Adsorption studies at ionized surface layers by means of hot atoms; Etude, a l'aide d'atomes excites, de l'adsorption dans des couches superficielles ionisees; Issledovanie pri pomoshchi goryachikh atomov adsorbtsii na ionizirovannykh poverkhnostnykh sloyakh; Estudios, con ayuda de atomos excitados, de la adsorcion en capas superficiales ionizadas

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Avrahami, Menashe; Steiger, Naftali H [Department of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (Israel)

1962-03-15

adsorcion de las especies ionizadas, fue posible seguir las reacciones superficiales por las que los aniones organicos adsorbidos inicialmente pasan al estado no ionico. Los autores pudieron deducir la formacion de un jabon acido no ionizado en la superficie y llegar a conclusiones sobre la formacion de micelas en la masa de la solucion, en diversas condiciones experimentales. (author) [Russian] S pomoshch'yu goryachikh atomov mozhno neposredstvenno issledovat' yavleniya adsorbtsii ionov na poverkhnosti rastvorov aktivnykh veshchestv s ionizirovannoj poverkhnost'yu. K takim rastvoram dobavlyayutsya chrezvychajno malye kolichestva sootvetstvuyushchikh radioaktivnykh ionov ili ionov, mogushchikh podvergnut'sya na meste navedennym yadernym pre- obrazovaniyam: ehti iony zamenyayut obychnye sluzhashchie dlya otscheta iony, adsorbirovannye vmeste s pervichnymi organicheskimi ionami. Goryachie atomy s ehnergiej priblizitel'no ot 100 kehv i vplot' do neskol'kikh ehlektronvol't dayut v vode sloi tolshchinoj priblizitel'no ot 1000 angstremov i vplot' do odnomolekulyarnykh. EHto delaet ikh prigodnymi dlya izucheniya chuvstvitel'nogo poverkhnostnogo sloya. Goryachie atomy, vytalkivaemye s poverkhnosti, sobirayutsya i podvergayutsya otschetu. Sredi otdach, ispytyvayushchikh al'fa-raspad, okazalas' podkhodyashchej sistema Bi-212/Tl-208. Putem dal'nejshej razrabotki ehtogo metoda mogli byt' polucheny tsennye svedeniya otnositel'no uslovij adsorbtsii na poverkhnostnykh sloyakh sernokislogo natriya dodetsilovoj kisloty. Kinetika adsorbtsii byla izuchena nablyudeniem vo vremeni za aktivnost'yu sobrannoj otdachi, vyzvannoj adsorbtsiej ionov vismuta. Byli zamereny izotermy adsorbtsii ionov vismuta v funktsii ot massovoj kontsentratsii poverkhnostnogo aktivnogo veshchestva v razlichnykh usloviyakh ionnoj intensivnosti, a takzhe rN i aktivnost' Bi-212. Putem sopostavleniya ehtikh izoterm s izotermami, poluchennymi izmereniem poverkhnostnogo napryazheniya rastvorov i putem podscheta

Theoretical Studies of Electron Injection and E-Layer Build-Up in Astron; Etudes Theoriques sur l'Injection d'Electrons et la Formation de la Couche E dans l'Astron; Teoreticheskie izucheniya ehlektronnoj inzhektsii i narashchivaniya sloya-E v ustanovke ''Astron''; Estudios Teoricos de Electrones y Formacion de la Capa E en la Instalacion Astron

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Killeen, J.; Neil, V. K.; Heckrotte, W. [Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, CA (United States)

1966-04-15

High intensity beams of relativistic electrons injected into the Astron device can be trapped in part by the action of coherent electromagnetic self-forces. Through the appropriate design of external passive circuitry, axial electrostatic blow-up of the azimuthally injected beam can be prevented or inhibited. The self-forces result in a spread of particles in z-P{sub z} phase space, and part of the beam is trapped at the expense of the loss of the rest. In addition to this effect, for sufficiently high beam currents, the coupling of the relativistic beam to the passive circuitry can lead to significant loss of axial momentum through energy dissipation. A one-dimensional model of the actual Astron geometry has been investigated theoretically. Green's functions for the self-electric and self-magnetic fields have been calculated analytically and incorporated into the Vlasov equation governing the axial motion of the electrons. Results of the calculation allow some qualitative comparison with experimental results from the Astron experiment. As envisioned, the trapped electrons will form a cylindrical layer of sufficient intensity so that the self-magnetic field is comparable to the applied field. The mathematical model for the build-up of the electron layer and the self-field is the time-dependent Vlasov equation coupled with Maxwell's equations. The system is axially symmetric and complete neutralization is assumed. The field components Br and B{sub z} can be derived from a stream function {psi}( r, z, t). The canonical angular momentum is a constant of the motion, hence we can consider an electron distribution function f{sub e}( r, z, P{sub r}, P{sub z}). The partial differential equations for f{sub e} and {psi} are solved numerically by using finite difference methods. The phase space consists of over 160 000 points, that is 81 in z, 12 in r, 19 in P{sub z} and 9 in P{sub r}. At each step an integration of f{sub e} over momentum space yields the current density j{sub {theta}}(r, z, t); the self-field is then computed by solving the equation for {psi}(r, z, t). In this paper a number of runs are presented, corresponding to several vacuum magnetic fields and various injection conditions. The electron distributions obtained differ widely according to the applied mirror field that is used. In all these runs, minimum-B regions are formed and some have been carried for enough to achieve field reversal. (author) [French] Des faisceaux de forte intensite d'electrons relativistes, injectes dans 1*Astron, peuvent etre pieges en partie par l'action de forces propres electromagnetiques coherentes. Par un schema approprie de circuits passifs externes, il est possible d'empecher ou d'inhiber une explosion electrostatique axiale du faisceau injecte par voie azimutale. Les forces propres donnent lieu a une diffusion de particules dans l'espace des phases z- Pz; une partie du faisceau est piegee au prix de la perte de la partie restante. En plus de cet effet, il est possible, dans le cas de courants de faisceau suffisamment eleves, que le couplage du faisceau relativiste aux circuits passifs entraine, par dissipation d'energie, une perte considerable de quantite de mouvement axiale. Les. auteurs ont etudie, du point de vue theorique, un modele unidimensionnel de la geometrie de 1*Astron. Ils ont calcule analytiquement les fonctions de Green pour les champs electriques et magnetiques propres et les ont incorporees dans l'equation de Vlassov qui regit le mouvement axial des electrons. Les resultats du calcul permettent de proceder a une comparaison qualitative avec les resultats experimentaux obtenus dans l'installation Astron. Conformement aux previsions, les electrons pieges formeront une couche cylindrique d'une intensite telle que le champ magnetique propre puisse etre compare au champ applique. Le modele mathematique expliquant la formation de la couche d'electrons et du champ propre est l'equation de Vlassov (qui est fonction du temps) couplee aux equations de Maxwell. Le systeme possede une symetrie axiale et on le suppose electriquement neutre. Les composantes du champ B{sub r} et B{sub z} peuvent etre derivees d'une fonction d'ecoulement {psi}(r, z, t). Le moment cinetique canonique est une constante du mouvement, ce qui permet de considerer une fonction de distribution des electrons du type f{sub e} (r, z, Pr, Pz). Les equations differentielles partielles pour f{sub e} et {psi} sont resolues numeriquement par des methodes de differences finies. L'espace des phases se compose de plus de 160 000 points, soit 81 dans z, 12 dans r, 19 dans P{sub z} et 9 dans P{sub r}. A chaque stade, une integration de fe sur l'espace des quantites de mouvement donne la densite du courant j{sub {theta}} (r, z, t); on calcule ensuite le champ propre en resolvant l'equation pour {psi} (r, z, t). Les auteurs presentent un certain nombre d'essais qui correspondent a plusieurs champs magnetiques dans le vide et a diverses conditions d'injection. Les distributions d'electrons obtenues different sensiblement selon le champ de miroir applique. Dans tous ces essais, il se forme des regions de B minimum, dont certaines ont ete poussees assez loin pour donner lieu a une inversion de champ. (author) [Spanish] Los haces de alta intensidad de electrones inyectados con velocidades relativistas en el dispositivo Astron,pueden ser atrapados en parte por la aceion de fuerzas propias electromagneticas coherentes. Proyectando adecuadamente los circuitos pasivos externos es posible impedir o inhibir la explosion electrostatica axial del haz inyectado en direccion azimutal. Las fuerzas propias originan una dispersion de particulas en el espacio de fases z-P{sub z}, y parte del haz es atrapado a expensas de la perdida del resto. Ademas de este efecto, para corrientes de haz suficientemente intensas el acoplamiento del haz.relativista con los circuitos pasivos puede provocar una perdida significativa de cantidad de movimiento axial debida a disipacion de energia. Los autores estudiaron teoricamente un modelo unidimensional del dispositivo Astron. Calcularon analiticamente las funciones de Green representativas de los campos propios electrico y magnetico, y las incorporaron a la ecuacion de Vlasov que rige el movimiento axial de los electrones. Los resultados de los calculos permiten establecer una comparacion cualitativa con los resultados experimentales obtenidos mediante la instalacion Astron. Tal como se suponia, los electrones atrapados forman una capa cilindrica de intensidad suficiente para que el campo magnetico propio sea comparable con el campo aplicado. El modelo matematico que explica la formacion de la capa electronica y del campo propio es la ecuacion de Vlasov en funcion del tiempo, unida a las ecuaciones de Maxwell. El.sistema tiene simetria axial y se supone electricamente neutro. Los componentes del campo B{sub r} y B{sub z} pueden deducirse a partir de una funcion de flujo {psi} (r, z, t). El momento angular canonico es una constante del movimiento, lo que permite considerar una funcion de distribucion de los electrones del tipo f{sub e} (r, z, P{sub r}, P{sub z}). Las ecuaciones diferenciales parciales en f{sub e} y {psi} se resuelven numericamente usando el metodo de las diferencias finitas. El espacio de las fases consiste en mas de 160 000 puntos, a saber 81 en z, 12 en r, 19 en P{sub z} y 9 en P{sub r} . En cada paso, la integracion de f{sub e} en el espacio de las cantidades de movimiento da la densidad de corriente j{sub {theta}} (r, z, t); el campo propio se calcula luego resolviendo la ecuacion para {psi} (r, z, t). Los autores presentan una serie de experimentos correspondientes a varios campos magneticos en el vacio y distintas condiciones de inyeccion. Las distribuciones de electrones obtenidas difieren sensiblemente segun cual sea el campo de espejo aplicado. En todos estos experimentos se forman regiones de B mfnimo y algunos se han desarrollado lo suficiente como para lograr la inversion del campo. (author) [Russian] Zahvat vysoko intensivnyh puchkov reljativistskih jelektronov, inzhektiruemyh v ustanovku Astron, mozhet chastichno osushhestvljat'sja za schet kogerentnyh jelektromagnitnyh sil. Osevoe jelektrostaticheskoe razmytie azimutal'no inzhektiruemogo puchka mozhet byt' predotvrashheno ili podavleno blagodarja sootvetstvujushhej konstrukcii vneshnej passivnoj shemy. Pod dejstviem sobstvennyh sil chasticy rasprostranjajutsja v fazovom prostranstve z-Pz, i chast' puchka zahvatyvaetsja za schet poter' drugoj chasti. V dopolnenie k jetomu jeffektu dlja dostatochno vysokih tokov v puchke svjaz' reljativistskogo puchka s passivnoj shemoj mozhet privesti k znachitel'noj potere osevogo momenta iz-za dissipacii jEhnergii. Teoreticheski byla izuchena odnomernaja model' real'noj geometrii Astrona. Funkcii Grina dlja sobstvennyh jelektricheskih i magnitnyh polej byli rasschitany analiticheskim sposobom i vvedeny v uravnenie Vlasova, kotoroe opredeljaet osevoe dvizhenie jelektronov. Rezul'taty raschetov pozvoljajut provesti nekotorye kachestvennye sravnenija s jeksperimental'nymi rezul'tatami, poluchennymi v jeksperimente na Astrone. Kak i predpolagalos', zahvachennye jelektrony obrazujut cilindricheskij sloj dostatochnoj intensivnosti, tak chto sobstvennoe magnitnoe pole sravnimo s prilozhennym polem. Matematicheskaja model' dlja narastanija jelektronnogo sloja i sobstvennogo polja javljaetsja zavisimym ot vremeni uravneniem Vlasova sovmestno s uravnenijami Maksvella. Sistema javljaetsja aksial'no-simmetrichnoj, i predpolagaetsja polnaja nejtralizacija. Komponenty polja Vg i B z mozhno vyvesti na osnovanii funkcii potoka {psi}(r, z, t). Kanonicheskij uglovoj moment javljaetsja konstantoj dvizhenija, i pojetomu my mozhem rassmatrivat' funkciju jelektronnogo raspredelenija f{sub e} (r, z, R{sub g}, R{sub g}). Differencial'nye uravnenija dlja f{sub e} i {psi} reshajutsja chislenno s ispol'zovaniem metodov konechnyh raznostej. Fazovoe prostranstvo soderzhit bolee 160 000 tochek, naprimer 81 v prostranstve g, 12 v g, 19 v P z i 9 v Rg. Na kazhdoj stupeni integracija fe po prostranstvu momenta daet plotnost' toka j{sub {theta}} (r, z, t)j sobstvennoe pole zatem vychisljaetsja putem reshenija uravnenija dlja {psi} (r, z, t). V nastojashhem doklade privoditsja celaja serija opytov, otnosjashhihsja v razlichnym vakuumnym poljam i k razlichnym uslovijam inzhekcii. Poluchennye jelektronnye raspredelenija sil'no otlichajutsja drug ot druga v zavisimosti ot primenjaemogo probochnogo polja. Vo vseh sluchajah imelo mesto obrazovanie oblastej minimal'nogo-V i v nekotoryh iz nih bylo dostignuto reversirovanie polja. (author)

Preparation of Impervious Pyrolytic Carbon Coatings and Application to Dispersed Fuels; Preparation de revetements de carbone pyrolytique etanches - applications aux combustibles disperses; Prigotovlenie nepronitsaemogo uglerodnogo piroliticheskogo pokrytiya dlya dispergirovannogo topliva; Preparacion de revestimientos estancos de carbono piroutico: aplicacion a los combustibles nucleares dispersos

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Auriol, A.; David, C. [Battelle Memorial Institute, Geneve (Switzerland); Fillatre, A.; Kurka, G.; Le Boulbin, E.; Rappeneau, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique (France)

1963-11-15

osadka. Ehtot sposob pokrytiya byl perenesen na zerna okisi i karbida urana metodom dvizhushchegosya sloya. Posle utochneniya uslovij pokrytiya ehtikh zeren byla issledovana ikh makro- i mikrostruktury, a takte ikh pronitsaemost'. Byli izucheny svojstva ehtikh zeren pri vysokoj temperature na predmet ikh vozmozhnogo primeneniya v reaktore. (author)

Formirovanie politicheskoj jelity Litvy na rubezhe 1980 — 1990-h godov: rol' «politikov morali» [The formation of the political elite in Lithuania at the turn of the 1980s—1990s: the role of “moral politicians”

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Smirnov Vadim

2011-01-01

Full Text Available This article considers the trend of structural changes in the political elite of the Republic of Lithuania in the post-Soviet period through analyzing the role of the so-called “moral politicians” — intellectuals, artists, and cultural figures, who played a decisive role in the period of the communist system disintegration and further development of the country's policy. The role of the political elite, which is understood according to R. Putnam and J. Higley's definition, is considered in the conditions of political instability and uncertainty typical of transformation processes. In this context, the role of key actors is interpreted on the basis of the methodological structure of the so-called Stanford model developed by G. Almond and P. Bourdieu's theory of capital. This article reconstructs the course of political changes in the Republic of Lithuania at the initial stage of its independence, in the framework of which the key role was played by «moral politicians», most of whom subsequently retired from politics. Focusing on the situation in Lithuania, this research sets out to show the continuous dependence of today's policies of the Baltic States on the key choices made by the authorities at the turn of 1980s—1990s. Today, Russian political science lacks concrete regional studies into the issues of changes of elites in the context of research on the processes of postcommunist transformations. This work addresses the scientific interpretation of the content of mechanisms of «new» political elite development in postcommunist societies under the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors in the course of transformation. The stabilisation of elite formation processes in Lithuania, the assessment of patterns and trends, the identification of power centres and the character of intra-elite interaction, and a profound understanding of the functioning of Lithuanian political system in general will allow Russia to formulate a more efficient policy towards the Baltic States, which would promptly respond to emerging challenges.

Radioactive Metrology Methods in the USSR; Methodes de metrologie de la radioactivite en URSS; Metody metrologii radioaktivnosti v SSSR; Metodos de Metrologia de la Radiactividad Aplicados en la Union de Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas

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Aglintsev, K K; Bochkarev, V V; Grablevskij, V N; Karavaev, F M

1960-06-15

actividad de estos patrones son 10{sup -11} y 5 equivalentes gramo del Ra, respectivamente . Las fuentes {gamma} de control se preparan partiendo de los mismos radionuclidos que las fuentes y modelo. Sus actividades abarcan un intervalo muy amplio y las fuentes presentan formas y dimensiones sumamente diversas. Por ultimo, se utilizan dos clases de fuentes neutronicas modelo Ra-{alpha}-Be (con un contenido de 1 a 1000 mg de Ra) y Pu-{alpha}-Be (conteniendo de 0.01 a 15 g de Pu). Las fuentes Ra-{alpha}-Be consisten en una mezcla comprimida de RaBr{sub 2} y de Be en polvo, siendo la razon ponderal Ra/Be igual a 1/6. En cuanto a las fuentes Pu-{alpha}-Be, se preparan con una aleacion (PuBe{sub 13}) de estos dos metales. (author) [Russian] Avtory opisyvayut metody, primenyaemye v SSSR, i, v chastnosti, v institute metrologii im. Mendeleeva (Leningrad) dlya vosproizvodstv a pri pomoshchi standartnykh apparatov edinits izmereniya, ispol'zuemykh v radioaktivnosti (kyuri, gramm-ehkvivalen t radiya, rentgen, rad). Dlya radionuklido v v Sovetskom Soyuze proizvodyatsya istochnikiehtalony dvukh vidov: 1. Model'nye istochniki dlya sravnitel'nog o ehtalonirovani ya drugikh radioaktivnykh preparatov, a takzhe dlya kalibrovki radiometricheski kh priborov i kontrol'nykh priborov za izlucheniem; 2. Kontrol'nye istochniki, sluzhashchie isklyuchitel'n o dlya proverki raboty i kontrolya za vosproizvodimost' yu ukazanij izmeritel'ny kh priborov. Model'nye a-istochniki prigotovlyayuts ya pri pomoshchi ehlektrolitiche - skogo osazhdeniya na platine dolzhnym obrazom vybrannykh izluchatelej (estestvennyj uran, uran-233, plutonij-239, ameritsij-241). EHti istochniki mogut obespechivat' aktivnost' ot do 10{sup 6} raspadov v minutu. Kontrol'nye {alpha}-istochniki prigotovlyayuts ya putem ehlektroliticheskog o osazhdeniya plutoniya-239 v vide sloya s plotnost'yu ot 3 X 10-{sup 9} do 0,7 mg/em2, chto sootvetstvuet aktivnosti ot 10 do 10{sup 8} raspadov v minutu. Model'nye {beta

The Technology and Applications of Large Fission Product Beta Sources; Technologie et applications des grandes sources beta de fission; Tekhnologiya i primenenie krupnykh istochnikov beta-izluchenij, ispuskaemykh produktami deleniya; Tecnologia y utilizacion de los productos de fision como fuentes de irradiacion beta de elevada intensidad

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Silverman, Joseph [Radiation Applications Incorporated (United States)

1960-07-15

) [Russian] Beta-izluchatel i ne vkhodili ran'she v raschet v kachestve krupnykh istochnikov izlucheniya, tak kak v proshlom predstavlyayushchie interes protsessy oblucheniya osnovyvalis' na ispol'zovanii chastits, obladayushchikh sposobnost'yu glubokogo proniknoveniya; poehtomu glavnoe vnimanie sosredotochivalos' na ispol'zovanii gamma-izluchenij i iskusstvenno uskorennykh ehlektronov. Okolo chetyrekh let tomu nazad stalo ochevidnym, chto otkryvaetsya shirokaya oblast' vozmozhnykh primenenij, svyazannykh s poverkhnostnym oblucheniem, kak naprimer, izmenenie poverkhnosti obrazovavshegos ya sloya plastmassy putem sopolimerizatsionnogo narashchivaniya i poverkhnostnoj pasterizatsii pishchevykh produktov. Dlya ehtikh primenenij proniknovenie v glubinu yavlyaetsya neehkonomnym, a vozmozhno i vrednym. Est'eshche dve drugie oblasti, v kotorykh proizvedennye mekhanicheskim putem ehlektrony ne ochen' podkhodyat: khimicheskij sintez v nakhodyashchikhsya pod davleniem sosudakh s primeneniem oblucheniya i nekotorye vidy tsepnykh reaktsij so svobodnymi radikalami, dlya kotorykh proizvoditel'nost ' na kilovatt umen'shaetsya proportsional'no kvadratnomu kornyu moshchnosti dozy. Istochniki beta-izluchenij s shirokim polem pokazali ochevidnye potentsial'ny e preimushchestva dlya vsekh ehtikh operatsij i poskol'ku oni poluchayutsya v bol'shikh kolichestvakh za schet protsessov deleniya, to predstavlyalos ' tselesoobrazny m sdelat' tshchatel'nuyu pereotsenku vozmozhnostej ikh primeneniya. Vvidu ehtogo pod pokrovitel'stvom Komissii po atomnoj ehnergii SSHA bylo proizvedeno issledovanie primenenij i tekhnologii istochnikov beta-izluchenij, ispuskaemykh produktami deleniya. EHto issledovanie privelo k sleduyushchim rezul'tatam: 1. Otkryvayutsya perspektivny e vozmozhnosti primeneniya v kommercheskom masshtabe istochnikov beta-izluchenij, ispuskaemykh produktami deleniya, v oblasti oblucheniya produktov, v osobennosti dlya izmeneniya putem sopolimerizatsionnogo narashchivaniya obrazovavshikhsya