Electricity transmission. Transmission providers' duties to permit and possibilities to deny TPA to the network; Durchleitung von Strom. Pflichten und Verweigerungsmoeglichkeiten von Elektrizitaetsversorgungsunternehmen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kasper, O.

2001-07-01

The author gives a full account of the new legal situation in the German electricity market and explains the recent changes induced by implementation of the legal framework of the European Union for building the internal electricity market, and by recent national legislation amending laws and regulations. The juridical changes and the new legal provisions and their effects in practice are explained in ten chapters. Some important keywords: the concept of third-party access (TPA) to electricity transmission networks - the IEM Directive of the EU - the reform of the German energy industry law - objectives and consequences of the reform - market deregulation - transmission pricing - competences of the national supervisory energy authority - national cartel law, market dominating position and abuse of a dominant market position - European cartel law. (orig./CB) [German] Der Autor gibt eine umfassende Darstellung der neuen Rechtslage im Strommarkt in Deutschland und erlaeutert die Veraenderungen, die sich aus den Vorgaben der Europaeischen Union zur Herstellung des Strom-Binnenmarkts und durch neue deutsche Gesetzgebung und Novellierung bestehender Regelungen ergaben. In zehn Kapiteln werden die neuen rechtlichen Bestimmungen und ihre Auswirkungen in der Praxis angesprochen. Einige wichtige Stichworte: Durchleitungsbegriff und Durchleitungsbedingungen - Binnenmarkt-Richtlinie Elektrizitaet - Neuregelung des deutschen Energiewirtschaftsrechts - Ziele und Folgen der Energierechtsreform - Deregulierung des Marktes - Bestimmung von Durchleitungsentgelten - Zustaendigkeit der nationalen Energieaufsichtsbehoerde - nationales Kartellrecht und kartellrechtlicher Missbrauchstatbestand - Europaeisches Kartellrecht. (orig./CB)

Structure and frame conditions for power exchange agreements with the Continent

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wiedswang, R.

1996-01-01

The conference paper relates to the obtained agreements between Norway and the Continent on the exchange of electric power. The paper discusses the structure and frame conditions for the ELSAM, PreussenElektra, SEP and EuroStrom agreements. ELSAM covers the agreement with Denmark which started on 27 July 1995. The PreussenElektra agreement includes the exchange of power with the German PreussenElektra AG which starts on 1 October 1998. SEP covers the agreement with the Netherlands which is planned to start on 1 October 2001, and the EuroStrom agreement with the German EST EuroStrom Trading GmbH in Hamburg which is planned to start on 1 January 2003. 8 figs

Study on the planning of a demonstration plant for hydrogen fuel production by electrolysis using caching in salt caverns under pressure; Studie ueber die Planung einer Demonstrationsanlage zur Wasserstoff-Kraftstoffgewinnung durch Elektrolyse mit Zwischenspeicherung in Salzkavernen unter Druck

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2015-02-05

In a two year research project the long-term storage of hydrogen as energy carrier has been assessed in detail for large renewable electricity quantities in underground storage caverns in Germany. Next to a regions analysis for potential storage sites, the benchmarking against other large scale storage concepts, a comparative and perspective analysis of alkaline and PEM-electrolysers also potential business cases for Power-to-Hydrogen in the mobility sector as well as for the chemical, electricity and natural gas industry have been analysed. [German] Durch den geplanten Ausbau der Stromerzeugung aus fluktuierenden, erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland ruecken Speichertechnologien fuer elektrische Energie immer staerker in den Fokus des industriellen und politischen Interesses. Eine vielversprechende Moeglichkeit fuer eine Langzeitspeicherung bei hohen Anteilen von Wind- und Photovoltaikanlagen sind Speichertechnologien wie die Wasserstoffspeicherung mit Hilfe von Wasserelektrolyseuren. Diese koennen erneuerbaren Strom in grossen Mengen und bei entsprechender Steuerung selektiv in Zeiten mit hohem Dargebot z.B. an Windstrom chemisch speichern. Der gespeicherte Wasserstoff kann dann entweder zu einem spaeteren Zeitpunkt wieder rueckverstromt oder direkt stofflich verwertet werden, z.B. als Kraftstoff fuer den Verkehrssektor, als chemischer Rohstoff oder fuer den Hausenergiebereich durch Einspeisung in das Erdgastransportnetz. Thema der vorliegenden Studie sind Analysen und Planungen fuer die Erprobung des Gesamtsystems ''Wasserstoff-Elektrolyse-Speicherung'' in energiewirtschaftlich relevanten Dimensionen. Dazu werden mit einem neuen Ansatz techno-oekonomische Entwicklungspfade fuer Wasserstoff-Systeme unterschiedlicher Groesse und Technologien charakterisiert und technologische Risiken bei der Realisierung dieser Systeme identifiziert und bewertet. Diese Arbeiten werden ergaenzt durch Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Salzkavernenspeicherung in Form

Chemie für den Maschinenbau. Bd. 2: Organische Chemie für Kraft- und Schmierstoffe, Polymerchemie für Polymerwerkstoffe

OpenAIRE

Gerthsen, Tarsilla

2008-01-01

Dieses Buch beinhaltet zunächst eine kurze Einführung in die Organische Chemie. Organische Grundkenntnisse sind die Voraussetzung, um nicht nur Kraftstoffe und Schmierstoffe zu verstehen, sondern im Besonderen die Polymerchemie für Polymerwerkstoffe. Die Vorlesung "Polymerwerkstoffe" wird im Maschinenbaustudium in einem höheren Semester angeboten. Allgemeine chemische Grundkenntnisse für Chemie im Nebenfach findet man im Buch 1 "Chemie für Maschinenbau - Anorganische Chemie f...

The powerline technology has been developed to market maturity (energy supply companies as 'dark cable' communication service and access providers). A member of Ascom Powerline Communications AG explains the system; Das Powerline-System ist marktreif (EVU als 'Dark-Cable-Anbieter' und 'Access-Provider'). Powerline aus der Sicht des Entwicklungsunternehmens

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Martinez, D. [Ascom Powerline Communications AG, Bern (Switzerland)

2001-03-12

Combining communication processes and power transmission on one means of transport, - a fascinating idea, and not at all far-fetched but rather simple, actually. The article explains the basic ideas underlying the development of the powerline communication technology and the first commercially available service offered by Ascom Powerline Communications AG. (orig./CB) [German] Kommunikationssignale und Strom in einen Transportweg zusammenzufassen - eine faszinierende wie nahe liegende Idee. So nahe liegend wie die naechste Steckdose. Im Outdoor-Bereich wird in der jeweiligen Ortsnetzstation beides auf das Stromnetz gekoppelt. Von dort aus gelangt der 'Daten-Strom' dann ueber das Niederspannungsnetz zum Endverbraucher (Letzte Meile). Innerhalb des Hauses, im Indoor-Bereich, sind lediglich Adapter noetig, um Strom und Kommunikation wieder voneinander zu trennen und ihren individuellen Anwendungen zuzufuehren. Die Notwendigkeit einer separaten Telefon- oder Datenverkabelung entfaellt, da die Steckdose nun weit mehr ist als ein Elektrizitaetsanschluss: Sie wird zu einer leistungsfaehigen Kommunikationsschnittstelle - sei es zur Ueberbrueckung der 'Letzten Meile' fuer den Highspeed-Internet-Zugang oder zur Vernetzung innerhalb des Hauses. Die Vorteile fuer private Nutzer wie fuer Unternehmen sind enorm. (orig.)

Chemical alternative to the energetic use of biodiesel; Chemische Alternativen zur energetischen Nutzung von Biodiesel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Warwel, S; Ruesch genannt Klaas, M; Harperscheid, M [Bundesanstalt fuer Getreide-, Kartoffel- und Fettforschung, Muenster (Germany). Inst. fuer Biochemie und Technologie der Fette - H.P. Kaufmann-Inst.

1997-12-31

Biodiesel is environment-friendly, but much more costly to produce than `normal` diesel fuel. Higher economic efficiency can be achieved by using biodiesel as a chemical feedstock instead. Tenside and polymers offer a wide range of applications. (orig) [Deutsch] Biodiesel ist ein umweltfreundlicher Kraftstoff, jedoch in der Herstellung deutlich teurer als Mineraloel-Dieselkraftstoff. Eine signifikant hoehere Wertschoepfung koennte errreicht werden, wenn Biodiesel nicht im Kraftstoffsektor, sondern als chemischer Rohstoff verwendet wird. Tenside und Polymere sind hierbei grossvolumige Einsatzbereiche. (orig)

Chemical alternative to the energetic use of biodiesel; Chemische Alternativen zur energetischen Nutzung von Biodiesel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Warwel, S; Ruesch genannt Klaas, M.; Harperscheid, M. [Bundesanstalt fuer Getreide-, Kartoffel- und Fettforschung, Muenster (Germany). Inst. fuer Biochemie und Technologie der Fette - H.P. Kaufmann-Inst.

1996-12-31

Biodiesel is environment-friendly, but much more costly to produce than `normal` diesel fuel. Higher economic efficiency can be achieved by using biodiesel as a chemical feedstock instead. Tenside and polymers offer a wide range of applications. (orig) [Deutsch] Biodiesel ist ein umweltfreundlicher Kraftstoff, jedoch in der Herstellung deutlich teurer als Mineraloel-Dieselkraftstoff. Eine signifikant hoehere Wertschoepfung koennte errreicht werden, wenn Biodiesel nicht im Kraftstoffsektor, sondern als chemischer Rohstoff verwendet wird. Tenside und Polymere sind hierbei grossvolumige Einsatzbereiche. (orig)

Combined heat and power generation - a problem of reimbursement? CHP systems still on the march; BHKW - nur eine Frage der angemessenen Verguetung? Kraft-Waerme-Kopplung weiter im Aufwind

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jost, H.

1996-04-15

Systems for combined heat and power generation were a widely discussed issue in 1995. On the one hand, an ecological assessment was made by a study of the Eduard-Pestel-Institut fuer Systemforschung, Hanover. On the other hand, the problem of reimbursement for electricity supplied to the public grid is still unsolved. (orig.) [Deutsch] Anlagen zur gekoppelten Erzeugung von Strom (Kraft) und Waerme (KWK) waren im Jahr 1995 Gegenstand einer intensiven Diskussion. Zum einen hat eine Diskussion zur oekologischen Bewertung von KWK-Anlagen stattgefunden, die im wesentlichen von einer Studie des Eduard-Pestel-Instituts fuer Systemforschung in Hannover angestossen wurde. Zum anderen sind die Verguetungen fuer KWK-Strom in das oeffentliche Netz nach wie vor umstritten. (orig.)

Textbook of pharmacoepidemiology

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Strom, Brian L; Kimmel, Stephen E

2006-01-01

... Pharmacovigilance Reporting Systems, 101 Gerald J. Dal Pan, Marie Lindquist, and Kate Gelperin 8 Overview of Automated Databases in Pharmacoepidemiology, 118 Brian L. Strom 9 Examples of Existing Automated ...

Editorial časopisu Bedrník č. 5

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hana Kolářová

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Vážené čtenářky, vážení čtenáři, MILUJETE SVŮJ STROM? Cítili byste se jako podťatí, kdyby odešel ze života jinou než přirozenou cestou? Pozorovali jste někdy, kdo všechno váš strom obývá? Kolik druhů ptáků na něj usedá – zeptala jsem se sama sebe a rozvzpomínala se: holub, havran, strakapoud, krahujec, straka, sojka, sýkora koňadra a modřinka, pěnkava, brhlík, kos, vrabec, špaček, hýl… Spoustu drobných pěvců ani nerozeznám.

Ecobalance of natural gas vehicles; Oekobilanz von Erdgasfahrzeugen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nigge, K.M. [Simon, Kucher und Partners Strategy und Marketing Consultants GmbH, Bonn (Germany)

2000-07-01

The impacts on human health and the natural environment of using natural gas, Diesel and petrol as fuels for city buses and passenger cars are compared in a Life Cycle Assessment. In addition to the burning of the fuels in the engines, this assessment also comprises the upstream processes of the fuel supply chain. Despite the increased energy demand of the vehicles, natural gas is associated with the lowest impacts overall for both city buses and passenger cars. The health impacts that can be avoided through the use of natural gas instead of Diesel or petrol thereby differ only weakly between the use of the vehicles in cities of various sizes within Germany. From the perspective of environmental protection, the market introduction of natural gas vehicles therefore does not need remain limited to large cities within agglomerated regions. (orig.) [German] Die Auswirkungen der Verwendung von Erdgas, Diesel und Benzin als Kraftstoffe fuer Stadtbusse und Pkw auf die menschliche Gesundheit und die natuerliche Umwelt werden in einer Oekobilanz verglichen. Diese umfasst neben der motorischen Verbrennung der Kraftstoffe auch die vorgelagerten Prozessketten der Kraftstoffbereitstellung. Sowohl fuer Stadtbusse als auch fuer Pkw schneidet Erdgas trotz eines energetischen Mehrbedarfes der Fahrzeuge insgesamt am guenstigsten ab. Die durch den Einsatz von Erdgas anstelle von Diesel oder Benzin vermeidbaren Gesundheitsschaeden unterscheiden sich dabei zwischen einem Einsatz der Fahrzeuge in Staedten verschiedener Groesse innerhalb von Deutschland nur wenig. Die Markteinfuehrung von Erdgasfahrzeugen muss also aus Sicht des Umweltschutzes nicht auf grosse Staedte in Ballungsgebieten beschraenkt bleiben. (orig.)

Fuel from biologic wase materials; Kraftstoff aus biologischen Reststoffen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Braesel, Martina

2013-06-01

In Germany, annually about 770,000 tons of biological waste reach rubbish bins or composting plants. In order to recondition this biological waste, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany) has launched a research project with a funding of 4.3 million Euro limited to a period of time of five years. In cooperation with the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany) easily fermentable, wet biomass with a low content of lignocellulosic material has to be completely transformed to biogas with maximum energy. Only some of the ash remains.

The German experience with grid-connected PV-systems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Erge, T.; Hoffmann, V.U.; Kiefer, K.

2001-01-01

Grid-connected photovoltaics experienced increasing attention in Germany in recent years and are expected to face a major boost at the beginning of the new millennium. Highlights like the German 100,000-Roofs-Solar-Programme, PV programmes at schools financed by utilities and governments (e.g. 'SONNEonline' by PreussenElektra, 'Sonne in der Schule' by BMWi and 'Sonne in der Schule' by Bayernwerk) and large centralised installations of MW size ('Neue Messe Munchen' by Bayernwerk and 'Energiepark Mont-Cenis' by state Nordrhein-Westfalen, Stadtwerke Herne and European Union) count for the potential of grid-connected PV. Today in Germany a typical grid-connected PV installation of 1 kW nominal power produces average annual energy yields of 700 kWh (dependent on location and system components) and shows a high operating availability. The price per kWh from PV installations is still significantly higher than the price for conventional energy, but new funding schemes and cost models (like the large increase of feed-in tariff in Germany due to the Act on Granting Priority to Renewable Energy Sources in 2000) give optimism about the future. (Author)

A Programming Environment for Parallel Vision Algorithms

Science.gov (United States)

1990-04-11

industrial arm on the market , while the unique head was designed by Rochester’s Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering Departments. 9a 4.1 Introduction...R. Constraining-Unification and the Programming Language Unicorn . In Logic Programming, Functions, Relations, and Equations, Degroot and Lind- strom

Population Dynamics and Diversity of Synechococcus on the New England Shelf

Science.gov (United States)

2014-09-01

Suzanne L Strom, Brian Palenik, and Bianca Brahamsha. Vari- ability in protist grazing and growth on different marine Synechococcus isolates. Applied...Ricardo Anadón. Protist control of phytoplankton growth in the subtropical north-east atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 221:29– 38, 2001. [86

Restriction of the EEG appointment and release from network charges for producing companies; Begrenzung der EEG-Umlage und Stromnetzentgeltbefreiung fuer Unternehmen des produzierenden Gewerbes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Poppe, Antonia K. [Sozietaet Dr. Poppe, Stoecker, Terme - Rechtsanwaelte, Kassel (Germany)

2012-02-15

Due to the decided phase out of nuclear power and due to the increased efforts in the field of safe energy supply, at 1st January 2012 important regulations of the Renewable Energy Law (EEG) as well as the Ordinance on Charges for Access to Electricity Supply Grids (StromNEV) were amended. The changes significantly affect the price of electricity and are particularly important for medium-sized companies and the industries with an enhanced power consumption. The companies involved should recognize that the financial consequences of the modifications in legislation have to be recognized as early as possible and to be considered in their corporate risk management. The author of the contribution under consideration reports on the modification of the boundary conditions of the EEG apportionment considering paragraph 40 and paragraph 41 EEG 2012 as well as on the modification of the definition of the grid fees in accordance with paragraph 19 section 2 StromNEV.

Triaxiality in elliptical galaxies

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Benacchio, L; Galletta, G [Padua Univ. (Italy). Ist. di Astronomia

1980-12-01

The existence of a triaxial shape for elliptical galaxies has been considered in recent years to explain the new kinematical and geometrical findings, i.e. (a) the low rotation/velocity dispersion ratio found also in some flat systems, (b) the presence of twisting in the isophotes, (c) the recently found correlation between maximum twisting and maximum flattening, (d) the presence of rotation along the minor axis. A simple geometrical model of elliptical galaxies having shells with different axial ratios c/a, b/a has been produced to interpret three fundamental key-features of elliptical galaxies: (i) the distribution of the maximum flattening observed; (ii) the percentage of ellipticals showing twisting; and (iii) the correlation between maximum twisting and maximum flattening. The model has been compared with observational data for 348 elliptical systems as given by Strom and Strom. It is found that a triaxial ellipsoid with coaxial shells having axial ratios c/a and b/a mutually dependent in a linear way can satisfy the observations.

Turbulent Convection in an Anelastic Rotating Sphere: A Model for the Circulation on the Giant Planets

Science.gov (United States)

2008-06-01

Raffaele Ferrari, Adam Showman, Dick Lindzen, Baylor Fox-Keiper, Jonathan Lilly, Tapio Schneider, Carl Wunsch and Bill Hubbard. Particularly I thank Jean...Cuzzi, J., Pollack, J. B.. Danielson, G. E., Ingersoll, A., Davies, M. E., Hunt, G. E., Morrison, D., Owen, T.. Sagan , C., Veverka, J., Strom, R

Biomethane as a fuel. Quota transfer; Biomethan als Kraftstoff. Quotenuebertragung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2011-07-15

Biomethane from biomass replaces fossil natural gas. Just as natural gas, it can be easily used in the transport sector. The advantages of biomethane as a fuel are numerous: high contribution to climate protection, technically acceptable admixture, price advantage over gasoline, eligibility to the biofuel quota. This brochure provides information on: (a) Role of biomethane to meet the biofuel targets of the Federal Government; (b) Eligibility of biomethane to the biofuel quota; (c) Business models for marketing of biomethane as a fuel; (d) Benefits of bio-methane for various actors.

Driverless vehicles; Automatisches Fahren

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Goetting, H.H. [MSEE, Goetting KG, Lehrte (Germany)

2000-07-01

New sensor systems, radiocommunication and computer technology have speeded up progress in automation. Driverless vehicles are now feasible. They offer maximum mobility and driving comfort, arrival on time and with minimum environmental effects. Germany should make use of its technological advantage and start trial projects on public roads now. [German] Mit der neuen Sensor-, Funk- und Rechnertechnik ist Bewegung in die Automatisierung gekommen. Automatisches Fahren hat grosse Vorteile fuer unser Wirtschafts- und Sozialleben. Es bietet fuer uns alle ein hoechstes Mass an Mobilitaet, entspannter Bewegung, puenktlicher Ankunft, geringster Belastung fuer die Umwelt (weniger Kraftstoff, weniger Laerm, weniger Platzbedarf). Es ist jetzt entscheidend, dass wir unseren technologischen Vorsprung in Deutschland nutzen, und die ersten Erprobungsprojekte auf oeffentlichen Strassen starten. (orig.)

Forschungszentrum Juelich. Annual report 2012; Forschungszentrum Juelich. Jahresbericht 2012

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Frick, Frank; Roegener, Wiebke

2013-07-15

This annual report is structured as follows: 1 Highlight Energy Research (Next-generation batteries. Innovative material for the fuel cell. Smart material for solar cells. Store from midnight - Study on electromobility. Fuels from renewable electricity, carbon dioxide and water.). 2. Knowledge management (Create knowledge, pass knowledge, share knowledge and apply knowledge), and 3. Appendix (finance, boards and committees, organizational chart). [German] Dieser Jahresbericht ist wie folgt strukturiert: 1. Highlight Energieforschung (Batterien der naechsten Generation. Innovativer Werkstoff fuer die Brennstoffzelle. Smartes Material fuer Solarzellen. Laden ab Mitternacht - Studie zur Elektromobilitaet. Kraftstoffe aus Oekostrom, Kohlendioxid und Wasser). 2. Wissensmanagement (Wissen schaffen, Wissen weitergeben, Wissen teilen und Wissen anwenden) und 3. Anhang (Finanzen, Organe und Gremien, Organigramm).

ISOE-Newsletter / Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung. 2010, 1

OpenAIRE

Institut für Sozial-Ökologische Forschung

2010-01-01

ENEF-Haus: Hausbesitzer sanieren nur zögerlich ++ Vortrag zur Sozialen Ökologie ++ CuveWaters: Regenwassersammlungsanlagen in Namibia fertig ++ Konferenz „Sustainable Pharmacy“ ++ Marktforschung: „Smart Home“ ++ Evaluation der Kampagne „Gut beraten starten“ ++ Intelliekon: Nutzer schätzen Stromfeedback ++ Future Fleet: Prototyp der Strom-Zapfsäulen ++ Termine ++ Publikationen

Cyberporn and Children: The Scope of the Problem, the State of the Technology, and the Need for Congressional Action. Hearing on S.892, a Bill To Amend Section 1464 of Title 18, United States Code, To Punish Transmission by Computer of Indecent Material to Minors, before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate. One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session.

Science.gov (United States)

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

This document presents witness testimony and supplemental materials from a Congressional hearing called to address pornography in cyberspace. It features opening statements by Senator Charles E. Grassley and Senator Patrick J. Leahy; and statements by Senators Strom Thurmond, Russell D. Feingold, Orrin G. Hatch, Chairman of the Senate Committee on…

From forest die-back to energy transition; Vom Waldsterben zur Energiewende

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Poetter, Bernhard

2013-07-01

Electricity from coal and nuclear fuels shapes Germany's energy policy for decades. But the overall balance of this policy has made possible the expansion of renewable energies. [German] Strom aus Kohle und Atom praegt seit Jahrzehnten Deutschlands Energiepolitik. Aber die Schadensbilanz dieser Politik hat den Aufschwung der erneuerbaren Energien moeglich gemacht.

Excessive regulatory control of the Internal Market in energy must be prevented; EU-Ueberregulierung der Energiemaerkte verhindern.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bonse-Geuking, W. [CDU e.V., Berlin (Germany). Wirtschaftsrat; Veba Oel AG, Duesseldorf (Germany); Erdmann, G. [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany)

2001-07-01

Brief discussion of aspects of the Greenbook of the European Commission on ensured continuity of energy supply. (orig./CB) [German] Inhalt: Versorgungssicherheit nicht durch steigende Energieimporte gefaehrdet - Politische Stabilisierung der Energiepreise schlaegt fehl - Neue buerokratische Regulierungsinstitutionen fuer Strom und Gas verhindern - Hoechstsaetze fuer steuerliche Belastung in der EU notwendig - Bestehendes Instrumentarium fuer Versorgungssicherung und Umweltschutz ausreichend. (orig./CB)

Paradise in the dark: Dominican Republic, holiday island; Paradies im Dunkeln: Ferieninsel Dominikanische Republik

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Beck, J.

2004-05-01

The contribution describes travels through the Dominican Republic, where electric power is often failing and renewables are hard to spot. (orig.) [German] 'All inclusive' ist das Motto der Ferieninsel Dominikanische Republik. Nicht immer inklusive ist allerdings Strom und schon gar nicht aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen. Tagebuch einer Reise durch ein Land, in dem es an Energie fehlt. (orig.)

Active pollution reduction in the 'off-road' sector. Proceedings; Aktive Schadstoffminderung im 'Off-road' Bereich. Tagungsband

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2001-07-01

The state of the art and trends in off-gas purification and filters were gone into. The focus was on technical aspects, performance information and cost of diesel engines with high-efficiency exhaust purification systems as well as on sulfur-free fuels. [German] Mit der Tagung 'Aktive Schadstoffminderung im ''Off-road'' Bereich' bieten wir eine besondere Gelegenheit zur Information und Auseinandersetzung mit dem derzeitigen Stand und den Entwicklungsperspektiven der Abgasreinigung und Filtertechnik bei Neubeschaffungen und in der Nachruestung. Gerade in staedtischen Ballungsgebieten, aber auch in geschlossenen Raeumen und Produktionshallen sind die Reduzierung der lokalen Emissionen und Vermeidung von Geruchsbelaestigungen unabdingbar. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Technik, Betriebserfahrungen und Kosten von Dieselmotoren mit hocheffizienter Abgasreinigung sowie schwefelfreie Kraftstoffe. (orig.)

Molecular Markers for Breast Cancer Susceptibility.

Science.gov (United States)

1998-09-01

experiments have allowed insight into the nature of Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism , Bethesda, Mary- interions bewe the strom and the nathe...rat kangaroo cells. These investigators further demonstrated a direct correlation between the number of fluorescent spots in the interphase nuclei and...overall length of human chromosomes was greatest after treatment with 5-azacytidine following a fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR)/uridine metabolic block

Product marketing for eco-power; Produktemarketing fuer Oekostrom

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Huber, D. [Verband Schweizerischer Elektrizitaetswerke, Zuerich (Switzerland)

1998-10-30

The company NaturEnergie (natural energy), a subsidiary of the Energieversorger Kraftwerk Laufenburg AG (KWL) is located in Grenzach-Whylen (Germany) near Basel (Switzerland) has been selling power generated from sun and water since the 1st of October 1998. The company employes a cleverly designed, emotional marketing strategy in order to position the brand ``NaturEnergie`` as a label for ``green power`` on the market. Bulletin VSE talked to Dr. Kai-Hendrik Schlusche (40), co-founder and member of the board of NaturEnergie AG about marketing and pricing of ``green`` power and about relations with Switzerland.(orig.) [Deutsch] Im grenznahen Grenzach-Whylen bei Basel verkauft die Firma NaturEnergie, eine Tochtergesellschaft der Energieversorger Kraftwerk Laufenburg AG (KWL) und Kraftuebertragungswerke Rheinfelden AG (KWR), seit 1. Oktober 1998 Oekostrom aus Sonne und Wasser. Mit Hilfe einer ausgekluegelten emotionellen Marketingstrategie will das junge Unternehmen die Marke `NaturEnergie` als Label fuer `gruenen Strom` im Markt positionieren. Bulletin VSE sprach mit Dr. Kai-Hendrik Schlusche (40), seit Mai 1998 Gruendungsvorstand der NaturEnergie AG, ueber Marketing, Preisgestaltung von `gruenem Strom` und die Beziehungen zur Schweiz. (orig.)

1. expert congress on geothermal power: On the way to a new energy future. Proceedings; 1. Fachkongress Geothermischer Strom: Start in eine neue Energiezukunft. Tagungsband

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2003-07-01

Tagungsband befasst sich mit den folgenden Themen: 1. Allgemeiner Teil: a) Die Rolle der Geothermie im Rahmen einer zukunftsfaehigen Energieversorgung; b) Effiziente Foerderinstrumente fuer Erneuerbare Energien; c) Geothermische Ressourcen fuer die Stromerzeugung (TAB-Studie); d) Vom Potenzial zur Nutzung - Konzepte fuer die geothermische Stromerzeugung in Deutschland; e) Eine energiewirtschaftliche Einordnung der Geothermie in das Energiesystem der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Techniken, des Entwicklungsstandes, Marktpotenzials geothermischer Stromerzeugung und der bisher gemachten Erfahrungen in den laufenden Projekten. 2. Lokalbezug und Poster: a) Erkundung, Aufschluss, Bau und Betrieb der geothermischen Anlage in Neustadt-Glewe; b) Technisches Konzept des geothermischen Kraftwerks Neustadt-Glewe. 3. Exploration, Bohrtechnik: a) Abschaetzung der Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit bei geothermischen Bohrungen; b) Seismische Exploration, Reservoirmodellierung und Reservoirsimulation zum Geothermieprojekt; c) Bohrtechnik und Bohrkosten fuer Sedimentgesteine. Bohren im Kristallin. 3. Komplettierung, Frac-Technik: a) Frac-Technik im Kristallin; b) Frac-Technik in Sedimenten; c) New-Technology MWD and LWD Systems Designed for Ultra-Deepwater and Geothermal Drilling; d) Weiterentwicklung geothermischer Stromerzeugung im sueddeutschen Kristallin. 4. Verstromung Geothermischer Energie: a) Effizienz der geothermischen Stromerzeugung; b) Duales Heizwerk gespeist mit einem geothermalen Wasser einer mittleren Enthalpie; c) Das Geothermiefeld der Insel Milos in Griechenland: Aktuelle geothermische Exploration und Entwicklung. 5. Poster der Tagung: a) Der UGGW - das innovative Konzept zur Standort unabhaengigen Stromerzeugung; b) Geothermische Ressourcen Russlands und Nutzungsprognose bis 2020; c) Auf der Lernkurve zum Geothermischen Strom: Das In situ Geothermielabor Gross Schoenebeck; d) Waermebegleitende Tiefbohrzemente: Zusammensetzungen, Untersuchungsmethode

Hydrological engineering in the 21st century - current situation and future perspectives; Wasserkraft im 21. Jahrhundert - Bestandsaufnahme und Zukunftsperspektiven. Beitraege

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1999-11-01

Content with following topics: Hydropower in Europe, general conditions and licensing, hydropower use in case of deregulation, Chance and market from the point of view of manufacturers, as futural perspectives of ''Green Power Generation''.(GL) [German] Inhalt mit folgenden Schwerpunkten: Wasserkraft in Europa, Rahmenbedingungen und Genehmigungen, Wasserkraftnutzung im liberalisierten Strommarkt, Chance und Markt aus Herstellersicht, sowie Zukunftsperspektiven der Erzeugung des ''Gruenen Stroms''.(GL)

Synthese und Charakterisierung wasserfreier Seltenerdmetall-Nitrate, -Acetate und -Oxyacetate

OpenAIRE

Heinrichs, Christina

2013-01-01

Durch thermische Entwässerung der Seltenerdmetall(SE)-Nitrat-Hydrate und der SE-Acetat-Hydrate im Argon-Strom/Vakuum konnten wasserfreie SE-Nitrate und SE-Nitrat-Monohydrate bzw. wasserfreie SE-Acetate erhalten werden. Es gelang zudem, SE-Oxyacetate durch thermische Zersetzung der SE-Acetate darzustellen. Des Weiteren wurde beim Erhitzen von Praseodym-Carbonat-Hydrat ein Pr-Carbonat-Hydroxid erhalten. Die Verbindungen wurden mittels Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie und an ausgewählten Beispielen ...

A Genome-wide Breast Cancer Scan in African Americans

Science.gov (United States)

2012-06-01

Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences (CARE) Study. The CARE Study is a large multi-center, population-based case–control study that was designed to examine...Malone, K.E., Strom, B.L., Norman, S.A., Weiss, L.K. et al. (2002) The NICHD Women’s Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study: methods and...PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 51 Division of

Interviews concerning topical questions in nuclear technology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Segatz, U.; Schatz, A.; Stephany, M.; Michaelis, H.

1978-01-01

On the occasion of the Nuclex meeting, October 3-7, 1978, Basle/Switzerland, the editorial department of 'Atom und Strom' questioned some leading scientists in nuclear technology on particularly relevant topics. The following subjects were discussed: - How long can we do without nuclear energy, - Modern technology for nuclear power plants, - Nuclear fuel cycle and environment, - Nuclear energy and European Communities, - Nuclear energy and its risks (reflections on incidents). (orig./UA) [de

Fuels of the future 2009. Conference papers; Kraftstoffe der Zukunft 2009. Tagungsbeitraege

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2009-07-01

Within the 7th international congress for biofuels of BBE and UFOP at 30th November to 1st December, 2009 at the International Congress Centre ICC Berlin (Federal Republic of Germany), the following lectures were held: (1) Status quo and perspectives of the market of biofuels in Germany (K. Klein); (2) Effects of the German biofuel politics on the rural area - Brandenburg as an example (G. Haelsig); (3) Key issues of the discussion on biofuels in the new legislative period from the view of the mineral oil economy (U. Franke); (4) Key issues of the discussion on biofuels in the new legislative period from the view of the biofuel economy (E. Baumann); (5) Developments of global energy demand - the World Energy Outlook 2009 (T. Guel); (6) Global markets of agricultural raw materials and its functioning: Historical trends, factors for pricing and potentials for the production of biofuels (K.-D. Schumacher); (7) Germany as an example for the worldwide first transformation of sustainability criteria for biofuels into the practice (M. Nickel); (8) Transformation of requirements on sustainability in the European agriculture - problems and recommendations for handling (U. Hemmerling); (9) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification system and first experiences in the practical transformation (N. Schmitz); (10) Attempts and transformation of the certification of bioethanol in Brasilia (E. Desplechin); (11) First practical experiences in the certification of palm oil according to RSPO criteria (M. Fleckenstein); (12) Guidelines for he implementation of sustainability criteria with focus on indirect land use change iLUC - an EU perspective (P. Hodson); (13) The challenge of accounting for land use change in the assessment of bioenergy production (G. Klepper); (14) The iLUC factor: A simplified approach to assess GHG implications of indirect land use change from bioenergy (U.R. Fritsche); (15) Attempts of incorporating indirect changes of land use into the certification of sustainability from the view of economy (I. Klent); (16) Market development bioethanol in the EU - Potentials, hindrances and recommendations of handling (G. Gaupmann); (17) Advantages, properties, tolerances and technical aspects of launching of E10 (L. Guderjahn); (18) Bioethanol: Potential for engine technical developments (B. Geringer); (19) Production of bioethanol of the 2nd generation from lignocellulose: the pilot plant of Sued-Chemie AG in Munich (A. Koltermann); (20) Status report and need for action for standardization of Biodiesel (EN 14214) and diesel fuel (EN 590) on European level (CEN) (J. Haupt); (21) Test bench investigations on the thinning of motor oil during the operation of a passenger car diesel engine with B10 (H. Tschoeke); (22) An experience report to fleet tests with B10: Effects of different strategies for the regeneration of diesel particulate traps on the incorporation of fuel in engine oil in passenger cars (J. Fischer); (23) Results of a continuous operation of test rigs over 500 h as well as field tests for the clearance of Deutz-Common-Rail engines in commercial vehicles EURO IV for Biodiesel (M. Winkler); (24) Emissions of rapeseed fuel (J. Blassnegger); (25) Measures for reduction of P, Ca, and Mg in rapeseed fuel in decentral oil mills (J. Witzelsperger, E. Remmele); (26) Investigations on injection behaviour of rapeseed fuel in modern diesel engines (M. Lueft, S. Bernhardt, U. Wagner, U. Spicher); (27) Rapeseed fuel for tractors?. - Strategies for the agricultural machinery industry (S. Dieringer, P. Pickel, J.D. Werke); (28) Biomethane for the mobility in Germany and Europe: Status quo, potentials and perspectives (M. Herr); (29) Cogeneration or power supply to the public grid? Biogas strategies of a manufacturer of biogas plants (B. Hugenroth); (30) SunGas {sup registered} at Volkswagen (M. Lohrmann); (31) Natural gas and bio-natural gas as a fuel - State of the art and perspectives (A. Vogel); (32) The potential for biomethanes as a transport biofuel in Ireland (J.D. Murphy); (33) Industrial biomethane - Shaping the future of renewable energy (F. Hess); (34) New ways for the production of a natural gas substitute (SNG) from renewable energy (M. Specht, V. Frick, B. Stuermer, U. Zuberbuehler, M. Sterner); (35) Xyn-Diesel - High quality fuel from low quality wood with pyrolysis (M. Kessler); (36) Results and experiences of long term tests of the Fischer Tropsch Synthesis at the biomass CHP Guessing (R. Rauch); (37) Life cycle and techno-economic assessment of the North East biomass to Liquids Project Report (N. Mortimer); (38) An overview of co-refining possibilities in the processing of petroleum (D. Thraen); (39) LCA hydrogenated biofuels (G. Reinhardt); (40) NExBTL: High performance by Hydro Treatment (S. Doerr); (40) NExBTL: Hydrotreated biofuels in practical tests (W. Boehme); (41) The future of electromobility - Potentials and strategic orientation of the research funding of the federal government (M. Hinricher); (42) Necessity and advantages of E-Mobility - Approaches, strategies and challenges from the view of EE-industry (R. Brand-Schock); (43) Development of electric vehicles - Strategies of a automobile company (T. Loesche-ter Horst); (44) Electromobility - Challenges and potentials from the view of a power supply company (F. Schuth); (45) E-mobility - Technologies for integral concepts of traffic of the future: Infrastructure, transformation and practical experiences (A. Pfeiffer).

Enjoy driving without shifting gears; Spass ohne Schalten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Obst, M.

1997-07-01

The development criteria which are traditionally demanded at most are reduction of weight, fuel, material and cost. However, other criteria such as comfort, functionality and long lifetime have become the centre of interest during the last few years. This also applies for the development of transmission in the company Zahnradfabrik (ZF), Sarrebruck. The new four-step transmission system is supposed to achieve a very high shift comfort by an electro-hydraulic control system. The contribution provides some data about this transmission. (orig.) [Deutsch] Einsparungen an Gewicht, Kraftstoff, Material und Kosten sind traditionell die meistgeforderten Entwicklungskriterien. Doch draengen sich gerade in den letzten Jahren weitere Aspekte wie Komfort, Funktionalitaet und Langlebigkeit in den Mittelpunkt. So auch in der Getriebeentwicklung bei Zahnradfabrik (ZF). Mit einer elektro-hydraulischen Steuerung soll das neue Vierstufen-Getriebe eine sehr hohe Schaltqualitaet erreichen. Der Beitrag gibt dazu einige Daten. (orig.)

A good long-term electricity storage. Biomethanisation by Power-to-Gas; Ein guter Langzeitstromspeicher. Biomethanisierung durch Power-to-Gas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Finck, Christian

2013-10-15

With the Power-to-Gas process, the Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Wuerttemberg (ZSW) developed in cooperation with the Fraunhofer IWES, in 2009, a technique that would enable to store electricity from renewable energy plants (EEA) for a long term. The underlying Sabatier process is old, the inclusion of renewable energy to biomethanisation is new. The Power-to-Gas process uses electricity produced from wind turbines for the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. In a subsequent synthesis with the emitted CO{sub 2} from the biogas plants biomethane is produced with an energy efficiency of >65% kWh{sub SNG}/kWh{sub el}. [German] Mit dem Power-to-Gas-Verfahren entwickelte das Zentrum fuer Sonnenenergie und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Wuerttemberg (ZSW), in Zusammenarbeit mit der Fraunhofer IWES, im Jahr 2009 eine Technik, die es ermoeglichen wuerde, Strom aus Erneuerbaren Energieanlagen (EEA) langfristig zu speichern. Der zugrunde liegende Sabatierprozess ist alt, die Einbeziehung der EE zur Biomethanisierung ist neu. Das Power-to-Gas-Verfahren nutzt den produzierten Strom aus Windenergieanlagen, um das Wasser elektrolytisch in Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff zu spalten. In einer anschliessenden Synthese mit dem emittierten CO{sub 2} aus den Biogasanlagen wird Biomethan, mit einem energetischen Wirkungsgrad >65% kWh{sub SNG}/kWh{sub el}, produziert.

Dossier electromobility and services; Dossier Elektromobilitaet und Dienstleistungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marwede, Max; Knoll, Michael

2010-07-01

According to the individual electromobility, the dossier under consideration reports on the political, environmental, economic and technical context within which municipalities may cover new services for sustainable mobility. Among others, measures to promote electromobility in the communities as well as a framework for business models for the electrical mobility are presented. As a business model, Better Place, STAWAG StromSTA {sup registered} Mobile, rolling energy storages and drive current provider are presented.

Electricity from the desert; Strom aus der Wueste

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schwarzburger, Heiko; Ullrich, Sven

2013-06-15

The North African sun seems ideal for photovoltaic use. However, photovoltaic modules must withstand extreme loads in the desert. [German] Die Sonne Nordafrikas scheint ideal fuer die Photovoltaik-Nutzung. Jedoch muessen Photovoltaik-Module in der Wueste extremen Belastungen standhalten.

Power to the neighbours; Strom fuer die Nachbarn

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hannen, Petra

2012-07-01

Since 1 January 2012, the reimbursement for power supply to the public grid from newly installed solar systems is lower than the electricity rates paid by private customers. This is a chance for solar plants on multiple dwellings provided that the industry can settle details.

Energy. Against the current; Energie. Gegen den Strom

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stellpflug, Juergen (comp.)

2008-07-01

This is a special issue 'Oeko-Test Spezial Energie' of Oeko-Test journal of 15 December 2008. It contains information on the following subjects: Builder-owners over 50: Passive buildings, the best way to prepare for old age; Floor heating systems: Floors that give you a good feeling; CO2 check: How to check a home from the basement to the roof; Insulating materials; Energy certificates - none is perfect; Energy consulting: detecting leaks; Energy saving with thermal insulation; Heating with wood; Radiators and radiator design; Internal thermal insulation: Better than nothing; Tiled stoves for thermal comfort; Combined heat and power generation for energy autonomy; New laws and ordinances: Energy conservation becomes obligatory; Solar energy: Big is beautiful; Solar energy: Public funding: Solar energy technology; Solar power generation: High yields but impending obstacles; Wall heating systems: Thermal comfort out of the wall; Integrated thermal insulation systems: Nothing to fear from the cold; Heat pumps: Getting heat into the house; Thermal engineering: High efficiency is advantageous. (orig.)

Risks and opportunities of the liberalized electricity market. Partial project: BoFiT, an integrated decision support system for retaining the competitiveness of the cogeneration technology. Final report; Risiken und Chancen des liberalisierten Strommarktes. Teilprojekt: Integrierte Entscheidungsunterstuetzung durch BoFiT zur Erhaltung der Wettbewerbsfaehigkeit der Kraft-Waerme-Kopplung. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stock, G.; Scheidt, M.

2002-06-04

The energy management system called BoFiT and specific new applications are explained which have been developed as one project task of the coordinated research project sponsored by the German ministry of economics,(BMWi), entitled ''Risks and opportunities of the liberalized electricity market''. The major objective of the project is: Finding efficient strategies to ensure the competitiveness of the cogeneration technology in the deregulated power and gas markets, in particular for the purpose of enhancing the penetration of the ecologically beneficial, cogenerated district heating supply in those markets. The focus of this report is on a specific application of the integrated BoFiT decision support system, for which the ''model for microsimulation of spot transactions at the Power Exchange based on a multi-agent system'' has been developed and is explained in great detail. (orig./CB) [German] Mit dem Energiemanagementsystem BoFiT soll den Unternehmen eine effektive und operativ nutzbare Entscheidungsunterstuetzung angeboten werden. Wesentliche Ziele des Verbundprojektes des BMWi sind: Unterstuetzung der KWK und speziell der darauf basierenden oekologisch sinnvollen Fernwaermeversorgung durch Anpassung von Arbeitsablaeufen und Werkzeugen zur Findung betriebswirtschaftlich optimaler Einsatz- und Betriebsstrategien; Kostenoptimierung der Kraftwerke, Vertraege und Stromhandelsaktivitaeten unter den Randbedingungen der deregulierten Strom- und Gasmaerkte. Als Beispiel einer solchen integrierten Entscheidungsunterstuetzung wird das ''Modell zur Mikrosimulation des Spothandels von Strom auf der Basis eines Multi-Agenten-Systems'' ausfuehrlich beschrieben. (orig./CB)

Altheim geothermal plant. Power generation by means of an ORC turbogenerator; Geothermieanlagen Altheim. Stromerzeugung mittels Organic-Rankine-Cycle Turbogenerator

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pernecker, G [Marktgemeindeamt Altheim (Austria)

1997-12-01

The report describes the project of the Austrian market town of Altheim to generate electricity by means of an ORC turbogenerator using low-temperature thermal water. The project is to improve the technical and economic situation of the existing industrial-scale geothermal project. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Bericht beschreibt das Vorhaben der Marktgemeinde Altheim in Oberoesterreich, Strom mittels eines Organic-Rankine-Cycle-Turbogenerators unter Verwendung niedrig temperierten Thermalwassers zu produzieren. Ziel bzw. der Zweck des Projektes ist es, die technische und wirtschaftliche Situation der bestehenden Grossthermieanlage zu verbessern. (orig.)

Money from the balcony. Plug-in systems provide solar power directly into the socket; Geld vom Balkon. Plug-in-Systeme liefern den Solarstrom direkt in die Steckdose

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vorsatz, William

2013-10-01

It should be particularly warned against models that deliver electricity from micro solar systems, which are installed on the balcony or outside wall of the apartment, and can be plugged into the outlet of the final circuit in the house, because they involve accident and liability risks. [German] Es wird vor Modellen gewarnt, die Strom von Solar-Kleinstanlagen, die auf dem eigenen Balkon oder der Aussenwand der Mietwohnung installiert sind, liefern und einfach so in die Steckdose des Endstromkreises in der Wohnung gesteckt werden koennen, weil sie Unfall- und Haftungsrisiken berge.

River Protection Project FY 2000 Multi Year Work Plan Summary

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

LENSEIGNE, D.L.

1999-01-01

The River Protection Project (RPP), formerly the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS), is a major part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of River Protection (ORP). The ORP was established as directed by Congress in Section 3139 of the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year (FY) 1999. The ORP was established to elevate the reporting and accountability for the RPP to the DOE-Headquarters level. This was done to gain Congressional visibility and obtain support for a major $10 billion high-level liquid waste vitrification effort

Vegetable oils in the agriculture. Experience reports; Pflanzenoel als Kraftstoff in der Landwirtschaft. Erfahrungsberichte

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kemnitz, Dietmar [Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., Guelzow (Germany); Paul, Nicole [Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., Guelzow (Germany); WPR COMMUNICATION GmbH und Co. KG, Koenigswinter/Bonn (Germany); Wichmann, Volker; Schuemann, Ulrike [Rostock Univ. (Germany); Maurer, Karl [Hohenheim Univ. (Germany); Remmele, Edgar [Technologie- und Foerderzentrum Straubing (Germany)

2006-08-15

In the agriculture, bio fuels increasingly meet with great interest. The use of bio diesel and vegetable oil as alternative fuels in diesel engines requires clear technical adjustments. The brochure under consideration reports on realizations of farmers who switched their tractors to an operation with vegetable oils. The brochure consists of the following contributions: (a) Employment of vegetable oil as fuel in the agriculture (empiric reports of farmers); (b) Re-equipment on operation with vegetable oil (empiric reports of reequipping persons); (c) Scientifically accompanying research of re-equipment (results of a 100-tractor-demonstration project); (d) Mixtures of plant oil and diesel fuel (results from engine test stand investigations); (e) Production of vegetable oil (experiences from an oil mill operator); (f) scientifically accompanying research for the production of vegetable oils (references to the production of rapeseed oil fuel according to the standard DIN 51605); (g) Hints and notes for the practice; (h) Fuel filling stations for self-consumers and storage of vegetable oil; (i) FNR funding programs bio fuels in the agriculture; (j) Adresses and contact persons.

Engine fuel trends in the 90ies. Kraftstoff-Trends in den 90er Jahren

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Koehler, J.

1990-06-01

The operating behaviour of internal combustion engines is greatly dependent from the properties and compositions of the fuels. Increasing demands made on engine technology for improved cost-effectiveness, service life and pollutivity will result in greater demands on the vehicle fuel quality. A number of papers whose contents are briefly reported by the author, deal with today's requirements of the automative industry on vehicle fuels (table: characteristics, requirements, limits, comments) and with the prospects of alternative fuels. Another paper discussed the influence of the fuel on particulate emission by diesel engines. Another paper presented the calculation of physical fuel data from the carburettor substance analysis and its significance, the environmentally relevant effects of fuel additives in enginer, and optimized additive systems to meet greater quality demands on otto-engine fuels. (HWJ).

Vehicles under electricity. Result booklet; Autos unter Strom. Ergebnisbroschuere

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2011-09-15

The booklet under consideration reports on the environmental relief of electric-driven vehicles by means of the research project OPTUM 'Potentials of environmental relief of electric driven vehicles - Integrated analysis of vehicle usage and energy economy'. Experts from the Institute for Applied Ecology (Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany) and the Institute for Social-Ecological Research (Frankfurt (Main), Federal Republic of Germany) are devoted to the following issues: (1) What is the acceptance for electric-driven vehicles?; (2) What is their future market potential?; (3) What are the advantages of electromobility with respect to the climate?; (4) Are their supply shortages concerning major raw materials?.

Digital power - Electricity gets intelligent; Digitalstrom - Strom wird intelligent

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lieberherr, M.; Staub, R.

2007-07-01

This article takes a look at the setting up of the 'Viagialla' digital power alliance on the 7{sup th} of July 2007 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. The name 'Viagialla' is derived from the Italian for 'the yellow way'. The idea behind the project - to encourage the work of young students on machines and new developments - is discussed. The alliance encourages the use of energy forms that are available in great abundance such as solar energy and wind, thus preventing the so-called 'power-gap' and making the construction of new nuclear power stations unnecessary. The name 'digital power' refers to a new method of transmitting data over power lines on the basis of a new microchip controller. This chip can even be placed in small terminal blocks thus allowing electrical apparatus to communicate with switches and other devices. In this way, the apparatus can be remotely controlled. The developers of the system hope that their system will enable 'intelligent living' and intercommunication between normal domestic devices. External communication over the Internet is also foreseen.

Comparative assessment of electric power and hydrogen as CO{sub 2}-free end use energy sources. Final report; Vergleich von Strom und Wasserstoff als CO{sub 2}-freie Endenergietraeger. Endbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wietschel, Martin [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung (ISI), Karlsruhe (Germany); Buenger, Ulrich; Weindorf, Werner [Ludwig-Boelkow-Systemtechnik GmbH, Ottobrunn (Germany)

2010-05-15

] Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, fuer ausgewaehlte Anwendungen die Verwendung von Strom und Wasserstoff miteinander zu vergleichen. Es soll die Frage beantwortet werden, wo welcher der beiden Energietraeger am sinnvollsten einzusetzen ist. Dies schliesst auch den Vergleich zu den bisherigen konventionellen Loesungen ein. Die Analysen gelten fuer Deutschland und werden fuer die Jahre 2015 und 2030 durchgefuehrt. Auf der Grundlage von Lebenszyklus-Analysen (Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)), Energiekettenbetrachtungen von der Quelle bis zur Anwendung, stehen dabei die Aspekte der Wirtschaftlichkeit, der Treibhausgasemissionen und der Energieeffizienz bei mobilen Anwendungen und der Hausenergieversorgung im Fokus der Untersuchungen. Dazu werden ausgewaehlte Primaerenergiequellen herangezogen, die jeweils fuer beide Endenergietraeger gleich sind. Dies geschieht aus Gruenden der Vergleichbarkeit. Um das Gesamtbild abzurunden, werden zusaetzlich weitere Analysen durchgefuehrt und auf aktuelle Studienergebnisse zurueckgegriffen. Oft wird diskutiert, dass Wasserstoff sich noch vor einem breiten Einsatz im Verkehrssektor als Endenergietraeger fuer bestimmte Nischen eignen koennte, die sich durch besondere Rahmenbedingungen, wie beispielsweise hohe Anforderungen an lokalen Umweltschutz, auszeichnen. Deshalb werden ebenfalls wichtige Nischenanwendungen fuer einen Einsatz von Wasserstoff und auch der Brennstoffzelle herausgearbeitet. Die Ergebnisse fuer den Einsatz von beiden Energietraegern im Bereich der Mobilitaet ergeben bezueglich der Wirtschaftlichkeit ein differenziertes Bild, da diese stark vom Antrieb dominiert wird (Batterie bzw. Brennstoffzelle). Von heutigen Zahlen ausgehend muessen fuer beide Technologien die Kosten noch deutlich gesenkt werden: Bei Batterien etwa von heute rund 700 bis 1.000 Euro/kWh auf 250 bis 300 Euro/kWh, bei den Brennstoffzellen-Systemkosten auf unter 100 Euro/kWel, von denen die heutigen Kosten noch weit entfernt sind. Weiterhin sind auch noch

ARE. Regional energy supplies - progress report 2000-2001; ARE. Regionale Energieversorgung 2000-2001. Taetigkeitsbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2002-05-01

The ARE progress report discusses the following issues: Economic development and its effects on power supply; Deregulation of the electricity and gas market; Competition between regional utilities; Energy policy of the new German government; European regulations; Legislation on energy supply; Energy supply and cartel law; Regional supply in the East German states. [German] Der Taetigkeitsbericht der ARE befasst sich mit folgenden Themen: Gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung und ihre Auswirkung auf die Energiewirtschaft, Oeffnung des Monopoles fuer Strom und Gas, Wettbewerb der regionalen Energieversorger, Energiepolitik der neuen Bundesregierung, Europaeische Richtlininen, energiewirtschaftsrecht, Versorgungswirtschaft und Kartellrecht und der Regionalversorgung in den neuen Bundeslaendern.

Regional power supply in 1998-1999. Progress report of the association of regional utilities - Arbeitsgemeinschaft regionaler Energieversorgungs-Unternehmen - ARE e.V.; Regionale Energieversorgung 1998-1999. Taetigkeitsbericht der Arbeitsgemeinschaft regionaler Energieversorgungs-Unternehmen - ARE - e.V.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2000-04-01

The ARE progress report discusses the following issues: Economic development and its effects on power supply; Deregulation of the electricity and gas market; Competition between regional utilities; Energy policy of the new German government; European regulations; Legislation on energy supply; Energy supply and cartel law; Regional supply in the East German states. [German] Der Taetigkeitsbericht der ARE befasst sich mit folgenden Themen: Gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung und ihre Auswirkung auf die Energiewirtschaft, Oeffnung des Monopoles fuer Strom und Gas, Wettbewerb der regionalen Energieversorger, Energiepolitik der neuen Bundesregierung, Europaeische Richtlininen, energiewirtschaftsrecht, Versorgungswirtschaft und Kartellrecht und der Regionalversorgung in den neuen Bundeslaendern.

Stable and flexible under power; Stabil und flexibel unter Strom

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Irrgang, Reinhard

2011-03-25

If conveyor routes, shelve service devices, hall cranes or other haulage equipment - all this systems want to be supported economically, securely and reliably by energy. Optimized energy chains and gliding connect with innovative details function as probate systems. Also touchless energy- and data transmission technologies open an immense potential. (orig./GL)

Initial experience gained with the balance-group system of the Swiss power supply legislation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Waldner, M.; Rechsteiner, S.

2010-01-01

This article takes a look at the initial experience gained with the Swiss balance-group system. This system was introduced within the framework of Swiss power supply legislation (StromVG - Stromversorgungsgesetz). The balance-group system was considered to be an essential precondition for the implementation of an energy trading business in a liberalised power market. The associated rights and responsibilities and the economic risks involved are discussed in detail. The partners and structures involved in such a balance-group are looked at and basic models for the associated contracts are examined. The relationship between balance-groups and the national power grid Swissgrid are discussed

Energie-Versorgung Schwaben AG. Report on the 57th business year 1995; Energie-Versorgung Schwaben AG. Bericht ueber das 57. Geschaeftsjahr 1995

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1996-12-31

The present report describes the tasks and activities of one of the German power economy`s large integrated companies which operate large-scale power plants. The 1995 business report disclases extensive financial data (balance, profit and loss account etc.). The purpose of the business is to produce, transmit or transport, respectively, and distribute electricity, long-distance thermal energy, and gas. (RHM) [Deutsch] Es wird eine Beschreibung der Aufgaben und Aktivitaeten dieses grossen Verbundunternehmens und Grosskraftwerksbetreibers der deutschen Elektrizitaetswirtschaft gegeben, wobei der Geschaeftsbericht 1995 zahlreiche finanzielle Daten (Bilanz, Gewinn- u. Verlustrechnung etc.) offenlegt. Der Zweck des Unternehmens ist die Erzeugung, Fortleitung und Verteilung von elektrischem Strom, von Fernwaerme und Gas. (RHM)

Product bundling, the key to a successful multi-utility strategy; Buendelung: Der Schluessel zu einer erfolgreichen Multi Utility-Strategie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Laker, M.; Nigge, K.M.; Wuebker, G. [Simon, Kucher und Partner Strategy and Marketing Consultants GmbH, Berlin (Germany)

2002-04-01

The article explains essential aspects of successful multi-utility management strategies for local utilities. Product bundling and the creation of incentives for enhancing the consumers' propensity to conclude multi-utility contracts, as e.g. pricing policy and the range of services that can be offered in a package are discussed. (orig./CB) [German] Das Thema Multi Utility, d.h. die Integration von Strom, Erdgas, Wasser, Entsorgung und Dienstleistungen wird ausfuehrlich diskutiert. Es muessen vielmehr Anreize dafuer geschaffen werden, dass die Kunden die Komplettangebote auch wahrnehmen. Dies ist eine Frage der Produkt- und Preisgestaltung. Buendelung ist das ideale Instrument zur Schaffung solcher Anreize. (orig./CB)

Energie-Versorgung Schwaben AG. Report on the 58th business year 1996; Energie-Versorgung Schwaben AG. Bericht ueber das 58. Geschaeftsjahr 1996

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1997-09-01

The present report describes the tasks and activities of one of the German power economy`s large integrated companies which operate large-scale power plants. The 1996 business report disclases extensive financial data (balance, profit and loss account etc.). The purpose of the business is to produce, transmit or transport, respectively, and distribute electricity, long-distance thermal energy, and gas. (RHM) [Deutsch] Es wird eine Beschreibung der Aufgaben und Aktivitaeten dieses grossen Verbundunternehmens und Grosskraftwerksbetreibers der deutschen Elektrizitaetswirtschaft gegeben, wobei der Geschaeftsbericht 1996 zahlreiche finanzielle Daten (Bilanz, Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung etc.) offenlegt. Der Zweck des Unternehmens ist die Erzeugung, Fortleitung und Verteilung von elektrischem Strom, von Fernwaerme und Gas. (RHM)

Stability of fuels containing current and future biofuels; Bewertung heutiger und zukuenftiger Kraftstoffe mit biogenen Anteilen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rheinberg, Oliver van; Hoffmann, Hajo; Jaschinski, Christian; Koch, Winfried [Oel-Waerme-Institut GmbH, Herzogenrath (Germany)

2012-06-15

Oel-Waeerme-Institut GmbH, an affiliated research institute of RWTH Aachen University, has developed a hardware in-the-loop test facility to investigate the interaction between biofuels and the components that come into contact with them. An analysis of the measurements shows that significant technical modifications will need to be made to independent vehicle heaters and in-tank pumps in order to enable a high proportion of biofuel to be used. (orig.)

CO{sub 2} separation from biogas with ceramic membranes; CO{sub 2}-Abtrennung aus Biogas mit keramischen Membranen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fassauer, Burkhardt; Richter, Hannes; Schwarz, Bjoern; Reger-Wagner, Norman; Kaemnitz, Susanne [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Keramische Technologien und Systeme IKTS, Dresden (Germany); Lubenau, Udo; Mothes, Raimund [DBI Gas- und Umwelttechnik GmbH, Leipzig (Germany)

2015-07-01

Biogas contains after the production of up to 55% CO{sub 2}. In order to use biogas as a fuel or to feed it into the natural gas network, it must be purified before. Adsorption and scrubbing processes are primarily used technically. Membrane processes offer the advantage of continuous operation and a simple modular and flexible system design, which imply relatively low investment costs and low energy needs. Moreover, membrane systems can be started up and shut down quickly without any problems. Ceramic membranes are characterised by high stability (thermal, chemical, mechanical) and very high flows in comparison to polymeric membranes. [German] Biogas enthaelt nach der Erzeugung bis zu 55 % CO{sub 2}. Um Biogas als Kraftstoff zu nutzen oder in das Erdgasnetz einspeisen zu koennen, muss es zuvor gereinigt werden. Technisch genutzt werden vor allem Adsorptions- und Waschverfahren. Membranverfahren bieten den Vorteil eines kontinuierlichen Betriebes sowie einer einfachen, modularen und flexiblen Anlagenkonzeption, die vergleichsweise niedrige Investitionskosten und einen geringen Energiebedarf bedeuten. Darueber hinaus koennen Membrananlagen schnell an- und abgefahren werden und voellig ohne Probleme abgeschaltet werden. Keramische Membranen zeichnen sich gegenueber Polymermembranen durch hohe Stabilitaet (thermisch, chemisch, mechanisch) und sehr hohe Fluesse aus.

Economic and technical aspects the decarbonisation of the heat sector; Wirtschaftliche und technische Aspekte der Dekarbonisierung des Waermesektors

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rohrig, Kurt; Hoffmann, Clemens; Gerhardt, Norman [Fraunhofer IWES, Kassel (Germany); Schmidt, Dietrich; Schumacher, Patrick [Fraunhofer IBP, Stuttgart (Germany); Henning, Hans Martin; Palzer, Andreas [Fraunhofer ISE, Freiburg (Germany); Lechtenboehmer, Stefan [Wuppertal Institut fuer Klima, Umwelt, Energie GmbH, Wuppertal (Germany)

2016-05-15

The transformation of the energy system to a de-carbonized energy supply requires a coordinated interaction between the sectors electricity, heat and transport. Thereby, the coupling of the electricity sector with the heating sector is one of the key measures in the transformation. The inclusion of wind and solar energy in the grid can be optimized by exact feed in forecasts, the coupling to the heat sector by means of heat pumps and power-to-heat (heater) allows more flexibilisation of the demand side. This interaction is made possible by intelligent solutions of systems engineering and power management. The development of appropriate incentives, market mechanisms and business models is also required, to make this coupling also economic successful. The contribution present die 80% scenario for the year 2050 created in the research project ''Interaction RES electricity, heat and transport'' and gives examples of future requirements and developments on this topic. [German] Die Transformation des Energieversorgungssystems zu einer de-karbonisierten Energiebereitstellung bedingt ein koordiniertes Zusammenspiel der Sektoren Strom, Waerme und Verkehr. Dabei ist die Kopplung des Stromsektors mit dem Waermesektor eine der entscheidenden Massnahmen bei der Transformation. Die Aufnahme von Wind- und Sonnenenergie in das Netz kann durch genaue Einspeiseprognosen optimiert werden, die Kopplung zum Waermesektor mittels Waermepumpen und Power-to-Heat (Heizstab) ermoeglicht die weitere Flexibilisierung der Nachfrageseite. Diese Interaktion wird durch intelligente Loesungen der Systemtechnik fuer das Energie- und Netzmanagement ermoeglicht. Die Entwicklung von entsprechenden Anreizsystemen, Marktmechanismen und Geschaeftsmodellen ist ebenfalls erforderlich, um diese Kopplung auch wirtschaftlich erfolgreich zu gestalten. Der Beitrag stellt das im Forschungsvorhaben ''Interaktion EE-Strom, Waerme und Verkehr'' erstellte 80 %-Szenario fuer das

Vigorous marketing concepts for the energy supply industry. Products, services, advertising; Markiger Auftritt in der Energiewirtschaft. Produkte, Dienstleistungen, Werbung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zenke, I.; Ellwanger, N. (eds.)

2003-07-01

The authors present a variety of marketing concepts tailored to the needs of electric utilities and gas utilities as marketers in the liberalising energy markets. Concepts for developing particular marketing policies for the 'commodities' and related services are designed and explained in the context of an integrated approach for implementation in compliance with the changing market environment and the legal framework governing the internal market within the European Union. (orig./CB) [German] Das Buch stellt Zusammenhaenge verschiedener Marketing-Massnahmen, die im Einzelnen erlaeutert werden, und deren rechtliche Umsetzung in einem integrierten Ansatz dar und gibt damit vielseitige Hilfestellungen hinsichtlich der Vermarktung von Energieprodukten und Services durch Strom- und Gasversorger im liberalisierten Binnenmarkt der Europaeischen Union. (orig./CB)

Decarbonization by means of hydrogen; Dekarbonisierung mittels Wasserstoff

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kreutzer, Ulrich [Siemens AG, Muenchen (Germany). Research in Energy and Electronics, Corporate Technology

2018-01-15

Hydrogen electrolysis plays a crucial role in reducing CO{sub 2} emissions. With the help of regeneratively generated electricity, it converts water into its constituents hydrogen and oxygen without producing carbon dioxide. Experts are working on the still young PEM technology, which is particularly efficient and environmentally friendly. The holistic optimization of the plant plays an important role. [German] Wasserstoffelektrolyse spielt eine entscheidende Rolle, um CO{sub 2}-Emissionen einzudaemmen. Mit Hilfe regenerativ erzeugtem Strom wandelt sie Wasser in seine Bestandteile Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff um, ohne dass dabei Kohlenstoffdioxid entsteht. Experten arbeiten an der noch jungen PEM-Technologie, die besonders effizient und umweltvertraeglich ist. Eine wichtige Bedeutung hat dabei die ganzheitliche Optimierung der Anlage.

Pick by click. Online-markets for commodities; Zuschlag per Mausklick. Elektronische Marktplaetze in der Energiewirtschaft

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haug, M.; Schreiber, M. [EUtech Energie- und Umweltberatung GbR, Aachen (Germany); Aixergy AG, Aachen (Germany)

2000-07-01

The deregulation of the German energy market has led to growing competition (among the utilities), causing prices to crumble. Consumers must intensify their search efforts considerably in order to identify the most suitable utility. Internet-based 'B2B' market-places for commodities such as electricity, gas and water help to optimise the match between demand and supply. (orig.) [German] Mit dem Wegfall der Gebietsmonopole herrscht Wettbewerb auf dem Energiemarkt. Sinkende Preise sind die Folge. Fuer die Energieverbraucher wird es immer aufwendiger, den fuer sie guenstigsten Anbieter zu ermitteln. Hier sehen internetbasierte Handelsplattformen ihre Chance. Ueber B2B-Plattformen lassen sich Strom, Gas, Heizoel oder andere Commodities vertreiben. (orig.)

Optimization of power distribution networks; Optimierung von Energieverteilungsnetzen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Casteren, J. van [Digsilent GmbH (Netherlands); Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden)

2000-03-01

In a competition-oriented power market the optimization of distribution networks is more and more becoming a search for minimum investment and operating cost where all relevant cost factors should be taken into account. A so far neglected factor is the expectation of reliability-related cost. A new analytical calculation method permits flexible, realistic estimation of interruption costs to be expected. (orig.) [German] In einem wettbewerbsorientierten Strom-Markt wird die Optimierung der Verteilungsnetze mehr und mehr zu einer Suche nach den minimalen Investitions- und Betriebskosten, wobei moeglichst alle relevanten Kostenfaktoren beruecksichtigt werden muessen. Ein bisher vernachlaessigter Faktor ist dabei die Erwartung der zuverlaessigkeitsbedingten Kosten. Ein neues analytisches Berechnungsverfahren erlaubt nun flexibel eine realistische Abschaetzung der zu erwarteten Unterbrechungskosten. (orig.)

The potential of synthetic fuels to meet future emission regulations; Potenzial synthetischer Kraftstoffe zur Einhaltung zukuenftiger Emissionsgrenzwerte

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Herrmann, H.O.; Keppeler, S.; Friess, W. [DaimlerChrysler AG, Stuttgart (Germany); Botha, J.J. [Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd., Rosebank (South Africa); Schaberg, P. [Sasol Advanced Fuel Lab., Univ. of Cape Town (South Africa); Schnell, P. [Sasol Chevron Consulting Ltd., London (United Kingdom)

2006-07-01

The potential of GTL diesel fuel for further improving engine performance and reducing exhaust emissions beyond euro 4 was investigated in a Mercedes-Benz E320 CDI passenger car. Starting with the outlook on the production and properties of GTL fuel against the anticipated future diesel demand, the paper addresses the impacts of GTL diesel fuel on heavy-duty and light-duty engines. Based on preceding work on un-adapted engines, published in an earlier paper in 2004 at the 25{sup th} International Vienna Motor Symposium, the hardware configuration and software calibration of the E320 engine were now modified to better utilize the advantageous properties of the Sasol Chevron GTL diesel fuel. In order to keep engine changes at a minimum, hardware modifications were limited to lowering the compression ratio and optimizing the injection equipment. These hardware modifications required the adaptation of the engine software calibration, such as injection system parameters, boost pressure adjustment, and EGR rates. It has been shown that, by detailed bench work and chassis dynamometer testing, the vehicle, which is equipped with a DPF and has a euro 4 calibration in its original form, can comply with the very stringent nitrogen oxides emission limits of 0.08 g/km (NEDC) when moderately modified and operated on GTL diesel fuel. This was achieved without any active nitrogen oxides exhaust gas aftertreatment. This establishes a very promising outlook for a cost-efficient means for reducing exhaust emissions, and again highlights the benefits that may be obtained with cleaner fuels (GTL diesel fuel is free of sulfur and aromatics and has a cetane number > 70). The paper presents details of the fuel, the engine modifications and the test results obtained so far. (orig.)

Energy price report for Baden-Wuerttemberg 2016. Final report; Energiepreisbericht fuer Baden-Wuerttemberg 2016. Endbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Guel, Sarah; Cherkasky, Jenny

2017-05-19

This report describes the historical development of energy prices in recent years up to and including 2016 in Germany and Baden-Wuerttemberg and estimates the future development until 2023. The report addresses the markets for oil, gas, electricity and heat, which are summarized below. In addition, an estimate of the energy costs for households and industry and the associated burden is made. [German] Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt die historische Entwicklung der Energiepreise der letzten Jahre bis einschliesslich 2016 in Deutschland und in Baden-Wuerttemberg und schaetzt die zukuenftige Entwicklung bis 2023 ab. Dabei geht der Bericht auf die Maerkte fuer Oel, Gas, Strom und Waerme ein, welche im Folgenden zusammengefasst werden. Zudem wird eine Abschaetzung der Energiekosten fuer Haushalte und Industrie und der damit verbundenen Belastung vorgenommen.

Tie up current guided installations in the energy saving house; Stromgefuehrte Anlagentechnik ins Energiesparhaus integrieren. Chance EnEV 2002 - Marketingstrategie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Raab, Peter [Fachberatung Absatzwirtschaft, Muenchen (Germany)

2002-06-17

How to open up the market for current guided housing systems: heating, ventilation, heat recycling, water heating, security, home automation. Bargain for the consumer, value creation for industry and craft. And business perpetuation for the power provider. The strategy of integration, bundling and branding in cooperation with craft and manufacturers. (orig.) [German] Strom hilft Energie sparen. Neue Systeme fuer Heizung, Lueftung, Warmwasser, Hausintelligenz bieten dem Kunden fortschrittliche Nutzenvorteile des 21. Jahrhunderts schon heute. Mit Rundum-Stromversorgung erzielt das Energieversorgungsunternehmen je nach beheizter Flaeche einen mehrfachen Umsatz gegenueber den durchschnittlichen 2 100 kWh/a je Vergleichshaushalt. Wie laesst sich der Markt fuer Rundum-Stromversorgung im Wettbewerb oeffnen? Der Verfasser skizziert die naheliegende Strategie der Elektro- und Elektrizitaetswirtschaft: Integration, Buendelung, Markenfuehrung. (orig.)

Data warehouse solution for energy management tasks of a power generation corporation in a competitive market; Data-Warehouse-Loesung fuer die Energiemanagementaufgaben eines Stromerzeugungsbereiches in einem wettbewerblichen Umfeld

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brugger, H. [Siemens AG, Vienna (Austria). Bereich Energieuebertragung und -verteilung; Nobach, U. [Siemens AG, Nuernberg (Germany). Bereich Energieuebertragung und -verteilung; Hoenes, R.; Vetter, T. [Neckarwerke Stuttgart AG (Germany)

1999-04-19

Liberalization of the energy market gives new requirements to the organization of the departments of utilities and their IT-solutions. The authors explain by using the example of the new energy management system for Neckarwerke Stuttgart AG, how a modern Data Warehouse-platform is created for the operative and economic tasks for electricity supply and district heating in a competitive market. (orig.) [Deutsch] Aufgrund der Liberalisierung des Strommarktes erwachsen bei den Energieversorgungsunternehmen neue Anforderungen an die Organisation der Geschaeftsbereiche und an die EDV-Hilfsmittel. Die Verfasser erlaeutern am Beispiel des neuen Energiemanagementsystems fuer die Neckarwerke Stuttgart AG wie mit einem modernen Data Warehouse die Plattform fuer die Loesung der operativen und der wirtschaftlichen Aufgaben der Strom- und Fernwaermebeschaffung in einem Wettbewerbsumfeld geschaffen werden kann. (orig.)

Natural gas engine concept with EZEV potential; Erdgasmotorkonzept mit EZEV-Potential

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Maier, F.; Mueller, P.; Heck, E.; Langen, P. [BMW AG (Germany)

1997-09-01

The first natural gas vehicles form BMW are designed for arbitrary gasoline or natural gas operation. It is possible only to a limited extent to take advantage of the benefits of natural gas as a fuel as long as this is the case. An analysis was made to determine possible improvements in terms of fuel economy, emissions, full load and maximum exhaust gas temperatures through selective optimisation for exclusive natural gas operation. The results of this analysis have been used in the design of natural gas engines for mid-sized vehicles. Vehicle examinations in FTP75 confirm the existing potential for satisfying EZEV standards discussed in California even with vehicles of the upper midsize category by using optimised natural gas engines. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die ersten Automobile mit Erdgasantrieb von BMW sind fuer den wahlweisen Benzin- oder Erdgasbetrieb ausgelegt. Deshalb koennen die Vorteile des Kraftstoffs Erdgas nur zum Teil genutzt werden. Es wurde untersucht, welche Verbesserungen durch gezielte Optimierung fuer den ausschliesslichen Erdgasbetrieb bei Kraftstoffverbrauch, Emissionen, Vollast und maximalen Abgastemperaturen moeglich sind. Die Ergebnisse wurden bei der Auslegung von Erdgasmotoren fuer Mittelklassefahrzeuge verwendet. Untersuchungen im FTP-75 bestaetigen, dass mit optimierten Erdgasmotoren das Potential besteht, selbst mit Automobilen der oberen Mittelklasse die in Kalifornien diskutierten EZEV-Standards zu erfuellen. (orig.)

Clearing up the kinetics in high temperature fuel cells SOFC. Final report; Aufklaerung der Kinetik in Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzellen SOFC. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stimming, U

1997-05-12

In this work, the kinetics of the oxygen reduction of the SOFC cathode are to be detailed, i.e., depending on the parameters of electrode potential, temperature and oxygen partial pressure, they are to be examined with impedance spectroscopy and quasi-stationary current/voltage measurements. From the dependence of the impedances and the current density on the temperature and the oxygen partial pressure, apparent activation energies and pre-exponential factors as well as apparent reaction orders are to be determined, in order to obtain information on possible reaction mechanisms. These investigations should be carried out not only on standard cathode material (La{sub 1-x}Sr{sub x}MnO{sub 3}, LSM) but also on modified LSM cathodes. This modification should consist either of the addition of noble metal catalysts or in a change of the composition of the cathode material, and should lead to increased catalytic activity of the cathode. In addition, using the example of the standard cathode, different possible reaction mechanisms should be compared by a computer simulation of the current/voltage measurements and impedance spectra. (orig.) [Deutsch] In dieser Arbeit soll die Kinetik der Sauerstoffreduktion an der SOFC Kathode detailliert, d.h. in Abhaengigkeit der Parameter Elektrodenpotential, Temperatur und Sauerstoffpartialdruck mit Impedanzspektroskopie und quasi-stationaeren Strom/Spannungsmessungen untersucht werden. Aus den Abhaengigkeiten der Impedanzen und der Stromdichte von der Temperatur und vom Sauerstoffpartialdruck sollen scheinbare Aktivierungsenergien und prae-exponentielle Faktoren sowie scheinbare Reaktionsordnungen bestimmt werden, um Hinweise auf moegliche Reaktionsmechanismen zu erhalten. Diese Untersuchungen sollen nicht nur am Standardkathodenmaterial (La{sub 1-x}Sr{sub x}MnO{sub 3}, LSM), sondern auch an modifizierten LSM-Kathoden durchgefuehrt werden. Diese Modifizierung soll entweder im Zusatz von Edelmetallkatalysatoren oder in einer Aenderung

Current problems arising from the new law relating to franchise duties; Aktuelle Probleme des neuen Konzessionsabgabenrechts

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Becker, P.

1996-12-31

The contribution examines the advantages and drawbacks of the new ordinance in German law relating to payment of franchise duties. The ordinance may bring about new problems if abused as a means of bringing pressure to bear in negotiations for takeover of existing electric or gas supply systems by local governments. The author analyses the legitimation of such exploitation of the franchise duty and in this context the general legal framework. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Der Beitrag untersucht Vor- und Nachteile der neuen Verordnung im Konzessionsabgabenrecht, die im Hinblick auf Auseinandersetzungen um die ``Ubernahme von Strom- oder Gasversorgungssystemen durch Gemeinden neue Probleme mit sich bringen koennte, wenn Konzessionsabgaben als Druckmittel eingesetzt werden. Der Autor analysiert die Zulaessigkeit eines derartigen Einsatzes und in diesem Zusammenhang auch die rechtliche Basis der Konzessionsabgaben. (orig./CB)

Energy report 2016; Energiebericht 2016

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2016-07-01

The energy report 2016 of the Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy Industry Baden-Wuerttemberg and the Statistical Office provides a solid, reliable data foundation on the topics of energy consumption, electricity and heat generation and renewable energies. It provides a comprehensive overview of the years 2013 and 2014 in Baden-Württemberg and also makes it possible to make an informed assessment of energy sector developments through long-term data series. [German] Der Energiebericht 2016 des Ministeriums fuer Umwelt, Klima und Energiewirtschaft Baden-Württemberg und des Statistischen Landesamtes bietet ein solides, verlaessliches Datenfundament rund um die Themen Energieverbrauch, Strom- und Waermeerzeugung und erneuerbare Energien. Er gewaehrt einen umfassenden Ueberblick ueber die Jahre 2013 und 2014 in Baden-Wuerttemberg und ermoeglicht darueber hinaus durch langfristig verfuegbare Datenreihen eine fundierte Bewertung der energiewirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen.

State of the art for noise reduction in biogas plants. Sound technical analyses, research, investigations; Stand der Technik zur Laermminderung bei Biogasanlagen. Schalltechnische Analysen, Recherchen, Untersuchungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2014-05-15

Approximately 480 biogas plants are currently being built in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, which were mainly built in an agricultural context. At the beginning of 2014 about 15 percent of the country's electricity was generated by domestic biogas plants. This publication is intended to serve as a guide to the authorities, planners and engineers, in order to be able to plan, erect and operate biogas plants in the most conflict-free manner. [German] In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern werden derzeit ca. 480 Biogasanlagen betrieben, die vorwiegend in einem landwirtschaftlichen Kontext errichtet wurden. Anfang des Jahres 2014 wurde etwa 15 Prozent des Stroms im Land durch einheimische Biogasanlagen erzeugt. Diese Veroeffentlichung soll den Behoerden, Planern und Ingenieurbueros als Handlungsleitfaden dienen, um Biogasanlagen unter Beruecksichtigung des Standes der Technik moeglichst konfliktfrei planen, errichten und betreiben zu koennen.

Das Heideggersche Programm einer Urwissenschaft und die Ansätze der Überwindung der „Sachferne“ der Bewusstseinsphänomenologie von Edmund Husserl

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Radinković Željko

2012-01-01

Full Text Available (nemački Heideggersche erste Bewegungen in Richtung auf die Funda­mentalontologie lassen sich in seinen Vorlesungen der frühen 20er Jahren beobachten. Heidegger versucht darin, sich von dem Logizismus der Husserlschen Bewusstseinsphilosophie zu emanzipieren, indem er ein Konzept der Urwissenschaft entwirft. Die Urwis­senschaft soll bei der vortheoretischen Erfahrung, d. h. bei den vorreflexiven Erlebnissen ansetzen. Sie hat der entlebenden Tendenz der theoretischen Einstellung zum Erlebnis­strom entgegenzuwirken und somit die Voraussetzungen dafür zu schaffen, eine Viel­falt der lebendigen Erfahrungsweisen zum ausdrücklichen Verstehen zu bringen. Somit knüpft die Urwissenschaft an das Programm der Phänomenologie von Edmund Husserl, modifiziert es aber entscheidend, indem es aus der Sphäre des Bewusstseins in jene des lebendigen Erlebnisstroms verlegt.

Powerful near-surface geothermal energy with vertical groundwater circulation; Leistungsfaehige oberflaechennahe Geothermie mit vertikaler Grundwasserzirkulation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Viernickel, Michael [Geo-En Energy Technologies GmbH, Berlin (Germany). Bereich Produktentwicklung und Projektierung komplexer Energiesysteme unter Einsatz von Geothermie

2013-03-15

The conversion of energy supply based on renewable energies will be electricity based and the efficient provision of heating and cooling can be done by electric heat pumps. In cities, however, where the open areas for geothermal systems are scarce, groundwater-based systems can be a powerful option. The development of a large heat reservoir via a single bore is possible with vertical groundwater circulation systems and is described here. [German] Der Umbau der Energieversorgung auf erneuerbare Energien wird Strom basiert sein und eine effiziente Bereitstellung von Waerme und Kaelte kann durch elektrische Waermepumpen erfolgen. Innerstaedtisch sind die Freiflaechen fuer Geothermieanlagen allerdings knapp, so dass Grundwasser basierte Anlagen eine leistungsfaehige Option darstellen koennen. Die Erschliessung eines grossen Waerme-Reservoirs ueber nur eine Bohrung ist mit vertikalen Grundwasserzirkulationsanlagen moeglich und wird hier beschrieben.

Energy policy objectives scenarios 2050. Reactions on the need for expansion of wind energy and photovoltaics; Energiepolitische Zielszenarien 2050. Rueckwirkungen auf den Ausbaubedarf von Windenergie und Photovoltaik

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Deutsch, Matthias [Agora Energiewende, Berlin (Germany); Gerhardt, Norman; Sandau, Fabian [Fraunhofer Institut fuer Windenergie und Energiesystemtechnik (IWES), Kassel (Germany). Gruppe Energiewirtschaft und Systemanalyse

2015-12-15

The energy policy debate about renewable energies in Germany is currently focused almost exclusively on expansion targets of the power sector. Imost cases it remains an open question how much current is needed in the long term. A comparison of four cross-sectoral target scenarios shows that electricity consumption in 2050 in many cases could be much higher, depending on the assumptions and interpretation of climate targets than previously thought. [German] Die energiepolitische Diskussion um erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland konzentriert sich zurzeit fast ausschliesslich auf die Ausbauziele im Stromsektor. Dabei bleibt zumeist die Frage offen, wie viel Strom langfristig benoetigt wird. Ein Vergleich von vier sektoruebergreifenden Zielszenarien zeigt, dass der Stromverbrauch im Jahr 2050 je nach Annahmen und Interpretation der Klimaziele weitaus hoeher liegen koennte als bisher vielfach angenommen.

Final presentation of the joint project: Laser-diagnostic and plasma-technological fundamentals of emission reduction and fuel consumption reduction in DI internal combustion engines. Results of subprojects; Abschlusspraesentation zum Verbundprojekt: Laserdiagnostische und plasmatechnologische Grundlagen zur Verminderung von Emissionen und Kraftstoffverbrauch von DI-Verbrennungsmotoren. Ergebnisse der Teilvorhaben

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reichel, K.; Sellhorst, M. (eds.)

2000-07-01

New combustion processes, especially DI combustion processes, can be developed quickly and efficiently only if efficient and industrially applicable processes are available for investigating the processes of combustion in engines, for ignition of locally varying fuel/air mixtures, and for treatment of exhaust of nonstoichiometric combustion processes. The project aimed at the development and testing of laser diagnostic methods, numerical models and plasma processes. The conference comprised the sections: Processes inside the engine; processes behind the engine; system aspects. [German] Zielstellung des Verbundprojektes ist die Verminderung von Emissionen und Kraftstoffverbrauch von neuartigen motorischen Brennverfahren, von denen der direkteinspritzende (DI) Verbrennungsmotor die guenstigsten Voraussetzungen liefert und damit ein Potential bereitstellt, die zukuenftig geforderten Emissions-Grenzwerte entsprechend der gesetzlich vorgegebenen Euro-Normen zu erreichen. Neuartige, insbesondere direkteinspritzende Brennverfahren koennen von der Automobilindustrie jedoch nur dann schnell und effizient erarbeitet werden, wenn geeignete, von der Industrie einsetzbare Verfahren - zur Untersuchung von Wirkketten der motorischen Verbrennung, - zur Zuendung oertlich schwankender Kraftstoff-Luft-Gemische, - zur Abgasnachbehandlung von Abgasen aus nichtstoechiometrischer Verbrennung zur Verfuegung stehen. Ziel des geplanten Verbundprojektes war es also, laserdiagnostische Analyseverfahren, Verfahren der numerischen Modellierung und grundlegende plasmatechnologische Verfahren zu untersuchen und weitestgehend zu erproben, damit die Verfahren oder die mit ihnen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse von der Industrie als Werkzeug eingesetzt werden koennen. Aus Sicht des Anwenders ergab sich dabei eine inhaltliche Einteilung in die Themenfelder: - Innermotorische Prozesse, - Nachmotorische Prozesse und - Systemaspekte. (orig.)

An experimental study of aerosol penetration through horizontal tubes and strom-type loops

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wong, F.S.; McFarland, A.R.; Anand, N.K.

1996-01-01

Because some designers of aerosol transport systems use the assumption that aerosol penetration through a system is maximized of the flow Reynolds number is 2,800, we have conducted tests to determine if such an assumption is appropriate. Although we do not believe that optimal performance of an aerosol sample transport system can be presented solely in terms of the Reynolds number, we have presented our results in terms of that parameter to compare our work with the results of an earlier study. Two types of experiments were performed. First, the penetration of liquid aerosol particles through horizontal tubes was experimentally investigated for a range of design and operational conditions. For a particle size of 10 μm aerodynamic diameter, the maximum penetration through a 6.7 mm diameter tube was associated with a Reynolds number of approximately 2,000; the maximum penetration through a tube of 15.9 mm occurred at a Reynolds number of about 3,000; and the maximum penetration through a 26.7 mm diameter tube occurred at about 4,000. It was also experimentally demonstrated that for a fixed flow rate through a horizontal tube, there is an optimum tube diameter for which the aerosol penetration is a maximum. An early study dealing with aerosol particle penetration through a 16.8 mm inside diameter loop of tubing (two vertical tubes, two horizontal tubes and three 90 degrees bends) suggested there was a fixed Reynolds number for optimal aerosol penetration independent of particle size. Those experiments were repeated here and the agreement with those tests is excellent. 16 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs

Emissions and adverse effect in new fuels for diesel engines; Emissionen und adverse Effekte neu entwickelter Kraftstoffe fuer Dieselmotoren

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buenger, Juergen; Westphal, Goetz; Bruening, Thomas [Bochum Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Praevention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA); Schroeder, Olaf; Schaak, Jens; Pabst, Christoph; Munack, Axel [Johann Heinrich von Thuenen-Institut (vTI), Braunschweig (Germany). Inst. fuer Agrartechnologie und Biosystemtechnik; Krahl, Juergen [Hochschule Coburg (Germany). Technologietransferzentrum Automotive (TAC)

2012-07-01

Conventional biofuel is produced from plants that can also be used for food production. The solution for this socio-economic problem could be the production of bio-diesel using the oil plant Jatropha that is not suitable for consumption and grows on soils that are not utilizable for agriculture. The biofuel Jathrophamethyl ester (JME) and the hydrogenated rape seed oil (HVO) were compared with DK (diesel fuel) with respect to the emission of total hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particle mass.

Fuels from biomass. Potentials, concepts, competitive situation with regard to combustion; Kraftstoffe aus Biomassen. Potentiale, Konzepte, Konkurrenzsituationen zur Verbrennung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Behrendt, F.; Neubauer, Y. [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Fachgebiet Energieverfahrenstechnik

2006-07-01

Liquid fuels are today something of an elixir of life for the industrialised societies and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. Mobility is dependent on the availability of petrol, diesel and kerosine. Whereas the introduction of alternative vehicle drives is expected to proceed only stepwise over a period of decades, the origin of liquid fuels will change fundamentally. This will involve a shift away from crude oil towards the synthesis of fuels from natural gas, coal and biomass. It will also lead to a revival of long-known technical concepts such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or the direct liquefaction of source materials, albeit using significantly refined techniques.

The European programme on emissions, fuels and engine technologies (EPEFE); Das Europaeische Programm ueber Emissionen, Kraftstoffe und Motortechnologien (EPEFE)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bruner, I. [OEMV AG, Vienna (Austria); Lepeu, J.M. [ACEA, Brussels (Belgium)

1994-12-31

EPEFE stands for ``European Programme on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies``. On 12th July 1993 the European Automobile Manufacturers` Association (ACEA) and the European Petroleum Industry Association (Europia) signed an agreement about a two-year programme to investigate the effects of the fuel specifications and the engine technologies on the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles. This programme is abbreviated as EPEFE. ACEA signed not only for its members but also for Peugeot S.A. The EPEFE agreement reflects the common interest of both industries to further improve the environmentally friendly behaviour of their products. Furthermore it shows their awareness that additional cost-effective improvements can only be achieved through co-operation. (orig./KOW) [Deutsch] EPEFE steht fuer `European Programme on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies`. Am 12. Juli 1993 haben die European Automobile Manufacturers Association-ACEA und die European Petroleum Industry Association - Europia, ein Uebereinkommen unterschrieben, um ein 2 Jahresprogramm zur Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der Kraftstoffspezifikationen und der Motortechnologien auf die Abgasemissionen der KFZ zu untersuchen. Dieses Programm wird in der Kurzform EPEFE genannt. ACEA tritt sowohl fuehr ihre Mitglieder als auch fuer Peugeot S.A. auf. Das EPEFE Uebereinkommen spiegelt das gemeinsame Interesse beider Industrien, das umweltbezogene Verhalten ihrer Produkte weiter zu verbessern und deren Bewusstsein, dass weitere Verbesserungen in kosteneffizienter Art nur durch kooperatives Vorgehen zu erreichen sein werden, wider. (orig./KOW)

The principle of environmental compatible energy supply in energy law characteristics and environmental (energy) legal connections; Das Prinzip der umweltvertraeglichen Energieversorgung in energiewirtschaftsrechtlichen Auspraegungen und umwelt(energie)rechtlichen Verzahnungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stecher, Michaela

2015-07-01

The course of the investigation follows the path of the electric power. Considered are the electricity industry value-added stages with their environmental impact and their relevant legal regulations. The focus in each case are the environmentally relevant legal rules of EnWG, whose own contributions are examined for environmental objective as well as the interaction with other legislation. First, the value chain of the supply or production of primary energy sources is considered closer. Second, the conversion of primary energy sources in electricity is to take in the view. The conversion plant depending on widely varying environmental impacts and the relevant legal instruments are shown. Thirdly comes the electricity downstream value-added level of network operations, through which the electric power is transmitted and distributed. In the fourth stage, the effect of support of the legal requirements for the storage of electricity is considered. Fifth value chain is the distribution, through which the direct relationship between suppliers and customers is organized. [German] Der Gang der Untersuchung folgt dem Weg des Stroms. Betrachtet werden die elektrizitaetswirtschaftlichen Wertschoepfungsstufen mit ihren jeweiligen Umweltauswirkungen und den einschlaegigen rechtlichen Regelungen. Im Zentrum stehen dabei jeweils die umweltrelevanten Normen des EnWG, deren eigenstaendiger Beitrag zum Umweltvertraeglichkeitsziel ebenso wie das Zusammenwirken mit anderen Rechtsvorschriften untersucht werden. Zunaechst wird die Wertschoepfungsstufe der Bereitstellung bzw. Gewinnung der Primaerenergietraeger naeher betrachtet. Als zweites ist die Umwandlung der Primaerenergietraeger in Elektrizitaet in den Blick zu nehmen. Die je nach Konversionsanlage stark variierenden Umweltauswirkungen und das einschlaegige rechtliche Instrumentarium werden dargestellt. Drittens folgt die der Stromerzeugung nachgelagerte Wertschoepfungsstufe des Netzbetriebs, ueber die der Strom uebertragen und

The role of hydrogen in the energy transition. Development status and perspectives; Die Rolle von Wasserstoff in der Energiewende. Entwicklungsstand und Perspektiven

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Altmann, Matthias; Buenger, Ulrich; Landinger, Hubert; Pschorr-Schoberer, Evi; Raksha, Tetyana; Wurster, Reinhold; Zerta, Martin (comps.)

2014-06-15

. Dominierten in der Vergangenheit die chemischen Energietraeger als Primaerenergiequelle, so werden diese in Zukunft insbesondere durch Strom als erneuerbarer, grossteils fluktuierender Primaerenergie abgeloest. Damit geht zugleich aber auch die leichte Speicher- sowie die einfache Transportierbarkeit von Energie teilweise verloren. Eine intelligente Verknuepfung von Strom, Gas (Methan, Wasserstoff), Waerme und Kraftstoffen fuer die Mobilitaet ist Voraussetzung fuer eine robuste, nachhaltige und zukunftsfaehige Energieversorgung Deutschlands. Das koordinierte Zusammenspiel zwischen Erzeugung, Uebertragung, Verteilung, Speicherung und Verbrauch elektrischer Energie ermoeglicht eine effiziente Einbindung von erneuerbaren Energien ins Energieversorgungssystem sowie einen sicheren Uebergang ins regenerative Energiezeitalter. Deutschland braucht eine robuste und flexible Energiestrategie, die langfristig allen Marktakteuren Planungssicherheit bieten kann.

Generating electricity and heat from lean gas. Dual fuel engine generates electricity and process heat from cupola furnace gas; Strom und Waerme aus Schwachgas gewinnen. Zuendstrahlmotor erzeugt Strom und Prozesswaerme aus Kupolofengas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hirn, Gerhard

2012-07-01

White-hot molten iron flows into the launder. The blast of heat released provides visitors with an impressive demonstration of the amount of energy flowing in foundries. Large volumes of carbon (coke) are used for the melting process in the cupola furnace, whereby a combustible process gas is formed as a by-product. This so-called cupola furnace gas has a low heating value and has previously been completely combusted for generating the hot blast in the cupola furnace's recuperator. However, in this process only around 35 % of the contained energy is used thermally. Now it is possible to utilise the remaining 65 % of the chemically bound energy that was previously not used in most foundries: a modified biogas combined heat and power plant runs with cupola furnace gas (CFG) from the melting furnace. (orig.)

Possible emissions from electricity generation from geothermal energy; Moegliche Emissionen bei der Stromerzeugung aus Geothermie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heberle, Florian; Bruggemann, Dieter [Bayreuth Univ. (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Technische Thermodynamik und Transportprozesse (LTTT)

2013-03-15

Electricity from geothermal energy in the low temperature range can be efficiently recovered if power plant processes are used with organic working fluids. It is inevitable that a small part of the sometimes harmful fluids leaking from the plant - a conflict in the development of climate-friendly renewable energy actually. A short report of the Centre for Energy Technology at the University of Bayreuth, on behalf of UBA quantifies the emissions of fluorinated hydrocarbons for different development scenarios and emission rates. [German] Strom aus Erdwaerme im Niedertemperaturbereich kann effizient gewonnen werden, wenn Kraftwerksprozesse mit organischen Arbeitsmedien einsetzt werden. Dabei ist es nicht zu vermeiden, dass ein kleiner Teil der mitunter klimaschaedlichen Fluide, aus den Anlagen entweicht - ein Zielkonflikt beim Ausbau der eigentlich klimaschonenden erneuerbaren Energie. Ein Kurzgutachten des Zentrums fuer Energietechnik der Universitaet Bayreuth im Auftrag des UBA quantifiziert die Emissionen fluorierter Kohlenwasserstoffe fuer verschiedene Ausbauszenarien und Emissionsraten.

Supraleitung Grundlagen und Anwendungen

CERN Document Server

Buckel, Werner

2013-01-01

Grundlegende Konzepte und Eigenschaften von Supraleitern, die Herstellung und Entwicklung von neuen supraleitenden Materialien sowie moderne Anwendungsbereiche sind die Schwerpunktthemen des Buches. Das größte Potential zur Nutzung der Supraleitung liegt in der Energietechnik. Fast unbemerkt trägt die Einführung von Kabeln, Magneten, Transformatoren oder Lagern aus supraleitenden Materialien bei zur Effizienzsteigerung bei der Stromübertragung oder in Motoren. Durch seiner klare Sprache und zahlreiche erläuternde Abbildungen eignet sich der Band hervorragend als einführendes Lehrbuch. Der Schwierigkeitsgrad wird von Kapitel zu Kapitel gesteigert. So können auch Einsteiger ohne einschlägige Vorkenntnisse dem Stoff folgen. Dank der über 350 Literaturhinweise bekommt der Leser außerdem einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Publikationen zum Thema. Ein unverzichtbares Lehrbuch also für Physik-Studenten und Studierende der Ingenieurwissenschaften. Fachleuten in Forschung und Praxis leistet das Buch au...

Arizona/New Mexico Mountains Ecoregion: Chapter 10 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000

Science.gov (United States)

Ruhlman, Jana; Gass, Leila; Middleton, Barry

2012-01-01

As the name suggests, the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains Ecoregion includes much of the mountainous regions of these two states, plus a very small part in the Guadalupe Mountains of northwestern Texas. Several isolated areas of higher terrain in Arizona and New Mexico are also included in the ecoregion, which occupies approximately 108,432 km2 (41,866 mi2) (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). The ecoregion is bounded on the south by the Sonoran Basin and Range, Madrean Archipelago, and Chihuahuan Deserts Ecoregions; to the north, the ecoregion is both bounded and surrounded by the Arizona/New Mexico Plateau Ecoregion (fig. 1). The ecoregion encompasses the largest contiguous ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest in the United States (Strom and Fulé, 2007), which stretches from Williams, Arizona, along the Mogollon Rim, Arizona, into southwestern New Mexico, north and west of Silver City, New Mexico.

Selective epidemic broadcast algorithm to suppress broadcast storm in vehicular ad hoc networks

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. Chitra

2018-03-01

Full Text Available Broadcasting in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks is the best way to spread emergency messages all over the network. With the dynamic nature of vehicular ad hoc networks, simple broadcast or flooding faces the problem called as Broadcast Storm Problem (BSP. The issue of the BSP will degrade the performance of a message broadcasting process like increased overhead, collision and dissemination delay. The paper is motivated to solve the problems in the existing Broadcast Strom Suppression Algorithms (BSSAs like p-Persistence, TLO, VSPB, G-SAB and SIR. This paper proposes to suppress the Broadcast Storm Problem and to improve the Emergency Safety message dissemination rate through a new BSSA based on Selective Epidemic Broadcast Algorithm (SEB. The simulation results clearly show that the SEB outperforms the existing algorithms in terms of ESM Delivery Ratio, Message Overhead, Collision Ratio, Broadcast Storm Ratio and Redundant Rebroadcast Ratio with decreased Dissemination Delay.

Legal fixing of the electricity market price; Die juristische Bestimmung des Marktpreises fuer Strom

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lindner, Thomas

2011-07-01

The book attempts to analyze the problems of fixing electricity rates by law and to develop an approach for determining the market price for electricity. The focus is on industrial customers as this is the sector in which the market price is of practical relevance. Private customers are gone into if necessary, as is the stock market price. The main problem in determining the free market price is the very fact that it is free, i.e. in contrast to the stock market price it is not fixed and published officially. The book therefore analyzes the abstract preconditions for determining the free market price. (orig./RHM)

Planning of optimal electricity and gas distribution networks; Planung von optimalen Strom- und Gasverteilungsnetzen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Berg, Andreas; Hinueber, Gerd; Moser, Albert [RWTH Aachen (DE). Inst. fuer Elektrische Anlagen und Energiewirtschaft (IAEW)

2009-12-15

Framework conditions for the planning of energy networks are changing under the influence of European energy policy, incentive regulation and the politically motivated promotion of new technologies such as electromobility or intelligent metering. The future use of information and communication technologies in energy networks will create new degrees of freedom. This will necessitate changes in the way in which gas and electricity networks have been planned in the past. Especially computer-assisted methods for objectifying planning decisions are moving into the focus of network operators as a valuable network development tool.

Safe current in home and spare time. Sicherer Strom in Heim und Freizeit. Vortraege

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1982-01-01

The papers read at the meeting of the Association of Electrical Engineers (VDE) in May 1982 are intended on the one hand to create awareness of sources of danger and, on the other hand, to demonstrate and discuss how safety can be further enhanced by consistent use of standardization and enlightenment. They are titled as follows: Power accidents in home and spare time; Physiological aspects of accidents; Tasks of the state in consumer protection; Consumer protection through laws and standards; Test institutions and test-marks; Installation technology at home and abroad; Protective measures; Teaching and learning safety; Training for electricians and continuation training.

Hydroelectric power - energy at no cost at all; Wasserkraft - Strom, der vom Himmel faellt

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Goede, E. [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Stroemungsmechanik und Hydraulische Stroemungsmaschinen

1997-12-31

The harnessing and enhanced use of renewable energy today is a matter of lively debate and much concern. Amazingly, hydro power is either rarely considered in these discussions or viewed in a negative light. But hydro power continues to be the most important source of renewable energy, and its use potential is considerable and should be taken into account when, for instance, agreeing on or implementing carbon dioxide reduction targets. Small hydro power stations are an effective means of harnessing existing energy potentials. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ueber die Nutzung und den Ausbau regenerativer Energien wird heutzutage lebhaft diskutiert und gerungen. Es mag erstaunen, dass in diesen Diskussionen die Wasserkraft kaum Beachtung findet oder in einem schlechten Licht gesehen wird. Dabei ist die Wasserkraft nach wie vor bei weitem die wichtigsten Quelle regenerativer Energie, und sie besitzt ein beachtliches Ausbaupotential, das man wenigstens ins Kalkuel ziehen sollte, wenn es etwa darum geht, CO{sub 2}-Minderungsziele zu vereinbaren bzw. anzustreben. Die Kleinwasserkraft kann hier als Chance gesehen werden, noch vorhandene Energiepotentiale sinnvoll zu nutzen. (orig.)

Intelligent energy management. Less electricity, same cooling; Energie intelligent managen. Weniger Strom, gleiche Kaelte

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sprado, Joern; Lawo, Michael [Bremen Univ. (DE). Technologie-Zentrum Informatik und Informationstechnik (TZI)

2009-09-15

In cooperation with the company netDV Unternehmensberatung GmbH, the Technology Center for Computational Science (TZI) at the University of Bremen has developed a computer-aided ''assistance system for intelligent energy management'' that considerably reduces the energy consumption of feed refrigeration systems in our supermarkets. Reductions of between 10 and 20 per cent lead to savings in the order of five-digit euro amounts. (orig.)

Electromobility for everyone? An industry electrified; Elektromobilitaet fuer alle? Eine Branche steht unter Strom

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Winterkorn, Martin [Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg (Germany)

2011-07-01

The electric car is one of the keys to achieving sustainable mobility - along with more efficient internal combustion engines, intelligent light-weight design and alternative sources of energy such as natural gas and next generation biogenic fuels. The Volkswagen Group is fully committed to electric mobility and is driv-ing the development of the electric car forward using its modular assem-bly strategy, the results of which can already be seen in the XL1 and the Golf blue-e-emotion. Before we are able to produce a practical, afforda-ble ''electric car for everyone,'' however, we face four major challenges: (1) developing the technology (especially the battery), (2) setting up an extensive standardized infrastructure, (3) ensuring an environmentally friendly source of electricity, and (4) driving down costs to a competitive level. All this makes electric mobility the challenge of the century - for the automotive industry and the European industrial community as a whole. It is an issue that concerns us all: manufacturers, suppliers, energy provid-ers, scientists and politicians alike. (orig.)

Biofuels - Properties and application experience; Biokraftstoffe - Eigenschaften und Erfahrungen bei der Anwendung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmiedel, H.P.

2002-12-01

The European Union wants to promote the use of renewable raw materials also in the traffic sector in order to meet the internationally committed reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. At the same time a new market shall be created for farming and jobs shall be secured. Fatty acid methyl esters in the diesel market and ethanol and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) in gasoline are discussed as compounds that can be produced from renewable raw materials and be applied as fuels in the short term. This literature survey deals with the extent of CO{sub 2} / greenhouse gas emission reductions, the availability of biofuels and summarizes the economical and technical experiences obtained so far with their application. The use of pure vegetable oils, dimethylether and pyrolysis oil is also briefly covered. (orig.) [German] Die EU will auch im Verkehrsbereich den Einsatz nachwachsender Rohstoffe foerdern, um die international zugesagte Reduzierung der Kohlendioxid-Emissionen zu erreichen. Gleichzeitig sollen damit der Landwirtschaft ein neuer Markt eroeffnet und Arbeitsplaetze gesichert werden. Fettsaeuremethylester fuer den Dieselbereich sowie Ethanol und Ethyltertiaerbutylether (ETBE) fuer Ottokraftstoff werden als Verbindungen genannt, die aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen gewonnen und kurzfristig als Kraftstoff eingesetzt werden koennen. Die vorliegende Literaturstudie beleuchtet den Umfang der CO{sub 2}- bzw. Klimagasreduktion, die Verfuegbarkeit der Biokraftstoffe und fasst die oekonomischen und technischen Erfahrungen zusammen, die bisher in ihrer Anwendung erhalten wurden. Die Nutzung von reinen Pflanzenoelen, Dimethylether und Pyrolyseoel wird gestreift. (orig.)

Dictionary of engines. The internal combustion engine from A-Z; Lexikon Motorentechnik. Der Verbrennungsmotor von A-Z

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schaefer, F. (ed.); Basshuysen, R. van

2004-04-01

This dictionary describes current engine technology and gives an outlook to the future. Cross-references, broader and narrower terms ensure optimal user guidance. Entries do not stand alone but provide content-oriented information. About 4,500 terms are included from A-Z, providing an outline of subjects like exhaust systems, acoustics, supercharging, combustion chamber, injection systems, control, flame propagation, mixing, catalytic converters, pistons, fuels, cooling, crank casing, stratified charging, lambda control, camshaft, oil, particulate filters, sensors/actuators, pollutants, valves, combustion processes, efficiency, ignition, cylinder head. The dictionary is for development engineers in the motor car industry, in component and system development in the supply industry, university teachers and students, foremen in motor car repair shops, etc. (orig.) [German] Das Lexikon Motorentechnik ist ein Nachschlagewerk, das die aktuelle Motorentechnik umfassend beschreibt und Ausblicke in der Zukunft ermoeglicht. Das ausgefeilte System aus Querverweisen fuehrt alle Unterbegriffe zum Hauptbegriff und ermoeglicht so eine optimale Benutzerfuehrung. Dadurch stehen die Stichwoerter nicht isoliert, sondern es werden inhaltlich zusammenhaengende Betrachtungen moeglich. Der Inhalt umfasst 4 500 Begriffe von A-Z wie z.B.: Abgastechnik, Akustik, Aufladung, Brennraum, Einspritzsysteme, Elektronische Motorsteuerung, Flammenausbreitung, Gemischbildung, Katalysator, Kolben, Kraftstoff, Kuehlung, Kurbelgehaeuse, Kurbeltrieb, Ladungswechsel, Lambda-Regelung, Nockenwelle, Oel, Partikelfilter, Sensoren/Aktuatoren, Schadstoffe, Ventiltrieb, Verbrennungsverfahren, Wirkungsgrad, Zuendung, Zylinderkopf. Die Zielgruppen waeren Ingenieure in Motoren- und Fahrzeugentwicklung der Automobilindustrie, Ingenieure in der Komponenten- und Systementwicklung der Zuliefererindustrie, Professoren und Studenten an Hochschulen mit Schwerpunkt Kraftfahrzeugtechnik, Meister in Kfz-Werkstaetten. (orig.)

Gas generation from biomass for decentralized power supply systems; Gaserzeugung fuer dezentrale Energiesysteme auf der Basis von Biomasse

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kubiak, H; Papamichalis, A; Heek, K.H. van [DMT-Inst. fuer Kokserzeugung und Brennstofftechnik, Essen (Germany)

1997-12-31

By a reaction with steam, bioresidues and plants can be converted into a gas consisting mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane which can be used for electric power generation in gas engines, gas turbins and fuel cells. The conversion processes, especially the fuel cell process, are environment-friendly and efficient. For decentralized applications (i.e. for biomass volumes of 0.5 to 1 t/h), an allothermal process is recommended which is described in detail. (orig) [Deutsch] Durch Reaktion mit Wasserdampf lassen sich Bioreststoffe und Energiepflanzen zu einem Gas umsetzen, das im wesentlichen aus Wasserstoff, Kohlenmonoxid und Methan besteht und z.B. ueber Gasmotoren, Gasturbinen, vorzugsweise aber Brennstoffzellen zu Strom umgewandelt werden kann. Die Umwandlungsverfahren, insbesondere unter Benutzung von Brennstoffzellen, sind umweltfreundlich und haben einen hohen Wirkungsgrad. Als Vergasungsverfahren eignet sich fuer die dezentrale Anwendung. - d.h. fuer eine Biomassemenge von 0,5 bis 1 t/h - insbesondere das hier beschriebene allotherme Verfahren. (orig)

Gas generation from biomass for decentralized power supply systems; Gaserzeugung fuer dezentrale Energiesysteme auf der Basis von Biomasse

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kubiak, H.; Papamichalis, A.; Heek, K.H. van [DMT-Inst. fuer Kokserzeugung und Brennstofftechnik, Essen (Germany)

1996-12-31

By a reaction with steam, bioresidues and plants can be converted into a gas consisting mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane which can be used for electric power generation in gas engines, gas turbins and fuel cells. The conversion processes, especially the fuel cell process, are environment-friendly and efficient. For decentralized applications (i.e. for biomass volumes of 0.5 to 1 t/h), an allothermal process is recommended which is described in detail. (orig) [Deutsch] Durch Reaktion mit Wasserdampf lassen sich Bioreststoffe und Energiepflanzen zu einem Gas umsetzen, das im wesentlichen aus Wasserstoff, Kohlenmonoxid und Methan besteht und z.B. ueber Gasmotoren, Gasturbinen, vorzugsweise aber Brennstoffzellen zu Strom umgewandelt werden kann. Die Umwandlungsverfahren, insbesondere unter Benutzung von Brennstoffzellen, sind umweltfreundlich und haben einen hohen Wirkungsgrad. Als Vergasungsverfahren eignet sich fuer die dezentrale Anwendung. - d.h. fuer eine Biomassemenge von 0,5 bis 1 t/h - insbesondere das hier beschriebene allotherme Verfahren. (orig)

Risiko Energiewende Wege aus der Sackgasse

CERN Document Server

Kleinknecht, Konrad

2015-01-01

Der Ausstieg aus der Nutzung der Kernenergie in Deutschland wurde im Sommer 2011 im Eiltempo beschlossen. Jetzt zeigt sich, dass es keinen realistischen Plan für den Umbau der Energieversorgung in der vorgesehenen Frist von zehn Jahren gibt. Für die Umstellung unserer gesamten Stromversorgung und damit unserer Wirtschaft ist der Zeitraum zu kurz. Es fehlt eine belastbare empirische Begründung, die Fragen der Versorgungssicherheit, der Finanzierbarkeit, der Auswirkungen auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und die soziale Gerechtigkeit behandeln müsste. Somit droht diese Wende an ihren Widersprüchen zu scheitern. Konrad Kleinknecht versucht in seinem Buch, die Probleme zu benennen und Antworten zu finden. Für ihn stellen sich die folgenden Fragen: Welche Möglichkeit haben wir, mit Windkraft und Solarenergie einen Teil der Stromversorgung zu ersetzen? Welche Stromquellen bieten gesicherte Leistung? Können wir auf Kohlekraftwerke verzichten? Brauchen wir neue Stromtrassen? Wie lässt sich Strom speichern?...

Cogeneration systems in district heating. Dimensioning and economic efficiency; BHKW in der Nahwaermeversorgung. Dimensionierung und Wirtschaftlichkeit

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stadtmueller, H. [Isar-Amperwerke AG, Muenchen (Germany)

1999-07-01

Even operators of industrial-scale power stations have good reasons to look into combined heat and power generation. CHP systems have a high thermal and electric efficiency, especially in case of optimized integration into the existing power station park of a public utility. Utilities can supply heat as well as electricity and thus improve customer loyalty by full-scale coverage of a locally limited market. The author presents activities for gaining strategic advances in the (niche) market for combined heat and power generation systems. [German] Auch fuer ein EVU, das Grosskraftwerke betreibt, gibt es gute Gruende sich mit BHKW zu beschaeftigen. Diese sind ein hoher energetischer Gesamtnutzungsgrad fuer Strom- und Waermeauskopplung, besonders bei optimierter Integration in den bestehenden Kraftwerkspark des EVU, Erweiterung des Kerngeschaeftes Stromversorgung durch Waermelieferung, dadurch auch verstaerkte Kundenbindung. Systemfuehrerschaft Energie bei moeglichst vollstaendiger Praesenz im lokal begrenzten Markt. Dargestellt werden Aktivitaeten, um den (Nischen-)Markt KWK im Wettbewerb erfolgreich zu besetzen (orig./RHM)

Climate protection in the cantonal electricity supplier law Basel-Stadt; Klimaschutz in dem kantonalen Stromversorgergesetz Basel-Stadt

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Volkwein, Stephan [Renewables-Now AG, Zuerich (Switzerland)

2017-11-15

Global warming is the world's most urgent environmental problem. Solar and wind energy in particular is required to replace fossil fuels for electricity, transport, heating and industry. The dense development of the cities means that there are many roofs and facades for the use of electricity. The actual use of solar energy production depends primarily on local and national legal framework conditions. The aim is to shed light on the extent to which the electricity supplier law of the half-canton of Basel-Stadt promotes climate protection. [German] Die Erderwaermung stellt das global draengendste Umweltproblem dar. Zum Ersatz der fossilen Energie bei Strom, Verkehr, Heizungen und Industrie sind insbesondere Solar- und Windenergie notwendig. Durch die dichte Bebauung der Staedte sind dort viele Dach- und Fassadenflaechen fuer die Stromenergienutzung vorhanden. Die tatsaechliche Nutzung fuer die Solarenergieproduktion haengt vor allem von lokalen und nationalen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen ab. Hier soll beleuchtet werden, inwieweit das Stromversorgerrecht des Halbkantons Basel-Stadt Klimaschutz befoerdert.

Revision of the law governing the energy industry; Neuregelung des Energierechts

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Anon,

1993-11-03

In its report on measures for safeguarding the competitiveness of the German industry, the Federal Government announced a number of reforms covering among others a revision of the regulatory framework governing the electricity and gas industry. Major goals in this context are deregulation and an enhancement of competition. The Federal Ministry of Economics prepared a draft plan for action addressing the need for an amendment of the Energy Management Act and the Act Against Restraints on Competition. Implementation of the measures given in the draft plan would create completely new conditions for the pipeline energy supply industry. (orig./HSCH) [Deutsch] Die Bundesregierung hat in ihrem Bericht zur Zukunftssicherung des Wirtschaftsstandorts Deutschland auch die Reform des Ordnungsrahmens fuer Strom und Gas angekuendigt. Ziel dieser Reform sollen Wettbewerb und Deregulierung sein. Das Bundeswirtschaftsministerium hat dazu auf Fachebene ein Konzept erarbeitet, das ein neues Energiewirtschaftsgesetz sowie eine Aenderung des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschraenkungen umfasst. Das Konzept wuerde die leitungsgebundene Versorgungswirtschaft auf eine voellig neue Grundlage stellen. (orig./HSCH)

Multi utility - a successful conception for energy supply companies?; Multi-Utility - Erfolgskonzept fuer Energieversorger? Zusammenwachsen der Maerkte

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmidt, C. [LBD-Beratungsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin (Germany)

2003-06-02

Multi-utility is seen as the most promising marketing strategy for energy companies. In the future, experts say, only the combined supply of electricity, natural gas, water, waste management and services will allow companies to grow. But are today's multi-utility-products answering the needs of the customers? The author goes further into this question and finds the answer: Multi-utility needs to be further developed. Only products from growth and competition markets can generate additional margins. (orig.) [German] Multi-Utility gilt als die Marketingstrategie fuer Energieversorger. Nur wer zukuenftig Strom, Gas, Wasser, Entsorgung und Service aus einer Hand anbietet, heisst es in der Branche, kann im Markt wachsen. Doch inwieweit entspricht das heutige Multi-Utility-Angebot wirklich dem Kundenbeduerfnis? Die Verfasserin geht dieser Frage nach und kommt zu dem Schluss: Die Multi-Utility-Palette muss weiterentwickelt werden. Nur mit Produkten aus Wachstums- und Wettbewerbsmaerkten kann zusaetzliche Marge generiert werden. (orig.)

Renewable energies in Germany. Data on the development in 2016; Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland. Daten zur Entwicklung im Jahr 2016

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2017-03-15

The Working Group on Renewable Energy Statistics (AGEE-Stat), which regularly evaluates the use of renewable energies on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy, has made an initial assessment of the development of renewable energies in Germany on the basis of available, mostly provisional data of 2016. The present background paper describes the previous findings for the areas of electricity, heat and transport, supplemented by figures on economic significance as well as on emission reductions through renewable energies. [German] Die Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat), die im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums fuer Wirtschaft und Energie regelmaessig die Nutzung der erneuerbaren Energien bilanziert, hat auf der Grundlage verfuegbarer, zumeist vorlaeufiger Daten eine erste Abschaetzung zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland im Jahr 2016 erstellt. Das vorliegende Hintergrundpapier beschreibt die bisherigen Erkenntnisse fuer die Bereiche Strom, Waerme und Verkehr, ergaenzt um Zahlen zur wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung sowie zur Emissionsvermeidung durch erneuerbare Energien.

Modulare und durchgängige Produktmodelle als Erfolgsfaktor zur Bedienung einer Omni-Channel-Architektur - PLM 4.0

Science.gov (United States)

Golovatchev, Julius; Felsmann, Marcus

Mit der Transformation der Wertschöpfungsstrukturen von Utility 1.0 zu Utility 4.0 erfolgt offensichtlich auch eine Veränderung des Produkts. Vor dem Hintergrund disruptiver Technologien (IoT, Big Data, Cloud, Robotics etc.) und auch gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen entstehen ständig neue Geschäftsmodelle und Produkte, die über die reine Versorgungsdienstleistung (z. B. Strom) hinausgehen. Dabei muss der wertvolle Rohstoff Produktdaten für smarte Produkte durchgängiger und schneller nutzbar gemacht werden. Die modularen und durchgängigen Produktstrukturen leisten einen Beitrag zur Beherrschung von Komplexität und stellen somit einen wesentlichen Hebel für erfolgreiche Produktentwicklung und -management dar. In diesem Beitrag werden Ansätze beschrieben, wie es den vor der Herausforderung Utility 4.0 stehenden Unternehmen gelingen kann, Smart-Energy-Produkte so zu modellieren, dass sie die Interoperabilität der einzelnen Produktionsmodule sicherstellt und ein Ende-zu-Ende-Management ermöglicht.

CHP expansion strategy in North Rhine-Westphalia. A blueprint for other regions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Holzapfel, Dominik; Schneider, Sabine

2015-01-01

The North Rhine-Westphalian state government intends to increase the share of combined heat and power (CHP) generation to at least 25 % by 2020. Since 2013, the campaign ''CHP.NRW - Power Meets Heat'' (''KWK.NRW - Strom trifft Waerme'') of the EnergyAgency.NRW, is has been running on behalf of the NRW Climate Protection Ministry, to publicise this technology and to promote its expansion. The campaign accompanies the State Government's CHP Stimulus Programme. The EnergyAgency.NRW has organised companies and research institutions, associations and interest groups under the umbrella of ''CHP.NRW - Power Meets Heat'', aiming at co-ordinated and intensified activities in the field of combined heat and power generation. The target of the initial-project ''roadmap/CHP.NRW'' of the ''Virtual Institute / CHP.NRW'' is to develop a guideline for the application and optimisation of CHP-systems.

CHP expansion strategy in North Rhine-Westphalia. A blueprint for other regions; KWK-Ausbaustrategie in NRW. Eine Blaupause fuer andere Regionen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Holzapfel, Dominik [EnergieAgentur.NRW, Duesseldorf (Germany); Schneider, Sabine [EnergieAgentur.NRW, Wuppertal (Germany)

2015-10-01

The North Rhine-Westphalian state government intends to increase the share of combined heat and power (CHP) generation to at least 25 % by 2020. Since 2013, the campaign ''CHP.NRW - Power Meets Heat'' (''KWK.NRW - Strom trifft Waerme'') of the EnergyAgency.NRW, is has been running on behalf of the NRW Climate Protection Ministry, to publicise this technology and to promote its expansion. The campaign accompanies the State Government's CHP Stimulus Programme. The EnergyAgency.NRW has organised companies and research institutions, associations and interest groups under the umbrella of ''CHP.NRW - Power Meets Heat'', aiming at co-ordinated and intensified activities in the field of combined heat and power generation. The target of the initial-project ''roadmap/CHP.NRW'' of the ''Virtual Institute / CHP.NRW'' is to develop a guideline for the application and optimisation of CHP-systems.

Natural gas as a fuel - the marketing campaign of E.ON Avacon; Erdgas als Kraftstoff - die Vermarktungskampagne bei E.ON Avacon

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Volland, A. [Neugebauer und Partner WA GmbH, Burgdorf (Germany)

2005-09-01

The restaurant on the peak of the Brocken mountain in the Harz mountain range has a natural gas fuelling station supplied by E.ON Avacon, whose supply network is excellent and was introduced by a big marketing campaign. (orig.)

ENIAK. Development of a non-motor injector coking test facility for alternative fuels; ENIAK. Entwicklung eines nichtmotorischen Injektorverkokungspruefstands fuer alternative Kraftstoffe

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hoffmann, Hajo; Schloss, Heide vom; Yang, Zhi; Grote, Melanie [OWI Oel-Waerme-Institut GmbH, Aachen (Germany). Gruppe Anwendungstechnik

2013-10-01

Poor Biodiesel quality, contamination with copper and zinc as well as undesired reactions between (several) additives and biodiesel components are known causes for nozzle fouling. Therefore, among other things, all additives have to pass a no-harm test. The standard fouling tests are two engine tests: the XUD9-test (CEC F-23-01) and the DW-10-test (CEC DF 98-08). The XUD9 is a cost efficient, fast and proven testing method. It uses, however, an obsolete indirect injection diesel engine. The newer DW10 test is complex, costly and designed for high stress. This reduces the engine life and leads to a fuel consumption of approximately 1,000 l per test, both contributing to the high costs of the test. The main goal of the project ENIAK is the development, assembly, commissioning, and evaluation of a non-engine fuel injector test. It uses four complete common rail systems. The injection takes place in four self-designed reactors instead of an engine, and the fuel is not combusted, but re-condensed and pumped in a circle. If the test method proves to be as reliable as expected, it can be used as an alternative test method for injector fouling with low requirements regarding infrastructure on the testing site and sample volume. The project is funded by the the federal ministry of consumer protection, food and agriculture via FNR (''Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe'', Agency for Renewable Resources). (orig.)

Nowcasting wind power for grid operation at RWE Transportnetz from Strom GmbH (RWE TSO)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ernst, B.; Vanzetta, J.

2008-01-01

This paper presented new methods of balancing power supply and demand for electricity systems that have a large share of wind power. Wind power forecasting plays a key role in integrating a large share of wind power into an electricity system, as it links the weather dependent production with the scheduled production of conventional power plants and the forecast of the electricity demand. Wind power forecasts are essential for grid operation. Since most European electricity markets focus on the day ahead market, wind balancing is also done the day ahead. A current trend is that the intra day markets are increasing in popularity and becoming more liquid. Therefore, nowcasting will play a vital role in improving wind power related economics because shorter timeframes are much easier and better to predict. Nowcasting uses actual measurements of weather and also considers power data. Many wind power prediction tools for day ahead forecasts are available. Most models have 3 common steps, notably numerical weather prediction, wind-to-power model and regional up-scaling. A comparison between recent measurements with the output of numerical weather models showed that nowcasting provides a forecast that outperforms a pure numerical weather forecast. The first results were very promising. All 3 nowcasting solutions were found to have their own unique advantages and limitations. Ongoing research will continue to improve wind power prediction. 2 refs., 3 figs

Electromobility. More than just substituting electricity for motor fuels; Elektromobilitaet. Mehr als Strom statt Benzin

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hebling, Christopher [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Solare Energiesysteme (ISE), Freiburg (Germany). Abt. Energietechnik

2010-09-15

By 2020, one million electric-powered vehicles are to run on German roads. The reasons are simple: Oil reserves are limited, and there seems to be no way to stop the impending global climate change. Electromobility is not just a substitution of electric power for gasoline; there is much more to it than a replacement for the gasoline engine to which consumers are accustomed. (orig.)

Safety Evaluation for the Impact of Strom Surges on Nuclear Facilities considering the Climate Change

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hyun, Seung Gyu; Jin, So Beom

2012-01-01

Twenty one units of Nuclear Power Plants(hereinafter NPPs) are operating and five units are under construction in Korea. In particular, Kori unit 1 has been operating for over 30 years. All of the interior NPPs are located in coastal areas and use the sea water for the cooling system. Therefore, the change of sea level seem to affect the safety of NPPs in case of a flood(Hyun et al., 2009). The IPCC 4 th Report(2007) showed that the climate change induced by the high CO 2 effluent scenario results in rise of the sea level (+ 26 to 59 cm), increase in wind strength and more increase of typhoon intensity in the period between 2090 and 2099 and the rate of global mean sea level rise was up to 1.8 ± 0.5 mm/yr from 1961 to 2003. Kang et al.(2005) reported that the rise rate of sea level was 5.4 ± 0.3 mm/yr at the entire East Sea and was 6.6 ± 0.4 mm/yr for the southern part of East Sea from 1992 to 2002. These results are approximately four times greater than the results of the IPCC 4 th Report. The IAEA recommends that some safety margin related with climate change should be taken into consideration in the design basis flood for constructing new NPPs considering the entire plant lifetime and for periodic safety reviewing of operating NPPs referring to the interval between two consecutive reviews(2003). This paper, therefore, summarized the current regulatory activities related with the safety assessment of the impact of storm surge on the NPPs with climate change

Safety Evaluation for the Impact of Strom Surges on Nuclear Facilities considering the Climate Change

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hyun, Seung Gyu; Jin, So Beom [Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)

2012-05-15

Twenty one units of Nuclear Power Plants(hereinafter NPPs) are operating and five units are under construction in Korea. In particular, Kori unit 1 has been operating for over 30 years. All of the interior NPPs are located in coastal areas and use the sea water for the cooling system. Therefore, the change of sea level seem to affect the safety of NPPs in case of a flood(Hyun et al., 2009). The IPCC 4{sup th} Report(2007) showed that the climate change induced by the high CO{sub 2} effluent scenario results in rise of the sea level (+ 26 to 59 cm), increase in wind strength and more increase of typhoon intensity in the period between 2090 and 2099 and the rate of global mean sea level rise was up to 1.8 {+-} 0.5 mm/yr from 1961 to 2003. Kang et al.(2005) reported that the rise rate of sea level was 5.4 {+-} 0.3 mm/yr at the entire East Sea and was 6.6 {+-} 0.4 mm/yr for the southern part of East Sea from 1992 to 2002. These results are approximately four times greater than the results of the IPCC 4{sup th} Report. The IAEA recommends that some safety margin related with climate change should be taken into consideration in the design basis flood for constructing new NPPs considering the entire plant lifetime and for periodic safety reviewing of operating NPPs referring to the interval between two consecutive reviews(2003). This paper, therefore, summarized the current regulatory activities related with the safety assessment of the impact of storm surge on the NPPs with climate change

Power quality challenges in future distribution networks; Aspekte der Strom- und Spannungsqualitaet in kuenftigen Verteilungsnetzen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Klatt, Matthias; Meyer, Jan; Schegner, Peter [TU Dresden (Germany)

2011-07-01

Power quality in distribution grids is determined by consumer topology, generation topology, network topology and environmental influences (i.e. weather). New developments like decentralized power generation or e-mobility lead to significant changes in the grids as well as the equipment connected thereto. This paper discusses possible impacts of new technologies on power quality and is intended to attract attention of stakeholders to these issues. (orig.)

Power will travel on two roads. The virtual and the physical path of power in an open market; Der Strom nimmt kuenftig zwei Wege. Der virtuelle und der physische Weg des Stroms im offenen Markt

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Flechner, B.A. [ABB Network Partner AG, Turgi (Switzerland). Abt. Business Management Systeme

1998-10-30

Competition on the electricity market puts high pressure on costs and creates an avalanche of innovation which energy providers and system suppliers have to cope with. Systems for wholesaling and retailing of electrical energy and reservation of electrical grids must fulfill high demands not only in terms of technical innovations but also commercially. ABB now offers solutions and systems, which give its users the decisive edge in the market. New products and solutions for known technical problems can create noticeable savings. This creates a number of new business tasks which must be coped with as well and whose solutions will directly influence the success or failure of every energy provider.(orig). [Deutsch] Der Wettbewerb im Strommarkt bringt einen hohen Kostendruck mit sich und fuehrt zu einem enormen Innovationsschub, den Energieversorger und Systemlieferanten gleichermassen zu leisten und zu bewaeltigen haben. Neben Innvationen bei der Technik werden vor allem im kommerziellen Bereich sehr hohe Anforderungen an Systeme zum Grosshandel und Weiterverkauf von elektrischer Energie sowie zur Reservierung der elektrischen Netze gestellt. ABB bietet schon heute Loesungen und Systeme, die im freien Strommarkt den entscheidenden Wettbewerbsvorteil bringen koennen. Neue Produkte und Loesungen fuer bekannte technische Probleme koennen zu deutlichen Einsparungen fuehren. Darueber hinaus entstehen eine Unzahl neuer Aufgaben im kommerziellen Bereich, die ebenfalls zu meistern sind und deren Loesung sich unmittelbar auf Erfolg oder Misserfolg jedes Energieversorgers auswirkt. (orig.)

A laser-based study of kerosine evaporation and -mixing for lean prevaporized combustion at elevated pressure; Lasermesstechnische Untersuchung der Kerosinverdampfung und -mischung fuer die magere Vormischverbrennung unter erhoehtem Druck

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brandt, M.

1999-05-01

The evaporation and mixing of a kerosine spray in the turbulent airstream of a prevaporizer is investigated at conditions prevailing in the combustion chamber of gas turbines. An experiment is described that allows to study an evaporating fuel spray downstream a prefilming airblast atomizer with Phase-Doppler anemometry, laser-induced fluorescence and an infrared light absorption technique. At an air pressure of 9 bars, an air temperature of 750 K, a mean air velocity of 120 m/s and a fuel flow rate of 1 g/s the kerosine spray evaporates completely without autoignition. At this operating condition the parameters air pressure, air temperature and air turbulence are varied. The influence of these parametric variations on the dropsize distribution, the evaporation rate and the concentration profiles of liquid and evaporated fuel is presented and discussed. (orig.) [German] Die Verdampfung und Vermischung eines Kerosinsprays in der turbulenten Luftstroemung eines Vorverdampfers wird unter Bedingungen untersucht, die in Brennkammern fuer Gasturbinen vorherrschen. Ein Experiment wird vorgestellt, welches es erlaubt, ein verdampfendes Kraftstoffspray stromab eines ebenen Luftstromzerstaeubers mit Filmleger mittels der Phasen-Doppler-Anemometrie, Laser-induzierter Fluoreszenz und einer Infrarotabsorptionsmesstechnik zu untersuchen. Bei einem Luftdruck von 9 bar, einer Vorwaermetemperatur der Luft von 750 K, einer mittleren Luftgeschwindigkeit von 120 m/s und einem Kraftstoffmassenstrom von 1 g/s verdampft das Kerosinspray vollstaendig, ohne die Selbstzuendungszeit zu erreichen. Bei dieser Betriebsbedingung werden die Parameter Luftdruck, Lufttemperatur und Turbulenzgrad variiert. Der Einfluss dieser Parameter auf das Tropfengroessenspektrum, den Verdampfungsgrad und die Konzentrationsprofile des fluessigen sowie des verdampften Kraftstoffs wird dargestellt und diskutiert. (orig.)

Application of laser-optical diagnostics for the support of direct-injection gasoline combustion process development; Einsatz laseroptischer Messverfahren zur Unterstuetzung der Entwicklung von Brennverfahren mit Benzin-Direkteinspritzung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hentschel, W.; Meyer, H.; Stiebels, B. [Volkswagenwerk AG, Wolfsburg (Germany). Abt. Forschung und Entwicklung

2000-07-01

The development of direct-injection gasoline engines at Volkswagen was supported strictly from the beginning by the means of optical diagnostics and CFD-simulations. Basic phenomena, such as the formation of the in-cylinder flow field, the penetration of the spray formed by a hollow-cone swirl-type injector at high fuel pressure, the interaction of spray and flow and the formation of an ignitable mixture were analysed in details. The paper describes the laser-optical techniques-particle-image-velocimetry, laser-Doppler-anemometry, videostroboscopy, high-speed cinematography and laser-induced fluorescence - which were used during the development of the DI gasoline combustion process. Examples taken from engines with optical access to the combustion chamber demonstrate the capability of the techniques and pinpoint where the design of the combustion process benefits from experimental and simulation investigations. (orig.) [German] Die Entwicklung von Ottomotoren mit Benzin-Direkteinspritzung wurde bei Volkswagen von Beginn an konsequent durch den Einsatz optischer Messverfahren und CFD-Simulationen unterstuetzt. Damit konnten grundlegende Phaenomene, wie die Ausbildung des Stroemungsfeldes im Motorbrennraum, die Ausbreitung des durch einen Hohlkegel-Drallinjektor unter hohem Druck eingespritzten Kraftstoffs sowie die Wechselwirkung der Luftstroemung im Zylinder mit den Einspritzstrahlen und die Bildung einer zuendfaehigen Ladungswolke detailliert untersucht werden. Das Paper beschreibt die laseroptischen Messverfahren - Particle-Image-Velocimetry, Laser-Doppler-Anemometry, Video-Stroboskopie, Hochgeschwindikgkeits-Kinematographie und Laserinduzierte Fluoreszenz - die bei der Brennverfahrensentwicklung eingesetzt werden und zeigt anhand einer Reihe von konkreten Beispielen, wo Antworten auf Grundsatzfragen zur Auslegung des Brennverfahrens durch Messergebnisse an optisch zugaenglichen Motoren und durch CFD-Simulationen erarbeitet werden koennen. (orig.)

What contribution can the gas infrastructure make to the energy transition?; Welchen Beitrag kann die Gasinfrastruktur fuer die Energiewende leisten?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bothe, David; Janssen, Matthias; Poel, Sander van der [Frontier Economics, Koeln (Germany); and others

2017-11-15

In the long term, the sector coupling will convert other areas of consumption such as heat and transport to purely renewable energy sources. A model-based analysis of system costs across all stages of the value chain shows that the existing gas infrastructure in particular can make an important contribution to achieving a comprehensive energy turnaround at low cost. Preserving the gas networks in connection with the use of green gas as a further end energy carrier in addition to electricity leads to significantly lower overall costs than a comprehensive electrification of all end applications. This can also help overcome acceptance problems. [German] Mit der Sektorkopplung werden langfristig weitere Verbrauchsbereiche wie Waerme und Verkehr auf rein erneuerbare Energiequellen umgestellt. Eine modellgestuetzte Analyse der Systemkosten ueber alle Wertschoepfungsstufen hinweg zeigt, dass insbesondere die vorhandene Gasinfrastruktur einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten kann, eine umfassende Energiewende kostenguenstig zu erreichen. Ein Erhalt der Gasnetze in Verbindung mit der Nutzung von Gruenem Gas als weiterem Endenergietraeger neben Strom fuehrt zu deutlich niedrigeren Gesamtkosten als eine umfassende Elektrifizierung aller Endanwendungen. Zudem kann dies helfen, Akzeptanzprobleme zu ueberwinden.

The future of bioenergy; Die Zukunft der Bioenergie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2015-07-01

This volume contains the following five contributions: 1. The impact of the governmental biogas production on agricultural rents in Germany. An econometric study (Hendrik Garvert); 2. Biogas as price drivers on the land and rental market? An Empirical Analysis (Uwe Latacz-Lohmann); 3. Analysis of comparative advantage of bioenergy in electricity and heat production. Greenhouse gas abatement and mitigation costs in Brandenburg (Lukas Scholz); 4. Flexibility potential of biogas and biomethane CHP in the investment portfolio (Matthias Edel); 5. Legal possibilities and limitations of a reform of the system for the promotion of bioenergy (Jose Martinez). [German] Dieser Band enthaelt folgende fuenf Themenbeitraege: 1. Die Auswirkungen der staatlichen Biogasfoerderung auf landwirtschaftliche Pachtpreise in Deutschland. Eine oekonometrische Untersuchung (Hendrik Garvert); 2. Biogas als Preistreiber am Bodenmarkt und Pachtmarkt? Eine empirische Analyse (Uwe Latacz-Lohmann); 3. Analyse komparativer Kostenvorteile von Bioenergielinien in der Strom- und Waermeproduktion Treibhausgasvermeidung und Vermeidungskosten in Brandenburg (Lukas Scholz); 4. Flexibilisierungspotenzial von Biogas- und Biomethan-BHKWs im Anlagenbestand (Matthias Edel); 5. Rechtliche Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Reform des Systems zur Foerderung der Bioenergie (Jose Martinez).

Baden-Wuerttemberg. Energy report `94; Baden-Wuerttemberg. Energie-Bericht `94

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1995-11-01

The energy report reviews the energy policy of the Land Baden-Wuerttemberg in the light of the national and international situation in the year under report. Tables and diagrams present data and information on the worldwide energy consumption, the energy consumption in the European Union and in the Federal Republic of Germany as well as on the energy supplies of the Land Baden-Wuerttemberg; Energy consumption; primary energy consumption; end-use energy consumption; rational use of energy; mineral oil; coal; electricity; natural gas; district heating; renewable energy sources; energy supply structures; the energy balance of Baden-Wuerttemberg for the past year; and more. (orig./HS) [Deutsch] Der Energiebericht gibt einen Ueberblick ueber die Energiepolitik Baden-Wuerttembergs im nationalen und internationalen Rahmen fuer das Berichtsjahr. Tabellen und Graphiken informieren ueber die wichtigsten Daten zum Energieverbrauch weltweit, in der Europaeischen Union und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sowie zur Energieversorgung des Landes Baden-Wuerttemberg: Energieverbrauch; Primaerenergieverbrauch; Endenergieverbrauch; rationelle Nutzung von Energie; Mineraloel; Kohle; Strom; Erdgas; Fernwaerme; erneuerbare Energien; Versorgungsstrukturen; energiebedingte Emissionen; Energiebilanz Baden-Wuerttemberg fuer das Vorjahr; und mehr. (orig./HS)

Climate protection in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. A selection of innovative plants

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Behling, Hans

2008-01-01

The publication covers the following contributions: Competence centre RegioStrom Ivenack - sustainable solutions using renewable energy; The envelope power greenhouse - centre for technology transfer and product development at the solar centre Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Wietow; cooling of crystalline solar cells by geothermal energy; regional economic cycles - sustainable development in the region Mueritz - biomass farm GbR Varchentin; wind power driven seawater desalination - WME pilot plant in Ruegen; heat recovery from bathroom exhaust air in high-rise buildings; world largest biomass power plant NAWARO in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; hydrogen hybrid car - alternative traffic concepts for touristic centres - a development of ibz Hohen Luckow; the ''Klanghaus am See'' in Klein Jasedow - studio appropriate building appliances based on renewable energy; public utility Neutrelitz - biomass co-generation power plant; energy production from waste materials with innovative ESS (fluidized bed technology) - fluidized bed combustion of landfill gas; thermal usage of ground water for the heating and cooling base load supply of the MedClin Mueritz-Klinikum Waren; the ratiodomo Energy monitoring - energy saving by plant efficiency; ''heat from the forest'' for the Diakonisches Zentrum Serrahn

Operators of distribution networks in the competitive markets of electricity and gas; Aufgaben des Netzbetreibers im liberalisierten Energiemarkt. IT-System fuer die Umsetzung der Pflichten des Netzbetreibers

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ohmen, S. [Stadtwerke Aachen AG (Germany)

2001-02-26

Stawag (Stadtwerke Aachen AG) is the operator of distribution networks for electricity, gas, water and district heating. In charge of this function Stawag is responsible for the complete handling of the third party access in the competitive markets of electricity and gas. In Germany the development of the background conditions for the third party access have been uncertain. In consequence the IT-market offers up to now no software solution comprehensing all the required functions. Stawag therefore decided to realize and work with an interim solution: Individual IT-systems interconnected by a modern Data-Warehouse platform for data exchange. (orig.) [German] Die Stadtwerke Aachen AG (Stawag) ist ein staedtisches Querverbundunternehmen und hat in der Funktion des Netzbetreibers im liberalisierten Energiemarkt die Aufgabe, die Vereilungsnetze fuer Strom und Gas diskriminierungsfrei allen Marktpartnern zur Verfuegung zu stellen. Bei der Einfuehrung der fuer die Abwicklung dieser Aufgabe erforderlichen IT-Systeme ging die Stawag einen Mittelweg zwischen Kauf und Implementierung einer Komplettloesung und weitgehend manueller Abwicklung mit MS-Office-Produkten. Mit Erfolg - wie die Erfahrungen der letzten Monate zeigen - vorerst auf der Stromseite. (orig.)

Baden-Wuerttemberg. Energy report 97; Baden-Wuerttemberg. Energie-Bericht 97

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1998-03-01

The energy report reviews the energy policy of the Land Baden-Wuerttemberg in the light of the national and international situation in the year under report. Tables and diagrams present data and information on the worldwide energy consumption, the energy consumption in the European Union and in the Federal Republic of Germany as well as on the energy supplies of the Land Baden-Wuerttemberg: energy consumption; primary energy consumption; end-use energy consumption; rational use of energy; mineral oil; coal; electricity; natural gas; district heating; renewable energy sources; energy supply structures; the energy balance of Baden-Wuerttemberg for the past year; and more. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Energiebericht gibt einen Ueberblick ueber die Energiepolitik Baden-Wuerttembergs im nationalen und internationalen Rahmen fuer das Berichtsjahr. Tabellen und Graphiken informieren ueber die wichtigsten Daten zum Energieverbrauch weltweit, in der Europaeischen Union und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sowie zur Energieversorgung des Landes Baden-Wuerttemberg: Energieverbrauch; Primaerenergieverbrauch; Endenergieverbrauch; rationelle Nutzung von Energie; Mineraloel; Kohle; Strom; Erdgas; Fernwaerme; Erneuerbare Energien; Versorgungsstrukturen; Energiebedingte Emissionen; Energiebilanz Baden-Wuerttemberg fuer das Vorjahr; und mehr. (orig.)

Green gas as motor of the energy transition. Renaissance for feeding biomethane into the gas network?; Gruengas als Motor der Energiewende. Renaissance fuer die Einspeisung von Biomethan ins Gasnetz?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bahke, Ralph

2017-04-15

The energy transition is stagnating and needs urgently new impulses. This could be obtained by regenerative gases. Years of experience and studies have shown that biomethane and other regenerative gases, as well as the power-to-gas technology in cooperation with a sector coupling which is a connection of the infrastructures of natural gas, electric power, heat and mobility, could be the missing link, and therefore the new driver of the energy transition. As only 24/7 available renewable energy source with expandable capacities, green gas thereby plays a key role. [German] Die Energiewende ist ins Stocken geraten und braucht dringend neue Impulse. Diese koennte sie durch regenerative Gase bekommen. Jahrelange Erfahrungen und Studien belegen, dass Biomethan und andere Regenerativgase sowie die Power-to-Gas-Technologie im Zusammenwirken mit einer Sektorkopplung, in der die Infrastrukturen von Gas, Strom, Waerme und Mobilitaet verbunden werden, das fehlende Glied und damit der neue Treiber der Energiewende sein koennten. Als einzige 24/7 verfuegbare erneuerbare Energiequelle mit ausbaufaehigen Kapazitaeten kommt Gruengas dabei eine Schluesselrolle zu.

Efficiency and annual power production of photovoltaic modules; Wirkungsgrad und jaehrliche Strom-Produktion von Photovoltaik-Modulen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wilhelm Durisch, W. [Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland); Mayor, J.-C. [previously PSI, Ackerstrasse, Nussbaumen (Switzerland); Lam, K. H. [The University of Hong Kong, Dept. of Architecture, Hong Kong (Hong Kong)

2007-06-15

This illustrated final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) reports on an outdoor test facility that was erected at the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI in Villigen, Switzerland. It consists of a sun-tracker and a PC-based measurement system. The sun-tracker is used to orient test modules continuously towards the sun. The measurement system is designed for the automatic acquisition of current / voltage characteristics of photovoltaic modules, from which their efficiency is determined. The paper describes tests performed under constant irradiation and various module temperatures, thus allowing the temperature coefficient of the efficiency to be determined. Figures on the efficiencies of three commercially-available panels are presented for different irradiance levels. The results are presented in graphical form and commented on.

Zvyšování efektivity inzerce na Facebooku pomocí rozhodovacích stromů

OpenAIRE

Randus, Jan

2015-01-01

This bachelor thesis aims to increase the efficiency of Facebook marketing campaigns, having used advanced statistical methods. For this purpose, I gathered data from Facebook marketing campaign of a fashion online store. In the theoretical part, the thesis addresses methods which were used for data analysis (decision trees) and also covers sampling methods which were used for model adjustments. In addition, the thesis describes the field of online performance marketing. The practical part is...

The role of bioenergy in the electricity and heating market; Die Rolle der Bioenergie im Strom-/Waermemarkt

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Baur, Frank [IZES gGmbH, Saarbruecken (Germany); Hauser, Eva; Wem, Bernhard

2014-07-01

Bioenergy, especially from biomass crops, is today increasingly viewed with criticism on grounds ranging from economic and ecological to sociopolitical, especially when potential competing uses are taken into account. On the other hand, due to characteristics that distinguish it from other renewable energy resources, bioenergy can already today make a significant contribution to the ongoing transformation of the energy supply system. This can occur through existing as well as through new production plants. The present article provides an overview of possible approaches to this end and goes on to assess the future role of bioenergy in the electricity and heating market on this basis.

Mercury: Photomosaic of the Shakespeare Quadrangle of Mercury (Southern Half) H-3

Science.gov (United States)

1974-01-01

This computer generated photomosaic from Mariner 10 is of the southern half of Mercury's Shakespeare Quadrangle, named for the ancient Shakespeare crater located on the upper edge to the left of center. This portion of the quadrangle covers the geographic region from 20 to 45 degrees north latitude and from 90 to 180 degrees longitude. The photomosaic was produced using computer techniques and software developed in the Image Processing Laboratory of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The pictures have been high-pass filtered and contrast enhanced to accentuate surface detail, and geometrically transformed into a Lambert conformal projection.Well defined bright streaks or ray systems radiating away from craters constitute another distinctive feature of the Mercurian surface, remarkably similar to the Moon. The rays cut across and are superimposed on all other surface features, indicating that the source craters are the youngest topographic features on the surface of Mercury.The above material was taken from the following publication... Davies, M. E., S. E. Dwornik, D. E. Gault, and R. G. Strom, Atlas of Mercury,NASA SP-423 (1978).The Mariner 10 mission was managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Office of Space Science.

Heat recovery from the compressed air of activation tanks at Herdorf sewage plant. Final report; Waermerueckgewinnung aus der Druckluft von Belebungsanlagen am Beispiel der Verbandsklaeranlage Herdorf. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Witte, H.; Strunkheide, J.; Eckhardt, R.

2001-01-01

Heat is removed from the compressed air of the activation tanks via a separate air cooler installed in the compressed-air line leading to the activation tank. The heat recovered will heat up the sludge in the digestion tank or will be fed into the heating system of the plant. The following goals are defined: Savings of heating oil; Saving of digestion gas as completely as possible; Power generation from the saved gas in a cogeneration unit; Power supply to the public grid. [German] Zielsetzung des Pilotprojektes ist die Nutzung der Druckluftwaerme von Belebungsanlagen als eine Moeglichkeit der Energieeinsparung auf Klaeranlagen. Die Nutzung der Verlustwaerme soll durch Abgriff der Waerme ueber einen separaten Luftkuehler erfolgen, der direkt in der Druckluftleitung zum Belebungsbecken installiert ist. Die auf diese Weise zurueckgewonnene Waerme soll zur Rohschlammaufheizung im Faulungsprozess dienen bzw. in das Betriebsheizungssystem eingespeist werden. Somit koennen folgende Ziele der Waermerueckgewinnungsanlage ins Auge gefasst werden: - Einsparung von Heizoel zu Heizzwecken in den Betriebsanlagen der Klaeranlage - Moeglichst komplette Einsparung von Faulgas im Heizkessel daraus folgend: - Mehrverstromung der im Heizkessel weniger verbrauchten Gasmengen im Blockheizkraftwerk (BHKW) mit dem Ergebnis: - Wirtschaftlicher Ertrag durch Einspeisung dieser Mehrmengen an Strom in das oeffentliche Versorgungsnetz. (orig.)

EnWG 4.0. Promoting overdue adjustments; EnWG 4.0. Ueberfaellige Anpassungen voranbringen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Busch, Robert; Koehler, Anne [Bundesverband Neue Energiewirtschaft e.V. (bne), Berlin (Germany)

2016-01-15

In addition to the the White Paper of the Federal Ministry of Economics and in the draft bill of an electricity market law proposed - Largely uncontroversial - ''Anyway measures'' there is further need for adjustment of the Energy Industry Act (En WG). This is largely known for years. So far done is little. It is about more transparency in the grid regulation, removing obstacles to competition in the electricity and gas market and the coupling of the sectors. The Federal Association of New Energy e. V. (bne) has compiled proposals on how the En WG can meet the requirements of the new energy word. [German] Neben den im Weissbuch des Bundeswirtschaftsministeriums und im Referentenentwurf fuer ein Strommarktgesetz vorgeschlagenen - weitgehend unstrittigen - ''Sowieso-Massnahmen'' gibt es weiteren Anpassungsbedarf im Energiewirtschaftsgesetz (En WG). Dieser ist groesstenteils seit Jahren bekannt. Geschehen ist bislang nur wenig. Dabei geht es etwa um mehr Transparenz bei der Netzregulierung, die Beseitigung von Wettbewerbshindernissen auf dem Strom- und Gasmarkt sowie die Kopplung der Sektoren. Der Bundesverband Neue Energiewirtschaft e. V. (bne) hat Vorschlaege erarbeitet, wie das En WG den Anforderungen der neuen Energiewelt gerecht werden kann.

Bundling for creating cross-selling potentials of energy supply companies; Cross-Selling-Potenziale bei Energieversorgungsunternehmen durch Bundling

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zinnbauer, M. [Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen (Germany)

2001-07-01

As most of the electric utilities in Germany have decided by now to adopt the multi-utility strategy for sales promotion in the open electricity market, a questionnaire has been distributed to 1 000 households in order to find out whether product bundling or cross selling in combination with the low-interest product 'electricity' is a good strategy to enlarge the customer basis. EFOplan (Munic University) and the consulting firm Accenture have been in charge of the survey. The results show the current status of insight of household customers and their motives to change supplier, as well as the pattern of demand for product bundling. (orig./CB) [German] Da mittlerweile die meisten EVUs eine Multi-Utility-Strategie anstreben, wurde mittels einer schriftlichen Befragung von 1 000 deutschen Haushalten untersucht, ob die Vermarktung von Zusatz- bzw. Buendelprodukten in Kombination mit dem Low-Interest-Produkt Strom erfolgsversprechend ist. Die Befragung, die von EFOplan (Universitaet Muenchen) in Kooperation mit der Unternehmensberatung Accenture durchgefuehrt wurde, zeigt einerseits den aktuellen Status von Informationsstand und Wechselmotiven beim Stromkauf und andererseits die Bedarfsstruktur im Hinblick auf moegliche Buendelprodukte. (orig.)

Technical and marketing aspects of power use in industry and trade; Technik- und Marketingaspekte bei der industriellen und gewerblichen Stromanwendung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mann, E.W.; Duenkelberg, R.

1997-02-01

Using electric power permits energetic optimization of production processes in industry and trade. Because of the trend towards qualitatively high-grade products, the energy form electric power plays a key role. Increased power demand on the part of industrial customers coincides with increased competition in the energy supply sector at the national and international levels. Within short, therefore, these industrial customers may prompt a change in preferences at the supplier side. Utilities will adopt suitable marketing concepts in order to gain profile with their customers as service providers. Operating close to customers will essentially influence customer satisfaction and, thereby, customer loyalty. (orig./RHM) [Deutsch] Durch die Stromanwendung koennen Produktionsprozesse in Industrie und Gewerbe energetisch optimiert werden. Bei dem Trend zu qualitativ hochwertigen Produkten nimmt die Energieform Strom eine Schluesselstellung ein. Die erhoehte Stromnachfrage der Industriekunden trifft auf zunehmenden Wettbewerb bei der Energieversorgung auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene, wodurch in Kuerze Industriekunden andere Praeferenzen bei den Energielieferanten setzen koennen. Durch geeignete Marketingkonzepte werden sich die Energieversorgungsunternehmen (EVU) als Energiedienstleister ihrer Kunden profilieren. Die Naehe zum Kunden wird wesentlich die Kundenzufriedenheit und damit letztlich auch die Kundenloyalitaet beeinflussen. (orig./RHM)

New power packs; Neue Kraftpakete

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lennartz, Marc Wilhelm

2013-11-15

In this article reports about CHP's that work with wood as an energy source. Thus, for example the Austrian company Button Energy has developed a micro-CHP unit that produces electricity by steam. In this Bison PowerBlock works a pellet boiler with control, producing wood gas and mixed with secondary air. The company Oekofen with their Pellematic Smart-E is using a modified pellet stove with integrated buffer storage plus Stirling engine, which is responsible for the generation of electricity. The Lower Bavarian company Spanner Re GmbH produces CHP operated by wood chips. [German] In diesem Artikel wird ueber Blockheizkraftwerke (BHKW) berichtet, die mit Holz als Energiequelle arbeiten. So hat z.B. die oesterreichische Firma Button Energy hat ein Mikro-BHKW entwickelt, das Strom mittels Wasserdampf produziert. In diesem Bison Powerblock arbeitet ein Pelletkessel mit Regelung, der Holzgas erzeugt und dieses mit Sekundaerluft mischt. Die Firma Oekofen setzt bei ihrem Pellematic Smart-E auf einen modifizierten Pelletofen mit integriertem Pufferspeicher plus Stirlingmotor, der fuer die Stromerzeugung verantwortlich ist. Das niederbayrische Unternehmen Spanner Re GmbH produziert BHKW, die mit Hackschnitzeln betrieben werden.

The use potential of aquifer thermal energy storage systems in Canada; Das Anwendungspotential fuer Aquiferwaermespeichersysteme in Kanada

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cruickshanks, F. [Environment Canada, Dartmouth, ON (Canada); Morofski, E. [Government Services Canada, Ottawa, ON (Canada). Technology RD and D

1994-12-31

This paper offers a brief overview of the historical and technical aspects of aquifer thermal energy storage and its use potential in commercial buildings in Canada. Aquifer thermal energy storage systems are now attractive both for new commercial buildings in Canada and for some already existing ones. This holds true especially of the Atlantic region, where fuel costs are rising and electric power rates vary according to the time of day. The simple pay-back period for ATES systems is between zero and five years. The economic aspects of the use of ATES systems in buildings are pointed out. (orig./BWI) [Deutsch] Dieser Beitrag gibt eine kurze Uebersicht der historischen und technischen Aspekte der Waermespeicherung in Aquiferen und deren Verwendungspotential in kommerziellen Gebaeuden in Kanada. Aquiferwaermespeicherungssysteme sind nunmehr attraktiv sowohl fuer neue als auch fuer manche bereits bestehenden kommerziellen Gebaeude in Kanada. Dies gilt insbesondere fuer die atlantische Region wegen der dort steigenden Kosten fuer Brennstoffe und tageszeitabhaengigen fuer elektrischen Strom. Die einfache Amortisationszeit fuer ATES-Systeme liegt zwischen null und fuenf Jahren. Die wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkte des Einsatzes von ATES-Systemen in kommerziellen Gebaeuden werden angefuehrt. (orig./BWI)

Power to gas to relieve the electricity distribution networks. Continuation of the study ''Benefit of smart grid concepts taking into account the PtG technology''; Power-to-Gas zur Entlastung der Stromverteilungsnetze. Fortsetzung der Studie ''Nutzen von Smart-Grid-Konzepten unter Beruecksichtigung der PtG-Technologie''

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Huettenrauch, Jens; Zoellner, Sylvana; Mueller-Syring, Gert [DBI Gastechnologisches Institut gGmbH, Freiberg (Germany); and others

2015-07-01

One of the main challenges in the energy transition is to integrate the increasing based on volatile renewable energy generated power in market and network. Based on actual distribution networks in Emsland in the study presented below was investigated, what contribution an intelligent coupling of electricity and gas distribution networks by means of power to gas (PtG) systems can do to solve this challenge. The investigations have shown, among other things, that the network expansion costs in particular can be significantly reduced by the coupling when otherwise an oversizing would be done by discrete power grid expansion measures. [German] Eine der wesentlichen Herausforderung bei der Energiewende besteht darin, die zunehmend auf volatilen erneuerbaren Energien basierende Stromerzeugung in Markt und Netz zu integrieren. Anhand realer Verteilungsnetze im Emsland wurde in der im Folgenden vorgestellten Studie untersucht, welchen Beitrag eine intelligente Kopplung von Strom- und Gasverteilungsnetzen mittels Power-to-Gas (PtG)-Anlagen zur Loesung dieser Herausforderung leisten kann. Die Untersuchungen haben unter anderem gezeigt, dass durch die Kopplung die Netzausbaukosten insbesondere dann signifikant reduziert werden koennen, wenn andernfalls eine Ueberdimensionierung durch diskrete Stromnetzausbaumassnahmen erfolgen wuerde.

Deposit formation in DI gasoline engines; Ablagerungsbildung im Benzin-Direkteinspritzmotor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Piock, W.; Leithgoeb, R.; Kropf, R.; Maierhofer, B. [AVL List GmbH, Graz (Austria)

2003-07-01

Changes in fuel composition were found to influence deposit formation. There was an excellent correlation between deposit formation in the combustion chamber and the changes in the flow characteristics of the injection system. With alkylate fuels, deposit formation could be reduced by a factor of 2 to 3. With additions of 18 percent ethanol, deposit formation increased, and injector flow was decreased. Further, the deposit formation pattern changed from the combustion chamber roof to the piston bottom, which is a result of the changed wetting pattern caused by the chemical and physical properties of the fuel. The higher deposit formation is a combination of several mechanisms (flow, diffusion, evaporation, interaction between combustion and the liquid film, etc.) and cannot be described by a simple model. (orig.) [German] Erwartungsgemaess konnte durch die Aenderung der Kraftstoffgrundzusammensetzung (Referenz- oder Alkylatkraftstoff) ein wesentlicher Einfluss auf die Ablagerungsbildung erreicht werden. Die Korrelation zwischen den Brennraumablagerungen und der Veraenderung der Durchflusseigenschaften des Einspritzsystem sind sehr gut. Das Ausmass der Verringerung der Ablagerungsbildung beim Uebergang auf Alkylatkraftstoff war jedoch signifikant, da eine Absenkung um einen Faktor 2 bis 3 beobachtet wurde. Die Zugabe von 10% Ethanol zu den Basiskraftstoffen (Dauerlauf 5 und 6) zeigte eine Zunahme der Ablagerungsmasse im Brennraum, welche mit der Durchflussverminderung der Injektoren korreliert. Zusaetzlich wurde auch eine Veraenderung der Verteilung der Ablagerungsmasse vom Brennraumdach zum Kolbenboden beobachtet, welche durch die veraenderte Benetzungssituation im Zusammenwirken mit den geaenderten chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften des Kraftstoffes bewirkt wird. Die resultierende Erhoehung der Ablagerungsbildung ist das Ergebnis des Zusammenspiels von mehreren Effekten (Stroemung, Diffusion, Verdampfung, Wechlselwirkung der Verbrennung mit dem

Dynamics of very small soot particles during soot burnout in diesel engines; Dynamik kleinster Russteilchen waehrend der Russausbrandphase im Dieselmotor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bockhorn, H. [Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany). Inst. fuer Chemische Technik; Peters, N. [RWTH Aachen (DE). Institut fuer Technische Mechanik (ITM); Pittermann, R. [WTZ fuer Motoren- und Maschinenforschung Rosslau gGmbH (Germany); Hentschel, J.; Weber, J.

2003-07-01

The investigations used advanced laser-optical methods for measuring soot particle size distributions, temporally and spectrally resolved measurements of engine combustion, measurements of composition and size distribution of particles in exhaust, and further development and validation of reaction-kinetic models. In all, it can be stated that mixing will affect not only soot particle formation but also soot particle emissions. Mixing can be influenced by using a fuel-water emulsion and by CR injection. Experiments and models both showed the advantageous effects of water added to the diesel fuels and of CR injection. The higher OH radical concentrations in the later combustion stages also serve to ensure faster oxidation of soot. (orig.) [German] Ziel des Projektes war es, Informationen ueber die Bildung und Oxidation von Russ sowie die Teilchendynamik der Russteilchen waehrend der Ausbrandphase zu erhalten. Dies wurde erreicht durch die Weiterentwicklung laseroptischer Methoden zur Bestimmung der Groessenverteilung von Russpartikeln, durch zeit- und spektral aufgeloeste Erfassung der motorischen Verbrennung, durch die Bestimmung von Zusammensetzung und Groessenverteilung von Partikeln im Abgas sowie durch die Weiterentwicklung und Validierung von reaktionskinetischen Modellen. Zusammenfassend laesst sich sagen, dass sich die Gemischbildung im Dieselmotor nicht nur auf die Bildung der Russpartikel sondern auch auf die Russpartikelemission auswirkt. Die Verwendung einer Kraftstoff-Wasser-Emulsion und die Common-Rail-Einspritzung stellen zwei Verfahren zur Beeinflussung der Gemischbildung dar. Sowohl die experimentellen Untersuchungen als auch die Modellierung zeigen den die Gemischbildung foerdernden Einfluss des Zusatzes von Wasser zum Dieselbrennstoff. Ein erhoehter Anteil an vorgemischter Verbrennung, wie er auch durch die Verwendung hoher Einspritzdruecke bei der Common-Rail-Einspritzung erreicht werden kann, verringert die waehrend der Verbrennung entstehende

Heating load of buildings. Room heat from decentralized renewable electricity; Heizlast von Gebaeuden. Raumwaerme aus dezentral erneuerbarem Strom

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hartmann, Frank

2013-10-15

If one would like to get the heating load of a building by using peripheral generated electrical energy from photovoltaics or small wind power, one must deal with both the specific building, as well as the heating load, the heating temperature limit and the differentiation of specific heating period for the building. Here, a ground source heat pump with an intelligent energy storage system seems to be the first choice. [German] Moechte man mit dezentral erzeugter elektrischer Energie aus Photovoltaik oder Kleinst-Windkraft die Heizlast eines Gebaeudes besorgen, muss man sich sowohl mit dem spezifischen Gebaeude, als auch mit der Heizlast, der Heizgrenztemperatur und der Differenzierung der spezifischen Heizperiode fuer das Gebaeude auseinandersetzen. Dabei scheint eine erdgekoppelte Waermepumpe mit einem intelligenten Speichersystem die erste Wahl.

Direct marketing of electricity from biogas plants; Direktvermarktung von Strom aus Biogasanlagen. Chancen und Risiken aus rechtlicher Sicht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Falke, Iris; Schlichting, Julia [Schnutenhaus und Kollegen, Rechtsanwaelte, Berlin (Germany)

2013-10-01

The German Renewable Energy Sources Act of January, 1{sup st} 2012 contains new possibilities of direct selling electricity to the market, to promote and to improve market integration of electricity generated from renewable energies. The core is the introduction of a market premium for electricity which has actually been fed into the grid system and purchased by a third party. In addition to his market revenues, the installation operator receives the market premium. The market premium replaces the guaranteed EEG feed-in tariff. The market premium should cover the difference between the proceeds from direct selling and the EEG feed-in tariff. In addition, installation operators receive a management premium to compensate their transaction costs. As a supplement to the market premium model the EEG 2012 introduces a flexibility premium to create an economic incentive for providing additional capacities and encourage a demand-oriented electricity production. Further possibilities of direct marketing are the ''green electricity privilege'' and the non-subsided direct marketing. This article provides an over-view of the different forms of direct-marketing that are included in EEG 2012 with a focus on the market premium and the flexibility premium. These two instruments are of high importance to operators of installations generating electricity from biogas. A further emphasis is put on risks and chances in contract negotiation in the context of direct marketing. (orig.)

Audit helps power saving during generation of compressed air; Audit hilft Strom sparen bei der Erzeugung von Druckluft

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Scherff, R. [Atlas Copco Kompressoren und Drucklufttechnik GmbH, Essen (Germany)

2008-02-25

Speed regulated compressors lower energy cost even in case of increasing air demand. When changing on oil-free working compressors further cost advantages are achievable e.g. no oil-contaminated products. (GL)

Construction and characterization of a new high current ion source for research of impact of hydrogen irradiation on wall materials for use in nuclear fusion reactors

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Arredondo Parra, Rodrigo; Neu, Rudolf [Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching (Germany); Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Garching (Germany); Oberkofler, Martin; Schmid, Klaus; Weghorn, Arno [Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching (Germany)

2016-07-01

The HSQ (HochStromQuelle) is a high current DuoPIGatron type ion source used for research in surface properties of wall materials for nuclear fusion reactors. The existing HSQ-I will be replaced by the conceptually identical HSQ-II, currently under construction. Varying the acceleration potential and optimizing gas inflow and beam focusing grid voltage, ion currents before the deflecting magnet between 10 and 875 μA were reached for acceleration voltages of 0.7 to 8 kV. The ion beam footprint will be characterized, and ion optics will be installed before and after the deflecting magnet, capable of bending 10 keV Ar. A monoenergetic beam of a single species (e.g. D{sub 3}{sup +}) will finally be used for irradiation of samples in the separate implantation chamber at a base pressure of 10{sup -8} mbar. The energy of the impinging particles ranges from 200 eV/D to several keV/D. Fluxes of 10{sup 15} D/cm{sup 2}/s to the target are expected. The temperature of the sample is varied via electron impact heating and the sample weight can be assessed in situ by means of a magnetic suspension balance.

Climate. The earth and its atmosphere in the changing times. 3. upd. ed.; Klima. Die Erde und ihre Atmosphaere im Wandel der Zeit

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buchal, Christoph [Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH (Germany). Peter-Gruenberg-Institut PGI-9; Schoenwiese, Christian-Dietrich [Frankfurt Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Atmosphaere und Umwelt

2016-08-01

The Climate Change Challenge. Throughout the world, great efforts are being made to better understanding the development of the global climate and to model future trends. What characterizes the weather what the climate? How did the climate history of the Earth? What factors are affecting the climate? In the third, updated edition 2016 of the widespread attractive and scientifically-based four-volume nonfiction series ENERGY, AIR, POWER and MOBILITY which clearly explained basic knowledge of the climate system is expanded to include the latest information about the IPCC and keep up-to-date insight into modern research, especially the REKLIM project of the Helmholtz Association of German research Centres. [German] Herausforderung Klimawandel. Ueberall auf der Welt werden grosse Anstrengungen unternommen, um die Entwicklung des Weltklimas genauer zu verstehen und zukuenftige Trends zu modellieren. Was kennzeichnet das Wetter, was das Klima? Wie verlief die Klimageschichte der Erde? Welche Faktoren beeinflussen das Klima? In der dritten, aktualisierten Auflage 2016 der weit verbreiteten attraktiven und wissenschaftlich fundierten vierbaendigen Sachbuchreihe ENERGIE, KLIMA, STROM und MOBILITAeT wird das verstaendlich erlaeuterte Basiswissen zum Klimageschehen erweitert um die neusten Daten des IPCC sowie um up-to-date Einblicke in die moderne Forschung, insbesondere auch das REKLIM-Projekt der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft deutscher Forschungszentren.

Log-Based Recovery in Asynchronous Distributed Systems. Ph.D. Thesis

Science.gov (United States)

Kane, Kenneth Paul

1989-01-01

A log-based mechanism is described for restoring consistent states to replicated data objects after failures. Preserving a causal form of consistency based on the notion of virtual time is focused upon in this report. Causal consistency has been shown to apply to a variety of applications, including distributed simulation, task decomposition, and mail delivery systems. Several mechanisms have been proposed for implementing causally consistent recovery, most notably those of Strom and Yemini, and Johnson and Zwaenepoel. The mechanism proposed here differs from these in two major respects. First, a roll-forward style of recovery is implemented. A functioning process is never required to roll-back its state in order to achieve consistency with a recovering process. Second, the mechanism does not require any explicit information about the causal dependencies between updates. Instead, all necessary dependency information is inferred from the orders in which updates are logged by the object servers. This basic recovery technique appears to be applicable to forms of consistency other than causal consistency. In particular, it is shown how the recovery technique can be modified to support an atomic form of consistency (grouping consistency). By combining grouping consistency with casual consistency, it may even be possible to implement serializable consistency within this mechanism.

Ganzheitliche Digitalisierungsansätze im Stadtwerk: Von der Strategie bis zur Umsetzung

Science.gov (United States)

Dudenhausen, Roman; Hahn, Heike

Digitalisierung muss im Stadtwerk dazu führen, Kundenerwartungen, die heutzutage schon vielfach durch digitales Know-how und Erfahrungen geprägt sind, in einzigartiger Weise zu entsprechen - in Form digitaler Kundenkontaktpunkte, automatisierter Prozesse oder plattformbasierter Geschäftsmodelle. Eine große Rolle spielen dabei unternehmensweit nutzbare Informationen, die eine 360-Grad-Sicht auf den Kunden ermöglichen. Nur in dieser Kombination werden sich nachhaltig Wettbewerbsvorteile generieren lassen. Manch ein Kunde wird die Lust, einen Prozess zu Ende zu gehen, schon vor dem Abschluss verlieren, wenn er nicht unmittelbar und ohne die digitale Welt zu verlassen zum Ziel kommt. Eine nur "halb digitale Kundenerfahrung" wird weder zu Neugeschäft noch zur positiven emotionalen Bindung zwischen Kunden und Stadtwerk führen. Nicht zu unterschätzen sind zudem Erwartungen hinsichtlich zukünftiger Geschäftsmodelle, aus denen sich disruptive Bedrohungen für die herkömmlichen Strom- und Gasangebote ergeben werden. Erste innovative Ansätze finden sich bereits im Markt, die erahnen lassen, dass zurzeit viel diskutierte Technologien wie die Blockchain nicht mehr nur hypothetischer Natur sind. Die Auseinandersetzung mit der Digitalisierung erfolgt dabei sinnvollerweise in einem unternehmensweit abgestimmten Rahmen, der eine zielgerichtete und ganzheitliche Vorgehensweise ermöglicht.

``Fifty-fifty`` - an unexpectedly successful start. Implementation of Agenda 21 results in energy savings in school buildings; ``Fifty-fifty`` - ein erfreulich erfolgreicher Start. Energieeinsparung durch praktizierte Agenda 21 in Schulen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schafhausen, F. [Bundesministerium fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Bonn (Germany)

1998-10-01

The idea of the `Fifty-Fifty` pilot project was conceived at the environmental department of the Hamburg municipal authority; its implementation took place in close cooperation with the department for schools, the young, and vocational training (`BSJB`). It started in October 94 and was finalized in June 97. After its successful completion, `Fifty-Fifty` meanwhile has the status of a permanent project.- For decades it has been known that public buildings consume added energy (power and heat) as well as water not only because technical devices are lacking or obsolete but also because of negligence and carelessness. `Fifty-Fifty` endeavours to bring about a change. (orig.) [Deutsch] Geschichte des `Fifty-fifty`-Modells: Die Idee wurde von der Hamburger Umweltbehoerde entwickelt und in enger Zusammenarbeit mit der Behoerde fuer Schule, Jugend und Berufsbildung (BSJB) umgesetzt. Der Modellversuch wurde im Oktober 1994 gestartet und im Juni 1997 abgeschlossen. Nach der erfolgreichen Beendigung des Modellversuchs hat `Fifty-fifty` mittlerweile den Status eines Dauerprojekts. Seit Jahrzehnten ist bekannt, dass in oeffentlich genutzten Gebaeuden nicht nur aufgrund fehlender oder veralteter technischer Ausstattung, sondern insbesondere auch wegen eines unsachgemaessen oder gedankenlosen Verhaltens mehr Energie (Strom und Waerme) und mehr Wasser verbraucht werden. `Fifty-fifty` tut etwas dagegen. (orig.)

Gas supplies from EC member states to customers in the Federal Republic of Germany; Gaslieferungen aus EG-Mitgliedstaaten an Abnehmer in der Bundesrepublik

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lukes, R. [Forschungsstelle Recht und Technik, Muenchen (Germany)

2000-12-01

After implementation of the EU Internal Gas Market Directive in Germany, marketers from EU member states are increasingly interested in entering the German natural gas market. In addition to the legal and competition aspects arising analogous to the internal market in electrity, as e.g. third party access to pipelines, management of physical transactions and use-of-pipeline pricing, natural gas trading of suppliers from EU member states in the German market has to be reviewed also from the angle of section 3 of the EnWG (German act for reform of the energy industry law), in which provisions are set forth governing and defining the case of energy supply to third parties, marketers being obliged to apply for a licence. The legal requirements and the various aspects to be considered are explained in detail. (Orig./CB) [German] Nach Ablauf der Umsetzungsfrist der Gas-Binnenmarktrichtlinie interessieren sich nunmehr auch GVU aus anderen Mitgliedstaaten fuer Gaslieferungen an Abnehmer in der Bundesrepublik. Allerdings tritt neben den beim Strom schon haeufig eroerterten Problemen von Netzzugang, Leitungskapazitaet, Nutzungsentgelt usw. die Frage auf, ob Gasversorgungsunternehmen (GVU) aus anderen Mitgliedstaaten bei Gaslieferungen an Abnehmer in der Bundesrepublik eine Energieversorgung anderer aufnehmen und deshalb der behoerdlichen Genehmigung nach Paragraph 3 EnWG beduerfen. Die Rechtslage wird analysiert. (orig./CB)

Better utilisation of district heating systems. Sub-project: Optimization of heat distribution - the Berlin pilot project. Final report; Bessere Ausnutzung von Fernwaermeanlagen. Teilvorhaben: Optimierung der Waeermeverteilung - Pilotprojekt Berlin. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Szepansky, T.; Ziemann, O.

2001-09-01

The Berlin pilot project comprises three aspects. (1) 'Generator simulation': Modelling of power generation systems in BoFiT was validated by means of existing calculation programs (Bewag) and measurements (HEW, HKW Hafen). (2) 'Optimization of pump use'. (3) 'Centralization of pressure maintenance'. The two latter aspects serve for optimized hydraulic control and supply assurance for validating network simulation in offline and online operation, including network data acquisition. [German] In KWK-Anlagen wird wirtschaftlich Strom und Waerme erzeugt. Der Aufwand fuer den Waermetransport ist vergleichsweise hoch. Automatisch geregelte und gesteuerte Umwaelzpumpen mit grossen Umwaelzwassermassenstroemen und Druckhoehen bieten ein hohes Optimierungspotential fuer die hydraulische Betriebsfuehrung von Fernwaermeversorgungsunternehmen. Der Einsatz von modular aufgebauten EDV-Systemen zur Betriebsoptimierung ist Gegenstand von staendig weiterfuehrenden Untersuchungen. Das Pilotprojekt Berlin 'Optimierung der Waermeverteilung' gliedert sich in drei Arbeitspunkte. Beim Arbeitspunkt 'Erzeugersimulation' wurde ausgehend von existierenden Kreislauf-Rechenprogrammen (Bewag) und Betriebsmessungen (HEW, HKW Hafen) die Modellbildung von Erzeugungsanlagen im Programmsystem BoFiT ueberprueft. Die Arbeitspunkte 'Pumpen-Einsatzoptimierung' und 'Zentralisierung der Druckhaltung' dienten der Optimierung der hydraulischen Betriebsfuehrung unter Einhaltung der Versorgungssicherheit zur Ueberpruefung der Netzsimulation sowohl im Offline- als auch im Online-Betrieb gekoppelt mit der Netzdatenerfassung. (orig.)

Power, heat and cooling by intelligent prefabricated components from concretes; Strom, Waerme und Kuehlung mit intelligenten Fertigteilen aus Beton

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Riffel, Siegfried [HeidelbergCement AG, Talheim (Germany). Entwicklung und Anwendung

2006-10-15

Starting of present ecological and economical requirements to buildings renewable energy sources like photovoltaics and solar power will play an important role in future as also change construction engineering and architecture of city design till into detail. The existing contribution presents an innovative result for a massive roof- and wall system from prefabricated concrete components with integrated solar collectors and PV modules. (GL)

The 'electric power' experience: Between nostalgia and the future. Erlebnis 'Strom' zwischen Nostalgie und Zukunft

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Moergeli, H.P. (Moergeli und Partner, Muri bei Bern (Switzerland))

1994-03-04

The ''Muehleberg'' is a concept which is mostly used in connection with the nuclear power station. But there is more to the ''Muehleberg'' than at first sight. A hydroelectric station, a waste dump gas plant and the brandnew works management centre of the Bernische Kraftwerke AG (BKW) constitute the framework for a host of other attractions in the field of electric power; among others, examples of technological culture in the BKW museum, which are worth seeing. (orig.)

Gas, power and heat generation from biomass by allothermal gasification; Gas-, Strom- und Waermeerzeugung aus Biomasse durch allotherme Vergasung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yaqub Chughtai, M [H und C Engineering GmbH, Gummersbach (Germany); Muehlen, H J [DMT-Gesellschaft fuer Forschung und Pruefung mbH, Essen (Germany)

1998-09-01

The allothermal DMT gasification process for biomass is a newcomer. The process, its initial materials, the uses of the product gas, and advantages of the allothermal process are described here. (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Der Einsatz des allothermen DMT-Vergasungsverfahrens fuer Biomasse ist neu. Verfahren, Einsatzstoffe und Produktgasnutzung, sowie Vorteile des allothermen Verfahrens werden hier beschrieben. (orig./SR)

Fuel from waste solvents; Thermal disposal of spent, non-halogenated solvents in cogeneration plants. Kraftstoff aus Loesemittelabfaellen; Thermische Verwertung von verbrauchten, nicht halogenierten Loesemitteln in Blockheizkraftwerken

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sperling, E

1993-10-01

Organic solvents are used in many sectors. When their specific properties are exhausted, they must be disposed of. One way to dispose of solvents would be to use them as a fuel. Such fuel can be used in cogeneration plants, which deliver power and heat with a high degree of efficiency. (orig./BBR)

Vieweg manual of motor car engineering. 3. tot. new rev. and enl. ed.; Vieweg Handbuch Kraftfahrzeugtechnik

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Braess, H.H.; Seiffert, U. (eds.)

2003-07-01

aufgenommen wurden Abschnitte zu Normung (z.B. Telematik und Schnittstellenfragen), Unfallforschung, Innenausstattung, Software, kundendienstgerechte Konstruktion, Instandhaltung und Diagnose sowie zu Wettbewerbs/Rennfahrzeugen. Aus dem Inhalt: Anforderungen an Automobile - Innovative Technologien - Aerodynamik - Klimatisierung - Akustik - Design - Package - Brennstoffzelle - Elektrofahrzeug - Gasturbine - Ottomotor - Dieselmotor - Aufladesysteme - Getriebe und Kupplung - Allrad - Bremsen und Regelsysteme - Zweitakter - Karosseriebauweisen - Materialien - Oberflaechenschutz - Fahrzeuginnenraum - Fahrzeugsicherheit - Bremsen - Reifen - Fahrwerkauslegung - Kraftstoffe - Elektrik/Elektronik - Software - Fahrerassistenzsysteme - Beleuchtung - Sensorik - Bordnetz - EMV - Werkstoffe - Simultaneous Engineering - Simulationstechnik - Versuchstechnik - Automobil und Verkehr der Zukunft - Gesetzgebung und Normen - Unfallforschung - Diagnose und Instandhaltung - Rennsportwagen (orig.)

Innovations for vehicle weight savings; Innovationen zur Gewichtseinsparung bei Kraftfahrzeugen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Phillips, W.C. [Budd Technical Center, Auburn Hills, MI (United States)

1999-04-01

The American auto market provides an example of the conflict between government legislation calling for fuel economy and lower emissions, which can be achieved among other things by reducing vehicle weight, and other legislative initiatives on the safety front as well as the growing demands of consumers for comfort, which add weight to the vehicle. Automakers are responding by making increasing use of lightweight materials and weight-optimized vehicle concepts. Backed by years of experience with a variety of materials, The Budd Company - an American subsidiary of the Thyssen-Krupp Group - is in an excellent position to offer customized lightweight systems solutions. From conventional steel to high-strength steels, aluminum castings, sheet and extrusions through to high-quality plastics such as SMC and SRIM, lightweight solutions for auto bodies and chassis are developed and offered to the automotive industry. The lightweighting potential of these various materials is being further exploited through the use of advanced manufacturing processes, such as the hydroforming of steel and aluminum, tailored blanks made of steel, and bonding techniques for aluminum. (orig.) [German] Das Beispiel des amerikanischen Automobilmarktes zeigt die entgegengesetzten Forderungen des Gesetzgebers zur Kraftstoff- und Emissionsreduzierung, was u.a. durch eine Verringerung des Fahrzeuggewichtes zu erreichen ist, und Gesetzesinitiativen im Bereich der Fahrzeugsicherheit sowie wachsende Komfort-Ansprueche der Kunden, die zur Gewichtserhoehung fuehren, auf. Die Fahrzeughersteller reagieren hierauf mit zunehmendem Einsatz leichter Werkstoffe und gewichtsoptimierter Leichtbau-Konzepte. Im Verbund des ThyssenKrupp Konzerns ist das amerikanische Tochterunternehmen The Budd Company aufgrund ihrer jahrelangen Erfahrungen mit einer Vielzahl von Werkstoffen in der herausragenden Position, individuelle und den jeweiligen Anforderungen entsprechende Leichtbau-Systemloesungen anbieten zu koennen. Vom

Federal Cartel Office interferes with the issuing of concessions for electricity and gas supply; Bundeskartellamt greift Strom- und Gaskonzessionsvergaben an

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jasper, Ute; Biemann, Jens [Heuking Kuehn Lueer Wojtek, Duesseldorf (Germany)

2012-03-08

Direct awarding of electricity or gas concessions to utility-owned companies or communal subsidiaries without competition is not permissible, according to current rulings of the BKartA. The BKartA assumes misuse of the market-dominating position of a community if it violates the specifications of Sect. 46 EnWG for the issuing of concessions. The trend towards recommunalisation is stopped at least in those cases where both an electricity concession and a gas concession are to be transferred simultaneously to a new community-owned utility.

Energy: Solar electricity gaining second wind. - The sun as a power plant. Energie: Sonnen-Strom im Aufwind. - Das Kraftwerk Sonne

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Frisch, F; Kippenhahn, R

1990-03-01

The blue cells that convert sunlight directly into electricity are becoming more and more efficient: the dream of cheap solar energy may soon become true. The competitors are more expensive than is often thought, for in the case of the conventional energies the costs of 'side effects' are often forgotten - for example, damage to the environment by power plants and cars. The radiation of the 'Sun Power Plant', on the other hand, creates no fumes and is inexhaustible. (orig.).

Multi-criteria assessment of technologies for electricity and heat supply; Multikriterielle Bewertung von Technologien zur Bereitstellung von Strom und Waerme

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oberschmidt, Julia

2010-08-26

The present thesis deals with how decisions concerning the future energy supply can be effectively, transparently and comprehensibly supported, against the backdrop of sometimes conflicting objectives. The relevance of the question is first of all explained in the context of important framework conditions for decisions in the energy sector. Subsequently, the most significant technology paths which already contribute to today''s energy supply or represent potential future options are shown. However, none of these options alone can meet the demands for a cost-effective, environmentally friendly and reliable energy supply. Rather, their strengths and weaknesses should be carefully weighed against each other in the light of the specific framework conditions. This gives rise to the need for a multi-criteria decision-making support tool, in order to be able to evaluate energy technologies while simultaneously comparing and considering several objectives. An in-depth analysis of known applications of multi-attribute methods in the energy sector shows that methods for multi-attribute decision aiding are already established in the energy industry and energy policy. Weaknesses of known applications lie primarily in the fact that in many cases technological change has not yet been adequately addressed. Therefore, in the present thesis a multi-criteria method is developed which allows established and innovative technologies to be systematically compared, together with the consideration of criteria weighting depending on different technology cycle phases. The proposed method is implemented in a decision support system (DSS), which is validated using two case studies. In the first case study, alternative energy supply concepts for a bio-energy village are compared. In the second case study, technologies for stationary electricity storage are compared. The results show that criteria weightings depending on varying technology cyclephases produce different results than from an analysis based on identical weightings for each alternative. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that the DSS offers a solid basis to compare energy technologies in different development stages based on multiple objectives and thus to support decision-making processes in the energy sector and in energy policy. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the developed analytical framework as well as starting points for further research are discussed. (orig.)

Energy policy under power. Alternatives of power generation in the acceptance test; Energiepolitik unter Strom. Alternativen der Stromerzeugung im Akzeptanztest

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Scheer, Dirk [Univ. Stuttgart (Germany). Zentrum fuer interdisziplinaere Risiko- und Innovationsforschung (ZIRIUS); Forschungsinstitut Dialogik, Stuttgart (Germany); Konrad, Wilfried [Forschungsinstitut Dialogik, Stuttgart (Germany); Renn, Ortwin [Univ. Stuttgart (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Umwelt- und Techniksoziologie; Forschungsinstitut Dialogik, Stuttgart (Germany); Univ. Stuttgart (Germany). Zentrum fuer interdisziplinaere Risiko- und Innovationsforschung (ZIRIUS); Scheel, Oliver [Univ. Stuttgart (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Umwelt- und Techniksoziologie; Univ. Stuttgart (Germany). Zentrum fuer interdisziplinaere Risiko- und Innovationsforschung (ZIRIUS)

2014-07-01

As illustrated, both the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the evaluations of the examined seven electricity mixes the image of a rejection of nuclear and coal power with or without carbon capture (CCS) with simultaneous support for a renewable energy focus in the center of the transformation of the German systems on the electricity. Energy-political strategies that the electricity produced from renewable sources less space than concede the nuclear power and/or the coal found only in very rare and exceptional cases decidedly on consent. Conversely: if the way in which renewable energy production convincingly by high levels of the electricity mix of ecological power plants are expressed, reduced amounts of nuclear and coal power are accepted as a transitional phenomenon. The finding that actually can get unpopular technologies from the focus of criticism by an appropriate context design, also applies to the CCS technology. This makes it possible to identify some evidence that in the context of nuclear energy-free RE-mixes modern coal-fired power plants with CCS are not be refused per se. However, it should also be noted that CCS will be rejected as a supposedly extra evil often still more vehement than the ''familiar'' nuclear power. [German] Wie dargestellt wird weist sowohl die quantitative als auch die qualitative Analyse der Bewertungen der untersuchten sieben Strommixe das Bild einer Ablehnung von Atom- und Kohlekraft mit oder ohne Carbon Capture (CCS) bei gleichzeitiger Unterstuetzung fuer eine die Erneuerbaren Energien in den Mittelpunkt stellenden Transformation des deutschen Systems der Stromerzeugung auf. Energiepolitische Strategien, die der Elektrizitaetsgewinnung aus regenerativen Quellen weniger Raum einraeumen als der Atomkraft und/oder der Kohleverstromung treffen nur in sehr seltenen Ausnahmefaellen dezidiert auf Zustimmung. Umgekehrt gilt: Wird der Weg in die regenerative Energieproduktion ueberzeugend durch hohe Anteile von Oekokraftwerken am Strommix zum Ausdruck gebracht, werden reduzierte Mengen an Atom- und Kohlestrom als Uebergangsphaenomen akzeptiert. Der Befund, dass durch eine geeignete Kontextgestaltung eigentlich unbeliebte Technologien aus dem Fokus der Kritik geraten koennen, gilt auch fuer die CCS-Technologie. So lassen sich einige Hinweise identifizieren, dass im Rahmen eines kernenergiefreien EE-Mixes moderne Kohlekraftwerke mit CCS nicht per se zurueckgewiesen werden. Allerdings ist ebenfalls festzuhalten, dass CCS als vermeintlich zusaetzliches Uebel oftmals noch vehementer als die ''vertraute'' Atomkraft abgelehnt wird.

The solar chimney. Power from solar radiation on an industrial scale; Das Aufwindkraftwerk. Strom aus der Sonne im grosstechnischen Massstab

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schlaich, J. [Schlaich und Partner, Beratende Ingenieure im Bauwesen, Stuttgart (Germany)

1998-04-01

The author looks at the relationships between population growth, standard of living, gross social product and energy. Development needs energy. Energy consumption grows in proportion to gross social product or prosperity, while population growth goes down exponentially. If distribution-related armed conflicts and fundamentalism are to be avoided, developing countries must be provided with energy enabling their peoples to live in dignity. Even though the required amount of energy is much smaller than the energy demand of industrialized countries, it means that world energy consumption will soar to several times what it is now. Where should this energy come from without causing the environment to collapse (because developing countries lack funds for environmental protection) and without threats to safety from nuclear power stations (because of inadequate knowledge of safety standards)? Poor countries have abundant solar radiation and large desert areas; so it is obvious to use technologically mature, large solar power plants, especially solar chimneys. They are described by means of some detailed drawings and graphs. A solar chimney corresponds in principle to a hydro-electric power station but uses hot air instead of water. Heat stored during the daytime is released during the nighttime to a 200 MW vertical-axis turbine, permitting non-stop 24-hour operation. (AKV) [Deutsch] Im Beitrag beleuchtet der Verfasser die Zusammenhaenge zwischen Bevoelkerungszuwachs, Lebensstandard, Bruttosozialprodukt und Energie. Entwicklung braucht Energie. Proportional zum Bruttosozialprodukt oder Wohlstand waechst der Energieverbrauch, waehrend der Bevoelkerungszuwachs exponentiell sinkt. Um Verteilungskriege und Fundamentalismus zu verhindern, muss den Entwicklungslaendern Energie bereitgestellt werden, so dass ein menschenwuerdiges Leben ermoeglicht wird. Obwohl diese Menge wesentlich niedriger als die den Industrielaendern bereitgestellte Energie anzusetzen ist, wuerde damit der Weltenergieverbrauch um ein Mehrfaches nach oben schnellen. Wo soll diese Energiemenge herkommen, ohne Umweltkollaps (fehlende Gelder bei den Entwicklungslaendern fuer Umweltschutz) und ohne Gefahr fuer die Sicherheit (mangels Kenntnissen der Sicherheitsstrukturen beim Einsatz von Kernkraftwerken)? Da die armen Laender mit hoher Sonneneinstrahlung und grossen Wuestengebieten bedacht sind, bietet sich die Verwendung von ausgereiften solartechnischen Grosskraftwerken in erster Linie von Auftriebskraftwerken an. Diese werden an Hand von einigen Detailzeichnungen und Grafiken beschrieben. Ein Auftriebskraftwerk entspricht prinzipiell einem Wasserkraftwerk, arbeitet aber mit warmer Luft statt Wasser. Durch Waermespeicherung tagsueber und Abgabe in der Nacht an eine 200 MW Vertikalachsenturbine, wird ein kontinuierlicher 24-Stunden-Betrieb garantiert. (AKF)

Multi-criteria assessment of technologies for electricity and heat supply; Multikriterielle Bewertung von Technologien zur Bereitstellung von Strom und Waerme

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oberschmidt, Julia

2010-08-26

The present thesis deals with how decisions concerning the future energy supply can be effectively, transparently and comprehensibly supported, against the backdrop of sometimes conflicting objectives. The relevance of the question is first of all explained in the context of important framework conditions for decisions in the energy sector. Subsequently, the most significant technology paths which already contribute to today''s energy supply or represent potential future options are shown. However, none of these options alone can meet the demands for a cost-effective, environmentally friendly and reliable energy supply. Rather, their strengths and weaknesses should be carefully weighed against each other in the light of the specific framework conditions. This gives rise to the need for a multi-criteria decision-making support tool, in order to be able to evaluate energy technologies while simultaneously comparing and considering several objectives. An in-depth analysis of known applications of multi-attribute methods in the energy sector shows that methods for multi-attribute decision aiding are already established in the energy industry and energy policy. Weaknesses of known applications lie primarily in the fact that in many cases technological change has not yet been adequately addressed. Therefore, in the present thesis a multi-criteria method is developed which allows established and innovative technologies to be systematically compared, together with the consideration of criteria weighting depending on different technology cycle phases. The proposed method is implemented in a decision support system (DSS), which is validated using two case studies. In the first case study, alternative energy supply concepts for a bio-energy village are compared. In the second case study, technologies for stationary electricity storage are compared. The results show that criteria weightings depending on varying technology cyclephases produce different results than from an analysis based on identical weightings for each alternative. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that the DSS offers a solid basis to compare energy technologies in different development stages based on multiple objectives and thus to support decision-making processes in the energy sector and in energy policy. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the developed analytical framework as well as starting points for further research are discussed. (orig.)

Energy efficiency. Care with power. Protecting the environment actively; E wie Energieeffizienz. Mit Strom bewusst umgehen. Die Umwelt aktiv schuetzen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2008-01-15

This manual gives practical advice and informs about legal regulations, financial incentives and low-cost energy conservation techniques, assembled by power suppliers. Everybody is able to save energy in his own household and utilize it meaningfully without emissions: One buys energy saving appliances, heats carefully his rooms, houses and flats are insulated according to EnEV (German energy saving ordinance). Furtheron advices are given for ovens, refrigerators etc. not only to utilize power carefully as also to save money and to protect simultaneously the environment. (GL)

Trend study electricity 2022. Meta studies analysis and activity recommendations. dena report; Trendstudie Strom 2022. Metastudienanalyse und Handlungsempfehlungen. dena-Berichtsteil

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Peters, Sebastian; Teichmann, Mario; Voelker, Jakob; Weber, Andreas

2013-03-07

The dena report concerning the trend study electricity 2022 covers the following issues: (I) aim of the project - methodology; (II) qualitative analysis of studies on the development of the energy system in Germany (meta analysis); (III) comparison of results and activity recommendations: energy demand and energy efficiency, renewable energies, conventional energies, grids, energy storage, electricity market design, European aspects; roadmap.

Markets for electric power. International experience and its applicability to German conditions. Maerkte fuer Strom. Internationale Erfahrungen und Uebertragbarkeit auf Deutschland

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Klopfer, T; Schulz, W

1993-01-01

The electricity supply in all countries has traditionally been organised in enclosed supply areas (regional monopoly). During the worldwide trend of privatisation and deregulation, a process towards competitivity in the power supply of many countries has been started. In England and Norway, market fragmentation has been created in the power industry. Future markets are emerging. These developments have influenced considerations on creating an internal market for energy in Europe. The study illustrates the experiences of reform in other countries (e.g. England, Norway, USA) and discusses opportunities for competitiveness reforms in Germany and Europe. (orig.)

No need for an electric battery. Solar gadgets for walks and hikes; Staendig unter Strom. Solargeraete fuer kleine und grosse Wanderungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Siemer, Jochen

2010-06-15

While it is just a minor nuisance when a MP3 player breaks down during a short sunday's cycle tour, it may be more of a problem when a lamp or GPS cell phone does not have sufficient electricity supply on a mountain hike of several days. The contribution presents a number of commercially available solar emergency power supplies. While some of these are no more than amusing, others are power supplies to be reckoned with. (orig.)

Introduction and framing of electricity capacity markets. Legal requirements and boundaries; Einfuehrung und Ausgestaltung von Strom-Kapazitaetsmaerkten. Rechtliche Anforderungen und Grenzen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Daeuper, Olaf; Grundmann, Malte [Becker Buettner Held, Berlin (Germany)

2012-12-15

A lively discussion is currently being waged as to whether the electricity markets in their existing design can sustain our future security of supply and how this might be accomplished with future market designs using what are referred to as capacity mechanisms. However, the discussion is largely being conducted from the viewpoint of energy economy, in negligence of the legal constraints and requirements that must form the basis for any promotion mechanism in favour of existing or new installations. A wealth of legal regulations exists which must be taken into account here, ranging from primary European law down to the relevant national laws. Which model ultimately prevails will depend not so much on legal arguments as it will on ones phrased in terms of energy economy. When this has been achieved however, if not earlier, the importance of a legal framework for the market will become apparent.

Multidecadal change of winter cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean associated with AMO and PDO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Veronika Nikolaevna Maslova

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The paper is devoted to analysis of the cold half-year (October to March frequency of cyclones in the Mediterranean-Black Sea region associated with the global processes in the ocean-atmosphere system - the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO. Firstly, climatic conditions in the North Atlantic-European region during positive and negative phases of these global oscillations were shown using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for 1948 - 2016 and data of the NASA GISS Atlas of Exratropical Strom Tracks in 1961 - 1998. Mean monthly values / anomalies (composites for equal periods of the negative and positive AMO and PDO phases were calculated and compared. The results of the study support the idea that the Pacific and Atlantic influence on the climatic (multidecadal scale is realized via change of the large-scale fields of the North Atlantic anomalies typical for the interannual scale. Then spatial distribution of the frequency of cyclones in the Mediterranean-Black Sea region was obtained using global NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data sets on 1000 hPa geopotential height in 1948 - 2013. It was shown that during the positive AMO phase, frequency of cyclones in the Mediterranean was higher by absolute values in November to March over the Tyrrhenian and Ionic Seas and lower over the Anatolian peninsula. During the negative PDO phase, frequency of cyclones over the Anatolian peninsula in January to March is significantly higher than in the positive PDO phase.

Exploring the Linkage between Urban Flood Risk and Spatial Patterns in Small Urbanized Catchments of Beijing, China

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lei Yao

2017-02-01

Full Text Available In the context of global urbanization, urban flood risk in many cities has become a serious environmental issue, threatening the health of residents and the environment. A number of hydrological studies have linked urban flooding issues closely to the spectrum of spatial patterns of urbanization, but relatively little attention has been given to small-scale catchments within the realm of urban systems. This study aims to explore the hydrological effects of small-scaled urbanized catchments assigned with various landscape patterns. Twelve typical residential catchments in Beijing were selected as the study areas. Total Impervious Area (TIA, Directly Connected Impervious Area (DCIA, and a drainage index were used as the catchment spatial metrics. Three scenarios were designed as different spatial arrangement of catchment imperviousness. Runoff variables including total and peak runoff depth (Qt and Qp were simulated by using Strom Water Management Model (SWMM. The relationship between catchment spatial patterns and runoff variables were determined, and the results demonstrated that, spatial patterns have inherent influences on flood risks in small urbanized catchments. Specifically: (1 imperviousness acts as an effective indicator in affecting both Qt and Qp; (2 reducing the number of rainwater inlets appropriately will benefit the catchment peak flow mitigation; (3 different spatial concentrations of impervious surfaces have inherent influences on Qp. These findings provide insights into the role of urban spatial patterns in driving rainfall-runoff processes in small urbanized catchments, which is essential for urban planning and flood management.

Exploring the Linkage between Urban Flood Risk and Spatial Patterns in Small Urbanized Catchments of Beijing, China

Science.gov (United States)

Yao, Lei; Chen, Liding; Wei, Wei

2017-01-01

In the context of global urbanization, urban flood risk in many cities has become a serious environmental issue, threatening the health of residents and the environment. A number of hydrological studies have linked urban flooding issues closely to the spectrum of spatial patterns of urbanization, but relatively little attention has been given to small-scale catchments within the realm of urban systems. This study aims to explore the hydrological effects of small-scaled urbanized catchments assigned with various landscape patterns. Twelve typical residential catchments in Beijing were selected as the study areas. Total Impervious Area (TIA), Directly Connected Impervious Area (DCIA), and a drainage index were used as the catchment spatial metrics. Three scenarios were designed as different spatial arrangement of catchment imperviousness. Runoff variables including total and peak runoff depth (Qt and Qp) were simulated by using Strom Water Management Model (SWMM). The relationship between catchment spatial patterns and runoff variables were determined, and the results demonstrated that, spatial patterns have inherent influences on flood risks in small urbanized catchments. Specifically: (1) imperviousness acts as an effective indicator in affecting both Qt and Qp; (2) reducing the number of rainwater inlets appropriately will benefit the catchment peak flow mitigation; (3) different spatial concentrations of impervious surfaces have inherent influences on Qp. These findings provide insights into the role of urban spatial patterns in driving rainfall-runoff processes in small urbanized catchments, which is essential for urban planning and flood management. PMID:28264521

How can the German electricity export surplus in 2013 be explained?; Wie laesst sich der deutsche Exportueberschuss fuer Strom in 2013 erklaeren?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Growitsch, Christian; Nagl, Stephan; Peter, Jakob; Tode, Christian [Koeln Univ. (Germany). Energiewirtschaftliches Inst.

2014-11-15

In principle cross-border electricity transmission can be accounted for by price differences between the relevant electricity exchanges. For any given level of electricity demand the price of electricity at the individual electricity exchanges is primarily influenced by fuel prices, power plant availability and the feed-in of electricity from renewable energy, and differences in electricity prices in turn are a determinant of cross-border transmission. Some may have been surprised by the high level of electricity export in the spring of 2011, only shortly after 8 GW of power plant capacity had been shut down as part of the nuclear energy phaseout. What in fact explains the existing export surplus are the continuing excess of power plant capacity, an efficient power plant fleet compared with other European countries and the continuing growth of renewable energies in Germany.

Electricity and heat supply of a settlement at different standards of energy efficiency; Strom- und Waermeversorgung einer Siedlung bei unterschiedlichen Energieeffizienz-Standards

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schuberth, Jens; Tschetschorke, Katja

2013-07-15

The underlying study analyses the ecologic impact and the economic efficiency of several conventional and innovative heat supply systems to provide a quarter heat for space and water heating and electricity for residential and commercial application and for street lighting. Retrofits of buildings change the ratio of demands for electricity and heat. The demand for heat decreases more than the demand for electricity, and the share of distribution losses in heat grids rises. The question is if it is still economically efficient to build or extend local and long-distance district heating networks. Demands for final and primary energy, greenhouse gas emissions and costs (for operation, energy consumption and investments) of the different systems are compared and rated both in charts and tables. A sensitivity analysis includes increasing energy purchasing costs and assesses the possible economic efficiency of the supply systems in future. Another sensitivity analysis estimates how the climate impact of the supply systems for heat and electricity changes if electricity generation becomes less harmful for climate. Additionally, costs for environmental damage - so-called external costs - are internalised in the analysis of economic efficiency. In an overall rating ecologic and economically efficient systems are recommended.

100% renewable electricity supply by 2050. Preprint; Energieziel 2050. 100% Strom aus erneuerbaren Quellen. Vorabdruck fuer die Bundespressekonferenz am 7. Juli 2010

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Klaus, Thomas; Vollmer, Carla; Werner, Kathrin; Lehmann, Harry; Mueschen, Klaus

2010-07-15

In order to achieve an 80 - 90% reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 we will first have to transform our electricity supply system. The energy sector holds a key function regarding GHG emissions by currently causing more than 80 % of the emissions in Germany. Within this sector the electricity supply is responsible for about 40% of energy-related CO{sub 2} emissions. The potential for reducing emissions in the electricity sector is very high. Provided a highly efficient use of electricity and energy conversion, as well as an energy supply system that is completely based on renewable energies, it will be possible to reach a level of nearly zero GHG emissions. For Germany, the technological change towards an electricity supply system completely based on renewable energies by 2050 is possible. By doing so, Germany's status as a highly industrialised country can be maintained, as can its subsequent ways of living, patterns of consumption and behaviour. This is shown in our simulation of the scenario ''region's network scenario'' as well as in several studies of other institutions like the German Advisory Council on the Environment (SRU), the German Enquete-Commission on sustainable energy supply or Greenpeace. Our results should be regarded as one part of a level playing field needed to create a 100 % renewable electricity supply system by 2050. Aside from the regional scenario, we also sketch two other scenarios: International large scale application of technology and Local Energy Autarky. For these two scenarios we intend to go more into depth within further studies as we expect them to provide further momentum towards achieving the level playing field. A switch to an electricity supply system based on renewable energies will also be economically beneficial. The costs of such a change in the energy supply are significantly lower than those of adapting to an unmitigated climate change we and future generations would have to otherwise face. Germany could link a respective strategy to a successful economic development whilst creating important momentum for current international climate negotiations. An electricity supply system completely based on renewable energies can provide the security of supply for today's high level of demand and at any hour of the year. The results of our simulations show that renewable energies can supply the demand for electricity and provide the necessary control reserve. Load fluctuations of the renewables can be safely compensated for at any time as the different forms of energy conversion, energy storage and intelligent load management complement each other sufficiently. As an important condition for achieving this 100% renewable electricity supply, we have to tap the existing energy saving potential at the same time. This applies not only to the energy use of private households. Despite the expected economic growth, industry, trade and commerce also have to reduce their energy consumption by achieving the existing energy saving potential. If this is the case, renewable energies can provide the substantial additional electricity demand from new applications like electric cars or heat pumps for heating and hot water. To limit future electricity consumption for heating, a very good insulation of buildings is a basic requirement. 70% of the current primary energy consumption in Germany is based on the import of coal, natural gas or uranium. A complete supply of electricity from renewable energies could therefore dramatically reduce Germany's dependency on such imports and decrease vulnerability to fluctuating or rising oil- and gas prices. The conversion of the electricity supply system towards the use of 100% renewable energies by 2050 is possible. Nevertheless, this is a very ambitious goal and requires decisive political support. The share of renewable energies in the German gross electricity consumption has increased in the past 15 years from less then 5% to 16% in 2009. However, there is still much work ahead if Germany wants to cover its demand for electricity in 2050 completely through renewable energies: It is not only necessary to accelerate the expansion of renewable energies but also to substantially convert the existing energy system to make it fit for an exclusive use of renewables in the future. It is important to define intermediate goals, particularly for the period after 2020. Generally, it can be said: The earlier we start decisive actions the more time we will have to tackle the upcoming challenges of necessary technological and societal adaptation. (orig.)

Surface independent underwater energy supply system - Diesel engine with closed gas cycle. Final report; Dieselmotor mit geschlossenem Argon-Kreislauf - Prototyp. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gehringer, H.; Seifert, K.

1989-08-01

MOTARK (MOTOR IM ARGON-KREISLAUF/engine in argon cycle) is an alternative drive and power-supply system integrated in the offshore-working submarine `Seahorse II`, which belongs to Messrs. Bruker Meerestechnik. The heart of the plant is a naturally aspirated diesel engine, MAN model D 2566 ME (100 kW, 1500 rpm), which can operate in a closed argon cycle independent of the outside air while the submarine is under water, and in the conventional manner after the vessel has surfaced. After it has been cooled down to room temperature, the final product carbon dioxide CO{sub 2}, which forms as a result of the combustion of fuel and oxygen, is removed from the circulating process gas with potassium hydroxide in a chemical process in a dual-stage rotary disintegrator. After dissipation of the heat thus generated, and subsequent to a cyclonic condensate cleaning cycle oxygen is supplied to the argon carrier gas in measured quantities. Governing of the MOTARK system and acquisition of the test data are performed by a custom-developed micro-processor unit. The functional tests in the submarine as well as the subsequent underwater tests at shallow sea gave convincing evidence for the fact that this prototype unit is now ready for regular operation. (orig.) With 16 figs. [Deutsch] Mit MOTARK - MOTOR IM ARGON-KREISLAUF wurde ein alternatives Antriebs- und Energiesystem entwickelt und in dem Offshore-Arbeits-U-Boot `Searhorse II` der Firma Bruker Meerestechnik integriert. Der Kern der Anlage ist ein selbstansaugender Dieselmotor des Typs MAN D 2566 ME (100 kW, 1500 l/min) der unter Wasser aussenluftunabhaengig im geschlossenen Argonkreislauf sowie ueber Wasser konventionell betrieben werden kann. Das Endprodukt Kohlendioxid CO{sub 2}, entstanden aus der Verbrennung von Kraftstoff und Sauerstoff, wird nach der Abkuehlung auf RT in einem zweistufigen Rotationswaescher mit Kalilauge chemisch aus dem zirkulierenden Prozessgas entfernt. Nach Abfuehrung der bei diesem Prozess

Long-term observations on the influence of groundwater level variations on BTEX concentrations in groundwater; Langzeituntersuchungen zum Einfluss von Grundwasserschwankungen auf die BTEX-Konzentration im Grundwasser

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Puettmann, W. [J.W. Goethe-Universitaet Frankfurt a. M., Institut fuer Atmosphaere und Umwelt, AG Umweltanalytik, Frankfurt/Main (Germany); Hettwer, K.; Warrelmann, J. [Universitaet Bremen, Zentrum fuer Umweltforschung und Umwelttechnologie, Bremen (Germany); Gaab, S.

2007-06-15

A long-term study on natural attenuation and remediation in soil and groundwater at the former military base Schaeferhof-Sued (Niedersachsen) was performed at a former gasoline filling station. At this locality, a large residual source of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX) and additional petroleum hydrocarbons is present in the soil. BTEX-concentrations in the groundwater and their correlation with groundwater level variations were monitored for three years. Within the monitoring period, a very dry summer was recorded, which caused the groundwater level to drop by 1.7 m and the BTEX concentrations to increase from 240 {mu}g/l to 1300 {mu}g/l at the site of contamination. The microbial degradation of BTEX was documented by data on consumption of electron acceptors (oxygen, nitrate or sulphate) and production of reduced products (Fe(II), methane). The degradation is further supported by the detection of metabolites. Therefore, the increasing BTEX concentrations were not a consequence of limited biological degradation. (orig.) [German] Auf dem frueher militaerisch genutzten Gelaende Schaeferhof-Sued (Niedersachsen) wurden im Bereich einer ehemaligen Abfuellstation fuer Kraftstoffe Langzeituntersuchungen zum natuerlichen Schadstoffabbau und -rueckhalt im Boden und Grundwasser durchgefuehrt. Der Standort weist eine hohe Restkontamination der Verbindungen Benzol, Toluol, Ethylbenzol und Xylole (BTEX), sowie Mineraloelkohlenwasserstoffen (MKW) in der ungesaettigten Bodenzone auf. Ueber einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren wurden die BTEX-Konzentrationen im Grundwasser und deren Abhaengigkeit von einer Aenderung des Grundwasserstandes untersucht und eine negative Korrelation der Schadstoffkonzentrationen mit der Hoehe des Grundwasserstandes festgestellt. Im Beobachtungszeitraum lag das sehr trockene Sommerhalbjahr 2003, was im Vergleich zum vorhergehenden Winterhalbjahr eine Absenkung des Grundwasserspiegels um 1,7 m zur Folge hatte und die BTEX-Konzentrationen am

In a hurdle race to the energy transition. From transformations, reforms and innovations; Im Huerdenlauf zur Energiewende. Von Transformationen, Reformen und Innovationen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brunnengraeber, Achim; Di Nucci, Maria Rosaria (eds.) [Freie Univ. Berlin (Germany)

2014-07-01

The term of the energy transition will not be translated as it travels around the world. He points to the urgency of the conversion of the energy supply for electricity, heat and mobility through renewable energies. Faster than many had expected the energy revolution has reached a pace of expansion, especially in the electricity sector, which many did not expect. However, it is not a voluntary measure, but is forced by the proneness of unsustainable production methods and lifestyles. It is also not a foregone conclusion. The many new initiatives, policies and programs are in competition with an old, fossil and nuclear energy system. From the hurdles that have already been taken in this race, the pace of expansion, innovation as well as the necessary reforms and diverse challenges of the energy transition, this book is dealing. [German] Der Begriff der Energiewende wird bei seinem Lauf um die Welt nicht uebersetzt. Er weist auf die Dringlichkeit der Umstellung der Energieversorgung bei Strom, Waerme und Mobilitaet durch erneuerbare Energien hin. Schneller als von vielen erwartet hat die Energiewende vor allem im Strombereich ein Ausbautempo erreicht, mit dem viele nicht gerechnet hatten. Sie ist allerdings keine freiwillige Massnahme, sondern wird durch die Krisenhaftigkeit von nicht nachhaltigen Produktions- und Lebensweisen erzwungen. Sie ist auch kein Selbstlaeufer. Die vielfaeltigen neuen Initiativen, Massnahmen und Programme befinden sich im Wettbewerb mit einem alten, fossilen und nuklearen Energiesystem. Von den Huerden, die in diesem Wettlauf bereits genommen wurden, vom Tempo des Ausbaus, von Innovationen sowie von den notwendigen Reformen und vielfaeltigen Herausforderungen der Energiewende handelt dieses Buch.

Aircraft Cabin Environmental Quality Sensors

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gundel, Lara; Kirchstetter, Thomas; Spears, Michael; Sullivan, Douglas

2010-05-06

The Indoor Environment Department at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) teamed with seven universities to participate in a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Center of Excellence (COE) for research on environmental quality in aircraft. This report describes research performed at LBNL on selecting and evaluating sensors for monitoring environmental quality in aircraft cabins, as part of Project 7 of the FAA's COE for Airliner Cabin Environmental Research (ACER)1 effort. This part of Project 7 links to the ozone, pesticide, and incident projects for data collection and monitoring and is a component of a broader research effort on sensors by ACER. Results from UCB and LBNL's concurrent research on ozone (ACER Project 1) are found in Weschler et al., 2007; Bhangar et al. 2008; Coleman et al., 2008 and Strom-Tejsen et al., 2008. LBNL's research on pesticides (ACER Project 2) in airliner cabins is described in Maddalena and McKone (2008). This report focused on the sensors needed for normal contaminants and conditions in aircraft. The results are intended to complement and coordinate with results from other ACER members who concentrated primarily on (a) sensors for chemical and biological pollutants that might be released intentionally in aircraft; (b) integration of sensor systems; and (c) optimal location of sensors within aircraft. The parameters and sensors were selected primarily to satisfy routine monitoring needs for contaminants and conditions that commonly occur in aircraft. However, such sensor systems can also be incorporated into research programs on environmental quality in aircraft cabins.

Biomass gasification in a circulating fluidized bed; Vergasung von Biomasse in der zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ising, M; Hoelder, D; Backhaus, C; Althaus, W [Fraunhofer Inst. fuer Umwelt-, Sicherheits- und Energietechnik UMSICHT, Oberhausen (Germany)

1998-09-01

Biomass gasification in a circulating fluidized bed, in combination with a gas engine or gas burner, is a promising option for energetic use of biomass. Economic efficiency analyses on the basis of the UMSICHT plant show that this technology for combined heat and power generation from biomass is promising also for the range below 10 MW. The economic situation of any plant must be considered for the specific boundary conditions imposed by the power supply industry. The feasibility of the process was tested in a demonstration plant at Oberhausen. The plant was optimized further in extensive test series, and a number of tar reduction processes were investigated and improved on. The authors now intend to prove that gasification in a circulating fluidized bed combined with a gas engine cogeneration plant is feasible in continuous operation. (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Die Vergasung von Biomasse in der zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht ist in Kombination mit einem Gasmotor oder einem Gasbrenner eine vielversprechende Option fuer die energetische Biomassenutzung. Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtungen auf Basis der UMSICHT-Anlage zeigen, dass diese Technologie fuer die gekoppelte Strom- und Waermeerzeugung aus Biomasse auch im Leistungsbereich unter 10 MW grosse Chancen verspricht. Dabei ist die oekonomische Situation einer Anlage im Einzelfall unter Beachtung der energiewirtschaftlichen Randbedingungen zu beurteilen. Durch den Betrieb einer Demonstrationsanlage in Oberhausen konnte die Funktion des Verfahrens nachgewiesen werden. In weiteren umfangreichen Versuchsreihen werden die Anlage weiter optimiert und verschiedene Konzepte zur Teerminderung untersucht und weiterentwickelt. Angestrebt ist der Nachweis des Dauerbetriebs von ZWS-Vergasung zusammen mit dem Gasmotoren-BHKW. (orig./SR)

The legal compatibility of the German Act for mandatory use of electricity from renewables (Stromeinspeisungsgesetz) with the Treaty of Rome; Die Vereinbarkeit des Stromeinspeisungsgesetzes mit dem EG-Vertrag

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Iro, S.P.

1998-04-01

In force since 1990, the German Stromeinspeisungsgesetz (obliging electric utilities to purchase at mandatory prices electricity from renewable energy sources) still is an issue of debates about legal justification under German law and compatibility with legislation on the European Internal Market for elctricity. The contribution analyses the points of friction with the Treaty of Rome, in particular the European regulations governing subsidization of national industries or undertakings by their government, aspects of freedom of trade within the EU and restrictive trade practices law. The conclusion of the legal analysis is that the German act is compatible with the subsidy regulations of the EU, but calls for amendment to correct infringements of the principles of free trade and competition within the EU in the provisions excluding electricity from renewables generated in other EU Member States. (CB) [Deutsch] Es ist schon seit 1990 in Kraft, und das Stromeinspeisungsgesetz bietet nach wie vor Anlass zu Diskussionen, sowohl aus dem Blickwinkel des deutschen Rechts wie auch vom Standpunkt des EGV. Der Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die rechtlichen Reibungspunkte mit europaeischem Recht, konkret die Regelungen ueber erlaubte staatliche Beihilfen an nationale Unternehmen, deren Abgrenzung zu allgemein wirtschaftspolitischen Massnahmen eines Staates und Aspekte der Warenverkehrsfreiheit und des Wettbewerbs auf dem europaeischen Binnenmarkt. Das Ergebnis der rechtlichen Analyse des Beitrags sieht in der Subventionierung der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien eine politische Entscheidung, die mit EG-Interessen und EG-Recht vereinbar ist. Das Gesetz verstosse jedoch gegen die Warenverkehrsfreieheit auf dem Binnenmarkt in den Regelungen, wo es entsprechend erzeugten Strom aus anderen Mitgliedslaendern von der Subventionierung ausnimmt. (orig./CB)

Marketing of electricity from photovoltaic and wind power plants. An overview of the legal framework and the various options in marketing electricity from fluctuating energy resources; Die Vermarktung von Strom aus Photovoltaik- und Windenergieanlagen. Ein Ueberblick ueber den Rechtsrahmen und die verschiedenen Optionen der Vermarktung von Strom aus fluktuierenden Energietraegern

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Herz, Steffen; Valentin, Florian [von Bredow Valentin Partnerschaft von Rechtsanwaelten, Berlin (Germany)

2013-01-15

This article gives an overview of the marketing options available to operators of photovoltaic and wind power plants today. These include in particular the marketing channels specified in the newly incorporated Part 3a of the 2012 Renewable Energy Law (EEG), the use of the market premium and the green electricity privilege. Under certain conditions there is also some scope today for developing marketing models outside the purview of the EEG. Within this category the article takes a look at the options of self-supply and direct supply. In this context it also describes and assesses the market integration model that was newly introduced to the EEG in August 2012 through what has come to be known as the PV Amendment.

Tandem for power generation. New sandwich concentrator cell with over 30% efficiency; Im Tandem Strom erzeugen. Neue Mehrschicht-Konzentratorzelle erzielt ueber 30% Wirkungsgrad

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Anon.

2000-11-01

The Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Solare Energiesysteme at Freiburg, Germany, claims a 'best ever' efficiency of a monolithic tandem concentrator solar cell with a sandwich structure based on gallium-indium arsenide and gallium-indium phosphide. The new solar cell can be produced in a single process based on an Aixtron AG (Aachen, Germany) separator which is also used for industrial production of solar cells for aerospace applications. [German] Das Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Solare Energiesysteme in Freiburg hat einen neuen Wirkungsgradrekord fuer monolithische Tandem-Konzentratorsolarzellen gemeldet. Die Wissenschaftler am Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Solare Energiesysteme (Fraunhofer ISE) haben neue Schichtstrukturen auf der Basis von Gallium-Indium-Arsenid und Gallium-Inidum-Phosphid entwickelt. Die neue Solarzelle kann in einem einzigen Prozess hergestellt werden. Fuer diesen Prozess setzen die Freiburger Solarzellenforscher eine Abscheideanlage der Firma Aixtron AG aus Aachen ein, wie sie auch in der Industrie zur Herstellung von Solarzellen fuer Anwendungen im Weltraum genutzt wird. (orig.)

Electricity and gas market design to supply the German transport sector with hydrogen; Strom- und Gasmarktdesign zur Versorgung des deutschen Strassenverkehrs mit Wasserstoff

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Robinius, Martin

2015-07-01

The German government has set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2020, 55% by 2030, 70% by 2040 and 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990 as reference year. As well as meeting other requirements, these targets can be achieved by raising the contribution of renewably-generated power to Germany's gross electricity consumption to 80% by 2050. Based on Germany's potential, intermittent energy sources (IES) such as on- and offshore wind, as well as photovoltaics, are necessary sources that must be utilized in order to achieve these ambitious targets. Because of the intermittency of these sources, there will be times in which surplus power generated could be used for example for the transport sector. During these periods of surplus power, the storage capacity of hydrogen allows for a socalled ''power-to-gas'' concept whereby the surplus power can be used to produce hydrogen and oxygen by means of electrolyzers. The aim of this thesis is to identify and develop a market design that is characterized by high penetration levels of IES, supplemented by the use of hydrogen in the transport sector. Furthermore, the aim was to develop a model in which the electricity and gas sector, including a hydrogen pipeline grid, is represented so as to analyze and validate selected market designs. Therefore, potential electricity and gas markets, as well as the most important potential share and stakeholders of a hydrogen infrastructure, are analyzed. With the model developed in this thesis, an existing energy concept has been developed, analyzed and evaluated. In addition, the distribution of the hydrogen production costs was calculated by employing a Monte Carlo Simulation analysis. The developed energy concept relies on 170 GW onshore and 60 GW offshore wind capacity and these dominate the model. This leads to surplus power, especially in the federal states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. To supply the estimated peak hydrogen demand in 2052 with 2.93 Million tons, a total capacity of 20 GW of electrolyzes in 15 counties must be installed. The necessary hydrogen pipelines from IES sources to 9,968 hydrogen fuel stations will require a 12,104 km transmission pipeline which will cost an estimated 6.68 billion Euros and for distribution, a total length of 29,671 km will be required, with an estimated cost of Euro billion Euros. Furthermore, for three separate cases that can be distinguished by their respective input parameters, the profitability of an electricity and gas market design to supply the German transport sector with hydrogen is demonstrated. This analysis was also performed by means of a Monte Carlo Simulation. It shows that, with a target cost of 22.9 ct/kWh, the probability of pretax hydrogen production cost, including the infrastructure, laying under the target costs, are 81%.

Electric power prices, price control and competition on the European domestic electric power market. Stromtarife, Preisaufsicht und Wettbewerb im Europaeischen Binnenmarkt fuer Strom

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Weigt, N

1993-01-01

If one speaks of electric power prices and price control in the year 1992, this subject has a different dimension than it did two or three years ago, when the new federal rate scale for electric power (ETO Elt) was drawn up and put into practice. Since the beginning of this year, a draft for guidelines which was drawn up by the EC Commission exists which, going on the assumption that the European domestic electric power market will set an example, does away with territorial protection and in the name of third party access (TPA) allows for electric power-line transit, thus introducing at least partial competition to the electric power market. We no longer think in terms of closed systems with clear-cut responsibilities in regard to power supply, which form the basis for the laws on electric power prices, the cartel laws, the practices of the electric power control board and the cartel authorities. Thus, using the new federal rate scale for electric power and its principles as formulated in Article 1 as a point of departure, developments will go in the direction of a competitive system in accordance with the ideas of the EC Commission and German free-enterprise theoreticians, as laid down for example by the deregulation commission. Thus developments will lead us away from the status quo in the direction of possible reforms, if not to say revolutionary structural changes and the consequnces which they will bring for price and cartel laws. (orig.)

Focus on Bioenergy in the electricity and heat market. Project results 2015-2016; Focus on Bioenergie im Strom- und Waermemarkt. Projektergebnisse 2015-2016

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thraen, Daniela; Pfeiffer, Diana (eds.)

2017-08-01

The report covers the following contributions: DeHoGas - sustainable local wood gasification plant with coupled micro gas turbine; SEVERA - sensor technique for efficient fermentation og biogenic residuals and wastes; FuelBand - extension of the fuel band of modern biomass combustion; REPOWERING - measures for efficiency improvement for the existing plants; PROKOSYS - processes, components and systems for flexible operation of biogas plants using biogenic residuals and wastes; Carola - electrostatic finest particle separator for flexible adaptation to biomass vessels; HydoCon - hydrolysis container - flexible plant components for substrate usage improvement in biogas plants; EFFIGEST - efficiency improvement in poultry manure fermentation using modified straw fractions and process integrated production of marketable fertilizer; FLUHKE - dry low-temperature entrained flow gasification with bio-coals from hydrothermal carbonization for local electricity and heat production with motor-cogeneration; REMISBIO - measures for emissions reduction of bio gas plants - catalyst test; Mini-bio-cogeneration - readiness of prototype for decentralized gasification of residual pellets for serial production; IbeKEt - innovative communal demand-adaptive energy carrier concept; Regiobalance - flexible bioenergy as regional compensation option in the German electricity market; FLEXHKW - flexible operation of cogeneration plants.

Land has power. Energy transition an opportunity for rural areas. Documentation; Land unter Strom. Die Energiewende als Chance fuer den laendlichen Raum. Dokumentation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bredenbeck, Martin; Gotzmann, Inge (comps.)

2015-07-01

The energy transition affects the rural areas of Germany in particular. Which Opportunities and risks this brings there shows a new release of Bund Heimat und Umwelt in Deutschland (German heritage and Environmental Foundation (BHU)). The Federation of heritage and civic associations devoted to the question of how to the conventional expansion of renewable energies innovative options can added. Thereby a diversified positioning of energy use, the advancement of historical forms of use and the spatial differentiation are important factors. [German] Die Energiewende betrifft die laendlichen Raeume Deutschlands in besonderem Masse. Welche Chancen und Risiken sie dort bringt, zeigt eine Neuerscheinung des Bund Heimat und Umwelt in Deutschland (BHU). Der Bundesverband der Heimatverbaende, Heimat- und Buergervereine widmet sich der Frage, wie zum konventionellen Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien innovative Optionen hinzutreten koennen. Eine breite Aufstellung von Energienutzungen, die Weiterentwicklung historischer Nutzungsformen und die raeumliche Differenzierung sind dabei wichtige Faktoren.

Arboristický přístup k ošetřování památných stromů

OpenAIRE

Zvědělík, Petr

2016-01-01

This bachelor thesis deals with an arboricultural approach regarding a care of veteran trees on chosen localities. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is focused on a literature review of senescent, veteran trees, their protection and care and also on arboriculture and arboricultural operations in general. The second, practical part of the bachelor thesis is focused on a problem identification of specific veteran trees, data processing and analysis of obtained data. The main ...

Energy efficiency. A textbook and handbook; Energieeffizienz. Ein Lehr- und Handbuch

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pehnt, Martin (ed.) [IFEU Institut fuer Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg (Germany)

2010-07-01

Apart from renewable energies, energy efficiency and energy conservation are the fundament for an economically optimized energy strategy. Energy efficiency involves different ranges: the energy and heating market for households and trades, the traffic sector and industrial production. Along the value creation chain energy efficiency signifies an effective conversion of raw materials, a use of by-products, a reduction of consumption and a modification of the behaviour. This text book offers a comprehensive overview of all ranges of energy efficiency. It interdisciplinary it gives an engineering understanding of the technologies for the reader and connects this with economic, sociological, energy political and ecological fundamentals. The manual is not only suitable for the teachings in relevant courses of studies (e.g. energy, environmental or process engineering, architecture, industrial engineering, geography and political economy, physics), but also offers a clear, intimate insight of the topic energy efficiency to specialists of neighbouring disciplines. [German] Energieeffizienz und Energieeinsparungen sind - neben erneuerbaren Energien - die Basis fuer eine volkswirtschaftlich optimierte Energiestrategie. Energieeffizienz betrifft unterschiedliche Bereiche: den Strom- und Waermemarkt fuer Haushalte und Gewerbe, den Verkehrssektor und die industrielle Produktion. Energieeffizienz entlang der Wertschoepfungskette bedeutet, Rohstoffe wirksam umzuwandeln, Nebenprodukte zu nutzen, Verbrauch zu reduzieren und Verhalten zu aendern. Dieses Lehrbuch bietet einen umfassenden Ueberblick ueber alle Bereiche der Energieeffizienz. Interdisziplinaer vermittelt es dem Leser ein ingenieurtechnisches Verstaendnis der Technologien und verknuepft dieses mit oekonomischen, sozialwissenschaftlichen, energiepolitischen und oekologischen Grundlagen. Das Handbuch ist nicht nur fuer die Lehre in einschlaegigen Studiengaengen (z. B. Energie-, Umwelt- oder Verfahrenstechnik, Architektur

The market for absorption refrigeration in Spain; Der Markt fuer Absorptionskaeltetechnik in Spanien

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Paramo, M. [Enagas, Madrid (Spain)

1996-12-31

Due to the Spanish climate (hot summers throughout large parts of the country) the household and small consumers sector in this country has a substantial requirement for cold production. Today most industrial and commercial buildings here such as office blocks, shopping centres, hospitals, hotel etc. are equipped with air conditioning plants. Usually these are based on compression refrigeration plants. Beyond this air conditioning plants are now also beginning to become popular in one-family houses and flats, especially in southern and western Spain and along the Mediterranean coast. In most cases these plants, too, work with compression refrigeration, though it is not uncommon to find steam-based refrigeration systems. Both these types of system are driven by electricity. In the industrial sector, too, the market for refrigeration shows a very wide spectrum across a large variety of branches. (orig./HW) [Deutsch] In Spaniens HuK-Sektor (Haushalte und Kleinverbraucher) besteht aufgrund der herrschenden klimatischen Bedingungen (sehr warme Sommer in weiten Teilen des Landes) ein erheblicher Bedarf an der Erzeugung von Kaelte. Die meisten Industrie- und gewerblichen Gebaeude, wie Buerokomplexe, Einkaufszentren, Krankenhaeuser, Hotels, usw. sind mittlerweile mit Klimaanlagen ausgeruestet. Im allgemeinen handelt es sich hierbei um Kompressionskaelteanlagen. Vornehmlich in Sued- und Zentralspanien sowie an der Mittelmeerkueste haben Klimaanlagen inzwischen aber auch verstaerkt in Einfamilienhaeusern und Wohnungen Einzug gehalten. Vorwiegend sind Kompressionskaelteanlagen im Einsatz; haeufig sind aber auch Systeme anzutreffen, die auf Wasserdampfbasis arbeiten. Energietraeger ist bei beiden Systemen Strom. Der Markt fuer Kaelteerzeugung ist auch im industriellen Bereich sehr breitgefaechert und umfasst eine Vielzahl von Branchen. Der Loewenanteil entfaellt jedoch auf die Nahrungsmittelindustrie. (orig./HW)

Mercury: Photomosaic of the Shakespeare Quadrangle (Northern Half) H-3

Science.gov (United States)

1974-01-01

This computer generated photomosaic from Mariner 10 is of the northern half of Mercury's Shakespeare Quadrangle, named for the ancient Shakespeare crater located on the lower edge to the left of center. This portion of the quadrangle covers the geographic region from 45 to 70 degrees north latitude and from 90 to 180 degrees longitude. The photomosaic was produced using computer techniques and software developed in the Image Processing Laboratory of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The pictures have been high-pass filtered and contrast enhanced to accentuate surface detail, and geometrically transformed into a Lambert conformal projection.The illuminated surface observed by Mariner 10 as it first approached Mercury is dominated by craters and basins. In marked contrast to this view, the surface photographed after the flyby exhibited features totally different, including large basins and extensive relatively smooth areas with few craters. The most striking feature in this region of the planet is a huge circular basin, 1300 kilometers in diameter, that was undoubtedly produced from a tremendous impact comparable to the event that formed the Imbrium basin on the Moon. This prominent Mercurian structure in the Shakespeare and Tolstoj quadrangles (lower left corner of this image), named Caloris Planitia, is filled with material forming a smooth surface or plain that appears similar in many respects to the lunar maria.The above material was taken from the following publication... Davies, M. E., S. E. Dwornik, D. E. Gault, and R. G. Strom, Atlas of Mercury, NASA SP-423 (1978).The Mariner 10 mission was managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Office of Space Science.

The draft of the new electricity market law at a glance; Der Entwurf zum neuen Strommarktgesetz im Ueberblick

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Voss, Jan Ole; Kirschnick, Stephan [Becker Buettner Held, Berlin (Germany)

2016-02-15

The conclusion of the new electricity market law is: ''The market will judge it''. A refined market where the renewable energies are increasingly integrated, shall guarantee reasonable prices, security of supply and environmental protection. Whether this can be achieved in reality, is highly questionable. This would require that the overcapacity of the German electricity market confirmed in several reports and the wholesale price for electricity recovers the long term. Only then can it be assumed that investment incentives arise in the construction of modern and efficient power generation plants. Such a ''market-faithful'' system is also absolutely dependent on the behavior of neighboring European countries. Only when these go along the path and affect the price and capacity development not regulatory, the completion of a functioning, liberalized EU internal market for electricity can succeed. [German] Das Fazit des neuen Strommarktgesetzes heisst: ''Der Markt soll es richten''. Ein weiterentwickelter Markt, in den die erneuerbaren Energien zunehmend integriert werden, soll fuer guenstige Preise, Versorgungssicherheit und Umweltschutz sorgen. Ob das in der Realitaet gelingen kann, ist durchaus fraglich. Dies wuerde erfordern, dass die in mehreren Gutachten bestaetigten Ueberkapazitaeten am deutschen Strommarkt abgebaut werden und der Grosshandelspreis fuer Elektrizitaet sich langfristig erholt. Nur dann kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass Investitionsanreize in den Bau von modernen und effizienten Stromerzeugungsanlagen entstehen. Ein solch ''marktglaeubiges'' System ist zudem zwingend von dem Verhalten der europaeischen Nachbarstaaten abhaengig. Nur wenn diese den eingeschlagenen Weg mitgehen und die Preis- und Kapazitaetsentwicklung nicht regulatorisch beeinflussen, kann die Vollendung eines funktionierenden, liberalisierten EU Binnenmarktes fuer Strom gelingen.

Knowledge of participants of the 5th Polish Foot and Ankle Society (PFAS) Congress about the diagnosis and treatment of plano-valgus feet secondary to posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD).

Science.gov (United States)

Kołodziej, Łukasz; Napiontek, Marek; Kazimierczak, Arkadiusz

2013-01-01

Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) ranks among the most common causes of adult acquired flatfoot deformity. The deformity develops gradually through characteristic stages and its early manifestations are often ignored or mis-diagnosed. The aim of the study was to gain an insight into what the participants of the 5th Polish Foot and Ankle Society Congress knew about the diagnosis and treatment of flatfoot. An anonymous survey described the clinical presentation of a hypothetical patient with fixed stage III (according to the Johnson and Strom classification) acquired flatfoot deformity in PTTD. A total of 65 questionnaires were distributed and 51 (78%) were completed and returned. The respondents included 40 orthopaedics consultants and 11 orthopaedics and traumatology resident doctors. The mean time of work experience of the specialists was 17.5 years and that of resident doctors, 3.5 years. The deformity was properly diagnosed by 36 respondents (71%), including 29 specialists (73%) and 7 resident doctors (63%). Proper operative treatment was selected by 28 respondents (52%): 24 specialists (60%) and 4 residents (36%). Overall, appropriate comprehensive diagnostic work-up and treatment was planned only by 19 respondents (35%), including 17 specialists (32%) and 2 residents (4%). Appropriate diagnostic work-up and treatment of acquired flatfoot deformity in PTTD was planned by less than half of the respondents and their work experience did not have any relation with the management they suggested. 1. There is a significant lack of knowledge about PTTD among residents. 2. The majority of PFAS members surveyed selected the correct method of diagnostic work-up and treatment, but the differences with respect to non-PFAS respondents were not statistically significant.

Long-term transition to power/hydrogen energy system based on regenerative energy sources. Langfristiger Uebergang zum Strom/Wasserstoff-Energiesystem auf der Basis erneuerbarer Energiequellen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wurster, R

1989-01-01

If we mean to secure the future of this planet in its present state we shall have to reduce drastically the emissions of trace gases influencing our climate like CO/sub 2/, CH/sub 4/, FCHC, ozone, N/sub 2/O and stratospheric H/sub 2/O. CO/sub -/neutral energy sources in clude nuclear energy and regenerative energies (solar, wind, water, biomass, tidal energy). These energy sources provide energy carriers in terms of electricity, heat, biofuels, synthesis gas and hydrogen. The author discusses the power/hydrogen energy system, electrolytic generation of hydrogen and its capacity for storage and transport from sunny solar-energy utilization areas (Central Africa). Hydrogen can then be used in drive systems, power generation (power stations) and for space heating and process heat. The author discusses its profitability and underlines the fact that hydrogen will figure in the energy economy of the future. (HWJ).

Industrial consolidation. Merger and acquisition activities in the Latin American electricity and gas sector; Industriekonsolidierung. M and A-Aktivitaeten im lateinamerikanischen Strom- und Gassektor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Petz, Marc; Maier, Klaus-Dieter; Zettl, Michael [Hochschule Aalen (Germany); Edgar, David A.; Temple, Bryan K. [Glasgow Caledonian Univ. (United Kingdom)

2009-12-15

Over the past three decades industrial consolidation has been a global, dominating mega-trend, and this also holds for the energy sector. The drivers behind this phenomenon are market liberalisation and privatisation. These transformation processes have created new growth opportunities for energy supply companies such as the development of markets in emerging countries. How have Latin American countries such as Argentina, Brazil or Chile succeeded in opening their markets to international investors and what has been the impact of acquisition activities by companies in the electricity and gas sector?.

More power and heat for citizens of Vienna. Repowering of Heizkraftwerks Simmering; Mehr Strom und Waerme fuer die Buerger Wiens. Repowering des Heizkraftwerks Simmering

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jopp, Klaus [WiWiTech, Hamburg (Germany)

2010-07-01

Presented is the modernization of power plant Simmering with advanced on-line control systems and intelligent it-solutions. It is the most advanced and efficient GAS-power plant in Europe. Since inauguration in May 2009 the plant supplies more than 800 000 households and more than 7 000 industrial customers by power and barely 200 000 households by heat. (orig./GL)

20 years power generation from renewable energy in Germany. A success story; 20 Jahre Foerderung von Strom aus Erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland. Eine Erfolgsgeschichte

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bruns, Elke; Ohlhorst, Doerte; Wenzel, Bernd

2010-09-15

The contribution under consideration reports on the historical development of the power generation from renewable energies in Germany. It is a summary of an extensive investigation of the Technical University of Berlin (Federal Republic of Germany) with the title 'Renewable energies in Germany - a biography of innovations'. This investigation contains the social background for the reconstruction of the power supply system, the most important political and legal settings the course for the development of the renewable energies as well as an overview of technological innovations. An emphasis of this contribution is on the genesis of the German regulation of reimbursement. The contribution is limited to the range of power generation by water power, wind energy, photovoltaics, biogas and geothermal energy.

Assessment of hydrogen storage systems as a means of integrating electricity from renewable energies; Bewertung von Wasserstoffspeichersystemen zur Integration von Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Michaelis, Julia; Genoese, Fabio; Wietschel, Martin [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer System- und Innovationsforschung (ISI), Karlsruhe (Germany)

2013-06-15

Hydrogen storage is a possible option for an improved integration of renewable energies into the electricity supply system. Similarly to other technical storage options it is faced with the challenge of having to be economically viable. Compared with other storage media hydrogen has the virtue of being versatile. This has a significant impact on assessments of its profitability.

Present evaluation of the use of rape oil/RME compared to diesel fuel. Appendix 1: Resources and emission balances: rape oil and RME compared to diesel fuel. Appendix 2: Economic evaluation of the use of rape oil and RME compared to diesel fuel; Aktuelle Bewertung des Einsatzes von Rapsoel/RME im Vergleich zu Dieselkraftstoff. Anhang 1: Ressourcen- und Emissionsbilanzen: Rapsoel und RME im Vergleich zu Dieselkraftstoff. Anhang 2: Oekonomische Bewertung des Einsatzes von Rapsoel und RME gegenueber Dieselkraftstoff

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kraus, K.; Niklas, G.; Tappe, M.; Reinhardt, G.A. [ifeu-Institut fuer Energie- und Umweltforschung GmbH, Heidelberg (Germany); Folkers, C. [Bochum Univ. (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Finanzwissenschaft

1999-12-01

Umweltwirkungen ueber den gesamten Lebenszyklus der rapsoelbasierten Kraftstoffe im Vergleich zu Dieselkraftstoff bilanziert. Die Einschraenkung auf diese Bereiche beruht darauf, dass hier die besonderen Umweltvorteile der Pflanzenoelkraftstoffe vermutet werden. Ferner konnten aufgrund der von der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt gefoerderten, juengst veroeffentlichten Studie 'Nachwachsende Energietraeger - Grundlagen, Verfahren, Oekologische Bilanzierung' aktuelle wesentliche Erkenntnisse, wie z.B. die Neubestimmung des Referenzsystems (Rotations- statt Dauerbrache), in dem Gutachten beruecksichtigt werden. Als besonders vorteilhaft fuer Rapsoel und RME gilt die Einsparung fossiler Energietraeger und die damit verbundene Minderung der Treibhausgase (vor allem CO{sub 2}). Die Treibhausgasemissionen zu reduzieren, ist eines der vorrangigen Ziele der nationalen und internationalen Umweltpolitik, um eine gefaehrliche anthropogene Stoerung des Klimas zu verhindern. (orig.)

Failure to Detect the Neurotoxin Beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine in Samples Collected during an Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy (AVM) Epornitic in J. Strom Thurmond Lake

Science.gov (United States)

2015-08-01

anatoxin, has been reported from both urban and rural water sources with cyanobacteria blooms (Craighead et al. 2009; Faassen et al. 2009). Synergistic...may be present in the critical habitat of another highly endangered raptor, the Florida snail kite, Rhostrahmus socialibilis (Robertson 2012). This

The bioenergy village - preconditions and consequences of autonomous heat and power supply on the basis of biomass for agricultrue, ecology and lifestyle in rural regions. Final report phase I; Das Bioenergiedorf - Voraussetzungen und Folgen einer eigenstaendigen Waerme- und Stromversorgung durch Biomasse fuer Landwirtschaft, Oekologie und Lebenskultur im laendlichen Raum. Endbericht Phase I

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ruppert, H.; Ahl, C.; Girschner, W.; Krumbein, W.; Marggraf, R.; Scheffer, K.; Schmuck, P. (eds.)

2003-07-01

With support from the Federal Minister of Consumer Protection, Nutrition and Agriculture through the Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (Renewable Fuels Agency), a project group of Goettingen University was able to demonstrate how complete conversion to biomass of heat and power supply can be achieved for a whole village with maximum social acceptance, environmental compatibility, and economic and technical efficiency. This and further projects will provide flexible, generally applicable concepts for wider use and are expected to give new impetus to bioenergy and help reduce CO2 emissions. This documentation presents the results of the first project phase, which lasted from October 2000 through November 2002. After describing the criteria for which the model village was selected, the work carried out by the various scientific disciplines cooperating in the project (environmental geoscience, crop research, soil research, agricultural economy, psychology, sociology and political science) is described, and the current project status is outlined. (orig.) [German] Mit Unterstuetzung des Bundesministeriums fuer Verbraucherschutz, Ernaehrung und Landwirtschaft durch die Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. konnte die Projektgruppe der Universitaet damit beginnen, beispielhaft in einem Dorf zu demonstrieren, wie eine komplette Umstellung der Strom- und Waermeversorgung auf den Energietraeger Biomasse sozial, umweltvertraeglich, wirtschaftlich und technisch erfolgen kann. Auf der Basis dieser konkreten Umstellugsarbeiten und Erfahrungen aus anderen aehnlichen Projekten sollen uebertragbare, flexible Konzepte erarbeitet werden, die der Nutzung der Bioenergie einen deutlichen Auftrieb geben und dadurch auch erhebliche Kohlendioxid-Einsparpotentiale erschliessen koennen. In dieser Dokumentation sind die Ergebnisse der ersten Phase des Projektes 'Das Bioenergiedorf' vom Oktober 2000 bis November 2002 niedergelegt. Es wird zunaechst in einem Ueberblick

7. Kassel symposium on energy systems technology: Renewable energy sources and efficient utilization of energy; 7. Kasseler Symposium Energie-Systemtechnik: Erneuerbare Energien und rationelle Energieverwendung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Caselitz, P. (comp.)

2002-07-01

); Doppelschichtkondensatoren - Technik, Kosten, Perspektiven (Ruediger Koetz); Einsatz von Superkondensatoren in Kraftfahrzeugen (Rainer Knorr); Supraleitende magnetische Energiespeicher (Klaus-Peter Juengst); Schwungradspeicher - Stand der Technik (Frank Taeubner); Dezentrale Energiespeicher im europaeischen Verbundsnetz - EU-Projekt DISPOWER (J. Schmid, etc.); Interkontinentale Stromverbuende - Perspektiven einer Vollversorgung Europas mit Strom aus regenerativen Quellen (Gregor Czisch); Hochspannungs-Gleichstrom-Uebertragung fuer das europaeische Verbundnetz (Michael Haeusler); Supraleitung und Energietransport - Stand der Technik und Perspektiven (Frank Schmidt).

Fundamental investigations for a OWC-tidal power plant with a conventional hydraulic turbine; Basisuntersuchungen fuer ein OWC-Wellenenergiekraftwerk mit konventioneller Hydroturbine. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Graw, K.U.; Lengricht, J.; Schimmels, S.

2001-07-01

At the present the OWC-tidal power plant is the most forward-looking way of converting tidal energy into usable electric power. Current research works focus on the dimensions of the structures in terms of occurring loads, the minimisation of hydraulic losses and the development of new turbine-generator types. The development of all air-turbine systems, which have been investigated so far, is considered as problematic and the commercialisation is likely to be a hindrance. Based on international research results an inventory tata of available hydraulic turbines is supposed to be gathered and fundamental investigations are supposed to check, if the application of conventional hydraulic turbines are an energetic progress in the OWC-tidal power plant. In order to considerably increase the efficiency compared to current developments, small-scale investigations at a physical model are supposed to show if and how a hydraulic turbine can be realised in a OWC-tidal power plant and how a concept of flow rectification as well as a flow-optimised form of inflow and outflow chambers can be achieved. (orig.) [German] Das OWC-Wellenenergiekraftwerk ist der zur Zeit zukunftstraechtigste Typ zur Umwandlung von Wellenenergie in nutzbaren Strom. Die laufenden Forschungsarbeiten beschaeftigen sich insbesondere mit der Dimensionierung der Strukturen hinsichtlich auftretender Belastungen, der Minimierung der hydraulischen Verluste und der Entwicklung von neuartigen Turbinen-Generatoren-Typen. Die Entwicklung aller bisher untersuchten Luftturbinensysteme wird jedoch als problematisch und die Kommerzialisierung hindernd angesehen. Aufbauend auf den internationalen Forschungsergebnissen sollen eine Bestandaufnahme der verfuegbaren Hydroturbinen durchgefuehrt und mit Baisuntersuchungen geprueft werden, ob ein Einsatz konventionaller Hydroturbinen im OWC-Wellenenergiekraftwerk eine energetische Weiterentwicklung darstellen kann. Um den Wirkungsgrad gegenueber derzeitigen Entwicklungen

Cross-sectoral modeling and optimization of a future German energy system, taking energy efficiency measures into account in the building sector; Sektoruebergreifende Modellierung und Optimierung eines zukuenftigen deutschen Energiesystems unter Beruecksichtigung von Energieeffizienzmassnahmen im Gebaeudesektor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Palzer, Andreas

2016-07-01

With the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, comprehensive climate protection measures have already been adopted both nationally and internationally. This raises the question of how economically and ecologically useful system infrastructure looks, which at the same time ensures the supply reliability of all consumers. The regenerative energy model (REMod) presented in this book has been developed to provide answers. The sectors electricity, heat, transport and industry are considered for the first time simultaneous in an energy system model. In particular, in order to satisfy the criterion of reliability of supply, the model calculates the energy flows in hourly resolution for the period from today (2015) to 2050. The system is optimized with regard to minimum overall costs and under the boundary condition that a maximum set quantity of permitted greenhouse gas emissions is not exceed. On the example of Germany (REMod-D), the results show that, in particular, the interaction of the sectors can lead to strong differences in the design of the system infrastructure. [German] Mit dem Ziel den Ausstoss der Treibhausgase zu reduzieren, wurden bereits national wie international umfangreiche Klimaschutzmassnahmen verabschiedet. Hieraus ergibt sich die Frage wie eine oekonomisch und oekologisch sinnvolle Systeminfrastruktur aussieht, die gleichzeitig die Versorgungssicherheit aller Verbraucher gewaehrleistet. Das in diesem Buch vorgestellte Regenerative Energien Modell (REMod) wurde entwickelt um hierauf Antworten zu liefern. Beruecksichtigt werden erstmalig in einem Energiesystemmodell die Sektoren Strom, Waerme, Verkehr und Industrie gleichzeitig. Insbesondere um dem Kriterium der Versorgungssicherheit gerecht zu werden, berechnet das Modell die Energiefluesse in stuendlicher Aufloesung fuer den Zeitraum von heute (2015) bis 2050. Optimiert wird das System hinsichtlich minimaler Gesamtkosten und unter der Randbedingung, dass eine maximal vorgegebene Menge erlaubter

Visualisation of flux distributions in high-temperature superconductors. Final report; Sichtbarmachung der Flussverteilung in Hochtemperatursupraleitern nach verschiedenen Mikrostrukturaenderungen. Abschlussbericht

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Kuhn, H.; Kronmueller, H.

1998-05-01

Theoretical calculation models for current, magnetic and electric field distributions in thin superconductors of arbitrary shape in perpendicular magnetic field were developed. Calculations were done for inhomogeneous and anisotropic critical currents and compared with magnetooptical observations of flux penetration. Nice agreement of theory and experiment was found. Flux-line depinning and motion in superconductors with linear defects was investigated by magneto-optics. Depinning mechanisms were deduced from observations of high-temperature superconductors which are irradiated with swift heavy ions parallel and crosswisely at various angles to the surface normal. Magneto-optical investigations of flux penetration into (Bi,Pb){sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 10+{delta}} multifilament tapes showed a strong dependence of the current capability on the microstructure of single filaments. The different filament textures which are caused by the inhomogeneous deformation of the tape during thermomechanical treatment results in critical current densities varying by about one order of magnitude. (orig.) [Deutsch] Theoretische Modelle zur Berechnung von Strom-, Magnet- und elektrischen Feldverteilungen wurden fuer duenne Supraleiter beliebiger Geometrie mit inhomogener und anisotroper kritischer Stromdichte im senkrechten Magnetfeld entwickelt und mit magnetooptischen Beobachtungen des Flusseindringens verglichen, wobei eine hervorragende Uebereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment erzielt wurde. Mit Hilfe von magnetooptischen Untersuchungen des Flusseindringens in schwerionenbestrahlte Hochtemperatursupraleiter, die unter verschiedenen Winkeln zur Oberflaechennormalen parallel und kreuzweise bestrahlt wurden, konnten Bewegungs- und Entankerungsmechanismen von Flusslinien in Supraleitern mit linearen Defekten abgeleitet werden. Magnetooptische Untersuchungen des Flusseindringens in (Bi, Pb){sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 10+{delta

Technical and economical optimization of wood gasification in a circulating fluidized bed. Final report; Technische und wirtschaftliche Optimierung der Vergasung von Holz in der zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht. Abschlussbericht

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Ising, M.; Unger, C.; Heunemann, F.; Dinkelbach, L.

2002-12-01

The project's objective was the optimization of a novel process for high efficient combined heat and power production from solid biomass. The processed air blown wood gasification in a pilot scale circulating fluidized bed was added by a catalytic tar reformer which would yield a tar-free gas quality suitable for IC-engine operation. Major efforts were taken for technical improvement of the tar reformer, especially concerning temperature control and cleaning devices which is important for keeping constantly a high activity. Pure natural timber did not yield chemical deactivation at the catalyst whereas the gasification of waste wood yielded decreasing activity which could be partly reversed by special measures taken. Further optimization of the process considered a better automation and improvement of the engine's flue gas emissions. Also a detailed economic consideration and evaluation of the entire process has been carried out. As a result the novel process should have economic advantages compared with conventional technology. (orig.) [German] Gegenstand des Vorhabens war die Weiterentwicklung eines Verfahrens zur effizienteren Strom- und Waermegewinnung aus festen Biobrennstoffen. Durch luftgeblasene Vergasung von Holz im Pilotmassstab in einer zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht und anschliessender katalytischer Teerspaltung konnte ein niederkalorisches Brenngas erzeugt werden, welches zum Betrieb eines Motoren-Blockheizkraftwerks geeignet war. Im Rahmen der Verfahrensoptimierung wurde der katalytische Teer-Reformer, insbesondere in Bezug auf Temperaturfuehrung und die zum Aktivitaetserhalt wichtige Abreinigungsvorrichtung, verbessert. Bei der Vergasung von Naturholz wurde keine chemische Desaktivierung festgestellt. Beim Altholzeinsatz wurde ein ueberwiegend reversibler Aktivitaetsverlust verzeichnet und begruendet. Geeignete Gegenmassnahmen wurden untersucht und beschrieben. Weitere Optimierungen betrafen die Anlagensteuerungstechnik im Hinblick auf die

East German power plants: New concepts for the power and energy supply; Ostdeutscher Kraftwerkspark: Neugestaltung der Kraft- und Waermeversorgung

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Bald, A [Fossil Befeuerte Kraftwerke Inland, Bereich Energieerzeugung (KWU), Siemens AG (Germany)

1994-10-01

The enhancement of the energy economy plays the key role for the economic and ecological sanitation of the New Laender. Due to the bad condition sanitation mostly means new construction. The energy economy, the manufacturing industry and the public administration have successfully met this challenge. The programme has been launched, nearly all key projects have been given to contractors, the majority has already been realised and the first plants have already been connected to the network. Due to the performance that has been achieved so far, the following statement can already be made today. At the end of the decade the New Laender will have the most modern power and thermal energy supply in the world. Hence the industrial site eastern Germany gains an attractiveness that does not have to fear the international competition. Apart from strong impetus for economic growth and employment the environmentally friendly energy supply will lead to a considerable improvement of the life quality of approx. 16 million people. (orig.) [Deutsch] Bei der oekonomischen und oekologischen Gesundung der neuen Bundeslaender faellt der Sanierung der Energiewirtschaft eine Schluesselrolle zu. Wegen der schlechten Substanz kann Sanierung zumeist nur Neubau heissen. Dieser Herausforderung haben sich Energiewirtschaft, Herstellerindustrie und oeffentliche Verwaltung erfolgreich gestellt. Das Ausbauprogramm ist auf den Weg gebracht, fast alle Schluesselprojekte sind vergeben, die meisten mittlerweile in der Realisierung, und die ersten Anlagen sind sogar schon am Netz. Angesichts des bisher Geleisteten laesst sich bereits heute feststellen: Ende des Jahrzehnts werden die neuen Bundeslaender ueber die modernste Strom- und Waermeversorgung der Welt verfuegen. Der Wirtschaftsstandort Ostdeutschland gewinnt damit eine Attraktivitaet, die international keinen Vergleich zu scheuen braucht. Neben kraeftigen Wachstums- und Beschaeftigungsimpulsen wird der umweltfreundliche Neuaufbau der

Profitability aspects of combined power/heat plants based on the example of a gas turbine; Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtungen ueber KWK-Anlagen am Beispiel einer Gasturbine

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Klimek, W. [Thyssengas GmbH, Duisburg (Germany)

1998-04-01

The efficiency of a combined power/heat plant is treated in an example relating to a gas turbine. An important prior condition for optimum planning of a combined power/heat plant is assessment of the current position in addition to a demand analysis. Constituting a vital planning instrument for the process are systematic annual continuous curves in respect of electricity and heat. Aided by a PC software program it is possible, on the basis of a few key figures, to establish whether a detailed study is able to bring about any economical solution. In addition, a primary-energy and emission balance-sheet is compiled illustrating the advantages to be gained from combined power/heat systems of relevance to the environment. A sensitivity analysis shows main influential factors exercised on the efficiency of the gas turbine project. As might be expected, the greatest influenc eon profitability comes from the electricity proceeds, the price of fuel and capital costs. Finally, different financing models for combined power/heat plants are discussed along with a price safeguarding method. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Wirtschaftlichkeit einer KWK-Anlage wird am Beispiel einer Gasturbine erlaeutert. Wichtige Voraussetzung fuer die optimale Planung einer KWK-Anlage ist die Bestandsaufnahme mit Bedarfsanalyse. Ein entscheidendes Planungsinstrument stellen hierbei geordnete Jahresdauerlinien fuer Strom und Waerme dar. Mit Hilfe eines PC-Programms kann anhand weniger Eckdaten festgestellt werden, ob eine Detailbetrachtung zu einer wirtschaftlichen Loesung fuehren koennte. Zusaetzlich wird eine Primaerenergie- und Emissionsbilanz erstellt, die die umweltrelevanten Vorteile der Kraft-Waerme-Kopplung verdeutlicht. Eine Sensitivitaetsanalyse zeigt Haupteinflussfaktoren auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Gasturbinenprojektes. Die Stromgutschrift, der Brennstoffpreis und die Investitionskosten ueben erwartungsgemaess den groessten Einfluss auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit aus. Abschliessend werden

Fuel cells for the electricity supply of plants remote from the grid; Brennstoffzellen fuer die Elektrizitaetsversorgung von netzfernen Anlagen

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Ledjeff, K

1996-12-31

The solar house at Freiburg, which is independent for energy, obtains all its energy only from the radiation impinging on the outside of the building. The space heating, provision of hot water, energy for cooking and electricity are provided by conversion of solar energy. A photo-electric generator supplies electricity which, apart from direct consumption, can be stored in a lead battery and the hydrogen system. The hydrogen system is the last link in the chain of the energy converter and represents the only energy supply if the thermal and electrical systems cannot any longer be supplied by the sun. The hydrogen system must therefore cover the energy demand in winter, consisting of a small heater for space heating and of course the fuel cell for providing electricity. The ideal fuel cell system for the solar house, which is independent for energy, is the PEMFC with an output of 500 W-1 kW. (orig./MM) [Deutsch] Das Energieautarke Solarhaus in Freiburg bezieht die gesamte Energie nur aus der auf die Gebaeudehuelle auftreffende Strahlung. Die Raumheizung, die Warmwasserbereitung, die Energie zum Kochen und der elektrische Strom werden durch die Umwandlung von Sonnenenergie bereitgestellt. Ein Photovoltaik-Generator liefert elektrische Energie, die neben dem direkten Verbrauch in eine Bleibatterie und das Wasserstoffsystem zur Speicherung eingespeist werden kann. Die Wasserstoffspeicherung erfolgt als Gas bei einem Druck von 30 bar. Das Wasserstoffsystem ist das letzte Glied in der Kette der Energiewandler und stellt den einzigen Energievorrat dar, wenn die thermischen und elektrischen Systeme nicht mehr solar versorgt werden koennen. Das Wasserstoffsystem muss daher den Energiebedarf im Winter decken, das sich ein kleiner Nachheizer fuer die Raumheizung und natuerlich die Brennstoffzelle zur Bereitstellung elektrischer Energie. Das ideale Brennstoffzellensystem fuer das Energieautarke Solarhaus ist die PEMFC mit einer Leistung von 500 W-1 kW. (orig./MM)

Renewable energy resources; Erneuerbare Energien

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Lenz, Volker; Naumann, Karin [DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnuetzige GmbH, Leipzig (Germany); Kaltschmitt, Martin; Janczik, Sebastian [Technische Univ. Hamburg-Harburg (Germany). Inst. fuer Umwelttechnik und Energiewirtschaft

2015-07-01

Although the need to decarbonise our global economy and thus in particular the supply of energy to limit the global temperature increase is internationally undisputed the German politics in 2014 has significantly contributed less compared to previous years in order to attain this objective. The expansion of renewable energies in the electricity sector has decelerated significantly; and in the heating and mobility area no new impulses were set in relation to renewable energies. In addition, a dramatic fallen oil price makes it difficult to increase the use of renewable energy supply. Based on these deteriorated framework conditions compared to conditions of the previous years, the developments in Germany of 2014 are shown in the electricity, heat and transport sector in the field of renewable energy. For this purpose - in addition to a discussion of the current energy economic framework - for each option to use renewable energies the state and looming trends are analyzed. [German] Obwohl die Notwendigkeit zur Dekarbonisierung unserer globalen Wirtschaft und damit insbesondere der Energiebereitstellung zur Begrenzung des globalen Temperaturanstiegs international unstrittig ist, hat die deutsche Politik im Jahr 2014 im Vergleich zu den Vorjahren deutlich weniger zur Erreichung dieses Zieles beigetragen. Der Ausbau der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien im Stromsektor wurde deutlich verlangsamt; und im Waerme- und Mobilitaetsbereich wurden keine neuen Impulse in Bezug auf regenerative Energien gesetzt. Zusaetzlich erschwert ein drastisch gefallener Rohoelpreis die verstaerkte Nutzung des erneuerbaren Energieangebots. Ausgehend von diesen im Vergleich zu den Vorjahren verschlechterten Rahmenbedingungen werden nachfolgend die Entwicklungen in Deutschland des Jahres 2014 im Strom-, Waerme- und Transportsektor fuer den Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien aufgezeigt. Dazu werden - neben einer Diskussion des derzeitigen energiewirtschaftlichen Rahmens - fuer die

Flywheel energy storage; Schwungmassenspeicher

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bornemann, H.J. [Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Technik und Umwelt (Germany)

1996-12-31

Energy storages may be chemical systems such as batteries, thermal systems such as hot-water tanks, electromagnetic systems such as capacitors and coils, or mechanical systems such as pumped storage power systems or flywheel energy storages. In flywheel energy storages the energy is stored in the centrifugal mass in the form of kinetic energy. This energy can be converted to electricity via a motor/generator unit and made available to the consumer. The introduction of magnetic bearings has greatly enhanced the potential of flywheel energy storages. As there is no contact between the moving parts of magnetic bearings, this technology provides a means of circumventing the engineering and operational problems involved in the we of conventional bearings (ball, roller, plain, and gas bearings). The advantages of modern flywheel energy storages over conventional accumulators are an at least thousandfold longer service life, low losses during long-time storage, greater power output in the case of short-time storage, and commendable environmental benignity. (orig./HW) [Deutsch] Als Enegiespeicher kommen chemische Systeme, z.B. Batterien, thermische Systeme, z.B. Warmwassertanks, elektromagnetische Systeme, z.B. Kondensatoren und Spulen, sowie mechanische Systeme, z.B. Pumpspeicherwerke und Schwungmassenspeicher in Frage. In einem Schwungmassenspeicher wird Energie in Form von kinetischer Energie in der Schwungmasse gespeichert. Ueber eine Moter/Generator Einheit wird diese Energie in elektrischen Strom umgewandelt und dem Verbraucher zugefuehrt. Mit der Einfuehrung von magnetischen Lagern konnte die Leistungsfaehigkeit von Schwungmassenspeichern erheblich gesteigert werden. Da in einem Magnetlager keine Beruehrung zwischen sich bewegenden Teilen besteht, wird ein Grossteil der mit dem Einsatz konventioneller Lager (Kugel- und Rollenlager, Gleitlager und Gaslager) verbundenen ingenieurtechnischen und betriebstechnischen Probleme vermieden. Die Vorteile von modernen

Operating experience in the gasification of municipal waste and other waste at the `secondary feedstocks recycling centre` (SVZ) Schwarze Pumpe; Betriebserfahrungen zur Vergasung von Hausmuell und anderen Abfaellen im Sekundaerrohstoffverwertungszentrum Schwarze Pumpe (SVZ)

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Buttker, B. [Sekundaerrohstoffverwertungszentrum Schwarze Pumpe GmbH, Schwarze Pumpe (Germany)

1998-12-31

The business purpose of SVZ Schwarze Pumpe is the production of synthesis gas from hydro-carbon-containing waste material and the use of synthesis gas in gas production or energy generation. For synthesis gas production, the techniques of packed-bed pressure gasification (FDV) and entrained-flow gasification (FSV) are used in close interconnection. Process control is such that only inert slags accrue, apart from the final products methanol and gypsum as well as generated energy in the form of electricity, process steam and heat. Currently, the following materials are mainly used in gasification: plastic materials after being subjected to conditioning, industrial and municipal sewage sludge, shredded goods, contaminated used wood, contaminated used oil, oil components obtained from oil/water mixtures, and slurry products. A special in-house know-how for waste oil gasification, and for the combined gasification of solid waste and coal by packed-bed pressure gasification with gradual stepping-up of the waste portion was realized. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Geschaetszweck des SVZ Schwarze Pumpe besteht in der Herstellung von Synthesegas aus kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Einsatzstoffen und in der stofflichen und energetischen Nutzung des Wertstoffes Synthesegas. Zur Synthesegasgewinnung werden die Verfahren der Festbettdruckvergasung (FDV) und Flugstromvergasung (FSV) in einer engen verbundwirtschaftlichen Kopplung angewandt. Die Betriebsfuehrung ist so gestaltet, dass neben den Endprodukten Methnaol und Gips sowie erzeugter Energie in Form von Strom, Prozessdampf und Waerme nur noch inerte Schlacken entstehen. Die Haupteinsatzprodukte fuer die Vergasung sind ggw. aufbereitete Altkunststoffe, industrielle und kommunale Klaerschlaemme, Shreddergueter, kontaminiertes Altholz, kontaminierte Altoele, Oelkomponenten, die aus Oel-Wasser-Gemischen gewonnen werden, und Slurry-Produkte. Es wurde ein spezielles Betriebs-Know-how zur Abfalloel-Vergasung und zur kombinierten Vergasung

Fundamentals of the power economy law. The liberalization of the power industry and gas industry. 3. ed.; Grundzuege des Energiewirtschaftsrechts. Die Liberalisierung der Strom- und Gaswirtschaft

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Theobald, Christian [Sozietaet Becker Buettner Held, Berlin (Germany); Deutsche Univ. fuer Verwaltungswissenschaften, Speyer (Germany); Nill-Theobald, Christiane [TheobaldConsulting, Berlin (Germany)

2013-11-01

The authors show how the legal reform leading to the deregulation of the electricity and gas supply grids has created true freedom of choice for customers as well as a practicable means of managing grid access for energy suppliers. They address recent developments following from the energy turnaround as well CO{sub 2} emission regulations and trading. Ultimately all private and governmental players of the energy economy are affected. The present fully revised, richly illustrated third edition of this fundamental publication gives an introduction into the large body of already known as well as into new issues of energy economy law, including: fundamentals of the energy sector; key points of the energy turnaround; purchase and sale of electricity and gas; regulatory regime; unbundling; terms of governmental regulation; surveillance of the energy sector; anti-trust and competition law; issues of environmental protection and energy efficiency; renewable energies; cogeneration law; ecotax legislation; consumer protection; and emission trade.

Efficient use of power. Directory for private households to save power without renunciation of comfort; Strom effizient nutzen. Wegweiser fuer Privathaushalte zur wirtschaftlichen Stromeinsparung ohne Komfortverzicht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2011-07-01

The contribution under consideration is a guide for private households for an economically efficient conservation of electricity without renunciation of comfort. At first, reasons for saving electricity are presented. The approach to reduce power consumption consists of an inventory of electricity consumers, establishment of measures to save electricity as well as a selection of suitable measures. Tables are presented for the determination of the power consumption and costs for electricity in the actual and target state as well as for the determination of the economic efficiency.

Green current in gold land. The Canadian territory Yukon focuses on renewable energy sources; Gruener Strom im Goldland. Das kanadische Territorium Yukon setzt auf erneuerbare Energien

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Baumann, Berthold

2010-07-01

The report covers information on the hydropower plant Whitehorse in the Canadian Yukon territory with the dammed Schwatka Lake. Electricity for the gold town Dawson City is supplied by the hydro power plant Mayo at the Wareham Lake. A second project Mayo B is in construction. Small villages are usually supported by diesel generators. Recently some experiments are performed using wind power, specific Yukon modification of wind power stations were developed. The Yukon Energy Corporation together with Yukon Green Power has also started photovoltaic electricity generation.

A new tool of decentralized power supply. Micro-cogeneration unit for heat and power supply; Neuer Spielball der dezentralen Energieversorgung. Mikro-Waermekraftkopplung liefert Strom und Waerme

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Anon.

2001-07-01

Small fuel cell heating systems have renewed interest in decentralized power supply. The Dutch company EnAtEc recently announced their intention of presenting a micro-cogeneration unit ({mu}WK) at this year's ISH. The unit is a combination of a gas-fuelled high-efficiency boiler and a free-piston Stirling engine. With 1 kW{sub el} and 6 - 24 kW{sub th} it is suited for single-family dwellings. [German] Kleine Brennstoffzellenheizgeraete haben eine rege Diskussion um die dezentrale Energieversorgung entfacht. Juengst ueberraschte die niederlaendische Firma EnAtEc mit der Ankuendigung, zur ISH eine ''Mikro-Waermekraftkopplung'' ({mu}WK) vorzustellen. Das Geraet kombiniert einen Gas-Brennwertkessel mit einer Freikolben-Stirlingmaschine. Mit Leistungen von 1 kW{sub el} und 6 bis 24 kW{sub th} zielt die {mu}WK auf Einfamilienhaushalte. (orig.)

``Power pricing`` in a competitive environment - from a cost-plus calculation to market oriented pricing; Strom-Pricing im Wettbewerb - Von der Kosten-Plus- zur marktfaehigen Preispolitik

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Laker, M.; Herr, S. [Unternehmensberatung Simon Kucher und Partners, Bonn (Germany)]|[Strategy and Marketing Consultants GmbH, Cambridge, MA (United States)

1998-06-29

The days when electricity contracts were standardized with few modifications catered to customer needs are over. In liberalized electricity markets, pricing has become significantly more important. Survival in this competitive environment hinges not only on the absolute price level, but in particular on opportunities for price differentiation. The following article focuses on measures to create flexible pricing and contractual schemes. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Zeiten einheitlicher Stromvertraege mit geringen Modifikationen sind vorbei. Durch die Liberalisierung des Strommarktes ist die Bedeutung des Preises drastisch gestiegen. Um im Wettbewerb ueberleben zu koennen, spielen nicht nur die absolute Preishoehe, sondern vor allem die Moeglichkeiten zur Preisdifferenzierung eine entscheidende Rolle. Erfolgversprechende Massnahmen zur flexiblen Preis- und Vertragsgestaltung stehen im Mittelpunkt dieses Aufsatzes. (orig.)

Green electricity and biofuels in Germany and France. A comparison of policy-networks; Gruener Strom und Biokraftstoffe in Deutschland und Frankreich. Ein Vergleich der Policy-Netzwerke

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brand-Schock, Ruth

2010-07-02

In recent years, the renewable energy experienced a significant upturn in the field of power generation in Europe. The transport sector is one area in which the targets of improving security of supply and reducing greenhouse gas emissions can be accomplished very difficult. The energy supply of road transport almost is based entirely on oil. The contribution under consideration examines the evolution of the actors and policy areas of biofuel production and electricity production from renewable energy sources in Germany and France. The investigation period extends until the year 2006.

Cost and prices of electricity. Fossil fuels, nuclear power and renewable energy sources in comparison; Kosten und Preise fuer Strom. Fossile, Atomstrom und Erneuerbare Energien im Vergleich

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Muehlenhoff, Joerg

2011-09-15

Consumers of electricity pay for production, transport and distribution as well as for taxes and dues. Electricity rates depend on various influencing factors, e.g. different fuel and capital cost of the power plants and the ratio of supply and demand in the electricity stock markets. End user electricity rats also include taxes and dues as well as the cost of power transmission. The publication presents background information on the formation of electricity rates in Germany. In a second step, the different cost factors of fossil fuels, nuclear power and renewable energy sources are compared. In particular, the external cost is gone into which often tends to be neglected in the electricity markets.

Report on the electricity market and gas market in Baden-Wuerttemberg 2011/2012. Final Report; Bericht ueber den Strom- und Gasmarkt in Baden-Wuerttemberg 2011/2012. Endbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2012-12-07

The first two chapters of this booklet deal with the competition, the market structure and prices on the electricity market and the gas market in Germany and especially in Baden-Wuerttemberg. The third chapter reports on the classification of the electricity market and the gas market in the context of the energy policy and the development of the German electricity foreign trade. The development of the price of electricity and the price of gas is predicted.

A combination of Stirling engine and high-efficiency boiler. Microsize cogeneration unit for heat and power supply; Stirlingmotor und Brennwertkessel vereint. Mikro-Waermekraftkopplung liefert Strom und Waerme

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Donnerbauer, R.

2001-03-01

Apart from the heat pump and fuel cell, there is another new development: At the ISH in March, the Dutch producer EnAtEc intends to present a microsize cogeneration unit consisting of a gas-fuelled high-efficiency boiler and a free-piston Stirling motor. [German] Sind die Wirkungsgrade in der Heiztechnik ausgenutzt? Auf die Frage 'Was kommt nach der Brennwerttechnik?' gibt es jetzt neben Waermepumpe und Brennstoffzelle eine neue Antwort. Zur kommenden ISH Ende Maerz hat die niederlaendische Firma EnAtEc die Vorstellung einer 'Mikro-Waermekraftkopplung' ({mu}WK) angekuendigt. Das Geraet kombiniert einen Gas-Brennwertkessel mit einer Freikolben-Stirlingmaschine. (orig.)

Leading professions bank on new standards in the sector of power-, gas- and water supply engineering; Einschlaegige Leitberufe setzen neue Standards in der Strom-, Gas- und Wasserversorgungstechnik

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Fassnacht, Axel [Univ. Hannover (Germany)

2009-09-15

With the emergence of new professions and training subjects in power and water supply engineering, new standards have been set for vocational qualifications. Experts of public utilities and industrial associations have cooperated in setting a new frame of standards for the new professions. (orig.)

Marketing opportunities for CHP electricity in a virtual power plant. Direct and indirect marketing of flexibility; Vermarktungschancen fuer KWK-Strom im virtuellen Kraftwerk. Direkte und indirekte Flexibilitaetsvermarktung

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Otto, Achim; Baumgart, Bastian [Trianel GmbH, Aachen (Germany). Abt. Virtuelle Kraftwerke

2013-07-15

The increasingly fluctuating feed-in of electricity by means of a rapid expansion of renewable energies results in an increasing demand for flexible performance for the regulation of production and consumption. An important part of the necessary flexibility could be provided by CHP plants. Their potential of flexibility is not always fully exploited.

Germany without renewables? Electricity costs and security of supply without the supply of renewable energy in 2011-2013. Discussion paper; Deutschland ohne Erneuerbare Energien? Stromkosten und Versorgungssicherheit ohne die Einspeisung Erneuerbarer Energien in den Jahren 2011-2013. Diskussionspapier

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dillig, Marius; Karl, Juergen

2014-12-15

the final consumer not only the total cost of electricity purchases. Renewable energy against the background of reduced conventional and nuclear power plant capacities increase also much the security of supply at the West German electricity market. [German] In den Jahren 2010 bis 2013 stieg der Anteil der Stromerzeugung aus Erneuerbaren Energien von ca. 17 auf 2 4 %. Fuer diesen Anteil fallen gegenueber konventioneller Erzeugung wesentlich erhoehte Stromerzeugungskosten an, die ueber die EEG - Umlage auf die Endverbraucher umgelegt werden. In der oeffentlichen Diskussion wird bei der Wertung dieser Kosten allerdings vielfach nicht beachtet, dass der rasante Anstieg des Anteils Erneuerbarer Energien zu einem Ueberangebot an Strom und daher zu sinkenden Strompreisen insgesamt fuehrte. Durch das Ueberangebot wurde der Trend der in den Jahren 2000 bis 2008 stark steigenden Strompreise an den Europaeischen Strommaerkten gebrochen. Ziel dieses Diskussionspapiers ist es, auf Grundlage historischer Preisdaten des Spotmarktes der Leipziger Stromboerse zu rekonstruieren, welche Preise sich an der Stromboerse in den Jahren 2011 bis 2013 ohne die Einspeisung aus Wind und Photovoltaik eingestellt haetten. Die Analyse zeigt, dass sich im ''Day - Ahead'' - Handel des Spotmarktes die Strompreise ohne Wind und Sonne beispielsweise fuer das Jahr 2013 aufgrund des erheblich geringeren Stromangebots im Mittel um 5,2 9 ct/kWh erhoeht haetten. Den Kosten der EEG - Umlage von ca. 20,4 Mrd. Euro stehen also in 2013 Einsparungen fuer konventionell erzeugten Strom von ca. 31,6 Mrd. Euro gegenueber. Dies sparte fuer die deutschen Letztverbraucher 2013 insgesamt ca. 11,2 Mrd. Euro ein. Ueber 269 Stunden des Jahres haette die Nachfrage mit der maximal im Jahr 2013 angebotenen Leistung nicht gedeckt werden koennen. Dies bedeutet nicht automatisch, dass in diesen Situationen Grossstoerungen (''Blackouts'') entstanden waeren, da die Betrachtung

The flexfuel tractor. Invesigations on the combustion behaviour of vegetable oil fuels and on the discernability of fossil and biogenic fuels; Der Flexfuel Traktor. Untersuchungen zum Verbrennungsverhalten von Pflanzenoelkraftstoffen und zur Unterscheidbarkeit fossiler und biogener Kraftstoffe

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dieringer, Stefanie

2012-07-01

Increasing energy prices, especially for fossil fuels, as well as the necessity to reduce CO{sub 2} emissions are emphasizing the advantages of self-produced vegetable oil fuels in agriculture. Monetary advantages are depending on basic conditions like farm size or tax legislation, which can be changing locally as well as temporarily. Due to the differing properties of diesel and vegetable oil fuel, engines have to be adapted to each fuel to fulfil performance requirements as well as emission limits and reliability. Knowing that there are advantages of vegetable oil compared to diesel fuel, though not always and everywhere present, it becomes obvious that the well known flexible fuel concept of passenger cars should be adapted for diesel engines of agricultural machines. So called flexfuel engines imply the detection of the fuel type and an automated adjustment of the engine control parameters without any manual action of an operator. Therefore, the first step consists of the evaluation of the combustion properties of rapeseed, sunflower, jatropha and false flax oil compared to diesel fuel. The tested vegetable oils showed very similar behaviour in the tested common rail diesel engine. Especially the limited emissions were met with the same engine control software with all vegetable oils. In consequence it is possible to realize a flexfuel engine using the two engine control maps available at the moment, one for diesel and the other one for vegetable oil fuels. For further investigations one oil type, namely rapeseed oil was selected to test the combustion behaviour of fuel blends made of diesel and vegetable oil. The goal was to determine the blend ratio of vegetable oil and diesel fuel at which the engine control software has to be changed from the diesel to the vegetable oil map automatically. If the fuel consists of 40% or more vegetable oil, the vegetable oil engine control map has to be selected in order to fulfil legal emission limits. Finally the feasibility to detect different fuel types, especially vegetable oils and diesel, but also blends of those fuels and additionally biodiesel, was evaluated. A fluid property sensor was utilized to measure the viscosity, the permittivity constant, the density and the temperature of different fuels and blends. At a fuel temperature of 40 C diesel, vegetable oil and biodiesel can be detected using only two of the sensor's three values. The accuracy of the sensor decreases with increasing viscosity of the fluid, thus two or all three measured values have to be used to determine the fuel type reliably. This is even more important, if not only straight fuels, but also unknown blends of different fuel types need to be detected, which is very likely in the daily use of a flexfuel vehicle. Having determined the reliability of this fluid property sensor in a temperature range of 25 to 60 C, an accuracy of 10 to 20% can be observed, which leads to a total detection accuracy of about 10 to 20% fuel blend differences. This is sufficient for engine operation with the two engine maps strategy. It was verified that a current stage 3A common rail for valve technology engine can be transferred into a flexfuel engine using only two engine control maps and selecting those based on a sensor based fuel detection. Once the interpolation between those engine control maps is enabled, the results of the combustion analysis of diesel-vegetable oil fuel blends can be utilized again. (orig.)

A temperature-sensitive winter wheat chlorophyll mutant derived from space mutagenesis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhao Hongbin; Guo Huijun; Zhao Linshu; Gu Jiayu; Zhao Shirong; Li Junhui; Liu Luxiang

2010-01-01

A temperature-sensitive winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chlorophyll mutant Mt18, induced by spaceflight mutagenesis, was studied on agronomic traits, ultrastructure of chloroplast and photosynthesis characteristics. The leaf color of the mutant Mt18 showed changes from green to albino and back to green during the whole growth period. Plant height, productive tillers, spike length, grains and grain weight per plant, and 1000-grain weight of the mutant were lower than those of the wild type. The ultrastructural observation showed that no significant difference was found between the mutant and the wild type during prior albino stage, however, at the albino stage the number of granum-thylakoids and grana lamellae became fewer or completely disappeared, but the strom-thylakoid was obviously visible. After turning green,the structure of most chloroplasts recovered to normal, but number of chloroplast was still lower than that of the wild type. When exposed to photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) of 110 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 , the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of mutant was significantly lower than that of the wild type, and the non-regulated energy dissipation (Y NO ) was significantly higher than that of the wild type, while the change of the maximum photosystem II quantum yield (F v /F m ), potential activity of photosystem II (F v /F o ), photochemical quenching (q P ), effective quantum yield (Y PSI I) and regulated non-photochemical energy dissipation (Y NPQ ) were different at various stages. In addition, the differences of the electron transport rate (ETR), photochemical quenching (q P ), and effective quantum yield (Y PSI I) between mutant and wild type varied under different PAR conditions. It was concluded that with the change of chloroplast ultrastructure, the leaf color and photosynthesis of the wheat mutant Mt18 change correspondingly. The chloroplast ultrastructure was obviously different from that of wild type, and the photosynthetic efficiency

Impact basins on Ganymede and Callisto and implications for the large-projectile size distribution

Science.gov (United States)

Wagner, R.; Neukum, G.; Wolf, U.; Greeley, R.; Klemaszewski, J. E.

2003-04-01

It has been conjectured that the projectile family which impacted the Galilean Satellites of Jupiter was depleted in large projectiles, concluded from a ''dearth'' in large craters (> 60 km) (e.g. [1]). Geologic mapping, aided by spatial filtering of new Galileo as well as older Voyager data shows, however, that large projectiles have left an imprint of palimpsests and multi-ring structures on both Ganymede and Callisto (e. g. [2]). Most of these impact structures are heavily degraded and hence difficult to recognize. In this paper, we present (1) maps showing the outlines of these basins, and (2) derive updated crater size-frequency diagrams of the two satellites. The crater diameter from a palimpsest diameter was reconstructed using a formula derived by [3]. The calculation of the crater diameter Dc from the outer boundary Do of a multi-ring structure is much less constrained and on the order of Dc = k \\cdot Do , with k ≈ 0.25-0.3 [4]. Despite the uncertainties in locating the ''true'' crater rims, the resulting shape of the distribution in the range from kilometer-sized craters to sizes of ≈ 500 km is lunar-like and strongly suggests a collisionally evolved projectile family, very likely of asteroidal origin. An alternative explanation for this shape could be that comets are collisionally evolved bodies in a similar way as are asteroids, which as of yet is still uncertain and in discussion. Also, the crater size distributions on Ganymede and Callisto are shifted towards smaller crater sizes compared to the Moon, caused by a much lower impact velocity of impactors which preferentially were in planetocentric orbits [5]. References: [1] Strom et al., JGR 86, 8659-8674, 1981. [2] J. E. Klemaszewski et al., Ann. Geophys. 16, suppl. III, 1998. [3] Iaquinta-Ridolfi &Schenk, LPSC XXVI (abstr.), 651-652, 1995. [4] Schenk &Moore, LPSC XXX, abstr. No. 1786 [CD-Rom], 1999. [5] Horedt & Neukum, JGR 89, 10,405-10,410, 1984.

Biogas in a future energy supply structure with a high proportion of fluctuating renewable energies; Biogas in einer zukuenftigen Energieversorgungsstruktur mit hohen Anteilen fluktuierender Erneuerbarer Energien

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Holzhammer, Uwe Abraham

2015-07-01

The power supply must integrate in the future an increasing share of renewable energies for the supply of electricity customers to meet the climate protection requirements. The proportion of weather-dependent renewable energy plays a leading role of renewable power supply in the future. These highly volatile provided electricity volumes do not match in base-load power generated amounts, as it has come in the past biogas park and still mostly delivers. It seems necessary that the non-fluctuating production units ''make room'' the wind and PV electricity volumes in the energy system and provide the electricity in phases when the fluctuating renewable energy electricity volumes are not available. In this study, it is determined how the biogas park with its high number of production systems should behave from total cost perspective in the energy system in 2030. It primarily concerns the question whether the base-load electricity production of biogas parks should be changed and made more flexible from the perspective of the overall costs and if so, to what extent. [German] Die Stromversorgung muss in Zukunft einen stetig steigenden Anteil an Erneuerbarer Energien zur Versorgung der Stromkunden integrieren, um die den Klimaschutzanforderungen zu genuegen. Der Anteil an wetterabhaengigen Erneuerbaren Energien nimmt dabei zukuenftig die tragende Rolle der Erneuerbaren Stromversorgung ein. Diese sehr volatil bereitgestellten Strommengen passen nicht zu in Grundlast erzeugten Strommengen, wie sie in der Vergangenheit der BiogasPark geliefert hat und immer noch groesstenteils liefert. Es scheint erforderlich, dass die nicht fluktuierenden Erzeugungseinheiten den Wind-und PV-Strommengen im Energiesystem ''Platz machen'' und den Strom in Phasen bereitstellen, wenn die fluktuierende Erneuerbaren Energie-Strommengen nicht zur Verfuegung stehen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ermittelt, wie sich der BiogasPark mit seiner hohen Zahl an

Selected Abstracts of the 2nd Congress of joint European Neonatal Societies (jENS 2017; Venice (Italy; October 31-November 4, 2017; Session "Ethics"

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

--- Various Authors

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Selected Abstracts of the 2nd Congress of joint European Neonatal Societies (jENS 2017; Venice (Italy; October 31-November 4, 201758th ESPR Annual Meeting, 7th International Congress of UENPS, 3rd International Congress of EFCNIORGANIZING INSTITUTIONSEuropean Society for Paediatric Research (ESPR, European Society for Neonatology (ESN, Union of European Neonatal & Perinatal Societies (UENPS, European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNIORGANIZING COMMITTEELuc Zimmermann (President of ESPR, Morten Breindahl (President of ESN, Manuel Sánchez Luna (President of UENPS, Silke Mader (Chairwoman of the Executive Board and Co-Founder of EFCNISCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEVirgilio P. Carnielli (Congress President Chair, Pierre Gressens (Past Scientific President, Umberto Simeoni, Manon Benders, Neil Marlow, Ola D. Saugstad, Petra Hüppi, Agnes van den HoogenSession "Ethics"ABS 1. THE DELIVERY OF BAD NEWS: A ONE OR 2-STEP APPROACH? THE CASE FOR TRISOMY 21 • M.S. Schimmel, M.Y. Kassirer, H.M. TowersABS 2. NEONATAL ORGAN DONATION: A POTENTIAL NEW DONOR SOURCE FOR CELL AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION • C. Jorns, E. Henckel, G. Nowak, A. Karadagi, T. Kjellin, E. Bluhme, Ö. Jynge, M. Hending, A. Croon, M. Söderström, B. Fischler, A. Nemeth, R. Gramignoli, S. Strom, E. Ellis, B. HallbergABS 3. HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS’ AND PARENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD PARENTAL AUTONOMY AND THE BEST INTEREST OF THE EXTREME PRETERM INFANT: A NATIONAL STUDY IN SWITZERLAND • M. Hendriks, H. Bucher, S. Klein, R. Baumann-Holzle, J. Streuli, J. FauchèreABS 4. CHANGING PARENTAL PERCEPTIONS IN TRISOMIES – A POTENTIAL ETHICAL DILEMMA FOR NEONATOLOGISTS? • E. Simons, P. Nath, P. ParthasarathyABS 5. INGEBORG SYLLM-RAPOPORT (1912-2017 – AN EXEMPLARY LIFE FOR CHILDREN AND PAEDIATRICS • H. Sallmon, R.R. Wauer, C.C. RoehrABS 6. RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSES OF PARENTAL COUNSELING AND DECISION MAKING FOR EXTREME PRETERM BIRTH IN A TERTIARY DUTCH PERINATAL CENTER • E. de Booij, J

Reliable energy in th 21st century; Sichere Energie im 21. Jahrhundert

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Petermann, J. (ed.)

2006-07-01

Energy dominates our future. Climate is in danger, oil century will end. What's following? The exciting manual on the actual energy debate is prepared. Journalists and scientists offer data, facts and backgrounds: How do we secure the energy supply, without danger environment? Clearly written, by effortful info-graphics illustrated: a book with debate potential. An 'energy bible' for everybody. Energy is the drive for world economy and the base for global prosperity. Dramatical price amounts for power, gasoline and heating energy rouse consumers. The demand for oil increases, however stocks are shrinking, the era of fossil fuels finishes. CO2 burdens the ecosphere. The dependency of political instable world regions, exploiting oil and gas, increases. Energy economy and policy are faced with difficult decisions: How to face climate change? Does the world need nuclear power? How do we succeed to the change to renewable energy sources? The book - unanimously commended by reviewers - shows ways, how energy supply will be secured sustainably. (orig./GL) [German] Energie bestimmt unsere Zukunft. Das Klima ist in Gefahr, das Oelzeitalter geht zu Ende. Was kommt danach? Das spannende Handbuch zur aktuellen Energie-debatte - in ueberarbeiteter Neuauflage. Journalisten und Wissenschaftler liefern Daten, Fakten und Hintergruende: Wie sichern wir den Energie- nachschub, ohne die Umwelt zu gefaehrden? Verstaendlich geschrieben, mit aufwaendigen Info-Grafiken illustriert: ein Buch mit Debatten-Potenzial. Die 'Energie-Bibel' fuer jedermann. Energie ist der Motor der Weltwirtschaft und die Basis fuer globalen Wohlstand. Teils dramatische Preisanstiege fuer Strom, Benzin und Heizenergie ruetteln die Verbraucher wach. Die Nachfrage nach Erdoel steigt, doch die Vorraete schrumpfen, das Zeitalter fossiler Energien geht zu Ende. CO2 belastet die Oeko-sphaere. Die Abhaengigkeit von politisch instabilen Weltregionen, in denen Oel und Gas gefoerdert werden

Investigation of the attenuation properties of the HV board grid of electric-powered vehicles; Untersuchung der Daempfungseigenschaften des Hochvoltbordnetzes in Elektrofahrzeugen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Obholz, Martin; Baerenfaenger, Joerg [EMC Test NRW GmbH, Dortmund (Germany); Maarleveld, Marc; Hirsch, Holger [Duisburg Univ. (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Energietransport und -speicherung

2012-11-01

Power electronics components with transient switching processes cause AC components in the HV on-board supply system, with current and voltage harmonics with frequencies in the two-digit MHz range. Depending on their length and design, the HV lines can act as effective antenna structures. It is already common to shield HV lines for better EMP but the shield should be continued also in the connected casings. Material characteristics must be considered for weight and cost optimisation. For this reason, shield attenuation dimensions are calculated for exemplary casings for the frequency ranges that are relevant in electromobility. Afater this, the intrinsic sheild attenuation values of three different materials are measured in the frequency range of 10 - 100 MHz, and their relevance for applications in electormobility is assessed. The coaxial HV lines differ from other coaxial lines in their system characteristics; coupling attenuation and transfer impedance are important characteristics. To measure these characteristics, measuring tools must be adapted to the concrete applications. The methodology and the identified characteristics are discussed in detail. [German] Baugruppen der Leistungselektronik mit transienten Schaltvorgaengen verursachen Wechselspannungsanteile im Hochvoltbordnetz, die Strom- und Spannungsoberschwingungen mit Frequenzauspraegungen bis in den zweistelligen MHz-Bereich zeigen. Die Hochvoltleitungen koennen dann abhaengig von Laenge und Ausfuehrung als effektive Antennenstrukturen agieren. Zur Einhaltung der elektromagnetischen Vertraeglichkeit, werden bereits Schirmungen der Hochvoltleitungen eingesetzt. Jedoch muss fuer eine effektive elektromagnetische Entkopplung die Schirmung auch in den angeschlossenen Gehaeusen konsequent weitergefuehrt werden. Hierbei sind materialspezifische Anforderungen zu beachten, die Gewichts- und Kostenoptimierungen unterliegen. Daher wird fuer die in der Elektromobilitaet relevanten Frequenzbereiche eine

The new special report of the Monopolies Commission on the energy markets; Das neue Sondergutachten der Monopolkommission zu den Energiemaerkten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zenke, Ines; Heymann, Tigran; Poppe, Sebastian [Kanzlei BBH, Becker Buettner Held, Berlin (Germany)

2015-12-15

The Monopolies Commission has published once more a special report on the energy market, which is now 71. In this they examined regularly for many years as well the competition in the German electricity and gas markets work and how he is developping foreseeable. Especially the five-member Commission comments current changes of the regulatory framework and gives the legislature from competitive economic perspective suggestions for possible need for adaptation. In the current special report itself the Monopolies Commission therefore also daels with the current plans of the Federal Government for an electricity market law apart, outlined in the Green and White Papers of the Federal Government to the electricity market 2.0. This contribution begins with an overview of the investigation by the Monopolies Commission on the situation of competition in the German energy markets since the last special report (Point A). Proceeding from this point is the analysis of Monopolies Commission with the projects of the electricity market law ist taken up and assessed (point B). Closing the authors draw a conclusion (point C). [German] Die Monopolkommission hat wieder einmal ein Sondergutachten zum Energiemarkt veroeffentlicht, das mittlerweile 71. In diesen begutachtet sie seit vielen Jahren regelmaessig, wie gut der Wettbewerb auf den deutschen Strom- und Gasmaerkten funktioniert und auch, wie er sich absehbar entwickelt. Insbesondere kommentiert die fuenfkoepfige Kommission aktuelle Aenderungen des ordnungspolitischen Rahmens und gibt dem Gesetzgeber aus wettbewerbsoekonomischer Perspektive Anregungen fuer etwaigen Anpassungsbedarf. Im aktuellen Sondergutachten setzt sich die Monopolkommission daher auch mit den aktuellen Plaenen der Bundesregierung fuer ein Strommarktgesetz auseinander, angelegt im Gruen- und Weissbuch der Bundesregierung zum Strommarkt 2.0. Dieser Beitrag beginnt mit einem Ueberblick ueber die Untersuchungen der Monopolkommission zur Lage des Wettbewerbs auf den

ETVS - a process for decentral processing of liquid, pasty and solid organic residues into electrical energy and ash, optionally with hydrosoft high-pressure dewatering, fluidized-bed drying, fluidized-bed gasification and heat-and-power cogeneration using product gas; ETVS - Ein Verfahren zur dezentralen Verwertung von fluessigen, pastoesen und festen biologischen Reststoffen in elektrische Energie und Asche, bedarfsweise mit Hydrosoft-Hochdruckentwaesserung, Wirbelschicht-Trockner, Wirbelschicht-Vergaser und Produktgas-Kraft-Waerme-Kopplung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Eder, C.; Eder, G. [Christian Eder Technology, Neunkirchen (Germany); Wied, E. [Bisanz GmbH, Saarbruecken (Germany)

1999-07-01

By means of the ETVS process, predominantly liquid organic residues can be converted into electrical energy and mineral ash decentrally, i.e. where they accrue. The process is exemplified with reference to sewage sludge. Sludge containing at least about 4 % dry residue is dewatered to the highest dry substance content possible. The obtained filter cakes are indirectly dried in a fluidized-bed drier using internal process waste heat. Then the organic sewage sludge constituents are gasified in an atmospheric fluidized bed system. The cleaned product gas is used to generate power in a cogeneration power plant, meeting the sewage treatment plant's in-house power demand. The ETVS process is self-sufficient in terms of thermal energy requirement from an initial dry substance content of the filter cake > 40 %. Incineration is a means of disposing of sewage sludge in accordance with the boundary conditions for sewage sludge disposal from 2005, laid down in the technical code on municipal waste. Combining the ETVS process with modern biological treatment stages makes for a substantial cut in the construction and operating cost of sewage treatment plants. (orig.) [German] Mit dem ETVS-Verfahren koennen ueberwiegend fluessige biologische Reststoffe dezentral, d.h. an der Anfallstelle in eigennutzbare elektrische Energie und mineralische Asche umgewandelt werden. Das Verfahren wird am Klaerschlamm beispielhaft dargestellt. Der Klaerschlamm wird ab einem Trockensubstanzgehalt von ca. 4%TR auf moeglichst hohe Trockensubstanzgehalte entwaessert und die dabei erzeugten Filterkuchen mit internen Prozessabwaermen in einem Wirbelschichttrockner indirekt getrocknet. Die organischen Bestandteile des Klaerschlammes werden anschliessend in einer ebenfalls atmosphaerischen Wirbelschichtanlage vergast. Der mit dem gereinigten Produktgas in einer KWK-Anlage erzeugte Strom wird zur Deckung des Eigenbedarfs der Klaeranlage verwandt. Durch die Veraschung liefert das ab einem

Optimal Mutagen Doses for Emiliania huxleyi

Science.gov (United States)

Byrne, P.

2016-02-01

Emiliania huxleyi (E. huxleyi) is one of the most prominent coccolithophores. Given favorable conditions, E. huxleyi blooms can reach sizes exceeding 100,000km2, with densities of 107 cells per L (Olson & Strom 2002). With increasing demand and limited supply of fossil fuels, it has become increasingly popular to look toward alternative renewable fuel sources. E. Huxleyi store energy predominately as uniquely structured polyunsaturated long chain (C37-39) alkenes, alkenones and alkenoates (abbreviated as PULCAs) (Eltgroth et al 2005). Unlike the stored energy of macroalgae and higher order plants, triacylglycerols (TAGs), PULCAs provide a similar composition to native petroleum crude oils (Yamane 2013), which offers a more cost effective and higher yielding extraction process (Wu et al 1999). A number of factors have been shown to influence the alkenone content of E. huxleyi, such as nitrogen deficiency, phosphate limitation (Li et al 2014), and temperature (Shiraiwa et al 2005). For these reasons E. huxleyi has the potential to be an attractive system for algal biofuel. The broad and long-term objective of our research is to elucidate the alkenone biosynthesis pathway in E. Huxleyi, using random mutagenesis techniques. We propose to use UV light and methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) to create a mutant population, from which clones unable to synthesize alkenones will be selected. Identifying genes whose specific mutations underlie the loss-of-function phenotype will then reveal genes of interest. The aim of this research was to determine the UV and MMS dose response rates for E. huxleyi to ascertain optimal doses defined as a 50% survival rate for each of the two mutagens. Preliminary data indicate that E. huxleyi appear to be highly sensitive to UV mutagenesis, with an LD50 of 0.57mJ/cm2 for the calcifying strain M217 and 0.96mJ/cm2 for the non-calcifying strain CCMP1516. Both calcifying and non-calcifying strains exhibit similar LD50 values for MMS at 1-2% (v/v).

Sensorless control of electromagnetic actuators for gas valves in spark ignition engines; Sensorlose Regelung elektromagnetischer Aktuatoren fuer die Betaetigung von Gaswechselventilen im Otto-Motor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Butzmann, S.

2000-07-01

A method for sensorless control of the impact speed of the armature of electromagnetic actuators is presented and described in great detail. The control algorithm was implemented in a compact electronic control unit for a 4-cylinder, 16-valve engine and was tested both in the laboratory and in a real engine. The method was first presented in September 1999 at the Frankfurt IHH, where it met with great interest. [German] In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Verfahren zur sensorlosen Regelung der Aufsetzgeschwindigkeit des Ankers bei elektromagnetischen Aktuatoren vorgestellt. Um den Anker zwischen den beiden Seiten des Luftspalts zu bewegen, werden zwei Elektromagnete abwechselnd bestromt, die Bewegung wird dabei von zwei Federn unterstuetzt. Fliesst waehrend eines solchen Umschwingvorgangs ein konstanter Strom durch die Spulen, so nimmt waehrend der Annaeherung an die Polflaeche die Magnetkraft mit der Luftspaltlaenge 1/l{sub L}{sup 2} zu, waehrend die entgegengesetzt wirkende Federkraft nur linear mit der Luftspaltlaenge l{sub L} steigt. Dies fuehrt prinzipiell zu einer unerwuenschten Beschleunigung des Ankers am Ende der Bewegung und damit zu einem harten Aufprall, der Laerm erzeugt und die Aktuatorlebensdauer reduziert. Ausgehend vom idealen Verfahren der zeitoptimalen Regelung, welches allerdings hohe Anforderungen an Sensorik und Rechenleistung stellt, wurde ein Algorithmus hergeleitet, welcher die zur Regelung der Aufsetzgeschwindigkeit erforderlichen Signale aus dem Stromverlauf in den Aktuatorspulen ableitet. Das neue Regelverfahren umgeht daher die Probleme, die durch den Einsatz von Sensoren entstehen. Waehrend der Ankerbewegung werden die Spulen zusaetzlich stimuliert, um eine hoehere Observationsgenauigkeit zu erzielen. Durch Adaption zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Ventilbetaetigungen und Regelung der Bewegung waehrend der Flugphase kann die Aufsetzgeschwindigkeit des Ankers praezise geregelt werden. Gleichzeitig konnte die zur Regelung erforderliche

Nenápadní obyvatelé kůry stromů. Pralesovité porosty Česka - ráj epifytických lišejníků

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Malíček, Jiří

2017-01-01

Roč. 2017, č. 3 (2017), s. 16-17 ISSN 1805-5591 Institutional support: RVO:67985939 Keywords : primeval forests * beech and spruce forests * scree forests * biodiversity Subject RIV: EF - Botanics OBOR OECD: Plant sciences, botany

Higher efficiency, lower bonuses. Financial incentives for power from biomass according to EEG 2012; Mehr Effizienz, weniger Boni. Die Foerderung von Strom aus Biomasse nach dem EEG 2012

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mueller, Dominik [Ecologic Institute, Berlin (Germany)

2012-07-01

The German parliament passed a total of eight new laws for the intended energy turnaround. Apart from changes in atomic law, the focus was on a complete amendment of the Renewables Act (EEG). The contribution outlines the new regulations for power generation from biomass from 2012. It indicates the changes from former regulations and describes the structural changes required for sustainable power supply from biomass, among others.

Tax reform for ecologic reasons: The basic legal situation in Germany. Expert opinion; Steuerreform unter oekologischen Aspekten: Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen. Gutachterliche Stellungnahme

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Birk, D.; Eckhoff, R. [Muenster Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Steuerrecht

1999-04-01

Erhoehung der Mineraloelsteuer, die Einfuehrung von Abgaben fuer die Strassenbenutzung, die Einfuehrung oder Erhoehung von Abfallabgaben, die Umgestaltung und Erhoehung der Abwasserabgabe und laengerfristig die Einfuehrung einer Flaechenversiegelungsabgabe vor. Eine Analyse der Verteilungswirkung der geplanten Energiesteuer und der Erhoehung der Mineraloelsteuer ergibt, dass der Anteil der Energieausgaben an den ausgabefaehigen Einkommen und Einnahmen mit steigendem Einkommen deutlich abnimmt. Insbesondere der Anteil der Ausgaben fuer Kraftstoffe steigt jedoch und geht erst bei Haushalten mit sehr hohem Einkommen wieder zurueck. Die Belastungswirkung der Energiesteuer bezogen auf die ausgabefaehigen Einkommen und Einnahmen nimmt einen aehnlich regressiven Verlauf wie die Energieausgaben. Dagegen entfaltet die sich aufgrund der Mineraloelsteuererhoehung ergebende Steuerbelastung erst ab einem Haushaltsnettoeinkommen von 4.000 DM eine regressive Belastungswirkung. Das verhindert jedoch nicht, dass sich fuer Energiesteuer und Mineraloelsteuer insgesamt ab einem Haushaltseinkommen von 1.000 DM eine regressive Belastungswirkung ergibt. (orig.)

The new heating. Environmental-friendly and effectively heating with natural gas, wood, electricity and solar power; Die neue Heizung. Umweltfreundlich und wirtschaftlich heizen mit Gas, Holz, Strom und Sonnenenergie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schulz, Marion; Westkaemper, Hubert

2013-02-01

Comfortable, climate-friendly and cost-effective heating technologies inclusive preparation of hot water and ventilation systems: Which technology is the best, most economical and most environmental one? Which fuel is economic as well as assured of a good future, if a new building or an energetically retrofitted old building is equipped with a heating system? These are the key issues for the house owners / building owners, planners, consultants and craftsmen. The book under consideration tries to answer these questions. Construction, planning benchmark figures and operational areas of modern heating technologies are described. The costs, the environmental pollutions and the economic efficiency of the most important systems are compared. The book contains hints on the decisive details of modern, energy saving system engineering including hot water preparation and ventilation technology. This handbook is suited for the selection and planning of energy saving and future-oriented heating systems.

Elephants produce their electricity by themselves. Wilhelma an integrated energy efficiency concept of Stuttgart (SEE); Elefanten machen ihren Strom selbst. Die Wilhelma als integriertes Energieeffizienzkonzept der Stadt Stuttgart (SEE)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hilse, Annika; Leix, Carmen; Fischer, Klaus; Kranert, Martin [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Siedlungswasserbau, Wasserguete- und Abfallwirtschaft

2013-10-01

As a part of the overall project Stuttgart city with energy efficiency - SEE an integrated bioenergy concept Wilhelma at the Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Waste Management (ISWA) in cooperation with the Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy (IER) is created. The biomass potential analysis was recently completed; a differentiated analysis of energy demand is still pending. The Stuttgart Zoo Wilhelma has a significant biomass potential. With about 340 acres of gardens and parks which fall Wilhelma to care and the residue biomass of around 9000 zoo animals, offers the Stuttgart Zoo and Garden Wilhelma, together with the urban green space a high biomass potential, which is currently unused. For energy recovery through anaerobic digestion in a biogas plant are suitable 3900 t/a of biomass, which are 87% of the total exploitable biomass. For energy recovery by incineration are suitable 600 t/a of biomass, equivalent to the remaining 13% of recoverable biomass. This could be a total energy potential of about 6219 MWh/year are covered if the biomass is fully developed. Of these, 64% come from the fermentation and 36% from burning. About the determined biomass potential can be expected to be covered the electricity and heat demand of up to 16% (integrated bio-energy concept). To fully cover the energy requirements possibility of further use of renewable energy sources (e.g. solar panels on the roofs) must be examined and evaluated. (orig.)

Common guideline of the Federal Network Agency and the Federal Cartel Office for the award of electricity and gas concession contracts and for changing concession holders. A correct step towards competition for power and gas distribution grids; Gemeinsamer Leitfaden von Bundeskartellamt und Bundesnetzagentur zur Vergabe von Strom- und Gaskonzessionsvertraegen und zum Wechsel des Konzessionsnehmers. Ein richtiger Schritt in Richtung Wettbewerb um Strom- und Gasverteilnetze

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buettner, Svenja; Templin, Wolf [Kanzlei Becker Buettner Held, Berlin (Germany)

2011-04-15

By means of the guidance of the Federal Network Agency (Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany) and the Federal Cartel Office (Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany) the desired competition for energy supply systems is finally strengthening explicitly. It is a step in the right direction and provides clarification in many ways. The comments on the scope of the claim to relinquishment and also on the economically reasonable compensation can convince to a large extent. However, the authorities lack the courage and the empirical safety such as to clarify absolutely the claim to transfer property from paragraph 46 section 2 sentence 2 Energy Economy Law. With regard to the information demands in the selection process the guideline presents only a minimum number. For any further confusion, ultimately the legislature is called upon to address the contentious issues of the concession contract law.

Promotion of direct marketing and supply on demand of electric power from renewable energy sources. Final report; Foerderung der Direktvermarktung und der bedarfsgerechten Einspeisung von Strom aus Erneuerbaren Energien. Endbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2010-06-23

The study investigates the promotion of direct marketing and supply on demand of electric power from renewable energy sources in Germany. the study shows that renewable energy sources are a good option for facing the challenges of the future. However, the potential is often left unused because of a lack of incentives in the current pricing system. To solve this problem, the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety authorized two studies that are to enable or improve the utilization of the integration potentials of the renewable energy sources. Two model proposals based on these studies are presented here. The model proposing a bonus for combined-cycle power plants is to ensure supply on demand of electric power from renewables with the aid of integrated power storage systems. However, it is found that this model will not generate significant effects for power supply on demand. The second model proposes financial incentives; it will work well for renewable power supply systems that can be controlled, e.g. bioenergy, run-of-river power plants with power storage, and biogas plants. On the other hand, supply-dependent technologies like wind power, photovoltaic power, run-of-river power plants without power storage, and geothermal power plants with very low variable cost, the goal is not fully reached. In contrast to the first model, the market incentives model will enhance the integration of renewable energy sources in the competitive market by largely eliminating market risks. (orig./RHM)

Identification and analysis of demands by nature protection at the supply of electricity and heat from energy crop; Identifikation und Analyse naturschutzseitiger Anforderungen an die Strom- und Waermebereitstellung aus Energieholz

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wirkner, Ronny [Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum g GmbH (DBFZ), Leipzig (Germany). Bereich Bioenergiesysteme

2013-10-01

The energetic use of biomass is currently a dominating part concerning the use of renewable energies and both federal and country-specific strategies will be continuously expanded in the course. However, energy and environmental policy objectives need viable sustainability requirements (ecological, economic, social), which is not always consistent due partly contradictory approaches. The article ''Identification and analysis of conservation-sided demands on the electricity and heat supply from energy wood'' is primarily devoted to the environmental analysis from the perspective of nature conservation and landscape management (SRC/woody biomass from landscape planning). The focus of the analysis is the amended Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG 2012), where you can find also in the field of solid fuels new requirements and levels of compensation which increase the attractiveness of selected material flows for the system operator and the resulting consequences for the nature protection and landscape conservation. These arise primarily from a change in the type and intensity of agricultural and forestry land use systems, but also the final form of the energy use of biomass itself. (orig.)

Replacement of the old hydropower plant Ruppoldingen by new construction: More power in harmony with nature. Ersatz des alten Kraftwerkes Ruppoldingen durch Neubau: Mehr Strom im Einklang mit der Natur

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aemmer, F; Zimmermann, C; Inderbitzin, R [Atel, Aare-Tessin AG fuer Elektrizitaet, Olten (Switzerland)

1992-02-21

The Aare-Tessin AG fuer Elektrizitaet (Atel) at Olten intend to construct a new run-of-river power plant at Ruppoldingen above the Aareblick restaurant. The new plant will replace the present hydroelectric power plant, which is new nearly 100 years old and whose operating permit will run out in 1994. The article gives an outline of the power plant project. The new plant will have three times the power of the old plant; protection of nature will be ensured by a number of measures.(orig.).

Study of colored anodized aluminum with calcon in sulfuric acidic solution using cyclic voltammetry and impedance measurement methods

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Norouzi, P.; Ganjali, M.R.; Golmohamaddi, M.; Mousavi, S. [Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran); Vatankhah, G. [Iranian Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Isfahan Center, A5 Ghezelbash Avenue, Tohid Street, Isfahan 8173954541 (Iran)

2003-04-01

The effect of coloring condition of Al with Calcon (sodium 2,2'-dihydroxy-azonaphthalene-4-sulfonate), on the corrosion resistance of Al in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution was studied, using cyclic voltammetry and measurement of impedance noise methods. The changes in the corrosion resistance of colored aluminum electrodes were evaluated by measuring the magnitude of impedance and cyclic voltammetric responses of anodized and colored electrodes. An irreversible corrosion response was observed at the cyclic voltammogram of the colored aluminum electrode. The current and threshold potential of corrosion responses strongly depends on the applied conditions during anodizing, coloring and sealing stages. In addition, significant changes in impedance at the ac voltammogram and noise level at some ac frequencies were observed, when the electrodes were colored under various conditions. In this regard, the surface of the electrode was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Comparison of SEM images of the colored and uncolored aluminum specimens showed that the colored surface contained a significant numbers of pits. The results indicated that coloring aluminum with Calcon could reduce corrosion resistance of aluminum and increase roughness of the oxide film. (Abstract Copyright [2003], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) [German] Mit Hilfe zyklischer Voltammetrie und Messungen mit Impedanzrauschmethoden wurde der Einfluss der Faerbungsbedingungen von Aluminium mit Calcon (Natrium 2,2'-Dihydroxyazonaphthalen-4-Sulfonat) auf den Korrosionswiderstand von Aluminium in 0,1 M Schwefelsaeure untersucht. Die Veraenderungen des Korrosionswiderstandes von gefaerbten Aluminiumelektroden wurden durch Messungen der Hoehe der Impedanzreaktion bzw. der Reaktion bei der zyklischen Voltammetrie von anodisierten und gefaerbten Elektroden beurteilt. Eine irreversible Korrosionsreaktion wurde beim zyklischen Voltammogramm der gefaerbten Aluminiumelektrode beobachtet. Der Strom und das

Refrigeration systems of high temperature superconduction transformers for rail vehicles. Final report; Kaelteversorgung von Schienenfahrzeug-Transformatoren mit HT-Supraleitung. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Glatthaar, R.

2000-09-01

The refrigeration system for the HTS-transformer was designed in cooperation with the transformer manufacturer and the requirements for the refrigerator have been determined. Several active and passive refrigeration systems were investigated, two of them have been elaborated more detailed. All the refrigeration systems are based on the concept of a liquid nitrogen flow rate of 1000 g/s passing through the 6 MVA transformer at a temperature of approx. 66 K and at a pressure of approx. 3 bars. The passive system uses as refrigerant source a tank with liquid nitrogen, weighing approx. 2300 kg and consuming 500 kg liquid nitrogen per day. After evaporating and preheating the nitrogen used exits to atmosphere with a vacuum pump. The active system elaborated more detailed applies a Stirling engine for refrigeration, will weigh 1600 kg and needs an average electric power of 25 kW. The refrigeration system for a transformer of ceramic superconducting material has significant advantages with regard to weight, power consumption and investment costs compared to a transformer of the same size manufactured as metallic superconductors. (orig.) [German] In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Transformatorhersteller wurden die Kaelteversorgung des HTS-Transformators konzipiert und die Anforderungen an die Kaelteanlage festgelegt. Verschiedene sogenannte passive und aktive Systeme fuer die Kaelteversorgung wurden untersucht, zwei davon naeher ausgearbeitet. Die Kuehlkonzepte sehen vor, dass fuer einen Transformator der Leistung 6 MVA ein Strom an fluessigem Stickstoff von 1000 g/s mit einer Temperatur von ca. 66 K und unter einem Druck von rund 3 bar durch den Transformator geleitet wird. Das passive System ist gekennzeichnet durch Einsatz eines Tanks fuer fluessigen Stickstoff als Kaeltequelle, hat ein Gewicht von etwa 2300 kg und einen Verbrauch an fluessigem Stickstoff von 500 kg/Tag. Der Stickstoff wird nach Verdampfung und Anwaermung mit Hilfe einer Vakuumpumpe an die Umgebung abgegeben

Retrofitting of the small hydro power scheme 'Moulinets' on the river Orbe in Orbe, Switzerland; Centrale des Moulinets - Rehabilitation du barrage des Moulinets et des turbines des anciens Moulins 'Rod', Orbe - Rapport d'avant-projet 2009

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gerodetti, M.

2009-08-15

mean annual power production is evaluated to some 4.22 GWh. The cost of the kWh is fully in compliance with the allowance of 20.8 Swiss cents/kWh according to the Power Regulation Act (StromVV) of 14 March 2008. (author)

Measuring methods in power metering 2013; Elektrizitaetsmesstechnik 2013

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kahmann, Martin; Zayer, Peter (eds.)

2012-07-01

Metering durch Smart Home Anwendungen, 9. Die wesentlichen Kostentreiber bei den neuen Messsystemen; 10. BSI Schutzprofil: Smart-Meter-Gateway-Zertifizierung; 11. Einfluss der neuen Rahmenbedingungen im Messwesen auf die unternehmensuebergreifenden Prozesse; 12. Sichere Zeitbereitstellung ueber Internet; 13. Empfehlungen der Clearingstelle EEG zu Fragen des Messwesens; 14. Rahmen-Qualitaetsmanagement-Handbuch fuer staatlich anerkannte Pruefstellen fuer Strom, Gas, Wasser und Waerme.

Comparative nutritional ecology of grass-feeding in a sub-Antarctic beetle: the impact of introduced species on Hydromedion sparsutum from South Georgia.

Science.gov (United States)

Chown, S L; Block, W

1997-07-01

South Georgia has many introduced plant and animal species, a consequence of its long history of human habitation. Introduced reindeer have a strong effect on the vegetation of the Stromness Bay area by causing the replacement of indigenous species by grazing-tolerant grasses such as the exotic Poa annua, and in certain circumstances, the indigenous Festuca contracta. Recently it has been argued that an introduced predatory carabid has contributed to declines in the abundance and an increase in the body size of adults of the indigenous perimylopid beetle Hydromedion sparsutum. However, it also appears that body size of these beetles is smaller in areas where exotic grasses predominate compared to undisturbed areas. Here we test the hypothesis that by causing the spread of poorer quality grasses, especially the exotic Poa annua, reindeer may be having an indirect effect on H. sparsutum. To do this we examined the nutritional ecology of H. sparsutum larvae on four grass species which form a major part of its diet, viz. the indigenous Parodiochloa flabellata, Phleum alpinum and Festuca contracta, and the exotic Poa annua. Larvae showed the highest growth rate on Parodiochloa flabellata, followed by Phleum alpinum, F. contracta and Poa annua. These differences are due to poorer absorption of the exotic grass, and poorer utilization of the absorbed material in the case of F. contracta. Poor growth of larvae on F. contracta appears to be due to its low water and nitrogen contents, whereas in the case of P. annua a combination of low water content and high nitrogen content may be responsible for low growth rates. Low growth rates associated with poor-quality food may lead either to a prolongation of the life cycle or of the length of feeding bouts of an insect. Neither option appears to be feasible for H. sparsutum, and this means that the outcome of feeding on poorer-quality foods would be a reduction in final adult size. This has fitness consequences for the beetle

The unknown super-store. Socium-sulphur batteries are an interesting option for stationary power storage; Der verkannte Superspeicher. Natrium-Schwefel-Akkus sind eine interessante Option fuer die stationaere Speicherung von Strom

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Welter, Philippe

2010-12-15

Sodium-sulphur batteries were originally developed for driving electric automobiles. Engineers were enthusiastic about their excellent storage density, which is better than that of any modern lithium battery. However, low power density and high vibration sensitivity made it impossible to use them in mobile applications. In stationary applications, however, their full capacity can be utilized.

Solar-ships, solar passenger vessels in public passenger traffic; Solarschiffe, Solarfahrgastschiffe im oeffentlichen Personenverkehr

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Meyer, T. [Ingenieurbuero Schiffbau und Meerestechnik, Inst. fuer Solarschiffbau, Berlin und Hameln (Germany)

1999-07-01

It should first be said that solar boats are nothing other than electrically powered boats with their own independent, silent and clean power generator with which to recharge the storage batteries with free solar energy. There are only very few connection points to the public electricity grid on the open sea, on inland waterways and along their shores and banks. This fact has resulted in the many battery- and photo-voltaic-powered beacons and buoys that are so common today. But people who live aboard inland vessels, yachts, space stations and house boats are equally dependent on energy provided by electric storage batteries. Solar electricity generators are reliable, robust and perform their given task without requiring major maintenance work. This has resulted in ever more areas of application for solar electricity, also favoured by constantly falling prices and ever improving technology. Some of the currently available photo-voltaic modules are already pliable enough to form a single unit with the roof of a boat (see photo of the Aquabus 1050). Electric motors are older and more reliable than combustion engines. The motor can always be started just as long as the storage batteries have been recharged, i.e. the tank is full, and an electrical current is applied. In actual fact, such electric motors are in widespread use as nearly every cruise liner, submarine and even torpedo is equipped with electric drives. There are various reasons for this, such as a low degree of oscillation, silent operation and reliability. Large passenger-carrying vessels, however, do not use storage batteries but rather generate their electricity directly using numerous smaller diesel engines. (orig.) [German] Solarboote sind eigentlich nur Elektroboote, die ueber ihr eigenes unabhaengiges sauberes Kraftwerk verfuegen, das mit kostenloser Energie von der Sonne die Akkus auflaedt, ohne Kraftstoffe zu benoetigen. Auf den Meeren und Binnengewaessern sowie entlang ihrer Ufer gibt es nur

Innovative facades with photovoltaics; Innovative Fassaden mit Photovoltaik

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Eicker, U. [Hochschule fuer Technik, Stuttgart (Germany)

1999-10-01

Having grown at a rate of 15% since the middle of the 1980s the photovoltaic market today commands an annual module production of more than 100 MW{sub p}. In Germany altogether 10,000 PV systems with a total power output of 10 MW{sub p} were newly installed in 1997 alone. In 1990 the market was boosted by the heavily subsidised 1000 roofs programme, under which in the end more than 2,000 systems were installed on the roofs of mostly one-family houses. With power ratings ranging from 1 to 5 kW these decentral plants require roof surface areas between 10 and 50 m-2. On average they generate 800 kWh of electricity per kW of installed power. According to a number of studies carried out in the early 1990s the total surface area on buildings available for photovoltaics amounts to an enormous potential of 1,000 km-2, which is equivalent to an electricity generating potential of 130 TWh (100 TWh on roofs and 30 TWh on facades), or 25% of Germany`s total electricity demand. The degree to which this potential will be realised in the long term will notably depend on whether convincing architectural solutions are found for integrating photovoltaic plants in roofs and facades. [Deutsch] Der Photovoltaikmarkt waechst weltweit seit Mitte der 80er Jahre um durchschnittlich 15% und liegt heute bei einer Jahresmodulproduktion ueber 100 MW{sub p}. In Deutschland wurden alleine 1997 etwa 10.000 PV-Systeme mit einer Gesamtleistung von 10 MW{sub p} installiert. Die Marktentwicklung wurde 1990 mit dem stark subventionierten 1000-Daecher Programm angestossen, in welchem schliesslich mehr als 2000 Systeme meist auf Daechern von Einfamilienhaeusern installiert wurden. Diese dezentralen Anlagen mit Leistungen zwischen 1 und 5 kW erfordern Dachflaechen zwischen 10 und 50 m{sup 2} und erzeugen im Schnitt 800 kWh Strom pro kW installierter Leistung. Das verfuegbare Flaechenpotential von Gebaeuden wurde Anfang der 90er Jahre in einer Reihe von Studien ermittelt und stellt mit etwa 1000 km{sup 2

Production-integrated emission reduction: Examples from power plant engineering; Produktionsintegrierte Emissionsminderung - Beispiele aus der Kraftwirtschaft

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reich, J.; Brueggendick, H. [STEAG AG, Essen (Germany)

2002-07-01

The contribution presents examples of how environmental protection can be integrated in the production process: 1. Low-NOx coal furnaces; 2. Flue gas desulphurisation; 3. Mercury in sludge from flue gas desulphurisation systems, 4. Production of acid aerosols in the power plant process; 5. Semi-dry flue gas desulphurisation. Apart from generating power, modern coal power stations also produce recycleable materials like gypsum, filter ash, granulates etc., all of which must meet certain quality specifications. Avoidance of residues is the main goal; if this is not possible, recycling is given priority over dumping. Recycling and utilisation of by-products can reduce the power generation cost by up to 15 %. The parameters concerned, i.e. fuels, furnace technology, flue gas purification technology, product utilisation, are weighted differently depending on the site. Solutions range form high-grade fuels and product requiring high investments (e.g. dust furnaces with limestone or ammonia scrubbers) to simple processes with lower investment cost (e.g. flue gas purification using dry or semi-dry processes). High investments and high-quality products are economically efficient only if there is an infrastructure for product sales and distribution. Coal power plants therefore must be optimised for the conditions of a given site. [German] Der Beitrag befasst sich mit einigen Beispielen fuer produktionsintegrierten Umweltschutz: 1. NO{sub x}-arme Steinkohlefeuerungen; 2. Rauchgasentschwefelung (REA); 3. Quecksilber in REA-Schlamm; 4. Sauere Aerosole und ihre Entstehung im Kraftwerksprozess; 5. Halbtrockene Rauchgasreinigung. Es wird resumiert, dass ein Kohlekraftwerk heute mehreren 'Meistern' gehorchen muss. Es erzeugt nicht nur Strom- und Waerme, sondern gleichzeitig noch Wertstoffe wie Gips, Filterasche, Granulat etc., die bestimmte Qualitaetsanforderungen erfuellen muessen. Der Grundsatz 'Vermeiden vor Verwerten vor Beseitigen' wird dabei nachdruecklich

Technology for the future; Technik fuer die Zukunft

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dennenmoser, Martin; Steininger, Sebastian [Fraunhofer Institut fuer Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany). Electrical Energy Systems (EES)

2013-10-15

Studie auf heutigen Prognosen. Im Vergleich zu Lithium-Ionen-Batterien haben Bleisaeure- und Redox-Flow-Batterien einen geringeren Wirkungsgrad, so dass die Investitionskosten des Speichers geringer sein muessen, da weniger Einsparungen erzielt werden koennen. Vor allem fuer Kurzzeitspeicher muessen die Herstellungskosten gesenkt werden. Das Kostenreduktionspotenzial von Redox-Flow- und Lithium-Ionen-Batterien ist aufgrund des aktuellen technischen Entwicklungsstands verglichen mit Bleisaeure-Batterien sehr hoch. Dies bedeutet, dass bei bleibender Entwicklung der Strom- und Batteriepreise ein wirtschaftlicher Betrieb in Zukunft moeglich ist.

'et' special: ''E-world of energy''; 'et'-special: ''E-world of energy''

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Anon.

2001-02-01

. Portfoliomanagement im Energiehandel 4. Risikomanagementkonzepte im Energiehandel 5. E-Commerce als Treiber des Wandels im Energiemarkt 6. eHuman Resources Management - wesentlich fuer den Unternehmenserfolg 7. Markenpolitik mit Strom? 8. Ist es wirklich der Preis? 9. Das Netzwerk CityPower: Kundenbindung fuer lokale und regionale EVU 10. Call Center - wichtiges Instrument im Management von Kundenbindungen 11. eCommerce oder 'eLlusion'? 12. eBusiness als Unternehmensstrategie 13. Steigende IT-Anforderungen erfuellen 14. IT-Loesungen fuer das Netznutzungsmanagement 15. Target Costing - zielorientierte Kostenplanung und -steuerung fuer Stromversorger. (orig./CB)

Intelligent marketing of electricity from decentral power sources. Project results of the research project ''Massig''; Intelligente Vermarktung von Strom aus dezentralen Energiequellen. Projektergebnisse des Forschungsvorhabens ''Massig''

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Erge, Thomas; Sauer, Christian [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg (Germany); Barnsteiner, Martin; Preiser, Klaus [Badenova Waermeplus GmbH und Co.KG, Freiburg (Germany)

2011-07-01

In the European research project 'Market Access for Smaller Size Intelligent Electricity Generation (Massig)' scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany) examined together with project partners the demand-oriented supply and commercialization of electricity from decentral power generators at the liberalized electricity market. The project team selected target countries and evaluated innovative solutions of marketing especially for specific applications of practice. Such a model project is that of Badenova Waermeplus GmbH (Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany).

Operation of photovoltaic plants on governmentally operated properties with electricity self-supply - considerations on tax and charges regulations; Der Betrieb von Photovoltaik-Anlagen mit Strom-Eigenverbrauch in hoheitlichen Einrichtungen. Eine steuerrechtliche und gebuehrenrechtliche Betrachtung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kronawitter, Martin

2013-11-01

The practice of levying taxes on the operation of photovoltaic plants by private persons or legal entities governed by private law seems reasonable enough. By contrast, when photovoltaic plants are installed on the roof or land of a governmental institution (such as wastewater treatment or waste disposal facilities) and operated by a legal entity governed by public law, in particular a municipality or special-purpose association, the issue of taxation raises many questions. The present article considers various conceivable possibilities along with their implications for profit and sales tax. In regard to input tax deduction it takes account of the strict separation between the different areas of activity of the legal entity in question as prescribed by the German Federal Ministry of Finance in its letter dated 2 January 2012. The article also discusses whether and, if so, to what extent expenditures and income from photovoltaic electricity production should be considered in the calculation of fees charged by the governmental institution in question.

Smart regulation of rural electricity grids. Modern communications technology reduces the voltage fluctuations and regulates the storage of surplus electricity; Laendliches Stromnetz smart geregelt. Moderne Kommunikationstechnik reduziert Spannungsschwankungen und regelt die Speicherung ueberschuessigen Stroms

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Durst, Anna

2012-07-01

In the ''Smart Country'' model project, researchers in Bitburg- Pruem were testing out the distribution network of the future. It is designed to respond flexibly to the increasingly decentralised generation of renewable electricity in the grid. For this purpose various operating resources were further developed: an optimised biogas plant, which controls the electricity supplied by the grid, virtually stores surplus electricity with an efficiency of 98 %. In addition, voltage regulators double the usable output capacity in the grid. The Eifel project successfully passed the field test after around one year. (orig.)

Is direct marketing a risk factor? Inaccurate forecasting of power generation from renewables raises the demand for balancing power; Risikofaktor Direktvermarktung? Durch ungenaue Prognosen bei der Einspeisung von gruenem Strom steigt der Bedarf an Regelleistung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Korn, Stefan

2012-05-15

Since the amendment of the EEG in January 2012, enormous amounts of electric power from renewable energy sources are marketed directly, i.e. outside the control of power supply grid owners and operators that formerly sold the electric power in the stock exchange. Inaccurate prognoses made by the direct marketers as well as their marketing strategies have increased the demand for balancing power and made critical situations in the power grid even more difficult.

Solar and tank. Down under, a power plant is producing electric power from diesel fuel and from solar energy; Sonne und Tank. Am Ende der Welt produziert ein Kraftwerk Strom aus Diesel - und aus Sonnenenergie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Podewils, Christoph

2011-12-15

Most Australians live in the big city, but some live in remote areas without infrastructure but with an existing power supply grid. One of these places is the former prospector town of Marble Bar, eight hours from Sydney by plane and by car. The town has an interesting power plant that could be exemplary for many regions of the world.

How much electricity really costs. Comparison of the state subsidisation and overall social costs of conventional and renewable energy resources; Was Strom wirklich kostet. Vergleich der staatlichen Foerderungen und gesamtgesellschaftlichen Kosten konventioneller und erneuerbarer Energien

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kuechler, Swantje; Meyer, Bettina

2012-07-01

This study explains how the costs of electricity are an aggregate of different components. The electricity price paid by the end consumer contains not only the actual costs of energy production, which make up only about a third of the actual price in an average household, but also different surcharges such as network charges, electricity tax, value added tax and the concession levy. It furthermore contains the allocation charge stipulated by the Renewable Energy Law (EEG reallocation charge) as a means of allocating the costs of the subsidisation of electricity from renewable resources to the consumers. On the other hand conventional energy resources such as nuclear energy, hard coal and brown coal have substantially benefited over many decades from state subsidies in the form of financial aids, tax rebates and other promotive measures. The main difference between this and the subsidisation of renewable energy is that the costs of conventional energy resources are largely charged to the state budget rather than being made transparent in the electricity price. Based on an evaluation of the literature, data, interviews and the authors' own methodological deliberations this study makes a systematic comparison of the direct as well as indirect state subsidisation of renewable and conventional energy resources during the period from 1970 until 2012. The annual totals obtained for each energy resources are then set in relation to the share of that resource in overall electricity production, yielding specific subsidisation rates in terms of cents per kWh for each resource. This does not yet take into account the high consequential costs in the form of environmental damage and climate-related damage caused by fossil and nuclear fuels as well as the risks associated with the latter (collectively referred to as ''external costs''), all of which are charged to the polluters only at a small fraction of the true amount. The two cost categories of state subsidisation and external costs are often not considered in the price of conventional energy resources but ultimately have to be paid nonetheless, be it the form of tax payments, the social costs of the climate change or of other burdens on humans and the environment. The study furnishes proof that the EEG reallocation charge levied for the promotion of renewable energy (3.59 cents per kWh in 2012) represents a far smaller cost burden than do conventional energy resources, and that it will remain so even if it raised substantially in the future to finance the conversion to a more climate-friendly, sustainable energy supply. Contrary to popular belief, renewable energy resources are not the big cost driving factor in our power supply system but rather a replacement of energy resources that are causing far greater consequential costs for tax payers and society as a whole. If power supply companies were made to include these additional costs of electricity production in their cost calculations, most renewable energy resources would already be competitive today.

The future of humanity. How do we want to live tomorrow?; Die Zukunft der Menschheit. Wie wollen wir morgen leben?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Koenneker, Carsten (comp.)

2017-07-01

maennliche Unfruchtbarkeit waeren ein ethischer Dammbruch: Die Modifikationen wuerden weitervererbt); 4. Gerontologie: Der Methusalem-Effekt (Forscher untersuchen die Vorgaenge in Zellen, dank derer einzelne Menschen mehr als 100 Jahre leben); 5. Gesellschaft: Reiche Welt - arme Welt (In den Industrienationen stagniert die Einwohnerzahl, waehrend in den Entwicklungslaendern immer mehr Jugendliche nach Arbeit verlangen); 6. Ungleichheit: Gespaltene Gesellschaft (Spannungen, verschaerft durch Flucht und Migration, gefaehrden den sozialen Zusammenhalt); 7. Epidemiologie: Eine Diagnose der Menschheit (Globale Daten geben Aufschluss ueber den Gesundheitszustand der Erdbevoelkerung); 8. Geologie: Eine vielschichtige Angelegenheit; 9. Urbanistik: Die Stadt von morgen; 10. Technik: Energierevolution fuer Afrika (Der Kontinent koennte voll auf sauberen Strom setzen); 11. Transhumanismus: Wollen wir ewig leben? 12. Soziale Kontakte: Lass das, Papa, nicht googeln. (Sherry Turkle warnt vor dem staendigen Vernetztsein.); 13. Anthropozaen: Apokalypse oder Aufbruch? (Wir bestimmen das Schicksal des intelligenten Lebens). Ein Beitrag wurde fuer diese Datenbank separat aufgenommen.

Calibration and characterisation of solar cells: Comparison of pulsed and steady-state simulation of sunlight; Kalibrierung und Charakterisierung von Solarzellen: Vergleich von gepulster und stationaerer Sonnensimulation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Metzdorf, J; Kessler, F R; Bentlage, V; Holstenberg, H C; Sperling, A; Winter, S; Wittchen, T

1995-03-01

lassen sich mit einem stationaeren Simulator bei vertretbarem technischen und wirtschaftlichen Aufwand nicht erzeugen. Flasher-Kalibrierungen fuehren jedoch oft zu Fehlern insbesondere bei hocheffizienten Solarzellen, verursacht durch Verzerrungen der transient gemessenen Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinien. Die daraus folgenden Kennlinienaufspaltungen wurden in Abhaengigkeit von Solarzellentechnologie und Messbedingungen systematisch untersucht, dokumentiert und modellmaessig simuliert. Auf der Basis dieser Grundsatzanalyse lassen sich die prinzipiell unvermeidbaren transienten Stoereffekte nicht nur erklaeren sondern auch vollstaendig korrigieren. Dazu wurde ein einfaches Korrekturverfahren fuer die Umrechnung in die unverzerrte Kennlinie entwickelt, das nur zwei bestimmte Dunkelkennlinien aus Hilfsmessungen benoetigt. Daneben wurden Detailverbesserungen fuer die Kalibrierung von Referenzsolarzellen erreicht, Prototypen grossflaechiger Referenzzellen entwickelt sowie neue und weiterentwickelte transiente und quasistationaere Laborverfahren zur optoelektronischen Charakterisierung von Solarzellen getestet, mit denen Stoerstelleneigenschaften ueberwiegend zerstoerungsfrei und z.T. orts- bzw. tiefenaufgeloest untersucht werden koennen. (orig.)

60 kW{sub p} PV-system school centre Spalterhals Barsinghausen. Synergies in energetical retrofit of school building; 60-kW{sub p}-PV-Anlage Schulzentrum Spalterhals Barsinghausen. Synergien bei der energetischen Sanierung eines Schulgebaeudes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Blumenscheit, R.; Hettwer, C. [Stadt Barsinghausen (Germany); Diestelmeier, C.; Wiegmann, A. [Raumplan, Hannover (Germany); Decker, B.; Hennig, C.; Mack, M. [Solar Engineering Decker and Mack GmbH, Hannover (Germany)

2004-07-01

. Dabei konnten Synergien mit der anstehenden baulichen und energetischen Sanierung des Schulzentrums genutzt werden. In fuenf PV-Teilanlagen werden aufmassspezifische PV-Module eingesetzt, die nicht nur Strom erzeugen und multifunktional in die Huelle integriert sind (Witterungs-, Waerme-, Sonnenschutz, Tageslichtnutzung), sondern auch die Architektur bereichern. Das Ensemble der fuenf PV-Teilgeneratoren bildet ein echtes Schaufenster der Solararchitektur. Es wurden fuenf PV-Teilgeneratoren mit insgesamt 457 PV-Modulen (11 Typen) auf einer Gesamtflaeche von 937,25 m{sup 2} bei einer Gesamtnennleistung von 60,538 kW{sub p} in verschiedene Fassaden und Daecher des Schulgebaeudes integriert. (orig.)

Theoretical and experimental investigations of on-board control of combustion air and/or fuel for emission reduction in internal combustion engines. Final report; Durchfuehrung theoretischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen zu den Moeglichkeiten der On-Board-Beeinflussung der Verbrennungsluftzusammensetzung und/oder des Kraftstoffs fuer Verbrennungsmotoren mit dem Ziel der Emissionsminderung. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Velji, A.; Hofmann, U.

2001-11-01

Theoretical and experimental investigations were made in order to find the optimal composition of combustion air for simultaneous reduction of NOx and particulate emissions. The effect was found to be in the same order of magnitude as with exhaust recirculation. 'Optimized' air should have an oxygen content of more than 20 percent and a CO2 content of more than 10 percent, with nitrogen more or less accounting for the rest. [German] Ausgehend von der Abgasrueckfuehrung wurde in theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen die optimale Zusammensetzung der Verbrennungsluft zur gleichzeitigen Reduktion der NO{sub x}- und Partikelemission ermittelt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass es mit dieser Verbrennungsluft moeglich ist, eine aehnlich hohe NO{sub x}-Reduktion wie bei der Abgasrueckfuehrung zu erzielen, ohne dass die Partikelemission drastisch ansteigt. Die 'optimale' Verbrennungsluft muss einen Sauerstoffgehalt groesser als 20% und einen CO{sub 2}-Gehalt groesser als 10% aufweisen. Der Rest besteht im Wesentlichen aus Stickstoff. (orig.)

Heat and power from solar energy. Documentation on the technical use of solar energy for heat and power generation. 8. rev. ed. Waerme und Strom aus Sonnenenergie. Dokumentation ueber die technische Nutzung der Sonnenenergie zur Waerme- und Stromgewinnung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Weik, H; Engelhorn, H

1990-01-01

Powerful solar modules from monocristalline silicium which are the basic components on the sector of photovoltaics are described; the 53 W{sub P}-module is used as a basis for model calculations for the planning and designing of plants. Power supply to the mains is given more attention than in earlier editions as it is only through improved mains-linked photovoltaics which uses the available roof space of our houses that we can make a noticeable solar contribution to the supply of electric energy and the protection of our environment. (orig./ORU).

The relationship between high-frequency pure-tone hearing loss, hearing in noise test (HINT) thresholds, and the articulation index.

Science.gov (United States)

Vermiglio, Andrew J; Soli, Sigfrid D; Freed, Daniel J; Fisher, Laurel M

2012-01-01

Speech recognition in noise testing has been conducted at least since the 1940s (Dickson et al, 1946). The ability to recognize speech in noise is a distinct function of the auditory system (Plomp, 1978). According to Kochkin (2002), difficulty recognizing speech in noise is the primary complaint of hearing aid users. However, speech recognition in noise testing has not found widespread use in the field of audiology (Mueller, 2003; Strom, 2003; Tannenbaum and Rosenfeld, 1996). The audiogram has been used as the "gold standard" for hearing ability. However, the audiogram is a poor indicator of speech recognition in noise ability. This study investigates the relationship between pure-tone thresholds, the articulation index, and the ability to recognize speech in quiet and in noise. Pure-tone thresholds were measured for audiometric frequencies 250-6000 Hz. Pure-tone threshold groups were created. These included a normal threshold group and slight, mild, severe, and profound high-frequency pure-tone threshold groups. Speech recognition thresholds in quiet and in noise were obtained using the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) (Nilsson et al, 1994; Vermiglio, 2008). The articulation index was determined by using Pavlovic's method with pure-tone thresholds (Pavlovic, 1989, 1991). Two hundred seventy-eight participants were tested. All participants were native speakers of American English. Sixty-three of the original participants were removed in order to create groups of participants with normal low-frequency pure-tone thresholds and relatively symmetrical high-frequency pure-tone threshold groups. The final set of 215 participants had a mean age of 33 yr with a range of 17-59 yr. Pure-tone threshold data were collected using the Hughson-Weslake procedure. Speech recognition data were collected using a Windows-based HINT software system. Statistical analyses were conducted using descriptive, correlational, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) statistics. The

Conversion of sewage treatment plants on sludge digestion. Energetic and economic optimization potential; Umstellung von Klaeranlagen auf Schlammfaulung. Energetisches und oekonomisches Optimierungspotenzial

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmitt, Theo G.; Gretzschel, Oliver [Technische Univ. Kaiserslautern (Germany). tectraa-Zentrum fuer innovative Abwassertechnologien; Hansen, Joachim [Luxembourg Univ., Kirchberg (Luxembourg). Siedlungswasserwirtschaft und Wasserbau; Siekmann, Klaus; Jakob, Juergen [Ingenieurgesellschaft Dr. Siekmann - Partner GmbH, Thuer (Germany)

2014-03-15

Techniken und Ansaetzen die Umstellung von Klaeranlagen auf Schlammfaulung ab einer Anschlussgroesse von 10.000 Einwohnern wirtschaftlich sein kann. Fuer Rheinland-Pfalz wurde in dem Projekt NAwaS ein umfangreiches Gesamt-Potenzial fuer eine wirtschaftliche Umstellung von Klaeranlagen auf Faulungstechnik ermittelt. In Abhaengigkeit von der Preissteigerungsrate und dem Zinssatz betraegt dieses bis zu 50 % des derzeit erzeugten Stroms aus Faulgas. Zusaetzlich kann auf den umgestellten Anlagen der Waermebedarf fast komplett abgedeckt sowie eine Energieeinsparung von 5 kWh/(E x a) erwartet werden. Bezieht man die Moeglichkeiten, die sich durch eine Annahme von Fremdschlaemmen oder von geeigneten Co-Substraten, durch eine Nachruestung von Klaeranlagen mit Blockheizkraftwerken bzw. Mikrogasturbinen sowie durch eine verfahrenstechnische Optimierung bei bestehenden Faulungsanlagen ergeben, mit in die Ueberlegungen ein, so kann die Energieerzeugung und somit die Wirtschaftlichkeit insgesamt weiter deutlich gesteigert werden. Einige der Klaeranlagen werden sich durch die Massnahmen der Energieeinsparung und Energieerzeugung sogar zu energieautarken Klaeranlagen entwickeln koennen.

Risk energy transition. Ways out of the impasse; Risiko Energiewende. Wege aus der Sackgasse

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kleinknecht, Konrad [Muenchen Univ., Garching (Germany). Fakultaet fuer Physik

2015-07-01

scheitern. Konrad Kleinknecht versucht in seinem Buch, die Probleme zu benennen und Antworten zu finden. Fuer ihn stellen sich die folgenden Fragen: Welche Moeglichkeit haben wir, mit Windkraft und Solarenergie einen Teil der Stromversorgung zu ersetzen? Welche Stromquellen bieten gesicherte Leistung? Koennen wir auf Kohlekraftwerke verzichten? Brauchen wir neue Stromtrassen? Wie laesst sich Strom speichern? Wie real ist die Gefahr eines Blackouts in windstillen Naechten? Werden die Strompreise weiter steigen? Lassen sich mit einer grundlegenden Reform des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes (EEG) die grossen Risiken der Energiewende noch vermeiden? Die Energieversorgung muss dem Wohl des Ganzen dienen und dem Industriestandort Deutschland nutzen. Ein Blackout waere eine Katastrophe fuer das ganze Land, er muss unter allen Umstaenden vermieden werden. Wie wir dies bewerkstelligen koennen, vermittelt der Autor in seinem aufruettelndem Buch.

Decentralized heat and power supply from biogenic solid fuels. A technical and economic evaluation of the gasification in comparison to combustion. 2. ed.; Dezentrale Strom- und Waermeerzeugung aus biogenen Festbrennstoffen. Eine technische und oekonomische Bewertung der Vergasung im Vergleich zur Verbrennung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vogel, A.

2007-04-15

The previous technologies for the development of the decentralized combined heat and power generation are based on various concepts with different ripeness. Gasification is regarded as an energetically promising technology, which is not yet marketable. Under this aspect, the author of the contribution under consideration reports on an economic evaluation of the decentralized power and heat production by gasification of biogenic solid fuels and on a comparison with existing alternative technologies of combustion. In particular, the author examines the following central issues: (a) Which technologies of gasification can be regarded as promising with respect to a decentralized application?; (b) How are the technologies of gasification to be evaluated with respect to the alternative technologies of combustion from technical and economic view? For the comparative view of these different techniques, an electrical output of 500 W is specified as a uniform characteristic value of performance according to the decentralized gasification and combustion.

Energy consumption of office buildings and shopping centres - Developments over the last ten years and potential for optimisation; Energieverbrauch von Buerogebaeuden und Grossverteilern. Erhebung des Strom- und Waermeverbrauchs, der Verbrauchsanteile, der Entwicklung in den letzen 10 Jahren und Identifizierung der Optimierungspotentiale

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aiulfi, D.; Maschio, I.; Dellsperger, V.; Brunet, L. [Sorane SA, rationalisation energetique, Ecublens (Switzerland); Primas, A.; Hagel, M; Benz-Karlstroem, P. [Basler und Hofmann Ing. und Planer AG, Zuerich (Switzerland); Jakob, M.; Honegger-Ott, A.; Grodofzig Fuerst, B. [Centre for Energy Policy and Economics (CEPE) und TEP Energy GmbH, Zuerich (Switzerland)

2010-01-15

This comprehensive report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) takes a look at the results of a study which investigated developments concerning the energy consumption of office buildings and supermarkets over the past ten years and the potential available for optimisation. The aims of the project are discussed as is its implementation. Data collection principles and case studies are discussed, as are terminologies and norms used and recommendations made. Performance figures for space heating and electricity consumption are looked at. In particular, the energy consumption of office buildings and developments in this area are examined. Also, the energy consumption of large-scale consumers such as shopping centres is looked at, including the analysis of energy consumption for lighting, heating, air-conditioning and ventilation. The report is augmented with recommendations and a literature list.

Effective by combination. Biogas plant Niederweiler supplies two heating grids, directly exploits its electric power commercially and also supplies the balancing energy; Effektiv durch Kombinieren. Biogasanlage Niederweiler versorgt zwei Waermenetze, vermarktet ihren Strom direkt und stellt jetzt auch Regelenergie zur Verfuegung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lennartz, Marc Wilhelm

2013-07-01

In the Eifel (Federal Republic of Germany) an agricultural consortium took over the heat supply of a hotel complex with a satellite cogeneration plant. Thus, the capacity for flexible power feed was set free.

Power plant investment cycles in liberalised markets. A model of the German electricity generation market; Zyklen bei Kraftwerksinvestitionen in liberalisierten Maerkten. Ein Modell des deutschen Stromerzeugungsmarktes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gaidosch, Lars

2008-07-01

Kraftwerksinvestitionen in der Vergangenheit stattgefunden und wie sich diese durch Wettbewerb und Liberalisierung gewandelt haben, danach werden verschiedene theoretische Ansaetze und Modelle zur Erklaerung von Investitionszyklen analysiert. Den Hauptteil der Arbeit bildet ein fuer den deutschen Stromerzeugungsmarkt entwickeltes Simulationsmodell, welches mit der Software 'System Dynamics' aufgestellt wurde. Mit dem Modell koennen die Entwicklungen von Kraftwerkskapazitaeten in Deutschland vom Jahr 2004 bis zum Jahr 2034 analysiert werden. Darueber hinaus kann das Modell zur Entscheidungsunterstuetzung bei Kraftwerksinvestitionen oder zur Analyse wirtschaftspolitischer Massnahmen verwendet werden. Entscheidende Charakteristika des Modells sind die Beruecksichtigung von Verzoegerungen bei der Angebotsbereitstellung an Kraftwerkskapazitaeten, die Modellierung von Rueckkopplungsschleifen sowie die Annahme einer begrenzten Rationalitaet der Investoren. Diese treffen ihre Investitionsentscheidungen auf Basis unvollstaendiger Informationen. Insgesamt koennen durch diese Charakteristika Ungleichgewichte an Kraftwerken in Form von Unter- und Ueberkapazitaeten auftreten koennen. Als ein wesentliches Modellergebnis zeigt sich, dass fuer den deutschen Stromerzeugungsmarkt zukuenftig ebenso wie in anderen kapitalintensiven Branchen Investitionszyklen mit starken Preisschwankungen zu erwarten sind. Die gegenwaertige Gestaltung des deutschen Grosshandelsmarktes fuer Strom verhindert nicht das Auftreten von Investitionszyklen bei Kraftwerken. Investitionszyklen kann entgegengewirkt werden, wenn der Zeithorizont des liquiden Terminmarktes durch eine verstaerkte Aktivitaet der Handelsunternehmen deutlich ausgeweitet wird. (orig.)

Report on the use of the French-German interconnection in 2006

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2007-01-01

For years, most of the European electricity interconnections were managed using administrative mechanisms (priority lists or pro-rata), and a priority of access was granted to long-term contracts between incumbent operators. With the liberalisation process, cross-border power flows tended to increase, and congestions occurred more frequently, calling for efficient congestion management methods. Therefore, cross-border capacity auctions were implemented and the past pro-rata procedure used for Germany to France exports was replaced by the introduction of a one-sided explicit auction for the day-ahead capacities by RWE Transportnetz Strom GmbH and EnBW Transportnetze AG. In addition the capacities have been auctioned quarterly and monthly since 1 July 2005. Then, the Federal Network Agency and the Commission de Regulation de l'energie (CRE) set the priority for further developing the auctions in 2006 by having a coordinated congestion management mechanism for both directions. A common road-map for the congestion management methods at the French-German border was published on 3 November 2005. In addition to the implementation of explicit auctions, this road-map included the establishment of a secondary market, a further coordination of the intra-day exchanges, the development of a coordinated model for calculating the transmission capacity and the investigation of further coordination possibilities. The two German TSOs operating the inter-connectors to France and the French TSO RTE therefore developed common capacity auction rules. The road-map also announced that an annual report would be published by the regulatory authorities to give feed-back to market participants on how explicit auctions methods operate. As a result the TSOs have provided monthly extensive data on the auctions to the regulatory authorities since January 2006. These data forms the basis of the analyses presented in this report. The important work carried out by regulators and TSOs within the

Legal requirements on the arrangement of the selection procedure for the authorisation of power concession and natural gas concession according to paragraph 46 EnWG; Rechtliche Anforderungen an die Ausgestaltung der Auswahlverfahren zur Vergabe von Strom- und Gaskonzessionen nach paragraph 46 EnWG

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fischer, Henning; Embacher, Patrick [Roedl und Partner GbR, Koeln (Germany); Wolf, Thomas [Roedl und Partner GbR, Nuernberg (Germany)

2012-08-15

By the Act on Redefining the energy industry regulations, on 26th July, 2011 the Federal Legislature has made extensive changes and amendments to the Energy Economy Law (EnWG). The aim of the paragraph 1 section 1 EnWG is the requirement that the power supply must be safe, affordable, user-friendly, efficient and environmentally safe for the general public. From paragraph 2 arise the objectives of ensuring effective and undistorted competition in the energy supply and the long-term performance and reliable operation of power distribution systems. The economic interests of local communities are not explicitly mentioned.

Renewable energy act. How did the framework conditions in the amendment 2012 change? Direct marketing of electric power and modifications in the biogas sector; Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz. Wie haben sich die Rahmenbedingungen in der Novelle 2012 geaendert? Strom-Direktvermarktungen und Veraenderungen in der Biogasbranche

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kipper, Bernd-Ruediger

2013-06-01

On 1 January 2012, the EEG 2012 and some other legal texts became effective. The author of the contribution under consideration reports on the changing framework conditions in the amendment 2012. In particular, the direct marketing of electric power and the modifications in the biogas sector are considered.

Deep Heat Mining - Development of the hot dry rock and hot wet rock technologies for power and heat production in Switzerland; Deep Heat Mining. Entwicklung der Hot-Dry-Rock / Hot-Wet-Rock Technologie zur Strom- und Waermeproduktion in der Schweiz, insbesondere Deep Heat Mining, Basel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haering, M. O.; Hopkirk, R. J.

2003-07-01

This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) presents the progress and achievements made for two heat mining projects in Basle and Geneva. Work initialised at further sites in southern Switzerland and in the Bernese 'Oberland' alpine area is also mentioned. Project organisation and planning topics are examined. Seismic monitoring aspects are discussed and first practical studies on using the geothermal heat in Basle using hybrid energy conversion systems are discussed. For the Geneva project, details on site selection are given and ideas on combined geothermal and gas turbine plant are discussed.

paragraph 315 BGB: Price discussions. Pricing and higher acquisition cost in law and practice for electric power, gas, district heat, water, CO{sub 2}; paragraph 315 BGB: Streit um Versorgerpreise. Preisbildung und Bezugskostensteigerungen in Recht und Praxis fuer: Strom - Gas - Fernwaerme - Wasser - CO{sub 2}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zenke, I.; Wollschlaeger, S. (eds.) [Kanzlei Becker, Buettner, Held, Rechtsanwaelte Wirtschaftspruefer Steuerberater, Berlin (Germany)

2007-07-01

The public controversy over utility rates has been going on for some time among consumers, industry and, of course, the press. Doubts have been raised concerning the appropriateness of the current supply rates. Consumers are getting suspicious, and many of them refuse to pay at all, using standard forms that are available on the internet. Utilities have even been sued, and the discussion is getting more emotional all the time. The authors are attorneys acting for the power supply industry, who intend to provide information to bring the discussion to a more rational level. They claim that utilities are not necessarily money-crazy monopolies. Legal actions according to paragraph 315 BGB cost money, and consumers have been known to withdraw their actions or lost at court. With the information provided by this book, consumers may now think twice about filing an action. (orig.)

On open questions of the coalition agreement. EEG levy, national CO{sub 2} levy, electricity tax instead of energy tax?; Zu offenen Fragen des Koalitionsvertrags. EEG-Umlage, nationale CO{sub 2}-Abgabe, Stromsteuer statt Energiesteuer?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Becker, Peter

2018-03-15

beschliessen, als Grundlage fuer ein Gesetz. Die Aussagen zur Energiewende enttaeuschen noch mehr. Ein Anteil von etwa 65 Prozent Erneuerbare Energien (EE) bis 2030 wird ''angestrebt''. Wuenschenswert sei die Deckung des ''zusaetzlichen Strombedarfs zur Erreichung der Klimaschutzziele im Verkehr, in Gebaeuden und in der Industrie''; man ahnt: Die haben sich tatsaechlich schon mit der Sektorenkopplung befasst. Aber dass fuer eine Sektorenkopplung, die die Klimaschutzziele zu erreichen erlaubt, eine Verdopplung der Stromproduktion noetig ist, kann man nirgends lesen. Zwar bekennt sich die Politik zu Power to X; auch der Abgeordnete Bareiss von der CDU. Aber dass beispielsweise bei Power to Gas nur etwa eine Effizienz von etwa 30 Prozent erreicht wird, wird von kaum jemand angesprochen. Ein wichtiger Grund fuer die Unverbindlichkeit der Aussagen ist nicht nur der politische Dissens, sondern die hohe Komplexitaet des Stoffs. Z.B.liegt der Zusammenhang zwischen der Einfuehrung einer CO{sub 2}-Abgabe und der Strom- bzw. Energiebesteuerung nicht auf der Hand. Daher soll der Versuch gemacht werden, die Forderungen thesenartig aufzustellen und die Zusammenhaenge kurz zu erlaeutern. Dieser Beitrag ist als Aufforderung zur Diskussion gedacht.

Prices and pricing in the energy sector. From calculation to implemention of prices for electricity, gas, district heating, water and CO{sub 2}; Preise und Preisgestaltung in der Energiewirtschaft. Von der Kalkulation bis zur Umsetzung von Preisen fuer Strom, Gas, Fernwaerme, Wasser und CO{sub 2}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zenke, Ines [BBH Becker Buettner Held, Berlin (Germany); Hochschule fuer nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde (HNEE) (Germany); Wollschlaeger, Stefan [Becker Buettner Held, Hamburg (Germany).; Eder, Jost (ed.) [BBH Becker Buettner Held, Berlin (Germany)

2015-07-01

Hardly a question in the energy sector is currently so great discussion subject, such as the pricing of energy prices. The work provides practical answers to all questions. After a systematic introduction to the subject specialists and practitioners give an introduction to the specific rules applicable to each sector or value chain. Given is a comprehensive overview on the subject of prices in the energy sector as well as numerous practical examples, notes, options for action and formulating proposals. [German] Kaum eine Frage in der Energiewirtschaft ist derzeit so grossen Diskussionen unterworfen, wie die Preisgestaltung von Energieversorgungspreisen. Das Werk bietet praxisbezogene Antworten auf alle Fragen. Nach einer systematischen Einfuehrung in die Thematik fuehren ausgewiesene Fachleute und Praktiker in die fuer jede einzelne Sparte bzw. Wertschoepfungskette geltenden Besonderheiten ein. Gegeben wird ein umfassender Ueberblick zum Thema Preise in der Energiewirtschaft sowie zahlreiche praxisnahe Beispiele, Hinweise, Handlungsoptionen und Formulierungsvorschlaege.

Electricity and gas distribution networks in competition. At the same time a critical investigation of the legal regulation of the concession right in paragraph 46 EnWG; Strom- und Gasverteilnetze im Wettbewerb. Zugleich eine kritische Untersuchung zur gesetzlichen Regelung des Konzessionsrechts in paragraph 46 EnWG

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Theobald, Christian; Templin, Wolf

2011-07-01

A functioning infrastructure has always been a prerequisite for economic and social development. But the local power supply is in an area of conflict between European law, energy law and antitrust rules. The municipalities engage in a periodic competition in order to guarantee a local network infrastructure. At the same time, an increasing political design intent of the citizens is loomed. Under this aspect, the authors of the contribution under consideration report on a critical, legal and in parts economic investigation of the existing legal framework for the operation of local electricity and gas distribution networks. In particular, the legal regulation of concession right in paragraph 46 EnWG (Energy Economic Law) is investigated.

Trigeneration plants in a field test: Enhancement of control and hydraulics; KWKK-Anlagen im Feldtest. Verbesserung ihrer Regelung und Hydraulik. Projekt ''Praxistest und Kombiregler einer KWKK-Anlage''

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Backes, Klaus; Adam, Mario; Gottschald, Jonas [Fachhochschule Duesseldorf (Germany). Arbeitsgruppe E2 - Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz; Faber, Christian; Henneboehl, Fred; Lanz, Marco; Anthrakidis, Anette [Fachhochschule Aachen, Juelich (Germany). Solar-Institut Juelich

2011-07-01

Energiebereitstellung im Vergleich zur ueblichen Einzel-Erzeugung von Strom, Waerme und Kaelte. Allerdings sind die Einzelkomponenten kleiner KWKK-Anlagen in der Praxis oft zu wenig abgestimmt, somit Verbesserungen an Regelung und Hydraulik wuenschenswert. Insbesondere der Strombedarf fuer Pumpen und Rueckkuehler soll niedrig bleiben. Die FH Duesseldorf und die FH Aachen untersuchen dazu drei Anlagen mit den Mini-BHKW der Firmen SenerTec und PowerPlus Technologies und der Adsorptionskaeltemaschine der Fa. SorTech AG. Zwei der Anlagen sind ''klassische'' Feldtests bei einem Kunden (Blumenhaus und Ingenieurbuero), die dritte ist ein innovativer Hardware-in-the-Loop-Pruefstand ''HiL'' an der Fachhochschule Duesseldorf. Der HiL-Pruefstand enthaelt zwar BHKW, Speicher und Kaeltemaschine als reale Geraete, die restlichen Systemkomponenten wie Rueckkuehler, Gebaeude und Fancoils sind aber durch Simulationsmodelle unter Matlab/Simulink mit den Toolboxen Carnot und Stateflow ersetzt. Dynamische Echtzeitsimulation und reale Geraete sind ueber den automatisierten HiL-Pruefstand miteinander verbunden, wodurch die Geraete wie in einer realen Einbausituation betrieben werden. Randbedingungen wie Groesse des Gebaeudes, Standort, Wetter, Nutzerverhalten und Hydraulik der Waerme- und Kaelteverteilung sind leicht am Rechner aenderbar. So koennen - die vorgeschlagenen Regelungs-Optimierungen realistisch getestet, - der Anlagenbetrieb unter allen Bedingungen abgesichert und - Kundenprobleme und kritische Betriebszustaende einzeln untersucht werden. Dargestellt werden die Kunden-Feldtestanlagen, die HiL-Pruefstandstechnik und die Ergebnisse der ''Feldtests im Labor''. Konkret untersuchte Fragestellungen sind z.B.: - Wie sich der Betrieb der einzelnen Komponenten im KWKK-System sinnvoll aufeinander abstimmen laesst. - Wie sich bei sinkender Kaeltelast die Kaelteleistung der Kaeltemaschine mit der groessten Energieeinsparung drosseln laesst. - Ob

Cold and heat storage in downtown Berlin; Kaelte und Waermespeicherung im Zentrum Berlins

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Seibt, P; Brandt, W; Kabus, F; Moellmann, G; Poppei, J [Geothermie Neubrandenburg GmbH (Germany)

1997-12-01

Motorheizkraftwerken (MHKW). Als Treibstoff dient verestertes Pflanzenoel (Bio-Diesel). Die MHKW werden entsprechend dem jeweils abgeforderten Strombedarf gefahren. Die bei der Stromerzeugung anfallende Waermeenergie auf dem fuer Heizzwecke guenstigen Temperaturniveau >100 C dient direkt der Waermeversorgung bzw. dem Antrieb einer Kaeltemaschine/Waermepumpe zur Bereitstellung von Niedertemperatur-Kuehlenergie im Sommer und Niedertemperatur-Waerme im Winter. Da der jeweilige Bedarf an Waerme und Strom oftmals nicht gleichlaufend ist, kommt es zeitweise zu einem Ueberschuss des Waermeangebots auf den MHKW und zu anderen Zeiten wiederum zu einer Deckungsluecke. Ueberschuessige MHKW-Abwaerme wird darum in einem Waermespeicher zur Rueckgewinnung und Nutzung bei Heizbedarf im Winter gespeichert. Dazu wird erstmalig ein etwa 300 m tiefer salzfuehrender Aquifer genutzt. Die MHKW-Abwaerme wird auf einem Temperaturniveau von 60... 70 C in diesen Waermespeicher eingeleitet und auf einem Temperaturniveau von 60... 20 C zurueckgewonnen und genutzt. Ein flacher Aquifer-Kaeltespeicher in einer Tiefe von ca. 60 m dient der Gebaeudekuehlung. Die im Winter gespeicherte Umgebungskaelte versorgt im Sommer auf direktem Wege Kaelteabnehmer des Gebaeudes. Beide Speicher sind durch eine ueber 100 m maechtige Tonschicht voneinander getrennt. Der Kuehlungsbedarf bei Luftentfeuchtung auf einem Temperaturniveau von 6/12 C wird ueber eine Kaeltemaschine realisiert, die ebenfalls mit dem Aquifer-Kaltwasser gekuehlt wird. (orig.)

The Backnang-Neuschoental biofermentation plant; Biovergaerungsanlage Backnang-Neuschoental

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Balthasar, Gerald [Abfallwirtschaftsgesellschaft des Rems-Murr-Kreises mbH, Waiblingen (Germany)

2012-11-01

dies in unserer neuen Biovergaerungsanlage in Backnang-Neuschoental. Seit Oktober 2011 werden dort saemtliche Bioabfaelle aus dem Rems-Murr-Kreis unter optimaler Nutzung des im Bioabfall enthaltenen energetischen Potentials ortsnah verwertet. Aus dem beim Vergaerungsprozess erzeugten Biogas koennen kuenftig rund 8,6 Mio. Kilowatt Strom in 'Oekoqualitaet' in das oeffentliche Netz eingespeist werden. Die bei der Verstromung des Biogases entstehende Abwaerme kann ganzjaehrig in der in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft vorhandenen Klaerschlammtrocknungsanlage der Stadt Backnang genutzt werden. Bei dieser fast idealen Kraft-Waerme-Kopplung lassen sich Jahr fuer Jahr ueber 7000.000 Liter Heizoel bei der Trocknung von bis zu 15.000 Tonnen Klaerschlamm einsparen. Zusammen mit der Oekostromerzeugung errechnet sich daraus ein CO{sub 2}-Verminderungspotential von jaehrlich bis zu 8.000 Tonnen, was den Klimaschutz im Rems-Murr-Kreis einen grossen Schritt weiter voranbringt. Durch eine Fotovoltaikanlage mit rund 197 kW{sub peak} auf den gesamten Dachflaechen der Betriebshallen wird die positive Oekobilanz der Anlage abgerundet. Aus den organischen Abfaellen der Braunen Biotonne werden durch die qualifizierte biologische Behandlung hochwertige organische Duengemittel und Humuslieferanten erzeugt, die den natuerlichen Stoffkreislauf schliessen. Jaehrlich entstehen ueber 15.000 Tonnen Fluessigduenger und rund 10.000 Tonnen Biokompost, die durch laufende unabhaengige Qualitaetskontrollen als guetegesicherter Naturduenger an Landwirtschaft und Gartenbau vermarktet werden koennen. (orig.)

Nuclear electricity from France. Creation of a frontierless, internal EC market for electricity. Supply concepts - planning and implementation. Unequal treatment in case of franchise charges. Papers and discussions. Atomstrom aus Frankreich. Zur Schaffung eines europaeischen Binnenmarktes fuer Strom. Versorgungskonzepte - Planung und Realisierung. Ungleichbehandlung bei Konzessionsabgaben. Vortraege und Diskussionen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Harms, W. (ed.)

1987-01-01

This second volume of the Berlin series presents the papers and discussion of the eleventh discussion meeting on energy law, for the first time held in Berlin, on May 12-13, 1987. The leading subject of the first conference day, namely electricity imports from France, has since then widely been discussed in the media or at other meetings, although the legal problems or obstacles revealed at this Berlin meeting are far from being solved. There is EdF's wish to export electricity to West Germany on the other hand, and there is the West German coal industry's scepticism on the other hand. Much is at stake for West Germany's national concept of enhanced use of coal for electricity generation, and the related system of subventions. Supply concepts and franchise charges, a standing topic of the power sector for quite a time now, have been discussed on the second conference day. The papers read there gave an account of the situation and also presented some new aspects.

Consequences of the feed-in management for the marketing of electric power from renewable energies. Are limited generators financially shut-down according to paragraph 13 par. 4 EnWG; Folgen des Einspeisemanagements fuer die Vermarktung von Strom aus Erneuerbaren Energien. Werden zwangsweise abgeregelte Erzeuger nach paragraph 13 Abs. 4 EnWG bilanziell glattgestellt?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Soetebier, Jan [Bundesnetzagentur, Bonn (Germany)

2012-09-15

With the expansion of renewable energies, the network capacities on windy and sunny days are becoming scarce. If the capacities are not sufficient in order to accommodate all the electricity, conventional power plants and subordinately plants for the power generation from renewable plants have to be closed. What are the consequences of a compulsory curtailment for the marketing of the electric power? This question basically raised for conventional power plants as well as supply remunerated and directly exploited renewable energy plants. From this perspective, the author of this contribution reports on the impact on the stock marketing of the supply remunerated electric power from renewable energy sources according to the balancing mechanism of the Renewable Energy Law.

Electric power in the competitive market - Investing capital for cleaner energy generation still a rewarding business? New perspectives for electrical energy efficiency improvement, the cogeneration technology, and renewable energy generation; Strom im Wettbewerb - Lohnen sich Investitionen in saubere Energien noch? Neue Perspektiven fuer effiziente Stromnutzung, Kraft-Waerme-Kopplung und Erneuerbare Energien. Tagungsband

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schwanhold, E. [comp.

2000-07-01

The meeting gathered policymakers, members of the energy industry, the business consulting professions, and scientific institutes and relevant technology companies. New perspectives have been discussed in the context of required framework conditions and processes that have to/can be put in place, or further developed, in order to create a concrete basis or stronger incentives for realisation of climate protection and environmental policy goals in the energy sector. There have been two panel discussions on the issue of whether investing in clean generation technologies will be rewarding. Five papers each presented to these panels have been analysed and prepared for separate retrieval from the database, as well as five papers each of the discussion forum A, ''New perspectives for energy efficiency measures and contracting partnerships'', and the discussion forum B, ''New perspectives for distributed power generation with CHP systems''. From the discussion forum C, ''New perspectives for renewable energy sources'', one paper has been prepared for separate retrieval. (CB) [German] Die Tagung war eine Diskussionsplattform fuer Teilnehmer aus den Bereichen Politik, Energiewirtschaft und wirtschaftsberatende Berufe, Forschungsinstitute und Technologieunternehmen. Neue Perspektiven wurden diskutiert im Zusammenhang mit den Rahmenbedingungen und Moeglichkeiten, die entwickelt oder verstaerkt werden koennen/muessen, um eine konkrete Basis oder staerkere Anreize zur Verwirklichung der Ziele der Klima- und Umweltschutzpolitik in der Energiewirtschaft zu schaffen. Es gab ein Diskussionsforum zur Frage der Wirtschaftlichkeit von Investitionen in saubere Energieerzeugungstechnologien und Energieeffizienz, hiervon wurden 5 Beitraege als Einzelaufnahmen in die Datenbank aufgenommen. Ebenfalls vom Forum A, ''Neue Perspektiven fuer Stromeinsparung und Contracting'', und Forum B, ''Neue Perspektiven fuer dezentrale Kraft-Waerme-Kopplung''. Vom Forum C, ''Neue Perspektiven fuer erneuerbare Energien'', wurde ein Vortrag fuer die Datenbank bearbeitet. (orig./CB)

Granular flows on erodible layers: type and evolution of flow and deposit structures

Science.gov (United States)

Crosta, G.; De Blasio, F.; De Caro, M.; Volpi, G.; Frattini, P.

2012-04-01

movement and deposition along the flatter model sector. Crosta G. (1992) An example of unusual complex landslide: from a rockfall to a dry granular flow. Geol. Romana, 30, 175-184 Crosta G.B., S. Imposimato, D.G. Roddeman (2006) Continuum numerical modelling of flow-like landslides. Landslides from massive rock slope failure, Evans, S.G., Scarascia Mugnozza, G., Strom, A., Hermanns, R., (eds) NATO Science Series, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 49, 211-232 Crosta, G.B., Imposimato, S., and D.G. Roddeman, (2008a) Approach to numerical modelling of long runout landslides. Hong Kong, GCO, Dec. 2007, Proc Inter. Forum on Landslide Disaster Management, 20 pp. Crosta, G.B., Imposimato, S., and D.G. Roddeman, (2008b) Numerical modelling of entrainment/deposition in rock and debris-avalanches. Engineering Geology, 109, 1-2, 135-145. Crosta, G. B., Imposimato, S., and D. Roddeman (2009) Numerical modeling of 2-D granular step collapse on erodible and nonerodible surface. J. Geophys. Res., 114,F03020. Crosta, G. B., Imposimato, S., D. Roddeman, P. Frattini (2011) On controls of flow-like landslide evolution by an erodible layer. Proceedings of the Second World Landslide Forum - 3-7 October 2011, Rome Dufresne, A., Davies, T., McSaveney, M. (2010) Influence of runout-path material on emplacement of the Round Top rock avalanche, New Zealand. Earth Surf. Proc. Land. 35, 190-201. Hungr O, Evans SG. (2004) Entrainment of debris in rock avalanches; an analysis of a long run-out mechanism. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116(9-10): 1240-1252. Mangeney, A., Roche, O., Hungr, O., Mangold, Faccanoni, G., and Lucas, A. , (2010). Erosion and mobility in granular collapse over sloping beds. J. Geophys. Res. - Earth Surface, 115, F03040

Best Practice cost rates for air pollutants, traffic, power generation and heat production. Appendix B of the ''Method convention 2.0 for the evaluation of environmental costs''; Best-Practice-Kostensaetze fuer Luftschadstoffe, Verkehr, Strom- und Waermeerzeugung. Anhang B der ''Methodenkonvention 2.0 zur Schaetzung von Umweltkosten''

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schwermer, Sylvia [Umweltbundesamt, Dessau (Germany); Preiss, Philipp; Mueller, Wolf [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung (IER)

2012-08-15

Technically substantiated information for the estimation of environmental costs is of high environmental interest. The environmental costs provide important information on the discussion about the costs and benefits of environmental protection more objective and on the design of environmental protection instruments. The economic evaluation of environmental damages enables an estimation of the benefits of environmental policies, because environmental policies avoid costs to the environment and health in the present and in the future. The contribution under consideration contains recommendations of the Federal Environment Agency (Dessau-Rosslau, Federal Republic of Germany) on best practice cost rates for climate and air pollutants as well as estimations for activity-related environmental costs of transport as well as power generation and heat production. The recommendations are based in substantial part on the results of the research project.

Basic and substitute supply in the event of customer insolvency. The field between energy law and insolvency law, with due consideration to the unconstitutionality of the basic supply ordinances for electricity and gas; Grund- und Ersatzversorgung in der Insolvenz des Kunden. Das Spannungsfeld von Energie- und Insolvenzrecht unter Beruecksichtigung der Verfassungswidrigkeit der GVV fuer Strom und Gas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Barchewitz, Paul

2008-07-01

The author of this publication examines the legal relationships that arise between the parties involved if a customer receiving a basic or substitute energy supply runs into crisis and insolvency. The intent is to describe and assess the interplay between energy law and insolvency law. The author examines how far the obligations of the basic supplier reach in the event of customer insolvency, what means the customer, the (provisional) insolvency administrator and the basic supplier have at their disposal in this situation and how these might assessed from a legal and economic viewpoint. Special emphasis is placed on the partial unconstitutionality of the basic supply ordinances for electricity and gas. These laws should also specify the parties' obligations and rights in the event of insolvency.

Obligations to transmission grid enlargement and cooperation of operators of transmission grids after the enactment of EnLAG and the Third regulation of single market for electricity 2009/72 EG from 13th July, 2009; Netzausbau- und Kooperationsverpflichtungen der Uebertragungsnetzbetreiber nach Inkrafttreten des EnLAG und der Dritten StromRL 2009/72 EG vom 13.7.2009

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Saecker, Franz Juergen [Hogan und Hartson Raue LLP/LBD Beratungsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin (Germany)

2009-10-15

paragraph 11 EnWG (Energy Economy Law) in the version of the Electricity Grid Expansion Act (EnLAG) obliges the operators of transmission grids to an optimization of transmission grids. The obligation for optimization refers to the development of the existing grids and to an extended co-operation of the operators of transmission grids for the improvement of the transmission of the electricity. Under this aspect, the author of the contribution under consideration reports on: (a) Contents of the obligation for the optimization of transmission grids and the development of transmission grids; (b) Fulfilment of the obligation for co-operation in accordance with paragraph 12 sect. 1 and paragraph 22 sect. 2 sentence 4 EnWG by forming a virtual grid company for the transmission of electricity; (c) Model of a cooperation contract; (d) Formation of a 'Deutsches Netz AG' as an alternative concept.

Investigations on quinquethiophenes as donor materials in organic solar cells; Untersuchungen an Quinquethiophenen zur Verwendung als Donator in Organischen Solarzellen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schulze, Kerstin

2008-07-01

Leerlaufspannungen in Organischen Solarzellen unter Verwendung des Fullerens C{sub 60} als Akzeptor. Gleichzeitig tritt eine effiziente Trennung der Exzitonen an der Akzeptor-Donator-Grenzflaeche auf. Jedoch stellt das hohe Ionisationspotential der Quinquethiophene spezielle Anforderungen an die weitere Solarzellenstruktur. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass ein Unterschied von eingebauter Spannung und Leerlaufspannung die Form der Solarzellen-Kennlinie entscheidend beeinflusst und eine S-Form in der Naehe der Leerlaufspannung erzeugen kann. Die eingebaute Spannung wird hierbei durch die Kontaktierung der photoaktiven Schichten bestimmt. Eine Erhoehung der eingebauten Spannung der Solarzelle kann durch eine entsprechende Materialwahl erreicht werden. So wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass Organische Solarzellen basierend auf diesen Quinquethiophenen ohne energetische Barrieren fuer freie Ladungstraeger innerhalb des Bauelements keine S-Form der Kennlinie aufweisen. Ebenfalls wird der Einfluss der unterschiedlichen Quinquethiophenderivate auf die Solarzellen-Charakteristik untersucht. Hierbei wird gezeigt, dass die Laenge der Alkylseitenketten einen Einfluss auf die Loecherinjektion sowie die Loecherbeweglichkeit auf dem Oligothiophen hat, welches unter anderem auch die Form der Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinie beeinflusst. Abschliessend wird die Moeglichkeit der Verwendung dieser Materialklasse in Tandemsolarzellen gezeigt sowie der Vergleich von zwei unterschiedlichen Anodenmaterialien, beides wichtige Aspekte fuer eine kommerzielle Umsetzung. (orig.)

Report on the use of the French-German interconnection in 2006

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2007-07-01

For years, most of the European electricity interconnections were managed using administrative mechanisms (priority lists or pro-rata), and a priority of access was granted to long-term contracts between incumbent operators. With the liberalization process, cross-border power flows tended to increase, and congestions occurred more frequently, calling for efficient congestion management methods. Furthermore, the European Regulation 1228/2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity came into force. Among other issues, it stipulated that 'network congestion problems shall be addressed with non-discriminatory market based solutions which give efficient economic signals to the market participants and transmission system operators involved'. In other words, cross-border capacity auctions had to be implemented. Due to repeated critical situations in December 2004 the past pro-rata procedure used for Germany to France exports was replaced as from 5 April 2005 by the introduction of a one-sided explicit auction for the day-ahead capacities by RWE Transportnetz Strom GmbH and EnBW Transportnetze AG. In addition the capacities have been auctioned quarterly and monthly since 1 July 2005. During the summer of 2005, the Federal Network Agency and the Commission de Regulation de l'energie (CRE) set the priority for further developing the auctions in 2006 by having a coordinated congestion management mechanism for both directions. The general principles of the auction design were publicly consulted by the regulators together with further questions on cross-border exchanges in the autumn of 2005. The market participants' statements were assessed by the regulatory authorities and considered through the development of a common Road-map for the congestion management methods at the French-German border, published on 3 November 2005. In addition to the implementation of explicit auctions, this road-map included the

Swiss electricity production into the future

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Steinmann, Walter

2008-01-01

In January 2007 the Swiss Federal Office of Energy's work on energy perspectives up until 2035 were concluded and presented. The results form the basis for political debate on the future direction of Switzerland's energy and climate policies. The energy perspectives point to an increase in demand for electricity in Switzerland by 2035 of around 20% and a deficit of roughly 17 billion kWh if no extra measures are taken. This corresponds to twice the annual production of a Swiss nuclear power station. This development and the unharnessed potential in the areas of efficiency and renewable energies prompted Switzerland's Federal Council to decide on a reorientation of its energy policy in 2007. This is based on four pillars: 1. Improved energy efficiency; 2. Promotion of renewable energy; 3. Targeted extension and construction of large-scale power stations; 4. Intensification of foreign energy policy, particularly in terms of cooperation with the EU. 2008 has got off to a strong start in terms of energy policy - the CO 2 tax on fuels has been introduced and the first package of the new Energy Supply Act (StromVG) has entered into force. The new Electricity Supply Act creates the necessary conditions for a progressive opening of Switzerland's electricity market. From 2009 some 50,000 large customers with an annual electricity consumption of over 100 megawatt hours will be able to benefit from this partial opening and be free to choose their power suppliers. But all other power consumers will benefit right from the start too because their electricity suppliers will also be able to buy in their electricity from the free market and pass on any price savings to their customers. Furthermore, the Electricity Supply Act delivers a clear legal framework for cross-border trade in electricity. In actual fact the opening of the electricity market is already well advanced around Switzerland. Liberalisation also results in cost transparency: As the opening of the electricity market

Cle Elum and Supplementation Research Facility : Monthly Progress Report October 2008.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cle Elum Supplementation and Research Facility

2008-12-11

FISH PRODUCTION: On October 7th the 2008 spawning season was completed. 823 adults were transferred to the facility for the 2008 season. The overall adult mortality was 6.9% (1.3% pre-spawning mortality and 5.6% encountered after sorting). Wild/natural salmon collected included 278 females, 173 males, and 29 jacks for a total 480 fish for the 2008 brood. Supplemented brood stock collected included 149 adults (85 females, 35 males and 29 jacks). Hatchery control brood collected for research included 194 adults (91 females, 68 males and 35 jacks). Eggs will be inventoried in November with an actual summary of eggs numbers to be submitted for the November report. The estimated egg takes (production) for the 2008 season was 1,375,146 eggs with 1,006,063 comprising of W x W crosses and 250,755 eggs of H x H crosses with 118,328 supplement crosses. Total fish on hand for the 2007 brood is 768,751 with an average fish per pound of 30.6 f/lb. FISH CULTURE: The marking and pit-tagging operation started on October 13th. The pit-tagging portion was completed on October 23rd. A total 40,000 juveniles were pit-tagged (2,000 from each of the production ponds and 4,000 each for the hatchery juvenile ponds 9 & 10). Cle Elum staff began shocking, sorting, counting and splitting eggs in incubation. Shocking eggs will separate live eggs from dead eggs. Eggs are treated with formalin three times a week to control fungus. The focus for the culturists during the month of October entail completing the final spawn (egg take) on the 7th, pond cleaning, keeping the marking trailers supplied with fish and end of month sampling. The adult holding ponds were power washed and winterized for the shut down period. Facility crew members Greg Strom and Mike Whitefoot assisted Joe Blodgett and his crew with fish brood collection on the 22nd of October. Fall Chinook and Coho salmon were seined up and put in tanker trucks from Chandler canal and transported to holding ponds for later spawning. Charlie

Report on the use of the French-German interconnection in 2006

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2007-01-01

For years, most of the European electricity interconnections were managed using administrative mechanisms (priority lists or pro-rata), and a priority of access was granted to long-term contracts between incumbent operators. With the liberalization process, cross-border power flows tended to increase, and congestions occurred more frequently, calling for efficient congestion management methods. Furthermore, the European Regulation 1228/2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity came into force. Among other issues, it stipulated that 'network congestion problems shall be addressed with non-discriminatory market based solutions which give efficient economic signals to the market participants and transmission system operators involved'. In other words, cross-border capacity auctions had to be implemented. Due to repeated critical situations in December 2004 the past pro-rata procedure used for Germany to France exports was replaced as from 5 April 2005 by the introduction of a one-sided explicit auction for the day-ahead capacities by RWE Transportnetz Strom GmbH and EnBW Transportnetze AG. In addition the capacities have been auctioned quarterly and monthly since 1 July 2005. During the summer of 2005, the Federal Network Agency and the Commission de Regulation de l'energie (CRE) set the priority for further developing the auctions in 2006 by having a coordinated congestion management mechanism for both directions. The general principles of the auction design were publicly consulted by the regulators together with further questions on cross-border exchanges in the autumn of 2005. The market participants' statements were assessed by the regulatory authorities and considered through the development of a common Road-map for the congestion management methods at the French-German border, published on 3 November 2005. In addition to the implementation of explicit auctions, this road-map included the establishment of a secondary

Integrated power-heat-cold-coupling by switchable Stirling-Vuilleumier-Hybrid-Machines; Integrierte Kraft-Waerme-Kaelte-Kopplung durch umschaltbare Stirling-Vuilleumier-Hybrid-Maschinen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kuehl, Hans-Detlev [Technische Univ. Dortmund (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Thermodynamik

2017-07-01

. Dieser so entstandene ''Hybrid''-Prozess zeichnet sich nach wie vor durch eine - gegenueber dem Stirling-Modus lediglich leicht verringerte - mechanische Leistungsabgabe aus, zusaetzlich jedoch auch durch eine theoretisch zu dieser betragsmaessig gleichen, ueber den Arbeitszylinder bei ''kalter'' Temperatur aufgenommene Kaelteleistung. Er stellt somit ein integriertes System zur Kraft-Waerme-Kaelte-Kopplung dar, das durch einen einzigen thermodynamischen Prozess realisierbar ist. Schaltet man diesem Prozess im warmen Temperaturbereich zusaetzlich einen weiteren, auf der Rueckseite des Arbeitskolbens liegenden Zylinderraum zu, so dass ersterer zu einem zweiten, doppelseitig wirkenden Verdraengerkolben wird, so erhaelt man schliesslich den als thermisch angetriebene Waermepumpe bzw. Kaeltemaschine bekannten Vuilleumier-Prozess, der im Idealfall keine mechanische Leistung abgibt oder aufnimmt. Am Lehrstuhl fuer Thermodynamik der TU Dortmund wurde in einem mittlerweile abgeschlossenen, von der DFG gefoerderten Forschungsprojekt eine Versuchsmaschine entwickelt und vermessen, die sich zwischen den drei beschriebenen Prozessen umschalten und so wechselnden Strom-, Waerme- und Kaeltebedarfssituationen anpassen laesst. Dabei wurde zur Reduktion des experimentellen Aufwandes eine aehnlichkeitstheoretische Skalierung unter Konstanthaltung aller fuer den internen Gaskreisprozess relevanten dimensionslosen Kennzahlen durchgefuehrt. Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten experimentellen Ergebnisse beduerfen deshalb zwar einer Korrektur wegen einiger externer, nicht korrekt skalierbarer Reibungs- und Isolationsverluste, belegen aber dennoch, dass die Realisierung derart umschaltbarer Systeme zur dezentralen, bedarfsorientierten Energieversorgung von Gebaeuden in einer praxisgerechten Baugroesse und Leistungsklasse moeglich ist. Bei koordiniertem Betrieb einer groesseren Zahl solcher Systeme - z. B. ueber Rundsteuerungen oder netzlastabhaengige

Rationality and contradictions in the competition for concessions. A (second) contribution to the Joint Practical Guide of the German Federal Cartel Office and Federal Network Agency for the allocation of electricity and gas concession tolerated and to change the concessionaire of 21 May 2015; Rationalitaet und Widersprueche im Wettbewerb um Konzessionen. Ein (zweiter) Beitrag zum Gemeinsamen Leitfaden von Bundeskartellamt und Bundesnetzagentur zur Vergabe von Strom- und Gaskonzessionsvertraegen und zum Wechsel des Konzessionsnehmers vom 21. Mai 2015

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Steinbeck, David; Templin, Wolf [Boos Hummel und Wegerich Rechtsanwaelte, Berlin (Germany)

2015-08-15

This article follows to an essay in the ZNER of 2011 (S. 121 et seq.) for the first Joint Practical Guide of the Federal Network Agency (BNetzA) and Federal Cartel Office (FCO) from the year 2010, in which the authors had attested authorities a good ''step towards to more competition ''. In the essay is examined and shown that the Joint practical guide from the year 2010 this target could meet and what effect the now in its second edition newly revised guidelines on competition to distribution networks may have. The revision of the guidelines will be given to municipalities further action assistance to the hand, but - with few exceptions - only reproduces the jurisprudence of the staked legal framework. One proposed solution for the more diverse existing problems remains undone, whereas new problem areas are put up in several places. Nevertheless, the will of the authorities is to recognize, to avoid legal problems in the concession process and net acquisitions from the outset. [German] Dieser Beitrag knuepft an einen Aufsatz in der ZNER 2011 (S. 121 ff.) zum ersten Gemeinsamen Leitfaden von Bundesnetzagentur (BNetzA) und Bundeskartellamt (BKartA) aus dem Jahre 2010 an, in dem die Autoren den Behoerden einen richtigen ''Schritt hin zu mehr Wettbewerb'' attestiert hatten. In der Abhandlung wird untersucht und dargestellt, ob der Gemeinsame Leitfaden aus dem Jahr 2010 diesem Ziel gerecht werden konnte und welche Auswirkungen der nunmehr in der zweiten Auflage neu ueberarbeitete Leitfaden auf den Wettbewerb um Verteilnetze haben kann. Die Ueberarbeitung des Leitfadens wird den Kommunen eine weitere Handlungshilfe an die Hand gegeben, die aber - bis auf wenige Ausnahmen - den durch die Rechtsprechung abgesteckten Rechtsrahmen nur wiedergibt. Ein Loesungsvorschlag fuer die noch vielfaeltig bestehenden Probleme unterbleibt, wohingegen an mehreren Stellen neue Problemfelder aufgemacht werden. Gleichwohl ist der Wille der Behoerden zu erkennen, Rechtsprobleme bei Konzessionsverfahren und Netzuebernahmen von vornherein zu vermeiden.

Obituary: Russell Makidon (1971-2009)

Science.gov (United States)

Sivaramakrishnan, Anand

2009-12-01

Russell Benjamin Makidon died at the age of 38 in Baltimore on June 22, 2009. Complications following surgery to remove a tumor cut his life tragically short. Russ was a Mission Systems Scientist at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), which he joined straight out of graduate school in 1997. He brought both the force of his intellect and his superb people skills to STScI, where he served the Institute and the broader community with extraordinary effectiveness. Russ was pivotal in helping to develop the wavefront sensing and control system of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). He was also a member of the NSF Center for Adaptive Optics at Lick Observatory. Born to Cathy Ann and Peter Makidon, a worker at General Motors, on January 22, 1971, in Bay City, Michigan, Russ was an only child. He was raised by his mother, in Florida, and her parents, in Munger, Michigan. He is survived by his mother, his grandfather Benjamin Franklin Histed, and his father. In addition to his interest in science, Russ was a talented artist and his sketches had appeared in statewide and national competitions. Turning down a scholarship at the Savannah College of Art and Design, he studied physics and astronomy at the University of Michigan, followed by a Masters under Stephen Strom at the University of Massachusetts. He measured pre-main sequence stellar rotation in NGC 2264 and other OB associations, providing insight on the role that circumstellar disks play in setting stellar angular momentum in young stellar clusters and associations. This work, and his extraordinary skills in facilitating scientific exchange, led to his co-investigatorship on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Orion Treasury Project. Russ advanced the understanding of high contrast imaging, especially the relation between the properties of a wavefront control or adaptive optics systems and the physics of coronagraphic imaging. He developed a practical understanding of coronagraphy, performing timely and

Medium-term forecast of the Germany-wide electricity supply to final consumers for the calendar years 2016 to 2020. Study on behalf of the German transmission system operators; Mittelfristprognose zur Deutschland-weiten Stromabgabe an Letztverbraucher fuer die Kalenderjahre 2016 bis 2020. Studie im Auftrag der Deutschen Uebertragungsnetzbetreiber

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Elsland, Rainer; Bossmann, Tobias; Klingler, Anna-Lena; Friedrichsen, Nele; Klobasa, Marian

2015-10-15

geringfuegig staerker aus, als beim Nettostrombedarf, was auf die steigende Eigenversorgung zurueckzufuehren ist. Der Nettostrombedarf betrug im Jahr 2014 in etwa 513 TWh und faellt damit um etwa 15 TWh geringer aus als in 2013. Der Rueckgang ist zum einen auf einen Anstieg in der Steigerung der Energieeffizienz bei strombasierten Anwendungen zurueckzufuehren und zum anderen auf eine milde Witterung. Im Referenzszenario sinkt der Nettostrombedarf von etwa 512 TWh im Jahr 2016 auf etwa 506 TWh im Jahr 2020 ab. Dabei erfaehrt der Nettostrombedarf in den Sektoren Haushalte und Industrie eine Abnahme, jedoch im Bereich des GHD-Sektors und Verkehrssektors einen Anstieg. Im Zuge der Novellierung des EEG im Jahr 2014 haben sich fuer die Eigenversorgung von Strom erstmalig Regelungen ergeben, wonach Betreiber von Neuanlagen groesser 10 kW und mit einer jaehrlichen Eigenversorgung von mehr als 10 MWh eine anteilige EEG-Umlage zu bezahlen haben, die in den Folgejahren ansteigt. Waehrend diese Regelung im GHD-Sektor naeherungsweise zu einer Stagnation der Eigenversorgung fuehrt, wird im Industriesektor weiterhin Ersatzneubau erwartet. Im Bereich privater Haushalte wird mit einer steigenden PV-Eigenversorgungsmenge gerechnet. Die Eigenversorgung steigt von rund 52 TWh im Jahr 2016 auf rund 53 TWh im Jahr 2020 an. Die Entwicklung des zukuenftigen nicht-privilegierten Letztverbrauchs, welcher massgeblich entscheidend fuer die Hoehe der EEG-Umlage ist, haengt von der Entwicklung des privilegierten Letztverbrauchs und der dazugehoerigen Zahlungsstroeme ab. Mit der Novellierung des EEG in 2014 wurde auch eine Reform der besonderen Ausgleichsregelung (BesAR) vorgenommen. Diese impliziert eine deutlich komplexere Berechnungsmethodik fuer die Berechnung der privilegierten Letztverbrauchsmengen. Fuer 2016 wird von einem privilegierten Letztverbrauch von etwa 104 TWh ausgegangen, welcher damit leicht unter dem Niveau der Vorjahre liegt. Dieser ruecklaeufige Trend wird sich in den Folgejahren auf

The MESSENGER mission to Mercury: new insights into geological processes and evolution

Science.gov (United States)

Head, James W., III; Solomon, Sean C.; McNutt, Ralph L., Jr.; Blewett, David T.; Chapman, Clark R.; Domingue, Deborah L.; Evans, Larry G.; Gillis-Davis, Jeffrey J.; Hawkins, S. Edward, III; Helbert, Jörn; Holsclaw, Gregory M.; Izenberg, Noam R.; McClintock, William E.; McCoy, Timothy J.; Merline, William J.; Murchie, Scott L.; Nittler, Larrz R.; Phillips, Roger J.; Prockter, Louise M.; Robinson, Mark S.; Sprague, Ann L.; Strom, Robert G.; Vilas, Faith; Watters, Thomas R.; Zuber, Maria T.

2008-09-01

spacecraft [1], we will be able to infer the nature and history of materials on the surface, and how the geological history fits into the larger context of Mercury's dynamic system: a liquid iron-rich outer core, coupled through a dominantly dipolar magnetic field to the surface, exosphere, and magnetosphere, all of which interact with the solar wind. References: [1] S. C. Solomon et al. (2007) Space Sci. Rev., 131, 3- 39. [2] S. C. Solomon et al. (2007) EPSC 2008, this meeting. [3] S. C. Solomon et al. (2008) Science, in press. [4] B. J. Anderson et al. (2008) Science, in press. [5] J. A. Slavin et al. (2008) Science, in press. [6] T. H. Zurbuchen et al. (2008) Science, in press. [7] W. E. McClintock et al. (2008a) Science, in press. [8] M. S. Robinson et al. (2008) Science, in press. [9] W. E. McClintock et al. (2008b) Science, in press. [10] S. L. Murchie et al. (2008) Science, in press. [11] M. T. Zuber et al. (2008) Science, in press. [12] R. G. Strom et al. (2008) Science, in press. [13] J. W. Head et al. (2008) Science, in press. [14] S. E. Hawkins, III, et al. (2007) Space Sci. Rev., 131, 247-338. [15] W. E. McClintock and M. R. Lankton (2007) Space Sci. Rev., 131, 481-522. [16] J. F. Cavanaugh et al. (2007) Space Sci. Rev., 131, 451-480. [17] J. W. Head et al. (2007) Space Sci. Rev., 131, 41-84. [18] W. V. Boynton et al. (2007) Space Sci. Rev., 131, 85-104. [19] M. T. Zuber et al. (2007) Space Sci. Rev., 131, 105-132. [20] M. S. Robinson and P. G. Lucey (1997) Science, 275, 197-200.

Global Geological Map of Venus

Science.gov (United States)

Ivanov, M. A.

2008-09-01

. A. and J. W. Head, USGS Map I-2684, 2001; 25) Ivanov, M. A. and J. W. Head, USGS Map I-2792, 2003; 26) Ivanov, M. A. and J. W. Head, USGS Map 2870, 2005; 27) Bridges, N. T. and G. E. McGill, USGS Map I-2747, 2002; 28) Campbell, B. A. and P. G. Campbell, USGS Map I-2743, 2002; 29) Hansen, V. L. and H. R. DeShon, USGS Map I-2752, 2002; 30) Brian, A.W., et al., USGS Map 2813, 2005; 31) Schaber, G.G.et al., USGS OFR 98-104, 1998; 32) Phillips, R.J., et al., JGR , 97, 15923, 1992; 33) Ivanov, B.A., et al., JGR , 97, 16167, 1992; 34) Herrick, R.R. and R.J. Phillips, Icarus, 112, 253, 1994; 35) Ivanov, M.A. and A.T. Basilevsky, GRL, 20, 2579, 1993; 36) McKinnon, W.B., et al., in: Venus II, S.W. Bougher et al. eds., Univ. Arizona Press1014, 1997; 37) Schaber, G.G., et al., JGR, 97, 13257, 1992; 38) Strom, R.G., et al., JGR, 99, 10899, 1994.

Private Sector-led Urban Development Projects. Management, Partnerships and Effects in the Netherlands and the UK

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Erwin Heurkens

2012-09-01

merge with each other. Thus, our research continues to build upon the importance of studying and reflecting on empirical practices and projects (e.g. Healey, 2006. In addition to these authors, this research does so by using meaningful integrative concepts that reflect empirical realities of urban projects. Thereby, this research serves to bridge management sciences with management practices (Van Aken, 2004; Mintzberg, 2010 through iterative processes of reflecting on science and practice. Moreover, the integrative management approach applied in this research assists in filling an academic gap, namely the lack of management knowledge about public-private interaction in urban development projects. Despite the vast amount of literature on the governance of planning practices (e.g. DiGaetano & Strom, 2003, and Public-Private Partnerships (e.g. Osborne, 2000b, remarkable little knowledge exists about what shifting public-private relationships mean for day-to-day management by public and private actors in development projects. Hence, here we follow the main argument made by public administration scholar Klijn (2008 who claims that it is such direct actor influence that brings about the most significant change to the built environment. An integrative urban management model (see Figure 2.3 based on the open systems approach has been constructed which forms a conceptual representation of empirical private sectorled urban development projects. This model serves as an analytical tool to comprehend the complexity of managing such projects. In this research, several theoretical insights about publicprivate relations and roles are used to understand different contextual and organizational factors that affect the management of private sector-led urban development projects. Hence, a project context exists within different often country-specific institutional environments (e.g. the Netherlands and UK. In this research, contextual aspects that to a degree determine the way public and