O cinema da literatura: quando a página se torna tela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

André Soares Vieira

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Este ensaio busca problematizar uma forma de relação entre o cinema e a literatura, no momento em que essa se vale de procedimentos próprios à linguagem e ao imaginário daquele. Ao considerarmos obras literárias como as que foram produzidas por escritores como Marguerite Duras, Hubert Aquin e Marcio Souza, percebemos zonas de contato que vão desde a referência a um roteiro fictício até o ato de contar filmes. Nesta prespectiva, as obras examinadas evocam outras facetas da « máquina cinematográfica » em suas relações com a literatura, apresentando-se como filmes de textos projetados nas páginas do livro.

An Overview of the Jupiter Europa Orbiter Concept's Europa Science Phase Orbit Design

Science.gov (United States)

Lock, Robert E.; Ludwinski, Jan M.; Petropoulos, Anastassios E.; Clark, Karla B.; Pappalardo, Robert T.

2009-01-01

Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO), the proposed NASA element of the proposed joint NASA-ESA Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM), could launch in February 2020 and conceivably arrive at Jupiter in December of 2025. The concept is to perform a multi-year study of Europa and the Jupiter system, including 30 months of Jupiter system science and a comprehensive Europa orbit phase of 9 months. This paper provides an overview of the JEO concept and describes the Europa Science phase orbit design and the related science priorities, model pay-load and operations scenarios needed to conduct the Europa Science phase. This overview is for planning and discussion purposes only.

O PAPEL DA ÁFRICA NA NOVA ROTA DA SEDA MARÍTIMA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Diego Pautasso

2017-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar o lugar da África na construção da Nova Rota da Seda Marítima. Este é justamente um dos vetores do ambicioso projeto chinês de integração da Ásia, Europa e África, lançada em 2013 sob título de Iniciativa OBOR (One Belt, One Road. Na medida que os desafios da reconstrução nacional são superados, a China torna-se mais assertiva e dá forma à sua estratégia de inserção mundial. Nesse sentido, a Nova Rota da Seda agrega os objetivos centrais da diplomacia da China para o século XXI, reservando à África a condição de trampolim para que o projeto se torne global.

REASON for Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Moussessian, A.; Blankenship, D. D.; Plaut, J. J.; Patterson, G. W.; Gim, Y.; Schroeder, D. M.; Soderlund, K. M.; Grima, C.; Young, D. A.; Chapin, E.

2015-12-01

The science goal of the Europa multiple flyby mission is to "explore Europa to investigate its habitability". One of the primary instruments selected for the scientific payload is a multi-frequency, multi-channel ice penetrating radar system. This "Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON)" would revolutionize our understanding of Europa's ice shell by providing the first direct measurements of its surface character and subsurface structure. REASON addresses key questions regarding Europa's habitability, including the existence of any liquid water, through the innovative use of radar sounding, altimetry, reflectometry, and plasma/particles analyses. These investigations require a dual-frequency radar (HF and VHF frequencies) instrument with concurrent shallow and deep sounding that is designed for performance robustness in the challenging environment of Europa. The flyby-centric mission configuration is an opportunity to collect and transmit minimally processed data back to Earth and exploit advanced processing approaches developed for terrestrial airborne data sets. The observation and characterization of subsurface features beneath Europa's chaotic surface require discriminating abundant surface clutter from a relatively weak subsurface signal. Finally, the mission plan also includes using REASON as a nadir altimeter capable of measuring tides to test ice shell and ocean hypotheses as well as characterizing roughness across the surface statistically to identify potential follow-on landing sites. We will present a variety of measurement concepts for addressing these challenges.

Shell Tectonics: A Mechanical Model for Strike-slip Displacement on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Rhoden, Alyssa Rose; Wurman, Gilead; Huff, Eric M.; Manga, Michael; Hurford, Terry A.

2012-01-01

We introduce a new mechanical model for producing tidally-driven strike-slip displacement along preexisting faults on Europa, which we call shell tectonics. This model differs from previous models of strike-slip on icy satellites by incorporating a Coulomb failure criterion, approximating a viscoelastic rheology, determining the slip direction based on the gradient of the tidal shear stress rather than its sign, and quantitatively determining the net offset over many orbits. This model allows us to predict the direction of net displacement along faults and determine relative accumulation rate of displacement. To test the shell tectonics model, we generate global predictions of slip direction and compare them with the observed global pattern of strike-slip displacement on Europa in which left-lateral faults dominate far north of the equator, right-lateral faults dominate in the far south, and near-equatorial regions display a mixture of both types of faults. The shell tectonics model reproduces this global pattern. Incorporating a small obliquity into calculations of tidal stresses, which are used as inputs to the shell tectonics model, can also explain regional differences in strike-slip fault populations. We also discuss implications for fault azimuths, fault depth, and Europa's tectonic history.

The Europa Ocean Discovery mission

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Edwards, B.C. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Chyba, C.F. [Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States); Abshire, J.B. [National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD (United States). Goddard Space Flight Center] [and others

1997-06-01

Since it was first proposed that tidal heating of Europa by Jupiter might lead to liquid water oceans below Europa`s ice cover, there has been speculation over the possible exobiological implications of such an ocean. Liquid water is the essential ingredient for life as it is known, and the existence of a second water ocean in the Solar System would be of paramount importance for seeking the origin and existence of life beyond Earth. The authors present here a Discovery-class mission concept (Europa Ocean Discovery) to determine the existence of a liquid water ocean on Europa and to characterize Europa`s surface structure. The technical goal of the Europa Ocean Discovery mission is to study Europa with an orbiting spacecraft. This goal is challenging but entirely feasible within the Discovery envelope. There are four key challenges: entering Europan orbit, generating power, surviving long enough in the radiation environment to return valuable science, and complete the mission within the Discovery program`s launch vehicle and budget constraints. The authors will present here a viable mission that meets these challenges.

Geology of Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Greeley, R.; Chyba, C.; Head, J. W.; McCord, T.; McKinnon, W. B.; Pappalardo, R. T.

2004-01-01

Europa is a rocky object of radius 1565 km (slightly smaller than Earth s moon) and has an outer shell of water composition estimated to be of order 100 km thick, the surface of which is frozen. The total volume of water is about 3 x 10(exp 9) cubic kilometers, or twice the amount of water on Earth. Moreover, like its neighbor Io, Europa experiences internal heating generated from tidal flexing during its eccentric orbit around Jupiter. This raises the possibility that some of the water beneath the icy crust is liquid. The proportion of rock to ice, the generation of internal heat, and the possibility of liquid water make Europa unique in the Solar System. In this chapter, we outline the sources of data available for Europa (with a focus on the Galileo mission), review previous and on-going research on its surface geology, discuss the astrobiological potential of Europa, and consider plans for future exploration.

Praga, el Hollywood de Europa Oriental

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Raúl Sorrosa

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Para salvar la industria fílmica checa, tuvieron que aliarse el mundo poscomunista y el capitalismo. Praga se ha convertido en "El Hollywood de Europa del Este" o en la Meca fílmica. Los estudios Barrandov después de la caída del comunismo y el proceso de transformación económico pasaron por la privatización.

Construyendo una nueva Europa. La europeización del modelo de seguridad en Georgia

OpenAIRE

Janashvili, Lela; Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials. Barcelona, Catalunya

2014-01-01

La Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional de cada país se basa en el análisis de los valores, intereses y amenazas contra la seguridad interna y externa. Los intereses de Georgia y Europa con respecto al tema de seguridad coinciden plenamente uno con el otro, según se sostiene en este trabajo. La evolución de los últimos años confirma que es necesario tener grandes dosis de diálogo para construir el sistema de la seguridad europea. Para que Europa tenga una lógica común hay que trabajar para constr...

Surface composition of Europa based on VLT observations

Science.gov (United States)

Ligier, N.; Poulet, F.; Carter, J.

2016-12-01

Jupiter's moon Europa may harbor a global salty ocean under an 80-170 km thick outer layer consisting of an icy crust (Anderson et al. 1998). Meanwhile, the 10-50 My old surface, dated by cratering rates (Pappalardo et al. 1999) implies rapid surface recycling and reprocessing that could result in tectonic activity (Kattenhorn et al. 2014) and plumes (Roth et al. 2014). The surface could thus exhibit fingerprints of chemical species, as minerals characteristics of an ocean-mantle interaction and/or organics of exobiological interest, directly originating from the subglacial ocean. In order to re-investigate the composition of Europa's surface, a global mapping campaign of the satellite was performed with the near-infrared integral field spectrograph SINFONI on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. The high spectral binning of this instrument (0.5 nm) and large signal noise ratio in comparison to previous observations are adequate to detect sharp absorptions in the wavelength range 1.45-2.45 μm. In addition, the spatially resolved spectra we obtained over five epochs nearly cover the entire surface of Europa with a pixel scale of 12.5 by 25 m.a.s ( 35 by 70 km on Europa's surface), thus permitting a global scale study. Several icy and non-icy compounds were detected and mapped at <100 km resolution. They are unevenly distributed on the moon's surface. Amorphous and crystalline water ice are both present and, in spite of a particularly strong amorphization process likely engendered by the Io plasma torus, the crystalline form is found to be approximately twice as abundant as the amorphous ice based on the analysis of the 1.65 μm band. If the surface is dominated by small and mid-sized water ice grains (25-200 μm), crystalline water-ice grains exhibit spatial inhomogeneities in their distribution. The sulfuric acid hydrate distribution exhibits the typical "bullseye" feature on the trailing hemisphere. The presence of Mg-bearing chlorinated salts (chloride

Duda y posmodernidad: el ocaso de la secularización en Europa

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

EDUARDO BERICAT ALASTUEY

2008-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un análisis empírico y teórico desarrollado con el objeto de determinar el estado actual de la religiosidad en Europa, es decir, el grado en que los europeos se adscriben bien a una cosmovisión religiosa, bien a una cosmovisión secular. Aplicando el Análisis de Correspondencias Múltiples y el Análisis de Cluster K-medias a los datos de la encuesta europea "Religión-II", del ISSP, se ha elaborado una tipología compuesta por cinco posiciones culturales básicas: religiosos, creyentes, escépticos, agnósticos y ateos. Estos resultados han puesto de manifiesto tanto la extensión cuantitativa como la importancia cualitativa del escepticismo. Mediante la interpretación del contenido de cada uno de los tipos, se muestra que el escepticismo frente a las opciones religiosa o secular constituye en este momento una clave esencial de la cultura europea. No puede hablarse de un claro retorno de lo religioso, pero es evidente que el proceso de secularización ha perdido parte de su fuerza original. La Europa posmoderna se encuentra inmersa en una encrucijada cultural, y tendrá que decidir sobre su futuro. El artículo termina exponiendo las tres posibles estrategias de salida de la duda: la resolución kierkegaardiana, mediante la que los europeos afirmarán posiciones religiosas o seculares excluyentes; la solución borgiana, mediante la que se hibridarán las formas y contenidos religiosos y seculares; y la disolución hegeliana, mediante la que quizás Europa despliegue en el futuro una síntesis cultural nueva construida con los restos de las viejas cosmovisiones religiosa y secular.

Expected Recovery of Europa's Geophysical Attributes with Clipper Gravity Science Investigation

Science.gov (United States)

Verma, Ashok Kumar; Margot, Jean-Luc

2017-10-01

The primary gravity science objective of NASA’s Clipper mission to Europa is to confirm the presence or absence of a global subsurface ocean beneath Europa's icy crust. Gravity field measurements obtained with a radio science investigation can reveal much about Europa's interior structure. Here, we conduct extensive simulations of the radio science measurements with the anticipated spacecraft trajectory and attitude (17F12V2) and assets on the spacecraft and the ground, including antenna orientations and beam patterns, transmitter characteristics, and receiver noise figures. In addition to two-way Doppler measurements, we also include radar altimeter crossover range measurements. We concentrate on +/-2 hour intervals centered on the closest approach of each one of the 46 flybys. Our covariance analyses reveal the precision with which the tidal Love number k2, second-degree gravity coefficients C20 and C22, and higher-order gravity coefficients can be determined. The results depend strongly on the Deep Space Network (DSN) assets that are deployed to track the spacecraft. We find that some DSN allocations are sufficient to conclusively confirm the presence or absence of a global ocean and to evaluate whether the ice shell is hydrostatic.

Constraints on Europa's Ocean Composition Imposed by Its Surface Composition

Science.gov (United States)

Johnson, P. V.; Hodyss, R. P.; Vu, T. H.; Choukroun, M.

2017-12-01

Of the non-terrestrial environments within our Solar System, Europa's global liquid water ocean is arguably the most likely to be habitable. As such, understanding the habitability of Europa's ocean is of great interest to astrobiology and is the focus of missions currently being considered for further exploration of Europa. However, direct analysis of the ocean is unlikely in the foreseeable future. As such, our best means of constraining the subsurface ocean composition and its subsequent habitability currently is by further study of Europa's surface chemical composition. Recently, there has been a body of work published that looks at the chemistry of frozen brines representing putative ocean compositions. Here we take a simplified model of a four ionic component (Na, Mg, SO4, Cl) solution and map out what minerals are formed upon freezing as a function of relative ionic concentration, pH, etc. A `flow-chart' of the freezing sequence was developed based on both published and recently acquired experimental results. In performing this exercise, we are able to begin making meaningful links between observations of the surface chemistry and the chemical environment of the internal ocean.

Surface Modification and Surface - Subsurface Exchange Processes on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Phillips, C. B.; Molaro, J.; Hand, K. P.

2017-12-01

The surface of Jupiter's moon Europa is modified by exogenic processes such as sputtering, gardening, radiolysis, sulfur ion implantation, and thermal processing, as well as endogenic processes including tidal shaking, mass wasting, and the effects of subsurface tectonic and perhaps cryovolcanic activity. New materials are created or deposited on the surface (radiolysis, micrometeorite impacts, sulfur ion implantation, cryovolcanic plume deposits), modified in place (thermal segregation, sintering), transported either vertically or horizontally (sputtering, gardening, mass wasting, tectonic and cryovolcanic activity), or lost from Europa completely (sputtering, plumes, larger impacts). Some of these processes vary spatially, as visible in Europa's leading-trailing hemisphere brightness asymmetry. Endogenic geologic processes also vary spatially, depending on terrain type. The surface can be classified into general landform categories that include tectonic features (ridges, bands, cracks); disrupted "chaos-type" terrain (chaos blocks, matrix, domes, pits, spots); and impact craters (simple, complex, multi-ring). The spatial distribution of these terrain types is relatively random, with some differences in apex-antiapex cratering rates and latitudinal variation in chaos vs. tectonic features. In this work, we extrapolate surface processes and rates from the top meter of the surface in conjunction with global estimates of transport and resurfacing rates. We combine near-surface modification with an estimate of surface-subsurface (and vice versa) transport rates for various geologic terrains based on an average of proposed formation mechanisms, and a spatial distribution of each landform type over Europa's surface area. Understanding the rates and mass balance for each of these processes, as well as their spatial and temporal variability, allows us to estimate surface - subsurface exchange rates over the average surface age ( 50myr) of Europa. Quantifying the timescale

Macula on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

1997-01-01

This image of Europa, an icy satellite of Jupiter about the size of the Earth's Moon, was obtained from a range of 7415 miles (11933 kilometers) by the Galileo spacecraft during its fourth orbit around Jupiter and its first close pass of Europa. The image spans 30 miles by 57 miles (48 km by 91 km) and shows features as small as 800 feet (240 meters) across. The large circular feature centered in the upper middle of the image is called a macula, and could be the scar of a large meteorite impact. The surface of Europa is composed mostly of water ice, so large impact craters on Europa could look different from large bowl-shaped depressions formed by impact into rock, such as on the Moon. On Europa's icy surface, the original impact crater has been modified into a central zone of rugged topography surrounded by circular fractures which reflect adjustments to stress in the surrounding icy crust.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the Galileo mission home page on the World Wide Web at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo

Seguridad energética rusa: entre Europa y China

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Antonio Sánchez

2008-05-01

Full Text Available Dentro de la seguridad energética rusa aparece como una debilidad importante la concentración de recursos en unos pocos clientes, en concreto en la UE. Por este motivo, las autoridades rusas están tratando de diversificar destinos de venta, tratando de abrir otros mercados, en especial en extremo oriente y, en particular en China. Esto acrecienta su seguridad energética, pero debilita la europea en caso de que la UE no adopte medidas activas. El abastecimiento a Europa desde Rusia, especialmente de gas, depende también de tres grandes limitaciones. En primer lugar, que existan nuevos yacimientos y su posibilidad de movilizarlos conforme aumenten las necesidades europeas. En segundo lugar, aparece el problema del surgimiento de competidores por el gas ruso y, en particular, recientemente se ha subrayado el papel de China como futuro cliente de gas ruso. En tercer lugar, se encuentra la posibilidad de que Rusia pueda ejercer un control especial sobre la oferta de gas mundial, que condicione en cantidad o/y precio el abastecimiento a Europa.

The Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) onboard the Europa Clipper Mission

Science.gov (United States)

Westlake, Joseph H.; McNutt, Ralph L.; Kasper, Justin C.; Rymer, Abigail; Case, Anthony; Battista, Corina; Cochrane, Corey; Coren, David; Crew, Alexander; Grey, Matthew; Jia, Xianzhe; Khurana, Krishan; Kim, Cindy; Kivelson, Margaret G.; Korth, Haje; Krupp, Norbert; Paty, Carol; Roussos, Elias; Stevens, Michael; Slavin, James A.; Smith, Howard T.; Saur, Joachim

2017-10-01

Europa is embedded in a complex Jovian magnetospheric plasma, which rotates with the tilted planetary field and interacts dynamically with Europa’s ionosphere affecting the magnetic induction signal. Plasma from Io’s temporally varying torus diffuses outward and mixes with the charged particles in Europa’s own torus producing highly variable plasma conditions. Onboard the Europa Clipper spacecraft the Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) works in conjunction with the Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry (ICEMAG) investigation to probe Europa’s subsurface ocean. This investigation exploits currents induced in Europa’s interior by the moon’s exposure to variable magnetic fields in the Jovian system to infer properties of Europa’s subsurface ocean such as its depth, thickness, and conductivity. This technique was successfully applied to Galileo observations and demonstrated that Europa indeed has a subsurface ocean. While these Galileo observations contributed to the renewed interest in Europa, due to limitations in the observations the results raised major questions that remain unanswered. PIMS will greatly refine our understanding of Europa’s global liquid ocean by accounting for contributions to the magnetic field from plasma currents.The Europa Clipper mission is equipped with a sophisticated suite of 9 instruments to study Europa's interior and ocean, geology, chemistry, and habitability from a Jupiter orbiting spacecraft. PIMS on Europa Clipper is a Faraday Cup based plasma instrument whose heritage dates back to the Voyager spacecraft. PIMS will measure the plasma that populates Jupiter’s magnetosphere and Europa’s ionosphere. The science goals of PIMS are to: 1) estimate the ocean salinity and thickness by determining Europa’s magnetic induction response, corrected for plasma contributions; 2) assess mechanisms responsible for weathering and releasing material from Europa’s surface into the atmosphere and

Evidence of a plume on Europa from Galileo magnetic and plasma wave signatures

Science.gov (United States)

Jia, Xianzhe; Kivelson, Margaret G.; Khurana, Krishan K.; Kurth, William S.

2018-05-01

The icy surface of Jupiter's moon, Europa, is thought to lie on top of a global ocean1-4. Signatures in some Hubble Space Telescope images have been associated with putative water plumes rising above Europa's surface5,6, providing support for the ocean theory. However, all telescopic detections reported were made at the limit of sensitivity of the data5-7, thereby calling for a search for plume signatures in in-situ measurements. Here, we report in-situ evidence of a plume on Europa from the magnetic field and plasma wave observations acquired on Galileo's closest encounter with the moon. During this flyby, which dropped below 400 km altitude, the magnetometer8 recorded an approximately 1,000-kilometre-scale field rotation and a decrease of over 200 nT in field magnitude, and the Plasma Wave Spectrometer9 registered intense localized wave emissions indicative of a brief but substantial increase in plasma density. We show that the location, duration and variations of the magnetic field and plasma wave measurements are consistent with the interaction of Jupiter's corotating plasma with Europa if a plume with characteristics inferred from Hubble images were erupting from the region of Europa's thermal anomalies. These results provide strong independent evidence of the presence of plumes at Europa.

Evidence of a plume on Europa from Galileo magnetic and plasma wave signatures

Science.gov (United States)

Jia, Xianzhe; Kivelson, Margaret G.; Khurana, Krishan K.; Kurth, William S.

2018-06-01

The icy surface of Jupiter's moon, Europa, is thought to lie on top of a global ocean1-4. Signatures in some Hubble Space Telescope images have been associated with putative water plumes rising above Europa's surface5,6, providing support for the ocean theory. However, all telescopic detections reported were made at the limit of sensitivity of the data5-7, thereby calling for a search for plume signatures in in-situ measurements. Here, we report in-situ evidence of a plume on Europa from the magnetic field and plasma wave observations acquired on Galileo's closest encounter with the moon. During this flyby, which dropped below 400 km altitude, the magnetometer8 recorded an approximately 1,000-kilometre-scale field rotation and a decrease of over 200 nT in field magnitude, and the Plasma Wave Spectrometer9 registered intense localized wave emissions indicative of a brief but substantial increase in plasma density. We show that the location, duration and variations of the magnetic field and plasma wave measurements are consistent with the interaction of Jupiter's corotating plasma with Europa if a plume with characteristics inferred from Hubble images were erupting from the region of Europa's thermal anomalies. These results provide strong independent evidence of the presence of plumes at Europa.

Foundational Data Products for Europa: A Planetary Spatial Data Infrastructure Example

Science.gov (United States)

Archinal, B. A.; Laura, J.; Becker, T. L.; Bland, M. T.; Kirk, R. L.

2017-12-01

Any Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), including a Planetary SDI (PSDI [1]), includes primary components such as "policy, access network, technical standards, people (including partnerships), and data" [2]. Data is largely categorized into critical foundational products and framework data products. Of data themes [3] previously identified for the U. S. National SDI, we identify [4] three types of products that are foundational to a PSDI: geodetic coordinate reference systems, elevation information, and orthomosaics. We previously listed examples of such products for the Moon (ibid.). Here, we list the current state of these three foundational products for Europa, a key destination in the outer Solar System. Geodetic coordinate reference systems for Europa are based on photogrammetric control networks generated from processing of Voyager and Galileo images, the most recent being that created by M. Davies and T. Colvin at The RAND Corporation in the late 1990s. The Voyager and Galileo images provide insufficient stereo coverage to derive a detailed global topographic model, but various global ellipsoidal shape models have been derived using e.g. the RAND network or limb profile data. The best-known global mosaic of Europa is a controlled orthomosaic produced by the U.S. Geological Survey [5], based on the RAND network and triaxial ellipsoid shape model. Near future needs include comparing the resolution and accuracy of these products with estimates for newer products that might supersede them, including released or unreleased regional products (such as digital terrain models or mosaics) and products that could be made by processing of extant data. Understanding these PSDI fundamental needs will also improve assessing and prioritizing products that are planned for by the upcoming NASA Europa Clipper mission. This effort is not only useful for Europa science, but is also a first step toward developing such summaries for all Solar System bodies with relevant data, which

Europa central

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Karel BARTOSEK

2010-02-01

Full Text Available La investigación francesa continúa interesándose por Europa Central. Desde luego, hay límites a este interés en el ambiente general de mi nueva patria: en la ignorancia, producto del largo desinterés de Francia por este espacio después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y en el comportamiento y la reflexión de la clase política y de los medios de comunicación (una anécdota para ilustrar este ambiente: durante la preparación de nuestro coloquio «Refugiados e inmigrantes de Europa Central en el movimiento antifascista y la Resistencia en Francia, 1933-1945», celebrado en París en octubre de 1986, el problema de la definición fue planteado concreta y «prácticamente». ¡Y hubo entonces un historiador eminente, para quién Alemania no formaría parte de Europa Central!.

Mapping the Topography of Europa: The Galileo-Clipper Story

Science.gov (United States)

Schenk, Paul M.

2014-11-01

The renewed effort to return to Europa for global mapping and landing site selection raises the question: What do we know about Europa topography and how do we know it? The question relates to geologic questions of feature formation, to the issue of ice shell thickness, mechanical strength, and internal activity, and to landing hazards. Our topographic data base for Europa is sparse indeed (no global map is possible), but we are not without hope. Two prime methods have been employed in our mapping program are stereo image and shape-from-shading (PC) slope analyses. On Europa, we are fortunate that many PC-DEM areas are also controlled by stereo-DEMs, mitigating the long-wavelength uncertainties in the PC data. Due to the Galileo antenna malfunction, mapping is limited to no more than 20% of the surface, far less than for any of the inner planets. Thirty-seven individual mapping sites have been identified, scattered across the globe, and all have now been mapped. Excellent stereo mapping is possible at all Sun angles, if resolution is below ~350 m. PC mapping is possible at Sun angles greater than ~60 degrees, if emission angles are less than ~40 degrees. The only extended contiguous areas of topographic mapping larger than 150 km across are the two narrow REGMAP mapping mosaics extending pole-to-pole along longitudes 85 and 240 W. These are PC-only and subject to long-wavelength uncertainties and errors, especially in the north/south where oblique imaging produces layover. Key findings include the mean slopes of individual terrain types (Schenk, 2009), topography across chaos (Schenk and Pappalardo, 2004), topography of craters and inferences for ice shell thickness (Schenk, 2002; Schenk and Turtle, 2009), among others. A key discovery, despite the limited data, is that Europan terrains rarely have topographic amplitude greater than 250 meters, but that regionally Europa has imprinted on it topographic amplitudes of +/- 1 km, in the form of raised plateaus and

Historiografía española sobre Europa Central y Oriental. Nacionalismo, transiciones poscomunistas y relaciones exteriores

OpenAIRE

Sánchez García, Raquel

2009-01-01

La historiografía española no ha prestado especial atención a la Europa central y oriental pues sus objetivos han estado localizados en otros entornos geográficos como la Europa Occidental o América. Sin embargo, desde la caída de las dictaduras comunistas se despertó un gran interés por esta zona de Europa, interés que nació primero en los estudios económicos y políticos y que poco a poco ha ido trasladándose a la historia. [ABSTRAC]Traditionally, Spanish historiography hasn’t paid attent...

Modeling Europa's Ice-Ocean Interface

Science.gov (United States)

Elsenousy, A.; Vance, S.; Bills, B. G.

2014-12-01

This work focuses on modeling the ice-ocean interface on Jupiter's Moon (Europa); mainly from the standpoint of heat and salt transfer relationship with emphasis on the basal ice growth rate and its implications to Europa's tidal response. Modeling the heat and salt flux at Europa's ice/ocean interface is necessary to understand the dynamics of Europa's ocean and its interaction with the upper ice shell as well as the history of active turbulence at this area. To achieve this goal, we used McPhee et al., 2008 parameterizations on Earth's ice/ocean interface that was developed to meet Europa's ocean dynamics. We varied one parameter at a time to test its influence on both; "h" the basal ice growth rate and on "R" the double diffusion tendency strength. The double diffusion tendency "R" was calculated as the ratio between the interface heat exchange coefficient αh to the interface salt exchange coefficient αs. Our preliminary results showed a strong double diffusion tendency R ~200 at Europa's ice-ocean interface for plausible changes in the heat flux due to onset or elimination of a hydrothermal activity, suggesting supercooling and a strong tendency for forming frazil ice.

A Pragmatic Path to Investigating Europa's Habitability

Science.gov (United States)

Pappalardo; Bengenal; Bar; Bills; Blankenship; Connerney; Kurth; McGrath; Moore; Prockter;

Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales en Europa: un paisaje cambiante

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Susan Lawrence

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Este artículo analiza algunas de las diferencias y similitudes, así como las posibles áreas de convergencia, en las políticas de bienestar social, la organización de los Servicios Sociales, las preocupaciones, y la educación y formación de los profesionales sociales en Europa. Se centra especialmente en la Unión Europea como un bloque político dentro de una Europa más amplia, e identifica algunos aspectos de su función en la elaboración de las políticas y prácticas nacionales, incluyendo los ámbitos de la migración y la educación superior. Plantea que las influencias de las tendencias mundiales y regionales de una gran movilidad internacional de la población, conlleva que las profesiones sociales puedan verse cada vez más inmersas en intervenciones «transnacionales» y que, por lo tanto, hayan de ser conscientes de que los sistemas de bienestar y las actuaciones y prácticas profesionales van más allá de las fronteras nacionales. El respeto por la diversidad cultural y el compromiso con la promoción de los derechos humanos y la justicia social, nacional e internacional, se consideran valores esenciales que deben ser compartidos por las profesiones sociales en Europa, y adoptados por los organismos regionales de representación profesional y educativa.

Mirada desde Europa, una encrucijada de los medios en América Latina y España: quando la Anaconda empieza a mudar la piel

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Manuel Chaparro Escudero

Full Text Available Pensar, escribir desde Europa, o sobre Europa obliga hoy a hacer la insidiosa observación de si Europa es capaz de mirar otra cosa que no sea así misma y si, además, tiene algo nuevo que decir. La Europa que soñamos, la Europa que sirvió de modelo a las llamadas sociedades democráticas se diluye en el dibujo de una sociedad más económica que social, más especulativa que solidaria. No es una afirmación ni gratuita, ni exagerada. Europa tiene poco que decir porque hace rato que perdió su brújula. Sólo los movimientos ciudadanos surgidos en el último año (entre ellos el 15-M sugieren un fin de ciclo de una forma de hacer política que se resiste a cambiar. Frente a esta situación América Latina empieza desde hace algunos años a ofrecer regulaciones de medios más comprometidas con los intereses ciudadanos.

Ocean-driven heating of Europa's icy shell at low latitudes

Science.gov (United States)

Soderlund, K. M.; Schmidt, B. E.; Wicht, J.; Blankenship, D. D.

2014-01-01

The ice shell of Jupiter's moon Europa is marked by regions of disrupted ice known as chaos terrains that cover up to 40% of the satellite's surface, most commonly occurring within 40° of the equator. Concurrence with salt deposits implies a coupling between the geologically active ice shell and the underlying liquid water ocean at lower latitudes. Europa's ocean dynamics have been assumed to adopt a two-dimensional pattern, which channels the moon's internal heat to higher latitudes. Here we present a numerical model of thermal convection in a thin, rotating spherical shell where small-scale convection instead adopts a three-dimensional structure and is more vigorous at lower latitudes. Global-scale currents are organized into three zonal jets and two equatorial Hadley-like circulation cells. We find that these convective motions transmit Europa's internal heat towards the surface most effectively in equatorial regions, where they can directly influence the thermo-compositional state and structure of the ice shell. We suggest that such heterogeneous heating promotes the formation of chaos features through increased melting of the ice shell and subsequent deposition of marine ice at low latitudes. We conclude that Europa's ocean dynamics can modulate the exchange of heat and materials between the surface and interior and explain the observed distribution of chaos terrains.

A SEARCH FOR MAGNESIUM IN EUROPA'S ATMOSPHERE

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hörst, S. M.; Brown, M. E.

2013-01-01

Europa's tenuous atmosphere results from sputtering of the surface. The trace element composition of its atmosphere is therefore related to the composition of Europa's surface. Magnesium salts are often invoked to explain Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer spectra of Europa's surface, thus magnesium may be present in Europa's atmosphere. We have searched for magnesium emission in the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph archival spectra of Europa's atmosphere. Magnesium was not detected and we calculate an upper limit on the magnesium column abundance. This upper limit indicates that either Europa's surface is depleted in magnesium relative to sodium and potassium, or magnesium is not sputtered as efficiently resulting in a relative depletion in its atmosphere.

KECK II OBSERVATIONS OF HEMISPHERICAL DIFFERENCES IN H2O2 ON EUROPA

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hand, K. P.; Brown, M. E.

2013-01-01

We present results from Keck II observations of Europa over four consecutive nights using the near-infrared spectrograph. Spectra were collected in the 3.14-4.0 μm range, enabling detection and monitoring of the 3.5 μm feature due to hydrogen peroxide. Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer results first revealed hydrogen peroxide on Europa in the anti-Jovian region of the leading hemisphere at a percent by number abundance of 0.13% ± 0.07% relative to water. We find comparable results for the two nights over which we observed the leading hemisphere. Significantly, we observed a small amount of hydrogen peroxide (∼0.04%) during observations of Europa's anti-Jovian and sub-Jovian hemispheres. Almost no hydrogen peroxide was detected during observations of just the trailing hemisphere. We conclude that the Galileo observations likely represent the maximum hydrogen peroxide concentration, the exception potentially being the cold water ice regions of the poles, which are not readily observable from the ground. Our mapping of the peroxide abundance across Europa requires revisions to previous estimates for Europa's global surface abundance of oxidants and leads to a reduction in the total oxidant delivery expected for the subsurface ocean if an exchange of surface material with the ocean occurs.

Biogeochemical Reactions Under Simulated Europa Ocean Conditions

Science.gov (United States)

Amashukeli, X.; Connon, S. A.; Gleeson, D. F.; Kowalczyk, R. S.; Pappalardo, R. T.

2007-12-01

Galileo data have demonstrated the probable presence of a liquid water ocean on Europa, and existence of salts and carbon dioxide in the satellite's surface ice (e.g., Carr et al., 1998; McCord et al., 1999, Pappalardo et al., 1999; Kivelson et al., 2000). Subsequently, the discovery of chemical signatures of extinct or extant life in Europa's ocean and on its surface became a distinct possibility. Moreover, understanding of Europa's potential habitability is now one of the major goals of the Europa Orbiter Flagship mission. It is likely, that in the early stages of Europa's ocean formation, moderately alkaline oceanic sulfate-carbonate species and a magnetite-silicate mantel could have participated in low-temperature biogeochemical sulfur, iron and carbon cycles facilitated by primitive organisms (Zolotov and Shock, 2004). If periodic supplies of fresh rock and sulfate-carbonate ions are available in Europa's ocean, then an exciting prospect exists that life may be present in Europa's ocean today. In our laboratory, we began the study of the plausible biogeochemical reactions under conditions appropriate to Europa's ocean using barophilic psychrophilic organisms that thrive under anaerobic conditions. In the near absence of abiotic synthetic pathways due to low Europa's temperatures, the biotic synthesis may present a viable opportunity for the formation of the organic and inorganic compounds under these extreme conditions. This work is independent of assumptions regarding hydrothermal vents at Europa's ocean floor or surface-derived oxidant sources. For our studies, we have fabricated a high-pressure (5,000 psi) reaction vessel that simulates aqueous conditions on Europa. We were also successful at reviving barophilic psychrophilic strains of Shewanella bacterium, which serve as test organisms in this investigation. Currently, facultative barophilic psychrophilic stains of Shewanella are grown in the presence of ferric food source; the strains exhibiting iron

Europa

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Malin, M.C.; Pieri, D.C.

1986-01-01

Europa, the second major satellite outward from Jupiter, is a lunar-sized object in synchronous rotation about that planet. Its high albedo and spectral characteristics indicate the presence of surface water ice and/or frost. Its density suggests a substantial silicate component of at least 85 percent by volume. A limited variety of landforms is seen in Voyager images, most likely because of poor spatial resolution of these data. The absence of numerous impact craters is interpreted as indicating a youthful surface and /or surface regenerating processes. A planet-wide lineament system has been interpreted to result from tectonic stresses induced by evolution of Europa's orbit and interior. Present data do not permit unambiguous tests of such interpretations. Greater insight may come from analytical or numerical models and future spacecraft observations

A Europa, as migrações e o cosmopolitismo

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Octávio Sacramento

2016-07-01

Full Text Available ResumoO análise aqui delineado discute as posturas das fronteiras europeias em relação aos desafios colocados pelos fluxos migratórios externos. É dada especial atenção à forma como a Europa, através do Acordo de Schengen, estabelece uma combinação estratégica entre a livre circulação de certas categorias de pessoas e o bloqueio de muitas outras mobilidades “indesejados”. Ao mesmo tempo, são considerados resumidamente as políticas de identidade subjacentes a seletividade do espaço Schengen e seu impacto sobre um projecto europeu pós-nacional e cosmopolita. Palavras-chave: Europa, Migração externa, Fronteiras e limites, Seletividade, Cosmopolitismo. Resumen En el análisis esbozado aquí se analizan las actitudes en las fronteras europeas en relación con los retos que plantea la migración externa. Se presta especial atención a la forma en Europa a través del Acuerdo de Schengen, establece una combinación estratégica de la libre circulación de ciertas categorías de personas y el bloqueo de muchas otras movilida- des “no deseadas”. Al mismo tiempo, se consideran brevemente la política de la identidad subyacente en la selectividad de la zona Schengen y su impacto en un proyecto europeo post-nacional y cosmopolita. Palabras clave: Europa, La migración externa, Fronteras y límites, La selectividad, Cosmopolitismo. Abstract The analysis outlined in this paper discusses the attitudes of the European borders in relation to the challenges posed by external migration flows. Special attention is given to the way Europe, through the Schengen Agreement, establishes a strategic combination between the free movement of certain categories of people and the blocking of many other “un- wanted” mobilities. At the same time, the paper briefly considers the identity policies underlying the selectivity of the Schengen area and their impact on a post-national and cosmopolitan European project

Fingerprints of endogenous process on Europa through linear spectral modeling of ground-based observations (ESO/VLT/SINFONI)

Science.gov (United States)

Ligier, Nicolas; Carter, John; Poulet, François; Langevin, Yves; Dumas, Christophe; Gourgeot, Florian

2016-04-01

Jupiter's moon Europa harbors a very young surface dated, based on cratering rates, to 10-50 M.y (Zahnle et al. 1998, Pappalardo et al. 1999). This young age implies rapid surface recycling and reprocessing, partially engendered by a global salty subsurface liquid ocean that could result in tectonic activity (Schmidt et al. 2011, Kattenhorn et al. 2014) and active plumes (Roth et al. 2014). The surface of Europa should contain important clues about the composition of this sub-surface briny ocean and about the potential presence of material of exobiological interest in it, thus reinforcing Europa as a major target of interest for upcoming space missions such as the ESA L-class mission JUICE. To perform the investigation of the composition of the surface of Europa, a global mapping campaign of the satellite was performed between October 2011 and January 2012 with the integral field spectrograph SINFONI on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. The high spectral binning of this instrument (0.5 nm) is suitable to detect any narrow mineral signature in the wavelength range 1.45-2.45 μm. The spatially resolved spectra we obtained over five epochs nearly cover the entire surface of Europa with a pixel scale of 12.5 by 25 m.a.s (~35 by 70 km on Europa's surface), thus permitting a global scale study. Until recently, a large majority of studies only proposed sulfate salts along with sulfuric acid hydrate and water-ice to be present on Europa's surface. However, recent works based on Europa's surface coloration in the visible wavelength range and NIR spectral analysis support the hypothesis of the predominance of chlorine salts instead of sulfate salts (Hand & Carlson 2015, Fischer et al. 2015). Our linear spectral modeling supports this new hypothesis insofar as the use of Mg-bearing chlorines improved the fits whatever the region. As expected, the distribution of sulfuric acid hydrate is correlated to the Iogenic sulfur ion implantation flux distribution (Hendrix et al

BIZANCIO, LOS ESLAVOS Y EUROPA ORIENTAL

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José Marín Riveros

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Resumen: en este estudio, se presenta una reflexión acerca del concepto de Europa Oriental y, luego, una revisión de la historiografía acerca del origen de los eslavos, discutiendo las tesis tradicionales, la de Pritsak y la de Curta, según la etnogénesis, la etnonimia y la etnicidad.in this article, the author presents an analytical view about de concept "East Europe" and, then, an historiographical revision about the origin of the Slavic people, discussing the traditional thesis, Pritsak's thesis and Curta's thesis, i.e., commenting the ideas of ethnogenesis, ethnonimia and ethnicity.

Active Cryovolcanism on Europa?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sparks, W. B.; Cracraft, M.; Deustua, S. E [Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218 (United States); Schmidt, B. E. [Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332 (United States); McGrath, M. A. [SETI Institute, 189 N. Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043 (United States); Hand, K. P. [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 (United States); Spencer, J. R., E-mail: sparks@stsci.edu [Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 (United States)

2017-04-20

Evidence for plumes of water on Europa has previously been found using the Hubble Space Telescope using two different observing techniques. Roth et al. found line emission from the dissociation products of water. Sparks et al. found evidence for off-limb continuum absorption as Europa transited Jupiter. Here, we present a new transit observation of Europa that shows a second event at the same location as a previous plume candidate from Sparks et al., raising the possibility of a consistently active source of erupting material on Europa. This conclusion is bolstered by comparison with a nighttime thermal image from the Galileo Photopolarimeter-Radiometer that shows a thermal anomaly at the same location, within the uncertainties. The anomaly has the highest observed brightness temperature on the Europa nightside. If heat flow from a subsurface liquid water reservoir causes the thermal anomaly, its depth is ≈1.8–2 km, under simple modeling assumptions, consistent with scenarios in which a liquid water reservoir has formed within a thick ice shell. Models that favor thin regions within the ice shell that connect directly to the ocean, however, cannot be excluded, nor modifications to surface thermal inertia by subsurface activity. Alternatively, vapor deposition surrounding an active vent could increase the thermal inertia of the surface and cause the thermal anomaly. This candidate plume region may offer a promising location for an initial characterization of Europa’s internal water and ice and for seeking evidence of Europa’s habitability.

La imagen de España en el mosaico cultural paneuropeo:retos y compromisos del Consejo de Europa en la cooperación intercultural.

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Chiara Atzori

2007-07-01

Full Text Available ENGLISH:Since 1949, the Council of Europe is engaged to defend democracy and human rights in its member States. Today’s global economy – more than ever – leads the Council to focus its mediation role in the intercultural co-operation, to protect and preserve thelarge variety of languages and cultures that live within its territory. After the adoption of the Declaration on Cultural Diversity in 2000, Council of Europe cultural policies’, in which Spain is also actively involved, call the attention on the richness of the European cultural heritage. This heritage, thanks to new creative entrepreneurships, is becoming the real engine of the local economies.SPANISH:Desde 1949, el Consejo de Europa se compromete a defender la democracia y los derechos humanos de los Estados miembros. Hoy día, la nueva economía global, más que nunca lleva al Consejo a centrar su papel de mediador en la cooperación intercultural, para defender y conservar la variedad de lenguas y culturas que habitan su territorio. Tras la aprobación de la Declaración sobre la Diversidad Cultural en 2000, las políticas culturales del Consejo de Europa, en las que España participa activamente, hacen hincapié en la riqueza del patrimonio cultural. Gracias a nuevas y creativas formas decapacidad empresarial, este patrimonio se está convirtiendo en el verdadero motor de las economías locales.

Seismometers on Europa: Insights from Modeling and Antarctic Ice Shelf Analogs (Invited)

Science.gov (United States)

Schmerr, N. C.; Brunt, K. M.; Cammarano, F.; Hurford, T. A.; Lekic, V.; Panning, M. P.; Rhoden, A.; Sauber, J. M.

2013-12-01

The outer satellites of the Solar System are a diverse suite of objects that span a large spectrum of sizes, compositions, and evolutionary histories; constraining their internal structures is key for understanding their formation, evolution, and dynamics. In particular, Jupiter's icy satellite Europa has compelling evidence for the existence of a global subsurface ocean beneath a surface layer of water ice. This ocean decouples the ice shell from the solid silicate mantle, and amplifies tidally driven large-scale surface deformation. The complex fissures and cracks seen by orbital flybys suggest brittle failure is an ongoing and active process in the ice crust, therefore indicating a high level of associated seismic activity. Seismic probing of the ice, oceanic, and rocky layers would provide altogether new information on the structure, evolution, and even habitability of Europa. Any future missions (penetrators, landers, and rovers) planning to take advantage of seismometers to image the Europan interior would need to be built around predictions for the expected background noise levels, seismicity, wavefields, and elastic properties of the interior. A preliminary suite of seismic velocity profiles for Europa has been calculated using moment of inertia constraints, planetary mass and density, estimates of moon composition, thermal structure, and experimentally determined relationships of elastic properties for relevant materials at pressure, temperature and depth. While the uncertainties in these models are high, they allow us to calculate a first-order seismic response using 1-D and 3-D high frequency wave propagation codes for global and regional scale structures. Here, we show how future seismic instruments could provide detailed elastic information and reduced uncertainties on the internal structure of Europa. For example, receiver functions and surface wave orbits calculated for a single seismic instrument would provide information on crustal thickness and

América latina: cooperación en seguridad y defensa en un contexto de cambios globales

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Francisco Rojas Aravena

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Este año 2014 conmemoramos los 100 años de la I Guerra Mundial. Los últimos acontecimientos en Europa indican que no se han aprendido las más importantes lecciones que esta guerra dejó, en particular en lo relativo al multilateralismo, la resolución de conflictos, al tratamiento al terrorismo y a las migraciones forzadas. Lo anterior se produce en un contexto de cambios globales que incide en los grandes derroteros del sistema internacional. América Latina y el Caribe contribuyen en la actualidad de manera sustantiva a la Paz y la estabilidad global.

Various Landscapes and Features on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

1997-01-01

These 15 frames show the great variety of surface features on Jupiter's icy moon, Europa, which have been revealed by the Galileo spacecraft Solid State Imaging (CCD) system during its first six orbits around Jupiter from June 1996 to February 1997. North is to the top of each of the images. The features seen on Europa's surface document both internal and external processes shaping the icy crust. Internal processes and the possible presence of liquid water beneath the ice are indicated by features such as 'dark spots', lobe-shaped flow features, 'puddles','mottled terrain', knobs, pits, and the darker areas along ridges and triple bands.Europa is subjected to constant tugging from the giant planet, Jupiter, as well as from its neighboring moons, Io and Ganymede. This causes 'tidal' forces that affect Europa's interior and surface. Evidence for such forces includes ridges, fractures, wedge-shaped bands, and areas of 'chaos'. Some of these features result from alternate extension and compression buckling and pulling apart Europa's icy shell.Impact craters document external effects on a planet's surface. Although present on Europa, impact craters are relatively scarce compared to the number seen on Ganymede, Callisto, and on the surfaces of most other 'rocky' planets and moons in our solar system. This scarcity of craters suggests that the surface of Europa is very young. 'Maculae' on Europa may be the scars from large impact events.These images have resolutions from 27 meters (89 feet) to 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) per picture element (pixel) and were taken by Galileo at ranges of 2,500 kilometers (1,525 miles) to 677,000 kilometers (413,000 miles) from Europa.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo

Good bye, Europa del Este. La desaparición de la Europa de los dos bloques y el difícil camino hacia una nueva identidad en la Europa del Este a través del cine

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Labrador Ben, Julia María

2007-08-01

Full Text Available The Generation of distinguishing marks is described in Europe after the Revolution Of October, the use of the movies in the United States as an element in the Cold War and the European Identity after the fall of the USSR and the Warsaw Pact.Se describe la generación de señas de identidad en Europa tras la revolución de Octubre, la utilización del cine en EEUU como elemento de combate en la guerra fría, y la nueva identidad europea tras la desaparición de la URSS y el Pacto de Varsovia.

Detención de menores extranjeros no acompañados en Europa: la necesidad de garantizar efectivamente los derechos ya reconocidos

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Juan Manuel López Ulla

Full Text Available El Consejo de Europa y la Unión Europea, en varios documentos aprobados entre 2010 y 2012, reconocen abiertamente que en Europa no se han adoptado las medidas suficientes para garantizar de manera efectiva los derechos reconocidos en la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos del Niño (1989 en relación con los menores extranjeros no acompañados. Por lo que se refiere a las condiciones en las que pueden ser detenidos, urge implementar un procedimiento común capaz de salvaguardar la tutela administrativa y jurisdiccional de estos menores.

ALMA Thermal Observations of a Proposed Plume Source Region on Europa

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Trumbo, Samantha K.; Brown, Michael E. [Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States); Butler, Bryan J. [National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM 87801 (United States)

2017-10-01

We present a daytime thermal image of Europa taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array. The imaged region includes the area northwest of Pwyll Crater, which is associated with a nighttime thermal excess seen by the Galileo Photopolarimeter Radiometer and with two potential plume detections. We develop a global thermal model of Europa and simulate both the daytime and nighttime thermal emission to determine if the nighttime thermal anomaly is caused by excess endogenic heat flow, as might be expected from a plume source region. We find that the nighttime and daytime brightness temperatures near Pwyll Crater cannot be matched by including excess heat flow at that location. Rather, we can successfully model both measurements by increasing the local thermal inertia of the surface.

Thick or Thin Ice Shell on Europa?

Science.gov (United States)

2007-01-01

Scientists are all but certain that Europa has an ocean underneath its icy surface, but they do not know how thick this ice might be. This artist concept illustrates two possible cut-away views through Europa's ice shell. In both, heat escapes, possibly volcanically, from Europa's rocky mantle and is carried upward by buoyant oceanic currents. If the heat from below is intense and the ice shell is thin enough (left), the ice shell can directly melt, causing what are called 'chaos' on Europa, regions of what appear to be broken, rotated and tilted ice blocks. On the other hand, if the ice shell is sufficiently thick (right), the less intense interior heat will be transferred to the warmer ice at the bottom of the shell, and additional heat is generated by tidal squeezing of the warmer ice. This warmer ice will slowly rise, flowing as glaciers do on Earth, and the slow but steady motion may also disrupt the extremely cold, brittle ice at the surface. Europa is no larger than Earth's moon, and its internal heating stems from its eccentric orbit about Jupiter, seen in the distance. As tides raised by Jupiter in Europa's ocean rise and fall, they may cause cracking, additional heating and even venting of water vapor into the airless sky above Europa's icy surface. (Artwork by Michael Carroll.)

Europa the ocean moon : search for an alien biosphere

CERN Document Server

Greenberg, Richard

2004-01-01

Europa - The Ocean Moon tells the story of the Galileo spacecraft probe to Jupiter's moon, Europa. It provides a detailed description of the physical processes, including the dominating tidal forces that operate on Europa, and includes a comprehensive tour of Europa using images taken by Galileo's camera. The book reviews and evaluates the interpretative work carried out to date, providing a philosophical discussion of the scientific process of analyzing results and the pitfalls that accompany it. It also examines the astrobiological constraints on this possible biosphere, and implications for future research, exploration and planetary biological protection. Europa - The Ocean Moon provides a unique understanding of the Galileo images of Europa, discusses the theory of tidal processes that govern its icy ridged and disrupted surface, and examines in detail the physical setting that might sustain extra-terrestrial life in Europa's ocean and icy crust.

El caso Breivik como paradigma de la nueva violencia política en Europa

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Jesús Pérez

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Tras el doble atentado en Noruega del 22 de julio de 2011 cometido por Anders Behring Breivik, el terrorismo en Europa se enfrenta a una nueva amenaza. La novedad ideológica de Breivik es escasa, salvo por actualizar peligros que parecían del pasado. Por el contrario, su novedad operativa sí es relevante, ya que demuestra la posibilidad de la actuación de "lobos solitarios" en Europa y ejemplifica de qué manera el occidental medio puede actuar con un potencial muy alto de causar daños. Se concluye con el avance de un nuevo paradigma, el de sujetos que actúan movidos políticamente por un objetivo irrealizable, para favorecer a grupos que son extremadamente abstractos o no existen, lo que les proporciona un blindaje ideológico sin capacidad alta de movilización pero con destacadas cotas de destrucción.

Voorbij de retoriek: sociaal Europa vanuit twaalf invalshoeken

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van den Burg, I.; Cremers, J.; Hamans, C.; Pilon, A.

2014-01-01

Voorbij de retoriek. Sociaal Europa vanuit twaalf invalshoeken is een kritische analyse van de voorbije decennia, waarin het opbouwen van een sociaal Europa is achtergebleven bij het marktgerichte Europa. Wat zijn de oorzaken, de gevolgen en de oplossingen? En vooral: hoe zorgen we ervoor dat

Thera and Thrace Macula on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

1997-01-01

This image of Europa's southern hemisphere was obtained by the solid state imaging (CCD) system on board NASA's Galileo spacecraft during its sixth orbit of Jupiter. The upper left portion of the image shows the southern extent of the 'wedges' region, an area that has undergone extensive disruption. South of the wedges, the eastern extent of Agenor Linea (nearly 1000 kilometers in length) is also visible. Thera and Thrace Macula are the dark irregular features southeast of Agenor Linea. This image can be used by scientists to build a global map of Europa by tying such Galileo images together with images from 1979 during NASA's Voyager mission. Such lower resolution images also provide the context needed to interpret the higher resolution images taken by the Galileo during both its nominal mission and the upcoming Europa mission. North is to the top of the picture and the sun illuminates the surface from the right. The image, centered at -40 latitude and 180 longitude, covers an area approximately 675 by 675 kilometers. The finest details that can be discerned in this picture are about 3.3 kilometers across. The images were taken on Feb 20, 1997 at 12 hours, 55 minutes, 34 seconds Universal Time when the spacecraft was at a range of 81,707 kilometers.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo

Origen y filogenia de los primeros homínidos de Europa

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A. Gómez

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Se discuten el origen y relaciones filogenéticas de la especie Homo antecesor, Bermudez de Castro et al.., 1997, con especial atención a los datos aportados por la nueva mandíbula recuperada en el nivel TD6 del yacimiento de Gran Dolina, en la Sierra de Atapuerca, que refuerzan la identidad taxonómica de esta especie y su relación con el origen de H. sapiens. Se constata la hipótesis de que H. antecessor represente el último antecesor común de los neandertales y de las poblaciones modernas y se considera la posibilidad de un origen asiático para el primer poblamiento de Europa

La construcción discursiva de los problemas globales. El multiculturalismo: residuos, commodities y seudofusiones

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Aníbal Ford

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo aborda el ingreso de los problemas globales en las agendas de los medios de comunicación y la publicidad contemporánea. Se asume que, si bien las agendas del sufrimiento, las desigualdades, la pobreza y las migraciones han estado presentes en la producción massmediática, su ingreso actual se torna de manera "discutible" porque estamos ante un proceso típico de la sociocultura contemporánea que traslada la información sobre problemas críticos hacia géneros que ingresan más en el ámbito del imaginario social que en el de la opinión pública. De ahí la generación, por ejemplo, en la publicidad, del impacto de marca que juega con la representación y la cultura de "los otros" o que utiliza los problemas globales señalados al principio como dispositivos de efecto, residuos, seudofusiones o bienes de consumo.

Biomarker Production and Preservation on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Buffo, J.; Schmidt, B. E.

2017-12-01

Future landing site selection and sampling techniques for Europa will concentrate on locations of high potential biomarker preservation, however it is unclear what the best targets might be. On Europa, the scenario is quite unlike the depositional surface environments of terrestrial planets we've studied thus far-Europa's surface is passively communicating with putative habitable niches below that extend throughout the ice shell, ocean and sea floor. In this work, I approach biomarker production and preservation on Europa based by considering the many hypotheses that govern the its habitability, the processes that occur within the sea floor, ocean, and ice and exchange between them, and the geologic hypotheses for the formation of its various surfaces to establish, what journey through the planet a biomarker might take to arrive, if possible, at the surface where it is accessible to near-term landed missions. The goal of this project is to construct a simple model through which to consider the context for sampled material that will provide us with the ability to identify limitations in our intuition, understanding of the Europan system, our current hypotheses and data, and provide a road map for developing both areas for new research and identifying technology gaps that we must overcome before we can confidently select a landing site or analyze a sample from the near surface of Europa. I first consider the nature of the environment, i.e. at the sea floor interface, the ocean, or ocean-ice interface, in order to establish what the likely "biomarker" could be and then trace its path through the system: downwelling through the shell, mixing through the ocean, and pathways to the surface. Importantly, many models exist for the production of Europa's surface and subsurface geology that could affect the integrity of a putative biomarker. Often we modulate such considerations as a function of the time-scales over which the geologic process occurs, however such processes

Europa en crisis: El desencanto de la Unión Europea

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Stella Maris Shmite

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Las desigualdades y las tensiones sociales se manifiestan territorialmente en las ciudades europeas, las que se constituyen en espacios estratégicos donde se materializan las reivindicaciones sociales. La combinación del proceso de globalización y la organización institucional supranacional de Europa, junto a las profundas transformaciones que afectan la economía y por lo tanto, al sistema social característico del Estado de Bienestar, conducen a la emergencia de sentimientos de insatisfacción e incertidumbre que se expresan en los movimientos sociales. En este artículo se aborda el rol de la Unión Europea frente a la crisis, las respuestas institucionales, las consecuencias económicas y sociales y la emergencia de un cuestionamiento de la sociedad al funcionamiento de los Estados y la estructura supranacional.

Det faderløse samfund

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jensen, Henrik

Det faderløse samfund er en kulturhistorisk afdækning af fader- og autoritetstabet i det 20. århundredes Europa, med fokus på fader-søn-forholdet og fortalt gennem skikkelser som Max Weber, Freud, Jung, Kafka - og ’den uregerlige søn’ over dem alle, psykologen og anarkisten Otto Gross. Den er...

An ice crystal model for jupiter's moon Europa

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; schmidt, Karen Guldbae

2003-01-01

A simple model for crystal growth in the ice shell of Europa has been made in order to estimate the size of ice crystals at Europa's surface. If mass is lost from the surface of Europa due to sputtering processes, and the ice thickness is constant in time, ice crystals will be transported upwards...

Europa frente a lo extraño

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bernhard Waldenfels

2012-02-01

Full Text Available "Pensar Europa en sus fronteras", como ya en 1992 proponían un grupo de filósofos de la Universidad de Estrasburgo -Denis Guénoun, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Jean-Luc Nancy, Daniel Payot-, significa considerar qué es eso de la "geofilosofía de Europa" como una cuestión imprescindible que conlleva toda reflexión veraz en torno a la idea de Europa. El debate al que invitaron a una serie diversa de colegas y amigos, procedentes de diferentes naciones, planteaba la posibilidad misma de una identificación de Europa, así como la profundidad, esto es, la misma violencia que esta posibilidad (o imposibilidad conlleva, como los hechos de la más reciente y rabiosa actualidad han confirmado una y otra vez desde aquellas fechas. La propuesta era todo menos fútil. En efecto, como es bien sabido y ellos mismos expresaron unos meses después, en julio de 1993, lo bien cierto es que ha habido terribles furores desencadenados y atroces desgarramientos tanto intra como extraeuropeos, que como mínimo nos urgen a pensar si el proyecto de lo que merece llamarse un 'mundo' puede o no puede confundirse con la exclusiva exportación de aquello que Europa habría inventado, producido e identificado. El futuro parece atenazado por dos figuras mórbidas, dos pesadillas simétricas, la mítica de un planeta homogéneo, como una gigantesca Europa que se extendiera por doquier, y la de una Europa recluida, encerrada en sus imprecisas e inciertas fronteras, una especie de barricadas o trincheras aislantes para que ella devorase en solitario el espejismo de su supuesto bienestar. Esta deplorable alternativa concita parte de nuestras responsabilidades, pues los escenarios del futuro se alimentan necesariamente de formas y de proposiciones de pensamiento, que vale la pena tratar de sopesar y de comprender. A este reto respondió la reflexión del profesor Bernhard Waldenfeis con una memorable intervención, publicada primero en  francés de �

Epidemiología del tabaquismo en Europa

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Esteve Fernández

2002-01-01

Full Text Available El tabaco es la causa de mortalidad prevenible más importante en los países europeos, en los que da cuenta de más de medio millón de muertes anuales. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la epidemiología del tabaquismo en Europa, atendiendo a la visión de conjunto sobre el impacto del tabaquismo, a la prevalencia del consumo y a su evolución en la última década, así como revisar otras características relacionadas con la difusión y mantenimiento del tabaquismo: la producción y los precios del tabaco. Treinta de cada 100 europeos adultos fuma cigarrillos a diario. En los países de la Unión Europea se estima que 1 de cada 10 adultos fumadores morirá a causa de los efectos del tabaco, razón que se eleva a 1 de cada 5 en los países del este de Europa. La prevalencia de fumadores desciende entre los hombres adultos en algunos países de la Unión Europea, mientras que aumenta en las mujeres, sobre todo jóvenes, del sur y del este de Europa. Se debe insistir en las medidas para controlar el consumo de tabaco y prevenirlo, tales como la prohibición del consumo en lugares públicos, la prohibición real de la publicidad directa e indirecta, la reducción del cultivo, o el incremento de precios. Estas acciones se deben diseñar, coordinar y desarrollar en y desde los diferentes sectores involucrados en la lucha contra el tabaco, con la participación de redes civiles impulsadas desde los diferentes niveles administrativos (local, regional, nacional con la decisiva participación de organismos y organizaciones supranacionales.Tobacco is the most important preventable cause of mortality in European countries, accounting for over half a million deaths per year. A review is presented on the epidemiology of tobacco smoking in Europe, using a comprehensive approach on the health effects of smoking, the prevalence of tobacco consumption, and its evolution in the past decade. Tobacco industry efforts to promote and maintain smoking through

El Orinoco ilustrado en la Europa dieciochesca

OpenAIRE

Andrés Castro Roldán

2011-01-01

El presente artículo estudia el fenómeno de la lectura en la Europa del siglo XVIII, a partir del caso del Orinoco ilustrado (1741-1745), del jesuita español José Gumilla. Se trata de una primera contribución al estudio de la recepción y la circulación de esta obra, a través de las múltiples lecturas que de Gumilla hicieron sus contemporáneos en España, Francia y los Países Bajos. El objetivo es poner esta obra en el contexto de su época, tanto desde el punto de vista literario como de la his...

Exploring Ocean-World Habitability within the Planned Europa Clipper Mission

Science.gov (United States)

Pappalardo, R. T.; Senske, D.; Korth, H.; Blaney, D. L.; Blankenship, D. D.; Collins, G. C.; Christensen, P. R.; Gudipati, M. S.; Kempf, S.; Lunine, J. I.; Paty, C. S.; Raymond, C. A.; Rathbun, J.; Retherford, K. D.; Roberts, J. H.; Schmidt, B. E.; Soderblom, J. M.; Turtle, E. P.; Waite, J. H., Jr.; Westlake, J. H.

2017-12-01

A key driver of planetary exploration is to understand the processes that lead to potential habitability across the solar system, including within oceans hosted by some icy satellites of the outer planets. In this context, it is the overarching science goal of the planned Europa Clipper mission is: Explore Europa to investigate its habitability. Following from this goal are three mission objectives: (1) Characterize the ice shell and any subsurface water, including their heterogeneity, ocean properties, and the nature of surface-ice-ocean exchange; (2) Understand the habitability of Europa's ocean through composition and chemistry; and (3) Understand the formation of surface features, including sites of recent or current activity, and characterize high science interest localities. Folded into these objectives is the desire to search for and characterize any current activity, notably plumes and thermal anomalies. A suite of nine remote-sensing and in-situ observing instruments is being developed that synergistically addresses these objectives. The remote-sensing instruments are the Europa UltraViolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS), the Europa Imaging System (EIS), the Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE), the Europa THErMal Imaging System (E-THEMIS), and the Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON). The instruments providing in-situ observations are the Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry (ICEMAG), the Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS), the MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration (MASPEX), and the SUrface Dust Analyzer (SUDA). In addition, gravity science can be achieved via the spacecraft's telecommunication system, and the planned radiation monitoring system could provide information on Europa's energetic particle environment. Working together, the mission's robust investigation suite can be used to test hypotheses and enable discoveries relevant to the interior, composition, and geology of

Europa Drum Sampler (EDuS), Phase I

Data.gov (United States)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration — The main objective of the proposed work is to develop a robust and effective sample acquisition system for the Europa lander called the Europa Drum Sampler (EDuS)....

MISE: A Search for Organics on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Whalen, Kelly; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Blaney, Diana L.

2017-01-01

NASA’s planned Europa Flyby Mission will try to assess the habitability of Jupiter’s moon, Europa. One of the selected instruments on the mission is the Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE). MISE is a near-infrared imaging spectrometer that takes spectra in the 0.8-5 micron range, and it will be capable of mapping Europa’s surface chemical composition. A primary goal of the MISE instrument is to determine if Europa is capable of supporting life by searching for amino acid signatures in the infrared spectra. We present spectra of pure amino acid at MISE’s resolution, and we analyze the effect of chirality on these spectra. Lastly, we present model spectra for diluted/mixed amino acids to simulate more realistic concentrations. We show MISE can distinguish between different types of amino acids, such as isoleucine, leucine, and their enantiomers.

New observations on the crustacean fauna of Europa Island ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The Crustacea Decapoda of Europa Island have been inventoried during the BIORECIE fieldwork conducted from 7-12 November 2011. Previous records for Europa Island have been also compiled and an updated documented checklist of the species is proposed. In total, 175 decapods are reported for Europa Island, ...

El Consejo de Europa y la abolición total de la pena de muerte en Europa

OpenAIRE

Bou Franch, Valentín

2002-01-01

1. Introducción.- 2. La parca reglamentación de la pena de muerte.- 3. La superación práctica de una mala disposición.- 3.1 .Por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.- 3.2. Por la práctica de los Estados Miembros del Consejo de Europa.- 3.3. Por la práctica de los órganos del Consejo de Europa.- 4. La abolición de iure de la pena de muerte en Europa.- 4.1. La prohibición de la pena de muerte en tiempo de paz.- 4.2. La abolición de la pena de muerte en todas las circunstancias:- 5. Consider...

Fronteras imaginadas y estereotipos : la creación de un monstruo llamado Europa del Este

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniel Esparza

2009-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se observa como se han formado en el «oeste», desde la Guerra Fría hasta hoy, algunos estereotipos negativos sobre la marca «Europa del Este», la cual está cargada de connotaciones negativas (ciudades grises, guerras, inmigración ilegal, pobreza o criminalidad. Al mismo tiempo, como si de un oasis se tratara, se observa parojicamente como la marca Praga o Budapest (capitales de países de «Europa del Este» no son percibidas negativamente, precisamente porque no están relacionadas directamente con el Este, sino con centroeuropa y con imágenes positivas asociadas a la herencia artístico-cultural de los imperios centrales: el sacro imperio germano-romano y el austrohúngaro.In this article it is observed how from the Cold War till today have been formed in the West significant stereotypes towards Eastern Europe, which are endowed with negative images, such as grey towns, illegal immigration, wars, poverty or criminality. At the same time it is observed, paradoxically, how the brand Prague or Budapest (capitals of «Eastern European» countries are not perceived negatively, precisely because they are not directly associated with the East, but with the cultural heritage form the old central empires: the Sacred Roman-German empire first, and the Habsburg empire later.

The Inferred Distribution of Liquid Water in Europa's Ice Shell: Implications for the Europa Lander Mission

Science.gov (United States)

Noviello, J. L.; Torrano, Z. A.; Rhoden, A.; Manga, M.

2017-12-01

A key objective of the Europa lander mission is to identify liquid water within 30 km of the lander (Europa Lander SDT report, 2017), to provide essential context with which to evaluate samples and enable assessment of Europa's overall habitability. To inform lander mission development, we utilize a model of surface feature formation that invokes liquid water within Europa's ice shell to map out the implied 3D distribution of liquid water and assess the likelihood of a lander to be within 30 km of liquid water given regional variability. Europa's surface displays a variety of microfeatures, also called lenticulae, including pits, domes, spots, and microchaos. A recent model by Manga and Michaut (2017) attributes these features to various stages in the thermal-mechanical evolution of liquid water intrusions (i.e. sills) within the ice shell, from sill emplacement to surface breaching (in the case of microchaos) to freezing of the sill. Pits are of particular interest because they appear only when liquid water is still present. Another key feature of the model is that the size of a microfeature at the surface is controlled by the depth of the sill. Hence, we can apply this model to regions of Europa that contain microfeatures to infer the size, depth, and spatial distribution of liquid water within the ice shell. We are creating a database of microfeatures that includes digitized, collated data from previous mapping efforts along with our own mapping study. We focus on images with 220 m/pixel resolution, which includes the regional mapping data sets. Analysis of a preliminary study area suggests that sills are typically located at depths of 2km or less from the surface. We will present analysis of the full database of microfeatures and the corresponding 3D distribution of sills implied by the model. Our preliminary analysis also shows that pits are clustered in some regions, consistent with previous results, although individual pits are also observed. We apply a

Joint Europa Mission (JEM) : A multi-scale study of Europa to characterize its habitability and search for life.

Science.gov (United States)

Blanc, Michel; Prieto Ballesteros, Olga; Andre, Nicolas; Cooper, John F.

2017-04-01

Europa is the closest and probably the most promising target to perform a comprehensive characterization of habitability and search for extant life. We propose that NASA and ESA join forces to design an ambitious planetary mission we call JEM (for Joint Europa Mission) to reach this objective. JEM will be assigned the following overarching goal: Understand Europa as a complex system responding to Jupiter system forcing, characterize the habitability of its potential biosphere, and search for life in its surface, sub-surface and exosphere. Our observation strategy to address these goals will combine three scientific measurement sequences: measurements on a high-latitude, low-latitude Europan orbit providing a continuous and global mapping of planetary fields (magnetic and gravity) and of the neutral and charged environment during a period of three months; in-situ measurements at the surface, using a soft lander operating during 35 days, to search for bio-signatures at the surface and sub-surface and operate a geophysical station; measurements of the chemical composition of the very low exosphere and plumes in search for biomolecules. The implementation of these three observation sequences will rest on the combination of two science platforms equipped with the most advanced instrumentation: a soft lander to perform all scientific measurements at the surface and sub-surface at a selected landing site, and a carrier/relay/orbiter to perform the orbital survey and descent sequences. In this concept, the orbiter will perform science operations during the relay phase on a carefully optimized halo orbit of the Europa-Jupiter system before moving to its final Europan orbit. The design of both orbiter and lander instruments will have to accommodate the very challenging radiation mitigation and Planetary Protection issues. The proposed lander science platform is composed of a geophysical station and of two complementary astrobiology facilities dedicated to bio

Alcance y límites del intercambio comercial entre la Unión Soviética y los países de Europa occidental entre 1980 y 1990

OpenAIRE

Claudio Quiroga, Gloria

1994-01-01

La tesis que se presenta pretende profundizar en las relaciones comerciales entre la URSS y europa occidental, con el propósito de conocer el alcance que tuvieron mas allá de las cifras estadísticas. Después de analizar el marco general del comercio exterior soviético, la tesis analiza los elementos comunes y diferenciadores de los intercambios con cada uno de los países de europa occidental, estableciendo determinadas tipologías. Por ultimo, se estudia el impacto que estas relaciones tuviero...

Benefits to the Europa Clipper Mission Provided by the Space Launch System

Science.gov (United States)

Creech, Stephen D.; Patel, Keyur

2013-01-01

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) proposed Europa Clipper mission would provide an unprecedented look at the icy Jovian moon, and investigate its environment to determine the possibility that it hosts life. Focused on exploring the water, chemistry, and energy conditions on the moon, the spacecraft would examine Europa's ocean, ice shell, composition and geology by performing 32 low-altitude flybys of Europa from Jupiter orbit over 2.3 years, allowing detailed investigations of globally distributed regions of Europa. In hopes of expediting the scientific program, mission planners at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory are working with the Space Launch System (SLS) program, managed at Marshall Space Flight Center. Designed to be the most powerful launch vehicle ever flown, SLS is making progress toward delivering a new capability for exploration beyond Earth orbit. The SLS rocket will offer an initial low-Earth-orbit lift capability of 70 metric tons (t) beginning with a first launch in 2017 and will then evolve into a 130 t Block 2 version. While the primary focus of the development of the initial version of SLS is on enabling human exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit using the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the rocket offers unique benefits to robotic planetary exploration missions, thanks to the high characteristic energy it provides. This paper will provide an overview of both the proposed Europa Clipper mission and the Space Launch System vehicle, and explore options provided to the Europa Clipper mission for a launch within a decade by a 70 t version of SLS with a commercially available 5-meter payload fairing, through comparison with a baseline of current Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) capabilities. Compared to that baseline, a mission to the Jovian system could reduce transit times to less than half, or increase mass to more than double, among other benefits. In addition to these primary benefits, the paper will

Tyskland kvæler Europas økonomi

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Madsen, Mogens Ove

2012-01-01

Tyskland dikterer økonomisk smalhals i Europa de næste mange år frem. Men spareiveren virker ikke og vil føre til mere arbejdsløshed samt større splittelse mellem Europas center og periferi. Så hvorfor ikke prøve noget andet?...

Rutas y lugares de patrimonio industrial en Europa : consideraciones sobre su aprovechamiento turístico

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos J. Pardo Abad

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Muchas zonas de Europa se han caracterizado en los dos últimos siglos a través de la actividad industrial. Los edificios industriales son tanto el testimonio del desarrollo económico y social como la expresión de la identidad regional. Conservándolos y haciendo de ellos algo útil para la población se consigue mantener vivo un importante aspecto de la historia europea, creando una base potencial para un nuevo desarrollo económico y regional. El patrimonio industrial ofrece muchas oportunidades como recurso turístico y hay muchos ejemplos al respecto en Europa: museos, centros culturales y de interpretación se han abierto en viejas fábricas ya abandonadas.Many areas of Europe have been characterised in recent centuries by industrial activity. Industrial buildings are both the witness of economic and social development and the expression of regional identity. Preserving them and making them available to the population helps to keep this important aspect of European history alive, and creates a potential basis for new economic and regional development. Industrial heritage offers many opportunities as a tourist resource and there are numerous examples in Europe: museums, cultural and interpretation centres have been created in old abandoned faetones.

Understanding the Cryosphere of Europa Using Imaging Spectroscopy

Science.gov (United States)

Blaney, D. L.; Green, R. O.; Hibbitts, C.; Clark, R. N.; Dalton, J. B.; Davies, A. G.; Langevin, Y.; Hedman, M.; Lunine, J. I.; McCord, T. B.; Murchie, S. L.; Paranicas, C.; Seelos, F. P.; Soderblom, J. M.; Diniega, S.

2017-12-01

Europa's surface expresses a complex interplay of geologic processes driven by the ocean beneath the cryosphere that are subsequently modified by the Jovian environment once exposed on the surface. Several recent Earth-based observations of Europa's tenuous atmosphere suggest that there may in fact be active plumes [1,2,3]. However, the frequency and the duration of activity at any specific location cannot be precisely determined by these observations, but could be with spacecraft observations. For instance, recently active areas on Europa from plumes or other processes may result in distinctive spectral signatures on the surface. Possible spectral signatures that may indicate recent activity include: differences in ice grain size or ice crystallinity; the lack of radiolytic signatures (e.g. a deficit in species due to implantation, radiation darkening of salts, degradation of organic compounds); and thermal anomalies. The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE) on NASA's Europa Clipper Mission will be able to map these species thus enabling the identification of these deposits and other young and/or least processed areas. These signatures may also enable a relative geochronology for Europa to be developed. For example, recent work by Proctor et al [4] finds that bands of different stratigraphic ages have different spectral features potentially due to radiation effects on the deposits. We will explore borrowing analyses techniques from earth observing missions of the Arctic. On Earth, data from the Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer Next Generation (AVRIS-NG) (https://avirisng.jpl.nasa.gov/aviris-ng.html) is being used to explore Earth's cryosphere. AVRIS-NG data collected from the Greenland ice sheet and high latitude sea ice is being used to map of key ice properties such as grain size and contaminants. These data and processing approaches will be used to explore and validate imaging spectroscopy approaches which MISE might use on Europa.

Exogenic and endogenic Europa minerals

Science.gov (United States)

Maynard-Casely, H. E.; Brand, H. E. A.; Wilson, S. A.

2016-12-01

The Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) identified a significant `non-ice' component upon the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Current explanations invoke both endogenic and exogenic origins for this material. It has long been suggested that magnesium and sodium sulfate minerals could have leached from the rock below a putative ocean (endogenic) 1 and that sulfuric acid hydrate minerals could have been radiologically produced from ionised sulfur originally from Io's volcanoes (exogenic) 2. However, a more recent theory proposes that the `non-ice' component could be radiation damaged NaCl leached from Europa's speculative ocean 3. What if the minerals are actually from combination of both endogenic and exogenic sources? To investigate this possibility we have focused on discovering new minerals that might form in the combination of the latter two cases, that is a mixture of leached sulfates hydrates with radiologically produced sulfuric acid. To this end we have explored a number of solutions in the MgSO4-H2SO4-H2O and Na2SO4-H2SO4-H2O systems, between 80 and 280 K with synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction. We report a number of new materials formed in this these ternary systems. This suggests that it should be considered that the `non-ice' component of the Europa's surface could be a material derived from endogenic and exogenic components. 1 Kargel, J. S. Brine volcanism and the interior structures of asteroids and icy satellites. Icarus 94, 368-390 (1991). 2 Carlson, R. W., Anderson, M. S., Mehlman, R. & Johnson, R. E. Distribution of hydrate on Europa: Further evidence for sulfuric acid hydrate. Icarus 177, 461-471, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.026 (2005). 3 Hand, K. P. & Carlson, R. W. Europa's surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride. Geophysical Research Letters, 2015GL063559, doi:10.1002/2015gl063559 (2015).

Europa's Compositional Evolution and Ocean Salinity

Science.gov (United States)

Vance, S.; Glein, C.; Bouquet, A.; Cammarano, F.; McKinnon, W. B.

2017-12-01

Europa's ocean depth and composition have likely evolved through time, in step with the temperature of its mantle, and in concert with the loss of water and hydrogen to space and accretion of water and other chemical species from comets, dust, and Io's volcanism. A key aspect to understanding the consequences of these processes is combining internal structure models with detailed calculations of ocean composition, which to date has not been done. This owes in part to the unavailability of suitable thermodynamic databases for aqueous chemistry above 0.5 GPa. Recent advances in high pressure aqueous chemistry and water-rock interactions allow us to compute the equilibrium ionic conditions and pH everywhere in Europa's interior. In this work, we develop radial structure and composition models for Europa that include self-consistent thermodynamics of all materials, developed using the PlanetProfile software. We will describe the potential hydration states and porosity of the rocky interior, and the partitioning of primordial sulfur between this layer, an underlying metallic core, and the ocean above. We will use these results to compute the ocean's salinity by extraction from the upper part of the rocky layer. In this context, we will also consider the fluxes of reductants from Europa's interior due to high-temperature hydrothermalism, serpentinization, and endogenic radiolysis.

Assessing the potential for measuring Europa's tidal Love number h2 using radar sounder and topographic imager data

Science.gov (United States)

Steinbrügge, G.; Schroeder, D. M.; Haynes, M. S.; Hussmann, H.; Grima, C.; Blankenship, D. D.

2018-01-01

The tidal Love number h2 is a key geophysical measurement for the characterization of Europa's interior, especially of its outer ice shell if a subsurface ocean is present. We performed numerical simulations to assess the potential for estimating h2 using altimetric measurements with a combination of radar sounding and stereo imaging data. The measurement principle exploits both delay and Doppler information in the radar surface return in combination with topography from a digital terrain model (DTM). The resulting radar range measurements at cross-over locations can be used in combination with radio science Doppler data for an improved trajectory solution and for estimating the h2 Love number. Our simulation results suggest that the absolute accuracy of h2 from the joint analysis of REASON (Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface) surface return and EIS (Europa Imaging System) DTM data will be in the range of 0.04-0.17 assuming full radio link coverage. The error is controlled by the SNR budget and DTM quality, both dependent on the surface properties of Europa. We estimate that this would unambiguously confirm (or reject) the global ocean hypothesis and, in combination with a nominal radio-science based measurement of the tidal Love number k2, constrain the thickness of Europa's outer ice shell to up to ±15 km.

Tidally Driven Failure Along Europa's Rhadamanthys Linea

Science.gov (United States)

Cameron, M.; Konter, B.; Pappalardo, R. T.

2013-12-01

The surface of Europa is crosscut by a dense network of fractures and there are many candidate faults for studying past tectonic activity. To better understand the role of tidal stress sources and implications for faulting on Europa, we investigate the relationship between shear and normal stresses at Rhadamanthys Linea, a northwest oriented fracture in the northern hemisphere. Previous work on Agenor Linea, a right-lateral strike-slip fracture in the southern hemisphere, suggests that both tidal diurnal and non-synchronous rotation (NSR) stresses play a critical role in the mechanics of Coulomb shear failure on Europa. At Agenor Linea, shear failure from diurnal tidal stress mechanisms is difficult to achieve because the relatively large over¬burden stress (ie., 1.2 MPa at 1 km depth) dominates the stress field; however, MPa order stresses from NSR permit right-lateral shear failure along the west side of the fault at shallow depths (Astypalea Linea and Conamara Chaos will also be investigated, offering a unique comparison of geologic activity of fractures residing in geographically diverse locations of Europa.

Topographic variations in chaos on Europa: Implications for diapiric formation

Science.gov (United States)

Schenk, Paul M.; Pappalardo, Robert T.

2004-01-01

Disrupted terrain, or chaos, on Europa, might have formed through melting of a floating ice shell from a subsurface ocean [Cam et al., 1998; Greenberg et al., 19991, or breakup by diapirs rising from the warm lower portion of the ice shell [Head and Pappalardo, 1999; Collins et al., 20001. Each model makes specific and testable predictions for topographic expression within chaos and relative to surrounding terrains on local and regional scales. High-resolution stereo-controlled photoclinometric topography indicates that chaos topography, including the archetypal Conamara Chaos region, is uneven and commonly higher than surrounding plains by up to 250 m. Elevated and undulating topography is more consistent with diapiric uplift of deep material in a relatively thick ice shell, rather than melt-through and refreezing of regionally or globally thin ice by a subsurface ocean. Vertical and horizontal scales of topographic doming in Conamara Chaos are consistent with a total ice shell thickness >15 km. Contact between Europa's ocean and surface may most likely be indirectly via diapirism or convection.

Occurrence and Detectability of Thermal Anomalies on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Hayne, Paul O.; Christensen, Philip R.; Spencer, John R.; Abramov, Oleg; Howett, Carly; Mellon, Michael; Nimmo, Francis; Piqueux, Sylvain; Rathbun, Julie A.

2017-10-01

Endogenic activity is likely on Europa, given its young surface age of and ongoing tidal heating by Jupiter. Temperature is a fundamental signature of activity, as witnessed on Enceladus, where plumes emanate from vents with strongly elevated temperatures. Recent observations suggest the presence of similar water plumes at Europa. Even if plumes are uncommon, resurfacing may produce elevated surface temperatures, perhaps due to near-surface liquid water. Detecting endogenic activity on Europa is one of the primary mission objectives of NASA’s planned Europa Clipper flyby mission.Here, we use a probabilistic model to assess the likelihood of detectable thermal anomalies on the surface of Europa. The Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS) investigation is designed to characterize Europa’s thermal behavior and identify any thermal anomalies due to recent or ongoing activity. We define “detectability” on the basis of expected E-THEMIS measurements, which include multi-spectral infrared emission, both day and night.Thermal anomalies on Europa may take a variety of forms, depending on the resurfacing style, frequency, and duration of events: 1) subsurface melting due to hot spots, 2) shear heating on faults, and 3) eruptions of liquid water or warm ice on the surface. We use numerical and analytical models to estimate temperatures for these features. Once activity ceases, lifetimes of thermal anomalies are estimated to be 100 - 1000 yr. On average, Europa’s 10 - 100 Myr surface age implies a resurfacing rate of ~3 - 30 km2/yr. The typical size of resurfacing features determines their frequency of occurrence. For example, if ~100 km2 chaos features dominate recent resurfacing, we expect one event every few years to decades. Smaller features, such as double-ridges, may be active much more frequently. We model each feature type as a statistically independent event, with probabilities weighted by their observed coverage of Europa’s surface. Our results

¿Cuánto cuesta el personal según el tipo de aerolínea y su ubicación geográfica en Europa? Un análisis comparativo

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Matías Ginieis

2017-07-01

Full Text Available El objetivo principal de este estudio es establecer la relación entre el coste por empleado, los diversos tipos de aerolíneas y las diferentes zonas geográficas de Europa donde estas están ubicadas. Por tipo de aerolínea, se analizan empresas tradicionales de líneas aéreas (las principales operadoras, aerolíneas regionales y chárteres y las aerolíneas de bajo coste. Por zona geográfica, distinguimos entre cuatro regiones diferentes (Europa occidental, Europa del este, Reino Unido y países nórdicos. Con este fin, se aplicaron tres pruebas estadísticas (chi-cuadrado, anova y el test de Haberman para verificar si existe asociación y relación entre las variables seleccionadas. Se trabajó con una muestra de 152 compañías aéreas para el periodo 2008-2013. Los resultados del estudio muestran la relación entre la zona geográfica y el coste de los empleados. Sin embargo, no se ha detectado una asociación entre el tipo de aerolínea y el coste de los empleados.

Astrobiological Aspects of Radiation Chemistry in Europa's Icy Regolith

Science.gov (United States)

Carlson, R. W.; Hand, K. P.

2006-05-01

Jupiter's moon Europa, with its likely subsurface ocean and young, active surface, is a promising habitat for life. Europa orbits in the heart of Jupiter's powerful magnetosphere and suffers intense energetic particle bombardment, producing both positive and negative aspects for astrobiology at Europa. Ionizing radiation can produce oxidants that could support a radiation-driven ecology as proposed by Chyba. On the other hand, biomolecular evidence for life that may be upwelled to the surface is rapidly altered by irradiation, complicating astrobiological searches for evidence of life. We present an overview of laboratory work performed at JPL and elsewhere and observational results related to these two aspects. The oxidants hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen are known to exist on Europa and the radiolytic production of these species has been studied in the laboratory for both electron and ion irradiation. Laboratory- measured equilibrium concentrations of H2O2, where production and destruction rates are equal, are in general agreement with the observed 0.1% molar abundance on Europa. The shape of Europa's peroxide band is consistent with the line shapes observed in radiolysis and with H2O2 dispersed in water ice rather than occurring as H2O2 aggregates. Surprisingly, molecular oxygen may be even more abundant on Europa even though O2 is extremely volatile ande would be expected to escape from the ice surface. Radiolysis can produce molecular oxygen and appears to simultaneously alter the ice matrix, trapping the O2. Other species observed on Europa are CO2 and SO2, and laboratory radiolysis of these species in H2O ice produces carbonic and sulfuric acid, respectively. We are studying the radiolytic degradation of biomarkers in ice at Europa temperatures by studying both simple organics and more complex biomolecules, including microorganisms. Hydrocarbon radiolysis yields carbon dioxide and methane, which can escape the system and results in loss of carbon. In

De historische achtergronden van een Europa in crisis

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van Suijlekom, L.T.

2012-01-01

‘Der Euro ist unser gemeinsames Schicksal, und Europa ist unsere gemeinsame Zukunft‘ verklaarde bondskanselier Angela Merkel in 2010. De economische en monetaire crisis in Europa zet EU-regeringsleiders onder druk om vergaande beslissingen te nemen welke bepalend zullen zijn voor de toekomst van

Heat transfer of ascending cryomagma on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Quick, Lynnae C.; Marsh, Bruce D.

2016-06-01

Jupiter's moon Europa has a relatively young surface (60-90 Myr on average), which may be due in part to cryovolcanic processes. Current models for both effusive and explosive cryovolcanism on Europa may be expanded and enhanced by linking the potential for cryovolcanism at the surface to subsurface cryomagmatism. The success of cryomagma transport through Europa's crust depends critically on the rate of ascent relative to the rate of solidification. The final transport distance of cryomagma is thus governed by initial melt volume, ascent rate, overall ascent distance, transport mechanism (i.e., diapirism, diking, or ascent in cylindrical conduits), and melt temperature and composition. The last two factors are especially critical in determining the budget of expendable energy before complete solidification. Here we use these factors as constraints to explore conditions under which cryomagma may arrive at Europa's surface to facilitate cryovolcanism. We find that 1-5 km radius warm ice diapirs ascending from the base of a 10 km thick stagnant lid can reach the shallow subsurface in a partially molten state. Cryomagma transport may be further facilitated if diapirs travel along pre-heated ascent paths. Under certain conditions, cryolava transported from 10 km depths in tabular dikes or pipe-like conduits may reach the surface at temperatures exceeding 250 K. Ascent rates for these geometries may be high enough that isothermal transport is approached. Cryomagmas containing significant amounts of low eutectic impurities can also be delivered to Europa's surface by propagating dikes or pipe-like conduits.

The influence of meridional ice transport on Europa's ocean stratification and heat content

Science.gov (United States)

Zhu, P.; Manucharyan, G.; Thompson, A. F.; Goodman, J. C.; Vance, S.

2017-12-01

Jupiter's moon Europa likely hosts a saltwater ocean beneath its icy surface. Geothermal heating and rotating convection in the ocean may drive a global overturning circulation that redistributes heat vertically and meridionally, preferentially warming the ice shell at the equator. Here we assess thepreviously unconstrained influence of ocean-ice coupling on Europa's ocean stratification and heat transport. We demonstrate that a relatively fresh layer can form at the ice-ocean interface due to a meridional ice transport forced by the differential ice shell heating between the equator and the poles. We provide analytical and numerical solutions for the layer's characteristics, highlighting their sensitivity to critical ocean parameters. For a weakly turbulent and highly saline ocean, a strong buoyancy gradient at the base of the freshwater layer can suppress vertical tracer exchange with the deeper ocean. As a result, the freshwater layer permits relatively warm deep ocean temperatures.

Unión Europa: deudas soberanas y financiarización

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Andrea Reyes

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Reseña al libro de Alicia Girón y Marcia Solorza, Europa, deudas soberanas y financiarización, IIEc-UNAM, México, D. F, 2012, ISBN 978-607 02-3977-9 La crisis de deuda que aqueja a la zona euro en los últimos años ha sido definida como la crisis más grave desde la Gran Depresión de 1929. La profundidad de la crisis, los graves problemas que trajo, pero sobre todo las fuertes medidas de austeridad en la zona euro como parte de la solución, obligan a un estudio más profundo y amplio de la crisis; ya que se trata de cambios de gran calado que se evidencian en las graves secuelas que ha impuesto la hegemonía del sistema financiero.

O Significado da Segurança na Europa: A UE – da PESC ao Colapso da Política Externa

OpenAIRE

Charillon, Frédéric

2001-01-01

O presente artigo tem por objectivo analisar o significado da segurança na Europa. A construção do processo comunitário dada a especificidade e conteúdo ambicioso do projecto envolvente, leva o autor a passar em revista vários dossiers comunitários de onde resultam consequências sobre o conceito e práticas da segurança europeia. A reinvenção do conceito de segurança na Europa passa em muito pela inserção de novas matérias no tradicional domínio da segurança entre as quais se contam e...

Cryovolcanic Emplacement of Domes on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Quick, Lynnae C.; Glaze, Lori S.; Baloga, Stephen M.

2016-01-01

Here we explore the hypothesis that certain domes on Europa may have been produced by the extrusion of viscous cryolavas. A new mathematical method for the emplacement and relaxation of viscous lava domes is presented and applied to putative cryovolcanic domes on Europa. A similarity solution approach is applied to the governing equation for fluid flow in a cylindrical geometry, and dome relaxation is explored assuming a volume of cryolava has been rapidly emplaced onto the surface. Nonphysical sin- gularities inherent in previous models for dome relaxation have been eliminated, and cryolava cooling is represented by a time-variable viscosity. We find that at the onset of relaxation, bulk kinematic viscosities may lie in the range between 10(exp 3) and 10(exp 6) sq m/s, while the actual fluid lava viscosity may be much lower. Plausible relaxation times to form the domes, which are linked to bulk cryolava rheology, are found to range from 3.6 days to 7.5 years. We find that cooling of the cryolava, while dominated by conduction through an icy skin, should not prevent fluids from advancing and relaxing to form domes within the timescales considered. Determining the range of emplacement conditions for putative cryolava domes will shed light on Europa's resurfacing history. In addition, the rheologies and compositions of erupted cryolavas have implications for subsurface cryomagma ascent and local surface stress conditions on Europa.

La familia en Europa y el cambio social

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JUAN DÍEZ NICOLÁS

1983-01-01

Full Text Available Se analizan los cambios experimentados en la estructura familiar y los modelos de vida familiar en los 21 países miembros del Consejo de Europa, usando fuentes variadas. Las tendencias básicas observadas son : descenso del número de matrimonios, incremento de las relaciones prematrimoniales y la cohabitación, matrimonios cada vez más tardíos, incremento de los divorcios, incremento de hogares monoparentales, aumento de los nacimientos ilegítimos, descenso de la natalidad, disminución del número de hijos por matrimonio, concepción más tardía e incremento del tiempo transcurrido entre una concepción y otra., e incremento de los abortos voluntarios.

Uso de las redes sociales en el sur de Europa. Género y adolescencia

OpenAIRE

Málaga Pescador, José Luis

2017-01-01

Investigamos en esta tesis el uso de las redes sociales virtuales entre los adolescentes (de 12 a 18 años) de tres países del sur de Europa: España, Italia y Portugal. En concreto se van a estudiar el nivel de penetración de estas redes, su utilización concreta, las pautas de acceso a internet y el uso del teléfono móvil, sus hábitos como clientes o consumidores y el papel de las redes en las actividades de socialización. La información proviene de una encuesta que se aplicó a una muestra de ...

Europa y el pensamiento político del Imperio. Hacia una crítica del modernismo imperial.

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Peter Wagner

2005-03-01

Full Text Available Este ensayo sugiere que cierta forma de pensamiento ha alcanzado una posición central en la filosofía política contemporánea —una combinación de liberalismo individualista y racionalismo instrumental—. Aeste pensamiento lo denomino modernismo imperial porque se basa en una interpretación concreta del compromiso moderno con la autonomía, sesgado hacia la hegemonía. Desde ese planteamiento se procura mostrar que ésta no es la única interpretación sostenible de la modernidad y que puede estar surgiendo una auto-comprensión normativa concreta de la modernidad europea que se diferencie del modernismo imperial. El texto intenta elucidar esta tesis en dos pasos. Primero, ofrece una comparación algo esquemática del pensamiento social y político en Europa y EE.UU., muestra los rasgos básicos del modernismo imperial e indica algunas razones —históricas y contingentes— de su predominio en EE.UU., pese a que sus fuentes estén en Europa. Dado que este paso muestra que el individualismo y el instrumentalismo son los rasgos clave del modernismo imperial, el segundo paso discutirá las consecuencias de una posible futura hegemonía de ese pensamiento explorando en particular cómo la cuestión de lo común se ha vuelto problemática en la filosofía política desde el ascenso del liberalismo individualista.

El otro como punto de referencia para la educación en Europa

OpenAIRE

Wulf, Christoph

2002-01-01

En Europa la educación se tiene que convertir en una responsabilidad intercultural que considere las similitudes y diferencias entre las diferentes culturas. Cada cultura es una diversidad profunda. Por eso es importante fortalecer eso que es "otro" y apoyar la particularidades de cada cultura dada. Aceptar las diferencias es condición para crear una conciencia intercultural. El otro es un espejo en el cual vemos, descubrimos y nos investigamos a nosotros mismos. Él es la contraparte de l...

Europa y calidad docente ¿convergencia o reforma educativa? presentación del «XI Congreso de Formación del Profesorado

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José Emilio Palomero Pescador

2004-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se hace una breve presentación del «XI congreso de Formación del Profesorado: Europa y calidad docente ¿Convergencia o reforma educativa? » Con él se pretende aproximar al lector, desde una perspectiva crítica, a los principales temas de debate en torno al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior.

Tuta absoluta: una nueva plaga para el cultivo del tomate en Europa (Sesión Técnia: Hortalizas)

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Stol, W.; Griepink, F.C.; Deventer, van P.

2009-01-01

Tuta absoluta es una polilla originaria de Chile cuyas larvas producen minas en las hojas de las plantas de tomate. En las últimas décadas de este insecto se ha extendido por gran parte del continente sudamericano. Después de su primera observación en Europa (España, Valencia) en 2007, esta polilla

The Contribution of Io-Raised Tides to Europa's Diurnally-Varying Surface Stresses

Science.gov (United States)

Rhoden, Alyssa Rose; Hurford, Terry A,; Manga, Michael

2011-01-01

Europa's icy surface records a rich history of geologic activity, Several features appear to be tectonic in origin and may have formed in response to Europa's daily-varying tidal stress [I]. Strike-slip faults and arcuate features called cycloids have both been linked to the patterns of stress change caused by eccentricity and obliquity [2J[3]. In fact, as Europa's obliquity has not been directly measured, observed tectonic patterns arc currently the best indicators of a theoretically supported [4] non-negligible obliquity. The diurnal tidal stress due to eccentricity is calculated by subtracting the average (or static) tidal shape of Europa generated by Jupiter's gravitational field from the instantaneous shape, which varies as Europa moves through its eccentric orbit [5]. In other words, it is the change of shape away from average that generates tidal stress. One might expect tidal contributions from the other large moons of Jupiter to be negligible given their size and the height of the tides they raise on Europa versus Jupiter's mass and the height of the tide it raises on Europa, However, what matters for tidally-induced stress is not how large the lo-raised bulge is compared to the Jupiter-raised bulge but rather the differences bet\\Veen the instantaneous and static bulges in each case. For example, when Europa is at apocenter, Jupiter raises a tide 30m lower than its static tide. At the same time, 10 raises a tide about 0.5m higher than its static tide. Hence, the change in Io's tidal distortion is about 2% of the change in the Jovian distortion when Europa is at apocenter

REVISIÓN DEL GÉNERO AXONOPUS (POACEAE: PANICEAE: PRIMER REGISTRO DEL GÉNERO EN EUROPA Y NOVEDADES TAXONÓMICAS

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GIRALDO-CAÑAS DIEGO

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Axonopus P. Beauv. es un género nativo del continente americano, del que se conocen unas 72 especies, principalmente concentradas en el norte de Sudamérica, con algunos representantes aparentemente introducidos en el Viejo Mundo. Se registra el género Axonopus por primera vez en Europa con la especie Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi Kuhlm. Por otra parte, cinco binomios se reducen a la sinonimia de Axonopus compressus (Sw. P. Beauv. y de Axonopus scoparius (Flüggé Kuhlm. Se presentan las descripciones de las tres especies tratadas, sus sinónimos, sus ilustraciones, su distribución geográfica y ecológica, y se comentan algunas particularidades

Denkers over eenwording van heinde en verre - Ghandi en Europa

NARCIS (Netherlands)

prof. dr. Ben Hoetjes

2006-01-01

Europa raakt in de publieke beeldvorming in Nederland duidelijk op de achtergrond. Andere zaken - het nieuwe zorgstelsel, de pensioenen, de misdaad, het internationale terrorisme, mensenrechtenschendingen, natuurrampen - hebben allang de voorpagina's overgenomen. Voor Europa-aanhangers zoals

The ion environment near Europa and its role in surface energetics

Science.gov (United States)

Paranicas, C.; Ratliff, J. M.; Mauk, B. H.; Cohen, C.; Johnson, R. E.

2002-03-01

This paper gives the composition, energy spectra, and time variability of energetic ions measured just upstream of Europa. From 100 keV to 100 MeV, ion intensities vary by less than a factor of ~5 among Europa passes considered between 1997 and 2000. We use the data to estimate the radiation dose rate into Europa's surface for depths 0.01 mm - 1 m. We find that in a critical fraction of the upper layer on Europa's trailing hemisphere, energetic electrons are the principal agent for radiolysis, and their bremsstrahlung photon products, not included in previous studies, dominate the dose below about 1 m. Because ion bombardment is more uniform across Europa's surface, the radiation dose on the leading hemisphere is dominated by the proton flux. Differences exist between this calculation and published doses based on the E4 wake pass. For instance, proton doses presented here are much greater below 1 mm.

Digitalisierung des Kulturellen Erbes (Europas)

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Gruber, Marion

2011-01-01

Gruber, M. R. (2011, 13 December). Digitalisierung des Kulturellen Erbes (Europas). Guest lecture at the IPMZ - Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research, Devision Media Change & Innovation, University of Zurich, Switzerland.

ANÁLISE DINÂMICA NÃO DETERMINÍSTICA E AVALIAÇÃO DE CONFORTO HUMANO SOBRE EDIFÍCIOS MISTOS (AÇOCONCRETO) SUBMETIDOS À AÇÃO DE CARGAS DE VENTO

OpenAIRE

Barboza, Rafael Rangel; Silva, José Guilherme Santos da

2017-01-01

Resumo. Edifícios altos são caracterizados por um elevado grau de esbeltez, o que os torna mais suscetíveis a problemas referentes a vibrações excessivas, por exemplo, quando submetidos à ação dinâmica do vento. De acordo com uma tendência mundial de projeto, a crescente quantidade de edifícios altos torna o estudo do comportamento estrutural estático e dinâmico destes sistemas estruturais de grande importância para a engenharia civil, principalmente no que se refere à estabilidade global, se...

Integration of CubeSat Systems with Europa Surface Exploration Missions

Science.gov (United States)

Erdoǧan, Enes; Inalhan, Gokhan; Kemal Üre, Nazım

2016-07-01

Recent studies show that there is a high probability that a liquid ocean exists under thick icy surface of Jupiter's Moon Europa. The findings also show that Europa has features that are similar to Earth, such as geological activities. As a result of these studies, Europa has promising environment of being habitable and currently there are many missions in both planning and execution level that target Europa. However, these missions usually involve extremely high budgets over extended periods of time. The objective of this talk is to argue that the mission costs can be reduced significantly by integrating CubeSat systems within Europa exploration missions. In particular, we introduce an integrated CubeSat-micro probe system, which can be used for measuring the size and depth of the hypothetical liquid ocean under the icy surface of Europa. The systems consist of an entry module that houses a CubeSat combined with driller measurement probes. Driller measurement probes deploy before the system hits the surface and penetrate the surface layers of Europa. Moreover, a micro laser probe could be used to examine the layers. This process enables investigation of the properties of the icy layer and the environment beneath the surface. Through examination of different scenarios and cost analysis of the components, we show that the proposed CubeSat systems has a significant potential to reduce the cost of the overall mission. Both subsystem requirements and launch prices of CubeSats are dramatically cheaper than currently used satellites. In addition, multiple CubeSats may be used to dominate wider area in space and they are expandable in face of potential failures. In this talk we discuss both the mission design and cost reduction aspects.

Dome shaped features on Europa's surface

Science.gov (United States)

1997-01-01

The Solid State Imaging system aboard the spacecraft Galileo took this image of the surface of Europa on February 20, 1997 during its sixth orbit around Jupiter. The image is located near 16 North, 268 West; illumination is from the lower-right. The area covered is approximately 48 miles (80 kilometers) by 56 miles (95 kilometers) across. North is toward the top of the image.This image reveals that the icy surface of Europa has been disrupted by ridges and faults numerous times during its past. These ridges have themselves been disrupted by the localized formation of domes and other features that may be indicative of thermal upwelling of water from beneath the crust. These features provide strong evidence for the presence of subsurface liquid during Europa's recent past.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo

La paradoja eudemonista de la política de los países de Europa del Sur

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Katerina Fédorova

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Las tendencias contemporáneas de la crisis financie- ra y política en los países de Europa del Sur necesitan el análisis complejo para la formación de la estrategia eficaz anticrisis del país. El énfasis se ha puesto en el conflic- to de objetivos del perfeccionismo entre dos vectores de realización –el privado y el nacional–. Se analiza profun- damente el Estado como un organismo político según la teoría orgánica de sociedad, para aclarar los procesos regresivos que se están adelantando en los países del gru- po PIIGS de Europa del Sur. Se presta especial atención al descubrimiento de la paradoja eudemonista, la eluci- dación de lo cual solucionaría los procesos de crisis. Los resultados recibidos son importantes para los países de Europa Meridional, especialmente para los que pertene- cen al grupo PIIGS, y también, los resultados que pueden ser aplicados a cada subjeto de relaciones internacionales. Asimismo, se formulan cinco fases de procesos regresivos del Estado, que ayudarán a evaluar el grado del daño de los procesos destructivos del país. Abstract Contemporary financial and political crisis tenden- cies in the Southern European countries require a com- prehensive analysis to formulate an effective anti-crisis strategy of the country. The emphasis has been placed on a conflict of the perfectionism purposes between two vec- tors of interest –the private and the national–. It is deeply analyzed the state as a political organism, based on the organic theory of society, to clarify the regressive process- es that is developing in the PIIGS group countries of the Southern Europe. The distinctiveness of this article is the discovery of the eudemonistic paradox by the author. The elucidation of the eudaimonistic paradox will solve the problems of the crisis processes. The obtained results are important for the countries of the Southern Europe, es- pecially for the PIIGS countries, and also

Europa Kinetic Ice Penetrator (EKIP)

Data.gov (United States)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration — The goal of the proposed work is to validate an initial design for a Europa penetrator that can withstand the high g load associated with the expected hypervelocity...

The sulfur dilemma: Are there biosignatures on Europa's icy and patchy surface?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chela-Flores, J.

2006-12-01

We discuss whether sulphur traces on Jupiter's moon Europa could be of biogenic origin. The compounds detected by the Galileo mission have been conjectured to be endogenic, most likely of cryovolcanic origin, due to their non-uniform distribution in patches. The Galileo space probe first detected the sulphur compounds, as well as revealing that this moon almost certainly has a volcanically heated and potentially habitable ocean hiding beneath a surface layer of ice. In planning future exploration of Europa there are options for sorting out the source of the surficial sulphur. For instance, one possibility is searching for the sulphur source in the context of the study of the Europa Microprobe In Situ Explorer (EMPIE), which has been framed within the Jovian Minisat Explorer Technology Reference Study (ESA). It is conceivable that sulphur may have come from the nearby moon Io, where sulphur and other volcanic elements are abundant. Secondly, volcanic eruptions in Europa's seafloor may have brought sulphur to the surface. Can waste products rising from bacterial colonies beneath the icy surface be a third alternative significant factor in the sulphur patches on the Europan surface? Provided that microorganisms on Europa have the same biochemical pathways as those on Earth, over geologic time it is possible that autochthonous microbes can add substantially to the sulphur deposits on the surface of Europa. We discuss possible interpretations of the non-water-ice elements (especially the sulphur compound mercaptan) in the context of the studies for future missions. To achieve reliable biosignatures it seems essential to go back to Europa. Our work highlights the type of biogenic signatures that can be searched for when probing Europa's icy and patchy surface. (author)

Aus der Forschungspraxis: Journalism in a Global Context – Perspektiven für Afrika und Herausforderungen für Europa

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Susanne Fengler

2016-08-01

Full Text Available In der gegenwärtigen Flüchtlingskrise zeigt sich auf eklatante Weise das Informationsdefizit, das die gegenseitige mediale Wahrnehmung der europäischen und afrikanischen Länder bestimmt. Während in Deutschland und Europa Fluchtursachen und -motive zumeist junger afrikanischer Migranten falsch eingeschätzt und innerkontinentale Migrationsprozesse in Afrika nur marginal in europäischen Medien thematisiert werden, nehmen auch viele Menschen in afrikanischen Ländern nur Ausschnitte aus der Realität des Lebens in Deutschland bzw. Europa wahr. Hieran hat auch die mangelnde Medienberichterstattung in afrikanischen Ländern über Hintergründe und Folgen der Flüchtlingsbewegungen erheblichen Anteil. Der Werkstattbericht bietet auf Grundlage von zwei deutsch-afrikanischen Konferenzen, Literatursichtung und eigenen Studien eine Einschätzung der Berichterstattung auf beiden Kontinenten.

Prime note sulla tutela penale dei culti nei Paesi dell’Est Europa

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Giovanni Cimbalo

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Testo della relazione tenuta al Convegno “La Carta e la Corte” (Ferrara, 27 ottobre 2007 destinata alla pubblicazione negli Atti. SOMMARIO: 1. Alcune considerazioni preliminari sullo status delle Confessioni religiose nei paesi dell’Est Europa - 2. I nuovi orientamenti del diritto penale nell’Est Europa - 3. Le norme statali in materia di tutela penale dei culti e del sentimento religioso. 3. Le norme penali relative ai culti e a al sentimento religioso prima del 1992 nei Paesi dell’Est Europa - 4. Tipologie e tecniche legislative di tutela penale dei culti dopo il 1992 nei Paesi dell’Est Europa - 5. Alcune sommarie considerazioni.

Situación actual del VIH/SIDA en Europa: análisis de las diferencias entre países

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

María Paz Bermúdez

2003-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la situación actual del VIH/SIDA en los países europeos. Concretamente, se compara su situación con la de otras áreas geográficas del mundo, el índice de prevalencia entre los 15 y los 49 años por países, la distribución por género y edad y, finalmente, las principales vías de transmisión en cada país. Esta investigación emplea un diseño descriptivo mediante observación (análisis de documentos. Se han utilizado los datos más recientes sobre VIH/SIDA publicados por OMS y ONUSIDA. El estudio pone de manifiesto que en la región oriental, Estonia posee el índice de prevalencia más alto en el rango de edad comprendido entre los 15 y los 49 años (10,96 y en la occidental, España (6,25. La prevalencia media de VIH/SIDA entre los 15 y 49 años en Europa oriental (7,09 es casi tres veces superior a la de Europa occidental (2,60. En Georgia y Letonia el 100% de los casos de SIDA se da entre personas con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 49 años. En España el 90% de los casos también se da en este rango de edad. Rumanía es el país con mayor porcentaje de casos de niños con SIDA y posee además un alto porcentaje de mujeres con la enfermedad. En Bulgaria se da un predominio de la transmisión heterosexual (93% y en Hungría predomina la homosexual (74%. Las conclusiones más relevantes son que las vías más importantes de transmisión del VIH/SIDA en Europa son el consumo de drogas por vía parenteral y las relaciones homosexuales. Para la lucha contra el SIDA se deben realizar medidas de prevención dirigidas sobre todo a los jóvenes, puesto que la mayoría de las infecciones tiene lugar durante o poco después de la adolescencia.

"Cy Twombly: Intérprete de dos mundos" [Un artista entre Estados Unidos y Europa, entre lo clásico y lo contemporáneo

OpenAIRE

Gras Cruz, Irene

2017-01-01

Esta tesis “Cy Twombly: Intérprete de dos mundos” [Un artista entre Estados Unidos y Europa, entre lo clásico y lo contemporáneo] pretende dar a conocer al artista norteamericano Cy Twombly (1928-2011) en nuestro país y destacar la importancia que tiene dentro del panorama artístico como figura clave en un momento de efervescencia —artística y creativa— americana en el que a diferencia de sus coetáneos prefirió emigrar a Europa, concretamente a Italia. Mientras todos se trasladaban a la nueva...

"Quo vadis", Europa? Uma pergunta que não quer calar "Quo vadis", Europe? A question that will not go away

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sonia de Camargo

2004-06-01

Full Text Available Dois temas básicos são discutidos e examinados neste trabalho: a incorporação de dez novos membros aos quadros da União Européia e a constitucionalização de sua estrutura jurídico-institucional. Para tanto, proponho-me, de um lado, a reconstituir os passos político-institucionais que cobrem o período que vai de uma Europa do pós-guerra, fragmentada e enfraquecida, a uma Europa pós-Guerra Fria, pronta para se estender a todo o continente, processo que se abre em maio de 2004 com a incorporação de dez Estados vindos do Leste Europeu; de outro, a reproduzir o debate institucional entre uma Europa federal e uma Europa de Estados, o qual levou a que, em junho de 2003, fosse apresentado ao Conselho Europeu reunido em Salônica o projeto do novo Tratado da União e, em dezembro de 2003, fosse discutido, na Cúpula de Chefes de Estado da UE, reunida em Bruxelas, o texto da primeira Constituição para a Europa.Two basic themes are discussed and examined in this paper: the incorporation of ten new members into the European Union frame and the creation of institutional-legal structure supported by a Constitution. To do so, I propose, on one hand, to reconstitute the political-institutional steps which covered the period coming from post-war Europe, fragmented and weakened, to a post-Cold War Europe ready to spread throughout the continent. This process began in May 2004 with the incorporation of ten States of Eastern Europe. On the other hand, I intend to reproduce the institutional debate between a Federal Europe and a Europe of States, debate which conducted to the presentation to the European Council of the project of the new Treaty of the Union, which met in Salonika, in June 2003; second, to the discussion of the text of the first European Constitution, in the Summit of Heads of States of EU, held in Brussels, December 2003.

A Search for Signs of Life and Habitability on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Fonda, Mark (Technical Monitor); McKay, Christoper P.; Eicken, H.; Neuer, S.; Sogin, M.; Waite, H.; Warmflash, D.

2003-01-01

Europa is a key target in the search for life beyond the Earth because of consistent evidence that below the icy surface there is liquid water. Future missions to Europa could confirm the presence and nature of the ocean and determine the thickness of the ice layer. Confirming the presence of an ocean and determining the habitability of Europa are key astrobiology science objectives. Nevertheless, the highest priority objective for astrobiology will be a search for life. How could a search for life be accomplished on a near-term mission given the thick ice cover? One answer may lie in the surface materials. If Europa has an ocean, and if that ocean contains life, and if water from the ocean is carried up to the surface, then signs of life may be contained in organic material on the surface. Organics that derive from biological processes (dead organisms) are distinct from organics derived from non-biological processes in several aspects. First, biology is selective and specific in its use of molecules. For example, Earth life uses 20 left-handed amino acids. Second, biology can leave characteristic isotopic patterns. Third, biology often produces large complex molecules in high concentrations, for example lipids. Organic material that has been on the surface of Europa for long periods of time would be reprocessed by the strong radiation field probably erasing any signature of biological origin. Evidence of life in the ocean may be found on the surface of Europa if regions of the surface contained relatively recent material carried up from the ocean through cracks in the icy lithosphere. But organic material that has been on the surface of Europa for long periods of time would be reprocessed by the strong radiation field probably erasing any signature of biological origin. Thus, the detailed analysis required may not be possible via remote sensing but direct sampling of the material below the radiation processed upper meter is probably required.

Europa's surface radiation environment and considerations for in-situ sampling and biosignature detection

Science.gov (United States)

Nordheim, T.; Paranicas, C.; Hand, K. P.

2017-12-01

Jupiter's moon Europa is embedded deep within the Jovian magnetosphere and is thus exposed to bombardment by charged particles, from thermal plasma to more energetic particles at radiation belt energies. In particular, energetic charged particles are capable of affecting the uppermost layer of surface material on Europa, in some cases down to depths of several meters (Johnson et al., 2004; Paranicas et al., 2009, 2002). Examples of radiation-induced surface alteration include sputtering, radiolysis and grain sintering; processes that are capable of significantly altering the physical properties of surface material. Radiolysis of surface ices containing sulfur-bearing contaminants from Io has been invoked as a possible explanation for hydrated sulfuric acid detected on Europa's surface (Carlson et al., 2002, 1999) and radiolytic production of oxidants represents a potential source of energy for life that could reside within Europa's sub-surface ocean (Chyba, 2000; Hand et al., 2007; Johnson et al., 2003; Vance et al., 2016). Accurate knowledge of Europa's surface radiation environment is essential to the interpretation of space and Earth-based observations of Europa's surface and exosphere. Furthermore, future landed missions may seek to sample endogenic material emplaced on Europa's surface to investigate its chemical composition and to search for biosignatures contained within. Such material would likely be sampled from the shallow sub-surface, and thus, it becomes crucial to know to which degree this material is expected to have been radiation processed.Here we will present modeling results of energetic electron and proton bombardment of Europa's surface, including interactions between these particles and surface material. In addition, we will present predictions for biosignature destruction at different geographical locations and burial depths and discuss the implications of these results for surface sampling by future missions to Europa's surface.

La religión como currículo social: educación, valores e Islam en Europa

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Vicente Javier Llorent García

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Cuando la religión se convierte en parte integrante de los debates políticos modernos, las ideas religiosas influyen en las decisiones y definiciones de conceptos como la educación, la participación en el mercado laboral, la estructura y función de la familia como unidad social y la igualdad. La integración y la inmigración pasan a primer plano a medida que el concepto de ciudadanía adquiere dimensiones culturalistas y moralizantes. Finalmente, religión, política y educación se interfieren en las áreas de la vida que pertenecen a la esfera privada y pública. Desde nuestra perspectiva pedagógica, entendemos que las líneas educativas marcadas por la religión influyen notablemente en el devenir de muchos ciudadanos y se incrustan en el foro político-social. Así nos encontramos que la religión como poderoso instrumento de socialización ejerce una gran influencia intencionada en la educación y valores de los ciudadanos y se configura como el currículo social, normalmente oculto, del contexto próximo de muchos ciudadanos. La presencia del Islam y los musulmanes en Europa, aunque no es un fenómeno nuevo, es cuestionada por los Estados-nación confrontando el currículo oficial, la educación reglada, con el currículo social, muy influido por el Islam entre sus fieles. De esta manera se convierte en parte integrante de la lucha por la identidad nacional individual y colectiva, ya sea en lo referente al laicismo, la democracia o ciudadanía. Y en este sentido, queremos aportar una revisión actualizada de esta cuestión tan presente en Europa.

Power Subsystem Approach for the Europa Mission

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Ulloa-Severino Antonio

2017-01-01

Full Text Available NASA is planning to launch a spacecraft on a mission to the Jovian moon Europa, in order to conduct a detailed reconnaissance and investigation of its habitability. The spacecraft would orbit Jupiter and perform a detailed science investigation of Europa, utilizing a number of science instruments including an ice-penetrating radar to determine the icy shell thickness and presence of subsurface oceans. The spacecraft would be exposed to harsh radiation and extreme temperature environments. To meet mission objectives, the spacecraft power subsystem is being architected and designed to operate efficiently, and with a high degree of reliability.

Equilíbrio trabalho-vida : o papel do Estado e das organizações na Europa (2007/2017)

OpenAIRE

Moura, Sofia Cristina Cachatra

2017-01-01

Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos Humanos O presente estudo baseou-se na recolha e análise de estudos empíricos, sobre as políticas e práticas organizacionais e do Estado que visam o Equilíbrio Trabalho-Vida, na Europa, nos últimos dez anos, tendo como grelha de análise os modelos de conciliação trabalho-família identificados na revisão de literatura. Países com modelos mais tradicionais (e.g. conservador e mediterrâneo) concentram-se em estudos mais macro existindo uma superioridade dos ...

Identificação de espécies do gênero Aspergillus, seções Nigri, Flavi e Circumdati por taxonomia polifásica

OpenAIRE

Couto, Fabiana Aparecida

2013-01-01

Os fungos filamentosos estão entre os grupos de microrganismos que mais se destacam, devido à sua ampla utilização nos processos biotecnológicos e ambientais. Devido à grande importância destes microrganismos para o ambiente e para a humanidade, torna-se fundamental o estudo até espécies de fungos filamentosos. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de utilizar diferentes metodologias para caracterizar e identificar isolados de Aspergillus Seção Flavi, Seção Nigri e Seção Circumdati, de dif...

Las cubiertas medievales de los templos del sur de Europa: procedimientos de intervención

OpenAIRE

Benitez Bodes, Rosa María

2016-01-01

Falta resumen y palabras claves Esta Tesis centra su estudio en las cubiertas de los templos medievales (s.XIII-s.XVI) resueltas mediante azoteas o trasdosados en el Sur de Europa, solución particular que fue posible gracias a, fundamentalmente, la climatología, el comportamiento sísmico del ámbito geográfico donde se utiliza, la disponibilidad y acceso a las materias primas necesarias y la integración de culturas y tradiciones constructivas heredadas presentes en todo el arco del mar Medi...

Seismic signal and noise on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Panning, Mark; Stähler, Simon; Bills, Bruce; Castillo Castellanos, Jorge; Huang, Hsin-Hua; Husker, Allen; Kedar, Sharon; Lorenz, Ralph; Pike, William T.; Schmerr, Nicholas; Tsai, Victor; Vance, Steven

2017-10-01

Seismology is one of our best tools for detailing interior structure of planetary bodies, and a seismometer is included in the baseline and threshold mission design for the upcoming Europa Lander mission. Guiding mission design and planning for adequate science return, though, requires modeling of both the anticipated signal and noise. Assuming ice seismicity on Europa behaves according to statistical properties observed in Earth catalogs and scaling cumulative seismic moment release to the moon, we can simulate long seismic records and estimate background noise and peak signal amplitudes (Panning et al., 2017). This suggests a sensitive instrument comparable to many broadband terrestrial instruments or the SP instrument from the InSight mission to Mars will be able to record signals, while high frequency geophones are likely inadequate. We extend this analysis to also begin incorporation of spatial and temporal variation due to the tidal cycle, which can help inform landing site selection. We also begin exploration of how chaotic terrane at the bottom of the ice shell and inter-ice heterogeneities (i.e. internal melt structures) may affect anticipated seismic observations using 2D numerical seismic simulations.M. P. Panning, S. C. Stähler, H.-H. Huang, S. D. Vance, S. Kedar, V. C. Tsai, W. T. Pike, R. D. Lorenz, “Expected seismicity and the seismic noise environment of Europa,” J. Geophys. Res., in revision, 2017.

Ion Irradiation of Sulfuric Acid: Implications for its Stability on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Loeffler, M. J.; Hudson, R. L.; Moore, M. H.

2010-01-01

The Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) detected regions on Europa's surface containing distorted H2O bands. This distortion likely indicates that there are other molecules mixed with the water ice. Based on spectral comparison, some of the leading possibilities are sulfuric acid, salts. or possibly H3O(+). Previous laboratory studies have shown that sulfuric acid can be created by irradiation of H2OSO2 mixtures, and both molecules are present on Europa. In this project, we were interested in investigating the radiation stability of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and determining its lifetime on the surface of Europa.

A sociologia de Pierre Bourdieu (ou como um autor se torna indispensável ao nosso regime de leituras

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Catani Afrânio Mendes

2002-01-01

Full Text Available O artigo recupera momentos da trajetória de investigação de Bourdieu, procurando mostrar como suas obras foram incorporadas a meu regime de leituras. Com tal postura espero contribuir para que os pressupostos teóricos desse pensador se difundam entre os envolvidos com vertente significativa da sociologia contemporânea.

The ``Perrier Oceans'' Of Europa And Enceladus (Invited)

Science.gov (United States)

Matson, D.; Johnson, T. V.; Lunine, J. I.; Castillo, J. C.

2010-12-01

Icy satellites of the outer solar system can have subsurface oceans that contain significant amounts of dissolved gases. Crawford and Stevenson in their 1988 study of Europa introduced the term “Perrier Ocean” as a descriptive appellation for such situations. When pressure is reduced, for example as a consequence of faulting, over water from a Perrier ocean, gas comes out of solution in the form of bubbles. The density of the liquid is immediately reduced, and if the bubble volume is sufficient the fluid can become buoyant with respect to the icy crust. If so, the seawater-bubble mixture can rise to the surface or very near to the surface. Europa and Enceladus may represent the end-member examples of Perrier oceans. Today, Europa appears passive whereas Enceladus is erupting. Some characteristics seen at Enceladus that may be indicative of an active Perrier ocean are eruptive plumes and localized, relatively warm (“hot-spot”) thermal anomalies of significantly high heat flow (i.e., >15 GW of integrated power over Enceladus’ South Polar Region). Since Enceladus is smaller than Europa it is easier for it to erupt because less work has to be done against gravity to bring water to the surface. Crawford and Stevenson found that under today’s conditions eruptions at Europa would be difficult but not necessarily impossible. However, in the past, when the icy crust was thinner, the interior warmer, eruption of liquid to the surface regions could have been easier. Morphological evidence for past eruptions from a Perrier ocean is not necessarily unambiguous in that it may admit alternate interpretations. However, the best evidence for relatively recent activity may be some sort of thermal signature. Such anomalies may be observable to depths of tens of meters in relatively clean ice by space-borne high-precision microwave radiometry and ground-penetrating radar. This work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under

Ad populum. Parlare alla pancia: retoriche del populismo in Europa

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Yulia Ivanova

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Recensiamo il libro Ad populum. Parlare alla pancia: retorica del populismo in Europa. Eds. Bruno Capaci e Giuditta Spassini. Bologna: I libri di Emil di Odoya srl., 2016. Stampa. Review of Ad populum. Parlare alla pancia: retorica del populismo in Europa. Eds. Bruno Capaci and Giuditta Spassini. Bologna: I libri di Emil di Odoya srl., 2016. Print

Las desigualdades educativas en Europa : una cuestión de actualidad

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Marie Duru-Bellat

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Este texto analiza el progreso de las políticas educativas europeas, precisamente en un período de crisis económica cuando las preocupaciones por la eficiencia se ponen de relieve con más facilidad y se trasladan al ámbito educativo donde consiguen una atención privilegiada. Relanzar el crecimiento exigiría invertir masivamente en la enseñanza superior para estimular la innovación, y también desarrollar intensamente la formación de adultos, especialmente en sectores de población menos cualificados, con menor nivel de instrucción y más expuestos a los riesgos del paro y a las exigencias de reestructuración. En este sentido, Europa no ha esperado al periodo de crisis actual para hacer de la educación un instrumento de una política económica competitiva global. Así surge la Estrategia de Lisboa, en el año 2000. Además durante los últimos años, el objetivo de reforzar la cohesión social ha cobrado cada vez más importancia, llegando a convertirse en complemento del objetivo prioritario de eficacia económica. En la última parte, aborda de forma amplia el alcance de las políticas escolares en este contexto.This text analyzes the progress of European education policies, precisely at a time of economic crisis when efficiency concerns are more easily highlighted, and relocated into the educational environment wherethey get privileged attention. To strengthen growth would require massiveinvestment in higher education in orderto stimulate innovation, as well asdeveloping adult training intensely, especially in areas of population that are less qualified, less educated and more exposed to the risks of unemployment and the demands for restructuring.In this regard, Europe has not waited for the arrival oftoday´s current crisis period to make education an instrument of global competitive economic policies. Thus arises the Lisbon Strategy in 2000. Also in recent years, the goal of strengthening social cohesion has become increasingly

Joseph Roth, tradutor do Império perdido

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Luis S. Krausz

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Este artigo discute um folhetim jornalístico do escritor austríaco Joseph Roth que trata de uma miniatura do Templo de Salomão, encontrada por ele num café da Hirtenstrasse berlinense, no coração do que foi, na década de 1920, o bairro habitado pelos judeus do Leste da Europa na capital alemã. A nostalgia, sob cujo signo foi criada tal miniatura, torna-se uma metáfora da nostalgia pelo império Austro-Húngaro, chave para a compreensão da obra romanesca deste escritor. Ao mesmo tempo, esta nostalgia rothiana é contextualizada no âmbito das crenças místicas e messiânicas do judaísmo tradicional.

Europa's Habitability follows from Classical Dynamical Astronomy

Science.gov (United States)

Greenberg, R.

2001-11-01

Celestial mechanics is responsible for Jupiter's satellite Europa being a possible site for life in the solar system. The Laplace orbital resonance drives a substantial eccentricity. The mutually dependent relationship between orbital and rotational evolution and tidal processes in turn controls Europa's heating and stress. Heat is likely adequate to maintain a liquid water ocean, and to keep the surface ice thin. Tidal stress can explain characteristic and ubiquitous crack patterns (global and cycloidal), as well as drive observed shear displacement features. The characteristic ridge sets that cover tectonic terrain are likely built by tidal pumping of oceanic fluid and slush through cracks to the surface on a daily basis. Nearly half the surface is chaotic terrain, with morphology and other characteristics indicative of melt-through from below. Formation of both chaotic and tectonic terrains has continually resurfaced the satellite, while connecting the ocean to the surface and providing a variety of evolving environmental niches. As a result of tides, liquid water would daily bathe crustal cracks and surfaces with heat, transporting and mixing substances vertically. Thus a variety of habitable environments likely exist in the crust. Moreover, exposure of the ocean to the surface in the ways described here satisfies a necessary condition for life in the ocean as well, by providing access to oxidants which are available near the surface. These processes were recent, and thus most likely continue today. Longer term changes in environmental conditions in the crust, such as deactivation of individual cracks after thousands of years (due to non-synchronous rotation) and later crustal thawing (releasing any trapped organisms), provided drivers for adaptation, as well as opportunity for evolution. This work is supported by the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program and the NSF Life in Extreme Environments Program.

Comparing the Atmospheric Losses at Io and Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Dols, V. J.; Bagenal, F.; Crary, F. J.; Cassidy, T.

2017-12-01

At Io and Europa, the interaction of the Jovian plasma with the moon atmosphere leads to a significant loss of atomic/molecular neutrals and ions to space. The processes that lead to atmospheric escape are diverse: atmospheric sputtering, molecular dissociation, molecular ion recombination, Jeans escape etc. Each process leads to neutrals escaping at different velocities (i.e. electron impact dissociation leads to very slow atomic neutrals, sputtering might eject faster molecular neutrals). Some neutrals will be ejected out of the Jovian system; others will form extended neutral clouds along the orbit of the moons. These atomic/molecular extended neutral clouds are probably the main source of plasma for the Jovian magnetosphere. They are difficult to observe directly thus their composition and density are still poorly constrained. A future modeling of the formation of these extended clouds requires an estimate of their atmospheric sources. We estimate the atmospheric losses at Io and Europa for each loss process with a multi-species chemistry model, using a prescribed atmospheric distribution consistent with the observations. We compare the neutral losses at Io and Europa.

Thermal Coupling Between the Ocean and Mantle of Europa: Implications for Ocean Convection

Science.gov (United States)

Soderlund, Krista M.; Schmidt, Britney E.; Wicht, Johannes; Blankenship, Donald D.

2015-11-01

Magnetic induction signatures at Europa indicate the presence of a subsurface ocean beneath the cold icy crust. The underlying mantle is heated by radioactive decay and tidal dissipation, leading to a thermal contrast sufficient to drive convection and active dynamics within the ocean. Radiogenic heat sources may be distributed uniformly in the interior, while tidal heating varies spatially with a pattern that depends on whether eccentricity or obliquity tides are dominant. The distribution of mantle heat flow along the seafloor may therefore be heterogeneous and impact the regional vigor of ocean convection. Here, we use numerical simulations of thermal convection in a global, Europa-like ocean to test the sensitivity of ocean dynamics to variations in mantle heat flow patterns. Towards this end, three end-member cases are considered: an isothermal seafloor associated with dominant radiogenic heating, enhanced seafloor temperatures at high latitudes associated with eccentricity tides, and enhanced equatorial seafloor temperatures associated with obliquity tides. Our analyses will focus on convective heat transfer since the heat flux pattern along the ice-ocean interface can directly impact the ice shell and the potential for geologic activity within it.

LA REPRODUCCIÓN ASISTIDA EN EUROPA: LA LABOR ARMONIZADORA DEL TRIBUNAL EUROPEO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS

OpenAIRE

Mª DEL PILAR MOLERO MARTÍN-SALAS

2016-01-01

Uno de los principales avances científicos de las últimas décadas ha sido la reproducción asistida. Ello ha provocado la aparición de nuevos problemas jurídicos que han sido resueltos en Europa por sus Estados miembro de manera heterogénea, convirtiendo la interpretación del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos en estos últimos años en necesaria y crucial para entender la regulación europea al respecto. En este trabajo se muestra la labor de interpretación realizada por el Tribunal respec...

Europa e Africa - Anatomia di un incontro

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Zoppi, Marco

Available at: - http://ebook.edizionieiffel.com/product.php?id_product=36 or on AMAZON at:  http://www.amazon.it/Europa-Africa-Anatomia-Marco-Zoppi-ebook/dp/B01DPSBE6C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1460205243&sr=8-1&keywords=marco+zoppi The book title translates as: "Europe and Africa: anatomy of an enc......Available at: - http://ebook.edizionieiffel.com/product.php?id_product=36 or on AMAZON at:  http://www.amazon.it/Europa-Africa-Anatomia-Marco-Zoppi-ebook/dp/B01DPSBE6C/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1460205243&sr=8-1&keywords=marco+zoppi The book title translates as: "Europe and Africa: anatomy...

A Dynamical Systems Approach to the Design of the Science Orbit Around Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Gomez, Gerard; Lara, Martin; Russell, Ryan P.

2006-01-01

The science orbit for a future mission to Europa requires low eccentricity, low altitude, and high inclination. However, high inclination orbits around planetary satellites are unstable due to third-body perturbations. Without control, the orbiter impacts Europa after few weeks. To minimize control, a tour over the stable-unstable, averaged manifolds of unstable frozen orbits has been suggested. We proceed with the unaveraged equations and study the manifolds of unstable orbits that are periodic in a rotating frame attached to Europa. Massive numerical computation helps in understanding the unstable dynamics close to Europa, and, thus, in selecting long lifetime high inclination orbits. A final test of a selected set of initial conditions on a high fidelity, ephemeris model, validate the results.

Magnetospheric ion sputtering and water ice grain size at Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Cassidy, T. A.; Paranicas, C. P.; Shirley, J. H.; Dalton, J. B., III; Teolis, B. D.; Johnson, R. E.; Kamp, L.; Hendrix, A. R.

2013-03-01

We present the first calculation of Europa's sputtering (ion erosion) rate as a function of position on Europa's surface. We find a global sputtering rate of 2×1027 H2O s-1, some of which leaves the surface in the form of O2 and H2. The calculated O2 production rate is 1×1026 O2 s-1, H2 production is twice that value. The total sputtering rate (including all species) peaks at the trailing hemisphere apex and decreases to about 1/3rd of the peak value at the leading hemisphere apex. O2 and H2 sputtering, by contrast, is confined almost entirely to the trailing hemisphere. Most sputtering is done by energetic sulfur ions (100s of keV to MeV), but most of the O2 and H2 production is done by cold oxygen ions (temperature ∼ 100 eV, total energy ∼ 500 eV). As a part of the sputtering rate calculation we compared experimental sputtering yields with analytic estimates. We found that the experimental data are well approximated by the expressions of Famá et al. for ions with energies less than 100 keV (Famá, M., Shi, J., Baragiola, R.A., 2008. Sputtering of ice by low-energy ions. Surf. Sci. 602, 156-161), while the expressions from Johnson et al. fit the data best at higher energies (Johnson, R.E., Burger, M.H., Cassidy, T.A., Leblanc, F., Marconi, M., Smyth, W.H., 2009. Composition and Detection of Europa's Sputter-Induced Atmosphere, in: Pappalardo, R.T., McKinnon, W.B., Khurana, K.K. (Eds.), Europa. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.). We compare the calculated sputtering rate with estimates of water ice regolith grain size as estimated from Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) data, and find that they are strongly correlated as previously suggested by Clark et al. (Clark, R.N., Fanale, F.P., Zent, A.P., 1983. Frost grain size metamorphism: Implications for remote sensing of planetary surfaces. Icarus 56, 233-245.). The mechanism responsible for the sputtering rate/grain size link is uncertain. We also report a surface composition estimate using

A Europa no Mundo Entre as Guerras 1919-1939

OpenAIRE

Rollo, Maria Fernanda; Ribeiro, Maria Manuela Tavares; Pires, Ana Paula; Cunha, Alice; Valente, Isabel Maria Freitas

2014-01-01

O II Encontro A Europa no Mundo é dedicado ao estudo, análise, debate e interpretação das transformações políticas, económicas, sociais e culturais ocorridas na Europa durante o período entre guerras. Os textos compilados neste e-book correspondem a uma parte das comunicações apresentadas no Encontro, reflectem a investigação realizada e procuram constituir um ponto de partida para novas e mais aprofundadas reflexões.

Geochemical recovery of the Torna-Marcal river system after the Ajka red mud spill, Hungary.

Science.gov (United States)

Anton, Á D; Klebercz, O; Magyar, Á; Burke, I T; Jarvis, A P; Gruiz, K; Mayes, W M

2014-12-01

The failure of the Ajka red mud depository in October 2010 led to the largest single release of red mud into the surface water environment. This study provides a comparative assessment of stream sediment quality in the Torna-Marcal-Rába catchment between post-disaster surveys (2010) and follow up surveys at an identical suite of 21 locations in 2013. The signature of red mud apparent in initial surveys with high Al, As, Cr, Na, V was only apparent at a small number of sample stations in recent surveys. These constitute 20 km reach of affected sediments in the immediate aftermath of the spill. Concentrations of red mud-derived contaminants are predominately associated with fine fractions of the red mud (mud-derived contaminants and, along with extensive remedial efforts, has substantially limited the within-channel inventory of potentially ecotoxic metals and metalloids.

Jerarquía de valores en países de la Europa Occidental: una comparación transcultural

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

MARÍA ROS

1995-01-01

Full Text Available Hemos usado la teoría transcultural de los valores humanos desarrollada por Schwartz (1992a para analizar y comparar la jeararquía de valores de diez países de Europa occidental con respecto a la importancia de los valores en un conjunto de países del resto del mundo. Hemos encontrado que el conjunto de naciones de Europa Occidental comparten un perfil único de valores que las distingue del resto de los países. Este perfil se caracteriza por la alta prioridad que atribuyen a los valores de compromiso igualitario, autonomía intelectual y armonía y por la baja prioridad que otorgan a los valores de jerarquía y conservación. Estos resultados son explicados acudiendo a algunos factores socio-estructurales, políticos y económicos, compartidos por estos países y que les diferencian de los demás.

¿Qué conceptos políticos para Europa?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Duso, Giuseppe

2007-12-01

Full Text Available This paper aims to face up the problem of the method in connection with the political concepts which are necessaries to think about Europa. That involves a philosophical- political reflection and a table of historical- conceptual orientation. Becomes also necessary the reference to an extensive critical work about modern political concepts, which raises questions about their supposed universality, but that manages at the same time to discuss with the thought of a long tradition which has in the Greek world her origin. It seems not possible to face up and to understand the problems which come up from the process that leads to the European Union with the concepts that have resulted in the State doctrine and that are the backbone of modern constitutions. These concepts are born in the heart of the doctrines of social contract and natural right and they are useful to a political form which has as inseparables poles the rights of individuals and the sovereignty of the political corps. Europe, because indeed of the plurality of the members which make her up, requires on the one hand the superseding of the concept of sovereignty of the States but on the other hand should not think about herself as a new sovereignty, or as a new and wider state magnitude. The superseding of the political conceptuality which is condensed in the sovereignty involves at the same time the fact of rethinking about those concepts —such as individual, equality, liberty— that, in the way in which have been thought starting from the modern iusnaturalism, appear as the logical foundations of sovereignty.

Este texto se propone afrontar el problema del método en relación con los conceptos políticos necesarios para pensar Europa. Esto implica una reflexión de tipo filosófico- político y un cuadro de orientación histórico-conceptual. Se hace necesaria la referencia a un extenso trabajo crítico acerca de los conceptos políticos modernos que pone en cuestión su

L'Europa accelera sul progetto Grid

CERN Document Server

2003-01-01

"Il consorzio pan-europeo Egee sta pilotando a Bruxelles la complessa operazione che dotera' l'Europa di un mercato comune delle risorse di calcolo sulla base del modello Grid (griglia di calcolo, trasporto e distribuzione di dati)" (1 page).

Core ethical values: EuropaBio.

Science.gov (United States)

2002-01-01

EuropaBio, the European Association for BioIndustries, represents 40 companies operating world wide and 14 national association (totaling around 600 small and medium-sized enterprises) involved in the research, development, testing, manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution of biotechnology products and services in the fields of healthcare, agriculture, food and the environment.

Las Comunidades Terapéuticas para el Tratamiento de la Drogodependencia en Europa

OpenAIRE

Paolo Stocco

2008-01-01

Después de una breve introduccción sobre el concepto de drogodependencia que se podría entender como un modo de auto curación y un modo errado de resolver problemas personales y de relación y después de brindar una visión panorámica sobre el consumo de sustancias en Europa, el artículo aborda el tema de los tratamientos de rehabilitación en las comunidades terapéuticas y brinda un panorama general sobre la evolución de los escenarios terapéuticos de los tratamientos residenciales en las com...

Iê, vamos embora camará! Iê, mundo afora camará... : sobre a capoeira e sua difusão pela Europa

OpenAIRE

Bernardo Velloso Fernandez Conde

2010-01-01

A presente pesquisa parte da interpretação do jogo da capoeira a fim de buscar entender sua difusão na Europa. Cidades como Paris, Madri, Barcelona, Berlim, Frankfurt, Bruxelas, Lisboa entre outras, abrigam, cada vez mais, grupos de capoeira que difundem não só a língua portuguesa, mas uma ética particular no que se refere a interação com a alteridade. Aqui se buscou estabelecer quais adaptações foram necessárias para uma capoeira europeia, e o que essa capoeira tinha a oferecer a esses cida...

Europa Nostra medal Tartusse / Karin Hallas-Murula

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Hallas-Murula, Karin, 1957-

2002-01-01

Alvar Aalto projekteeritud Tammekannu villa (1932) Tartus pälvis Europa Nostra medali, mis antakse eriti õnnestunult renoveeritud objektile. Villa renoveeriti soome arhitekti Tapani Mustoneni projekti järgi

Signature of Europa's Ocean Density on Gravity Data

Science.gov (United States)

Castillo, J. C.; Rambaux, N.

2015-12-01

Observations by the Galileo mission at Europa and Cassini-Huygens mission at Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Enceladus, and Titan have found deep oceans at these objects with evidence for the presence of salts. Salt compounds are the products of aqueous alteration of the rock phase under hydrothermal conditions and have been predicted theoretically for these objects per analogy with carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies. Evidence for salt enrichment comes from magnetometer measurements (Galilean satellites), direct detection in the case of Enceladus, and inversion of the gravity data obtained at Titan. While there is direct detection for the presence of chlorides in icy grains ejected from Enceladus, the chemistry of the oceans detected so far, or even their densities, remain mostly unconstrained. However the increased ocean density impacts the interpretation of the tidal Love number k2and this may introduce confusion in the inference of the icy shell thickness from that parameter. We will present estimates of k2for a range of assumptions on Europa's hydrospheric structure that build on geophysical observations obtained by the Galileo mission combined with new models of Europa's interior. These models keep track of the compositions of the hydrated core and oceanic composition in a self-consistent manner. We will also estimate the electrical conductivity corresponding to the modeled oceanic composition. Finally we will explore how combining electromagnetic, topographic, and gravity data can decouple the signatures of the shell thickness and ocean composition on these geophysical observations. Acknowledgement: This work is being carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract to NASA. Government sponsorship acknowledged.

Biomarkers on Europa: Unique signatures produced by radiolysis?

Science.gov (United States)

Carlson, R. W.; Hand, K. P.

A promising habitat for life is Jupiter's moon Europa, with its likely ocean under a young, active surface. Europa orbits in the heart of Jupiter's powerful magnetosphere and suffers intense energetic particle bombardment, producing both good and bad aspects for astrobiology at Europa. Ionizing radiation can produce oxidants that could support a radiation-driven ecology as proposed by Chyba. On the other hand, biomolecular evidence for oceanic life that may be emplaced on the surface is rapidly altered by radiation, perhaps complicating astrobiological searches for evidence of life. We are studying the radiolytic degradation of molecular biomarkers in ice at Europa temperatures by studying both simple organics and more complex biomolecules, including microorganisms. High energy (1-100 keV) electron irradiation is employed and the products are analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, thermal desorption mass spectroscopy, and laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy. Hydrocarbon radiolysis yields carbon dioxide and methane which can escape the system and results in the net loss of carbon. Aliphatic molecules with C=O bonds are formed and thought to be mainly polymethylene oxides. When heated, they polymerize to form brown, high-molecular-weight refractory residues with linear, spherical, and ring- shaped macrostructures, typically many tens of micrometers in size. Laser desorption mass spectra of the residues are not overly complex and are different for each initial species. Radiolysis of microorganisms shows the destruction of amine, amide, methyl, and methylene groups, and production of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitriles, and isocyanates. Mass spectra of irradiated B. pumilus spores are different and surprisingly less complex than those of unirradiated spores. It is possible that unique, diagnostic biosignatures may exist in mass spectra of irradiated microorganisms.

The ionosphere of Europa from Galileo radio occultations

Science.gov (United States)

Kliore, A. J.; Hinson, D. P.; Flasar, F. M.; Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.

1997-01-01

The Galileo spacecraft performed six radio occultation observations of Jupiter's Galilean satellite Europa during its tour of the jovian system. In five of the six instances, these occultations revealed the presence of a tenuous ionosphere on Europa, with an average maximum electron density of nearly 10(4) per cubic centimeter near the surface and a plasma scale height of about 240 +/- 40 kilometers from the surface to 300 kilometers and of 440 +/- 60 kilometers above 300 kilometers. Such an ionosphere could be produced by solar photoionization and jovian magnetospheric particle impact in an atmosphere having a surface density of about 10(8) electrons per cubic centimeter. If this atmosphere is composed primarily of O2, then the principal ion is O2+ and the neutral atmosphere temperature implied by the 240-kilometer scale height is about 600 kelvin. If it is composed of H2O, the principal ion is H3O+ and the neutral temperature is about 340 kelvin. In either case, these temperatures are much higher than those observed on Europa's surface, and an external heating source from the jovian magnetosphere is required.

SALTS AND RADIATION PRODUCTS ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brown, M. E.; Hand, K. P.

2013-01-01

The surface of Europa could contain the compositional imprint of an underlying interior ocean, but competing hypotheses differ over whether spectral observations from the Galileo spacecraft show the signature of ocean evaporates or simply surface radiation products unrelated to the interior. Using adaptive optics at the W. M. Keck Observatory, we have obtained spatially resolved spectra of most of the disk of Europa at a spectral resolution ∼40 times higher than seen by the Galileo spacecraft. These spectra show a previously undetected distinct signature of magnesium sulfate salts on Europa, but the magnesium sulfate is confined to the trailing hemisphere and spatially correlated with the presence of radiation products like sulfuric acid and SO 2 . On the leading, less irradiated, hemisphere, our observations rule out the presence of many of the proposed sulfate salts, but do show the presence of distorted water ice bands. Based on the association of the potential MgSO 4 detection on the trailing side with other radiation products, we conclude that MgSO 4 is also a radiation product, rather than a constituent of a Europa ocean brine. Based on ocean chemistry models, we hypothesize that, prior to irradiation, magnesium is primarily in the form of MgCl 2 , and we predict that NaCl and KCl are even more abundant, and, in fact, dominate the non-ice component of the leading hemisphere. We propose observational tests of this new hypothesis.

SALTS AND RADIATION PRODUCTS ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brown, M. E. [Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States); Hand, K. P., E-mail: mbrown@caltech.edu [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 (United States)

2013-04-15

The surface of Europa could contain the compositional imprint of an underlying interior ocean, but competing hypotheses differ over whether spectral observations from the Galileo spacecraft show the signature of ocean evaporates or simply surface radiation products unrelated to the interior. Using adaptive optics at the W. M. Keck Observatory, we have obtained spatially resolved spectra of most of the disk of Europa at a spectral resolution {approx}40 times higher than seen by the Galileo spacecraft. These spectra show a previously undetected distinct signature of magnesium sulfate salts on Europa, but the magnesium sulfate is confined to the trailing hemisphere and spatially correlated with the presence of radiation products like sulfuric acid and SO{sub 2}. On the leading, less irradiated, hemisphere, our observations rule out the presence of many of the proposed sulfate salts, but do show the presence of distorted water ice bands. Based on the association of the potential MgSO{sub 4} detection on the trailing side with other radiation products, we conclude that MgSO{sub 4} is also a radiation product, rather than a constituent of a Europa ocean brine. Based on ocean chemistry models, we hypothesize that, prior to irradiation, magnesium is primarily in the form of MgCl{sub 2}, and we predict that NaCl and KCl are even more abundant, and, in fact, dominate the non-ice component of the leading hemisphere. We propose observational tests of this new hypothesis.

The rotation and fracture history of Europa from modeling of tidal-tectonic processes

Science.gov (United States)

Rhoden, Alyssa Rose

release on faults and uses a Coulomb failure criterion. Both of these models can be used to predict the direction of net displacement along faults. Until now, the tidal walking model has been the only model that reproduces the observed global pattern of strike-slip displacement; the shell tectonics model incorporates a more physical treatment of fault mechanics and reproduces this global pattern. Both models fit the regional patterns of observed strike-slip faults better when a small obliquity is incorporated into calculations of tidal stresses. Shell tectonics is also distinct from tidal walking in that it calculates the relative growth rates of displacements in addition to net slip direction. Examining these growth rates, I find that certain azimuths and locations develop offsets more quickly than others. Because faults with larger offsets are easier to identify, this may explain why observed faults cluster in azimuth in many regions. The growth rates also allow for a more sophisticated statistical comparison between the predictions and observations. Although the slip directions of >75% of faults are correctly predicted using shell tectonics and 1° of obliquity, a portion of these faults could be fit equally well with a random model. Examining these faults in more detail has revealed a region of Europa in which strike-slip faults likely formed through local extensional and compressional deformation rather than as a result of tidal shear stress. This approach enables a better understanding of the tectonic record, which has implications on Europa's rotation history.

Modeling the Interaction of Europa with the Jovian Magnetosphere

Science.gov (United States)

Rubin, M.; Combi, M. R.; Daldorff, L.; Gombosi, T. I.; Hansen, K. C.; Jia, X.; Kivelson, M. G.; Tenishev, V.

2011-12-01

The interaction of Jupiter's corotating magnetosphere with Europa's subsurface water ocean is responsible for the observed induced dipolar magnetic field. Furthermore the pick-up process of newly ionized particles from Europa's neutral atmosphere alters the magnetic and electric field topology around the moon. We use the Block-Adaptive-Tree-Solarwind-Roe-Upwind-Scheme (BATS-R-US) of the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) to model the interaction of Europa with the Jovian magnetosphere. The BATS-R-US code solves the governing equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in a fully 3D adaptive mesh. In our approach we solve the equations for one single ion species, starting from the work by Kabin et al. (J. Geophys. Res., 104, A9, 19983-19992, 1999) accounting for the exospheric mass loading, ion-neutral charge exchange, and ion-electron recombination. We continue by separately solving the electron pressure equation and furthermore extend the magnetic induction equation by the resistive and Hall terms. The resistive term accounts for the finite electron diffusivity and thus allows a more adequate description of the effect of magnetic diffusion due to collisions [Ledvina et al., Sp. Sci. Rev., 139:143-189, 2008]. For this purpose we use ion-electron and electron-neutral collision rates presented by Schunk and Nagy (Ionospheres, Cambridge University Press, 2000). The Hall term allows ions and electrons to move at different velocities while the magnetic field remains frozen to the electrons. The assumed charge neutrality of the ion-electron plasma is maintained everywhere at all times. The model is run at different phases of Jupiter's rotation reflecting the different locations of Europa with respect to the center of the plasma sheet and is compared to measurements obtained by the Galileo magnetometer [Kivelson et al., J. Geophys. Res., 104:4609-4626, 1999]. The resulting influence on the induced magnetic dipolar field is studied and compared to the results from the

Search for bacterial waste as a possible signature of life on Europa

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bhattacherjee, A.B.; Chela-Flores, J.

2004-07-01

Observations of the icy Jovian moon Europa by the Galileo spacecraft served to stimulate conceptual planning for missions to Europa to search for signs of life in the volcanically-heated ocean presumed to underlie its thick icy surface. Liquid water is thought to be an essential ingredient for life, so the existence of a second water ocean in the solar system would be of paramount importance in any search for life beyond earth. In-situ measurements will be needed to directly explore the Europan ocean. The wide range of thermal and pressure environments expected on Europa provide a considerable challenge in designing an instrument package. (author)

Examining Microbial Survival During Infall onto Europa: An Important Limit on the Origin of Potential European Life

Science.gov (United States)

Fries, M.; Conrad, P.; Matney, M.; Steele, A.

2015-01-01

Previous work shows that transfer of material from Earth to Europa is statistically possible, opening the question of whether terrestrial biota may have transferred to Europa to populate that world. Transfer of viable organisms is a function of parameters such as ejection shock, radiation exposure, and others, applied across four phases in the transfer process: ejection from the parent body, transport through interplanetary space, infall onto the target world, and biological adaptation. If terrestrial biota could survive transport to Europa, then biology on Europa may be either the product of a separate and unrelated origin or they are the descendants of transferred terrestrial organisms. If, however, transfer of viable organisms is impossible, then any biota present on Europa must be the product of a biological origin independent from terrestrial life. We will investigate the survival likelihood of material falling onto Europa.

Can a future mission detect a habitable ecosystem on Europa, or Ganymede?

Science.gov (United States)

Chela Flores, Julian

2010-05-01

habitable ecosystem has emerged on Europa. The test is well within reach of available technology that is needed for planning the eventual penetrator payload. References (*) Bland, M. T. et al. (2009) The orbital-thermal evolution and global expansion of Ganymede. Icarus 200, 207-221. Carlson, R. W. et al. (1999) Sulfuric Acid on Europa and the Radiolytic Sulfur Cycle. Science 286, 97-99. Chela-Flores, J. (2010) Instrumentation for the search of habitable ecosystems in the future exploration of Europa and Ganymede. International Journal of Astrobiology, in press. http://www.ictp.it/chelaf/jcfSeamless.pdf Gowen, R. et al. (2009) Looking for Astrobiological Signatures with Penetrators on Europa. Physical and Engineering Sciences Exploratory Workshops, Abstracts, Mulhouse, France. http://www.ictp.it/chelaf/ESFsummary.pdf Grasset, O. et al. (2009) "The Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter as part of the ESA/NASA Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM),EPSC Abstracts, 4: EPSC2009-784, European Planetary Science Congress. Kiyosu, Y. and Krouse, H.R. (1990) The role of organic acid in the abiogenic reduction of sulfate and the sulfur isotope effect. Geochemical Journal 24, 21-27. McCord et al. (1997) Organics and Other Molecules in the Surfaces of Callisto and Ganymede. Science 278, 271 - 275. McCord, T. B. et al. (1999) Hydrated salt minerals on Europa's Surface from the Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) investigation. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 11827-11851. Shen, Y. and Buick, R. (2004) The antiquity of microbial sulfate reduction. Earth-Science Reviews 64, 243-272. Wortmann, U.G. et al. (2001) Hypersulfidic deep biosphere indicates extreme sulfur isotope fractionation during single-step microbial sulfate reduction. Geology 29, 647-650. (*) Please notice that in both website references to the Academic Page of the author, the reader should insert the symbol twiddle in front of chelaf.

El reto del Mediterráneo en un mundo de crisis humanitarias

OpenAIRE

Swing, William Lacy

2016-01-01

Aunque el elevado número de migrantes y refugiados que llegaron a Europa en 2015 ha hecho que la tensión y las presiones se incrementen, esta crisis no supera la capacidad de Europa de gestionarla de forma conjunta como Unión. Necesitamos un pensamiento y una acción que sean osados y colectivos para desarrollar un enfoque verdaderamente global.

ASPECTOS SOCIO-ECONÓMICOS DE LAS MIGRACIONES RECIENTES EN ESPAÑA EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA EUROPA MERIDIONAL. ELEMENTOS PARA UNA POSIBLE TEORÍA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gaetano Ferrieri

1996-01-01

Full Text Available Se analizan la s características geográficas y la s implicaciones socio-económicas de los recientes flujos inmigratorios que re cibe España, relacionando las tendencias econó- micas y las tendencias migratorias; el ejempl o español se estudia en el contexto de la Europa meridional, como nueva meta de las migraciones internacionales. El estudio concluye con la propuesta de una posible te oría sobre el ciclo migratorio-económico.

SLUSH: Europa Hybrid Deep Drill, Phase I

Data.gov (United States)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration — There are at least two fundamental design approaches one could use when trying to penetrate the icy shell on Europa and other planetary bodies: a melt probe and an...

La Política exterior colombiana en relación con la formación de nuevos estados en Europa Centro-Oriental.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

John Simon Gabriel Ramjas.

2004-07-01

Full Text Available Han pasado un poco más de diez años desde cuando se produjeron los procesos de desintegración de los antiguos Estados federados de Europa Centro-Oriental (Unión Soviética, diciembre de 1991; Yugoslavia, junio 1991 – abril de 1992; y Checoslovaquia, diciembre de 1992. Estos procesos han tenido implicaciones no sólo para Europa y el Occidente, sino también para países como Colombia. De hecho, todo país ha tenido que fijar una posición respecto a los sucesos políticos ocurridos en la región, y en particular determinar su relacionamiento con los nuevos Estados surgidos. Y en efecto, durante este periodo Colombia ha venido reconociendo y estableciendo relaciones diplomáticas con esos nuevos Estados. La gestión diplomática silenciosa, realizada durante estos años, ha sido poco difundida por los medios de comunicación y centros académicos, a pesar de que constituye una de las labores más importantes adelantadas por la Cancillería en relación con Europa Centro-Oriental. Durante este periodo, Colombia reconoció y/o estableció relaciones diplomáticas con un total de 22 nuevos Estados surgidos en la región, el presente texto desarrolla una reflexión sobre cómo se ha adelantado esta gestión, e indaga sobre cuál ha sido la política del país en relación con esos nuevos Estados.

Murilo, o surrealismo e a religião

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Raúl Antelo

2006-06-01

Full Text Available O recente centenário de Murilo Mendes nos forneceu a ocasião para avaliar de que modo se vinculam, em sua obra, poesia, religião e modernidade 2. Creio, em poucas palavras, antecipando o argumento que pretendo desenvolver, que em Murilo Mendes podemos encontrar uma posição eqüidistante entre, de um lado, o cristianismo escriturário, e sua crença de uma verdade única, ainda que essa singularidade esteja igualmente aberta à indeterminação dos sistemas significantes e, de outro, o relativismo hermenêutico, que rechaça a idéia de que possa haver uma verdade final e definitiva. Porém, para poder demonstrar esta minha hipótese, torna-se necessário uma análise do ambiente cultural em que Murilo elabora seus conceitos a respeito de religião e literatura, reconstruindo, notadamente, o debate que, mesmo na Europa de entre-guerras, suscitavam estas questões.

Cibercrimen y cibervictimización en Europa: instituciones involucradas en la prevención del ciberdelito en el Reino Unido

OpenAIRE

Marta María Aguilar Cárceles

2015-01-01

El objetivo es realizar una revisión en materia de prevención del cibercrimen en el ámbito europeo. De acuerdo con los datos estadísticos, Europa es el segundo territorio con mayor número de ciberusuarios a nivel mundial; se destaca el Reino Unido, por ser uno de los países que han destinado más entidades a la prevención del ciberdelito. Por este motivo, por ser el segundo país de la Unión Europea con mayor número de ciberusuarios en la red -y el primero en relación con Facebook-, se ha decid...

PROBING FOR EVIDENCE OF PLUMES ON EUROPA WITH HST /STIS

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sparks, W. B.; Bergeron, E.; Cracraft, M.; Deustua, S. E.; Hand, K. P.; McGrath, M. A.

2016-01-01

Roth et al. (2014a) reported evidence for plumes of water venting from a southern high latitude region on Europa: spectroscopic detection of off-limb line emission from the dissociation products of water. Here, we present Hubble Space Telescope direct images of Europa in the far-ultraviolet (FUV) as it transited the smooth face of Jupiter to measure absorption from gas or aerosols beyond the Europa limb. Out of 10 observations, we found 3 in which plume activity could be implicated. Two observations showed statistically significant features at latitudes similar to Roth et al., and the third at a more equatorial location. We consider potential systematic effects that might influence the statistical analysis and create artifacts, and are unable to find any that can definitively explain the features, although there are reasons to be cautious. If the apparent absorption features are real, the magnitude of implied outgassing is similar to that of the Roth et al. feature; however, the apparent activity appears more frequently in our data.

Reflexiones teóricas sobre la evolución de la ilegitimidad en Europa (1945-1948

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

JUAN DÍEZ MEDRANO

1984-01-01

Full Text Available No se puede explicar la evolución de la ilegitimidad en Europa atendiendo a explicaciones convencionales. La mayor libertad sexual y la opción de no legitimizar el nuevo nacimiento tras un embarazo prematrimonial figuran entre los principales determinantes de esta evolución. Se concede una especial atención al caso español. Así, se observa que únicamente desde 1975 se observa un ligero incremento de la ilegitimidad. El análisis muestra que los matrimonios de urgencia dominan todavía en España debido a una combinación de factores : mayor libertad sexual, embarazos no deseados y presiones familiares sobre la población joven. Se usan datos del INE para crear cifras y ratios de ilegitimidad, para la mayor parte del análisis está basado en las principales tendencias de indicadores como la tasa de abortos y el uso de contraceptivos en la bibliografía actual. Así, el contexto es, sobre todo, teórico, aunque basado en modelos observables y medibles de los últimos cuarenta años.

Forschung weltweit anerkannt: lernen von Europa

CERN Multimedia

Lorbeere, K

2006-01-01

Europa is better than its reputation. On one hand, the old continent, with the CERN, has the most modern research center for particle physics of the world; in addition, international groupings of companies as Microsoft use the research laboratories in Europe and thus use the know-how of the European scientists

Televisión regional en la Europa de las Identidades

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bernat López

2015-01-01

Full Text Available En Europa cerca de trescientos emisoras ahora ofrecen varios servicios comparten una característica peculiar: sirven a pequeños territorios no estatales y/o comunidades étnico-culturales diferenciadas. Comenta de hacia dónde irá la televisión regional en Europa corresponde la palabra "incertidumbre". Tan solo mediante un estrechamiento de la relación con la audiencia y una política abierta e innovadora podrán las televisiones regionales afrontar el futuro con garantías.

DETECTION OF A HYDROGEN CORONA IN HST Ly α IMAGES OF EUROPA IN TRANSIT OF JUPITER

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Roth, Lorenz; Ivchenko, Nickolay; Schlatter, Nicola [KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden); Retherford, Kurt D.; Becker, Tracy M.; Grava, Cesare [Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (United States); Strobel, Darrell F. [Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (United States)

2017-02-01

We report far-ultraviolet observations of Europa in transit of Jupiter obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope on six occasions between 2014 December and 2015 March. Absorption of Jupiter’s bright hydrogen Ly α dayglow is detected in a region several moon radii above the limb in all observations. The observed extended absorption provides the first detection of an atomic hydrogen corona around Europa. Molecular constituents in Europa’s global sputtered atmosphere are shown to be optically thin to Ly α . The observations are consistent with a radially escaping H corona with maximum densities at the surface in the range of (1.5–2.2) × 10{sup 3} cm{sup −3}, confirming the abundances predicted by Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, we search for anomalies around the limb of Europa from absorption by localized high H{sub 2}O abundances from active plumes. No significant local absorption features are detected. We find that an H{sub 2}O plume with line-of-sight column density in the order of 10{sup 16} cm{sup −2}, as inferred by Roth et al. would not be detectable based on the statistical fluctuations of the transit measurements, and hence is not excluded or further constrained. The presence of plumes with line-of-sight column densities of >2 × 10{sup 17} cm{sup −2} can be excluded at a 3- σ level during five of our six observations.

Repensar el espacio (rural: entre la individualización y el campo global

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ángel Paniagua-Mazorra

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Con frecuencia el análisis de la ruralidad, desde diversas perspectivas, ha constituido el corazón de los estudios rurales. No obstante, la nueva ruralidad en Latinoamérica o la reestructuración y cambio rural en Europa han constituido construcciones teóricas, en las que se ha evidenciado su limitación para explicar de forma global la complejidad de fenómenos desarrollados en áreas rurales. Esto puede estar dando paso a una etapa donde adquieren más peso los marcos teóricos de carácter más general y transversal en la explicación de fenómenos y procesos sociales, espaciales y ambientales. Ello supone, a partir de diversas perspectivas, vencer la idea de lo rural como una categoría fija y rígida, por categorías más flexibles, donde en muchas ocasiones la ruralidad se ve solapada y forzosamente asociada a categorías como ambientalismo, lugar, movilidad, identidad, etnicidad, que se pueden utilizar transversalmente de una manera dúctil. En esta tendencia se propone un nuevo concepto: elcampoindividualglobal.

Política, planificación y minorias lingüísticas en Europa: ¿qué porvenir para el próximo siglo?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Soledad Pérez

1998-01-01

Full Text Available En Europa, las relaciones internacionales han aumentado de manera tan notable desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial que los contactos entre los pueblos de lenguas diferentes se han multiplicado gracias a los medios de transporte y de comunicación. Europa se caracteriza por una gran diversidad lingüística, consecuencia de la evolución histórica de los países, de las migraciones de poblaciones, de los flujos de refugiados. de las políticas económicas, culturales, lingüísticas y educativas. Las fronteras de las lenguas no siempre coinciden con las fronteras políticas y administrativas de los Estados, lo que puede fomentar el desarrollo de los conflictos. Las minorías lingüísticas reivindican el derecho a la enseñanza en La lengua materna. Se han encontrado, sin embargo, varias soluciones a este problema, tales como la introducción de las lenguas regionales en el currículo y/o la educación bilingüe en las regiones lingüísticas. La pregunta clave de este artículo es: ¿qué educación bilingüe (lengua materna/lengua mayoritaria del país es posible en el próximo siglo?. 

Trepartsforhandlinger i Danmark og Europa følges ikke ad

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Mailand, Mikkel

2016-01-01

Trepartsforhandlinger med flere emner på dagsordenen flore-rede særligt i 1990’erne og tidligt i 00’erne rundt omkring i Europa, hvor de var fraværende i Danmark. Efter den øko-nomiske krise synes billedet at være vendt.......Trepartsforhandlinger med flere emner på dagsordenen flore-rede særligt i 1990’erne og tidligt i 00’erne rundt omkring i Europa, hvor de var fraværende i Danmark. Efter den øko-nomiske krise synes billedet at være vendt....

Ampliando la protección a segundas indicaciones en Europa: swiss-type claim y european-type claim

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Carlos Augusto Conde-Gutiérrez

2015-06-01

Full Text Available La Oficina de Patentes Europea (EPO protege las segundas indicaciones o usos sobre composiciones o sustancias ya existentes en el estado de la técnica con el ánimo de incentivar a la industria farmacéutica en Europa. Este artículo explora los aspectos legales y técnicos mediante los cuales la EPO ha otorgado patentes no solo a segundas indicaciones, sino también a terceras o sucesivas indicaciones. En particular, se analiza el alcance del Swiss-type Claim y el European-type Claim. De igual manera, se realiza un análisis comparativo entre el Convenio sobre Patentes Europeo y decisiones de la EPO, y la Decisión 486 de 2000 de la Comunidad Andina (Régimen Común sobre Propiedad Industrial sobre segundas indicaciones.

Fathoms Below: Propagation of Deep Water-driven Fractures and Implications for Surface Expression and Temporally-varying Activity at Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Walker, C. C.; Craft, K.; Schmidt, B. E.

2015-12-01

The fracture and failure of Europa's icy shell are not only observable scars of variable stress and activity throughout its evolution, they also serve key as mechanisms in the interaction of surface and subsurface material, and thus crucial aspects of the study of crustal overturn and ice shell habitability. Galileo images, our best and only reasonable-resolution views of Europa until the Europa Multiple Flyby Mission arrives in the coming decades, illustrates a single snapshot in time in Europa's history from which we deduce many temporally-based hypotheses. One of those hypotheses, which we investigate here, is that sub-surface water-both in the form of Great Lake-sized perched water pockets in the near-surface and the larger global ocean below-drives the deformation, fracture, and failure of the surface. Using Galileo's snapshot in time, we use a 2D/3D hydraulic fracturing model to investigate the propagation of vertical fractures upward into the ice shell, motion of water within and between fractures, and the subsequent break-up of ice over shallow water, forming the chaos regions and other smaller surface features. We will present results from a cohesive fragmentation model to determine the time over which chaos formation occurs, and use a fracking model to determine the time interval required to allow water to escape from basal fractures in the ice shell. In determining the style, energy, and timescale of these processes, we constrain temporal variability in observable activity and topography at the surface. Finally, we compare these results to similar settings on Earth-Antarctica-where we have much higher resolution imagery and observations to better understand how sub-surface water can affect ice surface morphology, which most certainly have implications for future flyby and surface lander exploration.

Contratación Pública electrónica en Europa y América Latina

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Carlos Delpiazzo

2011-12-01

Full Text Available La convergencia tecnológica (de la Informática y las Telecomunicaciones y la convergencia jurídica (de los Derechos administrativos impuesta por la globalización han aparejado sensibles transformaciones en el campo de la contratación pública. Partiendo de la consideranción de los acuerdos alcanzados en materia a nivel de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC, de la Unión Europea (UE y del Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR, el trabajo examina cómo se ha evolucionado hacia la regulación de la contratación pública por medios electrónicos en Europa y América Latina.

Aspectos globales de la patentabilidad de las invenciones implementadas por ordenador. estado actual y nuevas perspectivas

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Manuel Guerrero Gaitán

2007-01-01

Full Text Available En el presente escrito se exponen, en primer lugar, las particularidades de la industria del software, que debido a su rápido y peculiar desarrollo, producen importantes efectos colaterales en toda la cadena productiva, haciendo de esta manera, vital la elección de la forma de protección dada por la disciplina de la propiedad intelectual. Paso seguido, se aborda la evolución de la protección que se ha dado al software hasta llegar al consenso mayoritariamente aceptado de protección por vía del derecho de autor, para posteriormente analizar el objeto de protección, tanto de las patentes de invención, como del derecho de autor, con el fin de presentar las ventajas y desventajas de la protección dada por los dos sistemas. Posteriormente, se presenta de forma global una descripción de la situación actual en Europa, Estados Unidos, China y Japón. Para finalizar, se formulan algunos comentarios acerca de los efectos y riesgos que supondría la aplicación generalizada del sistema de patentes a las invenciones implementadas por ordenador.

La explotación sexual y las políticas de lucha contra la trata de seres humanos en España y Europa

OpenAIRE

López Villanueva, Enrique; Jornada sobre el tràfic d'éssers humans com a fenomen transnacional (2016:Mollet del Vallès)

2016-01-01

La trata de seres humanos, históricamente hablando, está vinculada a la esclavitud, al comercio esclavista y al tráfico ilegal de personas. La esclavitud es tan antigua como lo son las primeras civilizaciones, de hecho se conocen documentos históricos que datan de la antigua Mesopotamia. Esta ponencia explica el marco legal existente a Europa y España.

Ciudadanos del este de Europa consumidores de drogas en Barcelona

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González M.

2003-01-01

Full Text Available Desde mayo de 1999 hasta mayo de 2001, hemos contactado en el SAPS (Servicio de Atención Social y Sanitaria de Barcelona con usuarios de drogas de países del este de Europa. Acuden a centros terapéuticos gratuitos, aunque pagan por la organización del viaje unos 500 euros. Son jóvenes entre 18 y 30 años y mantienen el contacto con sus familiares. Conocen los riesgos de transmisión de enfermedades, pero suelen reutilizar las jeringas. Es alta la prevalencia de hepatitis C (92% y B (62% y menor la de infección por el VIH (19%. Si no abandonan las drogas, el retorno es un fracaso y tienen dificultades para proseguir los tratamientos con metadona o antirretrovirales. La respuesta asistencial ha de adecuarse a sus necesidades. Se debe procurar la mediación cultural y la información en los lugares de origen, supervisar los centros terapéuticos y diseñar alternativas a los abandonos. Hay que desarrollar la colaboración internacional, estimular programas de disminución de riesgos derivados del consumo y evitar que del tratamiento se haga un comercio.

"Sociedade civil global": agentes não estatais e espaço de interação na sociedade política "Global civil society": non-state agents and space of interaction in political society

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Victor Coutinho Lage

2012-06-01

Full Text Available O presente artigo visa compreender o conceito de sociedade civil global, a partir de um diálogo entre o construtivismo em Relações Internacionais e o pensador francês Michel Foucault. Dividido em três seções seguidas por uma conclusão, o texto almeja inserir-se em um espaço acadêmico de profunda contestação das bases filosóficas que permeiam as teorias convencionais nas ciências sociais e, em especial, nas Relações Internacionais. A primeira seção dedica-se à discussão acerca da sociedade civil global como espaço de interação agente-estrutura; na seção subsequente, ao conceito como um conjunto heterogêneo de agentes não estatais de escopo global. A terceira seção funde as duas partes da definição. Assim, propõem-se duas dimensões definidoras da sociedade civil global: na primeira, como espaço político; na segunda, como conjunto de agentes de características específicas. Por fim, uma breve conclusão encerra o texto - mas não a polêmica da discussão. Conclui-se que o contexto contemporâneo é marcado por uma complexidade de tal magnitude que torna urgente uma abordagem que evite oposições binárias e fronteiras ontológicas naturalizadas e reificadas, estando, assim, apta a interpretar de maneira mais adequada as relações sociais e políticas atuais.This article aims at understanding the concept of global civil society, from a dialogue between constructivism in International Relations and the French thinker Michel Foucault. Divided in three sections, followed by a conclusion, the text intends to insert itself in an academic space of a profound contestation concerning the philosophical basis of the conventional theories in the social sciences and, specially, in International Relations. The first section is dedicated to the discussion about global civil society as a space of agent-structure interaction; the next section treats the concept as a heterogeneous set of non-state agents of global scope. The

Perfil del profesional de relaciones públicas y comunicación estratégica en Europa: influencia y poder dentro de las organizaciones y tendencias del sector

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Moreno, Á.; Zerfass, A.; Tench, R.; Verčič, D.; Verhoeven, P.

2013-01-01

El European Communication Monitor (ECM) es un estudio extensivo periódico para seguir las tendencias en relaciones públicas y gestión de la comunicación y analizar el escenario cambiante para la profesión en Europa. Se lleva a cabo con un equipo de once académicos de universidades europeas, y ha

On the origin of alkali metals in Europa exosphere

Science.gov (United States)

Ozgurel, Ozge; Pauzat, Françoise; Ellinger, Yves; Markovits, Alexis; Mousis, Olivier; LCT, LAM

2016-10-01

At a time when Europa is considered as a plausible habitat for the development of an early form of life, of particular concern is the origin of neutral sodium and potassium atoms already detected in its exosphere (together with magnesium though in smaller abundance), since these atoms are known to be crucial for building the necessary bricks of prebiotic species. However their origin and history are still poorly understood. The most likely sources could be exogenous and result from the contamination produced by Io's intense volcanism and/or by meteoritic bombardment. These sources could also be endogenous if these volatile elements originate directly from Europa's icy mantle. Here we explore the possibility that neutral sodium and potassium atoms were delivered to the satellite's surface via the upwelling of ices formed in contact with the hidden ocean. These metallic elements would have been transferred as ions to the ocean at early epochs after Europa's formation, by direct contact of water with the rocky core. During Europa's subsequent cooling, the icy layers formed at the top of the ocean would have kept trapped the sodium and potassium, allowing their future progression to the surface and final identification in the exosphere of the satellite. To support this scenario, we have used chemistry numerical models based on first principle periodic density functional theory (DFT). These models are shown to be well adapted to the description of compact ice and are capable to describe the trapping and neutralization of the initial ions in the ice matrix. The process is found relevant for all the elements considered, alkali metals like Na and K, as well as for Mg and probably for Ca, their respective abundances depending essentially of their solubility and chemical capabilities to blend with water ices.

Searching Less Perturbed Circular Orbits for a Spacecraft Travelling around Europa

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

J. P. S. Carvalho

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Space missions to visit the natural satellite of Jupiter, Europa, constitute an important topic in space activities today, because missions to this moon are under study now. Several considerations have to be made for these missions. The present paper searches for less perturbed circular orbits around Europa. This search is made based on the total effects of the perturbing forces over the time, evaluated by the integral of those forces over the time. This value depends on the dynamical model and on the orbit of the spacecraft. The perturbing forces considered are the third-body perturbation that comes from Jupiter and the J2, J3, and C22 terms of the gravitational potential of Europa. Several numerical studies are performed and the results show the locations of the less perturbed orbits. Using those results, it is possible to find near-circular frozen orbits with smaller amplitudes of variations of the orbital elements.

Unmasking Europa the search for life on Jupiter's ocean moon

CERN Document Server

Greenberg, Richard

2008-01-01

Jupiter's ice moon Europa is widely regarded as the most likely place to find extraterrestrial life. This book tells the engaging story of Europa, the oceanic moon. It features a large number of stunning images of the ocean moon's surface, clearly displaying the spectacular crack patterns, extensive rifts and ridges, and refrozen pools of exposed water filled with rafts of displaced ice. Coverage also features firsthand accounts of Galileo's mission to Jupiter and its moons. The book tells the rough and tumble inside story of a very human enterprise in science that lead to the discovery of a f

Una visión comparada de la vivienda social en europa. El caso de Barcelona y Londres

OpenAIRE

Arends Morales, Lenimar Nairt; Garcia-Almirall, M. Pilar

2014-01-01

La política de vivienda en Europa está caracterizada por la diversidad, no existe un modelo único de gestión de la vivienda o de concepto de vivienda social. Cada país tiene sus propios criterios para enfrentar el problema de la vivienda, y se encuentran distintas visiones de gestión en relación a la población a atender, el régimen de tenencia, el tamaño de las viviendas, entre otros. Esta diferencia de enfoques está relacionada con los diferentes modelos del Estado de Bienestar (Arbaci, 2007...

Robert Musil y los Estados desunificados de Europa

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Bayón, Fernando

2006-12-01

Full Text Available This article is a study of Robert Musil´s work “The Man Without Qualities” from philosophical sources. It is a novel that has produced so many overriding metaphors through which we can better understand the crises of the social identity on the horizont of the last modernity in Europe. Much of the key-concepts that helped in creating the so called “Leyend of Modernity” start to vanish in an irremediable way: not only did Musil trace the disappearance of the support for national aspirations and social cohesion, he also showed us how culture is a mad carrousel of collapsed expectations, and how the prevailing idea of “subjectivity” lacks today any solid or essential nucleus. In the middle of this disenchanted landscape of Europe, where all the modern and clasical illusions became nothing, appears however “a new human being”, since the man “without qualities” is the man with endless possibilities too.El presente ensayo es una interpretación de la novela de Robert Musil “El hombre sin atributos” a partir de fuentes filosóficas. Se trata de una obra que ha producido algunas metáforas decisivas para comprender las crisis de la identidad social en el horizonte de la última modernidad europea. Muchos de los conceptos clave que ayudaron a crear la leyenda de la modernidad empiezan a erosionarse de modo irreversible: se descomponen las aspiraciones nacionales, el sujeto pierde su núcleo sustancial y la cultura es un carrusel de esperanzas abortadas incapaces de responder a ninguna idea rectora. Y, sin embargo, en el paisaje de esta Europa tardomoderna en que se han agotado las pasadas ilusiones surge la idea de que el “hombre sin atributos” es también el “hombre de las posibilidades”.

Development of Pathways to Achieve the SE4ALL Energy Efficiency Objective: Global and Regional Potential for Energy Efficiency Improvements

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Gregg, Jay Sterling; Balyk, Olexandr; Pérez, Cristian Hernán Cabrera

This study examines the three objectives of the UN Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative: 1. Ensure universal access to modern energy services by 2030. 2. Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency (from 1.3% to 2.6% annual reduction in energy intensity of GDP) by 2030. 3....... Double the share of renewable energy in global final energy from 18% to 36% by 2030. The integrated assessment model, ETSAP-TIAM, was used in this study to compare, from an economic optimization point of view, different scenarios for the development of the energy system between 2010 and 2030....... This analysis is conducted on a global and regional scale. The scenarios were constructed to analyze the effect of achieving the SE4ALL energy efficiency objective, the SE4ALL renewable energy objective, both together, and all three SE4ALL objectives. Synergies exist between renewable energy and energy...

FORMACIÓN DEL PROFESORADO DE MÚSICA EN EUROPA MERIDIONAL: CHIPRE, GRECIA, MALTA Y PORTUGAL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Juan José Carmona Fernández

2010-01-01

Full Text Available El presente artículo informa y reflexiona sobre los planes de estudios de formación del profesorado de música en países de Europa Septentrional: Chipre, Grecia, Malta y Portugal. La metodología de análisis utilizada es común para todos los países estudiados, correspondientes al Proyecto ALFA al que se hace referencia en el editorial de este monográfico. En Chipre hablaremos sobre tres universidades con planes de estudio musicales; en Grecia distinguiremos cuatro tipos de docentes dependiendo del nivel educativo en el que impartan docencia (Infantil, Primaria y Secundaria; en tercer lugar hablaremos sobre las peculiaridades del sistema de la universidad de Malta; se procederá al análisis de Portugal donde contamos con un número mayor de universidades; y, por último, aportaremos nuestra reflexión sobre los planes de estudios analizados y sus implicaciones para la formación del profesorado de música.

Bιβλιοκρισία: M. ALTRIPP (Ηrsg., Byzanz in Europa. Europas östliches Erbe. [BYZANTIOS. Studies in Byzantine History and Civilization 2], Turnhout 2011, ISBN 978-2-503-54153-2

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Στυλιανός ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Βιβλιοκρισία: M. Altripp (Ηrsg., Byzanz in Europa. Europas östliches Erbe. Akten des Kolloquiums 'Byzanz in Europa' vom 11. bis 15. Dezember 2007 in Greifswald [BYZANTIOS. Studies in Byzantine History and Civilization 2], Turnhout 2011, σελ. X + 502, 79 πίν., ISBN 978-2-503-54153-2 (printed version- 978-2-503-54193-8 (online version.

What does Cassini ENA observations tell us about gas around Europa?

Science.gov (United States)

Brandt, Pontus; Mauk, Barry; Westlake, Joseph; Smith, Todd; Mitchell, Donald

2015-04-01

From about December 2000 to January 2001 the Ion and Neutral Camera (INCA) imaged Jupiter in Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENA) from a distance of about 137-250 Jovian planetary radii (RJ) over an energy range from about 10 to 300 keV. A forward model is employed to derive column densities and assumes a neutral gas-plasma model and an energetic ion distribution based on Galileo in-situ measurements. We demonstrate that Jupiter observations by INCA are consistent with a column density peaking around Europa's orbit in the range from 2x1012 cm-2 to 7x1012 cm-2, assuming H2, and are consistent with the upper limits reported from the Cassini/UVIS observations. Most of the INCA observations are consistent with a roughly azimuthally symmetric gas distribution, but some appear consistent with an asymmetric gas distribution centred on Europa, which would directly imply that Europa is the source of the gas. Although our neutral gas model assumes a Europa source, we explore other explanations of the INCA observations including: (1) ENAs are produced by charge exchange between energetic ions and neutral hydrogen originating from charge-exchanged protons in the Io plasma torus. However, estimated densities by Cheng (1986) are about one order of magnitude too low to explain the INCA observations; (2) ENAs are produced by charge exchange between energetic ions and plasma ions such as O+ and S+ originating from Io. However, that would require O+ plasma densities higher than expected to compensate for the low charge-exchange cross section between protons and O+; (3) We re-examine the INCA Point-Spread Function (PSF) to determine if the ENA emissions in the vicinity of Europa's orbit could be explained by internal scattering of ENAs originating from Jupiter's high-latitude upper atmosphere. However, the PSF was well constrained by using Jupiter from distances where it could be considered a point source.

The search for active Europa plumes in Galileo plasma particle detector data: the E12 flyby

Science.gov (United States)

Huybrighs, H.; Roussos, E.; Krupp, N.; Fraenz, M.; Futaana, Y.; Barabash, S. V.; Glassmeier, K. H.

2017-12-01

Hubble Space Telescope observations of Europa's auroral emissions and transits in front of Jupiter suggest that recurring water vapour plumes originating from Europa's surface might exist. If conclusively proven, the discovery of these plumes would be significant, because Europa's potentially habitable ocean could be studied remotely by taking in-situ samples of these plumes from a flyby mission. The first opportunity to collect in-situ evidence of the plumes will not arise before the early 2030's when ESA's JUICE mission or NASA's Europa Clipper are set to arrive. However, it may be possible that NASA's Galileo mission has already encountered the plumes when it was active in the Jupiter system from 1995 to 2003. It has been suggested that the high plasma densities and anomalous magnetic fields measured during one of the Galileo flybys of Europa (flyby E12) could be connected to plume activity. In the context of the search for Europa plume signatures in Galileo particle data we present an overview of the in-situ plasma particle data obtained by the Galileo spacecraft during the E12 flyby. Focus is in particular on the data obtained with the plasma particle instruments PLS (low energy ions and electrons) and EPD (high energy ions and electrons). We search for signs of an extended exosphere/ionosphere that could be consistent with ongoing plume activity. The PLS data obtained during the E12 flyby show an extended interaction region between Europa and the plasma from Jupiter's magnetosphere, hinting at the existence of an extended ionosphere and exosphere. Furthermore we show how the EPD data are analyzed and modelled in order to evaluate whether a series of energetic ion depletions can be attributed to losses on the moon's surface or its neutral exosphere.

Human Missions to Europa and Titan - Why Not?

Science.gov (United States)

Finarelli, Margaret G.

2004-04-01

This report describes a long-term development plan to enable human exploration of the outer solar system, with a focus on Europa and Titan. These are two of the most interesting moons of Jupiter and Saturn, respectively, because they are the places in the solar system with the greatest potential for harboring extraterrestrial life. Since human expeditions to these worlds are considered impossible with current capabilities, the proposal of a well-organized sequence of steps towards making this a reality was formulated. The proposed Development Plan, entitled Theseus, is the outcome of a recent multinational study by a group of students in the framework of the Master of Space Studies (MSS) 2004 course at the International Space University (ISU). The Theseus Program includes the necessary development strategies in key scientific and technological areas that are essential for identifying the requirements for the exploration of the outer planetary moons. Some of the topics that are analysed throughout the plan include: scientific observations at Europa and Titan, advanced propulsion and nuclear power systems, in-situ resource utilization, radiation mitigation techniques, closed life support systems, habitation for long-term spaceflight, and artificial gravity. In addition to the scientific and technological aspects of the Theseus Program, it was recognized that before any research and development work may begin, some level of program management must be established. Within this chapter, legal issues, national and international policy, motivation, organization and management, economic considerations, outreach, education, ethics, and social implications are all considered with respect to four possible future scenarios which enable human missions to the outer solar system. The final chapter of the report builds upon the foundations set by Theseus through a case study. This study illustrates how such accomplishments could influence a mission to Europa to search for evidence

Human Missions to Europa and Titan - Why Not?

Science.gov (United States)

2004-01-01

This report describes a long-term development plan to enable human exploration of the outer solar system, with a focus on Europa and Titan. These are two of the most interesting moons of Jupiter and Saturn, respectively, because they are the places in the solar system with the greatest potential for harboring extraterrestrial life. Since human expeditions to these worlds are considered impossible with current capabilities, the proposal of a well-organized sequence of steps towards making this a reality was formulated. The proposed Development Plan, entitled Theseus, is the outcome of a recent multinational study by a group of students in the framework of the Master of Space Studies (MSS) 2004 course at the International Space University (ISU). The Theseus Program includes the necessary development strategies in key scientific and technological areas that are essential for identifying the requirements for the exploration of the outer planetary moons. Some of the topics that are analysed throughout the plan include: scientific observations at Europa and Titan, advanced propulsion and nuclear power systems, in-situ resource utilization, radiation mitigation techniques, closed life support systems, habitation for long-term spaceflight, and artificial gravity. In addition to the scientific and technological aspects of the Theseus Program, it was recognized that before any research and development work may begin, some level of program management must be established. Within this chapter, legal issues, national and international policy, motivation, organization and management, economic considerations, outreach, education, ethics, and social implications are all considered with respect to four possible future scenarios which enable human missions to the outer solar system. The final chapter of the report builds upon the foundations set by Theseus through a case study. This study illustrates how such accomplishments could influence a mission to Europa to search for evidence

Escenarios de la migración latinoamericana: la vida familiar transnacional entre Europa y América Latina

OpenAIRE

Isabel Yepez del Castillo

2014-01-01

Este artículo tiene tres partes, en la primera pasamos revista a las migraciones entre Europa y América Latina desde una perspectiva de larga duración destacando las incidencias de la globalización en el aumento de las desigualdades entre países y en los procesos de movilidad social ascendente y descendente de las familias migrantes. En la segunda, abordamos los escenarios posibles y estrategias múltiples de la presencia latinoamericana en la Unión Europea en el contexto de crisis global. Fin...

Effects of drastic climate policy on air pollution in Europe; Effecten van vergaand klimaatbeleid op luchtverontreiniging in Europa

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Koelemeijer, R. [Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving PBL, Den Haag (Netherlands); ; Sauter, F.; Posch, M. [Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM, Bilthoven (Netherlands); Chuwah, C. [Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut KNMI, De Bilt (Netherlands)

2012-08-15

Greenhouse gas emissions in Europe need to be lowered by 80-95% in 2050 compared to 1990 to curb global warming to 2°C. This article addresses the consequences for air quality of various ways to realize such a drastic emission reduction [Dutch] Emissies van broeikasgassen in Europa moeten in 2050 80-95% lager zijn dan in 1990 om de opwarming van de aarde te beperken tot 2C. Dit artikel gaat in op de consequenties voor de luchtkwaliteit van verschillende manieren om zo'n vergaande emissiereductie te realiseren.

Cibercrimen y cibervictimización en Europa: instituciones involucradas en la prevención del ciberdelito en el Reino Unido

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marta María Aguilar Cárceles

2015-04-01

Full Text Available El objetivo es realizar una revisión en materia de prevención del cibercrimen en el ámbito europeo. De acuerdo con los datos estadísticos, Europa es el segundo territorio con mayor número de ciberusuarios a nivel mundial; se destaca el Reino Unido, por ser uno de los países que han destinado más entidades a la prevención del ciberdelito. Por este motivo, por ser el segundo país de la Unión Europea con mayor número de ciberusuarios en la red -y el primero en relación con Facebook-, se ha decidido realizar un exhaustivo análisis sobre los organismos y entidades que orientan sus fines a evitar la cibervictimización, y se hace mención de los menores como víctimas especialmente vulnerables.

The Influence of Ice-Ocean Interactions on Europa's Overturning Circulation

Science.gov (United States)

Zhu, P.; Manucharyan, G. E.; Thompson, A. F.; Goodman, J. C.; Vance, S.

2016-12-01

Jupiter's moon Europa appears to have a global liquid ocean, which is located beneath an ice shell that covers the moon's entire surface. Linking ocean dynamics and ice-ocean interactions is crucial to understanding observed surface features on Europa as well as other satellite measurements. Ocean properties and circulation may also provide clues as to whether the moon has the potential to support extraterrestrial life through chemical transport governed by ice-ocean interactions. Previous studies have identified a Hadley cell-like overturning circulation extending from the equator to mid latitudes. However, these model simulations do not consider ice-ocean interactions. In this study, our goal is to investigate how the ocean circulation may be affected by ice. We study two ice-related processes by building idealized models. One process is horizontal convection driven by an equator-to-pole buoyancy difference due to latitudinal ice transport at the ocean surface, which is found to be much weaker than the convective overturning circulation. The second process we consider is the freshwater layer formed by ice melting at the equator. A strong buoyancy contrast between the freshwater layer and the underlying water suppresses convection and turbulent mixing, which may modify the surface heat flux from the ocean to the bottom of the ice. We find that the salinity of the ocean below the freshwater layer tends to be homogeneous both vertically and horizontally with the presence of an overturning circulation. Critical values of circulation strength constrain the freshwater layer depth, and this relationship is sensitive to the average salinity of the ocean. Further coupling of temperature and salinity of the ice and the ocean that includes mutual influences between the surface heat flux and the freshwater layer may provide additional insights into the ice-ocean feedback, and its influence on the latitudinal difference of heat transport.

High Resolution Integral Field Spectroscopy of Europa's Sodium Clouds: Evidence for a Component with Origins in Iogenic Plasma.

Science.gov (United States)

Schmidt, C.; Johnson, R. E.; Mendillo, M.; Baumgardner, J. L.; Moore, L.; O'Donoghue, J.; Leblanc, F.

2015-12-01

With the object of constraining Iogenic contributions and identifying drivers for variability, we report new observations of neutral sodium in Europa's exosphere. An R~20000 integral field spectrograph at McDonald Observatory is used to generate Doppler maps of sodium cloud structures with a resolution of 2.8 km/s/pixel. In the five nights of observations since 2011, measurements on UT 6.15-6.31 May 2015 uniquely feature fast (10s of km/s) neutral sodium clouds extending nearly 100 Europa radii, more distant than in any previous findings. During these measurements, the satellite geometry was favorable for the transfer of Na from Io to Europa, located at 1:55 to 4:00 and 3:38 to 4:39 Jovian local time, respectively. Eastward emission (away from Jupiter) extends 10-20 Europa radii retaining the moon's rest velocity, while westward emission blue-shifts with distance, and a broad range of velocities are measured, reaching at least 70 km/s at 80 Europa radii. These cloud features are distinct from Io's "banana" and "stream" features, the distant Jupiter-orbiting nebula, and from terrestrial OH and Na contaminant emissions. Io's production was quiescent during this observation, following an extremely active phase in February 2015. These results are consistent with previous findings that Europa's Na exosphere has peak emission between midnight and dawn Jovian local time and support the idea that sodium escape from Io can significantly enhance the emission intensity measured at Europa.

¿Importa Europa en las elecciones europeas? Un modelo explicativo de las elecciones del 2009 al Parlamento Europeo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paolo Bellucci

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo evalúa la validez de diferentes modelos interpretativos del comportamiento electoral en las elecciones europeas partiendo del resultado de junio de 2009. Nos centramos, en primer lugar, en modelos que conectan el voto europeo con aspectos políticos basados en el nivel nacional (modelo de segundo orden y en el ciclo electoral doméstico (modelo de ciclo electoral; en segundo lugar se evalúa la capacidad explicativa de un modelo reñido con las interpretaciones tradicionales, y basado en el papel de la posición de los partidos políticos y la campaña electoral (modelo de Europa importa. Finalmente, se avanza un modelo sintético, con el objetivo de proporcionar una más sólida explicación de las elecciones de 2009 al Parlamento Europeo.

The Heat Flux through the Ice Shell on Europa, Constraints from Measurements in Terrestrial Conditions

Science.gov (United States)

Hruba, J.; Kletetschka, G.

2017-12-01

Heat transport across the ice shell of Europa controls the thermal evolution of its interior. Such process involves energy sources that drive ice resurfacing (1). More importantly, heat flux through the ice shell controls the thickness of the ice (2), that is poorly constrained between 1 km to 30+ km (3). Thin ice would allow ocean water to be affected by radiation from space. Thick ice would limit the heat ocean sources available to the rock-ocean interface at the ocean's bottom due to tidal dissipation and potential radioactive sources. The heat flux structures control the development of geometrical configurations on the Europa's surface like double ridges, ice diapirs, chaos regions because the rheology of ice is temperature dependent (4).Analysis of temperature record of growing ice cover over a pond and water below revealed the importance of solar radiation during the ice growth. If there is no snow cover, a sufficient amount of solar radiation can penetrate through the ice and heat the water below. Due to temperature gradient, there is a heat flux from the water to the ice (Qwi), which may reduce ice growth at the bottom. Details and variables that constrain the heat flux through the ice can be utilized to estimate the ice thickness. We show with this analog analysis provides the forth step towards measurement strategy on the surface of Europa. We identify three types of thermal profiles (5) and fourth with combination of all three mechanisms.References:(1) Barr, A. C., A. P. Showman, 2009, Heat transfer in Europa's icy shell, University of Arizona Press, p. 405-430.(2) Ruiz, J., J. A. Alvarez-Gómez, R. Tejero, and N. Sánchez, 2007, Heat flow and thickness of a convective ice shell on Europa for grain size-dependent rheologies: Icarus, v. 190, p. 145-154.(3) Billings, S. E., S. A. Kattenhorn, 2005, The great thickness debate: Ice shell thickness models for Europa and comparisons with estimates based on flexure at ridges: Icarus, v. 177, p. 397-412.(4) Quick

Política y secularización en la Europa contemporánea

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Manuel ÁLVAREZ TARDÍO

2010-02-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: Este trabajo se ocupa de la relación entre la política y los procesos de secularización en la Europa contemporánea, estudia sus variantes y opciones ideológicas, así como sus diferentes tradiciones y situaciones nacionales, poniendo de relieve la existencia de dos grandes modelos. El primero —el de Gran Bretaaña, Bélgica y Holanda— se caracterizó por su gradualismo, tras la renuncia por parte del bloque político secular a apropiarse del Estado y su aceptación de la idea de que éste debía limitarse a proteger la libertad inherente al individuo. En cambio, el modelo de laicismo estatista —vigente en Francia, Italia y, en su versión más extrema, en la España de la II República—, partía de la idea de que el Estado era intérprete absoluto de un poder que no puede fragmentarse sin dejar de ser democrático, y se tradujo en el intento de contrarrestar la presencia católica mediante la imposición de políticas laicas, especialmente en el ámbito de la educación. Palabras Clave: Historia Contemporánea de Europa, Religión, Política, Secularización, Laicismo. ABSTRACT: This study deals with the relationship between politics and secularization processes in contemporary Europe, and studies its ideological variants and options as well as its different national traditions and situations, emphasizing the existence of two large models. The first, that of Great Britain, Belgium and Holland, is characterized by its gradualism, after the secular political block renounced appropriation of the State and accepted the idea that the State should be limited to protecting the inherent freedom of the individual. However, the model of state laicism, prevailing in France, Italy and in its most extreme versión in the Spain of the Second Republic, was based on the idea that the State was the absolute interpreter of a power that could not be fragmented without becoming undemocratic, and was expressed in the attempt to counter Catholic

As valsas na Europa e na América do Sul

OpenAIRE

Almeida, Hélder António Moreira de

2014-01-01

Dissertação apresentado à Escola Superior de Artes Aplicadas do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Performance. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar a história da valsa, a sua origem e influência de países da Europa Ocidental para a Europa do Sul como também a sua exportação Transatlântica para a América do sul. Pretendemos assim, mostrar o interesse destes compositores, na escrita desta forma mu...

Eighth Planta Europa Conference «Save Plants for Earth's Future» (Kiev, Ukraine

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Alexander N. Tashev

2017-08-01

Full Text Available This paper presents information about the Eighth Planta Europa Conference (Save plants for Earth's future (22–26 May 2017, Kiev, Ukraine. We presented brief data on the history of previous Planta Europa meetings. We presented general information about the main events of the Conference, its thematic areas represented by oral and poster presentations. Brief data on the number of participants, presentations and excursions into botanical gardens of Kiev are presented.

LA RESPUESTA A LOS PELIGROS NATURALES Y AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO EN EUROPA

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Philipp Schmidt-Thomé

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Los peligros naturales son la causa de desastres terribles y también la fuente de importantes ventajas naturales, por lo que desempeñan un papel crucial al crear tanto restricciones como oportunidades para el desarrollo territorial. Por lo pronto, si la comparamos con el resto del mundo, probablemente Europa no sea propensa a sufrir los efectos más catastróficos de los desastres, aunque este continente está afectado por algunos de los más considerables. En el presente estudio, se analizan los riesgos resultantes, incluidos los efectos potenciales del cambio climático en toda Europa, con el objeto de crear medidas adecuadas para sostener el desarrollo territorial. La ordenación territorial constituye un elemento destacado en la gestión de los riesgos y de las repercusiones del cambio climático. La creciente importancia de los peligros naturales en el entorno vital ha provocado un aumento de las prácticas nacionales de ordenación territorial en las últimas décadas y, en la actualidad, también centra la atención de la Unión Europea. Aquí examinamos unaincorporación más sólida de los peligros, los impactos del cambio climático y los riesgos resultantes en la ordenación territorial y en la gestión pública de los riesgos en el ámbito nacional y local y además esbozamos propuestas para el ámbito europeo.

Substratos de fibra de coco granulada e casca de arroz para a produção do morangueiro ‘Oso Grande’

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Thais Queiroz Zorzeto

2016-01-01

Full Text Available RESUMO O morangueiro, cultivado em solo, torna-se suscetível a fungos nele presentes. Rotações de áreas de plantio são fundamentais para o manejo fitossanitário, realidade impraticável para alguns produtores brasileiros com áreas reduzidas para o cultivo. Essa problemática incentivou o uso de substratos, padrão técnico já bem estabelecido na Europa. O objetivo foi avaliar a resposta do morangueiro (‘Oso Grande’ em três tipos de substratos (fibra de coco granulada, casca de arroz pura e a mistura dos dois em iguais proporções, volumes (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 L e frequências de irrigação (duas, três e quatro vezes por dia. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em Jundiaí (SP, no período de 2 de julho a 4 de outubro de 2010. Os dados foram submetidos à análise conjunta de experimentos, em esquema fatorial triplo (frequências de irrigação, tipos de substratos e volumes de substrato. O melhor resultado foi para a mistura de substratos, irrigada três vezes por dia, em 1,0 L do material, com produtividade média de 223 g por planta. A casca de arroz é ineficiente para o cultivo em vaso. Entretanto, na forma de misturas, esse substrato torna-se adequado ao cultivo, possibilitando melhores resultados quando comparado à fibra de coco granulada.

Microbial habitability of Europa sustained by radioactive sources.

Science.gov (United States)

Altair, Thiago; de Avellar, Marcio G B; Rodrigues, Fabio; Galante, Douglas

2018-01-10

There is an increasing interest in the icy moons of the Solar System due to their potential habitability and as targets for future exploratory missions, which include astrobiological goals. Several studies have reported new results describing the details of these moons' geological settings; however, there is still a lack of information regarding the deep subsurface environment of the moons. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the microbial habitability of Europa constrained by terrestrial analogue environments and sustained by radioactive energy provided by natural unstable isotopes. The geological scenarios are based on known deep environments on Earth, and the bacterial ecosystem is based on a sulfate-reducing bacterial ecosystem found 2.8 km below the surface in a basin in South Africa. The results show the possibility of maintaining the modeled ecosystem based on the proposed scenarios and provides directions for future models and exploration missions for a more complete evaluation of the habitability of Europa and of icy moons in general.

Europa como cultura

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Javier San Martín

2012-02-01

Full Text Available El presente texto tiene un origen muy concreto. El día 15 de marzo de 2002, con motivo de la Cumbre Europea de Barcelona, Jorge Semprún reflexionaba, en las páginas de un conocido diario madrileño, sobre el significado que para él tenía ser europeo. Para ello emprendía tres "viajes intelectuales" a Viena, Praga y Buchenwald, los tres de gran significado histórico y cultural. Dado el interés del texto y del momento, me pareció entonces oportuno glosar algunos aspectos de aquel artículo, primero, para subrayar el valor de la aportación de Semprún, luego para corregir alguna inexactitud de carácter biográfico, debida posiblemente a la rapidez de la traducción, y, tercero, para ampliar con algún comentario la valiosa contribución de Sempnín, sobre todo en lo que concierne al sentido de Europa. En este texto se toma aquel comentario como punto de partida.The origins of this text are very specific. On 15 March 2002, on the occasion of the European Summit in Barcelona, and on the pages of a well-known Madrid newspaper, Jorge Semprún reflected on the meaning that being European had for him. To do this, he embarked on three "intellectual journeys" to Vienna, Prague and Buchenwald, all three of great historical and cultural significance. Given the interest of the text and of the moment, I considered it appropriate to comment on aspects of the article -firstly, to underline the value of Semprún's contribution; secondly, to correct certain biographical inaccuracies, possibly due to a hasty translation; and thirdly, to complement Semprún's valuable contribution, essentially concerning the meaning of Europe. This text takes that comment as its starting point.

San Andreas-sized Strike-slip Fault on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

1998-01-01

This mosaic of the south polar region of Jupiter's moon Europa shows the northern 290 kilometers (180 miles) of a strike-slip fault named Astypalaea Linea. The entire fault is about 810 kilometers (500 miles) long, about the size of the California portion of the San Andreas fault, which runs from the California-Mexico border north to the San Francisco Bay. In a strike-slip fault, two crustal blocks move horizontally past one another, similar to two opposing lanes of traffic. Overall motion along the fault seems to have followed a continuous narrow crack along the feature's entire length, with a path resembling steps on a staircase crossing zones that have been pulled apart. The images show that about 50 kilometers (30 miles) of displacement have taken place along the fault. The fault's opposite sides can be reconstructed like a puzzle, matching the shape of the sides and older, individual cracks and ridges broken by its movements. [figure removed for brevity, see original site] The red line marks the once active central crack of the fault. The black line outlines the fault zone, including material accumulated in the regions which have been pulled apart. Bends in the fault have allowed the surface to be pulled apart. This process created openings through which warmer, softer ice from below Europa's brittle ice shell surface, or frozen water from a possible subsurface ocean, could reach the surface. This upwelling of material formed large areas of new ice within the boundaries of the original fault. A similar pulling-apart phenomenon can be observed in the geological trough surrounding California's Salton Sea, in Death Valley and the Dead Sea. In those cases, the pulled-apart regions can include upwelled materials, but may be filled mostly by sedimentary and eroded material from above. One theory is that fault motion on Europa is induced by the pull of variable daily tides generated by Jupiter's gravitational tug on Europa. Tidal tension opens the fault and

Kontrol af konventionelle våben i Europa

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hoffmann, Rune; Kierulf, John; Pradhan-Blach, Flemming

Rapporten indledes med en historisk gennemgang af tilblivelsen og udviklingen af Traktat om Konventionelle Væbnede Styrker i Europa (CFE), som blev iværksat af NATO og det tidligere Warszawapagten i 1973. Traktaten fastsætter et loft for antallet af kampvogne, pansrede kampkøretøjer, artilleripje...

Seismic signal and noise on Europa and how to use it

Science.gov (United States)

Panning, M. P.; Stähler, S. C.; Bills, B. G.; Castillo, J.; Huang, H. H.; Husker, A. L.; Kedar, S.; Lorenz, R. D.; Pike, W. T.; Schmerr, N. C.; Tsai, V. C.; Vance, S.

2017-12-01

Seismology is one of our best tools for detailing interior structure of planetary bodies, and a seismometer is included in the baseline and threshold mission design for a potential Europa lander mission. Guiding mission design and planning for adequate science return, though, requires modeling of both the anticipated signal and noise. Assuming ice seismicity on Europa behaves according to statistical properties observed in Earth catalogs and scaling cumulative seismic moment release to the moon, we simulate long seismic records and estimate background noise and peak signal amplitudes (Panning et al., 2017). This suggests a sensitive instrument comparable to many broadband terrestrial instruments or the SP instrument from the InSight mission to Mars will be able to record signals, while high frequency geophones are likely inadequate. We extend this analysis to also begin incorporation of spatial and temporal variation due to the tidal cycle, which can help inform landing site selection. We also begin exploration of how chaotic terrane at the bottom of the ice shell and inter-ice heterogeneities (i.e. internal melt structures) may affect predicted seismic observations using 2D numerical seismic simulations. We also show some of the key seismic observations to determine interior properties of Europa (Stähler et al., 2017). M. P. Panning, S. C. Stähler, H.-H. Huang, S. D. Vance, S. Kedar, V. C. Tsai, W. T. Pike, R. D. Lorenz, "Expected seismicity and the seismic noise environment of Europa," J. Geophys. Res., in revision, 2017. S. C. Stähler, M. P. Panning, S. D. Vance, R. D. Lorenz, M. van Driel, T. Nissen-Meyer, S. Kedar, "Seismic wave propagation in icy ocean worlds," J. Geophys. Res., in revision, 2017.

Flow-like Features On Europa

Science.gov (United States)

1997-01-01

This image shows features on Jupiter's moon Europa that may be 'flows' from ice volcanoes. It was taken by the Galileo spacecraft solid state imaging (CCD) system during its seventh orbit around Jupiter. North is to the top of the image. The sun illuminates the scene from the left, showing features with shapes similar to lava flows on Earth. Two such features can be seen in the northwest corner of the image. The southern feature appears to have flowed over a ridge along its western edge. Scientists use these types of relationships to determine which feature formed first. In this case, the ridge probably formed before the flow-like feature that covers it.The image, centered at 22.6 degrees north latitude and 106.7 degrees west longitude, covers an area of 180 by 215 kilometers (112 by 134 miles). The smallest distinguishable features in the image are about 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles) across. This image was obtained on April 28, 1997, when Galileo was 27,590 kilometers (16,830 miles) from Europa.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo

La nueva crisis de los refugiados en Europa: una revisita del modelo de repulsión-atracción y los desafíos de las nuevas políticas migratorias

OpenAIRE

Oliveira, Catarina Reis; Peixoto, João; Góis, Pedro

2017-01-01

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre os desafios que se colocam perante os novos fluxos de refugiados dirigidos à Europa desde o início da segunda década do século XXI. Com o intuito de explicar a nova crise dos refugiados, revisita-se o modelo de repulsão-atração e confronta-se o desígnio da agência – motivos individuais que induzem à migração – com a interferência da estrutura – fatores económicos, sociais e políticos que explicam o aumento dos fluxos, atendendo também à dinâmica...

Migración femenina de Europa del Este y mercado de trabajo agrícola en la provincia de Huelva, España

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Estrella Gualda Caballero

2004-01-01

Full Text Available La nueva política del gobierno español de contrataciones de trabajadores migrantes temporales ha instaurado en la provincia de Huelva una nueva etapa en el proceso de sustitución de trabajadores agrícolas. Primero, la salida de trabajadores temporales españoles propició la llegada de trabajadores extranjeros, principalmente marroquíes. Ahora, estos trabajadores provenientes de la región del Magreb en el noroeste de África están siendo desplazados por trabajadoras de la Europa del Este, principalmente de Polonia, Rumania y Bulgaria. En este artículo se analizan los procesos de exclusión laboral de los magrebíes y la inserción y movilidad de las trabajadoras de Europa del Este, grupos que están siendo sujetos a un intenso proceso de estigmatización por parte de la sociedad local. Esto ha provocado el surgimiento de conflictos inter étnicos derivados de la competencia en el mercado de trabajo.

Transformaciones sociales en el Neolítico final de la Europa templada (4000-2000 a.C.

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Kristiansen, Kristian

1989-12-01

Full Text Available Changes in the archaeological record of temperate Europe from the TRB/ Megalithic to the Corded/Ware/Battle / Axe/Single Grave cultural complexes are examined in terms of transformations in subsistence patterns (slash-and-burn farming vs. pastoralísm, surplus distribution (feasting vs. wealth exchange, and ritual practices (collective vs. individualizing.

Se examinan los cambios en el registro arqueológico de la Europa templada desde los complejos culturales TRB/Megalítico al de la Cerámica cordada/Hacha de Combate/ Tumba individual atendiendo a las transformaciones en los patrones de subsistencia (agricultura de rozas vs. pastoreo, distribución del excedente (festejos (2 vs. intercambio de riqueza y prácticas rituales (colectivas vs. individualizadoras.

Sample Set (SE): SE18 [Metabolonote[Archive

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

Full Text Available in by Orbitrap MS and automated search engine Lipid Search A comprehensive and precise identification of pho...SE18 Global identification of phospholipid molecular species in mouse liver and bra

La apatridia y la crisis de refugiados en Europa

OpenAIRE

Berényi, Katalin

2016-01-01

La Unión Europea debe emitir una directiva sobre estándares comunes para los procedimientos de determinación de la apatridia para así mitigar los impactos particulares de esta condición en el contexto de la continua crisis de refugiados en Europa.

PROPUESTA DE METODOLOGÍA DOCENTE PARA L A ADAPTACIÓN DE MATERIAS DE GEOGRAFÍA DESCRIPTIVA AL EEES: EL CASO DE LA ASIGNATURA DE GEOGRAFÍA DE EUROPA

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Ángel Lucendo Luis Monedero

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Resumen: Se expone la innovación docente desarrollada en la asignatura de Geografía de Europa del Grado en Geografía y Gestión del Territorio de la Universidad de Sevilla (2014/2015. Ésta supone un cambio en la metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje de carácter tradicional, memorístico y pasivo empleada en materias de Geografía Descriptiva (a la que designamos Métodos Docentes Tradiciones, MDT. La nueva metodología denominada NEW por sus siglas en inglés (New Education in Works se caracteriza por ser activa, autónoma y basada en problemas, poniendo el énfasis en el desarrollo de competencias y habilidades emprendedoras cómo recomienda el Parlamento Europeo (Recomendación 2006/962/CE; y las indicaciones de adaptación al EEES (De Cos y Reques: 2010; Esparcia y Sánchez: 2012. El NEW parte de los principios de la problematización como estrategia (Santiago: 2005b, del aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP y de la construcción de secuencias de aprendizaje (Acevedo: 2009. Palabras clave: Autoaprender, Competencias emprendedoras, Aprendizaje basado en problemas, Geografía de Europa, Grado de Geografía. 

Ethical, social and public awareness issues in gene therapy EuropaBio.

Science.gov (United States)

2002-01-01

EuropaBio, the European Association for Bio-industries, represents 40 corporate members operating world wide and 14 national associations (totaling up to 700 small- and medium-sized enterprises) involved in research, development, testing, manufacturing, sales, and distribution of biotechnology-derived products and services in the field of health cae, agriculture, food, and the environment. AGE is a group of researchers and university professors involved in high-level professional activities related to bioethics, and particularly interested in ethical issues related to the development and use of modern technology. It is essential that industry actively participates in, and contributes to, the social debate on emerging technologies. Therefore, EuropaBio presents herein its view on gene therapy and its responsible development and use.

The San Andreas Fault and a Strike-slip Fault on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

1998-01-01

The mosaic on the right of the south polar region of Jupiter's moon Europa shows the northern 290 kilometers (180 miles) of a strike-slip fault named Astypalaea Linea. The entire fault is about 810 kilometers (500 miles) long, the size of the California portion of the San Andreas fault on Earth which runs from the California-Mexico border north to the San Francisco Bay. The left mosaic shows the portion of the San Andreas fault near California's san Francisco Bay that has been scaled to the same size and resolution as the Europa image. Each covers an area approximately 170 by 193 kilometers(105 by 120 miles). The red line marks the once active central crack of the Europan fault (right) and the line of the San Andreas fault (left). A strike-slip fault is one in which two crustal blocks move horizontally past one another, similar to two opposing lanes of traffic. The overall motion along the Europan fault seems to have followed a continuous narrow crack along the entire length of the feature, with a path resembling stepson a staircase crossing zones which have been pulled apart. The images show that about 50 kilometers (30 miles) of displacement have taken place along the fault. Opposite sides of the fault can be reconstructed like a puzzle, matching the shape of the sides as well as older individual cracks and ridges that had been broken by its movements. Bends in the Europan fault have allowed the surface to be pulled apart. This pulling-apart along the fault's bends created openings through which warmer, softer ice from below Europa's brittle ice shell surface, or frozen water from a possible subsurface ocean, could reach the surface. This upwelling of material formed large areas of new ice within the boundaries of the original fault. A similar pulling apart phenomenon can be observed in the geological trough surrounding California's Salton Sea, and in Death Valley and the Dead Sea. In those cases, the pulled apart regions can include upwelled materials, but may

Prioridades y desafíos en la cooperación ambiental entre Europa y América Latina: entre gobernanza global y sustentabilidad local

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Imme Scholz

2014-06-01

Full Text Available La cooperación para el desarrollo está pasando por un proceso de redefinición de prioridades debido a los avances de la globalización económica, el cambio climático y los nuevos problemas de seguridad internacional. Este nuevo contexto no deja de influir las relaciones de cooperación entre Europa y América Latina.

Bienestar y patrones residenciales de la población que envejece y no convive en pareja. Europa occidental, 2004-2011

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Miret Gamundi, Pau

2015-12-01

Full Text Available This paper analyses the population aged 65 and over who do not live with a partner, in ten European countries participating in the four editions of the “Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe”, from 2004/5 to 2010/1. Logistic regression for panel data is used to analyse the ratio between living with others and living alone (not considering institutionalised people. Controlling for age, sex, country of residence and observation wave, it shows the effect of educational level, number of children, limitations in activities of daily living and level of income. A clear regional division arises, being southern Europe the area with the lowest probability of living alone, central Europe in an intermediate position and the highest in Nordic countries. Coresidence is associated with the loss of functional autonomy, educational attainment and number of children. In contrast, a significant link with income level has not been found.Este trabajo analiza la población mayor de 65 años que no convive en pareja en diez países europeos que participaron en las cuatro ediciones de la Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, de 2004/5 a 2010/1. Mediante la regresión logística para panel se analiza la ratio entre convivir con otras personas y vivir solo (sin considerar a la población mayor que se institucionaliza. Controlando por edad, sexo, país de residencia y ciclo de observación, se presenta el efecto del nivel educativo, número de hijos, limitaciones para las actividades de la vida diaria y nivel de renta. Aparece con claridad la división regional, siendo el área con la menor probabilidad de vivir solo el sur de Europa, la intermedia la Europa central y la de mayor los países nórdicos. La corresidencia está asociada a la pérdida de autonomía funcional, al nivel de instrucción y al número de hijos. En contraste, no se ha encontrado una vinculación significativa con el nivel de renta.

Antioxidant activities of some local bangladeshi fruits (Artocarpus heterophyllus, Annona squamosa, Terminalia bellirica, Syzygium samarangense, Averrhoa carambola and Olea europa).

Science.gov (United States)

Soubir, Titov

2007-03-01

In the present study, antioxidant activities of the fruits of A. heterophyllus, A. squamosa, T. bellirica, S. samarangense, A. carambola and O. europa were investigated. For this, at first matured fruits of them were sliced into small pieces and dried in the sun and finally crushed in a grinder to make powder. Ethanolic extracts of fruit powder were prepared using 99.99% ethanol. The antioxidative activities of these extracts were determined according to their abilities of scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. It was demonstrated that all the ethanolic extracts of A. heterophyllus, A. squamosa, T. bellirica, S. samarangense, A. caranbola and O. europa showed antioxidant activities. The IC50 of the ethanolic extracts of A. heterophyllus, A. squamosa, T. bellirica, S. samarangense, A. carambola and O. europa were 410, 250, 34, 200, 30 and 76 microg/mL, respectively. Among them, A. carambola showed the highest antioxidant activities followed by T. bellirica, O. europa, S. samarangense, A. squamosa and A. heterophyllus indicating that fruits of A. carambola, T. bellirica and O. europa are very beneficial to human health.

Inmigraciones en Europa

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cebrián, Juan A.

2012-12-01

Full Text Available In an interval of only six decades 1950-2010, we have witnessed the five centuries old emigration process interruption that has shaped modern European history. At the end of World War II begins an intense opposite migration flow from former European colonies to their historic metropolis, which had also incorporated other areas that never had that relationship of dependency. This phenomenon is undoubtedly the most important contemporary social process that has taken place in Europe. Such a transformation could only occur by the confluence of important complementary factors. In separate sections of this article we present the main causes of recent immigrations in Europe and what flows within Europe and from other continents can be identified. Second, we explore the key aspects of immigration: demographics, gender and labor market. Then, we study the problems of integration in the host societies and immigration policies that facilitate it. We ended our discussion with references to the singular case of Spain.

En un intervalo de sólo seis décadas 1950-2010, hemos sido testigos de la interrupción del proceso multisecular emigratorio que ha marcado toda la historia moderna europea. Al término de la Segunda Guerra Mundial comienza un intenso reflejo de movilidad opuesta, desde las antiguas colonias europeas hacia su metrópoli histórica, que se ha contagiado también a otras áreas que nunca tuvieron esa relación de dependencia. Este fenómeno constituye, sin duda, el proceso social contemporáneo más importante que ha tenido lugar en Europa. Una transformación así sólo ha podido ocurrir por la confluencia de importantes factores complementarios. En diferentes apartados de este artículo exponemos las principales causas de la inmigración reciente en Europa y qué flujos intraeuropeos y procedentes de otros continentes pueden identificarse. En segundo término, nos interesamos por los aspectos claves del fenómeno inmigratorio

Jupiter Europa Orbiter Architecture Definition Process

Science.gov (United States)

Rasmussen, Robert; Shishko, Robert

2011-01-01

The proposed Jupiter Europa Orbiter mission, planned for launch in 2020, is using a new architectural process and framework tool to drive its model-based systems engineering effort. The process focuses on getting the architecture right before writing requirements and developing a point design. A new architecture framework tool provides for the structured entry and retrieval of architecture artifacts based on an emerging architecture meta-model. This paper describes the relationships among these artifacts and how they are used in the systems engineering effort. Some early lessons learned are discussed.

Europa Cinemas auhindas Sõpruse kino / Katrin Rajasaare ; interv. Annika Koppel

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Rajasaare, Katrin

2005-01-01

Euroopa ja Vahemere regiooni kinopidajaid ühendav organisatsioon Europa Cinemas kuulutas Sõpruse kino aasta parimaks noorsooürituste korraldamise kategoorias. Oma tööst räägib Sõpruse juht, kes käis ka 18. nov. Budapestis auhinda vastu võtmas

Informe sobre el "XI Congreso de Formación del Profesorado: Europa y calidad docente ¿convergencia o reforma educativa?". Segovia, 17, 18 y 19 de febrero de 2005

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Emilio PALOMERO PESCADOR

2005-01-01

Full Text Available El presente documento contiene un informe detallado sobre el "XI Congreso de Formación del Profesorado: Europa y Calidad Docente ¿Convergencia o Reforma Educativa?", celebrado en la Escuela Universitaria de Magisterio de Segovia los días 17, 18 y 19 de febrero de 2005. En él se señalan los antecedentes del mismo; su justificación y objetivos; el programa desarrollado; las instituciones organizadoras, patrocinadoras y colaboradoras que hicieron posible su puesta en escena. Se referencian las ponencias (18 y las comunicaciones (80, presentadas al mismo. Se deja también constancia de "La declaración de Segovia", es decir, de las conclusiones de este congreso, que ofrecen un perfil constructivo y crítico. Finalmente, se hace una valoración de dicho encuentro y se concluye con un texto que pretende reflejar la línea de trabajo y la intencionalidad del mismo.

HÁBITOS DE VIDA Y ESTILOS DE CUIDADO DE LOS PROGENITORES RELACIONADOS CON LA OBESIDAD INFANTIL. COMPARACIÓN DE UNA POBLACIÓN ESPAÑOLA CON POBLACIONES DE PAÍSES DEL NORTE DE EUROPA: ENERGY-PROJECT

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Estrella Miqueleiz

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Fundamentos:La prevalencia de obesidad infantil es más alta en Espa-ña que en los países del norte de Europa por razones que todavía se desco-nocen. El objetivo fue comprobar si variables referentes a hábitos de vida ya estilos de cuidado de los progenitores relacionados con la obesidad infantildifieren entre los países del Norte de Europa y España.Métodos:Los datos fueron obtenidos del proyecto internacionalENERG. Se analizaron los de España, Países Bajos, Bélgica y Noruega, in-cluyendo a 1.937 niños y 2.061 niñas de 10 a 12 años de edad. Se estudiaronlos comportamientos de los padres referidos a variables dietéticas, variablesrelacionadas con la actividad física y los estilos de cuidado. Se calcularonlas medias y las proporciones de todas las variables y a continuación secalculó la asociación de las diferentes variables con el país de origen utili-zando el coeficiente beta y la Odds Ratio (OR como medidas de asociación.Resultados:En comparación con los progenitores del Norte de Europa,los progenitores españoles consumen bebidas azucaradas menos días porsemana (Media: 1,37 vs 2,16 pero consumen más zumos de frutas (Media:2,61 vs 2,35. Los progenitores españoles son más activos yendo a su traba-jo, son menos sedentarios pero realizan actividad física en su tiempo libremenos días por semana (Media de días por semana que realizan actividadfísica en su tiempo libre: 1,88 vs 2,21. Además, son menos negociadorescon sus hijos (Media (0-4: 1,26 vs 1,68 y evitan menos los modelos ne-gativos de conducta (Media (0-4: 0,90 vs 1,29. Sin embargo, prestan másatención (Media (0-4: 3,42 vs 3,04 y estimulan más los hábitos saludables(Media (0-4: 2,38 vs 2,06.Conclusiones: Las variables referentes a hábitos de vida y a estilos decuidado relacionados con la obesidad infantil difieren entre los progenitoresespañoles y los de los países del Norte de Europa aunque estas diferenciasno son estadísticamente significativas. Por lo

Tuta absoluta: una nueva plaga para el cultivo del tomate en Europa (Sesión Técnia: Hortalizas). II Jornadas sobre feromonas, atrayentes, trampas y Control Biológico: Alternativas para la agricultura del siglo XXI

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Stol, W.; Griepink, F.C.; Deventer, van P.

2009-01-01

Tuta absoluta es una polilla originaria de Chile cuyas larvas producen minas en las hojas de las plantas de tomate. En las últimas décadas de este insecto se ha extendido por gran parte del continente sudamericano. Después de su primera observación en Europa (España, Valencia) en 2007, esta polilla

Jovian longitudinal asymmetry in Io-related and Europa-related auroral hot spots

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dessler, A.J.; Chamberlain, J.W.

1979-01-01

Jupiter's internal magnetic field is markedly non-dipolar. We propose that Io- or Europa-generated auroral emissions (originating at the foot of either Io's or Europa's magnetic flux tube) are largely restricted to longitudes where Jupiter's ionospheric conductivity is enhanced. Trapped, energetic electrons that drift into Jupiter's atmosphere, in regions where the Jovian magnetic field is anomalously weak, produce the increased conductivity. The longitude range of enchanced auroral hot-spot emissions is thus restricted to an active sector that is determined from dekametric radio emission to lie in the northern hemisphere in the Jovian System III (1965) longitude range of 205 0 +- 30 0 . Relatively weaker auroral hot spots should occur in the southern hemisphere along the mgnetic conjugate trace covering the longitude range of 215 0 +- 55 0 . At other longitudes, the brightness of the hot spot should decrease by at least one order of magnitude. These results, with respect to both brightness and longitude, are in accord with the observations of Jovian auroral hot spots reported by Atreya et al. We show that the northern hemisphere foot of either Io's or Europa's magnetic flux tube was in the preferred longitude range (the active sector) at the time of each observation

ESCENARIOS DE LA MIGRACIÓN LATINOAMERICANA: LA VIDA FAMILIAR TRANSNACIONAL ENTRE EUROPA Y AMÉRICA LATINA

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Isabel Yepez del Castillo

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo tiene tres partes, en la primera pasamos revista a las migraciones entre Europa y América Latina desde una perspectiva de larga duración destacando las incidencias de la globalización en el aumento de las desigualdades entre países y en los procesos de movilidad social ascendente y descendente de las familias migrantes. En la segunda, abordamos los escenarios posibles y estrategias múltiples de la presencia latinoamericana en la Unión Europea en el contexto de crisis global. Finalmente, nos interrogamos sobre la incidencia que las actuales políticas migratorias, de gestión de la crisis y del mercado de trabajo, tienen sobre la vida familiar de los diferentes colectivos latinoamericanos.

Da Europa faldt i en grav, man selv havde gravet

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Necef, Mehmet Ümit

2011-01-01

Med premierminister Erdogan i spidsen har tyrkiske politikere og intellektuelle tolket Breiviks massakre som udtryk for den generelle islamofobi i Europa. Faktisk fremstilles Breivik ikke som afviger men som mainstream. Dæmoniseringen af den europæiske mentalitet kommer af en tendens til at opfatte...

Thermal probe design for Europa sample acquisition

Science.gov (United States)

Horne, Mera F.

2018-01-01

The planned lander missions to the surface of Europa will access samples from the subsurface of the ice in a search for signs of life. A small thermal drill (probe) is proposed to meet the sample requirement of the Science Definition Team's (SDT) report for the Europa mission. The probe is 2 cm in diameter and 16 cm in length and is designed to access the subsurface to 10 cm deep and to collect five ice samples of 7 cm3 each, approximately. The energy required to penetrate the top 10 cm of ice in a vacuum is 26 Wh, approximately, and to melt 7 cm3 of ice is 1.2 Wh, approximately. The requirement stated in the SDT report of collecting samples from five different sites can be accommodated with repeated use of the same thermal drill. For smaller sample sizes, a smaller probe of 1.0 cm in diameter with the same length of 16 cm could be utilized that would require approximately 6.4 Wh to penetrate the top 10 cm of ice, and 0.02 Wh to collect 0.1 g of sample. The thermal drill has the advantage of simplicity of design and operations and the ability to penetrate ice over a range of densities and hardness while maintaining sample integrity.

O bom filho a casa torna: Gobineau refugiado na hierarquia familiar

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Helga Gahyva

2013-06-01

Full Text Available Extensa bibliografia confere a Arthur de Gobineau lugar central no desenvolvimento da filosofia racialista. Ele teria conquistado tal posição em função da repercussão do Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines (1853-1855. Constatamos, porém, que se trata de obra muito comentada, mas pouco estudada. Uma investigação sobre suas bases revela-nos que ele não chega a elaborar um conceito de raça que se separe do de linhagem. Seu esforço para a construção de uma noção de "raça-espécie" esbarra em sua incapacidade de se libertar da "raça-linhagem". A hipótese ganha consistência quando analisamos o tratado sobre as raças em diálogo com suas obras posteriores. Em Les plêiades, publicada em 1872, ele problematiza sua perspectiva racial por meio da tentativa de construção de uma hierarquia individual. Contudo, tanto o viés racial quanto o individual soçobram no seu pessimismo fatalista. Em sua última obra, Histoire de Ottar Jarl, publicada em 1879, ele procura combinar essas hierarquias - racial e individual. O livro é uma fantasia genealógica na qual ele se põe em linha direta de descendência com o deus Odin. Entregando-se à resignação, ele sintetiza na ficção de sua suposta ascendência a derradeira tentativa de fundar uma distinção no mundo moderno: a hierarquia familiar.

Il Sistema Gateway nello sviluppo della rete del trasporto combinato in Europa: il caso del terminal di Verona Quadrante Europa

OpenAIRE

Grossato, Raffaella

2008-01-01

Il trasporto intermodale ha acquisito un ruolo sempre più importante nello scenario dei trasporti comunitari merci durante gli ultimi quindici anni. La sfida che si era posta a inizi anni novanta in Europa consisteva nello sviluppo di una rete europea di trasporto combinato strada-ferrovia. A questo fine è stata fondamentale la cooperazione tra gli operatori del settore e le istituzioni (comunitarie e nazionali), nonché l’impulso dato dalla liberalizzazione del trasporto ferrov...

Counterintuitive Constraints on Chaos Formation Set by Heat Flux through Europa's Ocean

Science.gov (United States)

Goodman, J. C.

2013-12-01

Models for the formation of disruptive chaos features on the icy surface of Europa fall into two broad categories: either chaos is formed when basal heating causes localized melting and thinning of the ice shell, or basal heating drives diapiric convection within the ice shell. We argue that in both of these cases, heating of the ice shell from below does not lead to chaos formation at the location of heating. If chaos is formed when a localized oceanic heat source, such as a hydrothermal plume, "melts through" the ice crust, we must consider what happens to the melted liquid. If Europa's ocean is salty, the melt will form a buoyant pool inside the melted cavity, leading to a stable interface between cold fresh meltwater and warm salty seawater. This stable interface acts like an ablative heat shield, protecting the ice from further damage. Some heat can be transferred across the stable layer by double diffusion, but this transfer is very inefficient. We calculate that local ocean heating cannot be balanced by local flux through the stable layer: instead, the warm ocean water must spread laterally until it is delivering heat to the ice base on a regional or global scale (a heating zone hundreds or thousands of km across, for conservative parameters.) If chaos is formed by diapiric solid-state convection within the ice shell, many investigators have assumed that diapirism and chaos should be most prevalent where the basal heat flux is strongest. We argue that this is not the case. In Rayleigh-Benard convection, increasing the heat flux will make convection more vigorous --- if and only if the convecting layer thickness does not change. We argue that increased basal heat flux will thin the ice shell, reducing its Rayleigh number and making convection less likely, not more. This insight allows us to reverse the logic of recent discussions of the relationship between ocean circulation and chaos (for instance, Soderlund et al, 2013 LPSC). We argue that global oceanic

Cross-cutting Relationships of Surface Features on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

1997-01-01

This image of Jupiter's moon Europa shows a very complex terrain of ridges and fractures. The absence of large craters and the low number of small craters indicates that this surface is geologically young. The relative ages of the ridges can be determined by using the principle of cross-cutting relationships; i.e. older features are cross-cut by younger features. Using this principle, planetary geologists are able to unravel the sequence of events in this seemingly chaotic terrain to unfold Europa's unique geologic history.The spacecraft Galileo obtained this image on February 20, 1997. The area covered in this image is approximately 11 miles (18 kilometers) by 8.5 miles (14 kilometers) across, near 15 North, 273 West. North is toward the top of the image, with the sun illuminating from the right.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo

Dusk/dawn atmospheric asymmetries on tidally-locked satellites: O2 at Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Oza, Apurva V.; Johnson, Robert E.; Leblanc, François

2018-05-01

We use a simple analytic model to examine the effect of the atmospheric source properties on the spatial distribution of a volatile in a surface-bounded atmosphere on a satellite that is tidally-locked to its planet. Spatial asymmetries in the O2 exosphere of Europa observed using the Hubble Space Telescope appear to reveal on average a dusk enhancement in the near-surface ultraviolet auroral emissions. Since the hop distances in these ballistic atmospheres are small, we use a 1-D mass conservation equation to estimate the latitudinally-averaged column densities produced by suggested O2 sources. Although spatial asymmetries in the plasma flow and in the surface properties certainly affect the spatial distribution of the near-surface aurora, the dusk enhancements at Europa can be understood using a relatively simple thermally-dependent source. Such a source is consistent with the fact that radiolytically produced O2 permeates their porous regoliths and is not so sensitive to the local production rate from ice. The size of the shift towards dusk is determined by the ratio of the rotation rate and atmospheric loss rate. A thermally-dependent source emanating from a large reservoir of O2 permeating Europa's icy regolith is consistent with the suggestion that its subsurface ocean might be oxidized by subduction of such radiolytic products.

Polymerization of Building Blocks of Life on Europa and Other Icy Moons.

Science.gov (United States)

Kimura, Jun; Kitadai, Norio

2015-06-01

The outer Solar System may provide a potential habitat for extraterrestrial life. Remote sensing data from the Galileo spacecraft suggest that the jovian icy moons--Europa, Ganymede, and possibly Callisto--may harbor liquid water oceans underneath their icy crusts. Although compositional information required for the discussion of habitability is limited because of significantly restricted observation data, organic molecules are ubiquitous in the Universe. Recently, in situ spacecraft measurements and experiments suggest that amino acids can be formed abiotically on interstellar ices and comets. These amino acids could be continuously delivered by meteorite or comet impacts to icy moons. Here, we show that polymerization of organic monomers, in particular amino acids and nucleotides, could proceed spontaneously in the cold environment of icy moons, in particular the jovian icy moon Europa as a typical example, based on thermodynamic calculations, though kinetics of formation are not addressed. Observed surface temperature on Europa is 120 and 80 K in the equatorial region and polar region, respectively. At such low temperatures, Gibbs energies of polymerization become negative, and the estimated thermal structure of the icy crust should contain a shallow region (i.e., at a depth of only a few kilometers) favorable for polymerization. Investigation of the possibility of organic monomer polymerization on icy moons could provide good constraints on the origin and early evolution of extraterrestrial life.

The gravity fields of Ganymede, Callisto and Europa: how well can JUICE do?

Science.gov (United States)

Parisi, Marzia; Iess, Luciano; Finocchiaro, Stefano

2014-05-01

With 20 flybys of Callisto, 2 of Europa and an extended orbital phase around Ganymede, ESA's JUICE mission offers an excellent opportunity to investigate the interiors of the three Galilean satellites. All of these moons can host an internal ocean, but the evidence is compelling only for Europa, where Galileo's measurements of the induced magnetic field are not marred by an intrinsic field as for Ganymede. However, both Europa's and Ganymede's appear to be differentiated (Showman and Malhotra, 1999), and probably hosting a subsurface liquid water ocean underneath the icy surface (Khurana et al., 1998; Kivelson et al., 2002). But even for Callisto, which appears as an undifferentiated body of ice and rock (Showman and Malhotra, 1999), a global or partial subsurface ocean cannot be ruled out (Khurana et al., 1998). The determination of the interior structure of the Galilean satellites, one of the main goal of the JUICE mission, can be accomplished by a combination of gravity, altimetric and magnetic measurements. Gravity measurements are addressed by the 3GM (Geodesy and Geophysics of Jupiter and the Galilean Moons) by means of highly accurate Doppler tracking of the spacecraft from ground antennas. Precise range rate measurements are enabled by a dedicated Ka-band (32-34 GHz) transponder, heritage from the Juno and BepiColombo missions. The expected range rate accuracies are around 0.01 mm/s at 60 s integration time, at nearly all solar elongation angles. A complete cancellation of the interplanetary plasma noise is indeed possible by operating simultaneously the links at X and Ka band. The current mission profile envisages two, low altitude, orbital phases around Ganymede: a circular polar, orbit at an altitude of 500 km for the first 102 days, and circular polar orbit at an altitude of 200 km for the last 30 days. The low altitude will permit the determination of Ganymede's gravity field with a relative accuracy of about 10^-5 for both J2 and C22. The 18 tidal

Europa a nuestra medida: la alfabetización electoral de los ciudadanos españoles a través de la televisión

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cristina Zurutuza Muñoz

2012-07-01

Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE La televisión sigue siendo el medio de comunicación por excelencia para la alfabetización política y electoral de los ciudadanos. En el caso de los comicios europeos, el medio audiovisual juega un papel pedagógico clave acercando a la sociedad una institución alejada y aun desconocida, a pesar de que muchas de las decisiones que se toman en el Parlamento Europeo condicionan la vida cotidiana de los Estados miembros. Conocer cómo las principales cadenas comerciales proyectan la imagen de Europa, a través de sus comicios, resulta fundamental para comprender el tipo de relación y de comportamiento que el ciudadano tiene hacia las instituciones europeas. Esta investigación caracteriza la cobertura informativa de las televisiones privadas españolas durante la campaña de las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo del 7 de junio de 2009. Mediante un análisis de contenido cuantitativo en Antena 3, Cuatro, Telecinco y La Sexta se pretende perfilar quiénes fueron los protagonistas y cuáles los temas más tratados con un doble fin. Por un lado, delimitar qué enfoque (estratégico, de conflicto o temático primó en la cobertura televisiva de estas elecciones. Por otro, conocer si acercaron al ciudadano a Europa o moldearon una idea de ésta a medida de las necesidades nacionales.

Los primeros objetos de bronce en el occidente de Europa

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Fernández-Miranda, Manuel

1995-06-01

Full Text Available The alloy of copper with tin is used to show cultural relations and exchanges between Bronze Age cultures in western and central Europe. At the beginning, the distribution and location of tin resources explains the variations in bronze composition, but interregional ex-change leads later to a more homogeneous alloy. During the Early Bronze Age the Iberian Peninsula was not connected to the exchange networks of western Europe, and the first true bronzes appear at least two centuries la ter. The tin alloy spread over Iberia from north to south, and arrive to South-east at the end of the Middle Brome Age, due to the isolation of this region.

A través del uso de la aleación de cobre y estaño en la tecnología metalúrgica de la Edad del Bronce europea se analizan las relaciones culturales e intercambios que tienen lugar entre los diversos grupos culturales. Al principio la disponibilidad de recursos minerales de estaño condicionó la composición de la aleación, pero más tarde el establecimiento de relaciones comerciales condujo a una mayor homogeneización en la producción. La Península Ibérica aparece durante el Bronce Antiguo desconectada de las interacciones actuantes en el Occidente de Europa, acusando un retraso en el conocimiento del bronce de al menos dos siglos. La difusión de la aleación se produce de norte a sur, llegando al Sureste a fines del Bronce Medio como consecuencia de su aislamiento.

A condição sénior no Sul da Europa e na Escandinávia

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António Calha

2015-06-01

Full Text Available O aumento da esperança média de vida associado a uma retração significativa da natalidade tem contribuído para um rápido envelhecimento das sociedades e uma profunda alteração da estrutura demográfica de muitos dos países europeus. Neste artigo, analisamos as especificidades da condição sénior nos países do Sul da Europa e da Escandinávia. Tratando-se de países com uma configuração de modelos de proteção social distintos, procuramos perceber se existem formas diferenciadas de viver a velhice nessas sociedades. Para tal, recorremos à análise dos resultados obtidos no European Social Survey (round 5 - 2010. A análise realizada revela que a existência de diferentes modelos que configuram a condição sénior nas sociedades em análise traduz-se em formas diferenciadas de lidar com o processo de envelhecimento. Concluímos que a condição de idoso não depende exclusivamente dos fatores biológicos relacionados com a limitação física, pois o contexto social em que se enquadra a vivência desse período da vida também influencia a condição sénior e a forma como os idosos a perspetivam.

Was sind Biodiversity Hotspots - global, regional, lokal?

OpenAIRE

Hobohm, Carsten

2005-01-01

Das Konzept der Biodiversity Hotspots, das Ende der 1980er Jahre von Norman Myers entworfen wurde, gehört derzeit zu den wichtigen forschungsleitenden Ansätzen globaler Naturschutzstrategien. In der vorliegenden Arbeit geht es in erster Linie um die Frage, ob und inwiefern dieses Konzept auf die regionale und lokale Dimension Europas übertragen werden kann. Es wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie europäische Biodiversity Hotspots definiert und identifiziert werden können. Bei der Erforschung ...

Salinibater Ruber as a Model for the Habitability of Europa's Ocean

Science.gov (United States)

Cardona, M. C.; Ramírez, S. I.

2017-11-01

The moon Europa has an ocean enriched with sulfate compounds. This work evaluates the adaptation strategies of Salinibacter ruber, a halophilic bacterium, when subjected to MgSO4 and NaSO4, two of the main salty components of Europás ocean.

Lyman Alpha Camera for Io's SO2 atmosphere and Europa's water plumes

Science.gov (United States)

McEwen, Alfred S.; Sandel, Bill; Schneider, Nick

2014-05-01

The Student Lyman-Alpha Mapper (SLAM) was conceived for the Io Volcano Observer (IVO) mission proposal (McEwen et al., 2014) to determine the spatial and temporal variations in Io's SO2 atmosphere by recording the H Ly-α reflection over the disk (Feldman et al., 2000; Feaga et al., 2009). SO2 absorbs at H Ly-α, thereby modulating the brightness of sunlight reflected by the surface, and measures the density of the SO2 atmosphere and its variability with volcanic activity and time of day. Recently, enhancements at the Ly-α wavelength (121.57 nm) were seen near the limb of Europa and interpreted as active water plumes ~200 km high (Roth et al., 2014). We have a preliminary design for a very simple camera to image in a single bandpass at Ly-α, analogous to a simplified version of IMAGE EUV (Sandel et al. 2000). Our goal is at least 50 resolution elements across Io and/or Europa (~75 km/pixel), ~3x better than HST STIS, to be acquired at a range where the radiation noise is below 1E-4 hits/pixel/s. This goal is achieved with a Cassegrain-like telescope with a 10-cm aperture. The wavelength selection is achieved using a simple self-filtering mirror in combination with a solar-blind photocathode. A photon-counting detector based on a sealed image intensifier preserves the poisson statistics of the incoming photon flux. The intensifier window is coated with a solar-blind photocathode material (CsI). The location of each photon event is recorded by a position-sensitive anode based on crossed delay-line or wedge-and-strip technology. The sensitivity is 0.01 counts/pixel/sec/R, sufficient to estimate SO2 column abundances ranging from 1E15 to 1E17 per cm2 in a 5 min (300 sec) exposure. Sensitivity requirements to search for and image Europa plumes may be similar. Io's Ly-α brightness of ~3 kR exceeds the 0.8 kR brightness of Europa's plume reported by Roth et al. (2014), but the plume brightness is a direct measurement rather than inferring column abundance from

Microbial mats in Antarctica as models for the search of life on the Jovian moon Europa

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dudeja, S.; Bhattacherjee, A.B.; Chela-Flores, J.

2008-06-01

The possibility of sulfur patches on the Jovian satellite Europa being of biogenic origin is discussed. The presence of microbial mats and the accumulation of sulfur on the surface of some Antarctic subglacial lakes are correlated with the sulfur traces found on Europa by means of microbiological processes. Special attention has been paid to the influence of temperature and radiation on the icy surface of this Jovian satellite. An optimum penetration depth to look for biomarkers is proposed based on biogeochemical parameters. (author)

Da TV pública europeia à "alienação" da Ideia de Europa

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francisco Rui Cádima

Full Text Available Resumo As políticas europeias, em matéria de televisão pública e de produção audiovisual têm sido, de um modo geral, muito negativas para a experiência cultural europeia, e para a identidade e o reforço da Ideia de Europa. Ao fim de mais de 30 anos de políticas hesitantes e precárias que têm vindo sistematicamente a diminuir a esfera de ação cultural e a identidade europeia do audiovisual público dos Estados-membros da UE, estamos provavelmente a chegar a um ponto de não retorno, em plena fase de transição para o digital. No atual contexto político de revisão da Diretiva do audiovisual, ou essas políticas reforçam a competência das televisões públicas europeias para a construção da Ideia de Europa, ou será a própria Europa e os meios audiovisuais de difusão da sua cultura que entrarão definitivamente em perigo.

Large Binocular Telescope Observations of Europa Occulting Io's Volcanoes at 4.8 μm

Science.gov (United States)

Skrutskie, Michael F.; Conrad, Albert; Resnick, Aaron; Leisenring, Jarron; Hinz, Phil; de Pater, Imke; de Kleer, Katherine; Spencer, John; Skemer, Andrew; Woodward, Charles E.; Davies, Ashley Gerard; Defrére, Denis

2015-11-01

On 8 March 2015 Europa passed nearly centrally in front of Io. The Large Binocular Telescope observed this event in dual-aperture AO-corrected Fizeau interferometric imaging mode using the mid-infrared imager LMIRcam operating behind the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI) at a broadband wavelength of 4.8 μm (M-band). Occultation light curves generated from frames recorded every 123 milliseconds show that both Loki and Pele/Pillan were well resolved. Europa's center shifted by 2 kilometers relative to Io from frame-to-frame. The derived light curve for Loki is consistent with the double-lobed structure reported by Conrad et al. (2015) using direct interferometric imaging with LBTI.

Brand Love no Setor de Cosméticos: Uma Análise Comparativa das Revendedoras de uma Marca Global do Brasil e do México

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Maria Helena Bernardo

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Este artigo teve como propósito central investigar a relação existente entre o amor à marca com a profissional de vendas diretas de uma marca global de cosméticos. Para isso, utilizou-se como procedimento metodológico uma pesquisa com 20 revendedoras dessa marca, sendo 10 do Brasil e 10 do México, países onde há maior concentração de vendas. Para a coleta de dados, adotou-se uma metodologia qualitativa por meio da utilização do método ZMET. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com a Teoria Triangular do Amor de Robert Sternberg e revelaram que as revendedoras brasileiras expressam o amor romântico ao demonstrarem paixão e intimidade com a marca. Já as revendedoras mexicanas exprimem o amor inconsequente, baseado no alto grau de interesse e desejo de experimentação. Com o conhecimento dessas emoções, torna possível o planejamento de estratégias de aproximação tendo como base a cultura onde a organização está inserida.

Escenarios de la migración latinoamericana: la vida familiar transnacional entre Europa y América Latina

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Isabel Yepez del Castillo

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Este artículo tiene tres partes, en la primera pasamos revista a las migraciones entre Europa y América Latina desde una perspectiva de larga duración destacando las incidencias de la globalización en el aumento de las desigualdades entre países y en los procesos de movilidad social ascendente y descendente de las familias migrantes. En la segunda, abordamos los escenarios posibles y estrategias múltiples de la presencia latinoamericana en la Unión Europea en el contexto de crisis global. Finalmente, nos interrogamos sobre la incidencia que las actuales políticas migratorias, de gestión de la crisis y del mercado de trabajo, tienen sobre la vida familiar de los diferentes colectivos latinoamericanos.

Life habitability in the solar system: testing the universality of biology on Europa with microprobes or lander

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chela-Flores, J.

2007-05-01

We discuss whether it is possible to test the universality of biology, a quest that is of paramount relevance for one of its most recent branches, namely astrobiology. We review this topic in terms of the relative roles played on the Earth biota by contingency and evolutionary convergence. We raise the related question of whether the molecular events that were precursors to the origin of life on Earth are bound to occur elsewhere in the solar system, wherever the environmental conditions are similar to the terrestrial ones. The set of hypotheses for addressing the question of the universality of biology can be tested by future experiments that are feasible with current technology. We focus on landing on the Jovian satellite Europa and its broader implications, including selecting a landing site. We also discuss the corresponding miniaturized equipment that is already in existence. The second objective is to discuss in more detail whether sulphur traces on Jupiter's moon Europa could be of biogenic origin, and could be tested with the present level of technology readiness. To achieve reliable biosignatures in the solar system in the foreseeable future, it seems essential to go back to Europa, in addition to continuing the multiple well-funded Mars programmes. Our work highlights the type of biogenic signatures that can be searched, when probing Europa's icy and patchy surface. Definite answers can be retrieved in situ on the icy surface with instrumentation for the corresponding biogeochemistry. The measurements can be performed by, for instance, microprobes, or by landers (of the type of the original JPL studies that sadly have been suspended). Such on-site measurements could make a modest contribution to the overall question of settling one of the most significant problems in astrobiology, namely the origin of the surficial sulphur on Europa. (author)

Science Goals, Objectives, and Investigations of the 2016 Europa Lander Science Definition Team Report

Science.gov (United States)

Hand, Kevin P.; Murray, Alison; Garvin, James; and the Europa Lander Science Definition Team, Project Science Team, and Project Engineering Team.

2017-10-01

In June of 2016 NASA convened a 21-person team of scientists to establish the science goals, objectives, investigations, measurement requirements, and model payload of a Europa lander mission concept. The NASA HQ Charter goals, in priority order, are as follows:1) Search for evidence of life on Europa, 2) Assess the habitability of Europa via in situ techniques uniquely available to a lander mission, 3) Characterize surface and subsurface properties at the scale of the lander to support future exploration of Europa.Within Goal 1, four Objectives were developed for seeking signs of life. These include the need to: a) detect and characterize any organic indicators of past or present life, b) identify and characterize morphological, textural, and other indicators of life, c) detect and characterize any inorganic indicators of past or present life, and d) determine the provenance of Lander-sampled material. Goal 2 focuses on Europa’s habitability and ensures that even in the absence of the detection of any potential biosignatures, significant ocean world science is still achieved. Goal 3 ensures that the landing site region is quantitatively characterized in the context needed for Goals 1 and 2, and that key measurements about Europa’s ice shell are made to enable future exploration.Critically, scientific success cannot be, and should never be, contingent on finding signs of life - such criteria would be levying requirements on how the universe works. Rather, scientific success is defined here as achieving a suite of measurements such that if convincing signs of life are present on Europa’s surface they could be detected at levels comparable to those found in benchmark environments on Earth, and, further, that even if no potential biosignatures are detected, the science return of the mission will significantly advance our fundamental understanding of Europa’s chemistry, geology, geophysics, and habitability.

Assess and control global change in agriculture through ecosystem models integrated in geographic information systems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ponti, Luigi; Gutierrez, Andrew Paul; Iannetta, Massimo

2015-01-01

ENEA has created, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley, the Global Change Biology project that, for the first time, has made available in Europe a technology that can be It used to interpret and effectively manage change Global agriculture. The aim of the project was to provide tools to summarize, manage and analyze data Ecological on the effects of global change in agricultural systems, using traditional Mediterranean crops (Eg. Vineyards and olive) as model systems (http: // cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/89728_en.html). [it

Absorption Spectra of CuGaSe2 and CuInSe2 Semiconducting Nanoclusters

KAUST Repository

Mokkath, Junais Habeeb; Singh, Nirpendra; Schwingenschlö gl, Udo

2015-01-01

The structural and optical properties of the chalcopyrite CunGanSe2n and CunInnSe2n nanoclusters (n = 2, 4, 6, and 8) are investigated as a function of the size using a combination of basin-hopping global optimization and time-dependent density

El derecho a la vivienda en Europa : deberes prositivos y derechos exigibles (según la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos

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Padraic Kenna

2009-01-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo expone el desarrollo experimentado en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos respecto de la perspectiva de los derechos humanos como obligaciones positivas en el contexto de la vivienda. En este sentido, se traza la evolución desde el concepto liberal tradicional de los derechos de carácter negativo, pasando por la influencia de los modelos de Estado de bienestar durante la posguerra, hasta el Estado contemporáneo, desde 1980. El estudio, cuyo eje viene constituido por los derechos de propiedad, se centra en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. Se destaca el articulado del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos, centrándose en los artículos, 3, 6 y 8, así como en las obligaciones positivas que de ellos se derivan. El autor presta especial atención a determinados artículos del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos sobre los que el Tribunal ha fijado obligaciones positivas. El autor concluye que el tribunal tiene aún una larga tarea respecto de la redefinición de las obligaciones positivas referentes a los derechos de vivienda, debiéndose basar en la valiosa jurisprudencia del Consejo de Europa.

Implications of Tidally Driven Convection and Lithospheric Arguments on the Topography of Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Sattler-Cassara, L.; Lyra, W.

2017-11-01

We present 3D numerical simulations of tidally driven convection in Europa. By associating the resulting normal stress from plumes with surface weakening and resistance from shallower layers, we successfully reproduce domes and double ridges.

Guía del IFI (plan de negocios). Propuesta de importación de embutidos, bebidas alcohólicas y no alcohólicas desde Europa para su distribución en la ciudad de Bogotá

OpenAIRE

Jaimes Chingaté, Carlos Eduardo; Carrillo Manzanares, Carlos Alberto; Garzón Horta, Angie Marleth

2013-01-01

El presente plan de negocio busca sustentar a través de la investigación de mercados, la sustentación económica y financiera, la viabilidad de la importación de productos alimenticios, bebidas energizántes, bebidas no alcohólicas y alcohólicas desde Europa, con el fin de incursionar en el mercado colombiano, a su vez incorporar al mercado internacional mercancías que se encuentran hoy en día en el territorio nacional. Es así que se pretende que el comercio nacional sea abierto a nuevos produ...

Can the biogenicity of Europa's surfical sulfur be tested simultaneously with penetrators and ion traps?

Science.gov (United States)

Chela-Flores, J.; Bhattacherjee, A. B.; Dudeja, S.; Kumar, N.; Seckbach, J.

2009-04-01

We suggest a biogenic interpretation of the sulfur patches on the Europan icy surface. This hypothesis is testable by LAPLACE, or a later mission, in which the instrumentation on board are penetrators, or ion traps, with component selection including miniaturized mass spectrometry. The argument in favor of such instrumentation and component selection is as follows: Extreme environments with microbes can act as models for extraterrestrial life (Seckbach et al., 2008). Suggestions have ranged from Venusian environments (Sagan, 1967, Seckbach and Libby, 1970) to Mars (Grilli Caiola and Billi, 2007). Active photosynthetic microbial communities are found on Antarctica, both in and on ice, in fresh water, in saline lakes and streams and within rocks. In the dry valley lakes of Antarctica close to the McMurdo Base, microbial mats are known to selectively remove a huge quantity of sulfur (Parker et al., 1982). Lake Vostok in Antarctica possesses a perennially thick (3 to 4 km) ice-cover that precludes photosynthesis, thus making this subglacial environment a good model system for determining how a potential Europan biota might emerge, evolve and distribute itself. Jupiter's moon Europa may harbor a subsurface water ocean, which lies beneath an ice layer that might be too thick to allow photosynthesis, just as in Lake Vostok. However, disequilibrium chemistry driven by charged particles from Jupiter's magnetosphere could produce sufficient organic and oxidant molecules for an Europan biosphere (Chyba, 2000). We restrict our attention to microbial mats that could still be thriving in spite of the extreme conditions of radiation on Europa. We are especially concerned with sulfur patches discovered by the Galileo mission. In the near future there are technologies available to settle the question of habitability on Europa, such as penetrators that are currently being developed for preliminary trials nearer to the Earth—the Moon-Lite mission (Smith et al., 2008). If analogies

Effects of comprehensive smoke-free legislation in Europe Efectos de la legislación antitabaco en Europa

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Lucia Maria Lotrean

2008-01-01

Full Text Available This paper reviews data regarding the effects of the legislation banning smoking in enclosed public places, including workplaces, restaurants and bars which entered into force in several countries of Europe starting with the year 2004. The source of data is represented by articles and short information published in peer reviewed journals or in electronic format between the years 2005 and 2008. Highlights include a consideration of the effects of these laws on the attitudes of the population regarding their implementation, exposure to passive smoking in public places as well as the scientific evidence on the public health and economic impact of these laws. The results of smoking ban in public places observed in several parts of Europe support initiatives in many countries toward implementing smoke-free legislation, particularly those who have ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which calls for legislation to reduce tobacco smoke pollution.Se revisaron datos sobre el impacto de las leyes que prohíben fumar en espacios públicos cerrados, incluyendo centros de trabajo, restaurantes y bares, las cuales entraron en vigor en varios países de Europa en 2004. La fuente de datos incluye artículos indexados y notas breves publicadas en revistas científicas o en formato electrónico entre 2005 y 2008. Los hallazgos incluyen una descripción del impacto de estas leyes sobre las actitudes de la población con respecto a su implementación, la exposición al humo de tabaco ambiental en espacios públicos cerrados, así como la evidencia científica sobre el impacto de estas leyes en la salud pública y en la economía. Los resultados de la prohibición de fumar en lugares públicos que se observaron en varios países de Europa confirman la importancia de promulgar iniciativas legislativas para crear ambientes libres de humo de tabaco en varios países del mundo, en particular en aquellos que han ratificado en Convenio Marco para el

Encuesta sobre la construcción política de Europa = Academic survey about constitutionalization of European Union

OpenAIRE

Balaguer Callejón, Francisco; Bar Cendón, Antonio; Gil Robles, José María; Linde Paniagua, Enrique; Pérez Calvo, Alberto; Tajadura Tejada, Javier; Balaguer Callejón, Francisco

2013-01-01

En esta encuesta un grupo de Catedráticos de Derecho Público responden a preguntas sobre la construcción constitucional de Europa relacionadas con la actual situación del proceso de integración europea, la existencia de un proceso constituyente europeo y de un poder constituyente europeo, a la organización institucional de Europa y a la existencia de un derecho constitucional europeo.Constitutionalization of Europe, European constituent process, European constituent power, European ...

La atención educativa al alumnado de educación especial en Europa = Educational attention for students with intelectual disability in Europe

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Alicia García

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Las personas con discapacidad intelectual son uno de los grupos sociales más desfavorecidos en los países europeos. Este estudio recoge y describe las principales líneas de apoyo al alumnado con discapacidad intelectual en Europa a través de una descripción de los tres países representativos (Finlandia, Francia y Alemania. Con el fin de hacer comparaciones entre los diferentes países, se identificaron varios elementos clave: evaluación de diagnóstico y elección del tipo de centro, tipos de escolarización, medidas de apoyo específico profesorado, evaluación y certificación. Finalmente, se concluye con una breve reflexión sobre el impacto de los diferentes tipos de apoyo en Europa, abordando las políticas específicas relacionadas con la atención educativa de los alumnos con discapacidad intelectual.People with intellectual disabilities represent one of the most disadvantaged social groups in European countries. This study gathers and describes the main lines of support for students with intellectual disability in Europe. This study presents descriptions of three representative countries, highlighting descriptions in three representative countries (Finland, France and Germany. Also, it provides an overview of educative attention for students with intellectual disability, briefly highlighting arrangements in different countries. In order to make comparisons across the states, several key elements were identified: diagnostic assessment, choice of school, specific support measures, teachers, pupil assessment and certification. Finally this is followed by a short conclusion on the impact of different kinds of support around Europe, addressing specific policies relating to educative attention for students with intellectual disability.

Chemistry of Frozen NaCl and MgSO4 Brines - Implications for Surface Expression of Europa's Ocean Composition

Science.gov (United States)

Johnson, P. V.; Hodyss, R. P.; Choukroun, M.; Vu, T. H.

2015-12-01

The composition of Europa's subsurface ocean is a critical determinant of its habitability, but current analysis of the ocean composition is limited to its expression on the Europan surface. While there is observational evidence indicating that ocean materials make their way to the surface, our understanding of the chemical processes that can alter this material under Europan surface conditions is limited. We present experimental data on the chemistry of mixed solutions of NaCl and MgSO4 as they are frozen to 100 K, replicating the conditions that may occur when subsurface ocean fluids are emplaced onto Europa's surface. Confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy is used to study the formation of salts during the freezing process, and the interaction of ions in the frozen brines. Our data indicate that mixed aqueous solutions of NaCl and MgSO4 form Na2SO4 and MgCl2 preferentially when frozen, rather than making NaCl and MgSO4 precipitates. The detection of epsomite (MgSO4Ÿ•7H2O) on Europa's surface may therefore imply an ocean composition relatively low in sodium, unless radiolytic chemistry converts MgCl2 to MgSO4 as suggested by Hand and Brown 2013 (ApJ 145 110). These results have important implications for the interpretation of remote sensing data of Europa's surface.

Europas ledere må gøre op med ' folkets vilje

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Wind, Marlene

2017-01-01

Centerleder og professor Marlene Wind insisterer i dagens Politiken i debatindlægget: "Europas ledere må gøre op med ' folkets vilje'", at verdens ledere må stå fast ved de principper, der har været bærende for vores samfund siden anden verdenskrig. Domstolenes politiske uafhængighed, menneskeret...

El proceso de reclutamiento del policía mexicano en el contexto internacional/The recruitment process of the mexican police in an international context

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Camilo Valencia García

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Transparencia International realiza el estudio Barometro Global de la Corrupción en el cual, México se ubica entre los 11 países considerados más corruptos, por lo que se analizan los procesos de reclutamiento a nivel nacional y se contrastan con los países con mejores resultados en este estudio, bajo el entendido de que contratar a personas con tendencias a la antisocialidad implica tener corporaciones policiacas infiltradas por la delincuencia organizada, frágiles frente la corrupción y violentas ante la sociedad, por lo que contar con adecuadas evaluaciones y métodos de selección se torna una herramienta primordial en la prevención delictiva.

Zivilmacht Europa: a critical geopolitics of the European Union as a global power

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bachmann, V.; Sidaway, J.D.

2009-01-01

The EU's global role is the focus of much media, political and scholarly commentary. This paper explores how ideas associated with the term ‘civilian power’ became an enduring geopolitical conception for an integrated Europe as a significant global actor. It traces their evolution from the early

¿Hay ahora libertad de prensa en Europa Oriental?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Raúl Sorrosa

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Con datos de la Freedom House que recibe el 80% de su financiación de parte del gobierno de los Estados Unidos, el articulista expone la situación de la "libertad de información" en los países de Europa Occidental. Habla de lo que fue el fin del comunismo y el control de los medios de comunicación por parte del Estado y de la transformación sufrida luego.

Can evolutionary convergence be tested on Europa?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chela-Flores, Julian [Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas (Venezuela); [Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (Italy)]. E-mail: chelaf@ictp.trieste.it

2002-09-01

A major objective in solar system exploration has to be the insertion of appropriate biology-oriented experiments in future missions. We discuss various reasons for suggesting that this type of research be considered a high priority for feasibility studies and, subsequently, for technological development of appropriate melters and submersibles. With the assumption that Darwin's theory is valid for the evolution of life anywhere in the universe, various degrees of convergent phenomena argue in favor of the conjecture that universal evolution of intelligent behavior is just a matter of time and preservation of steady planetary conditions. A preliminary test of this conjecture is feasible with experiments involving evolutionary biosignatures on Europa. (author)

Búsqueda de series de referencia para el seguimiento de la señal regional del calentamiento global

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Daniel Pabón-Caicedo

1995-01-01

Full Text Available Como fase inicial de un estudio de los aspectos regionales del cambio climático se presenta un análisis preliminar de las series de registros de temperatura medias anuales para diferentes regiones y altitudes en territorio colombiano, con el propósito de seleccionar o conformar series de referencia para hacer el seguimiento del calentamiento global y para el estudio del cambio climático en general.

La hora de la decisión. ¿Cómo logró “Merkozy” establecer las bases para una nueva Europa?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Andreas Rinke

2011-11-01

Full Text Available Los países de la zona euro vivieron durante 2011 algunos de los meses más dramáticos desde la creación del euro llegando transitoriamente a su fin con la política del eje franco-alemán que produjo un cambio en la arquitectura de la Unión Europea. El viejo debate sobre la “Europa de los círculos concéntricos” o de un “núcleo Europa” dejó de ser una teoría y se convirtió en realidad: el grupo de los 17 países de la eurozona se dio a partir de ese momento un nuevo marco. El presente texto señala, desde la óptica alemana, qué sucedió durante todos estos meses, reconstruye cómo cambió la posición de la canciller Angela Merkel ante la crisis económica, pasando de una actitud defensiva a una actitud ofensiva de respuesta, y muestra cómo finalmente esto llevó, con el apoyo decisivo del entonces mandatario francés Nicolás Sarkozy, a una transformación institucional importante al interior de la Unión Europea.

La publicidad interactiva más allá de la norma: parámetros deontológicos en Europa y América Latina

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David López

2011-09-01

Full Text Available La publicidad constituye un elemento ineludible de la vida cotidiana, desempeñando, qué duda cabe, una enorme relevancia en el plano social. Dentro del amplio catálogo que al respecto existe destaca la que presenta carácter interactivo y, en especial, la que tiene lugar en Internet. Esta última, a pesar de la profunda crisis económica imperante, está protagonizando un crecimiento muy significativo. Ahora bien, la misma debe cumplir la legislación imperante sobre el particular –que en Internet, a veces, resulta complejo- para, de este modo, no defraudar los intereses de sus potenciales destinatarios. Dado que las normas legales no suelen ser suficientes, en el plano internacional se han aprobado numerosos sistemas de autorregulación sobre el particular que representan un sugerente complemento de la legalidad imperante. A tal efecto, se analizarán los casos de Europa y América Latina.

Stability of orbits around planetary satellites considering a disturbing body in an elliptical orbit: Applications to Europa and Ganymede

Science.gov (United States)

Cardoso dos Santos, Josué; Carvalho, Jean Paulo; Vilhena de Moraes, Rodolpho

Europa and Ganymede are two of the four Jupiter’s moons which compose the Galilean satellite. These ones are planetary satellites of greater interest at the present moment among the scientific community. There are some missions being planned to visit them and and the Jovian system. One of them is the cooperation between NASA and ESA for the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). In this mission are planned the insertion of the spacecrafts JEO (Jupiter Europa Orbiter) and JGO (Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter) into Europa and Ganymede’s orbit. Thus, there is a great necessity for having a better comprehension of the dynamics of the orbits around this planetary satellite. This comprehension is essential for the success of this type of mission. In this context, this work aims to perform a search for low-altitude orbits around these planetary satellites. An emphasis is given in polar orbits. These orbits can be useful in the planning of aerospace activities to be conducted around this planetary satellite, with respect to the stability of orbits of artificial satellites. The study considers orbits of an artificial satellite around Europa and Ganymede under the influence of the third-body perturbation (the gravitational attraction of Jupiter) and the polygenic perturbations. These last ones occur due to forces such as the non-uniform distribution of mass (J2 and J3) of the main (central) body. A simplified dynamic model for polygenic perturbations is used. A new model for the third-body disturbance is presented considering it in an elliptical orbit. The Lagrange planetary equations, which compose a system of nonlinear differential equations, are used to describe the orbital motion of the artificial satellite around Ganymede. The equations showed here are developed in closed form to avoid expansions in inclination and eccentricity.

O império das imagens de Hitler: o projeto de expansão internacional do modelo de cinema nazi-fascista na Europa e na América Latina (1933-1955)

OpenAIRE

Wagner Pinheiro Pereira

2008-01-01

O propósito principal desta tese de doutorado é desenvolver um estudo de histórias conectadas sobre a expansão internacional do modelo de cinema nazista na Europa e na América Latina, durante as décadas de 1930 e 1950. A influência da Alemanha nazista sobre as indústrias de cinema e as produções cinematográficas da Itália fascista, de Portugal salazarista, da Espanha franquista, do Brasil varguista e da Argentina peronista, representou a tentativa de Berlim tornar-se a Nova Hollywood Mundial ...

Modelo de avaliação de desempenho global para instituição de ensino superior Evaluation Model of Global Performance for Higher Education Institutions

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Henrique Martins Galvão

2011-12-01

Full Text Available This study proposes a model to evaluate overall performance for Higher Education Institutions. It is unquestionable the importance of organizations from the education sector for knowledge development and dissemination of information, necessary for the progress of a city, region or country. However, it is necessary to develop tools for planning and management control to monitor organizational performance. In this case, one of the most important tasks is related to the types of information that managers need to monitor and tune the performance of the organization. The proposed evaluation model helps to improve the organizational performance of education institutions, creating higher value in the services offered.Este estudo propõe um modelo de avaliação de desempenho global para instituições de ensino superior. É indiscutível a importância das organizações do setor da educação, decisivas para o progresso de uma cidade, região ou país, por serem indutoras do desenvolvimento do conhecimento e da disseminação da informação. Por isso, torna-se necessário desenvolver, para essas instituições educacionais, instrumentos gerenciais de planejamento e de controle que monitorem o desempenho organizacional. Neste caso, uma das tarefas mais relevantes relaciona-se aos tipos de informações que os gerentes necessitam para monitorar e ajustar o desempenho da organização. O modelo de avaliação proposto contribui para melhorar o desempenho organizacional das instituições de ensino, criando valor superior nos serviços oferecidos.

Análisis de la evolución de la crisis económica en el sector de la construcción en diferentes países de Europa en un período de 10 años, de 2003 a 2013

OpenAIRE

Rodrigo Martínez, Carlos Víctor

2015-01-01

La presente tesis analiza la evolución de la crisis económica en el sector de la construcción en diferentes países de Europa entre 2003 a 2013. Todos los países analizados pertenecen a la Zona Euro; se han escogido los cuatro países con una economía más fuerte y se ha incluido en la muestra uno de los cuatro países rescatados; el período establecido es suficientemente amplio para poder ver sus diferentes etapas de evolución. La eurozona, denominada oficialmente Zona del Euro, e...

Modeling Thermal Transport and Surface Deformation on Europa using Realistic Rheologies

Science.gov (United States)

Linneman, D.; Lavier, L.; Becker, T. W.; Soderlund, K. M.

2017-12-01

Most existing studies of Europa's icy shell model the ice as a Maxwell visco-elastic solid or viscous fluid. However, these approaches do not allow for modeling of localized deformation of the brittle part of the ice shell, which is important for understanding the satellite's evolution and unique geology. Here, we model the shell as a visco-elasto-plastic material, with a brittle Mohr-Coulomb elasto-plastic layer on top of a convective Maxwell viscoelastic layer, to investigate how thermal transport processes relate to the observed deformation and topography on Europa's surface. We use Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) code, which employs an explicit time-stepping algorithm to simulate deformation processes in Europa's icy shell. Heat transfer drives surface deformation within the icy shell through convection and tidal dissipation due to its elliptical orbit around Jupiter. We first analyze the visco-elastic behavior of a convecting ice layer and the parameters that govern this behavior. The regime of deformation depends on the magnitude of the stress (diffusion creep at low stresses, grain-size-sensitive creep at intermediate stresses, dislocation creep at high stresses), so we calculate effective viscosity each time step using the constitutive stress-strain equation and a combined flow law that accounts for all types of deformation. Tidal dissipation rate is calculated as a function of the temperature-dependent Maxwell relaxation time and the square of the second invariant of the strain rate averaged over each orbital period. After we initiate convection in the viscoelastic layer by instituting an initial temperature perturbation, we then add an elastoplastic layer on top of the convecting layer and analyze how the brittle ice reacts to stresses from below and any resulting topography. We also take into account shear heating along fractures in the brittle layer. We vary factors such as total shell thickness and minimum viscosity, as these parameters are

Design of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle to Calibrate the Europa Clipper Ice-Penetrating Radar

Science.gov (United States)

Stone, W.; Siegel, V.; Kimball, P.; Richmond, K.; Flesher, C.; Hogan, B.; Lelievre, S.

2013-12-01

Jupiter's moon Europa has been prioritized as the target for the Europa Clipper flyby mission. A key science objective for the mission is to remotely characterize the ice shell and any subsurface water, including their heterogeneity, and the nature of surface-ice-ocean exchange. This objective is a critical component of the mission's overarching goal of assessing the habitability of Europa. The instrument targeted for addressing key aspects of this goal is an ice-penetrating radar (IPR). As a primary goal of our work, we will tightly couple airborne IPR studies of the Ross Ice Shelf by the Europa Clipper radar team with ground-truth data to be obtained from sub-glacial sonar and bio-geochemical mapping of the corresponding ice-water and water-rock interfaces using an advanced autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The ARTEMIS vehicle - a heavily morphed long-range, low drag variant of the highly successful 4-degree-of-freedom hovering sub-ice ENDURANCE bot -- will be deployed from a sea-ice drill hole adjacent the McMurdo Ice Shelf (MIS) and will perform three classes of missions. The first includes original exploration and high definition mapping of both the ice-water interface and the benthic interface on a length scale (approximately 10 kilometers under-ice penetration radius) that will definitively tie it to the synchronous airborne IPR over-flights. These exploration and mapping missions will be conducted at up to 10 different locations along the MIS in order to capture varying ice thickness and seawater intrusion into the ice shelf. Following initial mapping characterization, the vehicle will conduct astrobiology-relevant proximity operations using bio-assay sensors (custom-designed UV fluorescence and machine-vision-processed optical imagery) followed by point-targeted studies at regions of interest. Sample returns from the ice-water interface will be triggered autonomously using real-time-processed instrument data and onboard decision-to-collect algorithms

Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas and the Memory’s Landscape in Reunified Germany | Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas y el paisaje de la memoria en la Alemania reunificada

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

F. Miquel de Toro

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin has become one of the most controversial Holocaust memorials of remembrance and commemoration, not only in Berlin, but in reunited Germany. The process that led to its construction and dedication has become an example of the debate that should keep that memory alive, more important than the memorial itself in some cases. Its form and content, without the necessary work of contextualization, may be easily confused with an urban abstract artwork. It is just this contextualization which will hopefully allow the so-called “post-memory generations” to fully understand its function. Hence the need for the information center, with its various rooms and exhibitions, in order to provide the necessary historical context for a better understanding of the role of that memorial. | El Memorial por los Judíos Muertos de Europa de Berlín se ha convertido en uno de los memoriales de recuerdo y conmemoración del Holocausto más controvertidos, no sólo de Berlín, sino de la Alemania reunificada. El proceso que llevó a su construcción y dedicación se ha convertido en un ejemplo de los debates que deben mantener viva la memoria, en algunos casos más importantes que el memorial mismo. Su forma y contenido, sin el trabajo de contextualización necesaria, se puede confundir fácilmente con una obra de arte abstracto urbano, y sólo esa contextualización permitirá comprender plenamente su función a las denominadas “generaciones de la post-memoria”. De ahí la necesidad de introducir el centro informativo, con sus diferentes salas y exposiciones, para proporcionar el contexto histórico necesario para comprender mejor la función del memorial.

Hybrid Simulation of the Interaction of Europa's Atmosphere with the Jovian Plasma: Multiprocessor Simulations

Science.gov (United States)

Dols, V. J.; Delamere, P. A.; Bagenal, F.; Cassidy, T. A.; Crary, F. J.

2014-12-01

We model the interaction of Europa's tenuous atmosphere with the plasma of Jupiter's torus with an improved version of our hybrid plasma code. In a hybrid plasma code, the ions are treated as kinetic Macro-particles moving under the Lorentz force and the electrons as a fluid leading to a generalized formulation of Ohm's law. In this version, the spatial simulation domain is decomposed in 2 directions and is non-uniform in the plasma convection direction. The code is run on a multi-processor supercomputer that offers 16416 cores and 2GB Ram per core. This new version allows us to tap into the large memory of the supercomputer and simulate the full interaction volume (Reuropa=1561km) with a high spatial resolution (50km). Compared to Io, Europa's atmosphere is about 100 times more tenuous, the ambient magnetic field is weaker and the density of incident plasma is lower. Consequently, the electrodynamic interaction is also weaker and substantial fluxes of thermal torus ions might reach and sputter the icy surface. Molecular O2 is the dominant atmospheric product of this surface sputtering. Observations of oxygen UV emissions (specifically the ratio of OI 1356A / 1304A emissions) are roughly consistent with an atmosphere that is composed predominantely of O2 with a small amount of atomic O. Galileo observations along flybys close to Europa have revealed the existence of induced currents in a conducting ocean under the icy crust. They also showed that, from flyby to flyby, the plasma interaction is very variable. Asymmetries of the plasma density and temperature in the wake of Europa were also observed and still elude a clear explanation. Galileo mag data also detected ion cyclotron waves, which is an indication of heavy ion pickup close to the moon. We prescribe an O2 atmosphere with a vertical density column consistent with UV observations and model the plasma properties along several Galileo flybys of the moon. We compare our results with the magnetometer

Tides on Europa: The membrane paradigm

Science.gov (United States)

Beuthe, Mikael

2015-03-01

Jupiter's moon Europa has a thin icy crust which is decoupled from the mantle by a subsurface ocean. The crust thus responds to tidal forcing as a deformed membrane, cold at the top and near melting point at the bottom. In this paper I develop the membrane theory of viscoelastic shells with depth-dependent rheology with the dual goal of predicting tidal tectonics and computing tidal dissipation. Two parameters characterize the tidal response of the membrane: the effective Poisson's ratio ν bar and the membrane spring constant Λ, the latter being proportional to the crust thickness and effective shear modulus. I solve membrane theory in terms of tidal Love numbers, for which I derive analytical formulas depending on Λ, ν bar , the ocean-to-bulk density ratio and the number k2∘ representing the influence of the deep interior. Membrane formulas predict h2 and k2 with an accuracy of a few tenths of percent if the crust thickness is less than one hundred kilometers, whereas the error on l2 is a few percents. Benchmarking with the thick-shell software SatStress leads to the discovery of an error in the original, uncorrected version of the code that changes stress components by up to 40%. Regarding tectonics, I show that different stress-free states account for the conflicting predictions of thin and thick shell models about the magnitude of tensile stresses due to nonsynchronous rotation. Regarding dissipation, I prove that tidal heating in the crust is proportional to Im (Λ) and that it is equal to the global heat flow (proportional to Im (k2)) minus the core-mantle heat flow (proportional to Im (k2∘)). As an illustration, I compute the equilibrium thickness of a convecting crust. More generally, membrane formulas are useful in any application involving tidal Love numbers such as crust thickness estimates, despinning tectonics or true polar wander.

Europa Passage, Hamburg. Pumps ensure thermal comfort at all levels; Die Europa Passage in Hamburg. Pumpen sorgen fuer Komfort auf allen Ebenen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Teders, Klaus

2009-07-01

The Europa Passage at Hamburg is a new shopping mall located directly on the Binnenalster river. It was constructed in 2006 and has 30,000 m{sup 2} of shop floor on five levels, which makes it one of Germany's biggest shopping malls. It is frequented every day by up to 40,000 visitors and more than 50,000 visitors on saturdays. In order to ensure optimum comfort even in peak times, the passage is equipped with state-of-the-art technical facilities. Energy-efficient pumps ensure reliable supply of all technical facilities. (orig.)

Enseñanza de la Arquitectura

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hernán Ascui Fernández

2015-12-01

¿Qué será aquello que garantiza la subsistencia del fenómeno enseñanza/aprendizaje de la arquitectura, aquel contenido o experiencia que torna la enseñanza de un individuo propiamente arquitectónica, contenido sin el cual la enseñanza de la arquitectura se torna imposible?

Relatório de sustentabilidade: perfil das organizações brasileiras e estrangeiras segundo o padrão da Global Reporting Initiative

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lucila Maria de Souza Campos

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho teve o objetivo de descrever a evolução da publicação mundial de relatórios de sustentabilidade organizacionais, com base nos indicadores da Global Reporting Initiative (GRI, no período de 1999 a 2010. Identificou-se a evolução de adesão aos indicadores GRI pelas organizações, mediante análises quantitativas das publicações por: i regiões (continentes; ii países; iii setores de atuação; iv níveis de aplicação das diretrizes GRI; e v nível de aderência às diretrizes GRI. Trata-se de uma análise documental, com enfoque quantitativo, de natureza descritiva, que fez uso de estatística descritiva por meio do software Statistica e de planilha eletrônica Excel para proceder à análise dos dados. Conforme dados de GRI (GLOBAL..., 2011, constatou-se que as regiões com maior adesão à publicação de relatórios no modelo GRI foram a Europa, que obteve maior representatividade com 47,60% do total, seguida pela Ásia com 17,02% e América do Norte com 13,92%. Os países com maior volume de publicações foram em ordem: Espanha, Estados Unidos, Japão e Brasil, que somaram 33,54% do total. Dentre os setores com maior adesão aos indicadores para elaboração de relatórios de sustentabilidade, destacam-se os de Serviços Financeiros, Energia, Serviços de Energia e Outros, que somados alcançaram 35,30% de participação relativa. Observou-se que 74,80% dos relatórios foram publicados no nível de aplicação G3, além de que existe forte movimento de publicação nos níveis mais elevados de aderência ao padrão GRI (A e A+ e com verificação externa, sobretudo a partir de 2006 e 2010. Mediante uso de análise de correspondência entre os 13 principais setores de atuação e os 14 principais países de origem das empresas que publicaram relatórios pela GRI, percebe-se a ligação entre os Setores de Energia, Serviços de Energia e Construção com o Brasil. A Europa ganha destaque em relatórios do

Biomass gasification in Europe - status and perspectives; Vergasung von Biomasse in Europa - Stand und Perspektiven

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dinkelbach, L; Kaltschmitt, M [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung (IER)

1997-12-31

Gasification of biomass is a promising option, especially in the fields of waste management and power generation, but there are considerable economic and technical problems that must be solved first. A critical analysis of biomass gasification in Europe today shows that this technology is not marketable today and cannot contribute to environmentally acceptable power supply on a short-term basis. (orig) [Deutsch] Von allen Moeglichkeiten einer energetischen Nutzung von Biomasse stellt die Technik der Vergasung insbesondere in den Bereichen Abfallentsorgung und Stromerzeugung eine vielversprechende Option dar. Einer weiteren Verbreitung dieser Technik stehen allerdings erhebliche wirtschaftliche und technische Probleme entgegen. Die kritische Analyse der derzeitigen Gegebenheiten der Biomassevergasung in Europa fuehrt zu dem Schluss, dass diese Technik noch nicht unmittelbar vor der Mrkteinfuehrung steht und somit kurzfristig keinen merklichen Beitrag zu einer umwelt- und klimavertraeglicheren Energieversorgung in Europa leisten kann. (orig)

Biomass gasification in Europe - status and perspectives; Vergasung von Biomasse in Europa - Stand und Perspektiven

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dinkelbach, L.; Kaltschmitt, M. [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung (IER)

1996-12-31

Gasification of biomass is a promising option, especially in the fields of waste management and power generation, but there are considerable economic and technical problems that must be solved first. A critical analysis of biomass gasification in Europe today shows that this technology is not marketable today and cannot contribute to environmentally acceptable power supply on a short-term basis. (orig) [Deutsch] Von allen Moeglichkeiten einer energetischen Nutzung von Biomasse stellt die Technik der Vergasung insbesondere in den Bereichen Abfallentsorgung und Stromerzeugung eine vielversprechende Option dar. Einer weiteren Verbreitung dieser Technik stehen allerdings erhebliche wirtschaftliche und technische Probleme entgegen. Die kritische Analyse der derzeitigen Gegebenheiten der Biomassevergasung in Europa fuehrt zu dem Schluss, dass diese Technik noch nicht unmittelbar vor der Mrkteinfuehrung steht und somit kurzfristig keinen merklichen Beitrag zu einer umwelt- und klimavertraeglicheren Energieversorgung in Europa leisten kann. (orig)

Exploration of Icy Moons in the Outer Solar System: Updated Planetary Protection Requirements for Missions to Enceladus and Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Rummel, J. D.; Race, M. S.

2016-12-01

Enceladus and Europa are bodies with icy/watery environments and potential habitable conditions for life, making both of great interest in astrobiological studies of chemical evolution and /or origin of life. They are also of significant planetary protection concern for spacecraft missions because of the potential for harmful contamination during exploration. At a 2015 COSPAR colloquium in Bern Switzerland, international scientists identified an urgent need to establish planetary protection requirements for missions proposing to return samples to Earth from Saturn's moon Enceladus. Deliberations at the meeting resulted in recommended policy updates for both forward and back contamination requirements for missions to Europa and Enceladus, including missions sampling plumes originating from those bodies. These recently recommended COSPAR policy revisions and biological contamination requirements will be applied to future missions to Europa and Encealadus, particularly noticeable in those with plans for in situ life detection and sample return capabilities. Included in the COSPAR policy are requirementsto `break the chain of contact' with Europa or Enceladus, to keep pristine returned materials contained, and to complete required biohazard analyses, testing and/or sterilization upon return to Earth. Subsequent to the Bern meeting, additional discussions of Planetary Protection of Outer Solar System bodies (PPOSS) are underway in a 3-year study coordinated by the European Science Foundation and involving multiple international partners, including Japan, China and Russia, along with a US observer. This presentation will provide science and policy updates for those whose research or activities will involve icy moon missions and exploration.

Czesław Miłosz’s Migrant Perspective in Rodzinna Europa [Native Realm

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kołodziejczyk Ewa

2017-11-01

Full Text Available The article traces the impact of Czesław Miłosz’s first American stay on his image of Central Europe in Rodzinna Europa [Native Realm]. In the United States, the post-war immigrant from Vilnius learned to perceive, understand and evaluate American culture; he also gained a new perspective on his region of Europe and Slavic immigrants. This experience enabled him to adopt an American point of view in his autobiographical essay. Following William Faulkner, Miłosz carries on an analysis of Eastern and Central Europe’s history and identities. The uses Western historical and sociological glossary to describe processes that formed his “native realm.” Analogically, the poet from pre-war Vilnius reflects on American multi-ethnicity and religious diversity from a Central European perspective. In Rodzinna Europa, Miłosz takes the position of a migrant translator and a two-way mediator between East and West.

Commentary: The Feasibility of Subduction and Implications for Plate Tectonics on Jupiter's Moon Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Kattenhorn, Simon A.

2018-03-01

A new modeling-based study by Johnson et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005370) lends support to the hypothesis that portions of Europa's surface may have been removed by the process of subduction, as suggested by Kattenhorn and Prockter (2014, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2245). Using a simple 1-D model that tracks the thermal and density structure of a descending ice plate, Johnson et al. show that ice plates with 10% porosity and overall salt contents of 5%, which differ in salt content by 2.5% from the surrounding reference ice shell, are nonbuoyant and thus likely to sink through the underlying, convecting portion of the ice shell. The feasibility of subduction in an ice shell is critical to the existence of icy plate tectonics, which is hypothesized to exist at least locally on Europa, potentially making it the only other Solar System body other than Earth with a surface modified by plate tectonics.

Von der Europäischen Rechtsgeschichte zu einer Rechtsgeschichte Europas in globalhistorischer Perspektive

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Thomas Duve

2012-01-01

In den letzten Jahren sind im Zuge der Diskussion um postkoloniale Perspektiven auf die Geschichte, um Transnationale und Globalgeschichte, viele Grundlagen der traditionellen Europahistoriographie kritisiert und massiv erschüttert worden. Das wirft Fragen auch an die Europäische Rechtsgeschichte auf: Welches Europabild liegt ihr zu Grunde? Auf welchen intellektuellen und konzeptionellen Grundlagen beruht sie? Wie antwortet sie auf die Vorwürfe des Eurozentrismus, des epistemischen Kolonialismus, wie auf die Forderung, Europa zu ›provinzialisieren‹? Wie definiert sie das Verhältnis der Europäischen zur Transnationalen und Globalen Rechtsgeschichte? – Diesen und ähnlichen Fragen wenden sich die folgenden Überlegungen zu. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf einer Auseinandersetzung mit der Tradition, ihren konzeptionellen Grundlagen und deren wissenschaftshistorischem Kontext (1. Teil, 1.–6.. Aus dieser kritischen Bestandsaufnahme und den Ergebnissen der Debatte um Globalgeschichte ergeben sich Ausgangspunkte und Aufgaben einer in Vielem auf den Leistungen der Disziplin aufbauenden, doch notwendigerweise auf einer anderen Konzeption beruhenden Rechtsgeschichte Europas in globalhistorischer Perspektive (2. Teil, 7.–11..

Condiciones de trabajo saludables. Análisis de los estudios realizados en Colombia y Europa en el periodo 2002-2012

OpenAIRE

Leal Mejia, Carolina

2013-01-01

INTRODUCCIÓN. El presente trabajo explora las condiciones de trabajo saludables más frecuentemente estudiadas en Colombia y Europa en el período 2002 a 2012. OBJETIVO. Este trabajo busca definir los avances en investigación de las condiciones de trabajo saludables que presentaron Colombia y Europa en el período 2002 a 2012, a través de: el análisis del concepto de salud en el trabajo desde diferentes enfoques e investigaciones; el análisis los modelos sobre condiciones saludables en el trabaj...

Galileo's Multiinstrument Spectral View of Europa's Surface Composition

Science.gov (United States)

Fanale, F.P.; Granahan, J.C.; McCord, T.B.; Hansen, G.; Hibbitts, C.A.; Carlson, R.; Matson, D.; Ocampo, A.; Kamp, L.; Smythe, W.; Leader, F.; Mehlman, R.; Greeley, R.; Sullivan, R.; Geissler, P.; Barth, C.; Hendrix, A.; Clark, B.; Helfenstein, P.; Veverka, J.; Belton, M.J.S.; Becker, K.; Becker, T.

1999-01-01

We have combined spectral reflectance data from the Solid State Imaging (SSI) experiment, the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), and the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) in an attempt to determine the composition and implied genesis of non-H2O components in the optical surface of Europa. We have considered four terrains: (1) the "dark terrains" on the trailing hemisphere, (2) the "mottled terrain," (3) the linea on the leading hemisphere, and (4) the linea embedded in the dark terrain on the trailing hemisphere. The darker materials in these terrains exhibit remarkably similar spectra in both the visible and near infrared. In the visible, a downturn toward shorter wavelengths has been attributed to sulfur. The broad concentrations of dark material on the trailing hemisphere was originally thought to be indicative of exogenic sulfur implantation. While an exogenic cause is still probable, more recent observations by the UVS team at higher spatial resolution have led to their suggestions that the role of the bombardment may have primarily been to sputter away overlying ice and to reveal underlying endogenic non-H2O contaminants. If so, this might explain why the spectra in all these terrains are so similar despite the fact that the contaminants in the linea are clearly endogenic and those in the mottled terrain are almost certainly so. In the near infrared, all these terrains exhibit much more asymmetrical bands at 1.4 and 2.0 ??m at shorter wavelengths than spectra from elsewhere on Europa. It has been argued that this is because the water molecules are bound in hydrated salts. However, this interpretation has been challenged and it has also been argued that pure coarse ice can exhibit such asymmetric bands under certain conditions. The nature of this controversy is briefly discussed, as are theoretical and experimental studies bearing on this problem. ?? 1999 Academic Press.

Particulates in Europe; Fijn stof in Europa

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Eeftens, M.; Brunekreef, B. [Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences IRAS, Utrecht University, Utrecht (Netherlands)

2013-08-15

Although the same air quality standards apply across Europe, there are large differences in concentration within, but also between countries. There are also differences between the methods that these countries use for regular monitoring networks, which makes a direct comparison of concentrations difficult. The ESCAPE project (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) mapped the differences in the European particulate concentrations using one unified measuring method [Dutch] Hoewel voor heel Europa dezelfde luchtkwaliteitsnormen gelden, bestaan er grote concentratieverschillen binnen, maar ook tussen landen. Ook zijn er verschillen tussen de meetmethoden die deze landen binnen reguliere meetnetten hanteren, wat een directe vergelijking van concentraties vaak moeilijk maakt. Het ESCAPE-project (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) bracht de Europese fijnstofcontrasten in kaart met behulp van 1 identieke meetmethode.

Attualità e prospettive della “Rete per l’Identità” - Argentina/Sud America/Europa

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roberta Murroni

2010-03-01

Full Text Available Attualità e prospettive della “Rete per l’Identità” - Argentina/Sud America/Europa
(13-14 Novembre 2010, Centro di Documentazione Mastinu- Marras Tresnuraghes -OR-
di Roberta Murroni

Crisis financiera global y la emergencia de nuevas arquitecturas financieras para el desarrollo (primera parte

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ilene Grabel

2012-09-01

Full Text Available La crisis actual está resultando productiva en cuanto a experimentación institucional, en el debate y puesta en práctica de arquitecturas financieras del mundo en desarrollo. El empuje hacia tal experimentación surgió desde la crisis financiera de Asia del Este de 1997-98, la cual provocó que algunos países en desarrollo tomaran medidas para protegerse de turbulencias futuras, sanciones del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI, y la intromisión en su espacio de decisiones políticas. En este trabajo se argumenta que hay claras y diversas indicaciones que la arquitectura financiera global ahora está evolucionando de manera que contribuye a una nueva heterogeneidad institucional. En algunas innovaciones institucionales y políticas se ve la emergencia de una arquitectura financiera que está mucho menos ligada a los Estados Unidos (US y al FMI, que había sido lo normal en las ultimas décadas. Además, el creciente poder económico, la autoestima y el protagonismo de quienes formulan las políticas económicas en algunos países en desarrollo (y al mismo tiempo, la incertidumbre correspondiente acerca de las economías de US y Europa están trastornando los modos tradicionales de gobernabilidad financiera y dispersando el poder a lo largo del sistema financiero global. La presente entrega es una versión actualizada de la presentada en marzo 2012, preparada como un Background Paper para el Informe sobre Desarrollo Humando, 2012, A Changing World and the Rise of the Global South. Agradezco el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo por su apoyo a esta investigación; la cual se benefició de los comentarios de George DeMartino y la ayuda de investigación ejemplar de Ryan Economy, Ann Job, and Art Chambers. La traducción al español estuvo a cargo de Wesley Marshall y Eugenia Correa. Ola Financiera presenta la primera parte en este número; la segunda parte aparecerá en Ola Financiera Número 13 (enero-abril de 2013.

Absorption Spectra of CuGaSe2 and CuInSe2 Semiconducting Nanoclusters

KAUST Repository

Mokkath, Junais Habeeb

2015-10-01

The structural and optical properties of the chalcopyrite CunGanSe2n and CunInnSe2n nanoclusters (n = 2, 4, 6, and 8) are investigated as a function of the size using a combination of basin-hopping global optimization and time-dependent density functional theory. Although the lowest energy structures are found to show almost random geometries, the band gaps and absorption spectra still are subject to systematic blue shifts for decreasing cluster size in the case of CunGanSe2n, indicating strong electron confinement. The applicability of the nanoclusters in photovoltaics is discussed. © 2015 American Chemical Society.

Evolução e caracterização dos níveis de pobreza do Nordeste entre 1995 e 2005

OpenAIRE

Sobel, Tiago Farias; Gonçalves, Michela Barreto Camboim; Costa, Ecio de Farias

2010-01-01

Existe um amplo consenso entre cientistas, políticos, pesquisadores e intelectuais de todo o mundo de que a redução da pobreza deve ser vista como uma das prioridades das políticas públicas. Deste modo, a mensuração do nível de pobreza se torna alvo de um intenso debate, na medida em que é necessário primeiramente identificar onde ela está localizada para, em seguida, ter-se condições de combatê-la. Hoje no Brasil esta preocupação se torna mais evidente quando as análises enfocam o espaço eco...

Global climate change: an unequivocal reality; Cambio climatico global: una realidad inequivoca

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Raynal-Villasenor, J.A. [Universidad de las Americas, Puebla, Puebla (Mexico)]. E-mail: josea.raynal@udlap.mx

2011-10-15

During several years, a long discussion has taken place over the reality of global climate change phenomenon and, if there is one, what could be its cause. Once the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC, 2007) - IPCC is part the United Nations Organization (UN) - was published, it was stated that there is a developing global climatic change and that the cause is unequivocally related with the human activity in the planet Earth. In this paper, relevant information is given about the development of global climatic change issues and some actions are mentioned that each human being of this planet can implement to mitigate it, since it has been accepted that it's impossible to stop it. [Spanish] Durante varios anos se ha discutido si existe un cambio climatico global y, si lo hay, cual es su causa. Una vez publicado el 4o. Reporte de Valoracion del Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climatico (IPCC, 2007) - el IPCC es parte de la Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) - se preciso que hay un cambio climatico global en desarrollo y la causa inequivoca que lo esta produciendo es la actividad humana en el planeta Tierra, tambien se hablo en el IPCC de las causas naturales por las cuales el planeta se esta calentando. En el presente articulo, se da informacion relevante al cambio climatico global en desarrollo y se mencionan algunas acciones que cada ser humano de este planeta puede implementar para mitigarlo, ya que es imposible detenerlo.

An approach to global rovibrational analysis based on anharmonic ladder operators: Application to Hydrogen Selenide (H{sub 2}{sup 80}Se)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alvarez-Bajo, O. [Dpto. Fisica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva (Spain); Carvajal, M., E-mail: miguel.carvajal@dfa.uhu.es [Dpto. Fisica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva (Spain); Perez-Bernal, F. [Dpto. Fisica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva (Spain)

2012-01-02

Graphical abstract: Schematic diagram of a bent triatomic molecule, depicting the atom numbering, and molecular axis system. An algebraic approach to perform global rovibrational analysis is presented. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Novel approach for a global rovibrational analysis of polyatomic molecules spectra. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer One-dimensional vibron model limit combined with rotational degrees of freedom. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Phase space Hamiltonian written in terms of anharmonic ladder operators. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Algebraic calculations performed with a symmetry-adapted rovibrational basis. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Description of the rovibrational spectrum of H{sub 2}Se in the ground electronic state. - Abstract: An algebraic approach to perform global rovibrational analysis of molecular spectra is presented. The approach combines the one-dimensional limit of the vibron model with rotational degrees of freedom. The model is based on the expression of the phase space Hamiltonian in terms of anharmonic ladder operators and the use of a symmetry-adapted basis set given by the linear combination of products of local vibrational and rotational wavefunctions. As an example we model the rovibrational spectra of a bent triatomic molecule, providing a global analysis for vibrational bands up to polyad 12 and J{sub max} = 5 of Hydrogen Selenide (H{sub 2}Se). Satisfactory fits of vibrational and rovibrational energies are obtained. A prediction of 2579 rovibrational energies up to J Less-Than-Or-Slanted-Equal-To 5 and polyad 12 for the 140 lowest vibrational bands is also obtained. A possible extension of the model to reach spectroscopic quality results in larger molecular systems is also given.

Development of a European resource on the origins of pathogens of aquaculture: The Europa Project

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Snow, M.; Barja, J.; Colquhoun, D.

2004-01-01

This workshop described the EUROPA project, an EU-funded program aimed at creating a web-based database of molecular sequence data-sets related to significant pathogens of aquaculture. The project aims to focus the efforts of fish health researchers into generating large, evolving and readily ava...

La criminalità organizzata nell'Europa Centro-Orientale dopo il 1989. Una prospettiva geopolitica

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Stefan Bielański

2017-08-01

Full Text Available L’articolo riguarda lo sfondo geopolitico e i meccanismi della criminalità organizzata nell’Europa centro-orientale. L’autore presenta le caratteristiche principali della situazione geopolitica in quella regione dopo la dissoluzione dell’Unione Sovietica. La sua attenzione è rivolta in particolare alla nascita, alla struttura e alle modalità di funzionamento della criminalità organizzata sulla nuova frontiera orientale dell’Unione europea. In tal senso si sofferma sui rapporti tra la criminalità organizzata e il nuovo terrorismo indicandone il pericolo per la stabilità sociale, politica ed economica dell’Europa centro-orientale. Similmente agli studiosi ed esperti polacchi egli indica il rischio, di una “evoluzione” della criminalità organizzata al terrorismo, sostenendo che le autorità degli stati europei debbano tenerne conto con la massima responsabilità per la sicurezza dei loro paesi e dei loro cittadini. Parole chiave: Geopolitica, Europa centro-orientale, Unione europea, Criminalità organizzata, Terrorismo   The paper concerns the geopolitical background of the emergence and functioning of organized crime in Central-East Europe. The author outlines the main characteristics of the geopolitical situation of the region after the transformation. A special focus is given to the rise, structure and operational manners of organized crime at the new, eastern border of EU. Eventually the author considers the relations between organized crime and new terrorism, acknowledging both these phenomena as a threat towards social, political and economic stability in the Central-East Europe. Likewise to several Polish scholars and experts, the author recognizes the patterns of the highly dangerous process of organized crime's evolution into terrorism. The author emphasizes that authorities of the European states must take into account both dangers as deeply relevant issue for security of their countries and citizens. Keywords

Radiation Testing at Sandia National Laboratories: Sandia – JPL Collaboration for Europa Lander

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hattar, Khalid Mikhiel [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Ion Beam Lab.; Olszewska-Wasiolek, Maryla Aleksandra [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Gamma Irradiation Facility

2017-01-01

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is assisting Jet Propulsion Laboratory in undertaking feasibility studies and performance assessments for the Planetary Protection aspect of the Europa Lander mission. The specific areas of interest for this project are described by task number. This white paper presents the evaluation results for Task 2, Radiation Testing, which was stated as follows: Survey SNL facilities and capabilities for simulating the Europan radiation environment and assess suitability for: A. Testing batteries, electronics, and other component and subsystems B. Exposing biological organisms to assess their survivability metrics. The radiation environment the Europa Lander will encounter on route and in orbit upon arrival at its destination consists primarily of charged particles, energetic protons and electrons with the energies up to 1 GeV. The charged particle environments can be simulated using the accelerators at the Ion Beam Laboratory. The Gamma Irradiation Facility and its annex, the Low Dose Rate Irradiation Facility, offer irradiations using Co-60 gamma sources (1.17 and 1.33 MeV), as well as Cs-137 gamma (0.661 MeV) AmBe neutron (0-10 MeV) sources.

Sistema solar para aquecimento ambiente e aquecimento de piscinas: uma solução promissora para climas do Sul da Europa

OpenAIRE

Carvalho, M. J.; Neves, Ana

2006-01-01

A avaliação do sistema apresentado neste trabalho foi focada em sistemas que podem fornecer água quente, aquecimento ambiente e aquecimento de piscinas, e que são projectados para climas do Sul da Europa, especialmente para habitações uni-familiares. Pelas características climáticas do Sul da Europa, o aquecimento ambiente é apenas necessário para um curto período do ano, sendo para esta avaliação considerado um período de seis meses para aquecimento ambiente e um período de seis meses para a...

ATENCION PRIMARIA Y RESPONSABILIDADES DE SALUD PÚBLICA EN SEIS PAÍSES DE EUROPA Y AMÉRICA DEL NORTE: UN ESTUDIO PILOTO

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Barbara Starfield

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Fundamento: Los rápidos cambios en los sistemas sanitarios son una oportunidad para reorientar las relaciones entre sus diferentes componentes. Con el objetivo de conocer dónde se ubica la responsabilidad para la realización de diferentes tipos de actividades preventivas, se realizó una encuesta en ocho áreas geográficas de seis países de Europa y Norteamérica. Métodos: Encuesta entre expertos basada en una matriz que relaciona servicios sanitarios preventivos con la población a la que se dirigen. Se establecieron ocho situaciones clínicas (vacunaciones infantiles y antigripal adultos; y detección precoz: de cáncer mediante mamografía, de tuberculosis, de Hipertensión Arterial, de fenilcetonuria, del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, y de osteoporosis, con el fin de conocer en relación a las mismas la población diana, nivel de establecimiento de las políticas, nivel de contacto con los individuos, seguimiento de los individuos con diagnósticos positivos y registro de sus datos clínicos. Resultados: Este estudio piloto mostró muy escasa coincidencia de los resultados tanto entre las ocho áreas encuestadas como en cada una de ellas. No se encontró un patrón regular para las actividades de prevención exploradas entre los diferentes países, ni en función de la tipología de sus sistemas sanitarios, ni por la orientación hacia la atención primaria de los diferentes sistemas. Conclusiones: Existe un escaso consenso en las áreas estudiadas en relación con la mejor forma de realizar las intervenciones de salud pública que conllevan prestación de atención sanitaria personal.

Salud global: una visión latinoamericana

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Álvaro Franco-Giraldo

Full Text Available RESUMEN En este artículo se presenta una visión latinoamericana de la salud global desde una perspectiva contrahegemónica, extensiva a varios países del mundo que viven circunstancias parecidas. Se parte del reconocimiento de varias concepciones y tendencias de la salud global y de las contradicciones entre la salud pública convencional, la salud internacional y la salud global sin antagonizarlas y logrando ubicarlas en un modelo construido desde la salud global que incluye las otras dos disciplinas. Se supone que lo global condiciona teorías, esquemas y modelos antecedentes de la salud internacional clásica y se subraya la importancia de varios hechos de la geopolítica mundial y de la globalización económica que confinan la salud mundial, así como la teoría de los determinantes sociales y ambientales del binomio salud– enfermedad, que inciden más allá del riesgo epidemiológico. El presente enfoque se apoya en el cosmopolitismo y en el holismo, corrientes filosóficas y políticas mundiales que permiten interpretar mejor los fenómenos mundiales y son más plausibles porque generan vertientes para la acción. Estructuralmente, se presentan las bases teóricas de la salud global en tres ejes analíticos: la justicia global y la equidad, la gobernanza y la preservación supranacional de los derechos, y el holismo y una nueva conciencia global. Se concluye resaltando la importancia de construir un enfoque acerca del ser y la praxis de la salud pública global desde la perspectiva latinoamericana, que destaca los movimientos sociales ciudadanos como una alternativa para conseguir un nuevo orden y una conciencia global por los derechos y redefinir la arquitectura de gobernanza global de la salud.

Surface Composition Near the Trailing Hemisphere Apex on Europa: The Manannán Impact Crater and Neighboring Terrain

Science.gov (United States)

Dalton, J. B.; Prockter, L. M.; Shirley, J. H.; Kamp, L.; Phillips, C. B.; Valenti, M.

2012-12-01

The Manannán impact crater and surrounding areas were imaged by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) during the C3 orbital encounter. We have applied a linear mixture model based on cryogenic infrared reflectance spectroscopy to a "despiked" version of this NIMS observation (C3ENLINEA01A) to estimate abundances of sulfuric acid hydrate, hydrated sulfate salts, water ice and brines in surface exposures. Here we supplement our previously reported abundance estimates (Dalton et al., 2011) with additional results from our ongoing investigation. New geologic mapping precisely registered to the NIMS observation allows the extraction of high-quality near-infrared spectra specific to individual geologic units and morphological features. Detailed high resolution geologic mapping indicates the likely presence of extensive deposits of impact melt materials largely filling the crater floor (Moore et al. 2001), together with surrounding continuous ejecta deposits that may have been excavated from Europa's interior. We find that the crater floor and nearby ejecta exhibit low sulfuric acid abundance relative to the surroundings, with the abundance increasing with radial distance. Where the ejecta begins to thin and break up, the spectral mixture resembles a combination of pre-existing, high-acid-content materials and cleaner, excavated water ice. Several geologic units exhibit significantly lower sulfuric acid hydrate than expected for this region near the trailing hemisphere apex, varying from 53-64 wt% over the observation. This suggests that these surface units have received a reduced cumulative radiation dose (electrons and ions) compared to nearby terrain; this in turn implies geologic youth. We will present model compositions for several of Manannán's key stratigraphic units, including the crater floor deposits and the adjacent chaos and linea. We will interpret these results in the context of ongoing investigations of the interplay of exogenic and

La justiciabilidad de los derechos sociales en el Consejo de Europa

OpenAIRE

Nivard, Carole

2016-01-01

Los derechos sociales están generalmente menos protegidos que los derechos civiles y políticos. Sin embargo, en el ámbito del Consejo de Europa, los sistemas de la Carta social europea y del Convenio europeo de los derechos humanos ofrecen las condiciones para un avanzar hacia la justiciabilidad de los derechos sociales. El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos evoluciona y adopta una interpretación dinámica que amplía los derechos del Convenio europeo hasta la esfera social. Por otra parte, e...

Understanding Regolith Physical Properties of Atmosphereless Solar System Bodies Based on Remote Sensing Photopolarimetric Observations: Evidence for Europa's Porous Surface

Science.gov (United States)

Nelson, R. M.; Boryta, M. D.; Hapke, B. W.; Manatt, K. S.; Shkuratov, Y.; Psarev, V.; Vandervoort, K.; Kroner, D. O.; Nebedum, A.; Vides, C.; Quinones, J.

2017-12-01

We studied the polarization and reflective properties of a suite of planetary regolith analogues with physical characteristics that might be expected to be found on a high albedo atmosphereless solar system body (ASSB). The angular scattering properties of thirteen well-sorted particle size fractions of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) were measured in the laboratory with a goniometric photopolarimeter (GPP) of unique design. Our results provide insight in support of efforts to understand the unusual reflectance and negative polarization behavior observed near small phase angles that has been reported over several decades on highly reflective ASSBs such as the asteroids 44 Nysa, 64 Angelina (Harris et al., 1989) and the Galilean satellites Io, Europa and Ganymede (Rosenbush et al., 1997; Mishchenko et al., 2006). Our measurements are consistent with the hypothesis that the surfaces of these ASSBs effectively scatter electromagnetic radiation as if they were extremely fine grained with void space > 95%, and grain sizes of the order landing on Europa's surface would require wheel or footpads that would protect it from settling deeply into the surface. These results also have relevance to the field of terrestrial geo-engineering particularly to proposals for modifying Earth's radiation balance by injecting high albedo Al2O3 particulates into Earth's atmosphere for the purpose of Solar Radiation Management by reflecting sunlight back into space hence, offsetting the global warming effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide(Teller et al., 1997). This work partially supported by the Cassini Saturn Orbiter Progrem Harris et al., 1989 . Icarus 81, 365-374. Mishchenko et al., 2006 Applied Optics, 45, 4459-4463. Rosenbush et al, 1997, Astrophys. J. 487, 402-414. Teller et al., 1997. UCRL-JC-128715.

Riding the Banzai Pipeline at Jupiter: Balancing Low Delta-V and Low Radiation to Reach Europa

Science.gov (United States)

McElrath, Timothy P.; Campagnola, Stefano; Strange, Nathan J.

2012-01-01

Europa's tantalizing allure as a possible haven for life comes cloaked in a myriad of challenges for robotic spacecraft exploration. Not only are the propulsive requirements high and the solar illumination low, but the radiation environment at Jupiter administers its inexorable death sentence on any electronics dispatched to closely examine the satellite. So to the usual trades of mass, delta-V, and cost, we must add radiation dose, which tugs the trajectory solution in a contrary direction. Previous studies have concluded that adding radiation shielding mass is more efficient than using ?V to reduce the exposure time, but that position was recently challenged by a study focusing on delivering simple landers to the Europa surface. During this work, a new trajectory option was found to occupy a strategic location in the delta-V/radiation continuum - we call it the "Banzai pipeline" due to the visual similarity with the end-on view down a breaking wave, as shown in the following figures.

O controle dos processos logísticos, uma condição prévia para uma política do global sourcing: o caso da indústria automobilística e do varejista mundial Control of logistic processes as prerequisite to a policy of global sourcing: the cases of the automotive industry and the worldwide retailer

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jacques Colin

2006-12-01

Full Text Available As empresas estão, atualmente, expostas a uma competição mundial que se intensifica pelos gigantescos movimentos de concentração realizados nos últimos quinze anos em todos os setores de atividade e pelo aparecimento de concorrentes oriundos dos novos países industrializados (China, Índia, Brasil, Europa Oriental, etc.. Grandes empresas ocidentais têm identificado rapidamente a oportunidade que representa o recurso a fornecedores oriundos destes novos países (o global sourcing. Nesta comunicação, analisamos as exigências e os desempenhos em termos de custo, de qualidade, de estabilidade, de reatividade e de flexibilidade dos processos logísticos ligados às compras mundiais em setores particularmente engajados na globalização: a indústria automobilística e o varejista mundial. Em seguida, nós proporemos uma generalização.Enterprises are nowadays exposed to a worldwide competition intensified by huge concentration movements ocurred in the last fifteen years in all economic sectors, as well by the appearance of competitors from new industrialized countries (China, India, Brazil, Eastern Europe, etc.. Large western companies have fastly identified opportunities that arise from suppliers installed in these new countries (global sourcing. In this paper we analyse requirements and performance regarding cost, quality, stability, responsiveness and flexibility of logistic processes associated to international procurement in industries specially engaged in globalization : the automotive industry and the global retailer. After that, we propose a generalization.

Avaliação de vacinas recombinantes contra a leptospirose

OpenAIRE

Fagundes, Michel Quevedo

2012-01-01

A leptospirose é considerada um problema global para a saúde pública e veterinária. No Brasil, a enfermidade possui maior impacto em populações vulneráveis, as quais estão distribuídas nas favelas das grandes cidades, onde tradicionalmente ocorre elevada morbidade e mortalidade. Desta forma, torna-se necessário o estabelecimento de novas efetivas de intervenção para a redução dos casos. As vacinas disponíveis para a prevenção da enfermidade em humanos e animais são comprovadamente limitadas, ...

Necesidad de una política coherente para minerales en Europa. Discusiones y acercamientos actuales

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Günter Tiess

2008-03-01

Full Text Available El artículo resume algunos aspectos relevantes de la política mineral en Europa. Hace un llamado a la Unión Europea para concertar políticas e instrmentos de trabajo que aseguren la disponibilidad de las materias primas esenciales y la sustentabilidad de su extración y su uso.

Radar attenuation in Europa's ice shell: Obstacles and opportunities for constraining the shell thickness and its thermal structure

Science.gov (United States)

Kalousová, Klára; Schroeder, Dustin M.; Soderlund, Krista M.

2017-03-01

Young surface and possible recent endogenic activity make Europa one of the most exciting solar system bodies and a primary target for spacecraft exploration. Future Europa missions are expected to carry ice-penetrating radar instruments designed to investigate its subsurface thermophysical structure. Several authors have addressed the radar sounders' performance at icy moons, often ignoring the complex structure of a realistic ice shell. Here we explore the variation in two-way radar attenuation for a variety of potential thermal structures of Europa's shell (determined by reference viscosity, activation energy, tidal heating, surface temperature, and shell thickness) as well as for low and high loss temperature-dependent attenuation model. We found that (i) for all investigated ice shell thicknesses (5-30 km), the radar sounder will penetrate between 15% and 100% of the total thickness, (ii) the maximum penetration depth varies laterally, with deepest penetration possible through cold downwellings, (iii) direct ocean detection might be possible for shells of up to 15 km thick if the signal travels through cold downwelling ice or the shell is conductive, (iv) even if the ice/ocean interface is not directly detected, penetration through most of the shell could constrain the deep shell structure through returns from deep non-ocean interfaces or the loss of signal itself, and (v) for all plausible ice shells, the two-way attenuation to the eutectic point is ≲30 dB which shows a robust potential for longitudinal investigation of the ice shell's shallow thermophysical structure.

Los estudios de pedagogía en Europa en el contexto de la implantación del proceso de Bolonia y la situación de la Educación Comparada

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Joan María Senent Sánchez

2005-01-01

Full Text Available El artículo nos presenta un análisis comparativo de la situación de los estudios superiores de carácter pedagógico en 23 países de Europa que han sido agrupados en 5 bloques: a Países anglofónos o de influencia británica: Reino Unido, Irlanda y Malta. b Escandinavia: Noruega, Finlandia, Dinamarca y Holanda. c Países de lengua o influencia alemana: Alemania, Austria y Eslovenia. d Europa del Este: República Checa, Eslovaquia y Polonia. e Países francófonos: Francia, Belgica, Luxemburgo y Suiza romance. . f Países meridionales: Portugal, España, Italia, Grecia y Chipre. El análisis se basa en la presencia de los estudios pedágógicos en los "grados" y "postgrados" de ese país, la estructura adoptada, las características del del programa de formación y su situación respecto a la adaptación al proceso de Bolonia. El artículo termina con la presentación de las conclusiones del informe, así como un breve análisis de la situación de la Educación Comparada en las universidades europeas, tanto como disciplina que como método de trabajo.

EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA NA EUROPA: A TERCEIRA MISSÃO

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Pedro Nunes Teixeira

2015-04-01

Full Text Available In many countries, interest in greater openness and integration of universities to social and economic environment is growing. Driven by society and the knowledge economy and the social demands, the University Extension has gained increasing importance, both in Latin America where the main focus is on direct social actions, interventions promoting citizenship and fomenting local leadership, whether in developed economies where services and technology transfer receive greater attention. In continental Europe the term correlate to the most widely adopted extension is "Third Mission", and is subdivided into three sub-areas: Continuing Education, Technology Transfer and Innovation, and Social Engagement. This Academy playing field also gains strength in the "old continent".Em vários países, o interesse por maior abertura e integração das universidades ao meio social e econômico é crescente. Impulsionada pela sociedade e economia do conhecimento e pelas demandas sociais, a Extensão Universitária ganha cada vez mais importância, seja na América Latina onde o foco principal são ações sociais diretas, intervenções promotoras da cidadania e fomentadoras do protagonismo local, seja em economias mais desenvolvidas onde os serviços e a transferência de tecnologia recebem maior atenção. Na Europa continental o termo correlato à extensão mais adotado é “Terceira Missão” (Third Mission1, e subdivide-se em três sub-áreas: Educação Continuada, Transferência de Tecnologia e Inovação, e Engajamento Social. Este campo de atuação da academia também ganha força no “velho continente”.

The Possibilities and Challenges in Missions to Europa and Titan for Exploration and as a Stepping Stone to Mankind

Science.gov (United States)

Ganapathy, Rohan M.

This enthusiastic project describes a long-term development plan to enable human exploration of the outer solar system, with a focus on Europa and Titan. These are two of the most interesting moons of Jupiter and Saturn, respectively, because they are the places in the solar system with the greatest potential for harboring extraterrestrial life. Since human expeditions to these worlds are considered impossible with current capabilities, the proposal of a well-organized sequence of steps towards making this a reality is formulated. The project includes the necessary development strategies in key scientic and technological areas that are essential for identifying the requirements for the exploration of the outer planetary moons. Some of the topics that are analyzed throughout the project plan include: scientic observations at Europa and Titan, advanced propulsion and nuclear power systems, in-situ resource utilization, radiation mitigation techniques, closed life support systems, habitation for long-term space flight, and artificial gravity. In addition to the scientic and technological aspects of this project, it is recognized that before any research and development work may begin, some level of program management must be established. Within this paper, legal issues, national and international policy, motivation, organization and management, economic considerations, outreach, education, ethics, and social implications are all considered with respect to possible future scenarios which enable human missions to the outer solar system. This project illustrates how such accomplishments could influence a mission to Europa to search for evidence of life in its subsurface oceans. The future remains unpredictable, as does the realization of any of these possibilities. However, projects such as this remind us that the final frontier for humans is truly outer space, and only our imagination will determine where the frontier stops. We can dream of visiting other planetary

La Iglesia Universal del Reino de Dios en Europa

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Nilton Cezar Pereira Pinto

2009-03-01

Full Text Available El proceso por el cual la Iglesia Universal del Reino de Dios (IURD se ha expandido por decenas de países, incluso Portugal e Inglaterra, es un capítulo importante de una de las principales transformaciones religiosas de finales del siglo XX: la transformación del petencostalismo en religión global y el cambio del centro, no sólo numérico, sino también del impulso expansionista internacional, para regiones distantes de los centros históricos del protestantismo._____________ABSTRACT:The process by which the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (IURD has spreaded in dozens of countries, including Portugal and England, is an important part of a major religious transformation of the late twentieth century: the transformation of petencostalism in Global religion and the creation of more centres. It is also analized the international expansionist impulse toward regions far away from the historical centers of Protestantism.

SIIOS in Alaska - Testing an `In-Vault' Option for a Europa Lander Seismometer.

Science.gov (United States)

Bray, V. J.; Weber, R. C.; DellaGiustina, D. N.; Bailey, H.; Schmerr, N. C.; Pettit, E. C.; Dahl, P.; Albert, D.; Avenson, B.; Byrne, S.; Siegler, M.; Bland, M. T.; Patterson, G. W.; Selznick, S.

2017-12-01

The surface environment of Europa within the radiation-heavy jovian system, poses extreme technical challenges for potential landed missions. The need for radiation shielding and protection from the cold requires instruments to be housed within a thermally insulated and radiation protected `vault'. Unfortunately, this is non-ideal for seismometers as instrument-to-surface coupling is an important factor in the quality of returned data. Delivering a seismic package to an icy world would therefore benefit from the development of a cold-tolerant, radiation-hardened sensor that can survive outside of a protective vault. If such an instrument package were not technologically mature enough, or if lander safety considerations prevent deployment on lander legs, an in-vault location is still a viable option. For such a case, a better understanding of the transmission of seismic signals received through the lander legs is necessary for interpretation of the received signals. The performance, mass, and volume of the `Seismometer to investigate ice and ocean structure' (SIIOS) already meet or exceed flight requirements identified in lander studies for the icy moon Europa. We are testing this flight-candidate in several configurations around and within a lander mock-up, assuming a 1x1 meter vault with extended legs. We compare the received signals from a SIIOS device on the ice with those received by an identical sensor directly above it in the `vault'. We also compare the data from these single-point receivers to that received by two short base-line arrays - A 4-point "in-vault" array and another 4-point array arranged at the ice surface at the base of the lander legs. Our field-testing is performed at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska. The summer melt season provides kilometer-scale regions of coexisting ice, water, and silicate material, thereby providing seismic contrasts analogous to the ice-water layers and possible sub-surface lakes expected at Europa. We demonstrate the

Educational use assessment of Geomorphosites applied to the Picos de Europa National Park (Northern Spain)

Science.gov (United States)

Bazán, Héctor; Serrano, Enrique; Ruiz-Flaño, Purificación

2014-05-01

There are sites that constitute worthy places of preservation or promotion the natural heritage receiving different names according to the object of interest (biological, geological, hydrological, geomorphological, etc.). National parks are places for everybody to learn about abiotic and biotic nature and the way they rely on each other. The abiotic nature implies different parts, as geologic, hydrologic or geomorphologic. The geomorphosites are especially relevant because link geology, climate, surface processes and hydrology with landscape. Beyond the intrinsic scientific, conservation or scenic values, such sites possess a general value being the didactic use one of the aspects considered in the assessment methods. Several authors have indicated that the aim of the evaluation of sites will change if the purpose is leaning to inventories development, environmental impact assessment or divulgation (educational, tourist activities or only protection). One of the meanings of the term educational is "everything suitable to teaching or providing education" as is referred in dictionaries. With this definition, although the geomorphosites has not an educational value per se, any natural element can be used as educational object, and the teacher intention's must transform a geomorphosite in a educational resource. The educational assessment of several methods have been analysed in this work and we have concluded that there are confusing and inaccurate for teaching purposes. The analysed methods do not specify how the geomorphosites are useful for teaching or how the teacher can develop the scholar programs. The objective is a more accuracy in the educational use of geomorphosites focused on the different educational levels as a tool by teaching and leisure activities. Our proposal is the development of methodological sheets that emerge from the analysis of the curricular content and specific bibliography. Sheets on general geomorphology, periglacial, glacial and karst

The evolution of the global selenium cycle: Secular trends in Se isotopes and abundances

Science.gov (United States)

Stüeken, E. E.; Buick, R.; Bekker, A.; Catling, D.; Foriel, J.; Guy, B. M.; Kah, L. C.; Machel, H. G.; Montañez, I. P.; Poulton, S. W.

2015-08-01

The Earth's surface has undergone major transitions in its redox state over the past three billion years, which have affected the mobility and distribution of many elements. Here we use Se isotopic and abundance measurements of marine and non-marine mudrocks to reconstruct the evolution of the biogeochemical Se cycle from ∼3.2 Gyr onwards. The six stable isotopes of Se are predominantly fractionated during redox reactions under suboxic conditions, which makes Se a potentially valuable new tool for identifying intermediate stages from an anoxic to a fully oxygenated world. δ82/78Se shows small fractionations of mostly less than 2‰ throughout Earth's history and all are mass-dependent within error. In the Archean, especially after 2.7 Gyr, we find an isotopic enrichment in marine (+0.37 ± 0.27‰) relative to non-marine samples (-0.28 ± 0.67‰), paired with increasing Se abundances. Student t-tests show that these trends are statistically significant. Although we cannot completely rule out the possibility of volcanic Se addition, these trends may indicate the onset of oxidative weathering on land, followed by non-quantitative reduction of Se oxyanions during fluvial transport. The Paleoproterozoic Great Oxidation Event (GOE) is not reflected in the marine δ82/78Se record. However, we find a major inflection in the secular δ82/78Se trend during the Neoproterozoic, from a Precambrian mean of +0.42 ± 0.45‰ to a Phanerozoic mean of -0.19 ± 0.59‰. This drop probably reflects the oxygenation of the deep ocean at this time, stabilizing Se oxyanions throughout the water column. Since then, reduction of Se oxyanions has likely been restricted to anoxic basins and diagenetic environments in sediments. In light of recent Cr isotope data, it is likely that oxidative weathering before the Neoproterozoic produced Se oxyanions in the intermediate redox state SeIV, whereas the fully oxidized species SeVI became more abundant after the Neoproterozoic rise of

La dimensión intercomprensiva en el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa

OpenAIRE

Vez, José Manuel

2004-01-01

Para la comunidad de naciones que formamos Europa, unido no significa uniforme. La riqueza, la diversidad y la originalidad de sus culturas representan su propia fuerza y las condiciones de respeto que pueden hacer valer antes los demás. No hay duda que la clave de vitalidad de una cultura es su lengua, lo que supone, a escala de todo un gran continente, la existencia de un plurilingüismo real, es decir vivo y militante.

Colestase neonatal - Protocolo de abordagem diagnóstica

OpenAIRE

Santos Silva, Ermelinda; Pó, Inês; Gonçalves, Isabel

2014-01-01

A icterícia é frequente nos recém nascidos. A persistência de icterícia para além dos 14 dias de vida (em recém-nascidos de termo) torna mandatória uma investigação, embora muitos bebés com icterícia do leite materno se possam manter ictéricos para além dos 30 dias 1.A ictercia frequente nos recm nascidos. A persistncia de ictercia para alm dos 14 dias de vida (em recm-nascidos de termo) torna mandatria uma investigao, embora muitos bebs com ictercia do leite materno se possam manter ictricos...

"El proyecto PARTEA: una experiencia educativa para el desarrollo del diálogo intercultural en Europa" [PARTEA project: an educational experience to develop intercultural dialogue in Europe

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Juan Rafael Hernández Bravo

2011-01-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN:El proyecto PARTEA (Padres y Profesores: compañeros en el diálogo intercultural ha sido una experiencia educativa desarrollada en siete países de Europa (España, Dinamarca, Reino Unido, Bélgica, Grecia, Turquía y Rumanía, cuyo objetivo principal ha sido el de identificar y desarrollar métodos en el ámbito escolar para mejorar el diálogo intercultural entre padres de las culturas minoritarias y profesores de los diferentes países europeos participantes en este proyecto. Este proyecto ha sido financiado por el Programa de Aprendizaje Permanente de la Comisión Europea y se ha llevado a cabo durante los cursos académicos 2009 y 2011. Durante el periodo en el que se desarrolló la experiencia, se comprobó la necesidad de mejorar el diálogo intercultural entre los miembros de las comunidades educativas, constatándose que el acercamiento entre padres de diferentes culturas y profesores contribuía al incremento de dicho diálogo. De esta manera, el proyecto ha supuesto también una oportunidad para el intercambio de buenas prácticas educativas entre docentes y el establecimiento de nuevos canales de comunicación e interacción con las familias de diferentes culturas en el marco de una Europa culturalmente diversa.ABSTRACT:The PARTEA project (Parents and Teachers: Partners in intercultural dialogue has been an educational experience developed in seven European countries (Spain, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Greece, Turkey and Romania, whose main objective was to identify and develop methods in schools to improve intercultural dialogue among parents of minority cultures and teachers from the different European countries participating in this project. This project, which was funded by the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Commission, was carried out during two academic years, between 2009 and 2011. Throughout the life-time of the project, we found the need to improve intercultural dialogue among the members of

El derecho a subsistir y la justicia global

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Ángel Puyol

2011-01-01

Full Text Available La pobreza extrema y la enorme desigualdad global son un mal de nuestro tiempo, pero ¿son una injusticia? Se indican diferentes tipos de obligaciones morales globales y se critican los enfoques que 1 niegan las obligaciones de justicia en un contexto global, 2 priorizan sistemáticamente las obligaciones especiales y 3 reducen las principales obligaciones de la justicia global a deberes negativos. Sin necesidad de defender un igualitarismo global, se puede justificar una redistribución mundial de la riqueza a partir de una interpretación amplia del deber de asistencia y el derecho a subsistir.

Revolucions, màquines i música a l'Europa de 1800

OpenAIRE

Brugarolas, Oriol, 1979-

2016-01-01

Els processos revolucionaris que es desenvoluparen a Europa entre la segona meitat del segle XVIII i el primer terç del segle XIX varen soscavar els fonaments de l’Antic Règim i van portar a la formació del món contemporani. Tot es transformà, lenta i gradualment al llarg de tres generacions: la industria va substituir l’artesania i la manufactura; els sistemes monàrquics absolutistes van anar desapareixent per donar pas a sistemes polítics liberals parlamentaris; la societat estamental va de...

Search for microorganisms on Europa and Mars in relation with the evolution of intelligent behavior on other worlds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chela-Flores, Julian

2001-11-01

Within the context of how to search for life in the Solar System, we discuss the need to consider universal evolutionary biomarkers, in addition to those of biochemical nature that have already been selected for in the biology experiments of the old Viking and future Beagle-2 landers. For the wider problem of the evolution of intelligent behavior on other worlds (the SETI program), the type of experiments suggested below aim at establishing a direct connection between Solar System exploration and the first steps along the pathway toward the evolution of intelligent behavior. The two leading sites for the implementation of the proposed first whole-cell experiments would be, firstly, Europa after the Europa-Orbiter mission, either on the ice-crust, or in the ocean itself by means of a submersible; secondly, such experiments could be implemented once isolated liquid water oases are identified in the Martian substratum. (author)

Water cycle and salinity dynamics in the mangrove forests of Europa and Juan de Nova Islands, southwest Indian Ocean.

Science.gov (United States)

Lambs, Luc; Mangion, Perrine; Mougin, Eric; Fromard, François

2016-01-30

The functioning of mangrove forests found on small coralline islands is characterized by limited freshwater inputs. Here, we present data on the water cycling of such systems located on Europa and Juan de Nova Islands, Mozambique Channel. In order to better understand the water cycle and mangrove growth conditions, we have analysed the hydrological and salinity dynamics of the systems by gauge pressure and isotopic tracing (δ18O and δ2H values). Both islands have important seawater intrusion as measured by the water level change and the high salinities in the karstic ponds. Europa Island displays higher salinity stress, with its inner lagoon, but presents a pluri-specific mangrove species formation ranging from shrub to forest stands. No freshwater signal could be detected around the mangrove trees. On Juan de Nova Island, the presence of sand and detrital sediment allows the storage of some amount of rainfall to form a brackish groundwater. The mangrove surface area is very limited with only small mono-specific stands being present in karstic depression. On the drier Europa Island, the salinity of all the water points is equal to or higher than that of the seawater, and on Juan de Nova the groundwater salinity is lower (5 to 20 PSU). This preliminary study shows that the karstic pothole mangroves exist due to the sea connection through the fractured coral and the high tidal dynamics.

CRITERIOS PARA CONTEMPLAR LA CONECTIVIDAD DEL PAISAJE EN LA PLANIFICACIÓN TERRITORIAL Y SECTORIAL

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Mikel Gurrutxaga San Vicente

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Los procesos de fragmentación de hábitats son apuntados por la comunidad científi ca como una de las principales causas de la crisis global de biodiversidad. La conectividad ecológica, o capacidad del territorio para dar soporte a los desplazamientos de las especies entre las teselas con recursos, se torna como un criterio a incorporar con urgencia en la planifi cación territorial y sectorial. Mediante una revisión de estudios en el contexto internacional, se derivan criterios para el mantenimiento y la restauración de la conectividad en diferentes ámbitos, desde diversos tipos de paisajes, caracterizados por los usos del suelo en el elemento paisajístico dominante o matriz, hasta diferentes tipos de barreras locales.

RELIGIÓN Y MODOS DE SUBJETIVACIÓN EN EL MUNDO GLOBALIZADO

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José Bizerril

2013-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se abordan los posibles impactos de la circulación global de tradiciones religiosas minoritarias sobre los procesos de subjetivación contemporáneos. Específicamente, al centrarse en las subjetividades corporificadas, se analiza el ejemplo de las tradiciones contemplativas asiáticas en Brasil y la diáspora de las religiones afrobrasileñas por el Mercosur y Europa. La práctica de estas tradiciones ofrece la posibilidad de formación de subjetividades alternativas a las hegemónicas del capitalismo contemporáneo, y el riesgo de su simulacro, especialmente en regímenes new age.

Expoentes mercantis e dinâmica de negócios: a família Dias de Milão (1580-1624)

OpenAIRE

Silvia Carvalho Ricardo

2014-01-01

A expansão marítima dos séculos XV e XVI reconfigurou as atividades mercantis na Europa e levou a difusão dos centros de comércio e das fontes de mercadorias em novas praças na Ásia, na América e na África. O trato transcontinental e as finanças, que ganharam complexidade, concretizaram-se nas relações entre as redes de comércio com atuação global. Portugal foi o nascedouro de grande parte dessas redes familiares que se multiplicaram e passaram a ter negócios em todas as frentes do trato colo...

Claves belgas para la lectura de Por la Europa católica de Emilia Pardo Bazán

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Behiels, Lieve

2013-06-01

Full Text Available In 1901, Emilia Pardo Bazán took a trip to Belgium in order to familiarize herself with Belgian social Catholicism; the result was an essay, Por la Europa católica. In this article we will try to answer the following questions: did the author interview relevant personalities, did she document herself with trustworthy sources and did she provide a faithful image of the Belgian socio-political reality to her Spanish readers? First we will offer data about the publication of the texts, second we will sketch the context of the social role of the Church in Belgium and Spain at the turn of the century, and then we will analyse the chapters on social policy in the essay. We may conclude that Pardo Bazán interviewed Catholic figures of the highest level and visited important social works supervised by the Church, but she made no contact with the early Christian democracy. Her main source of information on the socialist movement is Le socialisme en Belgique, still a historical reference work. Although she knew about the tensions in the Catholic party and the huge social antagonisms, in her book she tends to present a too idyllic image of Belgium, probably in order to be able to present the country’s social Catholicism as an example for Spain.En 1901, Emilia Pardo Bazán realizó un viaje a Bélgica para conocer desde dentro el catolicismo social belga. Nos preguntamos en este artículo si la autora entrevistó las figuras realmente relevantes, si se documentó en las fuentes importantes y si da una imagen fiable de la situación sociopolítica belga al lector español. En primer lugar ofrecemos datos sobre la publicación de los textos, luego esbozamos el contexto del papel social de la Iglesia en Bélgica y en España y analizamos los capítulos sobre política social de Por la Europa católica. Podemos concluir que la autora entrevistó figuras intelectuales de pro entre el clero y visitó obras sociales enmarcadas por la Iglesia, pero no contact

Joaquín Traggia y su Proyecto de pacificación en Europa: las razones religiosas o la religión razonada del nuevo orden político

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Nere BASABE MARTÍNEZ

2009-11-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: En la escasamente estudiada obra de Joaquín Traggia (1748-1802, padre escolapio y académico de la Historia, se esconde un pensador original, que supo tratar en muchos casos con inteligencia e independencia (aunque también con algunas contradicciones los más actuales debates políticos y religiosos de su época. Confrontado a los sucesos revolucionarios de Francia, dedicó todo su esfuerzo intelectual (y específicamente, en el Proyecto de pacificación en Europa que analizo aquí a la conciliación de los nuevos valores republicanos con las viejas instituciones y creencias, en un riguroso estudio que, a través de la razón como de la religión, le lleva a defender la Igualdad, la Libertad y la Fraternidad también como principios cristianos.ABSTRACT: Joaquín Traggia (1748-1802, Spanish Enlightenment author who has been very rarely studied up to now in spite of his original thought, Piarist clergyman and member of the Royal Academic of History, approached with intelligence and independency (if also did with some contradictions the most present political and religious debates of his time. In the context of the confrontation to the French Revolution ideology –and more specifically through his writing Proyecto de Pacificación en Europa, which I am studying here– he aimed to bring into line, by both means of reason and religion, Christian royalist values and the new principles of national sovereignty, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

A IURD e suas estratégias litúrgicas na Europa: reflexões a partir de Roma, Madri e Barcelona

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Marcos de Araújo Silva

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Com base em pesquisas de campo, este trabalho analisa as estratégias litúrgicas da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD nas cidades de Roma, Madri e Barcelona. O foco da análise se encontra nas formas como a instituição, em suas diversas atividades (que se definem como "curativas" e que prometem sanar qualquer tipo de problema - seja de ordem social, física ou espiritual, viabiliza a inteligibilidade de conceitos e práticas para grupos de fiéis que são compostos, majoritariamente, por imigrantes das mais diversas nacionalidades, e também por membros das sociedades locais. Os dados etnográficos sugerem que os sentidos terapêuticos e de eficácia simbólica que costumam ser atribuídos por tais grupos de fiéis às atividades da IURD devem-se, em especial, à capacidade desta instituição em dialogar com públicos heterogêneos (tanto em termos socioculturais, quanto de origens nacionais e de experiências religiosas prévias, porém que em diversos casos apresentam importantes semelhanças: concepções de sagrado que são vinculadas a elementos que provêm de crenças e ritos relacionados com esoterismo, xamanismo e "bricolagens religiosas individuais". As estratégias analisadas evidenciam não apenas a interculturalidade de uma igreja neopentecostal brasileira atuante na Europa, mas também a ocorrência de dinâmicas da esfera religiosa nesse continente, antes só exportador de instituições e doutrinas religiosas e hoje, também um território fértil para o trabalho missionário.

Educando una nueva ética global

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Juliana Ferrer

2003-09-01

Full Text Available Desde el trasfondo global, se han configurado espacios de poder diferenciados, que motivan a la educación de un mínimo de ética global, por la aspiración de una sociedad mas justa y humana. El presente artículo analiza las implícaciones en la formación ética global, bajo el enfoque de contribuir al reforzamiento de la interdependencia de valores éticos universales. Se realiza una contrastación teórica de las corrientes epistemológicas, desde la perspectiva postmodema. Se concluye sobre la necesidad de educar para una ética global, expandiendo sinergias entre dinamismo productivo, bien social e institucionalidad democrática, por la búsqueda de una convivencia social de futuro.

DE SEMENTES, DE SABERES E DE PODERES OU DE OGMS E OLMS: EM BUSCA DE PRECISÃO CONCEITUAL

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Carlos Walter Porto-Gonçalves

2007-07-01

Full Text Available Como a ciência está cada vez mais politizada, como demonstra o debate acerca dos transgênicos e da mudança climática global (efeito estufa, a exigência da precisão conceitual torna-se, exatamente por isso, ainda mais necessária. É sabido desde Francis Bacon e reiterado, mais recentemente, por Michel Foucault, que 'saber é poder'. Embora não haja consenso na comunidade científica quanto ao tratamento a ser dado a essa complexa relação, o fato é que a história recente vem nos obrigando a dedicarmos mais atenção ao tema. ...

Socio-Cultural Challenges in Global Software Engineering Education

Science.gov (United States)

Hoda, Rashina; Babar, Muhammad Ali; Shastri, Yogeshwar; Yaqoob, Humaa

2017-01-01

Global software engineering education (GSEE) is aimed at providing software engineering (SE) students with knowledge, skills, and understanding of working in globally distributed arrangements so they can be prepared for the global SE (GSE) paradigm. It is important to understand the challenges involved in GSEE for improving the quality and…

Composición, estructura y diversidad de la comunidad de Ácaros Mesostigmata de un hayedo natural (Fagus sylvatica del sur de Europa

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Moraza, M. L.

2007-06-01

Full Text Available Species composition, structure and diversity of the soil Mesostigmatid mite’s community was studied in European beech forest (Fagus sylvatica L. in Navarra (Spain, southern Europe. Twelve samples were taken and 653 mites were identified. They represented to 41 species from 14 families, the most abundant species being Paragamasus ponantinus Athias-Henriot, 1967; Veigaia nemorensis (C. L. Koch, 1839; Paragamasus rothamstedensis Bhattacharyya, 1963 and Rhodacarus coronatus Berlese, 1921. Haft part of the mites community inhabits the humic layer of the soil. The value of the Shannon’s diversity index (H´ log2 in the forest studied is 4,42, and the equitability (J´ is 0,82.Se estudia la composición específica de la comunidad de ácaros Mesostigmata en una hayedo (Fagus sylvatica L. de Navarra (España, Sur de Europa. Se han identificado 653 ácaros procedentes de 12 muestras. Estos representan a 41 especies de 14 familias y las especies más abundantes son Paragamasus ponantinus Athias-Henriot, 1967; Vegaia nemorensis (C. L. Koch, 1839; Paragamasus rothamstedensis Bhattacharyya, 1963 y Rhodacarus coronatus Berlese, 1921. La mitad de la comunidad habita en el horizonte húmico del suelo. En este hayedo el valor de la diversidad de Shannon (H´ log2 es 4,42 y el de la equitabilidad (J´ 0,82.

Surface composition of pull-apart bands in Argadnel Regio, Europa: Evidence of localized cryovolcanic resurfacing during basin formation

Science.gov (United States)

Prockter, Louise M.; Shirley, James H.; Dalton, James B.; Kamp, L.

2017-03-01

We combine Galileo Solid State Imager (SSI) and Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) data to investigate the composition of pull-apart bands in Europa's Argadnel Regio. Using spectral linear mixture modeling employing cryogenic laboratory reference spectra, we find that bands of intermediate age ("grey" bands) are compositionally distinct from bands that are stratigraphically younger ("dark" bands). The grey bands have higher abundances of larger ice grains and lower abundances of hydrated salts than the dark bands; both of these tendencies are statistically significant at the 1% level. The grey and dark bands have similar abundances of hexahydrite, a material which is relatively stable under irradiation; however, the derived abundances of frozen magnesium sulfate brine and of mirabilite, which are more susceptible to fragmentation by radiation, are significantly higher in the dark bands than in the grey bands. These results are consistent with a physical model in which the differences in composition and in ice grain sizes are linked to space weathering and radiolytic processing levels; the grey bands have presumably undergone higher levels of processing, due to being exposed on Europa's surface for a longer period of time. One prominent wedge-shaped band exhibits an anomalous albedo variation across its northern portion, appearing dark in its top third, and grey in its southernmost two-thirds. We find that the dark part of the band has a modeled composition that is in-family with other dark bands, while the grey portion has a modeled composition that is indistinguishable from other grey bands in the study area. Because these variations cannot easily be attributed to the band's formation mechanism (bands open sequentially along a central axis), we surmise that the northern part has been resurfaced, probably in response to the formation of a large topographic basin that cuts through the band. Faulting accompanying basin formation may provide conduits allowing

Improved OSC Amtec generator design to meet goals of JPL's candidate Europa Orbiter mission

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schock, A.; Noravian, H.; Or, C.; Kumar, V.

1998-01-01

The preceding paper (Paper IECEC.98.244) described OSC's initial designs of AMTEC (Alkali Metal Thermal-to-Electrical Conversion) power systems, consisting of one or two generators, each with 2, 3, or 4 General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules and with 16 refractory AMTEC cells containing 5 Beta Alumina Solid Electrolyte (BASE) tubes; and presented the effect of heat input and voltage output on the generator's BOM evaporator and clad temperatures and on its EOM system efficiency and power output. Comparison of the computed results with JPL's goals for the Europa Orbiter mission showed that all of the initial 16-cell design options yielded either excessive evaporator and clad temperatures or insufficient EOM power to satisfy the JPL-specified mission goals. The present paper describes modified OSC generator designs with different numbers of AMTEC cells, cell diameters, cell lengths, cell materials, BASE tube lengths, and number of tubes per cell. These efforts succeeded in identifying generator designs with only half the number of AMTEC cells which -- for the same assumptions -- can produce EOM power outputs substantially in excess of JPL's goals for NASA's Europa Orbiter mission while operating well below the prescribed BOM limits on evaporator and clad temperature; and revealed that lowering the emissivity of the generator's housing to raise the cells' condenser temperatures can achieve substantial additional performance improvement. Finally, the paper culminates in programmatic recommendations

Detectability of thermal signatures associated with active formation of ‘chaos terrain’ on Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Abramov, Oleg; Rathbun, J.; Schmidt, Britney E.; Spencer, John R.

2013-01-01

A recent study by Schmidt et al. (2011) suggests that Thera Macula, one of the “chaos regions” on Europa, may be actively forming over a large liquid water lens. Such a process could conceivably produce a thermal anomaly detectable by a future Europa orbiter or flyby mission, allowing for a direct verification of this finding. Here, we present a set of models that quantitatively assess the surface and subsurface temperatures associated with an actively resurfacing chaos region using constraints from Thera Macula. The results of this numerical study suggest that the surface temperature over an active chaos region can be as high as ∼200 K. However, low-resolution Galileo Photo-Polarimeter Radiometer (PPR) observations indicate temperatures below 120 K over Thera Macula. This suggests that Thera Macula is not currently active unless an insulating layer of at least a few centimeters in thickness is present, or activity is confined to small regions, reducing the overall intensity of the thermal signature. Alternatively, Thera may have been cooling for at least 10–100 yr and still contain a subsurface lake, which can take ∼300,000 yr to crystallize. According to the present study, a more sensitive instrument capable of detecting anomalies ∼5 K above ambient could detect activity at Thera Macula even if an insulating layer of ∼50 cm is present.

Poderes probatorios de las partes y del juez en Europa

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Michele Taruffo

2006-01-01

Full Text Available El artículo desmenuza con fuerza argumental, de fuentes, histórica y con pleno conocimiento del derecho procesal civil comparado los distintos postulados políticos, ideológicos y meta jurídicos contra el poder probatorio del juez en el proceso. Para el autor tres son los sistemas existentes en materia de actividad probatoria del juez en Europa: todos - en más o en menos - admiten la actividad probatoria de oficio por el juez. La conclusión es lapidaria: el asiento liberal de los críticos a esta realidad no es ni coherente ni preciso y que refieren al liberalismo del siglo XIX en los que estuvo vigente las concepciones del proceso civil típico del individualismo propietario. Consideraciones generales de este género serían probablemente suficientes para demostrar que las ecuaciones del tipo «poderes de instrucción del juez = régimen autoritario» y «juez pasivo = régimen liberal» son vagas y genéricas, y se reducen a slogans polémicos faltos de valor científico. Ello es, resulta un sofisma el "juez activo autoritario versus juez pasivo liberal". Existen así numerosos sistemas demócratas en los que el juez cuenta con amplios poderes de instrucción, como ocurre p.e. en Francia, en Suiza y en Alemania. En sustancia, cada decisión no es «buena» sólo porque pone punto final al conflicto; la decisión es «buena» si pone punto final al conflicto siendo fundada en criterios legales y racionales, entre los que asume importancia particular la veracidad de la comprobación de los hechos. Si se piensa en un «buen» juez, capaz de ejercer correctamente y racionalmente sus poderes, no hay razón de temer que él se vuelva parcial, e incapaz de valorar las pruebas, por el sólo hecho de haber dispuesto o sugerido su adquisición. Sólo si se piensa en un juez incapaz y psíquicamente débil se puede temer que él pierda su propia imparcialidadThe article treats different political and ideological and the meta judicial postulates

Diez sugerencias para repensar, críticamente, la Unión Europea

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Carlos Taibo

2004-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo, el autor ofrece diez sugerencias para repensar críticamente Europa: 1 La Europa de la tradición inventada: la Europa marcada por una larga etapa de guerras, que se presenta como centro histórico del mundo, como corazón de la civilización, como cuna del progreso, la libertad y la razón; 2 La Europa de los mercaderes y de las jerarquías. La Europa de las alianzas económicas vinculadas al neoliberalismo más ultramontano, en la que la dimensión político-democrática ha tenido un relieve secundario; y también la Europa de las jerarquías, con los Estados Unidos ocupando un papel prominente; 3 El mito de la Europa del estado del bienestar, del capitalismo bueno, frente al capitalismo feroz de los Estados Unidos; 4 La Europa de los derechos y libertades en franco reculaje, especialmente tras los atentados del 11-S; la Europa de la demonización y represión de los movimientos antiglobalización capitalista; y la Europa de las normas duras frente a los inmigrantes pobres; 5 La Europa de Blair, Chirac, Schröeder, Berlusconi o Aznar, sin compromiso con la causa de la justicia, la solidaridad y la paz; 6 La Europa carente de un proyecto estratégico y con notables divisiones internas; 7 La Europa que mantiene una relación incierta con los Estados Unidos; la Europa de las colisiones dólar/euro, que pueden terminar provocando una dinámica de irrefrenable confrontación; 8 La Europa de las diferentes velocidades, en la que los recién llegados están obligados a instalarse en una periferia poco cómoda, y quienes se quedan al margen entran en proceso de tercermundización; 9 La Europa de una constitución sin pueblo, nación o Estado, con problemas preocupantes para la izquierda que resiste: déficit democrático, fragilidad de derechos sociales, estatalización de esquemas, política exterior en la que llueve sobre mojado; y 10 El concepto de Europa como construcción mental imaginada, frente al mito de Europa como realidad

Radar attenuation in Europa's ice shell: obstacles and opportunities for constraining shell thickness and thermal structure

Science.gov (United States)

Kalousova, Klara; Schroeder, Dustin M.; Soderlund, Krista M.; Sotin, Christophe

2016-10-01

With its strikingly young surface and possibly recent endogenic activity, Europa is one of the most exciting bodies within our Solar System and a primary target for spacecraft exploration. Future missions to Europa are expected to carry ice penetrating radar instruments which are powerful tools to investigate the subsurface thermophysical structure of its ice shell.Several authors have addressed the 'penetration depth' of radar sounders at icy moons, however, the concept and calculation of a single value penetration depth is a potentially misleading simplification since it ignores the thermal and attenuation structure complexity of a realistic ice shell. Here we move beyond the concept of a single penetration depth by exploring the variation in two-way radar attenuation for a variety of potential thermal structures of Europa's ice shell as well as for a low loss and high loss temperature-dependent attenuation model. The possibility to detect brines is also investigated.Our results indicate that: (i) for all ice shell thicknesses investigated (5-30 km), a nominal satellite-borne radar sounder will penetrate between 15% and 100% of the total thickness, (ii) the maximum penetration depth strongly varies laterally with the deepest penetration possible through the cold downwellings, (iii) the direct detection of the ice/ocean interface might be possible for shells of up to 15 km if the radar signal travels through the cold downwelling, (iv) even if the ice/ocean interface is not detected, the penetration through most of the shell could constrain the deep shell structure through the loss of signal, and (v) for all plausible ice shells the two-way attenuation to the eutectic point is ≤30 dB which shows a robust potential for longitudinal investigation of the ice shell's shallow structure.Part of this work has been performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract to NASA. K.K. acknowledges support by the Grant Agency of the

UV Reflectance of Jupiter's Moon Europa and Asteroid (16) Psyche

Science.gov (United States)

Becker, T. M.; Retherford, K. D.; Roth, L.; Hendrix, A.; McGrath, M. A.; Cunningham, N.; Feaga, L. M.; Saur, J.; Elkins-Tanton, L. T.; Walhund, J. E.; Molyneux, P.

2017-12-01

Surface reflectance observations of solar system objects in the UV are not only complimentary to longer wavelength observations for identifying surface composition, but can also reveal new and meaningful information about the surfaces of those bodies. On Europa, far-UV (FUV) spectral observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) show that the surface lacks a strong water ice absorption edge near 165 nm, which is intriguing because such a band has been detected on most icy satellites. This may suggest that radiolytic processing by Jupiter's magnetosphere has altered the surface, causing absorption at wavelengths longward of the H2O edge, masking this feature. Additionally, the FUV spectra are blue (increasing albedo with shorter wavelengths), and regions that are observed to be dark in the visible appear bright in the FUV. This spectral inversion, also observed on the Moon and some asteroids, may provide insight into the properties of the surface material and how they are processed.We also explore the UV reflectance spectra of the main belt asteroid (16) Psyche. This asteroid is believed to be the metallic remnant core of a differentiated asteroid, stripped of its mantle through collisions. However, there is speculation that the asteroid could have formed as-is from highly reduced metal-rich material near the Sun early in the formation of the solar system. Further, spectral observations in the infrared have revealed pyroxene and hydroxyl on the asteroid's surface, complicating the interpretation that (16) Psyche is a pure metallic object. Laboratory studies indicate that there are diagnostic spectral features in the UV that could be useful for determining the surface composition. We obtained HST observations of Psyche from 160 - 300 nm. Preliminary results show a featureless, red-sloped spectrum, inconsistent with significant amounts of pyroxene on the surface. We will present the spectra of Europa and the asteroid (16) Psyche and discuss the unique details

Respuestas del derecho internacional ante la transformación del régimen de asilo en Europa

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María Teresa Gil Bazo

2016-10-01

Full Text Available Los países de la Unión Europea se enfrentan a uno de los mayores retos de nuestro tiempo. El flujo cada vez mayor de inmigrantes hacia Europa en un momento de crisis en todos los órdenes (económico, político, y social comporta nuevos problemas e interrogantes que deben ser solucionados desde una perspectiva a largo plazo y de respeto a los valores democráticos y los derechos humanos. En este contexto, el proceso de integración europea supone que la cooperación en temas de inmigración adquiera carácter prioritario, y deba ser tratada a nivel internacional entre los Estados que forman la Unión Europea. El momento de transformaciones restrictivas en el contexto internacional europeo de extranjería y asilo obliga a la reflexión sobre el estatus en Derecho internacional del derecho de asilo, que viene dado no sólo por los instrumentos específicos relativos a la protección de refugiados, sino también por otros instrumentos internacionales de protección  de derechos humanos, y por el propio Derecho internacional consuetudinario. Es esta una vertiente con frecuencia soslayada cuya importancia se acrecienta ante las restricciones cada vez mayores impuestas por los países de la Unión Europea al régimen específico del asilo. Así, el presente artículo tiene por objeto el análisis del derecho internacional de asilo y el modo en que éste puede hoy ser complementado por el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos para dar respuesta a las modificaciones introducidas en las legislaciones europeas.

Liberalismo, fascismo y clase obrera: algunas contribuciones recientes a la historia comparada de la Europa de entreguerras

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Julián CASANOVA RUIZ

2010-02-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: En Liberalism, Fascism or Social Democracy, un amplio análisis del desarrollo político de Europa occidental desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Gregory M. Luebbert sostiene que la evolución que condujo a la mayoría de las naciones europeas occidentales a la democracia liberal, a la social democracia y al fascismo puede explicarse por el conjunto de alianzas de clases presente en cada una de esas sociedades. La primera parte del artículo presenta el argumento estructuralista de Luebbert y su búsqueda de las variables y conexiones causales que hagan comprensible las diferentes experiencias nacionales. En la segunda parte se intenta comprobar la validez de su argumento a la luz de otras investigaciones recientes. Se trata, en definitiva, de explicar las peculiaridades históricas y estructurales que distinguen los casos de ruptura con el liberalismo de aquéllos que permanecieron en la vía democrática.ABSTRACT:In Liberalism, Fascism or Social Democracy, a comprehensive analysis of the political development of Western Europe from the late nineteenth- century to the eve of World War II, Gregory M. Luebbert contends that the evolution of most Western European nations into liberal democracies, social democracies, or fascist regimes was attributable to a set of social class alliances within individual nations. The first part of this paper presents Luebbert' structuralist argument and his search for a handful of «master variables» and causal connexions that would explain the particular evolution of each nation. In the second part the paper attempts to evaluate the validity of this argument from other recent research. It seeks, therefore, to explain what structural and historical features distinguish the breakdown cases from those that remained democratic.

Inovação tecnológica na indústria farmacêutica: diferenças entre a Europa, os EUA e os países farmaemergentes

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Alessandra Cristina Santos Akkari

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Resumo Historicamente, o cenário farmacêutico mundial tem sido dominado por grandes multinacionais (Big Pharma, majoritariamente de origem europeia e norte-americana. Contudo, é consenso na literatura a importância crescente dos mercados farmacêuticos emergentes (países farmaemergentes, especialmente China e Brasil, que são vistos como os maiores responsáveis pelo crescimento sustentável do segmento farmacêutico. Esse artigo teve como objetivo realizar um mapeamento tecnológico e industrial do setor farmacêutico, a partir de informações de bancos de dados patentários internacionais (WIPO e Derwent, entre 1996 até o último ano de registro (2013. Utilizando-se o Método dos Mínimos Quadrados e implementação de um algoritmo no MATLAB, desenvolveram-se previsões para o período 2014-2018. Os resultados obtidos atestaram a liderança da Europa e dos EUA no setor, destacando-se o índice de inovação da Hoffmann-La Roche; a participação expressiva da China; e a pouca contribuição do Brasil no âmbito mundial. Todavia, estimou-se uma tendência de crescimento acentuado no número de proteções concedidas ao Brasil (41% e à China (27%, apontando um alcance, até 2036, dos índices de patenteamento chineses aos números dos atuais líderes mundiais, trazendo a esperança da difusão tecnológica e científica e do aumento da competitividade no segmento farmacêutico.

The Biological Potential of Mars, the Early Earth, and Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Jakosky, B. M.; Shock, E. L.

1998-09-01

The potential biomass that could have existed on Mars is constrained by the total amount of energy available to construct it. From an inventory of the available geochemical sources of energy, we estimate that, from the time of the onset of the visible geologic record 4 b.y. ago to the present, as much as 20 g/cm2 of biota could have been constructed. This is the same amount that could have been constructed from similar sources on the early Earth in only 100 m.y. This indicates that there likely was sufficient energy available to support an origin of life on Mars, but not sufficient energy to create a ubiquitous and lush biosphere. Similar calculations for Europa suggest that even less geochemical energy would have been available there.

Europa y violencia escolar

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Félix Etxeberría

2001-01-01

Full Text Available Las instituciones europeas y los responsables educativos están manifestando en los últimos añosuna gran preocupación por el fenómeno de la violencia escolar, especialmente la violencia entre iguales.En este texto queremos hacer un análisis de la respuesta europea en materia de violencia escolar y mos-trar las aportaciones que se han hecho en ese terreno a lo largo de los últimos años, así como ofrecer lasgrandes líneas por las que se rige la política comunitaria a la hora de enfrentarse al problema. Ofrecemosal lector el análisis de la corta pero rica experiencia europea y las conclusiones del examen de losprincipales textos, programas y encuentros que se han realizado hasta la fecha.

Las claves del conflicto entre Rusia y Occidente después de Crimea y el conflicto con Ucrania

OpenAIRE

Gutiérrez del Cid, Ana Teresa

2017-01-01

Resumen: A principios de 2013, se observaba un proceso consistente en un amplio giro geopolítico en Europa, que inició con el reposicionamiento de Rusia como potencia regional y con el debilitamiento de la presencia de Estados Unidos en ese continente, porque se hallaba inmerso en las intervenciones militares en Afganistán e Irak desde el primer decenio del 2000. Además, Alemania se había acercado a Rusia. Esta nueva estrategia de Rusia ha cambiado la geopolítica tradicional de la Europa de l...

[The Reception of Medieval Europa in the Baltic Sea Region. Papers of the XIIth Visby Symposium held at Gotland University, Visby] / Stefan Donecker

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Donecker, Stefan, 1977-

2011-01-01

Arvustus : The Reception of Medieval Europa in the Baltic Sea Region. Papers of the XIIth Visby Symposium held at Gotland University, Visby. Viby : Gotland University Press, 2009. (Acta Visbyensia. 12)

DIAGNÓSTICO DA EXPANSÃO AGROPECUÁRIA NA BACIA DO RIO UBERABA, VERÍSSIMO – MG, UTILIZANDO-SE DO SISTEMA DE INFORMAÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA

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Alisson Mendonça de Almeida

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Esta monografia objetiva apresentar o diagnóstico agropecuário na bacia do rio Uberaba dentro do município de Verissimo – MG. O espaço temporal deste diagnóstico ambiental compreendeu o período de 1975 a 2010. Para isto, elaboraram-se os mapas de uso e ocupação do solo através dos softwares ENVI 4.0 e Idrisi The Andes 15.0 onde, pelo comando do Land Change Modeler- LCM fez-se uma previsão para o ano de 2050da degradação ambiental. O LCM mostra projeções estimadas de redução de aproximadamente 70% na área de mata nativa provocada pelo avanço das atividades agropecuárias. O aumento na área de mata nativa comprovada em 2010, se deve ao fato, da recomposição vegetal em áreas de maior declividade, ou seja, são áreas, em que o emprego de máquinas agrícolas se torna inviáveis, pois topograficamente são regiões de relevo montanhoso. Os mapas de ganhos e perdas na agricultura e na pastagem e também o mapa da transição da agricultura para pastagem, revelam que a pecuária foi a atividade econômica que mais se alastrou na bacia do rio Uberaba no município de Veríssimo-MG.

Integración regional y nacionalismos en la Europa del siglo XXI

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Doval Adán, Antonio

2015-06-01

Full Text Available In the current European geopolitical space live two antagonistic activism. One works for a more united and integrated economic and social political level by creating large supranational structures more complex and bureaucratized with extensive powers, while the other strives to claim a greater degree of sovereignty and independence for the peoples and their territorial identities. In this context, a general hoverriewof international organizations created to promote the regional integration process istakew as well as a discussion onthe main focuses and nationalist movements that operate in the European territory, delving into the resurgence of secessionist movements within the European Union in the Balkans and the former Soviet Union, not least the question of Kurdish nationalism.En el espacio geopolítico europeo actual conviven dos activismos antagónicos. Uno trabaja a favor de una Europa más unida e integrada a nivel político económico y social mediante la creación de grandes estructuras supranacionales cada vez más complejas y burocratizadas dotadas de amplios poderes, mientras que el otro se esfuerza en reivindicar un mayor grado de soberanía e independencia para los pueblos y sus identidades territoriales. En este contexto, se hace un balance general de las organizaciones internacionales creadas para impulsar el proceso de integración regional y se analizan los principales focos y movimientos nacionalistas que operan en el territorio europeo, profundizando en el rebrote de los movimientos secesionistas dentro de la Unión Europea, en los Balcanes y en el espacio postsoviético, sin olvidar la cuestión del nacionalismo kurdo. [fr] Dans la zone géopolitique européenne actuelle vivent deux activismes antagonistes. Un travaille en faveur d’une Europe plus unie et intégré à un niveau politique, économique et social par le biais de la création de grandes structures supranationales plus en plus complexes et bureaucratissées avec

Control de la inmigración, post- fordismo y menor elegibilidad: una crítica materialista de la criminalización de la inmigración en Europa

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Alessandro De Giorgi

2012-03-01

Full Text Available La aparente des-fronterización del mundo occidental bajo el impulso de la globalización económica ha sido paralelo a un proceso de re-fronterización de las sociedades tardo-capitalistas contra las migraciones globales. Esta re-fronterización es parte de un amplio giro punitivo en la regulación de la migración que ha emergido especialmente en el contexto europeo desde mediados de los años setenta del siglo pasado. Por un lado, los inmigrantes no occidentales son señalados por las políticas inmigratorias prohibicionistas, las cuales contribuyen de hecho a la reproducción de su estatus de ilegalidad; por otro lado, el uso sistemático del encarcelamiento (junto a la detención administrativa y la deportación como la estrategia principal en la actual guerra contra la inmigración no autorizada configura una dinámica de hipercriminalización de los inmigrantes, cuyo resultado es la intensificación de su marginalidad socioeconómica y política en toda Europa. Siguiendo el enfoque de la criminología materialista conocido como economía política del castigo, este artículo sugiere que estas estrategias punitivas deberían ser analizadas contra el sustrato de una economía neoliberal cada vez más flexible y desregulada. En este contexto, la hipercriminalización de las migraciones contribuye a la reproducción de una fuerza de trabajo vulnerable cuya inseguridad resulta adecuada para el segmentado mercado de trabajo de las economías post-fordistas.

Thermal state and complex geology of a heterogeneous salty crust of Jupiter's satellite, Europa

Science.gov (United States)

Prieto-Ballesteros, O.; Kargel, J.S.

2005-01-01

The complex geology of Europa is evidenced by many tectonic and cryomagmatic resurfacing structures, some of which are "painted" into a more visible expression by exogenic alteration processes acting on the principal endogenic cryopetrology. The surface materials emplaced and affected by this activity are mainly composed of water ice in some areas, but in other places there are other minerals involved. Non-ice minerals are visually recognized by their low albedo and reddish color either when first emplaced or, more likely, after alteration by Europan weathering processes, especially sublimation and alteration by ionizing radiation. While red chromophoric material could be due to endogenic production of solid sulfur allotropes or other compounds, most likely the red substance is an impurity produced by radiation alteration of hydrated sulfate salts or sulphuric acid of mainly internal origin. If the non-ice red materials or their precursors have a source in the satellite interior, and if they are not merely trace contaminants, then they can play an important role in the evolution of the icy crust, including structural differentiation and the internal dynamics. Here we assume that these substances are major components of Europa's cryo/hydrosphere, as some models have predicted they should be. If this is an accurate assumption, then these substances should not be neglected in physical, chemical, and biological models of Europa, even if major uncertainties remain as to the exact identity, abundance, and distribution of the non-ice materials. The physical chemical properties of the ice-associated materials will contribute to the physical state of the crust today and in the geological past. In order to model the influence of them on the thermal state and the geology, we have determined the thermal properties of the hydrated salts. Our new lab data reveal very low thermal conductivities for hydrated salts compared to water ice. Lower conductivities of salty ice would

Hábitos alimentares e envelhecimento : monografia : efeitos de uma restrição calórica na saúde e longevidade

OpenAIRE

Silva, Joel Filipe Moreira Alves da

2007-01-01

Resumo da tese: O “elixir da longa vida” era um dos principais sonhos dos alquimistas, no caminho em direcção à Medicina moderna. Hoje, porque esse sonho nunca acabou, continuamos essa busca por algo capaz de retardar o nosso envelhecimento e nos fazer viver mais tempo. Com a percentagem de população mundial envelhecida a crescer continuamente, torna-se cada vez mais importante conhecer o nublado processo que nos torna mais velhos, para assim tentar descobrir formas de interferir. Nos anos 30...

Historia política y social contemporánea de Europa. Siglo XIX

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Samaniego Boneu, Mercedes

2009-01-01

Materiales de clase: 1.1789-1870. La era de las revoluciones. El ascenso de la burguesía y la aparición del proletariado. Tema 1: La Revolución en Francia. La penetración de la revolución en Europa. Elsistema y la obra de Napoleón. (Parte 1) (Parte 2); Tema 2: La contrarrevolución europea: El Congreso de Viena. Francia: desde laetapa de la Restauración al Segundo Imperio. Reino Unido: Restablecimiento y reforma: la era Palmerston . (Parte 1) (Parte 2); Tema 3: El diagnóstico microbiológico e...

El canvi i la innovació en l'ensenyament de Biblioteconomia i Documentació a Europa

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Virkus, Sirje

2015-12-01

Full Text Available L'objectiu principal d'aquest article és oferir una perspectiva de les tendències i avenços actuals en l'àmbit de l'ensenyament superior, així com il·lustrar algunes de les respostes que les institucions de Biblioteconomia i Documentació (BiD han donat davant d'aquests canvis. S'analitza la contribució que fan les institucions de BiD a la innovació i el canvi a Europa, mitjançant cinc estudis de cas duts a terme a les institucions següents: l'Institute of Information Science and Information Systems de la University of Graz (Àustria; l'Institute of Information Studies de la Tallinn University (Estònia; el Department of Library Science and Information Systems de l'Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki (Grècia; la Faculty of Communication de la Vilnius University (Lituània; i la Swedish School of Library and Information Science de la University of Borås (Suècia. Aquest treball complementa l'estudi de Virkus i Wood (2004, 2005, en el qual s'analitzaven les tendències i avenços registrats en l'ensenyament superior i les respostes que les institucions de BiD van donar davant d'aquests canvis. Es presenten els reptes més importants a què ha de fer front l'ensenyament de BiD sobre la base dels resultats de l'estudi.El objetivo principal de este artículo es ofrecer una perspectiva de las tendencias y los avances actuales en el ámbito de la enseñanza superior, así como ilustrar algunas de las respuestas que las instituciones de Biblioteconomía y Documentación (ByD han dado ante estos cambios. Se analiza la contribución que hacen las instituciones de ByD a la innovación y el cambio en Europa, mediante cinco estudios de caso llevados a cabo en las siguientes instituciones: el Institute of Information Science and Information Systems de la University of Graz (Austria; el Institute of Information Studies de la Tallinn University (Estonia; el Department of Library Science and Information Systems del Alexander

Black women’s ‘two-ness’ in african-american literature: can black and white worlds join together? = A dualidade de mulheres negras na literatura afro-americana: os mundos negro e branco podem se unir?

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José Endoença Martins

2010-01-01

Full Text Available The article discusses how black women keep contacts with both black and white worlds in novels written by African-American female writers. In Toni Morrison’s (1970 The Bluest Eye, Pecola Breedlove keeps contact with the white world through her assimilationist behavior; in Alice Walker’s (1982 The Color Purple, Celie freezes herself in the black world by playing the role of the nationalist Negro; finally, in Lorraine Hansberry’s (1987 A Raisin in the Sun, Mama Younger joins black and white worlds together when she develops a catalyst agenda, as she moves to a white neighborhood.O artigo discute como mulheres negras mantêm contato com os mundos negro e branco em romances de escritoras afroamericanas. Em O Olho Mais Azul, de Toni Morrison (1970, Pecola Breedlove se alia ao mundo branco pelo comportamento assimilacionista; em A Cor Púrpura, de Alice Walker (1982, Celie se isola no mundo negro ao assumir o papel do Negro nacionalista; por fim, em Uma Cereja ao Sol, de Lorraine Hansberry (1987, Mama Younger aproxima o mundo negro e branco quando se torna catalista, indo morar num bairro branco.

Fault offsets and lateral crustal movement on Europa - Evidence for a mobile ice shell

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schenk, P.M.; Mckinnon, W.B.

1989-01-01

An examination is conducted of Europa's cross-cutting structural relationships between various lineament types, in order to constrain the type of structure involved in each such case and, where possible, to also constrain the degree of extension across the lineaments. Evidence is adduced for significant lateral crustal movement, allowing alternative models and mechanisms for lineament formation to be discussed, as well as plausible lithospheric and crustal models. The question as to whether any of the water-ice layer has been, or currently is, liquid, is also treated in light of the evidence obtained. 53 refs

Ice Shell Thickness and Endogenic Processes on Europa from Mapping and Topographic Analyses of Pits, Uplifts and Small Chaos Features (Invited)

Science.gov (United States)

Singer, K. N.; McKinnon, W. B.; Schenk, P.

2013-12-01

Constraining the thickness of the ice shell on Europa and the geological processes occurring in it are keys to understanding this icy world and its potential habitability. We focus on circular-to-subcircular features generally agreed to have been created by endogenic processes in Europa's ice shell or ocean: pits, uplifts, and subcircular chaos. Pits and uplifts are defined by their negative or positive topographic expression, respectively. Pits and uplifts generally retain pre-existing surface structures such as ridges, while chaos specifically refers to areas where the surface is broken up, in some cases to the point of destroying all original surface topography. We have mapped all features plausibly created by upwellings or other endogenic processes in the size range of 1 to 50 km in diameter, and incorporated previously unavailable topographic data as an aid to mapping and characterization of features. Topography was derived from albedo-controlled photoclinometry and crosschecked with stereo data where possible. Mapping was carried out over the medium-resolution Galileo regional maps (RegMaps) covering approximately 9% of Europa's surface, as well as over available high-resolution regions. While limited in extent, the latter are extremely valuable for detecting smaller features and for overall geomorphological analysis. Results of this new mapping show decreasing numbers of small features, and a peak in the size distribution for all features at approximately 5-6 km in diameter. No pits smaller than 3.3 km in diameter were found in high resolution imagery. Topography was used to find the depths and heights of pits and uplifts in the mapped regions. A general trend of increasing pit depth with increasing pit size was found, a correlation more easily understood in the context of a diapiric hypothesis for feature formation (as opposed to purely non-diapiric, melt-through models). Based on isostasy, maximum pit depths of ~0.3-to-0.48 km imply a minimum shell

El reducido empleo femenino en los Estados del bienestar del sur de Europa. Un análisis comparado

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Moreno Mínguez, Almudena

2008-08-01

Full Text Available The analysis is contextualized in the theoretical framework referred to the comparative studies on welfare regimes and gender. The researches carried out for this purpose point out that the low female employment that characterizes the countries of the Mediterranean area (mainly Spain and Italy is linked with the family policies, labour policies and gender policies developed by the welfare States. In this study it is presented a compared analysis on the institutional, labour and socio-demographic factors that explain the differences observed in the labour strategies adopted by the women in the different European countries. The aim of this paper is to present new empirical evidences regarding recent trends in women´s employment in the Southern Welfare States in a compared perspective.

El análisis se contextualiza en el marco teórico referido a los estudios comparados sobre los regímenes de bienestar y de género. Las investigaciones realizadas a tal efecto tienden a apuntar que el reducido empleo femenino que caracteriza a los países del entorno mediterráneo (fundamentalmente España e Italia está vinculado con las políticas familiares, laborales y de género desarrolladas por los respectivos Estados de bienestar. En este estudio se presenta un análisis comparado relativo a los factores de tipo institucional, laboral y sociodemográfico que explican las diferencias observadas en las estrategias laborales adoptadas por las mujeres en los distintos países europeos. El propósito de este trabajo consiste en aportar nuevas evidencias empíricas relativas a las tendencias recientes del empleo femenino en los Estados del bienestar del sur de Europa en perspectiva comparada.

Servicios de inteligencia y lucha antiterrorista

OpenAIRE

Jordán Enamorado, Javier

2005-01-01

El terrorismo, y más concretamente el yihadismo global, se ha convertido en una de las principales amenazas violentas contra la seguridad de Estados Unidos y de Europa. Como consecuencia ha pasado a ocupar un lugar prioritario entre los temas de interés de los servicios de inteligencia. Este artículo describe en un primer epígrafe las características esenciales del terrorismo yihadista, con objeto de subrayar las similitudes y diferencias que plantea en comparación con otros tipos d...