, 14.5, 20.5, 26.5, 32.5 cm of internal radius and 3 cm of thickness, 36 cm of height. Different models were made from a single fuel cylinder (natural uranium) to five. The neutron source of {sup 239}PuBe was situated in the center of the mini reactor; in each arrangement was used water as moderator. Cross sections libraries Endf/Vi were used and the number of stories was large enough to ensure less uncertainty than 3%. For each case the effective multiplication factor k{sub e}-f{sub f}, the amplification factor and the power was calculated. Outside the mini reactor the ambient dose equivalent H (10) was calculated for different cases. The value of k{sub eff}, the amplification factor and power are directly related to the number of cylinders of uranium as fuel. Although the average energy of the neutrons {sup 239}PuBe is between 4.5 and 5 MeV in the case of the mini reactor for a cylinder, in the neutron spectrum the presence of thermal neutrons does not exist, so that produced fissions are generated with fast neutrons, and in designs of two and three rings the neutron spectra shows the presence of thermal neutrons, however the fissions are being generated with fast neutrons. Finally in the four and five cases the amount of moderator is enough to thermalized the neutrons and thereby produce the fission. The maximum value for k{sub eff} was 0.82; this value is very close to the assembly of Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas generating a k{sub eff} of 0.86. According to the safety and radiation protection standards for the design of mini reactor of one, two and three cylinders they comply with the established safety, while designs of four and five

  3. Computer program for the calculation of stresses in rotary equipment discs; Programas de computo para el calculo de esfuerzos en discos de equipo rotatorio

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gutierrez Delgado, Wilson; Kubiak, Janusz; Serrano Romero, Luis Enrique [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1991-12-31

    In the preliminary design and diagnosis of rotary machines is very common to utilize simple calculation methods for the mechanical and thermal stresses, dynamic and thermodynamic analysis and flow of fluids in this machines (Gutierrez et al., 1989). The analysis with these methods provides the necessary results for the project initial stage of the machine. Later on, more complex tools are employed to refine the design of some machine components. In the Gutierrez report et al., (1989) 34 programs were developed for the preliminary design and diagnosis of rotating equipment; in this article, one of them is presented in which a method for the analysis of mechanical and thermal stresses is applied in discs of uniform or variable thickness that are normally found in turbomachines and rotary equipment. [Espanol] En el diseno preliminar y diagnostico de maquinas rotatorias es muy comun emplear metodos de calculo sencillos para el analisis de esfuerzos mecanicos y termicos, analisis dinamico y termodinamico y de flujo de fluidos en estas maquinas (Gutierrez et al., 1989). El analisis con estos metodos proporcionan los resultados necesarios para la etapa del proyecto inicial de la maquina. Posteriormente, para refinar el diseno de algunos componentes de la maquina, se aplican las herramientas mas complejas. En el informe de Gutierrez et al., (1989) se desarrollan 34 programas para el diseno preliminar y diagnostico de equipo rotatorio; en este articulo, se presenta uno de ellos, en el que se emplea un metodo para el analisis de esfuerzos mecanicos y termicos en discos de espesor constante o variable que se encuentran comunmente en turbomaquinas y en equipos rotatorios.

  4. Pipe type poles in transmission power lines; Postes tipo tubo en lineas de transmision

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cervantes E, Mario; Becerril A, Armando [Luz y Fuerza del Centro, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    The first supports for transmission power lines were relatively small structures, of simple configuration, to save reduced clearances to resist load in accordance with its need; with the technical development, gradually appeared higher and higher electric tensions and greater obstacles to overcome, consequently the design of the supports had to be adapted to the new conditions. This gave rise to the development of a specific technique that would adequate and incorporate the continuous engineering advances. In this document the initial considerations on the design poles pipe type are examined; within these considerations mention is made of: the design, the manufacture, the prototype tests, installation, quality control and foundations. The type tube pole is portrayed, as well as the steel reinforcement, finally the types of precast foundations are shown [Espanol] Los primeros soportes para lineas de transmision fueron estructuras relativamente pequenas, de configuracion simple, para salvar claros reducidos y resistir cargas proporcionales a sus necesidades, con el desarrollo de la tecnica, fueron apareciendo tensiones electricas cada vez mas elevadas y obstaculos mayores que vencer, por lo que el diseno de los soportes tuvo que adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones. Esto dio origen al desenvolvimiento de una tecnica especifica que fuese adecuando e incorporando los continuos avances de la ingenieria. En este documento se tratan las consideraciones iniciales del diseno de los postes tipo tubo; dentro de estas consideraciones se citan: el diseno, la fabricacion, las pruebas de prototipo, montajes, control de calidad y cimentaciones. Se ilustra el poste tipo tubo, al igual que el armado del poste, por ultimo se muestra los tipos de cimentaciones precoladas

  5. Computer program for the calculation of stresses in rotary equipment discs; Programas de computo para el calculo de esfuerzos en discos de equipo rotatorio

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gutierrez Delgado, Wilson; Kubiak, Janusz; Serrano Romero, Luis Enrique [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1990-12-31

    In the preliminary design and diagnosis of rotary machines is very common to utilize simple calculation methods for the mechanical and thermal stresses, dynamic and thermodynamic analysis and flow of fluids in this machines (Gutierrez et al., 1989). The analysis with these methods provides the necessary results for the project initial stage of the machine. Later on, more complex tools are employed to refine the design of some machine components. In the Gutierrez report et al., (1989) 34 programs were developed for the preliminary design and diagnosis of rotating equipment; in this article, one of them is presented in which a method for the analysis of mechanical and thermal stresses is applied in discs of uniform or variable thickness that are normally found in turbomachines and rotary equipment. [Espanol] En el diseno preliminar y diagnostico de maquinas rotatorias es muy comun emplear metodos de calculo sencillos para el analisis de esfuerzos mecanicos y termicos, analisis dinamico y termodinamico y de flujo de fluidos en estas maquinas (Gutierrez et al., 1989). El analisis con estos metodos proporcionan los resultados necesarios para la etapa del proyecto inicial de la maquina. Posteriormente, para refinar el diseno de algunos componentes de la maquina, se aplican las herramientas mas complejas. En el informe de Gutierrez et al., (1989) se desarrollan 34 programas para el diseno preliminar y diagnostico de equipo rotatorio; en este articulo, se presenta uno de ellos, en el que se emplea un metodo para el analisis de esfuerzos mecanicos y termicos en discos de espesor constante o variable que se encuentran comunmente en turbomaquinas y en equipos rotatorios.

  6. Development of a model of synchronous generator with a saturable transformer for the analysis of transient overvoltage in medium voltage systems; Desarrollo de un modelo de generador sincrono con transformador saturable para el analisis de sobrevoltajes transitorios en sistemas de mediana tension

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reyes Martinez, Oscar Alfonso

    2001-02-01

    In this work the problems of the transient overvoltage produced in the components that integrate the synchronous generators installed in industrial systems of medium voltage are approached. The development of a mathematical model in phase components for the synchronous generator is presented. The model includes a current saturation transformer, a system of static excitation and a scheme of grounding by low impedance through an energy cable. In the formulation the effect of the dampening windings is neglected since the interest is only to evaluate the effect of the initial transient overvoltage. Also, symmetry in the phases is considered and the saturation is neglected. The proposed mathematical model was evaluated through cases of simulation using real data of a typical industrial system. Also some tests were conducted in laboratories that, qualitatively, endorse the results obtained by simulation. Two real cases of electrical equipment fault by effect of transient overvoltage in industrial centers in Mexico were analyzed, with generators grounded through high impedance. [Spanish] En este trabajo se aborda la problematica de los sobrevoltajes transitorios producidos en los componentes que integran los generadores sincronos instalados en sistemas industriales de mediana tension. Se presenta el desarrollo de un modelo matematico en componentes de fase para el generador sincrono. El modelo incluye un transformador de corriente saturable, un sistema de excitacion estatica y un esquema de aterrizamiento por baja impedancia a traves de un cable de energia. En la formulacion se desprecia el efecto de los devanados amortiguadores debido a que solo interesa evaluar el efecto del sobrevoltaje transitorio inicial. Asi mismo, se considera simetria en las fases y se desprecia la saturacion. El modelo matematico propuesto fue evaluado a traves de casos de simulacion utilizando datos reales de un sistema industrial tipico. Tambien se realizaron algunas pruebas en laboratorios que

  7. Current status of the second generation of parabolic trough solar concentrator for heat generation process designed at the IIE; Estado actual de la segunda generacion del concentrador solar de canal parabolico para generacion de calor de proceso disenado en el IIE

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ramos Berumen, Carlos; Ramirez Benitez, Juan Rafael; Beltran Adan, Jose [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)]. E-mail: cramos@iie.org.mx; rramirez@iie.org.mx; jose.beltran@iie.org.mx

    2010-11-15

    The transformation industry normally uses thermal energy within its process, it obtains this energy burning fossils fuel, a new option is to use new technologies like the thermal solar technology like the parabolic trough, this is a long parabolic mirror used to reflect the sunlight and focused on an absorber tube with a heat-conducting fluid inside. The Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) developed a prototype of parabolic trough that is operating in different industries, in this article are showing some improvements to the design, giving like result the second generation of the prototype of parabolic trough of the IIE. [Spanish] La industria de la transformacion normalmente utiliza energia termica dentro de su proceso, los medios convencionales para obtener esta energia es el quemar combustibles fosiles, una opcion que aplica nuevas tecnologias es el uso de la tecnologia termosolar a concentracion que le permitira a la industria utilizar el sol como fuente de energia primaria. El uso de esta tecnologia permitira a las empresas generar calor de proceso sin contaminar el ambiente, lo que dara como resultado empresas competitivas y autosuficientes. Para alcanzar temperaturas utiles a estas aplicaciones se requiere concentrar la energia solar en un area mas pequena, siendo la tecnologia mas extendida la de canal parabolico, el principio de operacion de esta tecnologia es la de concentrar la radiacion solar en el eje receptor preparado con una pintura especial para una mejor absorcion del calor y una cubierta de vidrio para evitar perdidas termicas, dentro del tubo circula un fluido caloportador el cual lleva el calor util hacia el proceso. El Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) desarrollo un prototipo de canal parabolico, actualmente estan operando en diferentes industrias, resultado de estas aplicaciones se llevo a cabo una evaluacion del prototipo, se detectaron algunos puntos de mejoras al diseno, los cuales se exponen en este articulo, dando

  8. Burner redesign for the reduction of the unburned particulate emission in thermal power stations of Comision Federal de Electricidad; Rediseno de quemadores para la reduccion de la emision de particulas inquemadas en centrales termicas de la Comisionon Federal de Electricidad

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Huerta Espino, Mario; Espipnoza Garza, Jesus; Mani Gonzalez, Alejandro; Giles Alarcon, Armando; Pena Garcia, Adriana; Albarran Sanchez, Irma L; Mendez Aranda, Angel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico)

    2001-07-01

    In the presence of the increasing demand for reaching higher efficiencies and a smaller production of polluting emissions in combustion systems, studies focused to the optimization of the present designs of burners are required. The Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) and the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) have established a project that contemplates the redesign of burners in ten of its units of thermoelectric generation. In this work the redesign of the flame stabilizer or diffuser for the reduction of the unburned particulate emission is explained. The results of the modeling of a burner of rotational flow of steam generators of the CFE are shown, as well as the graphs of the contours of the recirculation zone generated by each diffuser without combustion and a figure of the velocity profile that is generated in front of the diffuser. In agreement with the results obtained in the aerodynamic evaluation of frontal burners of rotational flow, it is possible to established that the characteristics of the recirculation zone, generated by this type of burners, are related to geometric parameters of the diffuser that identify with the number of turns and the pressure drop, where it is necessary to look for designs that improve the conditions of the mixing process and combustion in the burner. [Spanish] Ante la creciente demanda por alcanzar mayores eficiencias y una menor produccion de emisiones contaminantes en sistemas de combustion, se requieren estudios enfocados a la optimizacion de los disenos actuales de quemadores. La Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) y el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) han establecido un proyecto que contempla el rediseno de quemadores en diez de sus unidades de generacion termoelectrica. En este trabajo se explica el rediseno del estabilizador de flama o difusor para la reduccion de la emision de particulas inquemadas. Se muestran los resultados de la modelacion de un quemador de flujo rotacional de

  9. Analytical study of the prospectives published by the Secretaria de Energia; Estudio analitico de las prospectivas publicadas por la Secretaria de Energia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Beltran Mora, Hector Alejandro; Urias Romero, Francisco [Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2004-06-15

    Since 1997 the Secretaria de Energia (SENER) publishes an annual report named Prospectiva del Sector Electrico, in which detailed information on the situation of the Mexican electrical sector is included, the information is related to the technological, economic and environmental aspects of all the organisms involved in the matter of electrical energy, within which stand out the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), Luz y Fuerza del Centro (LyFC), the Comision Reguladora de Energia (CRE) and the Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia (CONAE). In the prospectives the tendency of the modifications that will undergo the sector in a period of 10 years is analyzed. All the prospectives of the electrical sector, agree in that the growth of this sector is determined by the construction of power stations that use natural gas as primary energy, reason why we made an analysis of the prospectives of the natural gas market, with the purpose of observing the interaction between both sectors. At the moment seven prospectives of each sector have been published, given the conditions at the moment of their publication, they present differences and agreements between each other for periods of intersection. The present work shows the comparison between the expectations of growth reported by each one of the Prospectives. [Spanish] Desde 1997 la Secretaria de Energia (SENER) publica un reporte anual llamado Prospectiva del Sector Electrico, en el que se incluye informacion detallada sobre la situacion del sector electrico mexicano, la informacion esta relacionada con los aspectos tecnologicos, economicos y medioambientales de todos los organismos involucrados en materia de energia electrica, dentro de los cuales destacan la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), Luz y Fuerza del Centro (LyFC), la Comision Reguladora de Energia (CRE) y la Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia (CONAE). En las prospectivas se analiza la tendencia de las modificaciones que sufrira el sector

  10. Analysis tools for simulation of hybrid systems; Herramientas de analisis para simulacion de sistemas hibridos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guillen S, Omar; Mejia N, Fortino [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    In order to facilitate and to simplify the development and analysis of a Hybrid System in reference to its design, construction, operation and maintenance, it turns out optimal to carry out the simulation of this one by means of software, with which a significant reduction in the investment costs is obtained. Given the mix of technology of electrical generation which is involved in a hybrid system, it is very important to have a tool integrated with specialized packages of calculation (software), that allow to carry out the simulation tasks of the operational functioning of these systems. Combined with the former, one must not fail to consider the operation characteristics, the facilities of the user, the clarity in the obtained results and the possibility of its validation with respect to prototypes orchestrated in field. Equally, it is necessary to consider the identification of tasks involved in relation to the place of installation of this electrification technology. At the moment, the hybrid systems technology still is in a stage of development in the international level, and exist important limitations as far as the methodology availability and engineering tools for the optimum design of these systems. With the development of this paper, it is intended to contribute to the advance of the technology and to count on own tools to solve the described series of problems. In this article are described the activities that more impact have in the design and development of hybrid systems, as well as the identification of variables, basic characteristics and form of validation of tools in the integration of a methodology for the simulation of these systems, facilitating their design and development. [Spanish] Para facilitar y simplificar el desarrollo y analisis de un Sistema Hibrido en lo que refiere a su diseno, construccion, operacion y mantenimiento, resulta optimo efectuar la simulacion de este por medio de un software, con lo que se obtiene una reduccien

  11. Eolic central Guerrero Negro, BCS, Mexico, performance first year operation; Central eolica Guerrero Negro, BCS, Mexico, resultados del primer ano de operacion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cadenas Tovar, Roberto; Sanchez Cornejo, Carlos; Lopez Rios, Serafin [Comision Federal de Electricidad, Morelia, Michoacan (Mexico); Ley Romero, Jose R [Comision Federal de Electricidad, Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    Comision Federal de Electricidad installed a 600 kW wind turbine in the Guerrero Negro isolated electrical grid to evaluate, under actual operation conditions, the contribution of wind energy in the generation of electricity. This paper describes the performance of the wind turbine in terms of its availability, power curve and electricity produced. The results have been satisfactory, electricity was supplied with a lesser fuel consumption than before. [Spanish] La Comision Federal de Electricidad instalo en Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico un aerogenerador de 600 kW para evaluar en condiciones reales de operacion la integracion de la energia del viento a sistemas electricos aislados basados en diesel. En este trabajo se describen los resultados del primer ano de operacion del aerogenerador en terminos de su disponibilidad, curva de potencia y generacion obtenida. Los resultados han sido satisfactorios, registrandose una reduccion en el consumo de combustible fosil en el sistema.

  12. Desulfuration technologies: past, present and future; Tecnologias de desulfuracion: pasado, presente y futuro

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rodas G, Arturo; Blass A, Georgina; Panama T, Luz A [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2003-07-01

    The interest for obtaining harmony between the electric power generation and the environment has derived into the design of numerous technologies for the control of the main emissions of atmospheric polluting agents, being some of them the sulfur oxides (SOx) that, at certain levels of concentration in the atmosphere, cause health damages and to the surrounding ecosystem. The present article shows an overview of the technologies for the disposal of sulfurated compounds in thermoelectric power stations and their application trends in the future systems of electric power generation. [Spanish] El interes por lograr una armonia entre la generacion de energia electrica y el medio ambiente, ha derivado en el diseno de numerosas tecnologias para el control de las principales emisiones de contaminantes atmosfericos, siendo algunos de ellos los oxidos de azufre (SOx) que, a ciertos niveles de concentracion en la atmosfera, ocasionan danos a la salud y al ecosistema circundante. El presente articulo muestra un panorama general de las tecnologias de eliminacion de compuestos sulfurados en centrales termoelectricas y sus tendencias de aplicacion en los futuros sistemas de generacion de energia electrica.

  13. Latin America Report.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1985-08-09

    developing reciprocal cooperation to repress crimes involving motor vehicles, they noted their decision to sign a bilateral agreement that, in line...infrastructure (gas pipelines, basically). 24 Electric Power Consumption (MWh), January-April 1984 to January-April 1985 CONSUMO ELECTRICO (ENMW...different types of propellants, construction and testing of small test motors , and ultimately to development of larger-scale engines. Chinese ad- vice

  14. Utility of A Satellite Vehicle For Reconnaissance.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1951-04-01

    8217Cents& Oblique oblique frame$~ below Wowe.. sc h malic 01 to passing - ~ power9 th~rough 0011’s E ~nca r Sec enIA0onn, ~1 VOO 6 Escapldmle"’ ElectricO ...Fig. 26-Gyro precession require the use of a computer of the type associated with auto -pilots. Such a mechanism should not be difficult to develop but

  15. Chinese-English Rocketry Dictionary. Volume 1

    Science.gov (United States)

    1977-10-01

    diarnno 9n electrico arc; arc 19 disnhu dianhus inqAAk arc ignition 20 dia22tdiaya tj~1fll~arc voltage 21 diano fagdia 9n11i arcf discharge; arc-over 22...9 A electrical zero 01 dienlingwei ziou bienyaqi f3j Q f .A electrical-zero auto - 02 Sransforer dienliu f1 • electric current; current 03 dianllu

  16. Multi-gate Pitot tube for the measurement of water flow in cooling systems; Tubo de Pitot multi-puertos para la medicion de flujo de agua en sistemas de enfriamiento

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Figueroa Ibarra, Luis; Rodriguez Martinez, Jose Hugo; Santabarbara Botello, Marcelino [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2007-07-01

    In this article the design of a novel measuring device of water flowing in large diameter pipes is described. A description is made of the instrument commonly used at present for this purpose (simple Pitot tube), whose design is based on the Standard CTI Code ATC-105 published by the Cooling Tower Institute (CTI ATC-105, 2000). The disadvantages of the simple Pitot tube in comparison with the new proposed device are emphasized (Multi-gate Pitot tube), of which its construction and design is described in detail. In the present article are also shown the results obtained of the circulation water flow measurements, performed in the cooling system of a fossil fuel power plant. These results are compared with the results of flow measurement obtained by means of the simulation of the thermodynamic cycle of the power station, using commercial software. [Spanish] En este articulo se describe el diseno de un novedoso medidor de flujo de agua que circula en tuberias de gran diametro. Se hace una descripcion del instrumento comunmente usado en la actualidad para dicho proposito (tubo de Pitot simple), cuyo diseno se basa en el estandar CTI Code ATC-105 publicado por el Cooling Tower Institute (CTI ATC-105, 2000). Se puntualizan las desventajas del tubo de Pitot simple en comparacion con el nuevo dispositivo propuesto (tubo de Pitot Multi-puertos), del cual se describe detalladamente su construccion y diseno. En el presente articulo tambien se muestran los resultados obtenidos de las mediciones de flujo de agua de circulacion, realizadas en el sistema de enfriamiento de una central termoelectrica. Dichos resultados son comparados con los resultados de flujo obtenidos mediante simulacion del ciclo termodinamico de la central, usando un software comercial.

  17. Influence of vegetation in the energetic balance outdoor urban spaces: Analysis and evaluation of its microclimatic effect; Influencia de la vegetacion en el balance energetico de los espacios exteriores urbanos: Analisis y evaluacion de sus efectos microclimaticos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ochoa, J. Manuel [Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora (Mexico); Roset, Jaume [Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna, Barcelona (Spain)

    2000-07-01

    We present design guidelines to detect and to control the energy fluxes within and urban space. The main purpose is to create outdoor spaces with appropriate comfort conditions and to improve energy efficiency of adjacent buildings, by modifying its surrounding areas, approaching outdoor environment to the desired indoor conditions. The design guidelines as well as the concepts developed on this paper are explained in a language familiar to architects, urban planners and landscape designers, which have to take energetic and bioclimatic decisions up the first stage of a project process. A case study analysis of an urban scenery is presented, and conclusions about the advantage of using the vegetation as an instrument of microclimatic control are given. [Spanish] En este articulo se presentan pautas de diseno, que estan encaminadas, a saber detectar y en caso necesario reconducir, los flujos de energia dentro del espacio urbano. El proposito es crear espacios exteriores, con condiciones de confort ambiental, adecuadas a los usuarios de dicho espacio y por otro lado, mejorar la eficiencia energetica de los edificios, al modificar su entorno inmediato. Tanto las pautas de diseno, como los conceptos desarrollados en este trabajo, estan explicados con un discurso orientado al lenguaje de los profesionales dedicados al diseno urbano, arquitectonico y del paisaje, que son quienes deben hacer las consideraciones energeticas y bioclimaticas, desde las primeras etapas de un proyecto. Finalmente se presenta el ejemplo de un escenario urbano, donde se han realizado mediciones de los parametros climaticos, analizando cualitativa y cuantitativamente la influencia de la vegetacion y otros elementos del paisaje urbano sobre el microclima, y se dan conclusiones sobre la conveniencia de utilizar la vegetacion como un instrumento para el control microclimatico en los espacios exteriores urbanos.

  18. Educational software tool for protection system engineers: distance relay; Herramienta educativa para la formacion de ingenieros en protecciones electricas: relevador de distancia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Trujillo-Guajardo, L.A.; Conde-Enriquez, A. [Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon (Mexico)]. E-mail: luistrujillo84@gmail.com; con_de@yahoo.com

    2012-04-15

    In this article, a graphical software tool is presented; this tool is based on the education of protection system engineers. The theoretical fundaments used for the design of operation characteristics of distance relays and their algorithms are presented. The software allows the evaluation and analysis of real time events or simulated ones of every stage of design of the distance relay. Some example cases are presented to illustrate the activities that could be done with the graphical software tool developed. [Spanish] En este articulo se presenta una herramienta computacional grafica para apoyar la formacion de ingenieros en protecciones electricas. Los fundamentos teoricos para el diseno de caracteristicas de operacion de relevadores de distancia, asi como las rutinas de programacion de un relevador de distancia son presentados. La herramienta desarrollada permite la evaluacion de las etapas de diseno de relevadores y el analisis de la operacion ante eventos reales o simulados. Se presentan algunos casos de ejemplo para ilustrar las actividades didacticas que son posibles de realizar con la herramienta presentada.

  19. Self generation, small generation, and embedded generation issues

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2001-01-01

    The New Brunswick Market Design Committee for electric power restructuring has been directed to examine issues regarding cogeneration and small-scale, on-site generation and how they will fit within the framework of the bilateral contract market. The Committee will also have to deal with issues of generation embedded in a distribution system. The Committee has defined cogeneration as the simultaneous production of electricity and useful thermal energy. Self-generation has been defined as small-scale power generation by an end-user, while embedded generation has been defined as a generation facility that is located within a distribution utility but is not directly connected to the transmission system. The Committee has postponed its decision on whether embedded generation will be eligible to participate under the bilateral contract market for electricity. This report discusses general issues such as the physical support of generation, market support of generation, transition issues and policy issues. It also discusses generation support issues such as operating reserves, transmission tariff issues, and distribution tariffs. Market support issues such as transmission access for generation sales were also considered, along with market access for generation sales, and net metering for behind the meter generation. 7 refs., 1 tab

  20. Cogeneration development in Mexico and its recent environmental impact; Desarrollo de la cogeneracion en Mexico y su reciente impacto ambiental

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Elizalde Baltierra, Alberto; Garcia Pelaez, Juan [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1996-12-31

    This paper presents the historical development of the electric auto supply systems and cogeneration in Mexico since 1942 to 1995 with the understanding that these are clearly differentiated and defined since 1992. Though it is not, but until 1994 when the first ex profeso permit for cogeneration was granted. It also develops a short prospective vision of the cogeneration in our country, as well as the fuel consumption employed by auto- supply systems during 1993. The pollution emissions to the environment are also analyzed and with it the environmental impact of these electric systems in this year. [Espanol] Se presenta el desarrollo historico de los sistemas de autoabastecimiento electrico y cogeneracion en Mexico desde 1942 a 1995, en el entendido que estos se diferencian y definen claramente desde 1992. Es, sin embargo, hasta 1994 cuando se otorgo el primer permiso ex profeso de cogeneracion. Se desarrolla, ademas, una breve vision prospectiva de la cogeneracion en nuestro pais. Asimismo, se analiza el consumo de combustibles empleados por los sistemas de autoabastecimiento en 1993. Se estiman las emisiones contaminantes a la atmosfera y con ello se valora el impacto ambiental de estos sistemas electricos en ese ano.

  1. Cogeneration development in Mexico and its recent environmental impact; Desarrollo de la cogeneracion en Mexico y su reciente impacto ambiental

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Elizalde Baltierra, Alberto; Garcia Pelaez, Juan [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    This paper presents the historical development of the electric auto supply systems and cogeneration in Mexico since 1942 to 1995 with the understanding that these are clearly differentiated and defined since 1992. Though it is not, but until 1994 when the first ex profeso permit for cogeneration was granted. It also develops a short prospective vision of the cogeneration in our country, as well as the fuel consumption employed by auto- supply systems during 1993. The pollution emissions to the environment are also analyzed and with it the environmental impact of these electric systems in this year. [Espanol] Se presenta el desarrollo historico de los sistemas de autoabastecimiento electrico y cogeneracion en Mexico desde 1942 a 1995, en el entendido que estos se diferencian y definen claramente desde 1992. Es, sin embargo, hasta 1994 cuando se otorgo el primer permiso ex profeso de cogeneracion. Se desarrolla, ademas, una breve vision prospectiva de la cogeneracion en nuestro pais. Asimismo, se analiza el consumo de combustibles empleados por los sistemas de autoabastecimiento en 1993. Se estiman las emisiones contaminantes a la atmosfera y con ello se valora el impacto ambiental de estos sistemas electricos en ese ano.

  2. The economic cost in the electricity sector in Japan, Post-Fukushima; El costo economico en el sector electrico en Japon, Post-Fukushima

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Alonso, G. [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico); Ortega, G. [Comision Federal de Electricidad, Rio Rodano No. 14, 06500 Mexico D. F. (Mexico); Del Valle, E., E-mail: gustavo.alonso@inin.gob.mx [IPN, Escuela Superior de Fisica y Matematicas, U. P. Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Edif. 9, 07300 Mexico D. F. (Mexico)

    2014-10-15

    Of the 30 countries that use nuclear energy, Japan was the third country with greater number of nuclear reactors and installed capacity; there were 54 nuclear reactors with an installed capacity of 46,343 MW, and the participation of the nuclear energy in the electricity generation of the country was of 33% in 2010. The Fukushima accident of March 11, 2011 due to natural forces not foreseen and with a very low occurrence probability with characteristics outside the design base, provoked questioning of the safety measures of the others 51 nuclear reactors that operated in Japan. This situation causes that the mentioned 51 nuclear reactors remain without generating electric power until to ensure its safety operation before the new risk conditions. Particularly, the Japanese electric system had combined cycle plants based on gas which were used of way load pick and backup that before this new situation, they must operate as base load sources. For Japan, the nuclear energy was a base load source reliable and economic since Japan does not possess enough own resources for its electricity generation. The market of the natural gas in Japan is at present one of the most expensive worldwide so that impacts negatively in the electricity generation cost. This work analyzes the measures taken to cover the loss of nuclear electricity generation, basically by means of the use of the combined cycle plants based on natural gas, and the impact that these measures had in the costs of electricity generation of the Japanese electric system. The obtained results in this analysis show that the national electricity generation cost was increased and collaterally the quantity of greenhouse gases emissions of the country also increased. (Author)

  3. AlGaAs/GaAs two-dimensional electron gas structures studied by photo reflectance spectroscopy

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guillen Cervantes, A; Rivera Alvarez, Z; Hernandez, F; Huerta, J. [Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico); Mendez Garcia, V. H.; Lastras Martinez, A.; Zamora, L.; Saucedo, N. [Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi (Mexico); Melendez Lira, M; Lopez, M [Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2001-12-01

    Al{sub x} Ga{sub 1}-x As/GaAs two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) heterostructures were fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy in three different laboratories. The samples were characterized by room temperature Photo reflectance (PR) spectroscopy and measurements at 77 K. Internal electric fields were detected by the presence of Franz-Keldysh (FK) oscillations in the PR spectra. >From a FK analysis we obtained the GaAs band-gap energy and the built-in electric field strength in each sample. On the other hand, in the energy region corresponding to Al{sub x} Ga{sub 1}-x As a broad PR signal was registered typical of a highly doped material. Using the third derivative theory we obtained the Al{sub x} Ga{sub 1}-x As band-gap energy, and from this value the Al concentration in the samples. Results showed that the sample with highest electron mobility exhibited the lowest internal electric field strength. [Spanish] Se fabricaron heteroestructuras del tipo Al{sub x} Ga{sub 1}-x As/GaAs con un gas de electrones en dos dimensiones por medio de epitaxia de haces moleculares en tres laboratorios diferentes. Las muestras se caracterizaron por fotorreflectancia (FR) a temperatura ambiente y por mediciones del efecto mayor a 77 K. Campos electricos internos se detectaron por la presencia de oscilaciones Franz-Leldysh (FK) en los espectros de FR. Del analisis de las oscilaciones FK obtuvimos la energia de la brecha prohibida del GaAs y la intensidad del campo electrico interno en cada muestra. Por otra parte, en la region de energia correspondiente al Al{sub x} Ga{sub 1}-x As observamos una senal de FR ancha, tipica de un material altamente impurificado. Usando la teoria de la tercera derivada, obtuvimos el valor de la brecha de energia del Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1}-xAs, y de este valor la concentracion de Al en las muestras. Los resultados mostraron que la estructura con el valor de movilidad electronica mas alto tiene la intensidad de campo electrico interno mas baja.

  4. ASME power test code ptc 4.1 for steam generators; Codigo de pruebas de potencia ASME ptc 4.1 para generadores de vapor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Plauchu Alcantara, Jorge Alberto [Plauchu Consultores, Morelia, Michoacan (Mexico)

    2001-07-01

    This presentation is oriented towards those who in this subject have experience in the design and equipment specification, plant projects, factory and field testing, operation or result analyses. An important fraction of the national energy supply, approximately 13%, is applied to the steam generation in the different aspects of the industrial activity, in the electrical industry of public service and in the commercial and services sector. The development of the national programs of energy efficiency verifies this when dedicating to this use of the energy important projects, some of them with support of the USAID. The measurement of the energy utilization or the efficiency of steam generators (or boilers) is made applying some procedure agreed by the parts and the one of greater acceptance and best known in Mexico and internationally is the ASME Power Test Code PTC 4.1 for Steam Generators. The purpose and formality in the determination of efficiency and of steam generation capacity behavior, thermal basic regime or fulfillment of guarantees, radically changes the exigencies of strict attachment to the PTC 4.1 This definition will determine the importance of the test method selected, the deviations and convened exceptions, the influence of the precision and the measurement errors, the consideration of auxiliary equipment, etc. An interpretation or incorrect application of the Test Code has lead and will lead to results and nonreliable decisions. [Spanish] Esta exposicion se orienta a quienes en este tema cuenta con experiencia en diseno y especificacion de equipo, proyecto de planta, pruebas en fabrica y campo, operacion o analisis de resultados. Una fraccion importante de la oferta nacional de energia, 13% aproximadamente, se aplica a la generacion de vapor en diferentes giros de actividad industrial, en la industria electrica, de servicio publico y en el sector de servicios y comercial. El desarrollo de los programas nacionales de eficiencia energetica comprueba

  5. System for the reliability analysis of the electric energy supply; Sistema para el analisis de confiabilidad del suministro de energia electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perales, Favio; Martinez, Javier; Huesca, Francisco; Garcia, Norma; Nieva, Rolando [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    A computer tool, developed for the reliability evaluation of the electric energy supply, considering the faults in the generation and transmission systems, is presented. The application of the tool in planning the expansion and operation of the electric systems, the methodology of the solution employed and the various functions it accounts for, are described. At the end some illustrative examples of its applications by means of the studies with a model of representative characteristics of the interconnected national system. [Espanol] Se presenta una herramienta computacional desarrollada para evaluar la confiabilidad del suministro de energia electrica, considerando las fallas en los sistemas de generacion y transmision. Se describen las aplicaciones de la herramienta en la planeacion de la expansion y de la operacion de sistemas electricos, la metodologia de solucion empleada y las diversas funciones con que cuenta. Al final se presentan algunos ejemplos ilustrativos de sus aplicaciones mediante estudios con un modelo de caracteristicas representativas del sistema interconectado nacional.

  6. System for the reliability analysis of the electric energy supply; Sistema para el analisis de confiabilidad del suministro de energia electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perales, Favio; Martinez, Javier; Huesca, Francisco; Garcia, Norma; Nieva, Rolando [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    A computer tool, developed for the reliability evaluation of the electric energy supply, considering the faults in the generation and transmission systems, is presented. The application of the tool in planning the expansion and operation of the electric systems, the methodology of the solution employed and the various functions it accounts for, are described. At the end some illustrative examples of its applications by means of the studies with a model of representative characteristics of the interconnected national system. [Espanol] Se presenta una herramienta computacional desarrollada para evaluar la confiabilidad del suministro de energia electrica, considerando las fallas en los sistemas de generacion y transmision. Se describen las aplicaciones de la herramienta en la planeacion de la expansion y de la operacion de sistemas electricos, la metodologia de solucion empleada y las diversas funciones con que cuenta. Al final se presentan algunos ejemplos ilustrativos de sus aplicaciones mediante estudios con un modelo de caracteristicas representativas del sistema interconectado nacional.

  7. A Computer Engineering Curriculum for the Air Force Academy: An Implementation Plan

    Science.gov (United States)

    1985-04-01

    engineerinq is needed as a r ul of the findings? 5. What is the impact of this study’s rocommendat ion to pursue the Electrico I Engineering deqree with onpt...stepper motor 9 S35 LAB 36 Serial 10 S37 GR #3 - 38 8251 10 chip ) 39 LAB serial 10 10 * 40 LAB " 1)41 LAB S 42 Course review - S FINAL EXAM 00 % 80 0

  8. Magnet Free Generators - 3rd Generation Wind Turbine Generators

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Jensen, Bogi Bech; Mijatovic, Nenad; Henriksen, Matthew Lee

    2013-01-01

    This paper presents an introduction to superconducting wind turbine generators, which are often referred to as 3rd generation wind turbine generators. Advantages and challenges of superconducting generators are presented with particular focus on possible weight and efficiency improvements. A comp...

  9. Power factor correction at the Miguel Hidalgo refinery; Correccion del factor de potencia en la refineria Miguel Hidalgo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dominguez Gonzalez, Gustavo [Petroleos Mexicanos, Refineria Miguel Hidalgo, Tula de Allende (Mexico)

    1993-12-31

    In this paper the theoretical fundament and formulae of the power factor are analyzed and a relationship among kilowatts, kilovars and power factor, is shown; also it deals with power factor in combination with load groups, as well as the numerical calculation of the required kvar for the desired improvement of the power factor. Additionally the technical and economical aspects of the capacitors and synchronous motors are contemplated, as well as their location in the electric system in order to achieve the maximum benefits. Finally, the savings obtained with the installation of capacitors in the electric power system of the Miguel Hidalgo refinery, are explained. [Espanol] En el presente trabajo se analizan los fundamentos teoricos y formulas del factor de potencia y se muestra la relacion entre kilowatts, kilovars y factor de potencia; tambien trata al factor de potencia combinado de grupos de cargas, asi como el calculo numerico de los KVAR necesarios para la mejora deseada del factor de potencia. Ademas se contemplan aspectos tecnicos y economicos de los capacitores y los motores sincronos, asi como la ubicacion de los mismos en el sistema electrico para lograr los maximos beneficios. Finalmente se explican las ganancias economicas que se obtuvieron al instalarse capacitores en el sistema electrico de potencia de la refineria Miguel Hidalgo.

  10. Studies on the power systems stability; Estudios de estabilidad en sistemas de potencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Inda Ruiz, Adrian; Calderon Guizar, Jorge Guillermo; Friaga Vargas, Jose Raul [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1987-12-31

    One of the everyday problems that the electric power systems (EPS), is related to the dynamic response of these in face of the occurrence of disturbs. The computer tool needed to perform studies of this kind in the current EPS, requires the efficient conjunction of advanced modeling, simulation and programming techniques to make its use practical and useful. In this article are presented the advances achieved by the Power Nets Analysis Department in the development of a digital package for the stability analysis of the electric power systems [Espanol] Uno de los problemas cotidianos que el ingeniero de potencia debe enfrentar tanto en la fase de planeacion como en la de operacion de los sistemas electricos de potencia (SEP) es el relacionado con la respuesta dinamica de estos ante la ocurrencia de disturbios. La herramienta computacional necesaria para realizar estudios de esta naturaleza en los actuales SEP requiere de la conjugacion eficiente de tecnicas avanzadas de modelacion, simulacion y programacion para hacer su empleo practico y util. En este articulo se presentan los avances logrados por el Departamento de Analisis de Redes en el desarrollo de un paquete digital para el analisis de estabilidad en los sistemas electricos de potencia.

  11. Importance of the lighting systems in commercial establishments and services and some criteria for electric energy saving; Importancia de los sistemas de iluminacion en comercios y servicios y algunos criterios para ahorrar energia electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bandala Pimentel, Alicia Isabel [Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1994-12-31

    Among the projects executed by the Gerencia de Comercios y Servicios del Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE), there are projects for apartment stores, self service stores, office buildings, schools and hospitals. As of now, we have executed 57 projects, from which in 47 of them the correction of the lighting system was a measure to apply. In this paper, we will show the corrective lighting measures that have been feasible to apply from the technical and economical stand point, the saving percentages that have been possible to attain and some additional considerations. [Espanol] Dentro de los proyectos realizados en la Gerencia de Comercios y Servicios del Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE), se encuentran proyectos en almacenes departamentales, tiendas de autoservicio, edificios de oficinas, escuelas y hospitales. A la fecha contamos con 57 proyectos realizados, en los cuales en 47, la correccion del sistema de iluminacion fue una de las medidas a aplicar. En este trabajo mostraremos las acciones correctivas de iluminacion que han sido factibles de aplicar desde el punto de vista tecnico y economico, los porcentajes de ahorro que han sido posibles obtener y algunas consideraciones adicionales.

  12. Adjusting of the power-factor correction. Technical, economic and financial implications; Calculo de correccion del factor de potencia. Implicaciones tecnicas, economicas y financieras

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eficiencia Energetica aplicada (Energiza) [Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    A power-factor is a device formed by a dielectric set and electrodes within a container with terminals, able to contribute with capacitance to an electrical circuit, such as: transformers, induction motors, regulators, air conditioning, welding machines, induction furnaces and ballasts. This document also tells us about the location of capacitors in their system, the electrical conductor, the monthly consumption electricity bill, of the benefits when adjusting the power-factor, the liberation of power of the transformer, the reduction of current in feeders, the reduction of losses in feeders, the diminution of the tension fall and the approximate average sale price. [Spanish] Un factor de potencia es un dispositivo formado por un conjunto de dielectrico y electrodos dentro de un recipiente con terminales, capaz de aportar capacitancia a un circuito electrico, como lo son: transformadores, motores de induccion, reguladores, aire acondicionado, maquinas soldadoras, hornos de induccion y balastros. Este documento tambien nos habla acerca de la localizacion de capacitores en su sistema, del conductor electrico, del recibo de consumo mensual de energia, de los beneficios al corregir factor de potencia, la liberacion de potencia del transformador, la reduccion de corriente en alimentadores, la reduccion de perdidas en alimentadores, la disminucion de la caida de tension y el precio de venta promedio aproximado.

  13. Studies on the power systems stability; Estudios de estabilidad en sistemas de potencia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Inda Ruiz, Adrian; Calderon Guizar, Jorge Guillermo; Friaga Vargas, Jose Raul [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1986-12-31

    One of the everyday problems that the electric power systems (EPS), is related to the dynamic response of these in face of the occurrence of disturbs. The computer tool needed to perform studies of this kind in the current EPS, requires the efficient conjunction of advanced modeling, simulation and programming techniques to make its use practical and useful. In this article are presented the advances achieved by the Power Nets Analysis Department in the development of a digital package for the stability analysis of the electric power systems [Espanol] Uno de los problemas cotidianos que el ingeniero de potencia debe enfrentar tanto en la fase de planeacion como en la de operacion de los sistemas electricos de potencia (SEP) es el relacionado con la respuesta dinamica de estos ante la ocurrencia de disturbios. La herramienta computacional necesaria para realizar estudios de esta naturaleza en los actuales SEP requiere de la conjugacion eficiente de tecnicas avanzadas de modelacion, simulacion y programacion para hacer su empleo practico y util. En este articulo se presentan los avances logrados por el Departamento de Analisis de Redes en el desarrollo de un paquete digital para el analisis de estabilidad en los sistemas electricos de potencia.

  14. Power factor correction at the Miguel Hidalgo refinery; Correccion del factor de potencia en la refineria Miguel Hidalgo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dominguez Gonzalez, Gustavo [Petroleos Mexicanos, Refineria Miguel Hidalgo, Tula de Allende (Mexico)

    1992-12-31

    In this paper the theoretical fundament and formulae of the power factor are analyzed and a relationship among kilowatts, kilovars and power factor, is shown; also it deals with power factor in combination with load groups, as well as the numerical calculation of the required kvar for the desired improvement of the power factor. Additionally the technical and economical aspects of the capacitors and synchronous motors are contemplated, as well as their location in the electric system in order to achieve the maximum benefits. Finally, the savings obtained with the installation of capacitors in the electric power system of the Miguel Hidalgo refinery, are explained. [Espanol] En el presente trabajo se analizan los fundamentos teoricos y formulas del factor de potencia y se muestra la relacion entre kilowatts, kilovars y factor de potencia; tambien trata al factor de potencia combinado de grupos de cargas, asi como el calculo numerico de los KVAR necesarios para la mejora deseada del factor de potencia. Ademas se contemplan aspectos tecnicos y economicos de los capacitores y los motores sincronos, asi como la ubicacion de los mismos en el sistema electrico para lograr los maximos beneficios. Finalmente se explican las ganancias economicas que se obtuvieron al instalarse capacitores en el sistema electrico de potencia de la refineria Miguel Hidalgo.

  15. Importance of the lighting systems in commercial establishments and services and some criteria for electric energy saving; Importancia de los sistemas de iluminacion en comercios y servicios y algunos criterios para ahorrar energia electrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bandala Pimentel, Alicia Isabel [Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE), Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1993-12-31

    Among the projects executed by the Gerencia de Comercios y Servicios del Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE), there are projects for apartment stores, self service stores, office buildings, schools and hospitals. As of now, we have executed 57 projects, from which in 47 of them the correction of the lighting system was a measure to apply. In this paper, we will show the corrective lighting measures that have been feasible to apply from the technical and economical stand point, the saving percentages that have been possible to attain and some additional considerations. [Espanol] Dentro de los proyectos realizados en la Gerencia de Comercios y Servicios del Fideicomiso de Apoyo al Programa de Ahorro de Energia del Sector Electrico (FIDE), se encuentran proyectos en almacenes departamentales, tiendas de autoservicio, edificios de oficinas, escuelas y hospitales. A la fecha contamos con 57 proyectos realizados, en los cuales en 47, la correccion del sistema de iluminacion fue una de las medidas a aplicar. En este trabajo mostraremos las acciones correctivas de iluminacion que han sido factibles de aplicar desde el punto de vista tecnico y economico, los porcentajes de ahorro que han sido posibles obtener y algunas consideraciones adicionales.

  16. Diseno macromolecular par transferencia de cadena

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Heuts, J.P.A.; Munoz Bonilla, A.

    2010-01-01

    In this overview article, a brief description and discussion is given about the controlled radical techniques which are based on chain transfer, i.e., Catalytic Chain Transfer (CCT) and Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT). The CCT is an incredibly efficient method for making

  17. Modelo de accesibilidad de conceptos matematicos aplicados en el curso de Astronomia Descriptiva para estudiantes con impedimentos visuales en la UPR

    Science.gov (United States)

    Isidro Villamizar, Gloria Maria

    Este estudio utiliza metodologia de investigacion cualitativa, con el proposito de describir, analizar y evaluar los procesos de diseno y desarrollo de un modelo de accesibilidad que consiste en estrategias de ensenanza de las matematicas para estudiantes con impedimentos visuales matriculados en el curso de Astronomia Descriptiva en la UPR. Se utilizaron las siguientes estrategias para recopilar la informacion, 1) reflexiones de la investigadora en el proceso de diseno y desarrollo de las lecciones adaptadas, que se registraron en un diario reflexivo. 2) entrevista semiestructurada luego de haber trabajado las lecciones de aprendizaje adaptadas con los participantes. 3) observaciones y notas de la investigadora del trabajo de los participantes. Para obtener la informacion de los participantes se obtuvo los permisos institucionales necesarios; se seleccionaron los participantes y se validaron los instrumentos; se realizo el desarrollo de las lecciones adaptadas con los participantes; y finalmente, se analizo la informacion obtenida. El diseno de las lecciones de aprendizaje adaptadas se hizo siguiendo las recomendaciones curriculares de los temas de matematicas aplicados en el curso de Astronomia Descriptiva realizado por la investigadora durante su semestre de internado. El testimonio de las voces de los participantes se obtuvo del proceso de desarrollo de las lecciones de aprendizaje adaptadas de temas seleccionados de conceptos matematicos requeridos en el curso de Astronomia Descriptiva y de la entrevista semiestructurada con los participantes, luego de haber trabajado las lecciones de aprendizaje. Para el desarrollo de las lecciones de aprendizaje, se utilizaron materiales tactiles adaptados, materiales tactiles disenados y materiales disponibles comercialmente. Los textos de las lecciones se imprimieron en tinta y en Braille. Se exhorta a disenar y desarrollar estrategias de ensenanza accesibles, considerando como recursos para evaluar su efectividad a

  18. Integrated modeling of a turbo-generator: analysis, simulation and compensation; Modelado integrado de un turbogenerador: analisis, simulacion y compensacion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez Rodriguez, Isaura Victoria

    2008-09-15

    Currently, most turbogenerator control systems consist of decentralized control schemes with independent control-loops for the turbine and the generator. These schemes do not take into account the interaction between the power and voltage control loops, which can degrade the turbogenerator response. To improve this situation, and to develop better control schemes, it is necessary to build full-scope mathematical models of the turbine generator set, which are able to emulate the dynamics throughout the operating range, including the interaction effects. In this thesis the mathematical model of a synchronous generator, which includes damping windings and rotor iron magnetic saturation, is developed. The model was modularly programmed using per-unit parameters. This model was coupled to the existing model of a gas turbine to compose the full-scope model of a 32 MVA combustion turbogenerator. The numerical stability of the generator and turbogenerator models demonstrated through steady-state simulation experiments. The dynamic behavior was demonstrated using power and voltage control loops based on digital PID algorithms. Then, the results of previous experiments were used to design a control scheme based on two fuzzy compensators: one for power and another for voltage. The proposed fuzzy scheme significantly reduced the unwanted interaction effects of decentralized conventional control schemes. It was demonstrated the proposed turbogenerator model is valid in a wide operating range and allows designing and evaluating high performance control schemes, which take into account the interaction between the turbine and the generator. Besides, the turbogenerator model is being used at the Electrical Research Institute to integrate a real-time bench test for turbogenerator control systems. [Spanish] Actualmente, la mayoria de los sistemas de control para turbogeneradores contemplan esquemas de control descentralizados con lazos de control independientes para la turbina y el

  19. Interconnected power systems of the countries of America Central (SIEPAC)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2002-01-01

    This presentation shows the project SIEPAC (Sistema de interconexion electrica de los paises de Centro America) describes the current transmission system, and planned SIEPAC transmission system, also describes the objectives: implementation of an central american electrical market named Mercado Electrico Regional that contributes to sustaintable development of the region. Also describes the power transmission lines, the structure of line transmission and its market to be covered. Financing of the project from lending institutions is explained

  20. Translations from the Soviet Journal of Atomic Energy

    Science.gov (United States)

    1962-02-15

    both ferrous and non-ferrous metal- lurgy, radioactive isotopes and ionizing radiations make it possible to maintain continuous control over the auto ...used to obtain pho- tographe of the plat’na in- the traps at various moments of’ time. "Me use ot electricoal probes of various types madie it possible...the chemical industry, rtdioactive isotopes.and nuclear radiation are finding wide application in auto - mation and control devices. Mass-produced

  1. Results of a survey on the electricity end uses conducted in Guadalajara and Monterrey homes; Resultados de una encuesta de usos finales de electricidad en los hogares de Guadalajara y Monterrey

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Friedmann, Rafael; Nixon, Michael [University of California, Berkeley, CA. (United States)

    1994-12-31

    This paper presents here the results of a survey conducted in summer 1992 at Guadalajara and Monterrey homes. The survey main objective was to examine the potential of the replacement of incandescent bulbs for fluorescent compact bulbs (FCBs) to save electricity. Additionally it was determined the saturation level of other electric home appliances. Considering the physical restrictions of lanterns, during the evening demand peak hours a maximum of about 3.6 million of FCBs can be introduced into the electric network between 8:00 and 9:00 Pm, economizing about 207 MW. It was found that the importance of lighting, the potential of FCBs and the equipment with electric home appliances varies significantly in accordance with the electricity consumption at home. Lighting represents at least about 22% and 14% of the total electricity consumption in the homes of Guadalajara and Monterrey, respectively. This percentage is higher among low electricity consumption users. The saturation in electrical home appliances demonstrated the importance of the refrigerators, TV sets, and air conditioning units (these ones only for Monterrey). In both cities about 1.5 TV sets and 0.96 refrigerators per home were reported. In Monterrey 0.4 air conditioning units and 1.6 electric fans per home were reported. In Guadalajara only about 0.5 fans per home were reported. The results of this survey show the importance of promoting programs to increase the energy efficiency to cover the lighting and refrigeration needs in both cities and air conditioning in Monterrey. [Espanol] Se muestran los resultados de una encuesta realizada en el verano de 1992 en los hogares de Guadalajara y Monterrey. La encuesta tenia como objetivo principal examinar el potencial de reemplazo de focos incandescentes con focos compactos fluorescentes (FCFs) para ahorrar electricidad. Ademas se determino el nivel de saturacion de otros enseres electricos en los hogares. Tomando en cuenta restricciones fisicas de luminarias

  2. Commanding Generation Y: How Generation X Military Leaders Can Better Utilize Generational Tendencies

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-03-21

    generation ( Baby Boomers ). Although the profession of arms is a time-honored tradition steeped in discipline...senior leadership generational tendencies. Command; Leadership; Generation ; Baby Boomer ; Generation X; Generation Y Unclass Unclass Unclass UU 32 USMC...enable commanders to better lead Generation Y within the U.S. military. Discussion: Baby Boomers , Generation X, and Generation Y are

  3. Fuel radial design using Path Relinking; Diseno radial de combustible usando Path Relinking

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Campos S, Y. [ININ, 52750 La Marquesa, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

    2007-07-01

    The present work shows the obtained results when implementing the combinatory optimization technique well-known as Path Re linking (Re-linkage of Trajectories), to the problem of the radial design of nuclear fuel assemblies, for boiling water reactors (BWR Boiling Water Reactor by its initials in English), this type of reactors is those that are used in the Laguna Verde Nucleo electric Central, Veracruz. As in any other electric power generation plant of that make use of some fuel to produce heat and that it needs each certain time (from 12 to 14 months) to make a supply of the same one, because this it wears away or it burns, in the nucleolectric plants to this activity is denominated fuel reload. In this reload different activities intervene, among those which its highlight the radial and axial designs of fuel assemblies, the patterns of control rods and the multi cycles study, each one of these stages with their own complexity. This work was limited to study in independent form the radial design, without considering the other activities. These phases are basic for the fuel reload design and of reactor operation strategies. (Author)

  4. Analysis of the methods for the achievement of comfort conditions of humidity and temperature in energetically efficient designs; Analisis de los mtodos para lograr condiciones de confort higrotermico en disenos energeticamente eficientes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mesa A., N. A.; Morillon G., D. [Division de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    , boxeo, basquetbol, voleibol, gimnasia, aerobics y esgrima. Al mismo tiempo se encuesto a sus ocupantes acerca de la sensacion termica que experimentaban al realizar dichas actividades. Los resultados obtenidos en las encuestas se compararon con los reportados por otros investigadores, mediante tablas y diagramas psicometricos, como valores optimos para el confort termico. Como conclusiones se tuvo que los metodos graficos y matenaticos analizados, tienen como base una actividad sedentaria, por lo cual, al utilizarlos para el diseno espacios, de distintas actividades, se presentan condiciones de disconfort, con la consecuente necesidad de aire acondicionado, lo cual implica consumo de energia y el pago de la misma, y por ultimo, es necesario realizar una adaptacion de dichas herramientas, esto es considerar la actividad que se realizara en los edificios.

  5. Analysis of the methods for the achievement of comfort conditions of humidity and temperature in energetically efficient designs; Analisis de los mtodos para lograr condiciones de confort higrotermico en disenos energeticamente eficientes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mesa A, N A; Morillon G, D [Division de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    , boxeo, basquetbol, voleibol, gimnasia, aerobics y esgrima. Al mismo tiempo se encuesto a sus ocupantes acerca de la sensacion termica que experimentaban al realizar dichas actividades. Los resultados obtenidos en las encuestas se compararon con los reportados por otros investigadores, mediante tablas y diagramas psicometricos, como valores optimos para el confort termico. Como conclusiones se tuvo que los metodos graficos y matenaticos analizados, tienen como base una actividad sedentaria, por lo cual, al utilizarlos para el diseno espacios, de distintas actividades, se presentan condiciones de disconfort, con la consecuente necesidad de aire acondicionado, lo cual implica consumo de energia y el pago de la misma, y por ultimo, es necesario realizar una adaptacion de dichas herramientas, esto es considerar la actividad que se realizara en los edificios.

  6. Specification of a system for planning and analysis of independent generator connection impact on the electric distribution system; Especificacao de um sistema de planeamento e analise do impacto da conexao de geradores independentes no sistema electrico da distribuicao

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Proenca, Luis Miguel; Matos, Manuel Antonio [Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC), Porto (Portugal); Campos, Manuel Luis Borges [Centro para a Excelencia na Distribuicao (CED), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)

    1999-07-01

    This paper describes a system for planning and analysis of the independent generator connection impact on the electric distribution system. This system is being developed under a contract signed between the Center for Excellency in the Distribution (CED), state of Sao Paulo - Brazil and the INESC, Porto - Portugal - energy unit.

  7. Manual for the ELL (2) - parser generator and tree generator generator

    OpenAIRE

    Heckmann, Reinhold

    1986-01-01

    Regular right part grammars extended by tree generator specifications are interpreted by a combined parser generator and tree generator that produces an ELL(2) parser. This parser is able to translate programs of the specified language into abstract syntax trees according to the tree specifications in the generator input.

  8. Nuclear energy and opportunity to strengthen the sustainable electricity sector; Energia nuclear una oportunidad para fortalecer el sector electrico sustentable

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Robles N, A. G. [Comision Federal de Electricidad, Direccion de Proyectos de Inversion Financiada, Gerencia de Proteccion Ambiental, Paseo de la Reforma No. 164, Col. Juarez, 06600 Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico)

    2016-09-15

    The beginning of electricity in Mexico was through the use and exploitation of natural resources; as the demand grew, more generation power plants were required with great capacity and at the same time the fuels used varied, although, oil continued to be the main fuel. At present, due to the effects of climate change, the Conference of the Parties has proposed to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels to give way to clean energy (wind, solar, geothermal, nuclear, etc.), which entails gradually modifying the energy matrix of the electricity sector. The National Development Plan and the National Electricity Sector Development Program, this coordinated by the Energy Secretariat in Mexico, establish policies to promote sustainable development, increasing electricity generation through clean energy sources, including nuclear energy. However, such plans are not accurate in the strategy to be followed to ensure compliance with the increased participation of nuclear energy. This article proposes a nuclear program for the Mexican electricity sector, under the terms of a State policy, aimed at crystallizing a sustainable electricity development 2015-2036; considering that the application to the electricity sector constitutes a representative and justified example of the incorporation of environmental aspects in decision processes for the preservation of the environment. In order to determine the quantity and type of reactors, as well as the number of nuclear power plants and increase of the installed capacity, the general planning scheme of the electric sector was used, taking as reference the modeling criteria of the WASP planning system. Finally, is concluded that the electricity generated by fission of radioactive elements is an opportunity to fulfill the commitments made by Mexico at COP 21 and to meet in an environmentally friendly way the energy requirement that our country needs. (Author)

  9. Grid planning in a competitive environment; La planificacion de la red de transporte electrico en un entorno competitivo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Quinto, J. de

    2007-07-01

    One principle that the electricity sector must fulfil is to simultaneously guarantee generation free entrance, new and old demand supply and a harmonic network development. This development is contained in the grid planning, a process assumed by a neutral institution apart from the grid or the interests of the market agents: In the case of Spain the ministry. The development of such planning, the investment to be built, are limited by the physical network and formal structure and by how the retribution is designed. In this article there is an evaluation of the problems related to develop the network planning in a competitive environment and also some proposals are suggested. (Author)

  10. Towards a sustainable architecture: Adequate to the environment and of maximum energy efficiency; Hacia una arquitectura sustentable: adecuada al ambiente y de maxima eficiencia energetica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Morillon Galvez, David [Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1999-07-01

    An analysis of the elements and factors that the architecture of buildings must have to be sustainable, such as: a design adequate to the environment, saving and efficient use of alternate energies, and the auto-supply is presented. In addition a methodology for the natural air conditioning (bioclimatic architecture) of buildings, as well as ideas for the saving and efficient use of energy, with the objective of contributing to the adequate use of components of the building (walls, ceilings, floors etc.), is presented, that when interacting with the environment it takes advantage of it, without deterioration of the same, obtaining energy efficient designs. [Spanish] Se presenta un analisis de los elementos y factores que debe tener la arquitectura de edificios para ser sustentable, como; un diseno adecuado al ambiente, ahorro y uso eficiente de la energia, el uso de energias alternas y el autoabastecimiento. Ademas se propone una metodologia para la climatizacion natural (arquitectura bioclimatica) de edificios, asi como ideas para el ahorro y uso eficiente de energia, con el objetivo de aportar al uso adecuado de componentes del edificio (muros, techos, pisos etc.) que al interactuar con el ambiente tome ventaja de el, sin deterioro del mismo, logrando disenos energeticamente eficientes.

  11. Bioclimatic Architecture; Arquitectura Bioclimatica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rubenak, Joseph C [A.G.I.S.A., Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    The idea of the Bioclimatic Architecture comes from the term used by the Olgyay brothers, to emphasize the relations and connections between life, the climate and the bonds of these natural factors with the design. These base a method so that the development of the design responds in terms of function and comfort to the climatic implications that give context to the architectonic projects. The central objective is the creation of expressive spaces and aesthetically harmonic whose characteristics privilege the function of the building with optimal conditions for physical and psychological comfort for those who live, operate or use the building. [Spanish] La idea de la arquitectura bioclimatica proviene del termino utilizado por los hermanos Olgyay, para resaltar las relaciones y enlaces entre la vida, el clima y los vinculos de estos factores naturales con el diseno. Estos fundamentan un metodo para que el desarrollo del diseno responda en terminos de funcion y confort a las implicaciones climaticas que dan contexto a los proyectos arquitectonicos. El objetivo central es la creacion de espacios expresivos y esteticamente armonicos cuyas caracteristicas privilegien la funcion del inmueble con optimas condiciones de comodidad fisica y psicologica para quienes viven, operan o utilizan el edificio.

  12. Hydraulic design of embankment stepped chutes: a methodology based on an experimental study; Diseno hidraulico de vertedores escalonados con pendientes modernas: metodologia basada en un estudio experimental

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez, Carlos A; Chanson, Hubert [Universidad de Queensland (Australia)

    2007-04-15

    escalonados se usan como vertedores y/o canales para peces en presas y diques, como disipadores de energia en canales y rios, o como aireadores en plantas de tratamiento y torrentes contaminados. Diversos investigadores han estudiado el flujo en vertedores escalonados, enfocandose en estructuras de gran pendiente ({theta} {approx} 45 grados), por lo que a la fecha, el comportamiento del flujo sobre vertedores con pendientes moderadas ({theta}15 a 30 grados) no ha sido totalmente entendido. El presente articulo comprende un estudio experimental de las propiedades fisicas de flujo aire-agua sobre canales escalonados con pendientes moderadas tipicas en presas de materiales sueltos. Un extenso rango de gastos en condiciones de flujo rasante se investigo en dos modelos experimentales a gran escala (L{sub e} = 3 a 6): un canal con pendiente 3.5H:1V ({theta}16 grados) y dos alturas de escalon distintas (h = 0.1 y 0.5 m), y un canal con pendiente 2.5H:1V ({theta} 22 grados) y una altura de escalon de h = 0.1 m. Los resultados incluyen un analisis detallado de las propiedades del flujo en vertedores escalonados con pendientes moderadas y un nuevo criterio de diseno hidraulico, el cual esta basado en los resultados experimentales obtenidos.

  13. PI fussy multimodal controller of programmed gains for the operation in the wide range of a turbo gas unit; Controlador PI difuso multimodo de ganancias programadas para la operacion en rango amplio de una unidad turbogas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rodriguez Martinez, Arnulfo A.

    2004-11-15

    In this thesis work it was developed a new control algorithm which merges the characteristics of multimode control, gain scheduling control and fuzzy logic techniques, in order to obtain a control system which gives a better gas turbine speed and load control performance, as compared to the current control systems, which are based on conventional PI control algorithms. This new algorithm is intended to provide a better quality control system, which provides both better disturbance rejection response, as well as better reference tracking response. Switching logic (multimode control) and interpolation strategy (gain scheduling) implementation problems are solved applying fuzzy controllers, which retain the advantages of both strategies for non lineal processes in wide operation regions. Since the controllers implemented by the fuzzy system rules are of the same type (PI, Proportional Integral), the multimode gain scheduling fuzzy controller design was reduced to the design of a gain scheduling fuzzy PI controller (PI-GSF). In order to define the gain scheduling scheme, three well-known gain scheduling fuzzy controller design approaches were analyzed and the interpolation mechanism of each of them were compared. The incorporation of a generalized PI controller structure in the local controllers that conform the PI-GSF (see chapter 4), allowed to generate a better control action for both disturbance rejection and reference tracking. As a final product a PI-GSF controller was obtained, which constitutes a more effective control strategy and showed to be a viable solution to the outlined technological problem. With the PI-GSF controller the speed control performance of the generating unit during startup stage, as well as the load control during the generation stage were considerably improved, as compared to the performance obtained with the conventional PI. [Spanish] En este trabajo de tesis se desarrollo un nuevo algoritmo de control que conjunta las caracteristicas de

  14. Atmospheric emissions control at ENELVEN`s Ramon Laguna thermal power plant; Control de emisiones a la atmosfera en la central termoelectrica Ramon Laguna de ENELVEN

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rincon Rincon, Edis Rafael [Empresa de Servicio Electrico (ENELVEN), (Venezuela)

    1997-12-31

    ENELVEN is an electric utility that covers the areas of generation, transmission and distribution of the Western an South coast of the Maracaibo Lake of the Zulia State, Venezuela. General aspects of the Ramon Laguna of ENELVEN fossil power plant are presented, as well as the environmental measures implanted in this power station to avoid detrimental effects on the environment that could be caused by the emission of combustion products without the appropriate control, such as particulate matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides [Espanol] ENELVEN es una empresa de servicio electrico que cubre las areas de generacion, transmision y distribucion de la Costa Occidental y Sur del Lago de Maracaibo, del Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se presentan aspectos generales de la planta termoelectrica Ramon Laguna de la empresa ENELVEN, asi como las medidas ambientales implantadas en esta central para evitar efectos adversos sobre el ambiente que pudieran producirse por la emision de productos de la combustion si no existiera el debido control, tales como: particulas, oxidos de azufre, oxidos de nitrogeno y oxidos de carbono

  15. Atmospheric emissions control at ENELVEN`s Ramon Laguna thermal power plant; Control de emisiones a la atmosfera en la central termoelectrica Ramon Laguna de ENELVEN

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rincon Rincon, Edis Rafael [Empresa de Servicio Electrico (ENELVEN), (Venezuela)

    1996-12-31

    ENELVEN is an electric utility that covers the areas of generation, transmission and distribution of the Western an South coast of the Maracaibo Lake of the Zulia State, Venezuela. General aspects of the Ramon Laguna of ENELVEN fossil power plant are presented, as well as the environmental measures implanted in this power station to avoid detrimental effects on the environment that could be caused by the emission of combustion products without the appropriate control, such as particulate matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides [Espanol] ENELVEN es una empresa de servicio electrico que cubre las areas de generacion, transmision y distribucion de la Costa Occidental y Sur del Lago de Maracaibo, del Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se presentan aspectos generales de la planta termoelectrica Ramon Laguna de la empresa ENELVEN, asi como las medidas ambientales implantadas en esta central para evitar efectos adversos sobre el ambiente que pudieran producirse por la emision de productos de la combustion si no existiera el debido control, tales como: particulas, oxidos de azufre, oxidos de nitrogeno y oxidos de carbono

  16. Comparing Generative and Inter-generative Subjectivity in Post-Revolutionary Academic Generations in Iran

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    mehran Sohrabzadeh

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Comparative study of different post-revolutionary generation has been broadly applied by social scientists; among them some believe there is a gulf between generations, while some others endorsing some small differences among generations, emphasis that this variety is natural. Avoiding being loyal to any of these two views, the present study attempts to compare three different post-revolutionary academic generations using theory of “generative objects” which explores generations’ view about their behaviors, Beliefs, and historical monuments. Sampling was carried among 3 generations; firstly ones who were student in 60s and now are experienced faculties in the university, secondly ones who are recently employed as faculty members, and finally who are now students in universities. Results show that in all 3 generations there are essential in-generation similarities, while comparatively there are some differentiations in inter-generative analysis.

  17. Trip generation characteristics of special generators

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-03-01

    Special generators are introduced in the sequential four-step modeling procedure to represent certain types of facilities whose trip generation characteristics are not fully captured by the standard trip generation module. They are also used in the t...

  18. Analysis of efficiency of a solar dryer tunnel type of mango pulp; Analisis de la eficiencia de un secador solar tipo tunel para pulpa de mango

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Chagoyan Serrano, Jose [Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    A new method to assess the performance of a solar dryer is presented. It describes energy efficiency indicators to improve a commercial dryer design. First, a preliminary dryer design procedure is described step by step. Then, two different modes of a tunnel dryer are investigated: Batch and semi-continue operations. The results of the analysis show that, the thermal efficiency is not sufficient to rate de dryer performance. It is necessary to include the productivity of the drying process and the quality of the dried fruit. The drying process and productivity tend to go hand-in-hand but in opposite directions. That is to say, raising the thermal efficiency reduce the process productivity and conversely. The analysis also suggests that an agreement between the efficiency, productivity and the quality must be specified in the drier design. [Spanish] Se presenta un procedimiento nuevo para evaluar la operacion de un secador solar, con el cual se precisan indicadores de la eficiencia que pueden ser utiles para mejorar el diseno del equipo. Se empieza por describir los pasos de un procedimiento de diseno preliminar de un sistema de secado. Despues, se analizan cualitativamente dos secadores: uno que opera por lotes y el otro de modo semicontinuo. Los resultados del analisis muestran que, la eficiencia termica del equipo no es un criterio suficiente para evaluar su operacion; tambien se requiere tomar encuenta la productividad del proceso de secado y la calidad del producto final. Se concluye que la eficiencia termica y la productividad del proceso son conceptos encontrados. Es decir, la eficiencia termica del equipo no es un criterio suficiente para evaluar su operacion; tambien se requiere tomar en cuenta la productividad del proceso de secado y la calidad del producto final. Se concluye que la eficiencia termica y la productividad del proceso son conceptos encontrados. Es decir, la eficiencia termica solo se puede aumentar a costa de la productividad y viceversa

  19. Multiple purpose electrical profit; Emprendimiento electrico de prestacion multiple

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Assennato, H. [Electrica de Azul Ltda., Buenos Aires (Argentina)

    1986-12-31

    This paper shows the multiple purpose aspects of electrification projects in rural and isolated areas. The multiple aspects involved in the electrification process may include, over electric power supply: improvement of life quality, irrigation and rural mechanization. 4 figs., 6 tabs., 4 refs.

  20. Distributed generation induction and permanent magnet generators

    CERN Document Server

    Lai, L

    2007-01-01

    Distributed power generation is a technology that could help to enable efficient, renewable energy production both in the developed and developing world. It includes all use of small electric power generators, whether located on the utility system, at the site of a utility customer, or at an isolated site not connected to the power grid. Induction generators (IGs) are the cheapest and most commonly used technology, compatible with renewable energy resources. Permanent magnet (PM) generators have traditionally been avoided due to high fabrication costs; however, compared with IGs they are more reliable and productive. Distributed Generation thoroughly examines the principles, possibilities and limitations of creating energy with both IGs and PM generators. It takes an electrical engineering approach in the analysis and testing of these generators, and includes diagrams and extensive case study examples o better demonstrate how the integration of energy sources can be accomplished. The book also provides the ...

  1. Tipología de Replicaciones para la Síntesis de Experimentos en Ingeniería del Software

    OpenAIRE

    Gómez Gómez, Omar Salvador

    2012-01-01

    La Ingenieria del Software Experimental (ISE) traslada a la Ingenieria del Software (IS) el paradigma experimental que se ha aplicado con exito en diversas disciplinas cientificas. El objetivo de la ISE es hacer de la construccion del software una actividad predecible gracias al conocimiento de las relaciones entre los procesos de produccion del software y los productos que se obtienen. Para avanzar en el paradigma experimental en IS no es suficiente aplicar las tecnicas de diseno experimenta...

  2. Aplicacio?n del paradigma semio?tico en una implementacio?n de reconocimiento facial – Estado del Arte

    OpenAIRE

    Valverde, Galo; Criollo, Ronald; Go?mez, Mo?nica; Plua, Daniel; Quinche, Paola; Quiroz, Miguel

    2014-01-01

    Investiga y trata todos los aspectos relacionados con el disen?o y la implementacio?n de las interfaces entre los humanos y las computadoras. Dada la naturaleza y objetivos, la HCI en forma innata involucra mu?ltiples disciplinas relacionadas con la ciencia de la computacio?n, (procesamiento de ima?genes, visio?n computarizada, lenguajes de programacio?n y otras similares), asi? como disciplinas relacionadas con las ciencias humanas (ergonomi?a, factores humanos, psicologi?a cognitiva, y otra...

  3. Design of a generator of harmonic vibrations for rotary unbalance; Diseno de un generador de vibraciones armonicas por desbalance rotatorio

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rodriguez Vazquez, Ely Edmundo [Grupo de Investigacion Aplicada, Queretaro, Queretaro (Mexico); Silva Navarro, Gerardo [Cinvestav, IPN, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico); Zuniga Osorio, Helen Janeth [CIATEQ, Queretaro, Queretaro (Mexico)

    2007-11-15

    In this paper is presented the experimental development of an integral system for the monitoring and acquisition of involved physical variables in the performance analysis of the turbo-machinery. The integral system has been denominated SMD Turbo (System of Monitoring and Diagnosis for turbo-machinery) and has as fundamental intention to realize the analysis and diagnosis (on the basis of mathematical and graphical tools) of the performance of a machine through the physical measurement of physical variables such as pressure, temperature and vibration. The system is able to realize the analysis of the information in real time and to store it for its later processing of diagnosis by means of specialized software with which the calculations of the performance will be able to be realized. Preliminary results of the proposal are presented that confirm the viability of the proposal. [Spanish] En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo experimental de un sistema integral para el monitoreo y adquisicion de variables fisicas involucradas en el analisis del rendimiento de la turbomaquinaria. El sistema integral se ha denominado SMD Turbo (Sistema de Monitoreo y Diagnostico para trubomaquinaria) y tiene como proposito fundamental realizar el analisis y diagnostico (en base a herramientas matematicas y graficas) del rendimiento de la turbo maquina a traves de la medicion de variable fisicas como por ejemplo, presion, temperatura y vibracion. El sistema es capaz de realizar el analisis de la informacion en tiempo real y almacenarla para su posterior proceso de diagnostico mediante un software especializado con el cual se podran realizar los calculos del rendimiento. Se presentan resultados preliminares de la propuesta que confirman la viabilidad de la propuesta.

  4. Pirotubular boilers design. Diseno de calderas pirotubulares

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Latre Durso, F. (Geval S.A. (Spain))

    1994-01-01

    This article describes the conceptual design of Pirotubular boilers from the valuable thermal point of view, to the dimensional. This topic is a very tool valuable for professionals of design and for maintenance and operation equipment.

  5. Decision analysis in the expansion planning of the Mexican Electrical System; Analisis de decision en la planificacion de la expansion del Sistema Electrico Mexicano

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Toupiol, S.; Martin del Campo M, C.; Ortega C, R. [Departamento de Sistemas Energeticos, Facultad de Ingenieria UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico D.F. (Mexico)]. e-mail: stoupiol@yahoo.fr

    2007-07-01

    In the last years, the planning of the National Interconnected System has been guided mainly to technologies of combined cycle, contributing to the establishment of a generation system little diversified and clerk of the readiness and volatility of the prices of natural gas. On the other hand, the electric system continues expanding without to consider the emissions of gases coming from the electric generation and the significant participation of the renewable and nuclear technologies in the production of electricity like decisive parameters for the long term planning, for what the developed plans are economically attractive but they don't contribute to the respect of the environment, to the sustainable development, neither to the diversification. With base to the above-mentioned intended in this work to develop viable outlines for the long term expansion of the National Interconnected System (period 2005-2024), appealing to the pattern of uni nodal planning that uses the Federal Commission of Electricity at the moment (CFE) that is to say the pattern WASP given by the International Atomic Energy Agency. This way, you fixed as objective to propose two expansion alternatives to the reference plan developed by the CFE in 2005 for the period 2005-2024, with the purpose of not only looking for the good plan of these three plans in terms of the total cost of generation, but also in terms of the risk associated to the price of natural gas, the emissions of dioxide of sulfur and nitrogen oxides generated by the plants of the system and the diversity of the generation park. To compare the three developed plans, you applies an analysis of decision of multiple approaches based on the approach of Savage. Finally, starting from this analysis, he/she intended to determine if the plan of minimum cost represents the long term better option or if it suits but to expand the system being based on a plan that represents the best commitment cost-risk-emission-diversity. (Author)

  6. Steam-Generator Integrity Program/Steam-Generator Group Project

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1982-10-01

    The Steam Generator Integrity Program (SGIP) is a comprehensive effort addressing issues of nondestructive test (NDT) reliability, inservice inspection (ISI) requirements, and tube plugging criteria for PWR steam generators. In addition, the program has interactive research tasks relating primary side decontamination, secondary side cleaning, and proposed repair techniques to nondestructive inspectability and primary system integrity. The program has acquired a service degraded PWR steam generator for research purposes. This past year a research facility, the Steam Generator Examination Facility (SGEF), specifically designed for nondestructive and destructive examination tasks of the SGIP was completed. The Surry generator previously transported to the Hanford Reservation was then inserted into the SGEF. Nondestructive characterization of the generator from both primary and secondary sides has been initiated. Decontamination of the channelhead cold leg side was conducted. Radioactive field maps were established in the steam generator, at the generator surface and in the SGEF

  7. Adjustable movable capacitors bank at 20 or 30 MVAr in 115 kV; Banco movil de capacitores ajustable a 20 o 30 MVAr en 115 kV

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ponce Velez, Marco A; Lopez Velazquez, Juan Jose [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Temixco, Morelos (Mexico); Lopez Tagle, Alfredo; Aragon Garcia, Hector [Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

    1999-07-01

    The use of fixed capacitors banks in distribution and transmission systems is a useful tool to compensate the demand of reactive power and the drop of voltage of the power lines. Nevertheless, unforeseen happenings can be originated that could cause decompensation in the system reliability. Due to the previous fact, the Transmission and Transformation Coordinator (CTT) of the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) asked for the design and the construction of a movable bank of capacitors for an emergent compensation of reactive power. In this article it is presented the most relevant of the design, the construction and the operation of the movable bank of capacitors developed in the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE). [Spanish] El empleo de bancos capacitadores fijos en los sistemas de distribucion y transmision es una herramienta util para compensar la demanda de reactivos y la caida de tension de las lineas. Sin embargo, se pueden originar imprevistos que descompensan la confiabilidad del sistema. Debido a lo anterior, la Coordinadora de Transmision y Transformacion (CTT) de la Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) solicito el diseno y la construccion de un banco movil de capacitores para una compensacion emergente de potencia reactiva. En este articulo se presenta lo mas relevante del diseno, la construccion y la operacion del banco movil de capacitores desarrollado en el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE).

  8. In situ regeneration of dielectric oil of electric transformers; Regeneracion in situ y en carga del aceite dielectrico de los transformadores electricos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Solis, A.

    2000-07-01

    Depuroil, S. A., a company founded in 1975, presents in this article treatment to control the quality and regenerate the Electric Transformers oil in order to lengthen the useful life of the oil and have an environmentally correct treatment of the residuals that the oil generates. (Author) 5 refs.

  9. Refrigeration generation using expander-generator units

    Science.gov (United States)

    Klimenko, A. V.; Agababov, V. S.; Koryagin, A. V.; Baidakova, Yu. O.

    2016-05-01

    The problems of using the expander-generator unit (EGU) to generate refrigeration, along with electricity were considered. It is shown that, on the level of the temperatures of refrigeration flows using the EGU, one can provide the refrigeration supply of the different consumers: ventilation and air conditioning plants and industrial refrigerators and freezers. The analysis of influence of process parameters on the cooling power of the EGU, which depends on the parameters of the gas expansion process in the expander and temperatures of cooled environment, was carried out. The schematic diagram of refrigeration generation plant based on EGU is presented. The features and advantages of EGU to generate refrigeration compared with thermotransformer of steam compressive and absorption types were shown, namely: there is no need to use the energy generated by burning fuel to operate the EGU; beneficial use of the heat delivered to gas from the flow being cooled in equipment operating on gas; energy production along with refrigeration generation, which makes it possible to create, using EGU, the trigeneration plants without using the energy power equipment. It is shown that the level of the temperatures of refrigeration flows, which can be obtained by using the EGU on existing technological decompression stations of the transported gas, allows providing the refrigeration supply of various consumers. The information that the refrigeration capacity of an expander-generator unit not only depends on the parameters of the process of expansion of gas flowing in the expander (flow rate, temperatures and pressures at the inlet and outlet) but it is also determined by the temperature needed for a consumer and the initial temperature of the flow of the refrigeration-carrier being cooled. The conclusion was made that the expander-generator units can be used to create trigeneration plants both at major power plants and at small energy.

  10. Power Generation for River and Tidal Generators

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Muljadi, Eduard [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Wright, Alan [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Gevorgian, Vahan [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Donegan, James [Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC), Portland, ME (United States); Marnagh, Cian [Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC), Portland, ME (United States); McEntee, Jarlath [Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC), Portland, ME (United States)

    2016-06-01

    Renewable energy sources are the second largest contributor to global electricity production, after fossil fuels. The integration of renewable energy continued to grow in 2014 against a backdrop of increasing global energy consumption and a dramatic decline in oil prices during the second half of the year. As renewable generation has become less expensive during recent decades, and it becomes more accepted by the global population, the focus on renewable generation has expanded from primarily wind and solar to include new types with promising future applications, such as hydropower generation, including river and tidal generation. Today, hydropower is considered one of the most important renewable energy sources. In river and tidal generation, the input resource flow is slower but also steadier than it is in wind or solar generation, yet the level of water turbulent flow may vary from one place to another. This report focuses on hydrokinetic power conversion.

  11. Smart Materials for Army Structures

    Science.gov (United States)

    1992-04-01

    86. . 3 0.0 IMIA8 0 --’O IM S. B .88 . -I 30.0- 10.0 0 .0XI Fig. X4 Electrico o flte i ( eatv 2. andth It 0 / (A) 0-0 [90/0/90] 30.0 u...accomplished computationally, 137 i : D L (B) (C) --- Fig. X~III A demonstration of auto -rotation on a D-shaped blade of a Lancliester propellecr. 138 I...Conductive Polymers and Plastics, Chapman and Hall, 1989. Margolis, J.M., "Composites Challenge Metals for Aircraft/ Auto Panel Applications,’ Machine and

  12. Alternative energy and distributed generation: thinking generations ahead

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hunt, P.D.

    2001-01-01

    Alternative Energy will be discussed in the context of Distributed Generation, which is defined as a delivery platform for micro-power generation, close to the end-users, that can also supplement regional electricity grids. Many references in the paper pertain to Alberta. This is for two reasons: First, familiarity by the author, and more importantly, Alberta is the first region in Canada that has de-regulated it's electricity sector. De-regulation allows independent and smaller power generators to enter the market. Focussing on Alberta, with some references to other Canadian provinces and USA, electricity consumption trends will be reviewed and the pressures to decentralize electricity generation discussed. Re-structuring of the electricity sector, convergence of power generation and natural gas industries, advances in technologies, and environmental concerns are collectively contributing to the creation of a new business called 'Distributed Generation'. Efficiency benefits of combined heat and power associated with the more prominent emerging distributed generation technologies like micro-turbines and fuel cells, will be highlighted. Areas of research, development and demonstration that will enable the successful deployment of Distributed Generation will be suggested with respect to Generation Technologies, Systems Controls, Supporting Infrastructure, and Socio-Political Barriers. Estimates of investments in the various alternative energy technologies will be presented. Using current trends and emerging technologies the Paper will conclude with some predictions of future scenarios. (author)

  13. Generative Contexts: Generating value between community and educational settings

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dan Lyles

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available As educators and researchers, the authors of this paper participated, at different points in time, in a National Science Foundation funded research program to place culturally responsive education into generative justice frameworks. We discovered that the mechanisms to create generative contexts—contexts where value can possibly be returned to the community where the people generating that value live and work—in-school, after-school, and not-school were not uniform and required individual attention and care. One can think of generative contexts as the educational preconditions for generative justice. We aim to show how generative contexts are crucial to understanding a larger theory of generative justice. To do this we provide three examples of generative contexts. First is a generative context in-school, where a technology teacher brought a community hairstylist into her classroom to help teach computer programming through cornrow braiding; a skill relevant to her African American students. Next is a generative context after-school where a student demonstrates soldering skills that she learned from family members. The third is a not-school “E-Waste to Makerspace” workshop where students created garden-technology designs for low-income communities. 

  14. Teaching Millennials and Generation Z: Bridging the Generational Divide.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shatto, Bobbi; Erwin, Kelly

    2017-02-01

    Most undergraduate students today are part of the millennial generation. However, the next wave of students-Generation Z-are just beginning to enter universities. Although these groups share many similarities, they each have unique characteristics that create challenges in the classroom. Incorporating technology, engaging students with adaptive learning activities, and understanding basic generational differences are ways to limit the effects of generational conflict while keeping both millennials and Generation Z students engaged in learning. It is important to understand basic differences and distinctions across generations for developing pedagogy that reaches these unique student populations.

  15. Cheaper power generation from surplus steam generating capacities

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gupta, K.

    1996-01-01

    Prior to independence most industries had their own captive power generation. Steam was generated in own medium/low pressure boilers and passed through extraction condensing turbines for power generation. Extraction steam was used for process. With cheaper power made available in Nehru era by undertaking large hydro power schemes, captive power generation in industries was almost abandoned except in sugar and large paper factories, which were high consumers of steam. (author)

  16. The different generation of nuclear reactors from Generation-1 to Generation-4

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cognet, G.

    2010-01-01

    In this work author deals with the history of the development of nuclear reactors from Generation-1 to Generation-4. The fuel cycle and radioactive waste management as well as major accidents are presented, too.

  17. A large capacity turbine generator for nuclear power generation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Maeda, Susumu; Miki, Takahiro; Suzuki, Kazuichi

    2000-01-01

    In future large capacity nuclear power plant, capacity of a generator to be applied will be 1800 MVA of the largest class in the world. In response to this, the Mitsubishi Electric Co., Ltd. began to carry out element technology verification of a four-pole large capacity turbine generator mainly using upgrading technique of large capacity, since 1994 fiscal year. And, aiming at reliability verification of the 1800 MVA class generator, a model generator with same cross-section as that of an actual one was manufactured, to carry out some verifications on its electrified tests, and so on. Every performance evaluation result of tests on the model generator were good, and high reliability to design and manufacturing technique of the 1800 MVA class generator could be verified. In future, on the base of these technologies, further upgrading of reliability on the large capacity turbine generator for nuclear power generation is intended to be carried out. (G.K.)

  18. Generational diversity.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kramer, Linda W

    2010-01-01

    Generational diversity has proven challenges for nurse leaders, and generational values may influence ideas about work and career planning. This article discusses generational gaps, influencing factors and support, and the various generational groups present in today's workplace as well as the consequences of need addressing these issues. The article ends with a discussion of possible solutions.

  19. A viable technology to generate third-generation biofuel

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Singh, Anoop; Olsen, Stig Irving; Nigam, Poonam Singh

    2011-01-01

    First generation biofuels are commercialized at large as the production technologies are well developed. However, to grow the raw materials, there is a great need to compromise with food security, which made first generation biofuels not so much promising. The second generation of biofuels does...

  20. Deconstruyendo el resultado contable convencional para diseñar un resultado contable ambiental

    OpenAIRE

    José Juan Déniz Mayor; María Concepción Verona Martel

    2015-01-01

    En el presente trabajo se discute la dificultad de delimitar con precisión los flujos de gastos e ingresos relacionados con la gestión ambiental corporativa, utilizando como hilo argumental el diseno˜ de un modelo algebraico de resultado contable que haga visible las partidas más significativas en esta materia. Las principales conclusiones se centran en la necesidad de vincular los gastos e ingresos ambientales a objetivos específicos a fin de poder evaluar el desempeno˜ ambiental de la empre...

  1. Motor/generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hickam, Christopher Dale [Glasford, IL

    2008-05-13

    A motor/generator is provided for connecting between a transmission input shaft and an output shaft of a prime mover. The motor/generator may include a motor/generator housing, a stator mounted to the motor/generator housing, a rotor mounted at least partially within the motor/generator housing and rotatable about a rotor rotation axis, and a transmission-shaft coupler drivingly coupled to the rotor. The transmission-shaft coupler may include a clamp, which may include a base attached to the rotor and a plurality of adjustable jaws.

  2. Wind Generators

    Science.gov (United States)

    1989-01-01

    When Enerpro, Inc. president, Frank J. Bourbeau, attempted to file a patent on a system for synchronizing a wind generator to the electric utility grid, he discovered Marshall Space Flight Center's Frank Nola's power factor controller. Bourbeau advanced the technology and received a NASA license and a patent for his Auto Synchronous Controller (ASC). The ASC reduces generator "inrush current," which occurs when large generators are abruptly brought on line. It controls voltage so the generator is smoothly connected to the utility grid when it reaches its synchronous speed, protecting the components from inrush current damage. Generator efficiency is also increased in light winds by applying lower than rated voltage. Wind energy is utilized to drive turbines to generate electricity for utility companies.

  3. A maximum power point tracker for photovoltaic system using a PIC microcontroller; Controlador de potencia maxima para sistemas fotovoltaicos (SFVs) utilizando un microcontrolador PIC

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guzman, Eusebio; Mendoza, Victor X; Carrillo, Jose J . A; Galarza, Cristian [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    A maximum power point tracker MPPT for photovoltaic systems is presented. The equipment can output up to 600 W and its control signals are generated by a PIC microcontroller. The principle of control is based on current and voltage sampling at the output terminals of the photovoltaic generator. From power comparison of two consecutive samples, it is possible to know how far from the optimal point the system is working. Output voltage control is used to force the system to work within the optimal area of operation. The microcontroller program sequence, the DC/DC converter structure and the most relevant results are shown. [Spanish] En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de un controlador de potencia maxima para su aplicacion en sistemas fotovoltaicos (SFVs). El diseno alcanza una potencia de 600 W y sus senales de control son generadas con un controlador PIC. El principio de control se basa en el muestreo de la corriente y la tension en las terminadas del generador fotovoltaico GFV. De dos muestreos consecutivos, y por comparacion de las potencias, se determina que tan alejado del punto optimo opera el sistema. La operacion del sistema dentro de la zona de funcionamiento optimo se asegura mediante un control por tension. Se muestra la secuencia de programacion del microcontrolador, la estructura del convertidor CD/CD empleado y algunos resultados relevantes.

  4. [Intel random number generator-based true random number generator].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Huang, Feng; Shen, Hong

    2004-09-01

    To establish a true random number generator on the basis of certain Intel chips. The random numbers were acquired by programming using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 via register reading from the random number generator (RNG) unit of an Intel 815 chipset-based computer with Intel Security Driver (ISD). We tested the generator with 500 random numbers in NIST FIPS 140-1 and X(2) R-Squared test, and the result showed that the random number it generated satisfied the demand of independence and uniform distribution. We also compared the random numbers generated by Intel RNG-based true random number generator and those from the random number table statistically, by using the same amount of 7500 random numbers in the same value domain, which showed that the SD, SE and CV of Intel RNG-based random number generator were less than those of the random number table. The result of u test of two CVs revealed no significant difference between the two methods. Intel RNG-based random number generator can produce high-quality random numbers with good independence and uniform distribution, and solves some problems with random number table in acquisition of the random numbers.

  5. Heat transfer equipment performance diagnosis of auxiliary systems in electric power stations; Diagnostico de comportamiento de equipo de transferencia de calor de sistemas auxiliares de centrales termoelectricas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ruiz Esparza Gutierrez, Rogelio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1991-12-31

    In this article the methodology followed to diagnose the performance of the equipment where heat is transferred from the feed water, condensate and circulation water systems in fossil power plants (FPP). The data collection is made with the unit in normal operation, using local instrumentation without taking the equipment out of service for its installation. The equipment diagnosis is made through the analysis of the collected data in actual operation and the design data; for this purpose a thermal balance of the interested systems is performed to obtain all the conditions an operation data. Later on the performance indicative parameters (PIP) of actual operation and design are calculated and compared one against the other. Such a comparison reveals the performance deterioration and the possible equipment faults. The data obtained and the supplementary information are stored in a data base whose objective is that Comision Federal de Electricidad has on hand a prompt access to them in order to control the performance, compare them among similar units and power stations, and inclusively verify possible recurrent causes of low availability in the referred systems. [Espanol] En este articulo se presenta la metodologia seguida para diagnosticar el comportamiento de equipos en los que se transfiere calor de los sistemas de agua de alimentacion, condensado y circulacion de las centrales termoelectricas (CTE). La toma de datos se realiza con la unidad en operacion normal, utilizando instrumentacion local sin necesidad de sacar de servicio a los equipos para su instalacion, ya que se ocupan los mismos puntos para instrumentos con que cuentan por diseno. El diagnostico de los equipos se realiza mediante el analisis de los datos recopilados, tanto de operacion real como de diseno; para ello, se efectua un balance termico de los sistemas de interes para obtener todas las condiciones y los datos de operacion. Posteriormente, se calculan los parametros indicativos de

  6. Heat transfer equipment performance diagnosis of auxiliary systems in electric power stations; Diagnostico de comportamiento de equipo de transferencia de calor de sistemas auxiliares de centrales termoelectricas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ruiz Esparza Gutierrez, Rogelio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1990-12-31

    In this article the methodology followed to diagnose the performance of the equipment where heat is transferred from the feed water, condensate and circulation water systems in fossil power plants (FPP). The data collection is made with the unit in normal operation, using local instrumentation without taking the equipment out of service for its installation. The equipment diagnosis is made through the analysis of the collected data in actual operation and the design data; for this purpose a thermal balance of the interested systems is performed to obtain all the conditions an operation data. Later on the performance indicative parameters (PIP) of actual operation and design are calculated and compared one against the other. Such a comparison reveals the performance deterioration and the possible equipment faults. The data obtained and the supplementary information are stored in a data base whose objective is that Comision Federal de Electricidad has on hand a prompt access to them in order to control the performance, compare them among similar units and power stations, and inclusively verify possible recurrent causes of low availability in the referred systems. [Espanol] En este articulo se presenta la metodologia seguida para diagnosticar el comportamiento de equipos en los que se transfiere calor de los sistemas de agua de alimentacion, condensado y circulacion de las centrales termoelectricas (CTE). La toma de datos se realiza con la unidad en operacion normal, utilizando instrumentacion local sin necesidad de sacar de servicio a los equipos para su instalacion, ya que se ocupan los mismos puntos para instrumentos con que cuentan por diseno. El diagnostico de los equipos se realiza mediante el analisis de los datos recopilados, tanto de operacion real como de diseno; para ello, se efectua un balance termico de los sistemas de interes para obtener todas las condiciones y los datos de operacion. Posteriormente, se calculan los parametros indicativos de

  7. Modeling and Simulation of Generator Side Converter of Doubly Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Power Generation System

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Guo, Yougui; Zeng, Ping; Blaabjerg, Frede

    2010-01-01

    A real wind power generation system is given in this paper. SVM control strategy and vector control is applied for generator side converter and doubly fed induction generator respectively. First the mathematical models of the wind turbine rotor, drive train, generator side converter are described...

  8. Una herramienta para la selección automatizada de aceros en el contexto // A tool for the automated selection of steels in the Mechanical Engineering´s context

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    L. Dumitrescu

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available ResumenEl diseno de Ingenieria de un producto o componente constituye una actividad dificil, compleja ymultidisciplinaria, enfocada a la resolucion de problemas. En el presente trabajo se muestra eldesarrollo de una herramienta automatizada para la seleccion de los aceros mas utilizados en laconstruccion de maquinarias. La herramienta constituye una ayuda para la seleccion de losmateriales desde la etapa conceptual del proceso de diseno, donde se identifican las diferentescategorias de materiales a utilizar. La herramienta comprende las caracteristicas y propiedades masrelevantes de los aceros de Ingenieria disponibles en seis normas internacionales: Japonesa (JIS,Alemana (DIN, Vbn, DIN-Vbn, Rusa (GOST, Americana (AISI, SAE, AISI-SAE, ASTM, Inglesa (BS, EN,GB, Francesa (AFNOR y la Norma Cubana (NC vigente.Palabras claves: materiales, automatizada, aceros, ingenieria.____________________________________________________________AbstractThe product or component design constitutes a difficult, complex and multidisciplinary activity,focused to the resolution of problems. Presently work show the development of an automated toolfor the selection of the more used steels in the construction of machineries. The tool constitute ahelp for the selection of the materials from the conceptual stage of the design process, where thedifferent categories of materials are identified to use. The tool analyze the characteristics and morecommon properties of the available steels in six international standards: JIS (Japan, DIN, Vbn, DINVbn(Germany, GOST (Russia, AISI, SAE, AISI-SAE, ASTM (USA, BS, IN, GB (England, AFNOR(France and NC (Cuba.Key words: materials, automated, steels, engineering.

  9. Application of frequency converters in industry; Aplicacion de convertidores de frecuencia en la industria

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Delmar Saavedra, Alejandro [Eficiencia Energetica, S.A. de C.V., Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1999-07-01

    Next an analysis methodology for the application of a frequency converter in equipment that handles flows, as they can be pumps, fans, blowers and extractors is presented. Measurements of some practical cases that we have had in the industry are shown. Some of the types of applications in which the control of speed with the frequency converter is used, are the following ones: pumps, fans, mills, crushing machines, extruders, Banbury mixers, spinning machines, conveyors, mixers, electrical vehicles, lime furnaces, injection machines, blowers and extractors. The purpose of a frequency converter is of controlling the speed and/or torque of an electrical motor. The reasons for which a frequency converter is used can be classified, in two large fields: the necessary and those that provide energy saving. [Spanish] A continuacion se presenta una metodologia de analisis para la aplicacion de un convertidor de frecuencia en equipos que manejan flujos, como pueden ser bombas, ventiladores, sopladores y extractores. Se muestran mediciones de algunos casos practicos que hemos tenido en la industria. Algunos de los tipos de aplicaciones en donde se usa el control de velocidad con el convertidor de frecuencia, son los siguientes: bombas, ventiladores, molinos, trituradoras, extrusoras, mezcladoras banbury, maquinas de hilado, transportadoras, mezcladoras, vehiculos electricos, horno de cal, maquinas de inyeccion, sopladores y extractores. El proposito de un convertidor de frecuencia es el de controlar la velocidad y/o par en un motor electrico. Se pueden, clasificar las razones por las que se usa un convertidor de frecuencia, en dos grandes campos: las necesarias y las que proporcionan ahorros de energia.

  10. Advances in the diagnosis of substations primary equipment by means of high sensitivity techniques; Avances en el diagnostico de equipo primario de subestaciones mediante tecnicas de alta sensibilidad

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia Colon H, V. Rodolfo; Nava G, J. Armando; Azcarraga R, Carlos G [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    In an electrical system, the substations primary equipment is integrated by the power transformers, the instrument transformers, the breakers and the interconnection circuits (energy cables). At the present time, the described primary equipment has been integrated in an arrangement denominated encapsulated substation that presents dimensional and aesthetic advantages in the conventional substations. Nevertheless, the isolation involved in this type of substations means new challenges when carrying out its diagnosis in a planned way or after the appearance of a fault. In this sense, the insulating and electromechanical system of the primary equipment of substations must be evaluated in a programmed way or be constantly monitored. This with the final purpose of detecting incipient problems that could evolve towards a fault or to the diminution of the electrical system reliability. [Spanish] En un sistema electrico, el equipo primario de subestaciones esta integrado por los transformadores de potencia, los transformadores de instrumento, los interruptores y los circuitos de interconexion (cables de energia). En la actualidad, el equipo primario descrito se ha integrado en un arreglo denominado subestacion encapsulada que presenta ventajas dimensionales y esteticas sobre las subestaciones convencionales. Sin embargo, el aislamiento involucrado en este tipo de subestaciones significa nuevos retos al efectuar su diagnostico de manera planeada o despues de presentarse una falla. En este sentido, el sistema aislante y electromecanico del equipo primario de subestaciones debe ser evaluado de manera programada o monitoreado constantemente. Ello con la finalidad de detectar problemas incipientes que pudieran evolucionar hacia una falla o la disminucion de la confiabilidad del sistema electrico.

  11. Second harmonic generation and sum frequency generation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pellin, M.J.; Biwer, B.M.; Schauer, M.W.; Frye, J.M.; Gruen, D.M.

    1990-01-01

    Second harmonic generation and sum frequency generation are increasingly being used as in situ surface probes. These techniques are coherent and inherently surface sensitive by the nature of the mediums response to intense laser light. Here we will review these two techniques using aqueous corrosion as an example problem. Aqueous corrosion of technologically important materials such as Fe, Ni and Cr proceeds from a reduced metal surface with layer by layer growth of oxide films mitigated by compositional changes in the chemical makeup of the growing film. Passivation of the metal surface is achieved after growth of only a few tens of atomic layers of metal oxide. Surface Second Harmonic Generation and a related nonlinear laser technique, Sum Frequency Generation have demonstrated an ability to probe the surface composition of growing films even in the presence of aqueous solutions. 96 refs., 4 figs

  12. Next generation of weather generators on web service framework

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chinnachodteeranun, R.; Hung, N. D.; Honda, K.; Ines, A. V. M.

    2016-12-01

    Weather generator is a statistical model that synthesizes possible realization of long-term historical weather in future. It generates several tens to hundreds of realizations stochastically based on statistical analysis. Realization is essential information as a crop modeling's input for simulating crop growth and yield. Moreover, they can be contributed to analyzing uncertainty of weather to crop development stage and to decision support system on e.g. water management and fertilizer management. Performing crop modeling requires multidisciplinary skills which limit the usage of weather generator only in a research group who developed it as well as a barrier for newcomers. To improve the procedures of performing weather generators as well as the methodology to acquire the realization in a standard way, we implemented a framework for providing weather generators as web services, which support service interoperability. Legacy weather generator programs were wrapped in the web service framework. The service interfaces were implemented based on an international standard that was Sensor Observation Service (SOS) defined by Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). Clients can request realizations generated by the model through SOS Web service. Hierarchical data preparation processes required for weather generator are also implemented as web services and seamlessly wired. Analysts and applications can invoke services over a network easily. The services facilitate the development of agricultural applications and also reduce the workload of analysts on iterative data preparation and handle legacy weather generator program. This architectural design and implementation can be a prototype for constructing further services on top of interoperable sensor network system. This framework opens an opportunity for other sectors such as application developers and scientists in other fields to utilize weather generators.

  13. Lexicon generation methods, lexicon generation devices, and lexicon generation articles of manufacture

    Science.gov (United States)

    Carter, Richard J [Richland, WA; McCall, Jonathon D [West Richland, WA; Whitney, Paul D [Richland, WA; Gregory, Michelle L [Richland, WA; Turner, Alan E [Kennewick, WA; Hetzler, Elizabeth G [Kennewick, WA; White, Amanda M [Kennewick, WA; Posse, Christian [Seattle, WA; Nakamura, Grant C [Kennewick, WA

    2010-10-26

    Lexicon generation methods, computer implemented lexicon editing methods, lexicon generation devices, lexicon editors, and articles of manufacture are described according to some aspects. In one aspect, a lexicon generation method includes providing a seed vector indicative of occurrences of a plurality of seed terms within a plurality of text items, providing a plurality of content vectors indicative of occurrences of respective ones of a plurality of content terms within the text items, comparing individual ones of the content vectors with respect to the seed vector, and responsive to the comparing, selecting at least one of the content terms as a term of a lexicon usable in sentiment analysis of text.

  14. El control de las concentraciones empresariales en el sector electrico

    Science.gov (United States)

    Montoya Pardo, Milton Fernando

    The rampant success of quantum theory is the result of applications of the 'new' quantum mechanics of Schrodinger and Heisenberg (1926-7), the Feynman-Schwinger-Tomonaga Quantum Electro-dynamics (1946-51), the electro-weak theory of Salaam, Weinberg, and Glashow (1967-9), and Quantum Chromodynamics (1973-); in fact, this success of 'the' quantum theory has depended on a continuous stream of brilliant and quite disparate mathematical formulations. In this carefully concealed ferment there lie plenty of unresolved difficulties, simply because in churning out fabulously accurate calculational tools there has been no sensible explanation of all that is going on. It is even argued that such an understanding is nothing to do with physics. A long-standing and famous illustration of this is the paradoxical thought-experiment of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (1935). Fundamental to all quantum theories, and also their paradoxes, is the location of sub-microscopic objects; or, rather, that the specification of such a location is fraught with mathematical inconsistency. This project encompasses a detailed, critical survey of the tangled history of Position within quantum theories. The first step is to show that, contrary to appearances, canonical quantum mechanics has only a vague notion of locality. After analysing a number of previous attempts at a 'relativistic quantum mechanics', two lines of thought are considered in detail. The first is the work of Wan and students, which is shown to be no real improvement on the iisu.al 'nonrelativistic' theory. The second is based on an idea of Dirac's - using backwards-in-time light-cones as the hypersurface in space-time. There remain considerable difficulties in the way of producing a consistent scheme here. To keep things nicely stirred up, the author then proposes his own approach - an adaptation of Feynman's QED propagators. This new approach is distinguished from Feynman's since the propagator or Green's function is not obtained by Feynman's rule. The type of equation solved is also different: instead of an initial-value problem, a solution that obeys a time-symmetric causality criterion is found for an inhomogeneous partial differential equation with homogeneous boundary conditions. To make the consideration of locality more precise, some results of Fourier transform theory are presented in a form that is directly applicable. Somewhat away from the main thrust of the thesis, there is also an attempt to explain, the manner in which quantum effects disappear as the number of particles increases in such things as experimental realisations of the EPR and de Broglie thought experiments.

  15. Instant Generation

    Science.gov (United States)

    Loveland, Elaina

    2017-01-01

    Generation Z students (born between 1995-2010) have replaced millennials on college campuses. Generation Z students are entrepreneurial, desire practical skills with their education, and are concerned about the cost of college. This article presents what need to be known about this new generation of students.

  16. Radionuclide generators

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lambrecht, R.M.; Wollongong Univ.; Tomiyoshi, K.; Sekine, T.

    1997-01-01

    The present status and future directions of research and development on radionuclide generator technology are reported. The recent interest to develop double-neutron capture reactions for production of in vivo generators; neutron rich nuclides for radio-immunotherapeutic pharmaceuticals: and advances with ultra-short lived generators is highlighted. Emphasis is focused on: production of the parent radionuclide; the selection and the evaluation of support materials and eluents with respect to the resultant radiochemical yield of the daughter, and the breakthrough of the radionuclide parent: and, the uses of radionuclide generators in radiopharmaceutical chemistry, biomedical and industrial applications. The 62 Zn → 62 Cu, 66 Ni → 66 Cu, 103m Rh → 103 Rh, 188 W → 188 Re and the 225 Ac → 221 Fr → 213 Bi generators are predicted to be emphasized for future development. Coverage of the 99 Mo → 99m Tc generator was excluded, as it the subject of another review. The literature search ended June, 1996. (orig.)

  17. Cylindrical neutron generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Leung, Ka-Ngo [Hercules, CA

    2008-04-22

    A cylindrical neutron generator is formed with a coaxial RF-driven plasma ion source and target. A deuterium (or deuterium and tritium) plasma is produced by RF excitation in a cylindrical plasma ion generator using an RF antenna. A cylindrical neutron generating target is coaxial with the ion generator, separated by plasma and extraction electrodes which contain many slots. The plasma generator emanates ions radially over 360.degree. and the cylindrical target is thus irradiated by ions over its entire circumference. The plasma generator and target may be as long as desired. The plasma generator may be in the center and the neutron target on the outside, or the plasma generator may be on the outside and the target on the inside. In a nested configuration, several concentric targets and plasma generating regions are nested to increase the neutron flux.

  18. El discurso cienti??fico en la investigacio??n educativa en Latinoame??rica: el caso de Me??xico

    OpenAIRE

    Castellanos Quintero, Sara Julia

    2011-01-01

    En este arti??culo se presenta el estado del arte del ana??lisis del discurso cienti??fico en la investigacio??n educativa en Me??xico, particularmente en el disen??o y desarrollo del curri??culo. La investigacio??n en el a??rea del curri??culo universitario comenzo?? en Me??xico en los an??os 80. El discurso estaba orientado hacia la bu??squeda de modelos y me??todos de ensen??anza y evaluacio??n, la implementacio??n del practicum y la correspondencia entre la formacio??n profesional y el em...

  19. Leading Generation Y

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Newman, Jill M

    2008-01-01

    .... Whether referred to as the Millennial Generation, Generation Y or the Next Generation, the Army needs to consider the gap between Boomers, Generation X and the Soldiers that fill our junior ranks...

  20. Business strategy in the electric sector: trading in the paraguay electric sector; Estrategias de negocios en el sector electrico: comercializacion en el sistema electrico paraguayo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cardozo, Carlos M.; Soto, Ruben E. Brasa [Itaipu Binacional - Usina Hidroelectrica de Itaipu, Foz do Iguacu, PR (Brazil)]. E-mail: cartin@itaipu.gov.py

    2001-07-01

    This paper presents an suitable analysis for a energy tradder which intends to operate in the paraguay electric market. First, the paper describes the main conceptual aspects and afterwards, formulate hypothesis on the possible highlights on the operative modes of negotiation and finally some results obtained based on hypothesis and simulation.

  1. Random pulse generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Guo Ya'nan; Jin Dapeng; Zhao Dixin; Liu Zhen'an; Qiao Qiao; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

    2007-01-01

    Due to the randomness of radioactive decay and nuclear reaction, the signals from detectors are random in time. But normal pulse generator generates periodical pulses. To measure the performances of nuclear electronic devices under random inputs, a random generator is necessary. Types of random pulse generator are reviewed, 2 digital random pulse generators are introduced. (authors)

  2. Generation Z: Educating and Engaging the Next Generation of Students

    Science.gov (United States)

    Seemiller, Corey; Grace, Meghan

    2017-01-01

    In 1995, the Internet was born. So, too, was Generation Z. The oldest of this post-Millennial generation arrived to college in 2013, and more than four years later, Generation Z students fill the nation's classrooms, campus programs, and residence halls. In order to recruit, educate, and graduate this new generational cohort effectively, educators…

  3. Methodology for the electric energy distribution systems planning of small and rural zones of Comision Federal de Electricidad; Metodologia para la planeacion de sistemas de distribucion de energia electrica de zonas pequenas y rurales de Comision Federal de Electricidad

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ochoa Gomez, Miguel Armando

    2008-12-15

    y Tepic, y la tipo I son predominantemente rurales como las Zonas Zapotlan y Los Altos, en el estado de Jalisco. Por el costo y numero de obras que son autorizadas para su construccion en las Zonas de Distribucion Rurales (Tipo I), se debe asegurar que estas obras sean realmente las necesarias para satisfacer la demanda de potencia dentro de los compromisos de calidad y con la mejor economia en el tiempo. De lo contrario, existe una gran posibilidad de construir obras costosas y que poco ayudaran a resolver la problematicas del sistema de distribucion. Aunque anualmente se revisa y actualiza el Presupuesto de Inversiones de Operacion (PIO), y el Programa de Obras de Inversion del Sector Electrico (POISE), se ha dado el caso de que en algunas ocasiones se construyen obras donde no se aplicaron todos los pasos del Proceso de Planeacion o que el analisis fue insuficiente, siendo muy probable que se hayan cometido alguno o varios de los siguientes tipos de errores: a) asignacion de los procesos a obras que no son necesarias en el corto plazo. b) construir una obra no util o de poca utilidad provoca que no se construyan obras con mayor rendimiento. c) la priorizacion de las obras no es la mas adecuada. d) tener una vision de largo plazo, para que las obras que se construyan en el corto plazo sean utiles en el plan de largo plazo. e) algunas obras se construyen antes del momento en el que se obtendran los maximos beneficios y lo que es peor, que algunas obras se planean cuando ya ocurrio el problema. f) en algunas obras existen deficiencias en el diseno, especialmente en el sobredimensionamiento de las instalaciones. g) Por el contrario, existen algunas instalaciones que se saturan en el corto plazo. h) en la planeacion no se consideran aspectos o riesgos que se convertiran en problemas en el proceso de construccion, como es el de afectacion a terceras personas, impacto ambiental, derechos de paso o intereses politicos. i) cuando se planean las obras no se considera el

  4. Optimising generators

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guerra, E.J.; Garcia, A.O.; Graffigna, F.M.; Verdu, C.A. (IMPSA (Argentina). Generators Div.)

    1994-11-01

    A new computer tool, the ARGEN program, has been developed for dimensioning large hydroelectric generators. This results in better designs, and reduces calculation time for engineers. ARGEN performs dimensional tailoring of salient pole synchronous machines in generators, synchronous condensers, and generator-motors. The operation and uses of ARGEN are explained and its advantages are listed in this article. (UK)

  5. DC Motor control using motor-generator set with controlled generator field

    Science.gov (United States)

    Belsterling, Charles A.; Stone, John

    1982-01-01

    A d.c. generator is connected in series opposed to the polarity of a d.c. power source supplying a d.c. drive motor. The generator is part of a motor-generator set, the motor of which is supplied from the power source connected to the motor. A generator field control means varies the field produced by at least one of the generator windings in order to change the effective voltage output. When the generator voltage is exactly equal to the d.c. voltage supply, no voltage is applied across the drive motor. As the field of the generator is reduced, the drive motor is supplied greater voltage until the full voltage of the d.c. power source is supplied when the generator has zero field applied. Additional voltage may be applied across the drive motor by reversing and increasing the reversed field on the generator. The drive motor may be reversed in direction from standstill by increasing the generator field so that a reverse voltage is applied across the d.c. motor.

  6. Generational Differences in Work Attitudes : A comparative analysis of Generation Y and preceding generations from companies in Sweden

    OpenAIRE

    Sajjadi, Amir; Åkesson Castillo, Lars Christian Felipe; Sun, Bicen

    2012-01-01

    Introduction: A population that can live and work longer has resulted in a wider range of generations being active in the workplace simultaneously and the diverse multi-generational work environment is a new challenge for human resource management. The most recent generation that is entering the job market is Generation Y, which is also referred to as Millennials. Currently, organizations and Human Resource departments are facing the issue of Generation Y entering the workforce and the issue ...

  7. Digital generation, net generation, millennials, Y generation: reflecting about the relation between the youths and digital technologies

    OpenAIRE

    Martins, Cristina; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) Rede La Salle

    2015-01-01

    This study aimed is critically reflect on the relationship of the youths with the TD, by discussing the generational approach. This approach in different researches linked the youths, through terms like Digital Generation, Net Generation, Millennials and Y Generation, creating stereotypes and excluding social, cultural, economic and political perspectives. The results of this qualitative research, based on reflections through literature, sees reality of Brazilian youths that do not have acces...

  8. Isotope generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1979-01-01

    The patent describes an isotope generator incorporating the possibility of stopping elution before the elution vessel is completely full. Sterile ventilation of the whole system can then occur, including of both generator reservoir and elution vessel. A sterile, and therefore pharmaceutically acceptable, elution fluid is thus obtained and the interior of the generator is not polluted with non-sterile air. (T.P.)

  9. Generation unit selection via capital asset pricing model for generation planning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Romy Cahyadi; K. Jo Min; Chung-Hsiao Wang; Nick Abi-Samra [College of Engineering, Ames, IA (USA)

    2003-11-01

    The USA's electric power industry is undergoing substantial regulatory and organizational changes. Such changes introduce substantial financial risk in generation planning. In order to incorporate the financial risk into the capital investment decision process of generation planning, this paper develops and analyses a generation unit selection process via the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). In particular, utilizing realistic data on gas-fired, coal-fired, and wind power generation units, the authors show which and how concrete steps can be taken for generation planning purposes. It is hoped that the generation unit selection process will help utilities in the area of effective and efficient generation planning when financial risks are considered. 20 refs., 14 tabs.

  10. The Employees of Baby Boomers Generation, Generation X, Generation Y and Generation Z in Selected Czech Corporations as Conceivers of Development and Competitiveness in their Corporation

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bejtkovský Jiří

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available The corporations using the varied workforce can supply a greater variety of solutions to problems in service, sourcing, and allocation of their resources. The current labor market mentions four generations that are living and working today: the Baby boomers generation, the Generation X, the Generation Y and the Generation Z. The differences between generations can affect the way corporations recruit and develop teams, deal with change, motivate, stimulate and manage employees, and boost productivity, competitiveness and service effectiveness. A corporation’s success and competitiveness depend on its ability to embrace diversity and realize the competitive advantages and benefits. The aim of this paper is to present the current generation of employees (the employees of Baby Boomers Generation, Generation X, Generation Y and Generation Z in the labor market by secondary research and then to introduce the results of primary research that was implemented in selected corporations in the Czech Republic. The contribution presents a view of some of the results of quantitative and qualitative research conducted in selected corporations in the Czech Republic. These researches were conducted in 2015 on a sample of 3,364 respondents, and the results were analyzed. Two research hypotheses and one research question have been formulated. The verification or rejection of null research hypothesis was done through the statistical method of the Pearson’s Chi-square test. It was found that perception of the choice of superior from a particular generation does depend on the age of employees in selected corporations. It was also determined that there are statistically significant dependences between the preference for eterogeneous or homogeneous cooperation and the age of employees in selected corporations.

  11. Gamma ray generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Firestone, Richard B; Reijonen, Jani

    2014-05-27

    An embodiment of a gamma ray generator includes a neutron generator and a moderator. The moderator is coupled to the neutron generator. The moderator includes a neutron capture material. In operation, the neutron generator produces neutrons and the neutron capture material captures at least some of the neutrons to produces gamma rays. An application of the gamma ray generator is as a source of gamma rays for calibration of gamma ray detectors.

  12. Semi-Supervised Generation with Cluster-aware Generative Models

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Maaløe, Lars; Fraccaro, Marco; Winther, Ole

    2017-01-01

    Deep generative models trained with large amounts of unlabelled data have proven to be powerful within the domain of unsupervised learning. Many real life data sets contain a small amount of labelled data points, that are typically disregarded when training generative models. We propose the Clust...... a log-likelihood of −79.38 nats on permutation invariant MNIST, while also achieving competitive semi-supervised classification accuracies. The model can also be trained fully unsupervised, and still improve the log-likelihood performance with respect to related methods.......Deep generative models trained with large amounts of unlabelled data have proven to be powerful within the domain of unsupervised learning. Many real life data sets contain a small amount of labelled data points, that are typically disregarded when training generative models. We propose the Cluster...

  13. Generation unit selection via capital asset pricing model for generation planning

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cahyadi, Romy; Jo Min, K. [College of Engineering, Ames, IA (United States); Chunghsiao Wang [LG and E Energy Corp., Louisville, KY (United States); Abi-Samra, Nick [Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA (United States)

    2003-07-01

    The electric power industry in many parts of U.S.A. is undergoing substantial regulatory and organizational changes. Such changes introduce substantial financial risk in generation planning. In order to incorporate the financial risk into the capital investment decision process of generation planning, in this paper, we develop and analyse a generation unit selection process via the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). In particular, utilizing realistic data on gas-fired, coal-fired, and wind power generation units, we show which and how concrete steps can be taken for generation planning purposes. It is hoped that the generation unit selection process developed in this paper will help utilities in the area of effective and efficient generation planning when financial risks are considered. (Author)

  14. Solar thermoelectric generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Toberer, Eric S.; Baranowski, Lauryn L.; Warren, Emily L.

    2016-05-03

    Solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs) are solid state heat engines that generate electricity from concentrated sunlight. A novel detailed balance model for STEGs is provided and applied to both state-of-the-art and idealized materials. STEGs can produce electricity by using sunlight to heat one side of a thermoelectric generator. While concentrated sunlight can be used to achieve extremely high temperatures (and thus improved generator efficiency), the solar absorber also emits a significant amount of black body radiation. This emitted light is the dominant loss mechanism in these generators. In this invention, we propose a solution to this problem that eliminates virtually all of the emitted black body radiation. This enables solar thermoelectric generators to operate at higher efficiency and achieve said efficient with lower levels of optical concentration. The solution is suitable for both single and dual axis solar thermoelectric generators.

  15. Generating Units

    Data.gov (United States)

    Department of Homeland Security — Generating Units are any combination of physically connected generators, reactors, boilers, combustion turbines, and other prime movers operated together to produce...

  16. Understanding portable generators

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hills, A.; Hawkins, B. [Guelph Univ., ON (Canada); Clarke, S. [Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Toronto, ON (Canada)

    2000-06-01

    This factsheet is intended to help consumers select a small portable generator for emergency electrical needs. Interest in standby generators has been heightened ever since the prolonged power outage in Eastern Ontario and Southwestern Quebec during the 1998 ice storm and the concern over Y2K related outages. Farmers, in particular, have been reassessing their need for emergency electrical power supply. This document presents some of the factors that should be considered when purchasing and operating a portable generator in the 3 to 12 kW size. It provides a detailed review of power quality and describes the use of tractor-driven power-take-off generators of 15 kW and larger. Several manufacturers make portable generators in many sizes with a whole range of features. This document includes a table depicting generator Feature/Benefit analysis to help consumers understand the differences between features and benefits. A second table provides a check list for generator feature/benefits. Specific details for the operations of various generators are available from manufacturers, distributors and electrical contractors. 2 tabs., 1 fig.

  17. Generativity Does Not Necessarily Satisfy All Your Needs: Associations among Cultural Demand for Generativity, Generative Concern, Generative Action, and Need Satisfaction in the Elderly in Four Cultures

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hofer, Jan; Busch, Holger; Au, Alma; Polácková Šolcová, Iva; Tavel, Peter; Tsien Wong, Teresa

    2016-01-01

    The present study examines the association between various facets of generativity, that is, cultural demand for generativity, generative concern, and generative action, with the satisfaction of the needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy in samples of elderly from Cameroon, China (Hong Kong), the Czech Republic, and Germany. Participants…

  18. Knowing Generation Y: a new generation of nurses in practice.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chung, Stephanie M

    Generation Y is commonly defined as those people born between 1980 and 2000, now aged in their 20s and 30s. Their grandparents experienced post-World War II reconstruction, their parents the economic boom of the 1980s. There are currently 81 million individuals in the Generation Y cohort in the USA, making it the second-largest, and possibly most influential, cohort since World War II (Manion, 2009). Members of Generation Y are diverse, technologically advanced and vocal about their opinions. They tend to resist traditional hierarchy, want recognition/reward for achievements and distrust institutions. Knowing these characteristics is useful for nurse managers, preceptors and team members working with members of Generation Y. Studies have proven that Generation Y is challenging the nursing workforce through rapid turnover (Cogin, 2012). This article explores a theoretical model that predicts retention and/or turnover of nurses in light of Generation Y behaviours and motivators-for example, moving from agency to agency rather than devoting many years to a single practice. Further research is needed to find out whether these behaviours and motivators are unique to Generation Y alone.

  19. FlexibleSUSY-A spectrum generator generator for supersymmetric models

    Science.gov (United States)

    Athron, Peter; Park, Jae-hyeon; Stöckinger, Dominik; Voigt, Alexander

    2015-05-01

    We introduce FlexibleSUSY, a Mathematica and C++ package, which generates a fast, precise C++ spectrum generator for any SUSY model specified by the user. The generated code is designed with both speed and modularity in mind, making it easy to adapt and extend with new features. The model is specified by supplying the superpotential, gauge structure and particle content in a SARAH model file; specific boundary conditions e.g. at the GUT, weak or intermediate scales are defined in a separate FlexibleSUSY model file. From these model files, FlexibleSUSY generates C++ code for self-energies, tadpole corrections, renormalization group equations (RGEs) and electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) conditions and combines them with numerical routines for solving the RGEs and EWSB conditions simultaneously. The resulting spectrum generator is then able to solve for the spectrum of the model, including loop-corrected pole masses, consistent with user specified boundary conditions. The modular structure of the generated code allows for individual components to be replaced with an alternative if available. FlexibleSUSY has been carefully designed to grow as alternative solvers and calculators are added. Predefined models include the MSSM, NMSSM, E6SSM, USSM, R-symmetric models and models with right-handed neutrinos.

  20. Generator for radionuclide

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Weisner, P.S.; Forrest, T.R.F.

    1985-01-01

    This invention provides a radionuclide generator of the kind in which a parent radionuclide, adsorbed on a column of particulate material, generates a daughter radionuclide which is periodically removed from the column. This invention is particularly concerned with technetium generators using single collection vials. The generator comprises a column, a first reservoir for the eluent, a second reservoir to contain the volume of eluent required for a single elution, and means connecting the first reservoir to the second reservoir and the second reservoir to the column. Such a generator is particularly suitable for operation by vacuum elution

  1. Advancing the CANDU reactor: From generation to generation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hopwood, Jerry; Duffey, Romney B.; Yu, Steven; Torgerson, Dave F.

    2006-01-01

    Emphasizing safety, reliability and economics, the CANDU reactor development strategy is one of continuous improvement, offering value and assured support to customers worldwide. The Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR-1000) generation, designed by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), meets the new economic expectation for low-cost power generation with high capacity factors. The ACR is designed to meet customer needs for reduced capital cost, shorter construction schedule, high plant capacity factor, low operating cost, increased operating life, simple component replacement, enhanced safety features, and low environmental impact. The ACR-1000 design evolved from the internationally successful medium-sized pressure tube reactor (PTR) CANDU 6 and incorporates operational feedback from eight utilities that operate 31 CANDU units. This technical paper provides a brief description of the main features of the ACR-1000, and its major role in the development path of the generations of the pressure tube reactor concept. The motivation, philosophy and design approach being taken for future generation of CANDU pressure tube reactors are described

  2. The Perceived Work Ethic of K-12 Teachers by Generational Status: Generation X vs. Baby Boom Generation

    Science.gov (United States)

    Petty, Gregory C.

    2013-01-01

    This was an investigation of the work ethic of K-12 educators from Generation X and Baby Boomer generations. Teachers of the baby boom generation were born between 1946 and 1964, and many are beginning to retire. There is an impending teacher shortage due to the large numbers of this group retiring or leaving the profession. School administrators…

  3. Steam generator life cycle management: Ontario Power Generation (OPG) experience

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Maruska, C.C.

    2002-01-01

    A systematic managed process for steam generators has been implemented at Ontario Power Generation (OPG) nuclear stations for the past several years. One of the key requirements of this managed process is to have in place long range Steam Generator Life Cycle Management (SG LCM) plans for each unit. The primary goal of these plans is to maximize the value of the nuclear facility through safe and reliable steam generator operation over the expected life of the units. The SG LCM plans integrate and schedule all steam generator actions such as inspection, operation, maintenance, modifications, repairs, assessments, R and D, performance monitoring and feedback. This paper discusses OPG steam generator life cycle management experience to date, including successes, failures and how lessons learned have been re-applied. The discussion includes relevant examples from each of the operating stations: Pickering B and Darlington. It also includes some of the experience and lessons learned from the activities carried out to refurbish the steam generators at Pickering A after several years in long term lay-up. The paper is structured along the various degradation modes that have been observed to date at these sites, including monitoring and mitigating actions taken and future plans. (author)

  4. Open loop control of an induction motor's velocity using PWM with space vectors; Control en lazo abierto de la velocidad de un motor de induccion utilizando PWM con vectores espaciales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia Lopez, Manuel

    2001-10-15

    This work describes the design and implementation of an open loop speed controller for an induction motor. This controller is based on a DSP TMS320F240 chip from Texas Instruments. Speed control is achieved by maintaining the magnetic flux constant through the regularization of stator voltage/frequency relationship. Voltage and frequency variation are achieved using the strategy of pulse width modulation with space vectors. Hardware design is presented (current source and the printed circuit for the intelligent power module) and the software (control algorithms and the modulation strategy using space vectors). The algorithms given were implement using the TMS320F240 language. [Spanish] Este trabajo describe el diseno y la implementacion de un control de la velocidad en lazo abierto de un motor de induccion, basado en el DSP TMS320F240 de Texas Instruments. El control de la velocidad se logra manteniendo el flujo en el entre hierro constante, lo cual es realizado al regular el valor de la relacion voltaje/frecuencia en el estator. La variacion del voltaje y la frecuencia se realiza utilizando la estrategia de modulacion del ancho de los pulsos con vectores espaciales. Se presenta el diseno de los circuitos (fuente de corriente continua y circuito impreso para el modulo inteligente de potencia) y de los programas (algoritmos de control y de la estrategia de modulacion con vectores espaciales) necesarios que se utilizaron durante la implementacion del accionamiento del motor. Los algoritmos dados fueron implementados en el lenguaje ensamblador del TMS320F240.

  5. A microwave technique for electrical conductivity measurements in semiconductors; Un procedimiento en frecuencia de microondas para la medicion de la conductividad electrica en semiconductores

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ramirez, A; Zehe, A [Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla (Mexico); Starostenko, O [Universidad de las Americas, Puebla, (Mexico); Perez, L [Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla (Mexico)

    2003-01-15

    In the present paper a theoretical approach is given together with the description of the experimental technique for electrical conductivity measurements of semiconductors in frequency range of 10 GHz, corresponding to a wavelength of {lambda}= 3 cm. It is shown, that the sample conductivity, measured without the need of electrical contacts, Is practically identical with results obtained by direct current methods. The potential use of the method for dielectric measurements in samples of general shape is included in the discussion. Given that the local electrical field is known only in bodies of ellipsoidal shape, one has to apply approximation methods for sample shapes of practical relevance (cylinders, cubes, disks). Finally, the measuring range and corresponding errors are explained on the base of measurements realized with silicon samples. [Spanish] En el presente trabajo se desarrolla la teoria junto con la descripcion del arreglo experimental para la medicion de la conductividad electrica en muestras semiconductoras, utilizando un campo de microondas de {lambda}= 3 cm, correspondiente a una frecuencia n de 10 GHz. Se demuestra que la conductividad electrica medida sin la necesidad de contactos electricos es practicamente identica con resultados obtenidos por el metodo comun utilizando corriente directa (d.c.). Se incorpora en la discusion ademas el potencial del metodo para el estudio de propiedades dielectricas en muestras de geometria general. Dado que solamente en cuerpos con geometria elipsoidal se conoce bien el campo electrico local, y con esto el momento bipolar inducido, para muestras de geometrias mas practicas (cilindros, cubos, discos) se acude a metodos de aproximacion. Finalmente, se discute el rango de mediciones y errores, y se presentan mediciones concretas, utilizando muestras de silicio.

  6. Radio-isotope generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Benjamins, H.M.

    1983-01-01

    A device is claimed for interrupting an elution process in a radioisotope generator before an elution vial is entirely filled. The generator is simultaneously exposed to sterile air both in the direction of the generator column and of the elution vial

  7. Experimental Testing of a Van De Graaff Generator as an Electromagnetic Pulse Generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    2016-07-01

    EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF A VAN DE GRAAFF GENERATOR AS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE GENERATOR THESIS...protection in the United States AFIT-ENP-MS-16-S-075 EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF A VAN DE GRAAFF GENERATOR AS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE GENERATOR...RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. AFIT-ENP-MS-16-S-075 EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF A VAN DE GRAAFF GENERATOR AS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE GENERATOR

  8. GeneratorSE: A Sizing Tool for Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Generators

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sethuraman, Latha [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Dykes, Katherine L [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

    2017-09-22

    This report documents a set of analytical models employed by the optimization algorithms within the GeneratorSE framework. The initial values and boundary conditions employed for the generation of the various designs and initial estimates for basic design dimensions, masses, and efficiency for the four different models of generators are presented and compared with empirical data collected from previous studies and some existing commercial turbines. These models include designs applicable for variable-speed, high-torque application featuring direct-drive synchronous generators and low-torque application featuring induction generators. In all of the four models presented, the main focus of optimization is electromagnetic design with the exception of permanent-magnet and wire-wound synchronous generators, wherein the structural design is also optimized. Thermal design is accommodated in GeneratorSE as a secondary attribute by limiting the winding current densities to acceptable limits. A preliminary validation of electromagnetic design was carried out by comparing the optimized magnetic loading against those predicted by numerical simulation in FEMM4.2, a finite-element software for analyzing electromagnetic and thermal physics problems for electrical machines. For direct-drive synchronous generators, the analytical models for the structural design are validated by static structural analysis in ANSYS.

  9. HTGR steam generator development

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Schuetzenduebel, W.G.; Hunt, P.S.; Weber, M.

    1976-01-01

    More than 40 gas-cooled reactor plants have produced in excess of 400 reactor years of operating experience which have proved a reasonably high rate of gas-cooled reactor steam generator availability. The steam generators used in these reactors include single U-tube and straight-tube steam generators as well as meander type and helically wound or involute tube steam generators. It appears that modern reactors are being equipped with helically wound steam generators of the once-through type as the end product of steam generator evolution in gas-cooled reactor plants. This paper provides a general overview of gas-cooled reactor steam generator evolution and operating experience and shows how design criteria and constraints, research and development, and experience data are factored into the design/development of modern helically wound tube steam generators for the present generation of gas-cooled reactors

  10. Sustainable housing for developing countries: A case study in Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dominguez, Sandra L [Arizona (United States)

    2000-07-01

    This paper presents the project of a home designed for a middle class Mexican family. The project emphasizes the use of low energy building design to reduce the impact of new construction upon the environment, natural resources, and the building occupants. [Spanish] Este articulo presenta el proyecto arquitectonico de una casa habitacional disenado para una familia de clase media en Mexico. El proyecto intenta promover el diseno de edificios de bajo consumo energetico, con objeto de reducir el impacto de la construccion sobre el medio ambiente, los recursos naturales y los ocupantes del espacio en cuestion.

  11. Building solar dryer of tropical woods; Construccion de un secador solar de maderas tropicales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez R, J; Flores M, F. E; Cuevas D, O [Universidad de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Quintana Roo (Mexico); Tolentino E, G [LABINTHAP-SEPI-ESIME-IPN, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2000-07-01

    In Quintana Roo, Mexico, several species of wood are used for handicrafts. The most commonly method used in the communities nearby Chetumal is natural drying, with the disadvantage of low quality in their products because the moisture contains in the wood. In this project studied the design of solar dryer for tropical woods in Quintana Roo. [Spanish] En este trabajo, se parte del analisis de las condiciones climatologicas existentes en el estado de Quintana Roo, Mexico, asi como de las necesidades de madera seca de una comunidad, como parametros basicos para el diseno y construccion de un secador solar de maderas tropicales.

  12. Modelos matemáticos para reactores biológicos de lecho empacado (pbr): una revisión bibliográfica

    OpenAIRE

    Corredor, Deisy; Caicedo, Luis Alfonso

    2010-01-01

    El modelo matemático y análisis teórico de reactores biológicos de lecho empacado (PBR) ha sido estudiado por diferentes autores, quienes tuvieron en cuenta variedad de cinéticas de reacción, modelos unidimensionales, homogéneos, pseudohomogéneos y heterogéneos. Las ecuaciones resultantes del modelo fueron solucionadas, en su gran mayorIa, por sistemas de métodos numéricos. Se ha analizado en estos el efecto de variables de proceso de importancia fIsica con respecto a parámetros de diseno y o...

  13. Diseño y construcción de un prototipo controlado para carburización gaseosa de aceros utilizando alcoholes

    OpenAIRE

    Obando B, Johnny F; Castro P, Álvaro; Trujillo, Carlos Alexander

    2010-01-01

    En esta investigación se realizó el diseno, construcción y prueba de un equipo a escala de laboratorio para tratamientos térmicos con atmósfera controlada para el estudio de la carburización gaseosa de aceros con alcoholes. El equipo posee las siguientes caracterIsticas: producción controlada de una atmósfera gaseosa compuesta hasta por tres gases y dos lIquidos volatiles, una zona de reacción isotérmica, inerte y hermética, y una zona de analisis de gases que retiene sólidos y lIquidos cond...

  14. Computación evolutiva de bosques de expansión mínimos con restricción de grado y de rol

    OpenAIRE

    Antón Sánchez, Laura

    2015-01-01

    Encontrar el árbol de expansión mínimo con restricción de grado de un grafo (DCMST por sus siglas en inglés) es un problema NP-complejo ampliamente estudiado. Una de sus aplicaciones más importantes es el dise~no de redes. Aquí nosotros tratamos una nueva variante del problema DCMST, que consiste en encontrar el árbol de expansión mínimo no solo con restricciones de grado, sino también con restricciones de rol (DRCMST), es decir, a~nadimos restricciones para restringir el rol ...

  15. Distributed generation - customer owned generation - Duke Energy case study

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Iung, Anderson M. [Duke Energy International, Geracao Paranapanema S.A., SP (Brazil). Market Analysis Dept.; Ribeiro, Paulo F. [Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI (United States); Oliveira, A.R. [Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil)

    2009-07-01

    Distributed generation (DG) is getting more attractive. Although unit costs show strong economies of scale for all generation technology types, there is a potential niche market for DG technology to drive growth in addition to environmental concern issues. Duke Energy encourages the installation of cost effective small scale costumer owned generation. The objective of this article is to evaluate some aspects of DG connection in the Duke's distribution system regarding power quality, voltage stability, system protection, power balance control policy and the economical viability. (author)

  16. Comparing Generation X and Generation Y on their preferred emotional leadership style

    OpenAIRE

    Kraus, Markus

    2017-01-01

    Research Question: What are the differences and similarities between employees of Generation X and Gen-eration Y and do these generations prefer different emotional leadership styles? Methods: Empirical study across different organizations using an online survey to examine potential dif-ferences in the emotional leadership style preferences of Generation X and Y. Results: The results of the theoretical part demonstrate an increasing tendency of similarities between Generation X and Y with res...

  17. Potential of energy saving with photovoltaic systems; Potencialidad de ahorro de energia con sistemas fotovoltaicos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guzman S, Eusebio; Bratu S, Neagu [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    This paper presents an approach on the application of photovoltaic systems in energy saving. The problem of the electric energy demand in the coming years is analyzed and its consequences on the environment and on the energy reserves of conventional sources. A model of the electric circuit equivalent to a photovoltaic cell illustrates the behavior of the photovoltaic cell in function of the climatological conditions. The former in order to show some of the limiting factors in this type of generator. Also, the evolution of the applications of the photovoltaic systems and its forecasting in the installed capacity in the next 20 years, is described. [Espanol] En este trabajo se presenta un enfoque de la aplicacion de los sistemas fotovoltaicos en el ahorro de energia. Se plantea el problema del crecimiento de la demanda energetica en los proximos anos y sus consecuencias sobre el medio ambiente y las reservas de energia por fuentes convencionales. Un modelo del circuito electrico equivalente de una celda fotovoltaica ilustra el comportamiento del generador fotovoltaico en funcion de las condiciones climatologicas. Lo anterior con el fin de mostrar algunas limitantes de este tipo de generador. Tambien se describe la evolucion de las aplicaciones de los sistemas fotovoltaicos y el pronostico de la potencia instalada en los proximos 20 anos.

  18. Potential of energy saving with photovoltaic systems; Potencialidad de ahorro de energia con sistemas fotovoltaicos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guzman S, Eusebio; Bratu S, Neagu [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1999-12-31

    This paper presents an approach on the application of photovoltaic systems in energy saving. The problem of the electric energy demand in the coming years is analyzed and its consequences on the environment and on the energy reserves of conventional sources. A model of the electric circuit equivalent to a photovoltaic cell illustrates the behavior of the photovoltaic cell in function of the climatological conditions. The former in order to show some of the limiting factors in this type of generator. Also, the evolution of the applications of the photovoltaic systems and its forecasting in the installed capacity in the next 20 years, is described. [Espanol] En este trabajo se presenta un enfoque de la aplicacion de los sistemas fotovoltaicos en el ahorro de energia. Se plantea el problema del crecimiento de la demanda energetica en los proximos anos y sus consecuencias sobre el medio ambiente y las reservas de energia por fuentes convencionales. Un modelo del circuito electrico equivalente de una celda fotovoltaica ilustra el comportamiento del generador fotovoltaico en funcion de las condiciones climatologicas. Lo anterior con el fin de mostrar algunas limitantes de este tipo de generador. Tambien se describe la evolucion de las aplicaciones de los sistemas fotovoltaicos y el pronostico de la potencia instalada en los proximos 20 anos.

  19. Carros Elétricos

    OpenAIRE

    Martins, Jorge; Brito, F. P.

    2011-01-01

    Ficha técnica da publicação. Podem ser vistas páginas de exemplo em http://www.engebook.com/2/7707/Carros-Electricos Esta é a primeira obra ilustrada abrangente dedicada aos carros elétricos. O livro pretende ilustrar a história dos veículos elétricos, desde a altura em que surgiram e se tornaram líderes de mercado (no virar do século XIX para o XX) até aos nossos dias, em que parece terem ganho um novo "fôlego", com os grandes construtores a lançarem modelos elétricos. Uma extensa Base de...

  20. Compact neutron generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Leung, Ka-Ngo; Lou, Tak Pui

    2005-03-22

    A compact neutron generator has at its outer circumference a toroidal shaped plasma chamber in which a tritium (or other) plasma is generated. A RF antenna is wrapped around the plasma chamber. A plurality of tritium ion beamlets are extracted through spaced extraction apertures of a plasma electrode on the inner surface of the toroidal plasma chamber and directed inwardly toward the center of neutron generator. The beamlets pass through spaced acceleration and focusing electrodes to a neutron generating target at the center of neutron generator. The target is typically made of titanium tubing. Water is flowed through the tubing for cooling. The beam can be pulsed rapidly to achieve ultrashort neutron bursts. The target may be moved rapidly up and down so that the average power deposited on the surface of the target may be kept at a reasonable level. The neutron generator can produce fast neutrons from a T-T reaction which can be used for luggage and cargo interrogation applications. A luggage or cargo inspection system has a pulsed T-T neutron generator or source at the center, surrounded by associated gamma detectors and other components for identifying explosives or other contraband.

  1. Microwatt thermoelectric generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Goslee, D.E.

    1976-01-01

    A microwatt thermoelectric generator suitable for implanting in the body is described. The disclosed generator utilizes a nuclear energy source. Provision is made for temporary electrical connection to the generator for testing purposes, and for ensuring that the heat generated by the nuclear source does not bypass the pile. Also disclosed is a getter which is resistant to shrinkage during sintering, and a foil configuration for controlling the radiation of heat from the nuclear source to the hot plate of the pile

  2. Microwatt thermoelectric generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Goslee, D.E.; Bustard, T.S.

    1976-01-01

    A microwatt thermoelectric generator suitable for implanting in the body is described. The generator utilizes a nuclear energy source. Provision is made for temporary electrical connection to the generator for testing purposes, and for ensuring that the heat generated by the nuclear source does not bypass the pile. Also disclosed is a getter which is resistant to shrinkage during sintering, and a foil configuration for controlling the radiation of heat from the nuclear source to the hot plate of the pile

  3. Third generation coaching

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Stelter, Reinhard

    2014-01-01

    Third generation coaching unfolds a new universe for coaching and coaching psychology in the framework of current social research, new learning theories and discourses about personal leadership. Third generation coaching views coaching in a societal perspective. Coaching has become important...... transformation. Coaching thus facilitates new reflections and perspectives, as well as empowerment and support for self-Bildung processes. Third generation coaching focuses on the coach and the coachee in their narrative collaborative partnership. Unlike first generation coaching, where the goal is to help...

  4. Experiment of Neutron Generation by Using Prototype D-D Neutron Generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kim, In Jung; Kim, Suk Kwon; Park, Chang Su; Jung, Nam Suk; Jung, Hwa Dong; Park, Ji Young; Hwang, Yong Seok; Choi, H.D.

    2005-01-01

    Experiment of neutron generation was performed by using a prototype D-D neutron generator. The characteristics of D-D neutron generation in drive-in target was studied. The increment of neutron yield by increasing ion beam energy was investigated, too

  5. Magnetic field generation device for magnetohydrodynamic electric power generation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kuriyama, Yoshihiko.

    1993-01-01

    An existent magnetic field generation device for magnetohydrodynamic electric power generation comprises at least a pair of permanent magnets disposed to an inner circumferential surface of a yoke having such a cross sectional area that two pairs of parallel sides are present, in which different magnetic poles are opposed while interposing a flow channel for a conductive fluid therebetween. Then, first permanent magnets which generate main magnetic fields are disposed each at a gap sandwiching a plane surface including a center axis of a flow channel for the conductive fluid. Second permanent magnets which generate auxiliary magnetic fields are disposed to an inner circumferential surface of a yoke intersecting the yoke to which the first permanent magnets are disposed. The magnetic poles on the side of the flow channel for the second permanent magnets have identical polarity with that of the magnetic poles of the adjacent first permanent magnets. As a result, a magnetic flux density in the flow channel for the conductive fluid can be kept homogeneous and at a high level from a position of the axial line of the flow channel to the outer circumference, thereby enabling to remarkably improve a power generation efficiency. (N.H.)

  6. Evaluation of the efficiency and fault density of software generated by code generators

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schreur, Barbara

    1993-01-01

    Flight computers and flight software are used for GN&C (guidance, navigation, and control), engine controllers, and avionics during missions. The software development requires the generation of a considerable amount of code. The engineers who generate the code make mistakes and the generation of a large body of code with high reliability requires considerable time. Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools are available which generates code automatically with inputs through graphical interfaces. These tools are referred to as code generators. In theory, code generators could write highly reliable code quickly and inexpensively. The various code generators offer different levels of reliability checking. Some check only the finished product while some allow checking of individual modules and combined sets of modules as well. Considering NASA's requirement for reliability, an in house manually generated code is needed. Furthermore, automatically generated code is reputed to be as efficient as the best manually generated code when executed. In house verification is warranted.

  7. Conceptualizing Media Generations: the Print-, Online- and Individualized Generations

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Westlund, Oscar; A Färdigh, Mathias

    2012-01-01

    During the 1990s news publishers established an online presence and in the 2000s they developed cross-media news work. This has resulted in changing news accessing habits, with varied magnitude among generations. This article aims to construct theoretically sound news media generations, through...... statistical analysis of data from a nationally representative scientific omnibus survey conducted in 2010. Firstly the article presents a descriptive and explanatory analysis of how eight generational cohorts utilize news in print and/or online and/or mobile. Secondly these findings are used for merging...... highest of online only news accessing (Pearson’s r = .135). The heterogeneous news usage patterns exhibited by the individualized generation (1980s-1990s) were accommodated for by two cohorts. The online cohort shows high probability for online-only news usage (49%) and a positive correlation (Pearson’s r...

  8. NEGATIVE GATE GENERATOR

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jones, C.S.; Eaton, T.E.

    1958-02-01

    This patent relates to pulse generating circuits and more particularly to rectangular pulse generators. The pulse generator of the present invention incorporates thyratrons as switching elements to discharge a first capacitor through a load resistor to initiate and provide the body of a Pulse, and subsequently dlscharge a second capacitor to impress the potential of its charge, with opposite potential polarity across the load resistor to terminate the pulse. Accurate rectangular pulses in the millimicrosecond range are produced across a low impedance by this generator.

  9. Microwatt thermoelectric generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hittman, F.; Bustard, T.S.

    1976-01-01

    A microwatt thermoelectric generator suitable for implanting in the body is described. The generator utilizes a nuclear energy source. Provision is made for temporary electrical connection to the generator for testing purposes, and for ensuring that the heat generated by the nuclear source does not bypass the pile. Also disclosed is a getter which is resistant to shrinkage during sintering, and a foil configuration for controlling the radiation of heat from the nuclear source to the hot plate of the pile. 2 claims, 4 drawing figures

  10. Microwatt thermoelectric generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Barr, H.N.

    1978-01-01

    A microwatt thermoelectric generator suitable for implanting in the body is described. The disclosed generator utilizes a nuclear energy source. Provision is made for temporary electrical connection to the generator for testing purposes, and for ensuring that the heat generated by the nuclear source does not bypass the pile. Also disclosed is a getter which is resistant to shrinkage during sintering, and a foil configuration for controlling the radiation of heat from the nuclear source to the hot plate of the pile. 4 claims, 4 figures

  11. Steam generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fenet, J.-C.

    1980-01-01

    Steam generator particularly intended for use in the coolant system of a pressurized water reactor for vaporizing a secondary liquid, generally water, by the primary cooling liquid of the reactor and comprising special arrangements for drying the steam before it leaves the generator [fr

  12. Logarithmic-function generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Caron, P. R.

    1975-01-01

    Solid-state logarithmic-function generator is compact and provides improved accuracy. Generator includes a stable multivibrator feeding into RC circuit. Resulting exponentially decaying voltage is compared with input signal. Generator output is proportional to time required for exponential voltage to decay from preset reference level to level of input signal.

  13. Composite electric generator equipped with steam generator for heating reactor coolant

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Watabe, Masaharu; Soman, Yoshindo; Kawanishi, Kohei; Ota, Masato.

    1997-01-01

    The present invention concerns a composite electric generator having coolants, as a heating source, of a PWR type reactor or a thermonuclear reactor. An electric generator driving gas turbine is disposed, and a superheater using a high temperature exhaust gas of the gas turbine as a heating source is disposed, and main steams are superheated by the superheater to elevate the temperature at the inlet of the turbine. This can increase the electric generation capacity as well as increase the electric generation efficiency. In addition, since the humidity in the vicinity of the exit of the steam turbine is reduced, occurrence of loss and erosion can be suppressed. When cooling water of the thermonuclear reactor is used, the electric power generated by the electric generator driven by the gas turbine can be used upon start of the thermonuclear reactor, and it is not necessary to dispose a large scaled special power source in the vicinity, which is efficient. (N.H.)

  14. Analysis of the models of the metal oxide lightning; Analisis de los modelos de apartarrayos de oxidos metalicos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Del Angel Hernandez, Alberto

    1999-12-01

    criterio para juzgar la confiabilidad de un sistema electrico de potencia, es la frecuencia y duracion de la interrupcion del suministro de energia electrica a los consumidores. Debido a la importancia de mantener la continuidad del servicio de energia electrica, es necesario estudiar los dispositivos de proteccion contra sobretensiones, ya que en condiciones meteorologicas adversas, asi como por condiciones de cambio de configuracion en la red, se pueden presentar sobretensiones que danen a los equipos del sistema electrico de potencia. Los apartarrayos son dispositivos cuya funcion es proteger equipos de un sistema electrico de potencia contra las sobretensiones, por medio de absorcion de energia a traves del sistema de aterrizamiento. En la proteccion de los Sistemas Electricos de Potencia (SEP) contra sobretensiones comunmente se empleaban los apartarrayos de carburo de silicio (SiC) que brindaban un margen de proteccion pequeno. En los ultimos anos se han desarrollado nuevas tecnologias que han revolucionado la coordinacion del aislamiento. Un ejemplo de estas tecnologias es la aplicacion de los apartarrayos de oxidos metalicos (ZnO), los cuales incrementan el margen de proteccion considerablemente. En este trabajo se evaluan las limitaciones y potencialidades reales de los modelos existentes, y el propuesto en este trabajo, de apartarrayos de oxidos metalicos, con la ayuda de las simulaciones digitales en transitorios electromagneticos, cuando los apartarrayos estan sujetos a transitorios por maniobra de interruptores como por descargas atmosfericas. Todas las simulaciones en este trabajo se realizaron con el Programa de Transitorios Electromagneticos (EMTP), que es una herramienta ampliamente usada y recomendada para el analisis de los fenomenos transitorios electromagneticos. El modelado de los apartarrayos de oxidos metalicos en el EMTP es complicado por el comportamiento no lineal de sus elementos y se requiere de una gran precision y cuidado para implementar

  15. Quantum random number generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pooser, Raphael C.

    2016-05-10

    A quantum random number generator (QRNG) and a photon generator for a QRNG are provided. The photon generator may be operated in a spontaneous mode below a lasing threshold to emit photons. Photons emitted from the photon generator may have at least one random characteristic, which may be monitored by the QRNG to generate a random number. In one embodiment, the photon generator may include a photon emitter and an amplifier coupled to the photon emitter. The amplifier may enable the photon generator to be used in the QRNG without introducing significant bias in the random number and may enable multiplexing of multiple random numbers. The amplifier may also desensitize the photon generator to fluctuations in power supplied thereto while operating in the spontaneous mode. In one embodiment, the photon emitter and amplifier may be a tapered diode amplifier.

  16. Hydrogen generator characteristics for storage of renewably-generated energy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kotowicz, Janusz; Bartela, Łukasz; Węcel, Daniel; Dubiel, Klaudia

    2017-01-01

    The paper presents a methodology for determining the efficiency of a hydrogen generator taking the power requirements of its auxiliary systems into account. Authors present results of laboratory experiments conducted on a hydrogen generator containing a PEM water electrolyzer for a wide range of device loads. On the basis of measurements, the efficiency characteristics of electrolyzers were determined, including that of an entire hydrogen generator using a monitored power supply for its auxiliary devices. Based on the results of the experimental tests, the authors have proposed generalized characteristics of hydrogen generator efficiency. These characteristics were used for analyses of a Power-to-Gas system cooperating with a 40 MW wind farm with a known yearly power distribution. It was assumed that nightly-produced hydrogen is injected into the natural gas transmission system. An algorithm for determining the thermodynamic and economic characteristics of a Power-to-Gas installation is proposed. These characteristics were determined as a function of the degree of storage of the energy produced in a Renewable Energy Sources (RES) installation, defined as the ratio of the amount of electricity directed to storage to the annual amount of electricity generated in the RES installation. Depending on the degree of storage, several quantities were determined. - Highlights: • The efficiency characteristics of PEM electrolyzer are determined. • Generalized characteristics of hydrogen generator efficiency are proposed. • Method of choice of electrolyser nominal power for Power-to-Gas system was proposed. • Development of Power-to-Gas systems requires implementation of support mechanisms.

  17. Sound generator

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Berkhoff, Arthur P.

    2008-01-01

    A sound generator, particularly a loudspeaker, configured to emit sound, comprising a rigid element (2) enclosing a plurality of air compartments (3), wherein the rigid element (2) has a back side (B) comprising apertures (4), and a front side (F) that is closed, wherein the generator is provided

  18. Sound generator

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Berkhoff, Arthur P.

    2010-01-01

    A sound generator, particularly a loudspeaker, configured to emit sound, comprising a rigid element (2) enclosing a plurality of air compartments (3), wherein the rigid element (2) has a back side (B) comprising apertures (4), and a front side (F) that is closed, wherein the generator is provided

  19. Sound generator

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Berkhoff, Arthur P.

    2007-01-01

    A sound generator, particularly a loudspeaker, configured to emit sound, comprising a rigid element (2) enclosing a plurality of air compartments (3), wherein the rigid element (2) has a back side (B) comprising apertures (4), and a front side (F) that is closed, wherein the generator is provided

  20. Free piston linear generator for low grid power generation

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Abdalla Izzeldin

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Generating power is of great importance nowadays across the world. However, recently, the world became aware of the climatic changes due to the greenhouse effect caused by CO2 emissions and began seeking solutions to reduce the negative impact on the environment. Besides, the exhaustion of fossil fuels and their environmental impact, make it is crucial to develop clean energy sources, and efforts are focused on developing and improving the efficiency of all energy consuming systems. The tubular permanent magnet linear generators (TPMLGs are the best candidate for energy converters. Despite being suffering problem of attraction force between permanent magnets and stator teeth, to eliminate such attraction force, ironless-stator could be considered. Thus, they could waive the presence of any magnetic attraction between the moving and stator part. This paper presents the design and analysis of ironless -cored TPMLG for low grid power generation. The main advantages of this generator are the low cogging force and high efficiency. Therefore, the magnetic field computation of the proposed generator has been performed by applying a magnetic vector potential and utilizing a 2-D finite element analysis (FEA. Moreover, the experimental results for the current profile, pressure profile and velocity profile have been presented.

  1. Emotion-driven level generation

    OpenAIRE

    Togelius, Julian; Yannakakis, Georgios N.

    2016-01-01

    This chapter examines the relationship between emotions and level generation. Grounded in the experience-driven procedural content generation framework we focus on levels and introduce a taxonomy of approaches for emotion-driven level generation. We then review four characteristic level generators of our earlier work that exemplify each one of the approaches introduced. We conclude the chapter with our vision on the future of emotion-driven level generation.

  2. Design of nuclear cells with re linking of trajectories; Diseno de celdas nucleares con re-encadenamiento de trayectorias

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Castillo, A.; Campos S, Y.; Ortiz S, J.J.; Montes, J.L.; Perrusquia, R.; Hernandez, J.L.; Torres, M. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

    2006-07-01

    ently work the results obtained with the Ohtli-RT system obtained when implementing the combinatory optimization technique well-known as Trajectories re linking or Path Re linking in English. The problem to solve is the radial design of nuclear fuel, taking like base nuclear fuel assembles for boiling water reactors (BWR Boiling Water Reactor by its initials in English). To evaluate the objective function used in the system the code in two dimensions Heliums 1.5 was used, which calculates the cross sections of the proposed design. The parameters that were considered for the evaluation of the objective function are the Power peak factor of the bar that generates bigger power in the cell and the Infinite Multiplication Factor. To prove the system its were used assembles 10x10 with 2 water channels. The obtained radial designs of nuclear fuel fulfilled the restrictions imposed to the considered limits, with regard to the involved parameters. (Author)

  3. Design of improved controller for thermoelectric generator used in distributed generation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Molina, M.G. [CONICET, Instituto de Energia Electrica, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador San Martin Oeste, 1109, J5400ARL, San Juan (Argentina); Juanico, L.E. [CONICET, Centro Atomico Bariloche, 8400 Bariloche (Argentina); Rinalde, G.F.; Taglialavore, E.; Gortari, S. [Centro Atomico Bariloche, 8400 Bariloche (Argentina)

    2010-06-15

    This paper investigates the application of thermal generation based on solid-state devices such as thermoelectric generators (TEGs) as a novel technological alternative of distributed generation (DG). The full detailed modeling and the dynamic simulation of a three-phase grid-connected TEG used as a dispersed generator is studied. Moreover, a new control scheme of the TEG is proposed, which consists of a multi-level hierarchical structure and incorporates a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) for better use of the thermal resource. In addition, reactive power compensation of the electric grid is included, operating simultaneously and independently of the active power generation. Validation of models and control schemes is performed by using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Moreover, a small-scale TEG experimental set-up was employed to demonstrate the accuracy of proposed models. (author)

  4. Generative Semantics.

    Science.gov (United States)

    King, Margaret

    The first section of this paper deals with the attempts within the framework of transformational grammar to make semantics a systematic part of linguistic description, and outlines the characteristics of the generative semantics position. The second section takes a critical look at generative semantics in its later manifestations, and makes a case…

  5. Talkin' 'bout My Generation

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rickes, Persis C.

    2010-01-01

    The monikers are many: (1) "Generation Y"; (2) "Echo Boomers"; (3) "GenMe"; (4) the "Net Generation"; (5) "RenGen"; and (6) "Generation Next". One name that appears to be gaining currency is "Millennials," perhaps as a way to better differentiate the current generation from its…

  6. Work Values across Generations

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hansen, Jo-Ida C.; Leuty, Melanie E.

    2012-01-01

    Mainstream publication discussions of differences in generational cohorts in the workplace suggest that individuals of more recent generations, such as Generation X and Y, have different work values than do individuals of the Silent and Baby Boom generations. Although extant research suggests that age may influence work values, few of the…

  7. TFTR Motor Generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Murray, J.G.; Bronner, G.; Horton, M.

    1977-01-01

    A general description is given of 475 MVA pulsed motor generators for TFTR at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Two identical generators operating in parallel are capable of supplying 950 MVA for an equivalent square pulse of 6.77 seconds and 4,500 MJ at 0.7 power factor to provide the energy for the pulsed electrical coils and heating system for TFTR. The description includes the operational features of the 15,000 HP wound rotor motors driving each generator with its starting equipment and cycloconverter for controlling speed, power factor, and regulating line voltage during load pulsing where the generator speed changes from 87.5 to 60 Hz frequency variation to provide the 4,500 MJ or energy. The special design characteristics such as fatigue stress calculations for 10 6 cycles of operation, forcing factor on exciter to provide regulation, and low generator impedance are reviewed

  8. Radionuclide generators

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lambrecht, R.M.

    1983-01-01

    The status of radionuclide generators for chemical research and applications related to the life sciences and biomedical research are reviewed. Emphasis is placed upon convenient, efficient and rapid separation of short-lived daughter radionuclides in a chemical form suitable for use without further chemical manipulation. The focus is on the production of the parent, the radiochemistry associated with processing the parent and daughter, the selection and the characteristic separation methods, and yields. Quality control considerations are briefly noted. The scope of this review includes selected references to applications of radionuclide generators in radiopharmaceutical chemistry, and the life sciences, particularly in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. The 99 Mo-sup(99m)Tc generator was excluded. 202 references are cited. (orig.)

  9. Generational differences in work ethic among 3 generations of registered nurses.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jobe, Laura L

    2014-05-01

    The purpose of this study was to understand if differences in dimensions of work ethic exist among 3 generations of nurses working in an inpatient setting at an acute care facility. Generational differences are linked with increased turnover, with work ethic frequently cited as an important difference. The quantitative, quasi-experimental cross-sectional study recruited inpatient registered nurses from 2 teaching hospitals in a southern US metropolitan area to complete the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile online. The 285 completed surveys indicated that similarities exist among the 3 generations, with statistically significant differences only in leisure, hard work, and delay of gratification dimensions. Understanding differences in work ethic dimensions could lead to strategies for improving the generational conflict. These results also lead to the conclusion that work ethic differences may not be the cause of the generational conflict among nurses.

  10. Minding the Generation Gap

    Science.gov (United States)

    Field, John

    2011-01-01

    Generational conflict is back. After years of relative silence, and mutual ignorance, the young and old are once more at war. With youth unemployment high on the political agenda, the fortunes of the "jobless generation" are being contrasted with those of the "golden generation" of baby boomers, but is one generation really…

  11. Generative Semantics

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bagha, Karim Nazari

    2011-01-01

    Generative semantics is (or perhaps was) a research program within linguistics, initiated by the work of George Lakoff, John R. Ross, Paul Postal and later McCawley. The approach developed out of transformational generative grammar in the mid 1960s, but stood largely in opposition to work by Noam Chomsky and his students. The nature and genesis of…

  12. New Generator Technology

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nielsen, Roy S. [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

    2015-02-17

    New generator technology project is driven by the need to be able to remotely deploy generator technology where it is needed, when it is needed. Both the military and aid programs that provide assistance after disasters could use the ability to deploy energy generation that fits the needs of the situation. Currently, pre-specified generators are deployed, sometime more than half way around the world to provide electricity. Through our Phase-I to Phase III DARPA grant, we will provide a mechanism where a 3d print station and raw materials could be shipped to a deployment site and remotely deployed personnel. These remote personnel can collaborate with engineers at a home location where 3d print plans can be optimized for the remote purpose. The plans can then be sent electronically to the remote location for printing, much like NASA sent the plans for a socket wrench to the International Space Station for printing in . If multiple generators need to be deployed at different remote locations, within miles of each other the printer rig can be moved to print the generators where they are needed. 3d printing is growing in the field of manufacturing. 3d printing has matured to the point where many types of materials are now available for many types of manufacturing. Both magnetic and electrically conductive material materials have recently been developed which can now lead to 3d printing of engines and generators. Our project will provide a successful printer rig that can be remotely deployed, to print a generator design in the field as well as provide a process for deploying the printed generator as well. This Systems Engineering Management Plan(SEMP) will provide the planning required for a Phase I DARPA grant that may also include goals for Phase II and Phase II grants. The SEMP provides a proposed project schedule, references, system engineering processes, specialty engineering system deployment and product support sections. Each section will state how our company

  13. Possible public political guidelines (Chapter 7 in 'A vision of year 2030 on the use of the renewable energies in Mexico'); Posibles lineamientos de politicas publicos (Capitulo 7 en 'Una vision al 2030 de la utilizacion de las energias renovables en Mexico')

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mulas del Pozo, Pablo [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2005-08-15

    An exercise made through an approach group (expert in the subject) identified which were the main perceived obstacles for the penetration of the renewable energies in the Mexican energy sector. The perception of the group is that the perceived obstacles do not tend to be technical and that as of today, they depend more on political-legal aspects, administrative-institutional economic-financial. It is considered that the renewable energies, with some exceptions, were used mainly in a scheme of generating units of useful energy, either electricity or heat-cold or for process or environmental conditioning, are relatively small and therefore with a high dispersion in the national territory. This vision is equivalent to what it is known as distributed generation in the electrical sector. [Spanish] Un ejercicio realizado a traves de un grupo de enfoque (expertos en el tema) identifico cuales eran los principales obstaculos percibidos para la penetracion de las energias renovables en el sector energetico mexicano. La percepcion del grupo es que los obstaculos percibidos no tienden a ser tecnicos y que en el presente, estos dependen mas de aspectos politicos-legales, economicos-financieros y administrativos-institucionales. Se considera que las energias renovables, con algunas excepciones, se utilizaran principalmente en un esquema de unidades generadoras de energia util, ya sea electricidad o calor-frio para proceso o acondicionamiento ambiental, que son relativamente pequenas y por lo tanto con una alta dispersion en el territorio nacional. Esta vision es equivalente a lo que se conoce como generacion distribuida en el sector electrico.

  14. Wind Turbine Generator Efficiency Based on Powertrain Combination and Annual Power Generation Prediction

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dongmyung Kim

    2018-05-01

    Full Text Available Wind turbine generators are eco-friendly generators that produce electric energy using wind energy. In this study, wind turbine generator efficiency is examined using a powertrain combination and annual power generation prediction, by employing an analysis model. Performance testing was conducted in order to analyze the efficiency of a hydraulic pump and a motor, which are key components, and so as to verify the analysis model. The annual wind speed occurrence frequency for the expected installation areas was used to predict the annual power generation of the wind turbine generators. It was found that the parallel combination of the induction motors exhibited a higher efficiency when the wind speed was low and the serial combination showed higher efficiency when wind speed was high. The results of predicting the annual power generation considering the regional characteristics showed that the power generation was the highest when the hydraulic motors were designed in parallel and the induction motors were designed in series.

  15. Factor Xa generation by computational modeling: an additional discriminator to thrombin generation evaluation.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kathleen E Brummel-Ziedins

    Full Text Available Factor (fXa is a critical enzyme in blood coagulation that is responsible for the initiation and propagation of thrombin generation. Previously we have shown that analysis of computationally generated thrombin profiles is a tool to investigate hemostasis in various populations. In this study, we evaluate the potential of computationally derived time courses of fXa generation as another approach for investigating thrombotic risk. Utilizing the case (n = 473 and control (n = 426 population from the Leiden Thrombophilia Study and each individual's plasma protein factor composition for fII, fV, fVII, fVIII, fIX, fX, antithrombin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, tissue factor-initiated total active fXa generation was assessed using a mathematical model. FXa generation was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC, the maximum rate (MaxR and level (MaxL and the time to reach these, TMaxR and TMaxL, respectively. FXa generation was analyzed in the entire populations and in defined subgroups (by sex, age, body mass index, oral contraceptive use. The maximum rates and levels of fXa generation occur over a 10- to 12- fold range in both cases and controls. This variation is larger than that observed with thrombin (3-6 fold in the same population. The greatest risk association was obtained using either MaxR or MaxL of fXa generation; with an ∼2.2 fold increased risk for individuals exceeding the 90(th percentile. This risk was similar to that of thrombin generation(MaxR OR 2.6. Grouping defined by oral contraceptive (OC use in the control population showed the biggest differences in fXa generation; a >60% increase in the MaxR upon OC use. FXa generation can distinguish between a subset of individuals characterized by overlapping thrombin generation profiles. Analysis of fXa generation is a phenotypic characteristic which may prove to be a more sensitive discriminator than thrombin generation among all individuals.

  16. A high-voltage pulse generator for corona plasma generation

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Yan, K.; Heesch, van E.J.M.; Pemen, A.J.M.; Huijbrechts, P.A.H.J.; Gompel, van F.M.; Leuken, van H.E.M.; Matyas, Z.

    2002-01-01

    This paper discusses a high-voltage pulse generator for producing corona plasma. The generator consists of three resonant charging circuits, a transmission line transformer, and a triggered spark-gap switch. Voltage pulses in the order of 30-100 kV with a rise time of 10-20 ns, a pulse duration of

  17. Generation by Generation Correlation and Path Analysis for Yield ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Six advanced generations (F7 - F12) of tomato hybrids were evaluated in the Department of Crop Science Research Farm, University of Nigeria, Nsukka from 2004 to 2008 to estimate the magnitude of character association of yield and yield related attributes in each filial generation. Traits under focus were days to flowering, ...

  18. Design and simulation of the operation of a rotary valve for a portable prototype of a {sup 99m}Tc generator; Diseno y simulacion de funcionamiento de una valvula giratoria para un prototipo portatil generador de Tc-99m

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gago, Javier; Baltuano, Oscar; Hernandez, Yuri; Montoya, Eduardo [Direccion de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Instituto Peruano de Energia Nuclear, Av. Jose Saco km 12.5, Carabayllo, Lima (Peru); Lopez, Yon [Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, Lima (Peru). Facultad de Ingenieria Mecanica y Mecanica Electrica; Direccion de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Instituto Peruano de Energia Nuclear, Av. Jose Saco km 12.5, Carabayllo, Lima (Peru)

    2013-07-01

    The design of a specific purpose rotary valve for a {sup 99m}Tc generator by extraction, which is being developed at IPEN, in order to contribute to the decentralization of nuclear medicine with social inclusion, is described and discussed in this paper. The prototype is reliable, low cost, and consists of a set of three three-way rotating valves with two positions, in a single device of Teflon®, which is driven by a servomotor. Structural analysis is reported considering external loads applied to the prototype, plus simulation and testing operation using a 12 volts servomotor of 16 RPM provided of a CNY70 infrared sensor, for control purposes. (authors).

  19. Distributed generation hits market

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Anon.

    1997-01-01

    The pace at which vendors are developing and marketing gas turbines and reciprocating engines for small-scale applications may signal the widespread growth of distributed generation. Loosely defined to refer to applications in which power generation equipment is located close to end users who have near-term power capacity needs, distributed generation encompasses a broad range of technologies and load requirements. Disagreement is inevitable, but many industry observers associate distributed generation with applications anywhere from 25 kW to 25 MW. Ten years ago, distributed generation users only represented about 2% of the world market. Today, that figure has increased to about 4 or 5%, and probably could settle in the 20% range within a 3-to-5-year period, according to Michael Jones, San Diego, Calif.-based Solar Turbines Inc. power generation marketing manager. The US Energy Information Administration predicts about 175 GW of generation capacity will be added domestically by 2010. If 20% comes from smaller plants, distributed generation could account for about 35 GW. Even with more competition, it's highly unlikely distributed generation will totally replace current market structures and central stations. Distributed generation may be best suited for making market inroads when and where central systems need upgrading, and should prove its worth when the system can't handle peak demands. Typical applications include small reciprocating engine generators at remote customer sites or larger gas turbines to boost the grid. Additional market opportunities include standby capacity, peak shaving, power quality, cogeneration and capacity rental for immediate demand requirements. Integration of distributed generation systems--using gas-fueled engines, gas-fired combustion engines and fuel cells--can upgrade power quality for customers and reduce operating costs for electric utilities

  20. Review of Micro Magnetic Generator

    OpenAIRE

    Lin DU; Gengchen SHI; Jingjing ZHAO

    2014-01-01

    This paper discusses the research progress of micro magnetic generator systems. Micro magnetic generator systems convert energy from the environment to electric energy with advantages as high reliability, high power density, long life time and can be applied to extreme environment. This paper summarizes methods for improving generator performance of micro magnetic generator, including rotational magnetic generator, vibrational magnetic generator and hybrid magnetic generator, analyzes and com...

  1. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chandra, Avinash

    1980-01-01

    The concept of MHD power generation, principles of operation of the MHD generator, its design, types, MHD generator cycles, technological problems to be overcome, the current state of the art in USA and USSR are described. Progress of India's experimental 5 Mw water-gas fired open cycle MHD power generator project is reported in brief. (M.G.B.)

  2. Dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator in automatic generation control

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bhatt, Praghnesh [Department of Electrical Engineering, Charotar Institute of Technology, Changa, Gujarat-388421 (India); Roy, Ranjit [Department of Electrical Engineering, S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat-395007 (India); Ghoshal, S.P. [Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal-713209 (India)

    2011-04-15

    Increasing levels of wind generation have resulted in an urgent need for the assessment of their impact on frequency control of power systems. The displacement of conventional generation with wind generation will result in erosion of system frequency. The paper analyzed the dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) to system frequency responses of two-area interconnected power system having variety of conventional generating units. Frequency control support function responding proportionally to frequency deviation is proposed to take out the kinetic energy of turbine blades in order to improve the frequency response of the system. Impacts of different wind penetrations in the system and varying active power support from wind farm on frequency control have been investigated. Integral gains of AGC loop are optimized through craziness-based particle swarm optimization (CRPSO) in order to have optimal transient responses of area frequencies, tie-line power deviation and DFIG parameters. (author)

  3. Generational Affiliation as a Component of Culture: Focus Group Perspectives of Three Generational Cohorts

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nesbit, Elisabeth Anne

    2010-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to explore the multicultural elements related to generational affiliation. Much of current generational literature is anecdotal and does not empirically explore the culture of each generation. A constructivist ground theory approach was applied to the study of three generational cohorts (Baby Boomers, Generation Xers,…

  4. [Generation Y in ENT: leading a young generation of doctors].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schmidt, K; Meyer, J; Liebeneiner, J; Schmidt, C E; Hüttenbrink, K B

    2012-11-01

    The shortage of qualified doctors and nurses has led to a competition between hospitals. Analyzing the circumstances of the competition, nurses and doctors of so-called generation Y are important. These employees are mainly female and have different requirements compared to previous generations. Therefore, knowledge of these requirements will become a critical success factor for hospitals in the future. We interviewed medical students in Kiel and Hannover from 2005 to 2011 about the clinical department chosen, the criteria for choosing a specific clinic, and the importance of MD and PhD programs. In addition, we conducted an internet and Medline search for scientific studies on labor shortage, generation Y, and demographics. The data were sorted by main categories and relevance for hospitals. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive measures. We received 1,097 answers which represents approx. 75% of all students. Sixty-seven percent of the students were female, 33% male. Preferences for departments revealed internal medicine, pediatrics, and anesthesiology as the top three. ENT followed at rank 10. The main criteria for choosing a clinic were working climate, structure and broadness of education, family friendliness, and respect. MD programs were rated 2.6, while PhD programs were rated 3.6. Staff members of Generation Y "live while working" and disagree with hierarchies. Internet and computers are part of their daily routine. Employees of Generation Y challenge leadership in hospitals by increasing demands. However, Generation Y can increase professionalization and competitiveness for hospitals significantly.

  5. Pulse Generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Greer, Lawrence (Inventor)

    2017-01-01

    An apparatus and a computer-implemented method for generating pulses synchronized to a rising edge of a tachometer signal from rotating machinery are disclosed. For example, in one embodiment, a pulse state machine may be configured to generate a plurality of pulses, and a period state machine may be configured to determine a period for each of the plurality of pulses.

  6. Magnetohydrodynamic generation method

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Masai, Tadahisa; Ishibashi, Eiichi; Kojima, Akihiro.

    1967-01-01

    The present invention relates to a magneto-hydrodynamic generation method which increases the conductivity of active gas and the generated energy. In the conventional method of open-cycle magnetohydrodynamic generation, the working fluid does not possess a favorable electric conductivity since the collision cross section is large when the combustion is carried out in a condition of excess oxygen. Furthermore, combustion under a condition of oxygen shortage is uncapable of completely converting the generated energy. The air preheater or boiler is not sufficient to collect the waste gas resulting in damage and other economic disadvantages. In the present invention, the combustion gas caused by excess fuel in the combuster is supplied to the generator as the working gas, to which air or fully oxidized air is added to be reheated. While incomplete gas used for heat collection is not adequate, the unburned damage may be eliminated by combusting again and increasing the gas temperature and heat collection rate. Furthermore, a diffuser is mounted at the rear side of the generator to decrease the gas combustion rate. Thus, even when directly absorbing the preheated fully oxidized air or the ordinary air, the boiler is free from damage caused by combustion delay or impulsive force. (M. Ishida)

  7. Next generation PWR

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tanaka, Toshihiko; Fukuda, Toshihiko; Usui, Shuji

    2001-01-01

    Development of LWR for power generation in Japan has been intended to upgrade its reliability, safety, operability, maintenance and economy as well as to increase its capacity in order, since nuclear power generation for commercial use was begun on 1970, to steadily increase its generation power. And, in Japan, ABWR (advanced BWR) of the most promising LWR in the world, was already used actually and APWR (advanced PWR) with the largest output in the world is also at a step of its actual use. And, development of the APWR in Japan was begun on 1980s, and is at a step of plan on construction of its first machine at early of this century. However, by large change of social affairs, economy of nuclear power generation is extremely required, to be positioned at an APWR improved development reactor promoted by collaboration of five PWR generation companies and the Mitsubishi Electric Co., Ltd. Therefore, on its development, investigation on effect of change in social affairs on nuclear power stations was at first carried out, to establish a design requirement for the next generation PWR. Here were described on outline, reactor core design, safety concept, and safety evaluation of APWR+ and development of an innovative PWR. (G.K.)

  8. Heat wave generates questions about Ontario's generation capacity

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Horne, D.

    2005-01-01

    Concerns regarding Ontario's power generation capacity were raised following a major blackout which occurred in August 2003. Power demand reached 26,170 MW during the weeks leading to the blackout, forcing the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) to ask residents to reduce electricity use during the day. The grid operator had also issued a forecast that Toronto could face rolling blackouts during times of heavy power demand. Ontario power consumption records were set in June and July of 2003 due to a heat wave, with hourly demand exceeding 25,000 MW on 53 occasions. Ontario was forced to import up to 3,400 MW (13 per cent of its power needs) from neighbouring provinces and the United States. During that period, the price of power had risen sharply to over 30 cents a kilowatt hour, although household consumers were still charged in the 5 to 10 cent range per kilowatt hour. However, it was noted that taxpayers will eventually bear the cost of importing power. The IESO noted that importing electricity is cheaper than the generation available in Ontario and that it is more economical to import, based on the market clearing price of all generators. In 2004, the IESO purchased 6 per cent of their electricity from the United States. That figure is expected to increase for 2005. Ontario generators produced 26.9 million MWh more in the summer of 2005 than during the same period in 2004 to meet electricity demand levels. It was noted that although importing power presently meets peak demand, the IESO agrees there is a need for new generation within Ontario. In addition to restarting Ontario's Pickering and Bruce nuclear facilities, more than 3,300 MW of new gas-fired generation is under construction or approved, and more than 9,000 MW are in various stages of approval. This paper discussed the effect of high energy costs on industry and Ontario's ability to meet future electricity demand in comparison to neighbouring jurisdictions. Issues regarding grid maintenance

  9. Study of entropy generation in a slab with non-uniform internal heat generation

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    El Haj Assad Mamdouh

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Analysis of entropy generation in a rectangular slab with a nonuniform internal heat generation is presented. Dimensionless local and total entropy generation during steady state heat conduction through the slab are obtained. Two different boundary conditions have been considered in the analysis, the first with asymmetric convection and the second with constant slab surface temperature. Temperature distribution within the slab is obtained analytically. The study investigates the effect of some relevant dimensionless heat transfer parameters on entropy generation. The results show that there exists a minimum local entropy generation but there does not exist a minimum total entropy generation for certain combinations of the heat transfer parameters. The results of calculations are presented graphically.

  10. Analisis Perbandingan Karakteristik Berbeban Generator Arus Searah Penguatan Bebas Dengan Generator Arus Searah Penguatan Shunt

    OpenAIRE

    Ardian S., Randy Niko

    2010-01-01

    Berdasarkan cara memberikan fluks pada kumparan medannya, generator DC dikelompokkan menjadi dua yaitu generator berpenguatan bebas dan generator berpenguatan sendiri. Karakteristik yang ada pada generator DC antara lain karakteristik beban nol, karakterik berbeban, dan karakteristik luar. Pada karakteristik berbeban sebuah generator DC menunjukkan bagaimana hubungan antara tegangan terminal Vt dan arus medan If ketika generator dibebani. Bila generator dibebani maka akan mengalir arus beb...

  11. Actions in the electrical sector to propitiate the environmental protection; Acciones en el sector electrico para propiciar la proteccion ambiental

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Trevino Gaspari, Mateo [Fideicomiso de Ahorro de Energia (FIDE) (Mexico)

    1997-07-01

    The saving of electrical energy is one of the most efficient means to propitiate the environmental protection in the surroundings of the facilities used in the production of electrical energy. The emission of polluting agents associated with the electric power generation is analyzed, among them, CO{sub 2}, SO{sub 2} and NO{sub 2}, along with the particulate emission of ash or soot. In addition, an analysis is made of the contribution of the electrical energy saving to the environmental protection and the actions that the Comision Federal de Electricidad of Mexico will undertake on the electric energy saving for the 1995 to the 2000 period. [Spanish] El ahorro de energia electrica es uno de los medios mas eficientes para propiciar la proteccion ambiental en el entorno de las instalaciones usadas en la produccion de energia electrica. Se analiza la emision de contaminantes asociados con la generacion electrica, entre ellos, el CO{sub 2}, el SO{sub 2} y NO{sub 2}, junto con la emision de particulas de ceniza o de hollin. Ademas se analiza la contribucion del ahorro de energia electrica a la proteccion ambiental y las acciones que emprendera la Comision Federal de Electricidad de Mexico sobre ahorro de energia electrica para el periodo 1995 al 2000.

  12. Cue generation and memory construction in direct and generative autobiographical memory retrieval.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Harris, Celia B; O'Connor, Akira R; Sutton, John

    2015-05-01

    Theories of autobiographical memory emphasise effortful, generative search processes in memory retrieval. However recent research suggests that memories are often retrieved directly, without effortful search. We investigated whether direct and generative retrieval differed in the characteristics of memories recalled, or only in terms of retrieval latency. Participants recalled autobiographical memories in response to cue words. For each memory, they reported whether it was retrieved directly or generatively, rated its visuo-spatial perspective, and judged its accompanying recollective experience. Our results indicated that direct retrieval was commonly reported and was faster than generative retrieval, replicating recent findings. The characteristics of directly retrieved memories differed from generatively retrieved memories: directly retrieved memories had higher field perspective ratings and lower observer perspective ratings. However, retrieval mode did not influence recollective experience. We discuss our findings in terms of cue generation and content construction, and the implication for reconstructive models of autobiographical memory. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  13. Digital random-number generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Brocker, D. H.

    1973-01-01

    For binary digit array of N bits, use N noise sources to feed N nonlinear operators; each flip-flop in digit array is set by nonlinear operator to reflect whether amplitude of generator which feeds it is above or below mean value of generated noise. Fixed-point uniform distribution random number generation method can also be used to generate random numbers with other than uniform distribution.

  14. Modular Stirling Radioisotope Generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schmitz, Paul C.; Mason, Lee S.; Schifer, Nicholas A.

    2016-01-01

    High-efficiency radioisotope power generators will play an important role in future NASA space exploration missions. Stirling Radioisotope Generators (SRGs) have been identified as a candidate generator technology capable of providing mission designers with an efficient, high-specific-power electrical generator. SRGs high conversion efficiency has the potential to extend the limited Pu-238 supply when compared with current Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs). Due to budgetary constraints, the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) was canceled in the fall of 2013. Over the past year a joint study by NASA and the Department of Energy (DOE) called the Nuclear Power Assessment Study (NPAS) recommended that Stirling technologies continue to be explored. During the mission studies of the NPAS, spare SRGs were sometimes required to meet mission power system reliability requirements. This led to an additional mass penalty and increased isotope consumption levied on certain SRG-based missions. In an attempt to remove the spare power system, a new generator architecture is considered, which could increase the reliability of a Stirling generator and provide a more fault-tolerant power system. This new generator called the Modular Stirling Radioisotope Generator (MSRG) employs multiple parallel Stirling convertor/controller strings, all of which share the heat from the General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules. For this design, generators utilizing one to eight GPHS modules were analyzed, which provided about 50 to 450 W of direct current (DC) to the spacecraft, respectively. Four Stirling convertors are arranged around each GPHS module resulting in from 4 to 32 Stirling/controller strings. The convertors are balanced either individually or in pairs, and are radiatively coupled to the GPHS modules. Heat is rejected through the housing/radiator, which is similar in construction to the ASRG. Mass and power analysis for these systems indicate that specific

  15. Experience and Its Generation

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    Chen Youqing

    2006-01-01

    Experience iS an activity that arouses emotions and generates meanings based on vivid sensation and profound compreh ension.It iS emotional,meaningful,and personal,playing a key role in the course of forming and developing one'S qualities.The psychological process of experience generation consists of such links as sensing things,arousing emotions,promoting comprehension and association,generating insights and meanings,and deepening emotional responses.Undergoing things personally by means of direct sensation,taking part in activities,and living life are the most important preconditions of experience generation.Emotional influence,situational edification,and arts edification ale extemal factors that induce experience generation.

  16. Generators for Miranda

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Angiolini, G.; Borgna, H.; Garcia, A.; Fernandez, M.; Piriz, H.; Verdu, C. [IMPSA Hydrogenerators (Argentina)

    2000-10-01

    The three generators at the Miranda hydroelectric power plant on the Araguari river northwest of Belo Horizonte in the state of Minas Gerais began operation in 1998. All the electromechanical equipment for the project was supplied by IMPSA. The generators, which are driven by Francis turbines, are vertical shaft, three-phase, salient-pole synchronous machines with an output of 137 MVA. The generators successfully completed a series of studies and trials before commercial operation began and Companhia Energetica de Minas Gerais (CEMIG) is considering increasing the operation power to 150 MVA. The specification and design of the electrical aspects, stator winding, rotor, bearings, shaft line, generator cooling system, excitation system and monitoring systems are described. Electromagnetic requirements and acceptance testing results are given in two summary tables.

  17. Optimum geometry for boiler soot blowers nozzles; Geometria optima de toberas para deshollinadores de caldera

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Espinoza Garza, Jesus; Garcia Tinoco, Guillermo J; Martinez Flores, Jose Oscar [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1990-12-31

    For boiler soot blowing converging-diverging nozzles are employed, whose function is to convert thermal energy of a gas into kinetic energy to remove the deposits that adhere to the heat exchanger surfaces. In this paper are described the experimental equipment and the methods for flow, dynamic pressure, discharge velocity and air expansion factor calculation in each nozzle, as a function of its design geometry, utilizing air from a five stage centrifugal compressor. The graphic analysis of the results, concludes that the most efficient nozzles are not the ones than develop the greatest velocity, but the ones of highest dynamic pressure at the outlet. The nozzle geometry that allows obtaining the maximum dynamic air pressure at the discharge is A{sub 2}/A{sub g}=1.3676 [Espanol] Para el deshollinado de calderas se utilizan las toberas convergentes-divergentes, cuya funcion es convertir la energia termica de un gas en energia cinetica para remover los depositos que se adhieren a las superficies de intercambio de calor. En este trabajo se describen el equipo experimental y los metodos de calculo para flujo, presion dinamica, velocidad a la descarga y factor de expansion del aire en cada tobera, como funcion de su geometria de diseno. Durante la experimentacion se evaluaron siete disenos diferentes de toberas, empleando aire de un compresor centrifugo de cinco etapas. Del analisis grafico de los resultados, se concluye que las toberas mas eficientes no son las que desarrollan mayor velocidad sino las de mayor presion dinamica de la salida. La geometria de tobera que permite obtener la maxima presion dinamica del aire a la descarga es A{sub 2}/A{sub g} = 1.3676.

  18. Optimum geometry for boiler soot blowers nozzles; Geometria optima de toberas para deshollinadores de caldera

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Espinoza Garza, Jesus; Garcia Tinoco, Guillermo J.; Martinez Flores, Jose Oscar [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1989-12-31

    For boiler soot blowing converging-diverging nozzles are employed, whose function is to convert thermal energy of a gas into kinetic energy to remove the deposits that adhere to the heat exchanger surfaces. In this paper are described the experimental equipment and the methods for flow, dynamic pressure, discharge velocity and air expansion factor calculation in each nozzle, as a function of its design geometry, utilizing air from a five stage centrifugal compressor. The graphic analysis of the results, concludes that the most efficient nozzles are not the ones than develop the greatest velocity, but the ones of highest dynamic pressure at the outlet. The nozzle geometry that allows obtaining the maximum dynamic air pressure at the discharge is A{sub 2}/A{sub g}=1.3676 [Espanol] Para el deshollinado de calderas se utilizan las toberas convergentes-divergentes, cuya funcion es convertir la energia termica de un gas en energia cinetica para remover los depositos que se adhieren a las superficies de intercambio de calor. En este trabajo se describen el equipo experimental y los metodos de calculo para flujo, presion dinamica, velocidad a la descarga y factor de expansion del aire en cada tobera, como funcion de su geometria de diseno. Durante la experimentacion se evaluaron siete disenos diferentes de toberas, empleando aire de un compresor centrifugo de cinco etapas. Del analisis grafico de los resultados, se concluye que las toberas mas eficientes no son las que desarrollan mayor velocidad sino las de mayor presion dinamica de la salida. La geometria de tobera que permite obtener la maxima presion dinamica del aire a la descarga es A{sub 2}/A{sub g} = 1.3676.

  19. Development of a tool for the analysis and diagnosis in real time of centrifugal pumps; Desarrollo en una herramienta para el analisis y diagnostico en tiempo real de bombas centrifugas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pacheco, J.J.; Aviles, J.J.; Zaleta, A.; Olivares, A. [Facultad de Ingenieria Mecanica, Electrica y Electronica (FIMEE), Universidad de Guanajuato (Mexico)

    2007-11-15

    In this paper the development of a computer tool for the analysis of centrifugal pumps is presented. This tool allows the user to analyze the performance of the pump by means of the analysis of the behavior curves at its design conditions, reference and operation. In order to realize the analysis it is necessary that the user feeds the tool with the missing and necessary information according to norm ASME PTC 8.2 and under the specified conditions of calibration of the same norm, to eliminate possible errors in the results, a bad qualification or erroneous acquisition of the signals. The system must early be fed with the polynomials of the behavior curves of the pump in its design conditions to later correct the behavior based on a velocity of present operation. [Spanish] En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de una herramienta computacional para el analisis de bombas centrifugas. Dicha herramienta permite al usuario analizar el desempeno de la bomba mediante el analisis de las curvas de comportamiento en sus condiciones de diseno, referencia y operacion. Para realizar el analisis es necesario que el usuario alimente la herramienta con la informacion faltante y necesaria de acuerdo a la norma ASME PTC 8.2 y bajo las condiciones de calibracion especificadas en la misma norma, para eliminar posibles errores en los resultados a una mala calificacion o adquisicion erronea de las senales. El sistema tiene que ser anticipadamente alimentado con los polinomios de las curvas de comportamiento de la bomba en sus condiciones de diseno para posteriormente corregir el comportamiento en funcion de una velocidad de operacion actual.

  20. Efficiency analysis in the application of indicators LEED-ND, the arid zone of the north of Mexico, case of study: Parajes del Sur, Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua; Analisis de la eficiencia en la aplicacion de indicadores LEED-ND, en la zona arida del norte de Mexico, caso de estudio: parajes del sur, Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pena Barrera, Leticia [Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua (Mexico)

    2009-01-15

    This article presents the analysis realized to the urban design of a colony applying the indicators of The Leadership in Energy (LEED-ND). The advantages that represent as far as impact are established and also the limits are pointed out, evaluating their efficiency in the application of indicators to improve performance and energy saving. Based on the analysis applied to the colony under study, some right solutions in the urban design are obtained that should be established as a part of the in force standardization. Nevertheless, the follow up to this same company in other developments, reflects that the proposals are not determined as a strategy of self planning but only to fulfill the asked requirements, obtaining a result with smaller impact and as an index that allows offering residential alternatives in the city tending to the sustained development. [Spanish] Este articulo presenta el analisis realizado al diseno urbano de un fraccionamiento aplicando los indicadores de The Leadership in Energy (LEED-ND). Se establecen las ventajas que presenta en cuanto a impacto y tambien se senalan las limitantes, evaluando su eficiencia en la aplicacion de indicadores para mejorar desempeno y ahorro energetico. Con base en el analisis aplicado al fraccionamiento en estudio, se tienen algunas soluciones acertadas en el diseno urbano que debieran establecerse como parte de la normatividad vigente, sin embargo, el seguimiento a esta misma empresa en otros desarrollos, refleja que las propuestas no estan determinadas como una estrategia de planeacion propia sino unicamente para cumplir con los requerimientos solicitados, obteniendo un resultado con menor impacto y como indice que permitan ofrecer alternativas habitacionales en la ciudad tendientes al desarrollo sostenido.

  1. Remote-actuator used in environments for high electromagnetic interference; Actuador telecontrolado para ambientes de alta interferencia electromagnetica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perez Abad, Carlos Alberto; Velazquez Hernandez, Jose Conrado; Montero Cervantes, Julio Cesar [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)]. E-mail: caperez@iie.org.mx; jconrado@iie.org.mx; jcmc@iie.org.mx

    2010-11-15

    This article presents the design of an actuator telecontrolled used in environments of high electromagnetic interference, especially designed for high-power laboratories Comision Federal de Electricidad, LAPEM (Laboratorio de pruebas de equipos y materiales) basically the actuator is an electronic component in a series of hardware and software involved in short circuit tests performed LAPEM but because of its design can be used in any industry involving fire remotely due to the electromagnetic pollution caused by high currents and voltages involved in the tests, the means of communication between the actuator and programmable controller sequences (CPS) is optical fiber that ensures the integrity of the control signal that activates the device. We present the electronic modules that comprise it and the evidence and findings. [Spanish] En este articulo se presenta el diseno de un actuador telecontrolado utilizado en ambientes de alta interferencia electromagnetica, en especial fue disenado para los laboratorios de alta potencia del LAPEM (Laboratorio de pruebas de equipos y materiales), Comision Federal de Electricidad, basicamente el actuador es un componente electronico de una serie de hardware y software involucrados en las pruebas de corto circuito que realiza el LAPEM pero debido a su diseno puede ser utilizado en cualquier otra industria que involucre disparos en forma remota, debido a la contaminacion electromagnetica causada por las altas corrientes y voltajes involucradas en las pruebas, el medio de comunicacion entre el actuador y el Controlador programable de Secuencias (CPS) es fibra optica con esto se asegura la integridad de la senal de control que activa el dispositivo. Se presenta los modulos electronicos que lo componen asi como las pruebas y resultados obtenidos.

  2. Opportunities for the operation of the Comision Federal de Electricidad`s fossil fuel power plant stations eventually to be retired as cogeneration units; Oportunidades de operar las centrales termoelectricas de la Comision Federal de Electricidad, eventualmente retirables como unidades de cogeneracion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Buendia Dominguez, E. H. [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico); Merlos Rueda, R. M. [Programa de Ahorro de Energia para el Sector Electrico, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1995-12-31

    The Programa de Ahorro de Energia para el Sector Electrico (PAESE) (Program for Energy Conservation for the Electric Sector) in collaboration with the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), decided to evaluate technically and economically the possibilities of operating the Comision Federal de Electricidad`s Thermoelectric Power Stations (TPS), eventually to be retired as cogeneration units in supplying thermal energy to industry. The study was focussed to the Monterrey and San Jeronimo Power Stations, determining in a first stage, the optimum radius for handling and transporting steam and/or hot water and so to define the industries that potentially could obtain heat energy from the TPS, in this stage the thermal needs of the evaluated industries were determined (pressure, temperature and flow). In a second stage, the different arrangements to be made to operate the selected TPS, so as to be in position of satisfying such thermal energy demands were evaluated. This paper presents the results of this study. [Espanol] El Programa de Ahorro de Energia para el Sector Electrico (PAESE), en colaboracion con el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, decidieron evaluar tecnica y economicamente las posibilidades de operar las centrales termoelectricas (CT`s) de la Comision Federal de Electricidad, eventualmente retirables, como unidades de cogeneracion al ofrecer calor a la industria. El estudio se enfoco en las centrales de Monterrey y San Jeronimo, determinado en una primera etapa el radio optimo para el manejo y transporte de vapor y/o agua caliente y asi definir a las industrias que potencialmente podrian recibir calor de las CT`s, en esta etapa se determinaron las necesidades termicas de las industrias evaluadas (presion, temperatura y flujo). En una segunda etapa se evaluo los diferentes arreglos para operar las CT`s seleccionadas para que pudieran satisfacer dichas demandas termicas. En este trabajo se presentaron los resultados de dicho estudio.

  3. Opportunities for the operation of the Comision Federal de Electricidad`s fossil fuel power plant stations eventually to be retired as cogeneration units; Oportunidades de operar las centrales termoelectricas de la Comision Federal de Electricidad, eventualmente retirables como unidades de cogeneracion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Buendia Dominguez, E H [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico); Merlos Rueda, R M [Programa de Ahorro de Energia para el Sector Electrico, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

    1996-12-31

    The Programa de Ahorro de Energia para el Sector Electrico (PAESE) (Program for Energy Conservation for the Electric Sector) in collaboration with the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE), decided to evaluate technically and economically the possibilities of operating the Comision Federal de Electricidad`s Thermoelectric Power Stations (TPS), eventually to be retired as cogeneration units in supplying thermal energy to industry. The study was focussed to the Monterrey and San Jeronimo Power Stations, determining in a first stage, the optimum radius for handling and transporting steam and/or hot water and so to define the industries that potentially could obtain heat energy from the TPS, in this stage the thermal needs of the evaluated industries were determined (pressure, temperature and flow). In a second stage, the different arrangements to be made to operate the selected TPS, so as to be in position of satisfying such thermal energy demands were evaluated. This paper presents the results of this study. [Espanol] El Programa de Ahorro de Energia para el Sector Electrico (PAESE), en colaboracion con el Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, decidieron evaluar tecnica y economicamente las posibilidades de operar las centrales termoelectricas (CT`s) de la Comision Federal de Electricidad, eventualmente retirables, como unidades de cogeneracion al ofrecer calor a la industria. El estudio se enfoco en las centrales de Monterrey y San Jeronimo, determinado en una primera etapa el radio optimo para el manejo y transporte de vapor y/o agua caliente y asi definir a las industrias que potencialmente podrian recibir calor de las CT`s, en esta etapa se determinaron las necesidades termicas de las industrias evaluadas (presion, temperatura y flujo). En una segunda etapa se evaluo los diferentes arreglos para operar las CT`s seleccionadas para que pudieran satisfacer dichas demandas termicas. En este trabajo se presentaron los resultados de dicho estudio.

  4. Energy efficiency and restructuring of the Brazilian power sector

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    De Martino Jannuzzi, Gilberto [State University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, (Brazil)

    1999-07-01

    Since the early nineties Brazil has initiated a program of reforms in its electric sector which includes utility privatization, de-verticalization. The main objectives were to promote a market-oriented energy industry attractive to private investments. This has led to the loss of sponsorship for the public-interest programs formerly undertaken by the state utilities. In particular, of significant concern are the programs for promotion of energy efficiency, renewable energy technologies, rural electrification and environmental protection. In the midst of the privatization effort, the National Agency for Electrical Energy ANEEL was created (end of 1997). One of the tasks of the regulatory agency is to provide funds and incentives to energy conservation. In this paper we review the role of ANEEL in promoting energy efficiency investments in the context of a market-oriented sector, its limitations and prospects. [Spanish] Desde principios de los anos noventa Brasil ha iniciado un programa de reformas en su sector electrico que incluye la privatizacion del servicio electrico y la desverticalizacion. Los objetivos principales eran promover una industria de la energia orientada comercialmente de la energia electrica, atractiva a las inversiones privadas. Esto ha conducido a la perdida de patrocinio de los programas de interes publico emprendidos antes por las empresas electricas del estado. En particular, de preocupacion significativa estan los programas para la promocion del rendimiento energetico, de las tecnologias de la energia renovable, de la Electrificacion rural y de la proteccion del medio ambiente. En medio del esfuerzo de la privatizacion, la agencia nacional para la energia electrica ANEEL fue creada (finales de 1997). Una de las tareas de la agencia reguladora es proporcionar fondos e incentivos a la conservacion de energia. En este trabajo repasamos el papel de ANEEL en promover inversiones del rendimiento energetico en el contexto de un sector orientado

  5. Fast generation of computer-generated holograms using wavelet shrinkage.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shimobaba, Tomoyoshi; Ito, Tomoyoshi

    2017-01-09

    Computer-generated holograms (CGHs) are generated by superimposing complex amplitudes emitted from a number of object points. However, this superposition process remains very time-consuming even when using the latest computers. We propose a fast calculation algorithm for CGHs that uses a wavelet shrinkage method, eliminating small wavelet coefficient values to express approximated complex amplitudes using only a few representative wavelet coefficients.

  6. Solar fuels generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lewis, Nathan S.; Spurgeon, Joshua M.

    2016-10-25

    The solar fuels generator includes an ionically conductive separator between a gaseous first phase and a second phase. A photoanode uses one or more components of the first phase to generate cations during operation of the solar fuels generator. A cation conduit is positioned provides a pathway along which the cations travel from the photoanode to the separator. The separator conducts the cations. A second solid cation conduit conducts the cations from the separator to a photocathode.

  7. Technological tendencies for the improvement of the performance of combined cycle power stations; Tendencias tecnologicas para el mejoramiento del desempeno de centrales de cilco combinado

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sanchez P, Marino; Garduno R, Raul; Chavez T, Rafael [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2001-07-01

    In this article are dealt some the aspects that have turned the combined cycle generating power stations (CCGPS) into the dominant way for the electrical generation in the world. In the first part it is presented the plan of expansion of the national electrical generation and similar information that the U.S.A. has for the CCGPS, which will give an idea of the importance and the impact that has this technology at the moment. The basic characteristics that are necessary to specify in order to satisfy the environmental and operation requirements, and the available technologies to increase the global efficiency of the CCGPS are also exposed. Finally it describes the evolution of the technology of control for CCGPS developed in the Gerencia de Control e Instrumentacion (GCI), as well as the capacities available to support the electrical sector in this technological discipline. [Spanish] En este articulo se tratan algunos de los aspectos que han convertido a las centrales de generacion de ciclo combinado (CGCC) en el modo dominante para la generacion electrica en el mundo. En la primera parte se presenta el plan de expansion de la generacion electrica nacional e informacion similar que los EE.UU. tienen para las CGCC, lo que dara una idea de la importancia y del impacto que tiene actualmente esta tecnologia. Se exponen tambien las caracteristicas principales que es necesario especificar a fin de satisfacer los requerimientos ambientales y de operacion, y las tecnologias disponibles para incrementar la eficiencia global de las CGCC. Finalmente se describe la evolucion de la tecnologia de control para CGCC desarrollada en la Gerencia de Control e Instrumentacion (GCI), asi como las capacidades disponibles para apoyar al sector electrico en esta disciplina tecnologica.

  8. Diffuse control of gas turbines in power stations of combined cycle; Contral difuso de turbinas de gas en centrales de ciclo combinado

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sanchez P, Marino; Garduno R, Raul; De Lara J, Salvadror; Castelo C, Luis [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

    2001-07-01

    In this article the application of the technology of the fuzzy logic to the control of gas turbines is presented in order to evaluate it in one of the most difficult processes and with stricter control requirements that exist in the electrical generation industry. For being important for the generation electrical sector, given their use in Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), the first selected prototype was the gas turbines model W501 of Westinghouse, installed in the of combined cycle power stations of Dos Bocas, Veracruz, Gomez Palacio, Durango and Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico. The second selected prototype was the one of the turbo gas units type 5001 (that applies to the GE 5001 models and Westinghouse of series 191 and 251). Based on the analysis of the performance of the system of conventional control previously made, the controllers of speed and generation of electrical power were selected to be replaced by diffuse controllers. [Spanish] En este articulo se presenta la aplicacion de la tecnologia de la logica difusa al control de turbinas de gas con el proposito de evaluarla en uno de los procesos mas dificiles y con requerimientos mas estrictos de control que existen en la industria de generacion electrica. Por ser importantes para el sector electrico de generacion, dada su utilizacion en Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE), el primer prototipo seleccionado fueron las turbinas de gas modelo W501 de Westinghouse, instaladas en la central de ciclo combinado de Dos Bocas, Veracruz, Gomez Palacio, Durango y Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico. El segundo prototipo seleccionado fue el de unidades turbogas tipo 5001 (que aplica a los modelos GE 5001 y Westinghouse de la serie 191 y 251). Basados en el analisis del desempeno del sistema de control convencional realizado previamente, los controladores de velocidad y de generacion de potencia electrica fueron seleccionados para ser sustituidos por controladores difusos.

  9. MHD Generating system

    Science.gov (United States)

    Petrick, Michael; Pierson, Edward S.; Schreiner, Felix

    1980-01-01

    According to the present invention, coal combustion gas is the primary working fluid and copper or a copper alloy is the electrodynamic fluid in the MHD generator, thereby eliminating the heat exchangers between the combustor and the liquid-metal MHD working fluids, allowing the use of a conventional coalfired steam bottoming plant, and making the plant simpler, more efficient and cheaper. In operation, the gas and liquid are combined in a mixer and the resulting two-phase mixture enters the MHD generator. The MHD generator acts as a turbine and electric generator in one unit wherein the gas expands, drives the liquid across the magnetic field and thus generates electrical power. The gas and liquid are separated, and the available energy in the gas is recovered before the gas is exhausted to the atmosphere. Where the combustion gas contains sulfur, oxygen is bubbled through a side loop to remove sulfur therefrom as a concentrated stream of sulfur dioxide. The combustor is operated substoichiometrically to control the oxide level in the copper.

  10. Electromechanical x-ray generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Watson, Scott A; Platts, David; Sorensen, Eric B

    2016-05-03

    An electro-mechanical x-ray generator configured to obtain high-energy operation with favorable energy-weight scaling. The electro-mechanical x-ray generator may include a pair of capacitor plates. The capacitor plates may be charged to a predefined voltage and may be separated to generate higher voltages on the order of hundreds of kV in the AK gap. The high voltage may be generated in a vacuum tube.

  11. Passive flow heat exchanger simulation for power generation from solar pond using thermoelectric generators

    Science.gov (United States)

    Baharin, Nuraida'Aadilia; Arzami, Amir Afiq; Singh, Baljit; Remeli, Muhammad Fairuz; Tan, Lippong; Oberoi, Amandeep

    2017-04-01

    In this study, a thermoelectric generator heat exchanger system was designed and simulated for electricity generation from solar pond. A thermoelectric generator heat exchanger was studied by using Computational Fluid Dynamics to simulate flow and heat transfer. A thermoelectric generator heat exchanger designed for passive in-pond flow used in solar pond for electrical power generation. A simple analysis simulation was developed to obtain the amount of electricity generated at different conditions for hot temperatures of a solar pond at different flow rates. Results indicated that the system is capable of producing electricity. This study and design provides an alternative way to generate electricity from solar pond in tropical countries like Malaysia for possible renewable energy applications.

  12. Measurement for skyshine of neutron generated by the K-600 neutron generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhen Huazhi; Li Guisheng; Wu Jingmin; Li Jianping

    1988-01-01

    The attenuation low of neutron scattering in atmosphere that generated by K-600 neutron generator at IMP was measured in order to evaluate the effect of the neutron generator to surroundings. The attenuation lenth λ = 396m was obtained and this result is in aggreement with the measured data at some laboratories abroad

  13. Wind Generators and Market Power

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Misir, Nihat

    price thresholds are significantly higher when the monopolist at the peakload level owns both types of generators. Furthermore, when producing electricity with the peakload generator, the monopolist can avoid facing prices below marginal cost by owning a certain share of the wind generators.......Electricity production from wind generators holds significant importance in European Union’s 20% renewable energy target by 2020. In this paper, I show that ownership of wind generators affects market outcomes by using both a Cournot oligopoly model and a real options model. In the Cournot...... oligopoly model, ownership of the wind generators by owners of fossil-fueled (peakload) generators decreases total peakload production and increases the market price. These effects increase with total wind generation and aggregate wind generator ownership. In the real options model, start up and shut down...

  14. Nanosecond neutron generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lobov, S.I.; Pavlovskaya, N.G.; Pukhov, S.P.

    1991-01-01

    High-voltage nanosecond neutron generator for obtaining neutrons in D-T reaction is described. Yield of 6x10 6 neutron/pulse was generated in a sealed gas-filled diode with a target on the cathode by accelerating pulse voltage of approximately 0.5 MV and length at half-height of 0.5 ns and deuterium pressure of 6x10 -2 Torr. Ways of increasing neutron yield and possibilities of creating generators of nanosecond neutron pulses with great service life are considered

  15. Quantum random number generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Soubusta, Jan; Haderka, Ondrej; Hendrych, Martin

    2001-03-01

    Since reflection or transmission of a quantum particle on a beamsplitter is inherently random quantum process, a device built on this principle does not suffer from drawbacks of neither pseudo-random computer generators or classical noise sources. Nevertheless, a number of physical conditions necessary for high quality random numbers generation must be satisfied. Luckily, in quantum optics realization they can be well controlled. We present an easy random number generator based on the division of weak light pulses on a beamsplitter. The randomness of the generated bit stream is supported by passing the data through series of 15 statistical test. The device generates at a rate of 109.7 kbit/s.

  16. Analisis Perbandingan Karakteristik Luar Generator Arus Searah Penguatan Bebas Dengan Generator Arus Searah Penguat Shunt

    OpenAIRE

    Arwinsyah

    2009-01-01

    Generator DC digunakan untuk peralatan yang membutuhkan supply arus searah. Berdasarkan cara memberikan fluks pada kumparan medannya, generator DC dikelompokkan menjadi dua yaitu generator berpenguatan bebas dan generator berpenguatan sendiri. Karakteristik yang ada pada generator DC antara lain karakteristik beban nol, karakterik berbeban, dan karakteristik luar. Karakteristik luar sebuah generator DC menunjukkan bagaimana perubahan tegangan terminal ( Vt ) terhadap beban yang berubah – ubah...

  17. Self-assembling software generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bouchard, Ann M [Albuquerque, NM; Osbourn, Gordon C [Albuquerque, NM

    2011-11-25

    A technique to generate an executable task includes inspecting a task specification data structure to determine what software entities are to be generated to create the executable task, inspecting the task specification data structure to determine how the software entities will be linked after generating the software entities, inspecting the task specification data structure to determine logic to be executed by the software entities, and generating the software entities to create the executable task.

  18. Airburst-Generated Tsunamis

    Science.gov (United States)

    Berger, Marsha; Goodman, Jonathan

    2018-04-01

    This paper examines the questions of whether smaller asteroids that burst in the air over water can generate tsunamis that could pose a threat to distant locations. Such airburst-generated tsunamis are qualitatively different than the more frequently studied earthquake-generated tsunamis, and differ as well from tsunamis generated by asteroids that strike the ocean. Numerical simulations are presented using the shallow water equations in several settings, demonstrating very little tsunami threat from this scenario. A model problem with an explicit solution that demonstrates and explains the same phenomena found in the computations is analyzed. We discuss the question of whether compressibility and dispersion are important effects that should be included, and show results from a more sophisticated model problem using the linearized Euler equations that begins to addresses this.

  19. Power Maximization Control of Variable Speed Wind Generation System Using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Morimoto, Shigeo; Nakamura, Tomohiko; Takeda, Yoji

    This paper proposes the sensorless output power maximization control of the wind generation system. A permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used as a variable speed generator in the proposed system. The generator torque is suitably controlled according to the generator speed and thus the power from a wind turbine settles down on the maximum power point by the proposed MPPT control method, where the information of wind velocity is not required. Moreover, the maximum available generated power is obtained by the optimum current vector control. The current vector of PMSG is optimally controlled according to the generator speed and the required torque in order to minimize the losses of PMSG considering the voltage and current constraints. The proposed wind power generation system can be achieved without mechanical sensors such as a wind velocity detector and a position sensor. Several experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

  20. Guide for the development of power generation projects using renewable energy in and for municipalities; Guia para el desarrollo de proyectos de generacion de electricidad con energia renovable en y para los municipios

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    De Buen Rodriguez, Odon [Energia, Tecnologia y Educacion, S.C., ENTE, S.C. (Mexico)

    2010-05-15

    The Mexico Competitiveness Project has come about as a result of a good understanding and broad cooperation between the United States and Mexican governments. Its primary objective is to strengthen governance so as to improve the economic competitiveness of Mexico as well as to improve environmental management for the preservation of biodiversity in the country. This program, financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), will be carried out for approximately 4 years, from October 2008 to November 2012. Its cooperative efforts are primarily focused on assisting local efforts to foster sustainable development. In this context, and as part of the specific activities on which the program is focused during the current year, the Guide for the Development of Power Generation Projects in Municipalities was designed, whose purpose is to integrate information to enable municipal officials to understand these types of projects and take actions to foster their development. The present guide consists of a set of modules that detail and explain the most important aspects involved in the development of these projects, ranging from legal considerations to costs associated with the projects themselves. This guide has two sections: a general portion with 8 chapters about topics directly related to the projects and a set of appendices that describe aspects relevant to moving forward with projects for power generation using renewable energy. [Spanish] El Programa de Competitividad Mexico se deriva del buen entendimiento y amplia cooperacion entre los gobiernos de Estados Unidos y Mexico, y tiene como principal objetivo fortalecer la gobernabilidad para mejorar la competitividad economica de Mexico, asi como robustecer la gestion ambiental para preservar la biodiversidad del pais. Este programa, que es financiado por la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), tiene una duracion aproximada de cuatro anos a partir de octubre

  1. The additive congruential random number generator--A special case of a multiple recursive generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wikramaratna, Roy S.

    2008-07-01

    This paper considers an approach to generating uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers which works well in serial applications but which also appears particularly well-suited for application on parallel processing systems. Additive Congruential Random Number (ACORN) generators are straightforward to implement for arbitrarily large order and modulus; if implemented using integer arithmetic, it becomes possible to generate identical sequences on any machine. Previously published theoretical analysis has demonstrated that a kth order ACORN sequence approximates to being uniformly distributed in up to k dimensions, for any given k. ACORN generators can be constructed to give period lengths exceeding any given number (for example, with period length in excess of 230p, for any given p). Results of empirical tests have demonstrated that, if p is greater than or equal to 2, then the ACORN generator can be used successfully for generating double precision uniform random variates. This paper demonstrates that an ACORN generator is a particular case of a multiple recursive generator (and, therefore, also a special case of a matrix generator). Both these latter approaches have been widely studied, and it is to be hoped that the results given in the present paper will lead to greater confidence in using the ACORN generators.

  2. Mexico's energy sector in year 2003 and 2004-2013 prospectives (Chapter 1 in 'A vision of year 2030 on the use of the renewable energies in Mexico'); El sector energia de Mexico en el 2003 y las prospectivas 2004-2013 (Capitulo 1 en 'Una vision al 2030 de la utilizacion de las energias renovables en Mexico')

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mulas del Pozo, Pablo [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    In this chapter, related to the energy sector of Mexico the following subjects are reviewed: the structure of the Mexican power sector, the energy balance, the reserves and the production of primary energy, the production and the infrastructure of the hydrocarbons sector, the infrastructure and the production of the electrical sector and, the projections to year 2013. [Spanish] En este capitulo, relacionado con el sector de energia de Mexico se tratan los siguientes temas: la estructura del sector energetico mexicano, el balance de energia, las reservas y la produccion de energeticos primarios, la produccion y la infraestructura del sector hidrocarburos, la infraestructura y la produccion del sector electrico y, las proyecciones al 2013.

  3. Problems with the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in Mexico; Problematica de los bifenilos policlorados (BPC) en Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Valle, Esteban; Cruz, Maria Guadalupe [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1997-12-31

    A general overview is presented of the problems with the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (askarels) in Mexico, which are mainly associated with the use of these substances in electric equipment; also, a profile of the causes why the PCBs have been classified as environmental toxic substances and a potential hazard for the health of human beings. [Espanol] Se presenta un panorama general de la problematica de bifenilos policlorados (BPC) (askareles) en Mexico, la cual esta asociada principalmente con el uso de estos compuestos en equipos electricos; asimismo, se describe una semblanza de las causas por las cuales se han catalogado a los BPC como sustancias toxicas ambientales y un peligro potencial para la salud de los seres humanos.

  4. Problems with the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in Mexico; Problematica de los bifenilos policlorados (BPC) en Mexico

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Valle, Esteban; Cruz, Maria Guadalupe [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

    1998-12-31

    A general overview is presented of the problems with the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (askarels) in Mexico, which are mainly associated with the use of these substances in electric equipment; also, a profile of the causes why the PCBs have been classified as environmental toxic substances and a potential hazard for the health of human beings. [Espanol] Se presenta un panorama general de la problematica de bifenilos policlorados (BPC) (askareles) en Mexico, la cual esta asociada principalmente con el uso de estos compuestos en equipos electricos; asimismo, se describe una semblanza de las causas por las cuales se han catalogado a los BPC como sustancias toxicas ambientales y un peligro potencial para la salud de los seres humanos.

  5. Mapas de Entornos Mediante Navegacion Difusa y Sistema de Teleoperacion de una Plataforma Pioneer P3-DX

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniel Granda

    2013-11-01

    Full Text Available El presente proyecto describe el diseno e implementacion de aplicaciones de Teleoperacion, Adquisicion de Datos, Control Difuso de Velocidad y Mapeo de Entornos en 2D, para la plataforma movil Pioneer P3-DX mediante el uso de sonares, odometrıa y software libre GNU/Linux. El proyecto brinda una guıa para utilizar los conceptos de programacion en Python, que permite crear aplicaciones de manera versatil mediante el uso de librerıas como: GTK para el desarrollo del entorno grafico, PYFUZZY para el desarrollo del controlador difuso de velocidad y OPENCV para mostrar los mapas del entorno.

  6. Coal-fired generation

    CERN Document Server

    Breeze, Paul

    2015-01-01

    Coal-Fired Generation is a concise, up-to-date and readable guide providing an introduction to this traditional power generation technology. It includes detailed descriptions of coal fired generation systems, demystifies the coal fired technology functions in practice as well as exploring the economic and environmental risk factors. Engineers, managers, policymakers and those involved in planning and delivering energy resources will find this reference a valuable guide, to help establish a reliable power supply address social and economic objectives. Focuses on the evolution of the traditio

  7. Review of Micro Magnetic Generator

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lin DU

    2014-08-01

    Full Text Available This paper discusses the research progress of micro magnetic generator systems. Micro magnetic generator systems convert energy from the environment to electric energy with advantages as high reliability, high power density, long life time and can be applied to extreme environment. This paper summarizes methods for improving generator performance of micro magnetic generator, including rotational magnetic generator, vibrational magnetic generator and hybrid magnetic generator, analyzes and compares their design and performance, and concludes key technologies and ongoing challenges for further progress. The paper is instructive and meaningful to for research work of related field.

  8. Generational Accounting in Iran

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mahdi Salehi

    2013-09-01

    Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to study of the generation accounts for Iranian’s generation. We applied the method of Auerbach, Gokhale and Kotlihoff (1991 on the period 1967-2008 in Iran. Our calculation shows with compare to industrial countries, fiscal burden for Iranian’s population is very chip and that depend on fiscal system in Iran. Except the recent years the rate of tax in Iran has been very low. The generation account for the old people (40 olds is 2117 $ but the future generation (t+1 is 36985 $. The share of male and female, during the years, in this burden is similar. Fiscal burden for Iranian’s generation is low but this population should support other burden that calls inflation. Because when the government do not receive the tax income, a low generation account transfer to price general level.

  9. EGG: Empirical Galaxy Generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schreiber, C.; Elbaz, D.; Pannella, M.; Merlin, E.; Castellano, M.; Fontana, A.; Bourne, N.; Boutsia, K.; Cullen, F.; Dunlop, J.; Ferguson, H. C.; Michałowski, M. J.; Okumura, K.; Santini, P.; Shu, X. W.; Wang, T.; White, C.

    2018-04-01

    The Empirical Galaxy Generator (EGG) generates fake galaxy catalogs and images with realistic positions, morphologies and fluxes from the far-ultraviolet to the far-infrared. The catalogs are generated by egg-gencat and stored in binary FITS tables (column oriented). Another program, egg-2skymaker, is used to convert the generated catalog into ASCII tables suitable for ingestion by SkyMaker (ascl:1010.066) to produce realistic high resolution images (e.g., Hubble-like), while egg-gennoise and egg-genmap can be used to generate the low resolution images (e.g., Herschel-like). These tools can be used to test source extraction codes, or to evaluate the reliability of any map-based science (stacking, dropout identification, etc.).

  10. Procedure generation and verification

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sheely, W.F.

    1986-01-01

    The Department of Energy has used Artificial Intelligence of ''AI'' concepts to develop two powerful new computer-based techniques to enhance safety in nuclear applications. The Procedure Generation System, and the Procedure Verification System, can be adapted to other commercial applications, such as a manufacturing plant. The Procedure Generation System can create a procedure to deal with the off-normal condition. The operator can then take correct actions on the system in minimal time. The Verification System evaluates the logic of the Procedure Generator's conclusions. This evaluation uses logic techniques totally independent of the Procedure Generator. The rapid, accurate generation and verification of corrective procedures can greatly reduce the human error, possible in a complex (stressful/high stress) situation

  11. Next-generation phylogenomics

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Chan Cheong Xin

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Thanks to advances in next-generation technologies, genome sequences are now being generated at breadth (e.g. across environments and depth (thousands of closely related strains, individuals or samples unimaginable only a few years ago. Phylogenomics – the study of evolutionary relationships based on comparative analysis of genome-scale data – has so far been developed as industrial-scale molecular phylogenetics, proceeding in the two classical steps: multiple alignment of homologous sequences, followed by inference of a tree (or multiple trees. However, the algorithms typically employed for these steps scale poorly with number of sequences, such that for an increasing number of problems, high-quality phylogenomic analysis is (or soon will be computationally infeasible. Moreover, next-generation data are often incomplete and error-prone, and analysis may be further complicated by genome rearrangement, gene fusion and deletion, lateral genetic transfer, and transcript variation. Here we argue that next-generation data require next-generation phylogenomics, including so-called alignment-free approaches. Reviewers Reviewed by Mr Alexander Panchin (nominated by Dr Mikhail Gelfand, Dr Eugene Koonin and Prof Peter Gogarten. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers’ comments section.

  12. Financing Distributed Generation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Walker, A.

    2001-01-01

    This paper introduces the engineer who is undertaking distributed generation projects to a wide range of financing options. Distributed generation systems (such as internal combustion engines, small gas turbines, fuel cells and photovoltaics) all require an initial investment, which is recovered over time through revenues or savings. An understanding of the cost of capital and financing structures helps the engineer develop realistic expectations and not be offended by the common requirements of financing organizations. This paper discusses several mechanisms for financing distributed generation projects: appropriations; debt (commercial bank loan); mortgage; home equity loan; limited partnership; vendor financing; general obligation bond; revenue bond; lease; Energy Savings Performance Contract; utility programs; chauffage (end-use purchase); and grants. The paper also discusses financial strategies for businesses focusing on distributed generation: venture capital; informal investors (''business angels''); bank and debt financing; and the stock market

  13. Power generation technologies

    CERN Document Server

    Breeze, Paul

    2014-01-01

    The new edition of Power Generation Technologies is a concise and readable guide that provides an introduction to the full spectrum of currently available power generation options, from traditional fossil fuels and the better established alternatives such as wind and solar power, to emerging renewables such as biomass and geothermal energy. Technology solutions such as combined heat and power and distributed generation are also explored. However, this book is more than just an account of the technologies - for each method the author explores the economic and environmental costs and risk factor

  14. PC Scene Generation

    Science.gov (United States)

    Buford, James A., Jr.; Cosby, David; Bunfield, Dennis H.; Mayhall, Anthony J.; Trimble, Darian E.

    2007-04-01

    AMRDEC has successfully tested hardware and software for Real-Time Scene Generation for IR and SAL Sensors on COTS PC based hardware and video cards. AMRDEC personnel worked with nVidia and Concurrent Computer Corporation to develop a Scene Generation system capable of frame rates of at least 120Hz while frame locked to an external source (such as a missile seeker) with no dropped frames. Latency measurements and image validation were performed using COTS and in-house developed hardware and software. Software for the Scene Generation system was developed using OpenSceneGraph.

  15. Generational Pension Plan Designs

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Huang, Xiaohong; Mahieu, Ronald

    2010-01-01

    We propose a generational plan for the occupational pension provision in which people from the same generation are pooled in a generational fund. Each fund can set its own policies independently. This plan provides the benefits of differentiation missing in the prevailing collective plan and the

  16. Solar Fuel Generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lewis, Nathan S. (Inventor); West, William C. (Inventor)

    2017-01-01

    The disclosure provides conductive membranes for water splitting and solar fuel generation. The membranes comprise an embedded semiconductive/photoactive material and an oxygen or hydrogen evolution catalyst. Also provided are chassis and cassettes containing the membranes for use in fuel generation.

  17. Diagnostic system of steam generator, especially molten metal heated steam generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Matal, O.; Martoch, J.

    1986-01-01

    A diagnostic system is described and graphically represented consisting of a leak detector, a medium analyzer and sensors placed on the piping connected to the indication sections of both tube plates. The advantage of the designed system consists in the possibility of detecting tube failure immediately on leak formation, especially in generators with duplex tubes. This shortens the period of steam generator shutdown for repair and reduces power losses. The design also allows to make periodical leak tests during planned steam generator shutdowns. (A.K.)

  18. OMG: Open Molecule Generator.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Peironcely, Julio E; Rojas-Chertó, Miguel; Fichera, Davide; Reijmers, Theo; Coulier, Leon; Faulon, Jean-Loup; Hankemeier, Thomas

    2012-09-17

    Computer Assisted Structure Elucidation has been used for decades to discover the chemical structure of unknown compounds. In this work we introduce the first open source structure generator, Open Molecule Generator (OMG), which for a given elemental composition produces all non-isomorphic chemical structures that match that elemental composition. Furthermore, this structure generator can accept as additional input one or multiple non-overlapping prescribed substructures to drastically reduce the number of possible chemical structures. Being open source allows for customization and future extension of its functionality. OMG relies on a modified version of the Canonical Augmentation Path, which grows intermediate chemical structures by adding bonds and checks that at each step only unique molecules are produced. In order to benchmark the tool, we generated chemical structures for the elemental formulas and substructures of different metabolites and compared the results with a commercially available structure generator. The results obtained, i.e. the number of molecules generated, were identical for elemental compositions having only C, O and H. For elemental compositions containing C, O, H, N, P and S, OMG produces all the chemically valid molecules while the other generator produces more, yet chemically impossible, molecules. The chemical completeness of the OMG results comes at the expense of being slower than the commercial generator. In addition to being open source, OMG clearly showed the added value of constraining the solution space by using multiple prescribed substructures as input. We expect this structure generator to be useful in many fields, but to be especially of great importance for metabolomics, where identifying unknown metabolites is still a major bottleneck.

  19. OMG: Open Molecule Generator

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Peironcely Julio E

    2012-09-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Computer Assisted Structure Elucidation has been used for decades to discover the chemical structure of unknown compounds. In this work we introduce the first open source structure generator, Open Molecule Generator (OMG, which for a given elemental composition produces all non-isomorphic chemical structures that match that elemental composition. Furthermore, this structure generator can accept as additional input one or multiple non-overlapping prescribed substructures to drastically reduce the number of possible chemical structures. Being open source allows for customization and future extension of its functionality. OMG relies on a modified version of the Canonical Augmentation Path, which grows intermediate chemical structures by adding bonds and checks that at each step only unique molecules are produced. In order to benchmark the tool, we generated chemical structures for the elemental formulas and substructures of different metabolites and compared the results with a commercially available structure generator. The results obtained, i.e. the number of molecules generated, were identical for elemental compositions having only C, O and H. For elemental compositions containing C, O, H, N, P and S, OMG produces all the chemically valid molecules while the other generator produces more, yet chemically impossible, molecules. The chemical completeness of the OMG results comes at the expense of being slower than the commercial generator. In addition to being open source, OMG clearly showed the added value of constraining the solution space by using multiple prescribed substructures as input. We expect this structure generator to be useful in many fields, but to be especially of great importance for metabolomics, where identifying unknown metabolites is still a major bottleneck.

  20. Financing Distributed Generation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Walker, A.

    2001-06-29

    This paper introduces the engineer who is undertaking distributed generation projects to a wide range of financing options. Distributed generation systems (such as internal combustion engines, small gas turbines, fuel cells and photovoltaics) all require an initial investment, which is recovered over time through revenues or savings. An understanding of the cost of capital and financing structures helps the engineer develop realistic expectations and not be offended by the common requirements of financing organizations. This paper discusses several mechanisms for financing distributed generation projects: appropriations; debt (commercial bank loan); mortgage; home equity loan; limited partnership; vendor financing; general obligation bond; revenue bond; lease; Energy Savings Performance Contract; utility programs; chauffage (end-use purchase); and grants. The paper also discusses financial strategies for businesses focusing on distributed generation: venture capital; informal investors (''business angels''); bank and debt financing; and the stock market.

  1. LMFBR steam generator development: duplex bayonet tube steam generator. Volume II

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    DeFur, D.D.

    1975-04-01

    This report represents the culmination of work performed in fulfillment of ERDA Contract AT(11-1)-2426, Task Agreement 2, in which alternate steam generator designs were developed and studied. The basic bayonet tube generator design previously developed by C-E under AEC Contract AT(11-1)-3031 was expanded by incorporating duplex heat transfer tubes to enhance the unit's overall safety and reliability. The effort consisted of providing and evaluating conceptual designs of the evaporator, superheater and reheater components for a large plant LMFBR steam generator (950 MWt per heat transport loop)

  2. Optimized Generator Designs for the DTU 10-MW Offshore Wind Turbine using GeneratorSE

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sethuraman, Latha; Maness, Michael; Dykes, Katherine

    2017-01-09

    Compared to land-based applications, offshore wind imposes challenges for the development of next generation wind turbine generator technology. Direct-drive generators are believed to offer high availability, efficiency, and reduced operation and maintenance requirements; however, previous research suggests difficulties in scaling to several megawatts or more in size. The resulting designs are excessively large and/or massive, which are major impediments to transportation logistics, especially for offshore applications. At the same time, geared wind turbines continue to sustain offshore market growth through relatively cheaper and lightweight generators. However, reliability issues associated with mechanical components in a geared system create significant operation and maintenance costs, and these costs make up a large portion of overall system costs offshore. Thus, direct-drive turbines are likely to outnumber their gear-driven counterparts for this market, and there is a need to review the costs or opportunities of building machines with different types of generators and examining their competitiveness at the sizes necessary for the next generation of offshore wind turbines. In this paper, we use GeneratorSE, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's newly developed systems engineering generator sizing tool to estimate mass, efficiency, and the costs of different generator technologies satisfying the electromagnetic, structural, and basic thermal design requirements for application in a very large-scale offshore wind turbine such as the Technical University of Denmark's (DTU) 10-MW reference wind turbine. For the DTU reference wind turbine, we use the previously mentioned criteria to optimize a direct-drive, radial flux, permanent-magnet synchronous generator; a direct-drive electrically excited synchronous generator; a medium-speed permanent-magnet generator; and a high-speed, doubly-fed induction generator. Preliminary analysis of leveled costs of

  3. Pulse-voltage fast generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Valeev, R.I.; Nikiforov, M.G.; Kharchenko, A.F.

    1988-01-01

    The design is described and the test results of a four-channel pulse-voltage generator with maximum output voltage 200 kV are presented. The measurement results of generator triggering time depending on the value and polarity of the triggering voltage pulse for different triggering circuits are presented. The tests have shown stable triggering of all four channels of the generator in the range up to 40 % from selfbreakdown voltage. The generator triggering delay in the given range is <25 ns, asynchronism in channel triggering is <±1 ns

  4. Uniform random number generators

    Science.gov (United States)

    Farr, W. R.

    1971-01-01

    Methods are presented for the generation of random numbers with uniform and normal distributions. Subprogram listings of Fortran generators for the Univac 1108, SDS 930, and CDC 3200 digital computers are also included. The generators are of the mixed multiplicative type, and the mathematical method employed is that of Marsaglia and Bray.

  5. Generation and Context Memory

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mulligan, Neil W.; Lozito, Jeffrey P.; Rosner, Zachary A.

    2006-01-01

    Generation enhances memory for occurrence but may not enhance other aspects of memory. The present study further delineates the negative generation effect in context memory reported in N. W. Mulligan (2004). First, the negative generation effect occurred for perceptual attributes of the target item (its color and font) but not for extratarget…

  6. Third Generation Coaching

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Stelter, Reinhard

    2016-01-01

    , Gruppen oder Teams neue Orientierung auf einer tieferen Sinnebene ermöglicht. Im Gegensatz zum Coaching der ersten Generation, bei dem das Erreichen bestimmter, festgeschriebener Ziele im Vordergrund steht, und im Gegensatz zum Coaching der zweiten Generation, in dem wünschenswerte zukünftige...

  7. Steam generator life management

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tapping, R.L.; Nickerson, J.; Spekkens, P.; Maruska, C.

    1998-01-01

    Steam generators are a critical component of a nuclear power reactor, and can contribute significantly to station unavailability, as has been amply demonstrated in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). CANDU steam generators are not immune to steam generator degradation, and the variety of CANDU steam generator designs and tube materials has led to some unexpected challenges. However, aggressive remedial actions, and careful proactive maintenance activities, have led to a decrease in steam generator-related station unavailability of Canadian CANDUs. AECL and the CANDU utilities have defined programs that will enable existing or new steam generators to operate effectively for 40 years. Research and development work covers corrosion and mechanical degradation of tube bundles and internals, chemistry, thermal hydraulics, fouling, inspection and cleaning, as well as provision for specially tool development for specific problem solving. A major driving force is development of CANDU-specific fitness-for-service guidelines, including appropriate inspection and monitoring technology to measure steam generator condition. Longer-range work focuses on development of intelligent on-line monitoring for the feedwater system and steam generator. New designs have reduced risk of corrosion and fouling, are more easily inspected and cleaned, and are less susceptible to mechanical damage. The Canadian CANDU utilities have developed programs for remedial actions to combat degradation of performance (Gentilly-2, Point Lepreau, Bruce A/B, Pickering A/B), and have developed strategic plans to ensure that good future operation is ensured. This report shows how recent advances in cleaning technology are integrated into a life management strategy, discusses downcomer flow measurement as a means of monitoring steam generator condition, and describes recent advances in hideout return as a life management tool. The research and development program, as well as operating experience, has identified

  8. Graph Generator Survey

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lothian, Joshua [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Powers, Sarah S. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Sullivan, Blair D. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Baker, Matthew B. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Schrock, Jonathan [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Poole, Stephen W. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

    2013-10-01

    The benchmarking effort within the Extreme Scale Systems Center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory seeks to provide High Performance Computing benchmarks and test suites of interest to the DoD sponsor. The work described in this report is a part of the effort focusing on graph generation. A previously developed benchmark, SystemBurn, allowed the emulation of different application behavior profiles within a single framework. To complement this effort, similar capabilities are desired for graph-centric problems. This report examines existing synthetic graph generator implementations in preparation for further study on the properties of their generated synthetic graphs.

  9. Superconducting current generators

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Genevey, P.

    1970-01-01

    After a brief summary of the principle of energy storage and liberation with superconducting coils,two current generators are described that create currents in the range 600 to 1400 A, used for two storage experiments of 25 kJ and 50 kJ respectively. The two current generators are: a) a flux pump and b) a superconducting transformer. Both could be developed into more powerful units. The study shows the advantage of the transformer over the flux pump in order to create large currents. The efficiencies of the two generators are 95 per cent and 40 to 60 per cent respectively. (author) [fr

  10. PULSE SYNTHESIZING GENERATOR

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kerns, Q.A.

    1963-08-01

    >An electronlc circuit for synthesizing electrical current pulses having very fast rise times includes several sinewave generators tuned to progressively higher harmonic frequencies with signal amplitudes and phases selectable according to the Fourier series of the waveform that is to be synthesized. Phase control is provided by periodically triggering the generators at precisely controlled times. The outputs of the generators are combined in a coaxial transmission line. Any frequency-dependent delays that occur in the transmission line can be readily compensated for so that the desired signal wave shape is obtained at the output of the line. (AEC)

  11. Magnetohydrodynamic power generation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sheindlin, A.E.; Jackson, W.D.; Brzozowski, W.S.; Rietjens, L.H.Th.

    1979-01-01

    The paper describes research and development in the field of magnetohydrodynamic power generation technology, based on discussions held in the Joint IAEA/UNESCO International Liaison Group on MHD electrical power generation. Research and development programmes on open cycle, closed cycle plasma and liquid-metal MHD are described. Open cycle MHD has now entered the engineering development stage. The paper reviews the results of cycle analyses and economic and environmental evaluations: substantial agreement has been reached on the expected overall performance and necessary component specifications. The achievement in the Soviet Union on the U-25 MHD pilot plant in obtaining full rated electrical power of 20.4 MW is described, as well as long duration testing of the integrated operation of MHD components. Work in the United States on coal-fired MHD generators has shown that, with slagging of the walls, a run time of about one hundred hours at the current density and electric field of a commercial MHD generator has been achieved. Progress obtained in closed cycle plasma and liquid metal MHD is reviewed. Electrical power densities of up to 140 MWe/m 3 and an enthalpy extraction as high as 24 per cent have been achieved in noble gas MHD generator experiments. (Auth.)

  12. Impacts on power generation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Myers, J.; Sidebotton, P.

    1998-01-01

    The future impact of the arrival of natural gas in the Maritime provinces on electricity generation in the region was discussed. Currently, electrical generation sources in Nova Scotia include hydro generation (9 per cent), coal generation (80 per cent), heavy fuel oil generation (8 per cent), and light oil, wood chips and purchased power (3 per cent). It is expected that with the introduction of natural gas electric utilities will take advantage of new gas combustion turbines which have high efficiency rates. An overview of Westcoast Power's operations across Canada was also presented. The Company has three projects in the Maritimes - the Courtney Bay project in New Brunswick, the Bayside Power project, the Irving Paper project - in addition to the McMahon cogeneration plant in Taylor, B.C. figs

  13. Pulsed corona generation using a diode-based pulsed power generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pemen, A. J. M.; Grekhov, I. V.; van Heesch, E. J. M.; Yan, K.; Nair, S. A.; Korotkov, S. V.

    2003-10-01

    Pulsed plasma techniques serve a wide range of unconventional processes, such as gas and water processing, hydrogen production, and nanotechnology. Extending research on promising applications, such as pulsed corona processing, depends to a great extent on the availability of reliable, efficient and repetitive high-voltage pulsed power technology. Heavy-duty opening switches are the most critical components in high-voltage pulsed power systems with inductive energy storage. At the Ioffe Institute, an unconventional switching mechanism has been found, based on the fast recovery process in a diode. This article discusses the application of such a "drift-step-recovery-diode" for pulsed corona plasma generation. The principle of the diode-based nanosecond high-voltage generator will be discussed. The generator will be coupled to a corona reactor via a transmission-line transformer. The advantages of this concept, such as easy voltage transformation, load matching, switch protection and easy coupling with a dc bias voltage, will be discussed. The developed circuit is tested at both a resistive load and various corona reactors. Methods to optimize the energy transfer to a corona reactor have been evaluated. The impedance matching between the pulse generator and corona reactor can be significantly improved by using a dc bias voltage. At good matching, the corona energy increases and less energy reflects back to the generator. Matching can also be slightly improved by increasing the temperature in the corona reactor. More effective is to reduce the reactor pressure.

  14. BUILDOUT AND UPGRADE OF CENTRAL EMERGENCY GENERATOR SYSTEM, GENERATOR 3 AND 4 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gary D. Seifert; G. Shawn West; Kurt S. Myers; Jim Moncur

    2006-07-01

    SECTION 01000—SUMMARY OF WORK PART 1—GENERAL 1.1 SUMMARY The work to be performed under this project consists of providing the labor, equipment, and materials to perform "Buildout and Upgrade of Central Emergency Generator System, Generator 3 and 4 Electrical Installation" for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration at the Dryden Flight Research Center (NASA/DFRC), Edwards, California 93523. All modifications to existing substations and electrical distribution systems are the responsibility of the contractor. It is the contractor’s responsibility to supply a complete and functionally operational system. The work shall be performed in accordance with these specifications and the related drawings. The work of this project is defined by the plans and specifications contained and referenced herein. This work specifically includes but is not limited to the following: Scope of Work - Installation 1. Install all electrical wiring and controls for new generators 3 and 4 to match existing electrical installation for generators 1 and 2 and in accordance with drawings. Contractor shall provide as-built details for electrical installation. 2. Install battery charger systems for new generators 3 and 4 to match existing battery charging equipment and installation for generators 1 and 2. This may require exchange of some battery charger parts already on-hand. Supply power to new battery chargers from panel and breakers as shown on drawings. Utilize existing conduits already routed to generators 3 and 4 to field route the new wiring in the most reasonable way possible. 3. Install electrical wiring for fuel/lube systems for new generators 3 and 4 to match existing installation for generators 1 and 2. Supply power to lube oil heaters and fuel system (day tanks) from panel and breakers as shown on drawings. Utilize existing conduits already routed to generators 3 and 4 to field route the new wiring in the most reasonable way possible. Add any conduits necessary to

  15. The external costs of electricity generation: a comparison of generation technologies

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ozdemiroglu, E [Economics for the Environment Consultancy, London (United Kingdom)

    1995-12-01

    Electricity generation, like any economic activity, leads to costs that can be grouped in two categories: (a) private or internal and (b) external. Private costs are those paid by the buyers and sellers of energy within the market system. The external costs, however, are not included in the market price mechanism as they accrue to third parties other than the buyer and the seller. External costs include environmental external costs and non-environmental external costs. There are two conditions for the existence of external costs: (a) market failure, or the inability of markets to account for the cost of environmental impacts of energy generation and the market structure and (b) government or policy failure, or the policies that cause private generators to pay either higher or lower costs than they would if these interventions did not exist. A third reason can be added for the existence of non-environmental externalities: energy security, or certain costs faced by society as a result of over-reliance on imported energy. Section A introduces the concept of external costs and benefits. Section B looks at the environmental externalities of energy generation. The procedure is to develop the methodology to estimate what are known as externality adders, i.e. a monetary value for the environmental costs and benefits associated with selected generation technologies, expressed in pence per kilowatt-hour. The result is an `adder` because, in principle, the sum can be added to the private cost of generating electricity to obtain a measure of the `full` or `social` cost. The selected generation technologies are conventional coal, wind power, small-scale hydro, energy crops, incineration of municipal solid waste and energy recovery from landfill. The data reported are based on the application of the technologies in Scotland, but the methodology can be applied anywhere. Section C takes a brief look at the non-environmental externalities including the general theory and evidence

  16. The external costs of electricity generation: a comparison of generation technologies

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ozdemiroglu, E.

    1995-01-01

    Electricity generation, like any economic activity, leads to costs that can be grouped in two categories: (a) private or internal and (b) external. Private costs are those paid by the buyers and sellers of energy within the market system. The external costs, however, are not included in the market price mechanism as they accrue to third parties other than the buyer and the seller. External costs include environmental external costs and non-environmental external costs. There are two conditions for the existence of external costs: (a) market failure, or the inability of markets to account for the cost of environmental impacts of energy generation and the market structure and (b) government or policy failure, or the policies that cause private generators to pay either higher or lower costs than they would if these interventions did not exist. A third reason can be added for the existence of non-environmental externalities: energy security, or certain costs faced by society as a result of over-reliance on imported energy. Section A introduces the concept of external costs and benefits. Section B looks at the environmental externalities of energy generation. The procedure is to develop the methodology to estimate what are known as externality adders, i.e. a monetary value for the environmental costs and benefits associated with selected generation technologies, expressed in pence per kilowatt-hour. The result is an 'adder' because, in principle, the sum can be added to the private cost of generating electricity to obtain a measure of the 'full' or 'social' cost. The selected generation technologies are conventional coal, wind power, small-scale hydro, energy crops, incineration of municipal solid waste and energy recovery from landfill. The data reported are based on the application of the technologies in Scotland, but the methodology can be applied anywhere. Section C takes a brief look at the non-environmental externalities including the general theory and evidence

  17. Tredje generations coaching

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Stelter, Reinhard

    2012-01-01

    ”Tredje generations coaching” udfolder et nyt univers for coaching og coachingpsykologi gennem en bearbejdelse af aktuel samfundsforskning, nye læringsteorier og diskurser om det personlige lederskab. ”Tredje generations coaching” er funderet på en samfundsmæssig forståelse af coaching. Coaching er...... blevet så betydningsfuld, fordi samfundet opleves som uoverskueligt og hyperkomplekst. Viden skal nu udformes og anvendes i specifikke kontekster og situationer, og både i privatliv og i det offentlige rum skal vi lære at forhandle os til rette. Coaching kan hjælpe os til at skabe ny viden og mestre...... sociale forhandlinger. Coaching er dermed en slags fødselshjælp til nye refleksioner og perspektiver, en hjælp til selvhjælp og en støtte til ens egen selvdannelsesproces. ”Tredje generations coaching” fremhæver coach og coachee i deres narrativ-samskabende partnerskab. Til forskel fra første generations...

  18. Simple and Realistic Data Generation

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Pedersen, Kenneth Houkjær; Torp, Kristian; Wind, Rico

    2006-01-01

    This paper presents a generic, DBMS independent, and highly extensible relational data generation tool. The tool can efficiently generate realistic test data for OLTP, OLAP, and data streaming applications. The tool uses a graph model to direct the data generation. This model makes it very simple...... to generate data even for large database schemas with complex inter- and intra table relationships. The model also makes it possible to generate data with very accurate characteristics....

  19. Architectonic strategies for sub-climates for the Mexican Republic; Estrategias arquitectonicas por subclimas para la republica mexicana

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Buerba, Carmen; Tellez, Carolina; Perez Muzquiz, Erika; Perez Acuna, Claudia Jimena; Gomez Pamatz, Pilar; Lopez Leon, Javier; Magdaleno, Rafael; Bolanos, Victor Hugo; Alfaro Quintero, Estefania; Hernandez, Ivan [Universidad Michoacana, Facultad de Arquitectura (Mexico)

    2009-07-01

    In Mexico does not exist guides of bio-climatic design whose reading and interpretation be so simple that any architect or professional of the construction without experience in the bio-climatic area, can use when designing or remaking suitable a construction. A group formed by ten professors (project coauthors) of the Faculty of Architecture of the Universidad Michoacana have undertaken the task of making tables, with profuse graphical material, for each one of the main sub climates of our country, with respect to their economic and urban importance. The selection of the sub climates was done taking into account that they are those that are present in the capital cities and other cities of high urban importance. Basically each one of the tables contains: description of the sub climate and its location by climatic region, relevant physical-geographic aspects, excellent climatic conditions, strategically bio-climatic to use, proposed strategies of design from the solar and Aeolian axes (direction and location of spaces and openings, materials and constructive systems, solar and Aeolian control system). The present work is part of a book on bio-climatic design for architecture in Mexico of proximate publication, that will contain, divided according to the 10 proposed climatic regions by the Instituto de Geografia of the UNAM, folders with the sub climates that are presented in each one of the 10 climatic regions, and in each of them, tables with the different selected cities. [Spanish] En Mexico no existen guias de diseno bioclimatico cuya lectura e interpretacion sea tan sencilla que cualquier arquitecto o profesionista de la construccion sin experiencia en el area bioclimatica, puede utilizar al disenar o readecuar una edificacion. Un grupo formado por diez profesores (coautores del proyecto) de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Michoacana nos hemos dado a la tarea de hacer unas tablas, con profuso material grafico, para cada uno de los principales

  20. Consolidated nuclear steam generator

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jabsen, F.S.; Schluderberg, D.C.; Paulson, A.E.

    1978-01-01

    An improved system of providing power has a unique generating means for nuclear reactors with a number of steam generators in the form of replaceable modular units of the expendable type to attain the optimum in effective and efficient vaporization of fluid during the generating power. The system is most adaptable to undrground power plants and marine usage

  1. Gearless wind power generator

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Soederlund, L.; Ridanpaeae, P.; Vihriaelae, H.; Peraelae, R. [Tampere Univ. of Technology (Finland). Lab. of Electricity and Magnetism

    1998-12-31

    During the wind power generator project a design algorithm for a gearless permanent magnet generator with an axially orientated magnetic flux was developed and a 10 kW model machine was constructed. Utilising the test results a variable wind speed system of 100 kW was designed that incorporates a permanent magnet generator, a frequency converter and a fuzzy controller. This system produces about 5-15% more energy than existing types and stresses to the blades are minimised. The type of generator designed in the project represents in general a gearless solution for slow-speed electrical drives. (orig.)

  2. SMUG: Scientific Music Generator

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Scirea, Marco; A B Barros, Gabriella; Togelius, Julian

    2015-01-01

    Music is based on the real world. Composers use their day-to-day lives as inspiration to create rhythm and lyrics. Procedural music generators are capable of creating good quality pieces, and while some already use the world as inspiration, there is still much to be explored in this. We describe...... a system to generate lyrics and melodies from real-world data, in particular from academic papers. Through this we want to create a playful experience and establish a novel way of generating content (textual and musical) that could be applied to other domains, in particular to games. For melody generation...

  3. Submersible Generator for Marine Hydrokinetics

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cinq-Mars, Robert S; Burke, Timothy; Irish, James; Gustafson, Brian; Kirtley, James; Alawa, Aiman

    2011-09-01

    A submersible generator was designed as a distinct and critical subassembly of marine hydrokinetics systems, specifically tidal and stream energy conversion. The generator is designed to work with both vertical and horizontal axis turbines. The final product is a high-pole-count, radial-flux, permanent magnet, rim mounted generator, initially rated at twenty kilowatts in a two-meter-per-second flow, and designed to leverage established and simple manufacturing processes. The generator was designed to work with a 3 meter by 7 meter Gorlov Helical Turbine or a marine hydrokinetic version of the FloDesign wind turbine. The team consisted of experienced motor/generator design engineers with cooperation from major US component suppliers (magnetics, coil winding and electrical steel laminations). Support for this effort was provided by Lucid Energy Technologies and FloDesign, Inc. The following tasks were completed: Identified the conditions and requirements for MHK generators. Defined a methodology for sizing and rating MHK systems. Selected an MHK generator topology and form factor. Completed electromechanical design of submersible generator capable of coupling to multiple turbine styles. Investigated MHK generator manufacturing requirements. Reviewed cost implications and financial viability. Completed final reporting and deliverables

  4. 78 FR 32385 - Exelon Generation Company, LLC; CER Generation II, LLC; Constellation Mystic Power, LLC...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-05-30

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. EL13-64-000] Exelon Generation Company, LLC; CER Generation II, LLC; Constellation Mystic Power, LLC; Constellation NewEnergy...) Rules of Practice and Procedure, 18 CFR 385.207, Exelon Generation Company, LLC, CER Generation II, LLC...

  5. The Switching Generator: New Clock-Controlled Generator with Resistance against the Algebraic and Side Channel Attacks

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jun Choi

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available Since Advanced Encryption Standard (AES in stream modes, such as counter (CTR, output feedback (OFB and cipher feedback (CFB, can meet most industrial requirements, the range of applications for dedicated stream ciphers is decreasing. There are many attack results using algebraic properties and side channel information against stream ciphers for hardware applications. Al-Hinai et al. presented an algebraic attack approach to a family of irregularly clock-controlled linear feedback shift register systems: the stop and go generator, self-decimated generator and alternating step generator. Other clock-controlled systems, such as shrinking and cascade generators, are indeed vulnerable against side channel attacks. To overcome these threats, new clock-controlled systems were presented, e.g., the generalized alternating step generator, cascade jump-controlled generator and mutual clock-controlled generator. However, the algebraic attack could be applied directly on these new systems. In this paper, we propose a new clock-controlled generator: the switching generator, which has resistance to algebraic and side channel attacks. This generator also preserves both security properties and the efficiency of existing clock-controlled generators.

  6. Random number generation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Coveyou, R.R.

    1974-01-01

    The subject of random number generation is currently controversial. Differing opinions on this subject seem to stem from implicit or explicit differences in philosophy; in particular, from differing ideas concerning the role of probability in the real world of physical processes, electronic computers, and Monte Carlo calculations. An attempt is made here to reconcile these views. The role of stochastic ideas in mathematical models is discussed. In illustration of these ideas, a mathematical model of the use of random number generators in Monte Carlo calculations is constructed. This model is used to set up criteria for the comparison and evaluation of random number generators. (U.S.)

  7. Protocol Implementation Generator

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Carvalho Quaresma, Jose Nuno; Probst, Christian W.

    2010-01-01

    Users expect communication systems to guarantee, amongst others, privacy and integrity of their data. These can be ensured by using well-established protocols; the best protocol, however, is useless if not all parties involved in a communication have a correct implementation of the protocol and a...... Generator framework based on the LySatool and a translator from the LySa language into C or Java....... necessary tools. In this paper, we present the Protocol Implementation Generator (PiG), a framework that can be used to add protocol generation to protocol negotiation, or to easily share and implement new protocols throughout a network. PiG enables the sharing, verification, and translation...

  8. When Generations Collide

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fogg, Piper

    2008-01-01

    When four generations converge in the academic workplace, it can create serious culture clashes. It is happening across college campuses--in offices as diverse as admissions, student affairs, legal affairs, and technology. It is especially striking in the faculty ranks, where generational challenges have extra significance amid recruiting efforts,…

  9. Turbogas control unit using a hydraulic interface; Control de una unidad turbogas usando una interfase hidraulica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ramirez Palacios, Ignacio Ramon; Castelo Cuevas, Luis [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)]. E-mail: irrp@iie.org.mx; lcastelo@iie.org.mx; Escarcega Navarrete, Luis [Servi-Control Monterrey S.A. de C.V., Monterrey, Nuevo Leon (Mexico)]. E-mail: lescarcega@servicontrol.com

    2010-11-15

    This paper presents the design and implementation of the control system of the Turbo Generator Unit (TGU) GE 5001, placed in Laguna Chavez power generation facility in Gomez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico. This TGU had been operating with an old control system, back to the 70's. The positioning of the control valves was carried out using a complex electro-hydraulic system. For the modernization of the control system, we use latest PLC technology and a current to pressure converter to communicate the PLC with the hydraulic control valves. The new control system helped us to obtain a best response at the start and generation phases, as well as an increase in the availability of the unit. We show the old and the new control architectures besides plot results obtained at the different operation points. [Spanish] En este articulo se presenta la implementacion y diseno del sistema de control de una Unidad Turbogas (UTG) GE-5001 de la Central Turbogas Laguna Chavez de CFE ubicada en Gomez Palacio, Durango, la cual originalmente era controlada mediante un sistema de control con tecnologia de los anos 70's. El posicionamiento de las valvulas de control se realizaba mediante un sistema electro-hidraulico complejo. Para la modernizacion del sistema de control a uno con tecnologia de punta fue necesario utilizar una interfase hidraulica por medio de un convertidor de corriente/presion (I/P) para el posicionamiento de las valvulas originales. Con la modernizacion se mejoro la respuesta del control asi como el incremento de la disponibilidad de la unidad. Se presentan la arquitectura anterior y actual de sistema de control asi como graficas de los resultados obtenidos en diferentes puntos de operacion de la UTG.

  10. Solar thermal aided power generation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hu, Eric; Yang, YongPing; Nishimura, Akira; Yilmaz, Ferdi; Kouzani, Abbas

    2010-01-01

    Fossil fuel based power generation is and will still be the back bone of our world economy, albeit such form of power generation significantly contributes to global CO 2 emissions. Solar energy is a clean, environmental friendly energy source for power generation, however solar photovoltaic electricity generation is not practical for large commercial scales due to its cost and high-tech nature. Solar thermal is another way to use solar energy to generate power. Many attempts to establish solar (solo) thermal power stations have been practiced all over the world. Although there are some advantages in solo solar thermal power systems, the efficiencies and costs of these systems are not so attractive. Alternately by modifying, if possible, the existing coal-fired power stations to generate green sustainable power, a much more efficient means of power generation can be reached. This paper presents the concept of solar aided power generation in conventional coal-fired power stations, i.e., integrating solar (thermal) energy into conventional fossil fuelled power generation cycles (termed as solar aided thermal power). The solar aided power generation (SAPG) concept has technically been derived to use the strong points of the two technologies (traditional regenerative Rankine cycle with relatively higher efficiency and solar heating at relatively low temperature range). The SAPG does not only contribute to increase the efficiencies of the conventional power station and reduce its emission of the greenhouse gases, but also provides a better way to use solar heat to generate the power. This paper presents the advantages of the SAPG at conceptual level.

  11. Photovoltaic Bias Generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    2018-02-01

    Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. Citation of manufacturer’s or trade names does not constitute an... Interior view of the photovoltaic bias generator showing wrapped-wire side of circuit board...3 Fig. 4 Interior view of the photovoltaic bias generator showing component side of circuit board

  12. Fourth-generation storage rings

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Galayda, J. N.

    1999-01-01

    It seems clear that a linac-driven free-electron laser is the accepted prototype of a fourth-generation facility. This raises two questions: can a storage ring-based light source join the fourth generation? Has the storage ring evolved to its highest level of performance as a synchrotrons light source? The answer to the second question is clearly no. The author thinks the answer to the first question is unimportant. While the concept of generations has been useful in motivating thought and effort towards new light source concepts, the variety of light sources and their performance characteristics can no longer be usefully summed up by assignment of a ''generation'' number

  13. Auxiliary Deep Generative Models

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Maaløe, Lars; Sønderby, Casper Kaae; Sønderby, Søren Kaae

    2016-01-01

    Deep generative models parameterized by neural networks have recently achieved state-of-the-art performance in unsupervised and semi-supervised learning. We extend deep generative models with auxiliary variables which improves the variational approximation. The auxiliary variables leave...... the generative model unchanged but make the variational distribution more expressive. Inspired by the structure of the auxiliary variable we also propose a model with two stochastic layers and skip connections. Our findings suggest that more expressive and properly specified deep generative models converge...... faster with better results. We show state-of-the-art performance within semi-supervised learning on MNIST (0.96%), SVHN (16.61%) and NORB (9.40%) datasets....

  14. EPRI steam generator programs

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Martel, L.J.; Passell, T.O.; Bryant, P.E.C.; Rentler, R.M.

    1977-01-01

    The paper describes the current overall EPRI steam generator program plan and some of the ongoing projects. Because of the recent occurrence of a corrosion phenomenon called ''denting,'' which has affected a number of operating utilities, an expanded program plan is being developed which addresses the broad and urgent needs required to achieve improved steam generator reliability. The goal of improved steam generator reliability will require advances in various technologies and also a management philosophy that encourages conscientious efforts to apply the improved technologies to the design, procurement, and operation of plant systems and components that affect the full life reliability of steam generators

  15. Welcome to the iGeneration!

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rosen, Larry

    2010-01-01

    Defining and understanding a generation of Americans has always been difficult until years after the generation ends. Although there is universal agreement on the Baby Boomer generation (1946-1964) and most people agree that Generation X started in 1965 and ended around 1979, after that it gets murky. In his research, the author believes that the…

  16. Procedure for generating steam and steam generator for operating said procedure

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chlique, Bernard.

    1975-01-01

    This invention concerns the generation of steam by bringing the water to be vaporised into indirect thermal exchange relation with the heating steam which condenses when passing in series, along alternate routes, through bundles of tubes immersed in a vaporising chamber. A number of steam generators working on this principle already exist. The purpose of the invention is to modify the operating method of these steam generators by means of a special disposition making it possible to build a compact unit including an additional bundle of tubes heated by the condensates collected at the outlet of each bundle through which the heating steam passes [fr

  17. Energy generation device

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Araki, Takashi; Tatsumi, Masami; Tada, Koji.

    1990-01-01

    In a reaction estimated as nuclear fusion, a portion near of electrode is heated locally to a high temperature by the heat of the reaction generated on the electrode, by which the electrode is melted or heavy water is boiled. Then, Continuous reaction is difficult and not practical. In view of the above, a cathode made of deuterium absorbing materials is put into heavy water and electric current is supplied, to continuously take place the reaction and an anode is disposed in a cylindrical cathode to cause reaction of energy generation therein in order to continuously take out the generated energy to the outside safely. Further, heavy water is circulated inside the cylindrical cathode to externally take out heavy water the temperature of which is elevated by the generated energy, and fresh heavy water is supplied to the inside of the cylindrical cathode. Thus, heavy water does not boil on the electrode, temperature elevation can be suppressed and melting of the electrode itself can be prevented. (N.H.)

  18. Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network for Procedural 3D Landscape Generation Based on DEM

    OpenAIRE

    Wulff-Jensen, Andreas; Rant, Niclas Nerup; Møller, Tobias Nordvig; Billeskov, Jonas Aksel

    2018-01-01

    This paper proposes a novel framework for improving procedural generation of 3D landscapes using machine learning. We utilized a Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (DC-GAN) to generate heightmaps. The network was trained on a dataset consisting of Digital Elevation Maps (DEM) of the alps. During map generation, the batch size and learning rate were optimized for the most efficient and satisfying map production. The diversity of the final output was tested against Perlin noise u...

  19. Spherical neutron generator

    Science.gov (United States)

    Leung, Ka-Ngo

    2006-11-21

    A spherical neutron generator is formed with a small spherical target and a spherical shell RF-driven plasma ion source surrounding the target. A deuterium (or deuterium and tritium) ion plasma is produced by RF excitation in the plasma ion source using an RF antenna. The plasma generation region is a spherical shell between an outer chamber and an inner extraction electrode. A spherical neutron generating target is at the center of the chamber and is biased negatively with respect to the extraction electrode which contains many holes. Ions passing through the holes in the extraction electrode are focused onto the target which produces neutrons by D-D or D-T reactions.

  20. Generation Expansion Planning Considering Integrating Large-scale Wind Generation

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Zhang, Chunyu; Ding, Yi; Østergaard, Jacob

    2013-01-01

    necessitated the inclusion of more innovative and sophisticated approaches in power system investment planning. A bi-level generation expansion planning approach considering large-scale wind generation was proposed in this paper. The first phase is investment decision, while the second phase is production...... optimization decision. A multi-objective PSO (MOPSO) algorithm was introduced to solve this optimization problem, which can accelerate the convergence and guarantee the diversity of Pareto-optimal front set as well. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed bi-level planning approach and the MOPSO...