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Sample records for el61 collisional family

  1. IDENTIFYING COLLISIONAL FAMILIES IN THE KUIPER BELT

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Marcus, Robert A.; Ragozzine, Darin; Murray-Clay, Ruth A.; Holman, Matthew J.

    2011-01-01

    The identification and characterization of numerous collisional families-clusters of bodies with a common collisional origin-in the asteroid belt has added greatly to the understanding of asteroid belt formation and evolution. More recent study has also led to an appreciation of physical processes that had previously been neglected (e.g., the Yarkovsky effect). Collisions have certainly played an important role in the evolution of the Kuiper Belt as well, though only one collisional family has been identified in that region to date, around the dwarf planet Haumea. In this paper, we combine insights into collisional families from numerical simulations with the current observational constraints on the dynamical structure of the Kuiper Belt to investigate the ideal sizes and locations for identifying collisional families. We find that larger progenitors (r ∼ 500 km) result in more easily identifiable families, given the difficulty in identifying fragments of smaller progenitors in magnitude-limited surveys, despite their larger spread and less frequent occurrence. However, even these families do not stand out well from the background. Identifying families as statistical overdensities is much easier than characterizing families by distinguishing individual members from interlopers. Such identification seems promising, provided the background population is well known. In either case, families will also be much easier to study where the background population is small, i.e., at high inclinations. Overall, our results indicate that entirely different techniques for identifying families will be needed for the Kuiper Belt, and we provide some suggestions.

  2. COLLISIONALLY BORN FAMILY ABOUT 87 SYLVIA

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vokrouhlicky, David; Nesvorny, David; Bottke, William F.; Morbidelli, Alessandro

    2010-01-01

    There are currently more than 1000 multi-opposition objects known in the Cybele population, adjacent and exterior to the asteroid main belt, allowing a more detailed analysis than was previously possible. Searching for collisionally born clusters in this population, we find only one statistically robust case: a family of objects about (87) Sylvia. We use a numerical model to simulate the Sylvia family long-term evolution due to gravitational attraction from planets and thermal (Yarkovsky) effects and to explain its perturbed structure in the orbital element space. This allows us to conclude that the Sylvia family must be at least several hundreds of million years old, in agreement with evolutionary timescales of Sylvia's satellite system. We find it interesting that other large Cybele-zone asteroids with known satellites-(107) Camilla and (121) Hermione-do not have detectable families of collisional fragments about them (this is because we assume that binaries with large primary and small secondary components are necessarily impact generated). Our numerical simulations of synthetic clusters about these asteroids show they would suffer a substantial dynamical depletion by a combined effect of diffusion in numerous weak mean-motion resonances and Yarkovsky forces provided their age is close to ∼4 billion years. However, we also believe that a complete effacement of these two families requires an additional component, very likely due to resonance sweeping or other perturbing effects associated with the late Jupiter's inward migration. We thus propose that both Camilla and Hermione originally had their collisional families, as in the Sylvia case, but they lost them in an evolution that lasted a billion years. Their satellites are the only witnesses of these effaced families.

  3. THE CREATION OF HAUMEA'S COLLISIONAL FAMILY

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Schlichting, Hilke E.; Sari, Re'em

    2009-01-01

    Recently, the first collisional family was discovered in the Kuiper Belt. The parent body of this family, Haumea, is one of the largest objects in the Kuiper Belt and is orbited by two satellites. It has been proposed that the Haumea family was created from dispersed fragments that resulted from a giant impact. This proposed origin of the Haumea family is however in conflict with the observed velocity dispersion between the family members (∼ 140 m s -1 ) which is significantly less than the escape velocity from Haumea's surface (∼ 900 m s -1 ). In this paper we propose a different formation scenario for Haumea's collisional family. In our scenario the family members are ejected while in orbit around Haumea. This scenario, therefore, naturally gives rise to a lower velocity dispersion among the family members than expected from direct ejection from Haumea's surface. In our scenario Haumea's giant impact forms a single moon that tidally evolves outward until it suffers a destructive collision from which the family is created. We show that this formation scenario yields a velocity dispersion of ∼ 190 m s -1 among the family members which is in good agreement with the observations. We discuss an alternative scenario that consists of the formation and tidal evolution of several satellites that are ejected by collisions with unbound Kuiper Belt objects. However, the formation of the Haumea family in this latter way is difficult to reconcile with the large abundance of Kuiper Belt binaries. We, therefore, favor forming the family by a destructive collision of a single moon of Haumea. The probability for Haumea's initial giant impact in today's Kuiper Belt is less than 10 -3 . In our scenario, however, Haumea's giant impact can occur before the excitation of the Kuiper Belt and the ejection of the family members afterward. This has the advantage that one can preserve the dynamical coherence of the family and explain Haumea's original giant impact, which is several

  4. Is the Eureka cluster a collisional family of Mars Trojan asteroids?

    Science.gov (United States)

    Christou, Apostolos A.; Borisov, Galin; Dell'Oro, Aldo; Cellino, Alberto; Bagnulo, Stefano

    2017-09-01

    We explore the hypothesis that the Eureka family of sub-km asteroids in the L5 region of Mars could have formed in a collision. We estimate the size distribution index from available information on family members; model the orbital dispersion of collisional fragments; and carry out a formal calculation of the collisional lifetime as a function of size. We find that, as initially conjectured by Rivkin et al. (2003), the collisional lifetime of objects the size of (5261) Eureka is at least a few Gyr, significantly longer than for similar-sized Main Belt asteroids. In contrast, the observed degree of orbital compactness is inconsistent with all but the least energetic family-forming collisions. Therefore, the family asteroids may be ejecta from a cratering event sometime in the past ∼ 1 Gyr if the orbits are gradually dispersed by gravitational diffusion and the Yarkovsky effect (Ćuk et al., 2015). The comparable sizes of the largest family members require either negligible target strength or a particular impact geometry under this scenario (Durda et al., 2007; Benavidez et al., 2012). Alternatively, the family may have formed by a series of YORP-induced fission events (Pravec et al., 2010). The shallow size distribution of the family is similar to that of small MBAs (Gladman et al., 2009) interpreted as due to the dominance of this mechanism for Eureka-family-sized asteroids (Jacobson et al., 2014). However, our population index estimate is likely a lower limit due to the small available number of family asteroids and observational incompleteness. Future searches for fainter family members, further observational characterisation of the known Trojans' physical properties as well as orbital and rotational evolution modelling will help distinguish between different formation models.

  5. Collisional history of asteroids - evidence from Vesta and the Hirayama families

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Davis, D.R.; Chapman, C.R.; Weidenschilling, S.J.; Greenberg, R.

    1985-01-01

    Numerical simulations of the collisional evolution of hypothetical initial asteroid populations have been run which are subject to three constraints: they must evolve to the current asteroid size distribution, preserve Vesta's basaltic crust, and produce at least the observed number of major Hirayama families. A runaway growth initial asteroid population distribution is found to best satisfy these constraints, and a model is developed for the calculation of fragment size distribution in the disruption of large, gravitationally bound bodies in which the material strength is enhanced by hydrostatic self-compression. This model predicts that large asteroids behave as intrinsically strong bodies despite histories of collisional fracture. 51 references

  6. Spin states of asteroids in the Eos collisional family

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hanuš, J.; Delbo', M.; Alí-Lagoa, V.; Bolin, B.; Jedicke, R.; Ďurech, J.; Cibulková, H.; Pravec, P.; Kušnirák, P.; Behrend, R.; Marchis, F.; Antonini, P.; Arnold, L.; Audejean, M.; Bachschmidt, M.; Bernasconi, L.; Brunetto, L.; Casulli, S.; Dymock, R.; Esseiva, N.; Esteban, M.; Gerteis, O.; de Groot, H.; Gully, H.; Hamanowa, Hiroko; Hamanowa, Hiromi; Krafft, P.; Lehký, M.; Manzini, F.; Michelet, J.; Morelle, E.; Oey, J.; Pilcher, F.; Reignier, F.; Roy, R.; Salom, P. A.; Warner, B. D.

    2018-01-01

    Eos family was created during a catastrophic impact about 1.3 Gyr ago. Rotation states of individual family members contain information about the history of the whole population. We aim to increase the number of asteroid shape models and rotation states within the Eos collision family, as well as to revise previously published shape models from the literature. Such results can be used to constrain theoretical collisional and evolution models of the family, or to estimate other physical parameters by a thermophysical modeling of the thermal infrared data. We use all available disk-integrated optical data (i.e., classical dense-in-time photometry obtained from public databases and through a large collaboration network as well as sparse-in-time individual measurements from a few sky surveys) as input for the convex inversion method, and derive 3D shape models of asteroids together with their rotation periods and orientations of rotation axes. We present updated shape models for 15 asteroids and new shape model determinations for 16 asteroids. Together with the already published models from the publicly available DAMIT database, we compiled a sample of 56 Eos family members with known shape models that we used in our analysis of physical properties within the family. Rotation states of asteroids smaller than ∼ 20 km are heavily influenced by the YORP effect, whilst the large objects more or less retained their rotation state properties since the family creation. Moreover, we also present a shape model and bulk density of asteroid (423) Diotima, an interloper in the Eos family, based on the disk-resolved data obtained by the Near InfraRed Camera (Nirc2) mounted on the W.M. Keck II telescope.

  7. A Novel Tool for Peptide Pattern Recognition Identifies 13 Subgroups of the GH61 Family

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Busk, Peter Kamp; Lange, Mette; Lange, Lene

    2011-01-01

    Proteins of the glycosyl hydrolase family 61 (gh61) are important proteins for fungal degradation of biomass. There are 132 entries for gh61 in the CAZY database, no subfamilies have been defined and each fungus may have several gh61s with very different sequences. Alignment of highly divergent s...

  8. Generalized fluid equations for parallel transport in collisional to weakly collisional plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zawaideh, E.S.

    1985-01-01

    A new set of two-fluid equations which are valid from collisional to weakly collisional limits are derived. Starting from gyrokinetic equations in flux coordinates with no zeroth order drifts, a set of moment equations describing plasma transport along the field lines of a space and time dependent magnetic field are derived. No restriction on the anisotropy of the ion distribution function is imposed. In the highly collisional limit, these equations reduce to those of Braginskii while in the weakly collisional limit, they are similar to the double adiabatic or Chew, Goldberger, and Low (CGL) equations. The new transport equations are used to study the effects of collisionality, magnetic field structure, and plasma anisotropy on plasma parallel transport. Numerical examples comparing these equations with conventional transport equations show that the conventional equations may contain large errors near the sound speed (M approx. = 1). It is also found that plasma anisotropy, which is not included in the conventional equations, is a critical parameter in determining plasma transport in varying magnetic field. The new transport equations are also used to study axial confinement in multiple mirror devices from the strongly to weakly collisional regime. A new ion conduction model was worked out to extend the regime of validity of the transport equations to the low density multiple mirror regime

  9. Differences in glycosyltransferase family 61 accompany variation in seed coat mucilage composition in Plantago spp.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Phan, Jana L.; Tucker, Matthew R.; Khor, Shi Fang; Shirley, Neil; Lahnstein, Jelle; Beahan, Cherie; Bacic, Antony; Burton, Rachel A.

    2016-01-01

    Xylans are the most abundant non-cellulosic polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. A diverse range of xylan structures influence tissue function during growth and development. Despite the abundance of xylans in nature, details of the genes and biochemical pathways controlling their biosynthesis are lacking. In this study we have utilized natural variation within the Plantago genus to examine variation in heteroxylan composition and structure in seed coat mucilage. Compositional assays were combined with analysis of the glycosyltransferase family 61 (GT61) family during seed coat development, with the aim of identifying GT61 sequences participating in xylan backbone substitution. The results reveal natural variation in heteroxylan content and structure, particularly in P. ovata and P. cunninghamii, species which show a similar amount of heteroxylan but different backbone substitution profiles. Analysis of the GT61 family identified specific sequences co-expressed with IRREGULAR XYLEM 10 genes, which encode putative xylan synthases, revealing a close temporal association between xylan synthesis and substitution. Moreover, in P. ovata, several abundant GT61 sequences appear to lack orthologues in P. cunninghamii. Our results indicate that natural variation in Plantago species can be exploited to reveal novel details of seed coat development and polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways. PMID:27856710

  10. Asteroid families - Physical properties and evolution

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chapman, C.R.; Paolicchi, P.; Zappala, V.; Binzel, R.P.; Bell, J.F.

    1989-01-01

    Asteroid families are considered to be fragments from collisional destruction of precursor bodies. However, results available on the inferred mineralogy, size distributions, and spins of family members do not confirm the expectations of the traditional model. Only a handful of nearly 100 proposed families, most of them populous, have distributions of inferred mineralogies consistent with simple cosmochemical models for parent bodies. It is suggested that most catastrophic collisions may not result in observable families, but rather in a spray of smaller particles, thus accounting for the small number of confirmed and consistent families, despite evidence for extensive collisional evolution of asteroids. 52 refs

  11. Collisional damping rates for plasma waves

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tigik, S. F., E-mail: sabrina.tigik@ufrgs.br; Ziebell, L. F., E-mail: luiz.ziebell@ufrgs.br [Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil); Yoon, P. H., E-mail: yoonp@umd.edu [Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (United States); School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-701 (Korea, Republic of)

    2016-06-15

    The distinction between the plasma dynamics dominated by collisional transport versus collective processes has never been rigorously addressed until recently. A recent paper [P. H. Yoon et al., Phys. Rev. E 93, 033203 (2016)] formulates for the first time, a unified kinetic theory in which collective processes and collisional dynamics are systematically incorporated from first principles. One of the outcomes of such a formalism is the rigorous derivation of collisional damping rates for Langmuir and ion-acoustic waves, which can be contrasted to the heuristic customary approach. However, the results are given only in formal mathematical expressions. The present brief communication numerically evaluates the rigorous collisional damping rates by considering the case of plasma particles with Maxwellian velocity distribution function so as to assess the consequence of the rigorous formalism in a quantitative manner. Comparison with the heuristic (“Spitzer”) formula shows that the accurate damping rates are much lower in magnitude than the conventional expression, which implies that the traditional approach over-estimates the importance of attenuation of plasma waves by collisional relaxation process. Such a finding may have a wide applicability ranging from laboratory to space and astrophysical plasmas.

  12. El plan del nitrogeno (1939-61)

    OpenAIRE

    Antonio Gómez de Mendoza

    1997-01-01

    Evolución histórica de la industria del nitrógeno en España durante el período de 1939 a 1961 a través de cuatro apartados: el problema del nitrógeno en el período de entre guerras, los cambios introducidos por el INI, análisis de la gestión de la Sociedad Ibérica del Nitrógeno y el estudio de la industria del nitrógeno entre 1951-1961.

  13. Generalized fluid equations for parallel transport in collisional to weakly collisional plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zawaideh, E.; Najmabadi, F.; Conn, R.W.

    1986-01-01

    A new set of two-fluid equations that are valid from collisional to weakly collisional limits is derived. Starting from gyrokinetic equations in flux coordinates with no zero-order drifts, a set of moment equations describing plasma transport along the field lines of a space- and time-dependent magnetic field is derived. No restriction on the anisotropy of the ion distribution function is imposed. In the highly collisional limit, these equations reduce to those of Braginskii, while in the weakly collisional limit they are similar to the double adiabatic or Chew, Goldberger, and Low (CGL) equations [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 236, 112 (1956)]. The new set of equations also exhibits a physical singularity at the sound speed. This singularity is used to derive and compute the sound speed. Numerical examples comparing these equations with conventional transport equations show that in the limit where the ratio of the mean free path lambda to the scale length of the magnetic field gradient L/sub B/ approaches zero, there is no significant difference between the solution of the new and conventional transport equations. However, conventional fluid equations, ordinarily expected to be correct to the order (lambda/L/sub B/) 2 , are found to have errors of order (lambda/L/sub u/) 2 = (lambda/L/sub B/) 2 /(1-M 2 ) 2 , where L/sub u/ is the scale length of the flow velocity gradient and M is the Mach number. As such, the conventional equations may contain large errors near the sound speed (Mroughly-equal1)

  14. Clocking Femtosecond Collisional Dynamics via Resonant X-Ray Spectroscopy

    Science.gov (United States)

    van den Berg, Q. Y.; Fernandez-Tello, E. V.; Burian, T.; Chalupský, J.; Chung, H.-K.; Ciricosta, O.; Dakovski, G. L.; Hájková, V.; Hollebon, P.; Juha, L.; Krzywinski, J.; Lee, R. W.; Minitti, M. P.; Preston, T. R.; de la Varga, A. G.; Vozda, V.; Zastrau, U.; Wark, J. S.; Velarde, P.; Vinko, S. M.

    2018-02-01

    Electron-ion collisional dynamics is of fundamental importance in determining plasma transport properties, nonequilibrium plasma evolution, and electron damage in diffraction imaging applications using bright x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). Here we describe the first experimental measurements of ultrafast electron impact collisional ionization dynamics using resonant core-hole spectroscopy in a solid-density magnesium plasma, created and diagnosed with the Linac Coherent Light Source x-ray FEL. By resonantly pumping the 1 s →2 p transition in highly charged ions within an optically thin plasma, we have measured how off-resonance charge states are populated via collisional processes on femtosecond time scales. We present a collisional cross section model that matches our results and demonstrates how the cross sections are enhanced by dense-plasma effects including continuum lowering. Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium collisional radiative simulations show excellent agreement with the experimental results and provide new insight on collisional ionization and three-body-recombination processes in the dense-plasma regime.

  15. Orbital and Collisional Evolution of the Irregular Satellites

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nesvorný, David; Alvarellos, Jose L. A.; Dones, Luke; Levison, Harold F.

    2003-07-01

    instabilities operating on longer time spans. The average orbits calculated from this experiment were then used to probe the collisional evolution of the irregular satellite systems. We found that (1) the large irregular moons must have collisionally eliminated many small irregular moons, thus shaping their population to the currently observed structures; (2) some dynamical families of satellites could have been formed by catastrophic collisions among the irregular moons; and (3) Phoebe's surface must have been heavily cratered by impacts from an extinct population of Saturnian irregular moons, much larger than the present one. We therefore suggest that the Cassini imaging of Phoebe in 2004 can be used to determine the primordial population of small irregular moons of Saturn. In such a case, we will also better understand the overall efficiency of the formation process of the irregular satellites and the physical conditions that existed during planetary formation. We discovered two dynamical families of tightly clustered orbits within the Jovian retrograde group. We believe that these two clusters may be the remnants of two collisionally disrupted bodies. We found that the entire Jovian retrograde group and the Saturnian inclination groups were not produced by single breakups, because the ejection velocities derived from the orbital structures of these groups greatly exceed values calculated by modern numerical models of collisional breakups. Taken together, the evidence presented here suggests that many properties of the irregular moons previously assigned to their formation process may have resulted from their later dynamical and collisional evolution. Finally, we have found that several irregular moons, namely, Pasiphae, Sinope, S/2001 J10, S/2000 S5, S/2000 S6, and S/2000 S3, have orbits characterized by secular resonances. The orbits of some of these moons apparently evolved by some slow dissipative process in the past and became captured in tiny resonant volumes.

  16. Collisional properties of weakly bound heteronuclear dimers

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Marcelis, B.; Kokkelmans, S.J.J.M.F.; Shlyapnikov, G.V.; Petrov, D.S.

    2008-01-01

    We consider collisional properties of weakly bound heteronuclear molecules (dimers) formed in a two-species mixture of atoms with a large mass difference. We focus on dimers containing light fermionic atoms as they manifest collisional stability due to an effective dimer-dimer repulsion originating

  17. Collisional energy transfer between highly excited vibrational levels of K2 (11Σu+, V=46∼61) and H2

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhang Liping; Cai Qin; Luan Nannan; Dai Kang; Shen Yifan

    2011-01-01

    Using the CARS (Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Spectroscopy) detection technique, the electronic-to-rovibrational levels energy transfer between electronically excited K 2 (which is in the state of 1 1 ∑ u + , V=46∼61) and H 2 has been investigated. The scanned CARS spectra reveals that H 2 molecules are produced only at the V=1, J=2 and V=2, J=0, 1, 2 rovibrational levels during energy transfer processes. From scanned CARS spectral peaks the population ratios are obtained. The n 1 /n 4 9 n 2 /n 4 , and n 3 /n 4 are 3.3±0.5, 2.2±0.3 and 2.0±0.3, respectively, where n 1 , n 2 , n 3 and n 4 represent the number densities of H 2 at rovibrational levels (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2) and (1, 2), respectively. The population ratios indicate that the H 2 molecules produced by the energy transfer process are 88% populated at the V=2 level and 12% at V=1. The relative fractions (, , ) of average energy disposal are derived as (0.53, 0.01, 0.46), having major vibrational and translational energy release. Through simple kinetic model at the experimental conditions of T=573 K and P(H 2 ) =5 X 10 3 Pa, collisional transfer rate coefficients k 12 =(3.3±0.7) X 10 -14 and k 2 =(1.4±0.3) X 10 -14 cm 3 s -1 have been obtained. (authors)

  18. Collisional family structure within the Nysa-Polana complex

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dykhuis, Melissa J.; Greenberg, Richard

    2015-05-01

    The Nysa-Polana complex is a group of low-inclination asteroid families in the inner main belt, bounded in semimajor axis by the Mars-crossing region and the Jupiter 3:1 mean-motion resonance. This group is important as the most likely source region for the target of the OSIRIS-REx mission, (101955) Bennu; however, family membership in the region is complicated by the presence of several dynamically overlapping families with a range of surface reflectance properties. The large S-type structure in the region appears to be associated with the parent body (135) Hertha, and displays an (eP,aP) correlation consistent with a collision event near true anomaly of ∼180° with ejecta velocity vej ∼ 285m /s . The ejecta distribution from a collision with these orbital properties is predicted to have a maximum semimajor axis dispersion of δaej = 0.005 ± 0.008AU , which constitutes only a small fraction (7%) of the observed semimajor axis dispersion, the rest of which is attributed to the Yarkovsky effect. The age of the family is inferred from the Yarkovsky dispersion to be 300-50+60 My. Objects in a smaller cluster that overlaps the large Hertha family in proper orbital element space have reflectance properties more consistent with the X-type (135) Hertha than the surrounding S-type family. These objects form a distinct Yarkovsky "V" signature in (aP, H) space, consistent with a more recent collision, which appears to also be dynamically connected to (135) Hertha. Production of two families with different reflectance properties from a single parent could result from the partial differentiation of the parent, shock darkening effects, or other causes. The Nysa-Polana complex also contains a low-albedo family associated with (142) Polana (called "New Polana" by Walsh et al. (Walsh, K.J. et al. [2013]. Icarus 225, 283-297)), and two other low-albedo families associated with (495) Eulalia. The second Eulalia family may be a high-aP , low-eP , low-iP component of the first

  19. Diffusion and transport phenomena in a collisional magnetoplasma ...

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    Boltzmann-transport equation is analytically solved for two-component magnetoplasma using Chapman-Enskog analysis to include collisional diffusion transport having anisotropies in both streaming velocity and temperature components. The modified collisional integrals are analytically solved with flux integrals and ...

  20. Dietary inadequacy in El Salvador.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Marroquin, C G; Hernandez, M I; Hernandez, B M; Mancia, I Y

    1992-01-01

    Researchers conducted a dietary survey of 59 households selected at random in the marginal community of Peralta in San Salvador, El Salvador to ascertain nutritional needs of the families and identify factors which affect intrafamilial distribution and consumption of food. A nutritionist weighed all the food consumed by each family member in 1 day. 50% of the family members consumed just grain, sugar, oil, and/or beans. 93% of the people ate 90% of the required quantity of vitamin A. 88% ate inadequate amounts of riboflavin, 77% iron, and 40% protein. Moreover 58% of the households spent 61-100% of their income on food. No association occurred between caloric sufficiency and family size and between age and dietary adequacy. Therefore each family evenly distributed food among family members. Further poorer families consumed less food than the families of the higher socioeconomic group.

  1. Collisional damping of giant monopole and quadrupole resonances

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yildirim, S.; Gokalp, A.; Yilmaz, O.; Ayik, S.

    2001-01-01

    Collisional damping widths of giant monopole and quadrupole excitations for 120 Sn and 208 Pb at zero and finite temperatures are calculated within Thomas-Fermi approximation by employing the microscopic in-medium cross-sections of Li and Machleidt and the phenomenological Skyrme and Gogny forces, and are compared with each other. The results for the collisional widths of giant monopole and quadrupole vibrations at zero temperature as a function of the mass number show that the collisional damping of giant monopole vibrations accounts for about 30 - 40% of the observed widths at zero temperature, while for giant quadrupole vibrations it accounts for only 20 - 30% of the observed widths at zero temperature. (orig.)

  2. Degenerate four-wave mixing and phase conjugation in a collisional plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Federici, J.F.; Mansfield, D.K.

    1986-06-01

    Although degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) has many practical applications in the visible regime, no successful attempt has been made to study or demonstrate DFWM for wavelengths longer than 10μm. Recently, Steel and Lam established plasma as a viable DFWM and phase conjugation (PC) medium for infrared, far-infrared, and microwaves. However, their analysis is incomplete since collisional effects were not included. Using a fluid description, our results demonstrate that when collisional absorption is small and the collisional mean-free path is shorter than the nonlinear density grating scale length, collisional heating generates a thermal force which substantially enhances the phase conjugate reflectivity. When the collisional attenuation length becomes comparable to the length of the plasma, the dominant effect is collisional absorption of the pump waves. Numerical estimates of the phase conjugate reflectivity indicate that for modest power levels, gains greater than or equal to1 are possible in the submillimeter to centimeter wavelength range. This suggests that a plasma is a viable PC medium at those long wavelengths. In addition, doubly DFWM is discussed

  3. Generation of post-collisional normal calc-alkaline and adakitic granites in the Tongbai orogen, central China

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhang, Wen-Xiang; Zhu, Liu-Qin; Wang, Hao; Wu, Yuan-Bao

    2018-01-01

    Post-collisional granites are generally generated by partial melting of continental crust during orogenic extension. The occurrence of normal calc-alkaline granites following adakitic granites in a collisional orogen is frequently supposed as a sign of tectonic regime transition from compression to extension, which has been debated yet. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of zircon U-Pb ages, Hf-O isotopes, as well as whole-rock major and trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopes, for Tongbai and Jigongshan post-collisional granitic plutons in the Tongbai orogen. Zircon U-Pb dating yields intrusion ages of ca. 140 and 135 Ma for the Tongbai and Jigongshan plutons, respectively, suggesting they are post-collisional granites. These granites are high-K calc-alkaline series, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous with A/CNK ratios of 0.85-1.08. The Tongbai gneissic granites are normal calc-alkaline granite, having variable SiO2 (61.93-76.74 wt%) and Sr/Y (2.9-38.9) and (La/Yb)N (1.7-30.1) ratios with variably negative Eu anomalies (0.41-0.92). They have relatively high initial Sr isotope ratios of 0.707571 to 0.710317, and low εNd(t) (- 15.74 to - 11.09) and εHf(t) (- 17.6 to - 16.9) values. Their Nd and Hf model ages range from 2.2 to 1.8 Ga and 2.3 to 2.2 Ga. On the contrary, the Jigongshan granites show higher SiO2 (66.56-72.11 wt%) and Sr/Y (30.1-182.0) and (La/Yb)N (27.4-91.4) ratios with insignificant Eu anomalies (0.73-1.00), belonging to adakitic granite. They have Isr = 0.707843-0.708366, εNd(t) = - 19.83 to - 17.59, and εHf(t) = - 26.0 to - 23.5. Their Nd and Hf model ages vary from ca. 2.5 to 2.4 Ga and ca. 2.8 to 2.6 Ga. The Tongbai and Jigongshan granites are characterized by mantle-like zircon δ18O values (5.17-5.46‰). These geochemical features suggest that the Tongbai and Jigongshan granites were derived from partial melting of Paleoproterozoic and Archean continental crust, respectively. Fractional crystallization affected the geochemical

  4. 7 CFR 3560.61 - Loan security.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Loan security. 3560.61 Section 3560.61 Agriculture... DIRECT MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Direct Loan and Grant Origination § 3560.61 Loan security... collateral. (2) The amount of the loan against the collateral does not exceed its estimated security value...

  5. Collisionality dependence of Mercier stability in LHD equilibria with bootstrap currents

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ichiguchi, Katsuji.

    1997-02-01

    The Mercier stability of the plasmas carrying bootstrap currents with different plasma collisionality is studied in the Large Helical Device (LHD). In the LHD configuration, the direction of the bootstrap current depends on the collisionality of the plasma through the change in the sign of the geometrical factor. When the beta value is raised by increasing the density of the plasma with a fixed low temperature, the plasma becomes more collisional and the collisionality approaches the plateau regime. In this case, the bootstrap current can flow in the direction so as to decrease the rotational transform. Then, the large Shafranov shift enhances the magnetic well and the magnetic shear, and therefore, the Mercier stability is improved. On the other hand, when the beta value is raised by increasing the temperature of the plasma with a fixed low density, the plasma collisionality becomes reduced to enter the 1/ν collisionality regime and the bootstrap current flows so that the rotational transform should be increased, which is unfavorable for the Mercier stability. Hence, the beta value should be raised by increasing the density rather than the temperature in order to obtain a high beta plasma. (author)

  6. Exact collisional moments for plasma fluid theories

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pfefferle, David; Hirvijoki, Eero; Lingam, Manasvi

    2017-10-01

    The velocity-space moments of the often troublesome nonlinear Landau collision operator are expressed exactly in terms of multi-index Hermite-polynomial moments of the distribution functions. The collisional moments are shown to be generated by derivatives of two well-known functions, namely the Rosenbluth-MacDonald-Judd-Trubnikov potentials for a Gaussian distribution. The resulting formula has a nonlinear dependency on the relative mean flow of the colliding species normalised to the root-mean-square of the corresponding thermal velocities, and a bilinear dependency on densities and higher-order velocity moments of the distribution functions, with no restriction on temperature, flow or mass ratio of the species. The result can be applied to both the classic transport theory of plasmas, that relies on the Chapman-Enskog method, as well as to deriving collisional fluid equations that follow Grad's moment approach. As an illustrative example, we provide the collisional ten-moment equations with exact conservation laws for momentum- and energy-transfer rate.

  7. Anisotropic hydrodynamics with a scalar collisional kernel

    Science.gov (United States)

    Almaalol, Dekrayat; Strickland, Michael

    2018-04-01

    Prior studies of nonequilibrium dynamics using anisotropic hydrodynamics have used the relativistic Anderson-Witting scattering kernel or some variant thereof. In this paper, we make the first study of the impact of using a more realistic scattering kernel. For this purpose, we consider a conformal system undergoing transversally homogenous and boost-invariant Bjorken expansion and take the collisional kernel to be given by the leading order 2 ↔2 scattering kernel in scalar λ ϕ4 . We consider both classical and quantum statistics to assess the impact of Bose enhancement on the dynamics. We also determine the anisotropic nonequilibrium attractor of a system subject to this collisional kernel. We find that, when the near-equilibrium relaxation-times in the Anderson-Witting and scalar collisional kernels are matched, the scalar kernel results in a higher degree of momentum-space anisotropy during the system's evolution, given the same initial conditions. Additionally, we find that taking into account Bose enhancement further increases the dynamically generated momentum-space anisotropy.

  8. Self-consistent electron transport in collisional plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mason, R.J.

    1982-01-01

    A self-consistent scheme has been developed to model electron transport in evolving plasmas of arbitrary classical collisionality. The electrons and ions are treated as either multiple donor-cell fluids, or collisional particles-in-cell. Particle suprathermal electrons scatter off ions, and drag against fluid background thermal electrons. The background electrons undergo ion friction, thermal coupling, and bremsstrahlung. The components move in self-consistent advanced E-fields, obtained by the Implicit Moment Method, which permits Δt >> ω/sub p/ -1 and Δx >> lambda/sub D/ - offering a 10 2 - 10 3 -fold speed-up over older explicit techniques. The fluid description for the background plasma components permits the modeling of transport in systems spanning more than a 10 7 -fold change in density, and encompassing contiguous collisional and collisionless regions. Results are presented from application of the scheme to the modeling of CO 2 laser-generated suprathermal electron transport in expanding thin foils, and in multi-foil target configurations

  9. Collisional effects in He I lines and helium abundances in planetary nebulae

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Clegg, R.E.S.

    1987-01-01

    Attention is drawn to new, 19-state quantal calculations for collisional excitation by electron impact in neutral helium. Recommended empirical formulae are given for the collisional contribution to HeI recombination lines such as λλ4471, 5876 A in gaseous nebulae. Collisional ionization of metastable (2 3 S) He I is significant for high-temperature nebulae. Collisional transfers provide significant cooling in nebulae with low heavy-element abundances. Revised mean He/H ratios for three large samples of planetary nebulae are given. (author)

  10. Asteroid collisional history - Effects on sizes and spins

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Davis, D.R.; Weidenschilling, S.J.; Farinella, P.; Paolicchi, P.; Binzel, R.P.

    1989-01-01

    The effects of asteroid collisional history on sizes and spins of present-day objects are discussed. Collisional evolution studies indicate that collisions have altered the spin-rates of small bodies, but that the largest asteroids may have retained their primordial rotation rates. Most asteroids larger than 100 km diam have probably been shattered, but have gravitationally recaptured their fragments to form a rubble-pile structure. Large angular momentum asteroids appear to have Maclaurian spheroidal or Jacobi-ellipsoid-like shapes; some of them may have fissioned into binaries. An integrated size and spin collisional evolution model is presented, with two critical parameters: one which determines the spin rates for small fragments resulting from a shattering collision, and the other determines the fraction of impact angular momentum that is retained by the target. 36 refs

  11. Drift wave dispersion relation for arbitrarily collisional plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Angus, Justin R.; Krasheninnikov, Sergei I.

    2012-01-01

    The standard local linear analysis of drift waves in a plasma slab is generalized to be valid for arbitrarily collisional electrons by considering the electrons to be governed by the drift-kinetic equation with a BGK-like (Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook) collision operator. The obtained dispersion relation reduces to that found from collisionless kinetic theory when the collision frequency is zero. Electron temperature fluctuations must be retained in the standard fluid analysis in order to obtain good quantitative agreement with our general solution in the highly collisional limit. Any discrepancies between the fluid solution and our general solution in this limit are attributed to the limitations of the BGK collision operator. The maximum growth rates in both the collisional and collisionless limits are comparable and are both on the order of the fundamental drift wave frequency. The main role of the destabilizing mechanism is found to be in determining the parallel wave number at which the maximum growth rate will occur. The parallel wave number corresponding to the maximum growth rate is set by the wave-particle resonance condition in the collisionless limit and transitions to being set by the real frequency being on the order of the rate for electrons to diffuse a parallel wavelength in the collisional limit.

  12. Drift wave dispersion relation for arbitrarily collisional plasma

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Angus, Justin R.; Krasheninnikov, Sergei I. [Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0417 (United States)

    2012-05-15

    The standard local linear analysis of drift waves in a plasma slab is generalized to be valid for arbitrarily collisional electrons by considering the electrons to be governed by the drift-kinetic equation with a BGK-like (Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook) collision operator. The obtained dispersion relation reduces to that found from collisionless kinetic theory when the collision frequency is zero. Electron temperature fluctuations must be retained in the standard fluid analysis in order to obtain good quantitative agreement with our general solution in the highly collisional limit. Any discrepancies between the fluid solution and our general solution in this limit are attributed to the limitations of the BGK collision operator. The maximum growth rates in both the collisional and collisionless limits are comparable and are both on the order of the fundamental drift wave frequency. The main role of the destabilizing mechanism is found to be in determining the parallel wave number at which the maximum growth rate will occur. The parallel wave number corresponding to the maximum growth rate is set by the wave-particle resonance condition in the collisionless limit and transitions to being set by the real frequency being on the order of the rate for electrons to diffuse a parallel wavelength in the collisional limit.

  13. Transition from Collisionless to Collisional MRI

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sharma, Prateek; Hammett, Gregory W.; Quataert, Eliot

    2003-01-01

    Recent calculations by Quataert et al. (2002) found that the growth rates of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in a collisionless plasma can differ significantly from those calculated using MHD. This can be important in hot accretion flows around compact objects. In this paper, we study the transition from the collisionless kinetic regime to the collisional MHD regime, mapping out the dependence of the MRI growth rate on collisionality. A kinetic closure scheme for a magnetized plasma is used that includes the effect of collisions via a BGK operator. The transition to MHD occurs as the mean free path becomes short compared to the parallel wavelength 2*/k(sub)||. In the weak magnetic field regime where the Alfven and MRI frequencies w are small compared to the sound wave frequency k(sub)||c(sub)0, the dynamics are still effectively collisionless even if omega << v, so long as the collision frequency v << k(sub)||c(sub)0; for an accretion flow this requires n less than or approximately equal to *(square root of b). The low collisionality regime not only modifies the MRI growth rate, but also introduces collisionless Landau or Barnes damping of long wavelength modes, which may be important for the nonlinear saturation of the MRI

  14. Diagram of collisional regimes for particle diffusion in a stochastic magnetic field

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Misguich, J.H.; Balescu, R.

    1995-01-01

    This document deals with static stochastic fields, where magnetic lines experience exponential separation and magnetic diffusion. It more particularly focuses on the diffusivity of collisional particles in such a fields and presents a general graph which describes most regimes of collisional and weakly collisional diffusion for guiding centers in a time-independent magnetic field. (TEC). 9 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs

  15. The limits of the Bohm criterion in collisional plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Valentini, H.-B.; Kaiser, D.

    2015-01-01

    The sheath formation within a low-pressure collisional plasma is analysed by means of a two-fluid model. The Bohm criterion takes into account the effects of the electric field and the inertia of the ions. Numerical results yield that these effects contribute to the space charge formation, only, if the collisionality is lower than a relatively small threshold. It follows that a lower and an upper limit of the drift speed of the ions exist where the effects treated by Bohm can form a sheath. This interval becomes narrower as the collisionality increases and vanishes at the mentioned threshold. Above the threshold, the sheath is mainly created by collisions and the ionisation. Under these conditions, the sheath formation cannot be described by means of Bohm like criteria. In a few references, a so-called upper limit of the Bohm criterion is stated for collisional plasmas where the momentum equation of the ions is taken into account, only. However, the present paper shows that this limit results in an unrealistically steep increase of the space charge density towards the wall, and, therefore, it yields no useful limit of the Bohm velocity

  16. Measurements of long-range enhanced collisional velocity drag through plasma wave damping

    Science.gov (United States)

    Affolter, M.; Anderegg, F.; Dubin, D. H. E.; Driscoll, C. F.

    2018-05-01

    We present damping measurements of axial plasma waves in magnetized, multispecies ion plasmas. At high temperatures T ≳ 10-2 eV, collisionless Landau damping dominates, whereas, at lower temperatures T ≲ 10-2 eV, the damping arises from interspecies collisional drag, which is dependent on the plasma composition and scales roughly as T-3 /2 . This drag damping is proportional to the rate of parallel collisional slowing, and is found to exceed classical predictions of collisional drag damping by as much as an order of magnitude, but agrees with a new collision theory that includes long-range collisions. Centrifugal mass separation and collisional locking of the species occur at ultra-low temperatures T ≲ 10-3 eV, which reduce the drag damping from the T-3 /2 collisional scaling. These mechanisms are investigated by measuring the damping of higher frequency axial modes, and by measuring the damping in plasmas with a non-equilibrium species profile.

  17. Alternativas metodológicas para la estratificación de familias según situación de salud familiar Methodological alternatives for the stratification of families according to family health situation

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Isabel Louro Bernal

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUCCIÓN: el conocimiento de la situación de salud familiar es un aspecto importante de la atención integral a la salud en el nivel primario. La estratificación de las familias según la situación de salud familiar es útil para la planificación de intervenciones en la comunidad. MÉTODOS: se estudiaron 294 familias de municipios seleccionados del país en el año 2004. Se estratificaron, según su situación de salud familiar, mediante el uso de la matriz de salud familiar y el análisis de conglomerados no jerárquico. El basamento de la matriz es el modelo teórico-metodológico para evaluar la salud del grupo familiar, que comprende la prueba de percepción de funcionamiento familiar y el inventario de características familiares de riesgo, y con ambos resultados se ubicó cada familia en la matriz que representa gradientes de afectación de situación de salud familiar. Con los datos resultantes de la aplicación de los mencionados instrumentos se utilizó el análisis de conglomerados no jerárquico para la estatificación de las familias. Se determinó la concordancia entre ambas técnicas mediante el índice de Kappa. RESULTADOS: el 51 % de las familias clasificó en la zona de ajuste familiar, un 14,3 % en la zona de elevada criticidad socio-familiar y buen funcionamiento intrafamiliar, el 28,6 % presentó relaciones intrafamiliares disfuncionales con baja criticidad socio-familiar y el 6,1 % presentó afectación de extrema gravedad, con elevada criticidad socio-familiar y disfuncionalidad. CONCLUSIONES: hubo concordancia elevada entre los métodos utilizados para estratificar a las familias. La matriz de salud familiar y la aplicación del análisis por conglomerados constituyen procedimientos útiles para la estratificación de las familias según situación de salud familiar, tanto con fines de investigación, como para la dispensarización familiar en un territorio.INTRODUCTION: the knowledge of the family health

  18. Collisional drift waves in the H-mode edge

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sen, S.

    1994-01-01

    The stability of the collisional drift wave in a sheared slab geometry is found to be severely restricted at the H-mode edge plasma due to the very steep density gradient. However, a radially varying transverse velocity field is found to play the key role in stability. Velocity profiles usually found in the H-mode plasma stabilize drift waves. On the other hand, velocity profiles corresponding to the L-mode render collisional drift waves unstable even though the magnetic shear continues to play its stabilizing role. (author). 24 refs

  19. Collisional shifts in optical-lattice atom clocks

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Band, Y. B.; Vardi, A.

    2006-01-01

    We theoretically study the effects of elastic collisions on the determination of frequency standards via Ramsey-fringe spectroscopy in optical-lattice atom clocks. Interparticle interactions of bosonic atoms in multiply occupied lattice sites can cause a linear frequency shift, as well as generate asymmetric Ramsey-fringe patterns and reduce fringe visibility due to interparticle entanglement. We propose a method of reducing these collisional effects in an optical lattice by introducing a phase difference of π between the Ramsey driving fields in adjacent sites. This configuration suppresses site-to-site hopping due to interference of two tunneling pathways, without degrading fringe visibility. Consequently, the probability of double occupancy is reduced, leading to cancellation of collisional shifts

  20. On calculation of collisional angular-momentum mixing of Rydberg states

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Oreg, J.; Strauss, M.; Hazak, G.

    1983-09-01

    Exact solutions of the coupled differential equations for collisional mixing probabilities are presented for a sodium-helium system. The results show that complete mixing is not reached in this model. The main contribution to the collisional mixing cross-section of the sodium ''nd'' state comes from impact parameters b within the range n 2 2 . The total cross-sections obtained are in agreement with the experiment. (author)

  1. Collisional redistribution effects on x-ray laser saturation behavior

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Koch, J.A.; MacGowan, B.J.; Da Silva, L.B.; Matthews, D.J.; Lee, R.W.; London, R.A.; Mrowka, S.; Underwood, J.H.; Batson, P.J.

    1994-06-01

    We recently published a detailed summary of our experimental and theoretical research on Ne-like Se x-ray laser line widths, and one of our conclusions was that collisional redistribution rates are likely to have an effect on the saturation behavior of the 206.4 angstrom Se x-ray laser. In this paper we focus on the effects of collisional redistribution on x-ray laser gain coefficients, and discuss ways of including these effects in existing laser line- transfer models

  2. Weakly Collisional and Collisionless Astrophysical Plasmas

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Berlok, Thomas

    are used to study weakly collisional, stratified atmospheres which offer a useful model of the intracluster medium of galaxy clusters. Using linear theory and computer simulations, we study instabilities that feed off thermal and compositional gradients. We find that these instabilities lead to vigorous...... investigate helium mixing in the weakly collisional intracluster medium of galaxy clusters using Braginskii MHD. Secondly, we present a newly developed Vlasov-fluid code which can be used for studying fully collisionless plasmas such as the solar wind and hot accretions flows. The equations of Braginskii MHD...... associated with the ions and is thus well suited for studying collisionless plasmas. We have developed a new 2D-3V Vlasov-fluid code which works by evolving the phase-space density distribution of the ions while treating the electrons as an inertialess fluid. The code uses the particle-incell (PIC) method...

  3. Oxygen auroral transition laser system excited by collisional and photolytic energy transfer

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Murray, J.R.; Powell, H.T.; Rhodes, C.K.

    1975-06-01

    The properties of laser media involving the auroral transition of atomic oxygen and analogous systems are examined. A discussion of the atomic properties, collisional mechanisms, excitation processes, and collisionally induced radiative phenomena is given. Crossing phenomena play a particularly important role in governing the dynamics of the medium

  4. The effect of collisionality and diamagnetism on the plasma dynamo

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ji, H.; Yagi, Y.; Hattori, K.; Hirano, Y.; Shimada, T.; Maejima, Y.; Hayase, K.; Almagri, A.F.; Prager, S.C.; Sarff, J.S.

    1995-01-01

    Fluctuation-induced dynamo forces are measured over a wide range of electron collisionality in the edge of TPE-1RM20 Reversed-Field Pinch (RFP). In the collisionless region the Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) dynamo alone can sustain the parallel current, while in the collisional region a new dynamo mechanism resulting from the fluctuations in the electron diamagnetic drift becomes dominant. A comprehensive picture of the RFP dynamo emerges by combining with earlier results from MST and REPUTE RFPs

  5. Cancellation of collisional frequency shifts in optical lattice clocks with Rabi spectroscopy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lee, Sangkyung; Park, Chang Yong; Lee, Won-Kyu; Yu, Dai-Hyuk

    2016-01-01

    We analyze both the s- and p-wave collision induced frequency shifts and propose an over-π pulse scheme to cancel the shifts in optical lattice clocks interrogated by a Rabi pulse. The collisional frequency shifts are analytically solved as a function of the pulse area and the inhomogeneity of the Rabi frequencies. Experimentally measured collisional frequency shifts in an Yb optical lattice clock are in good agreement with the analytical calculations. Based on our analysis, the over-π pulse combined with a small inhomogeneity below 0.1 allows a fractional uncertainty on a level of 10 −18 in both Sr and Yb optical lattice clocks by canceling the collisional frequency shift. (paper)

  6. ADAS tools for collisional-radiative modelling of molecules

    Science.gov (United States)

    Guzmán, F.; O'Mullane, M.; Summers, H. P.

    2013-07-01

    New theoretical and computational tools for molecular collisional-radiative models are presented. An application to the hydrogen molecule system has been made. At the same time, a structured database has been created where fundamental cross sections and rates for individual processes as well as derived data (effective coefficients) are stored. Relative populations for the vibrational states of the ground electronic state of H2 are presented and this vibronic resolution model is compared electronic resolution where vibronic transitions are summed over vibrational sub-states. Some new reaction rates are calculated by means of the impact parameter approximation. Computational tools have been developed to automate process and simplify the data assembly. Effective (collisional-radiative) rate coefficients versus temperature and density are presented.

  7. The relationship between collisional phase defect distribution and cascade collapse efficiency

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Morishita, K.; Heinisch, H.L.; Ishino, S.; Sekimura, N.

    1994-01-01

    Defect distributions after the collisional phase of cascade damage processes were calculated using the computer simulation code MARLOWE, which is based on the binary collision approximation. The densities of vacant sites were evaluated in defect-dense regions at the end of the collisional phase in simulated ion irradiations of several pure metals (Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mo and W). The vacancy density distributions were compared to the measured cascade collapse efficiencies obtained from low-dose ion irradiations of thin foils reported in the literature to identify the minimum or ''critical'' values of the vacancy densities during the collisional phase corresponding to cascade collapse. The critical densities are generally independent of the cascade energy in the same metal. The relationships between physical properties of the target elements and the critical densities are discussed within the framework of the cascade thermal spike model. ((orig.))

  8. Energizing and depletion of neutrals by a collisional plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fruchtman, A

    2008-01-01

    Neutral depletion can significantly affect the steady state of low temperature plasmas. Recent theoretical analyses predicted previously unexpected effects of neutral depletion in both collisional and collisionless regimes. In this paper we address the effect of the energy deposited in the neutral gas by a collisional plasma. The fraction of power deposited in the neutrals is shown to be independent of the amount of power. The first case we address is of a thermalized neutral gas. It is shown that a low heat conductivity of the neutral gas is followed by a high neutral temperature that results in a high neutral depletion even if the plasma pressure is small. In the second case neutrals are accelerated through charge exchange with ions leading to what we call neutral pumping, which is equivalent to ion pumping in a collisionless plasma. Neutral depletion is found in the second case for both a closed system (no net mass flow) and an open system (a finite mass flow). A thruster that employs a collisional plasma and pumped neutrals is compared with the thruster analyzed before that employs collisionless plasma.

  9. Cultivating men's interest in family planning in rural El Salvador.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lundgren, Rebecka I; Gribble, James N; Greene, Margaret E; Emrick, Gail E; de Monroy, Margarita

    2005-09-01

    A pilot project in rural El Salvador tested the integration of family planning into a water and sanitation program as a strategy for increasing male involvement in family planning decison making and use. The organizations involved posited that integrating family planning into a resource management and community development project would facilitate male involvement by diffusing information, by referring men and women to services, and by expanding method choice to include the new Standard Days Method through networks established around issues men cared about and were already involved in. This article examines data from a community-based household survey to assess the impact of the intervention and finds significant changes in contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and behavior from baseline to endline. Because the differences between baseline and endline are greater than the differences between participants and nonparticipants at endline, the study demonstrates the power of informal networks for spreading information.

  10. Collisional fragmentation of asteroids and its implication on the physical properties of Near-Earth Objects

    Science.gov (United States)

    Michel, P.

    Collisions are at the origin of catastrophic disruptions in the asteroid Main Belt. This is witnessed by the observation of asteroid families, each composed of asteroids which originated from a single parent body, broken-up by a collision with another asteroid. Understanding the collisional process and its outcome properties is not only necessary in order to study the collisional evolution of small body population or the planetary formation, it is also strongly required in the context of mitigation strategies aimed at deviating a threatening asteroid. In the last three years, for the first time we have successfully performed numerical simulations of high speed collisions between small bodies which account for the production of gravitationally reaccumulated bodies. More precisely, we have developped a procedure which divides the process into two phases. Using a 3D SPH hydrocode, the fragmentation of the solid target through crack propagation is first computed. Then the simulation of the gravitational evolution and possible piecewise reaccumulation of the parent body is performed using the parallel N-body code pkdgrav. Our first simulations using monolithic parent bodies have succeeded in reproducing fundamental properties of some well-identified asteroid families, showing that gravitational re-accumulations following disruptive collisions are the key process accounting for the existence of asteroid families. Then, we have investigated the effect of the internal structure of the parent body on the outcome properties. We have thus shown that family parent bodies are likely to have already been pre-shattered by small impacts before being disrupted by a major event. We then suggested that the most likely internal structure of large asteroids in the main belt is not monolithic but rather composed of macroscopic fractures and voids. We will make a review of these simulations in three different impact regimes, from highly catastrophic to barely disruptive. In particular we

  11. Assessing Backwards Integration as a Method of KBO Family Finding

    Science.gov (United States)

    Benfell, Nathan; Ragozzine, Darin

    2018-04-01

    The age of young asteroid collisional families can sometimes be determined by using backwards n-body integrations of the solar system. This method is not used for discovering young asteroid families and is limited by the unpredictable influence of the Yarkovsky effect on individual specific asteroids over time. Since these limitations are not as important for objects in the Kuiper belt, Marcus et al. 2011 suggested that backwards integration could be used to discover and characterize collisional families in the outer solar system. But various challenges present themselves when running precise and accurate 4+ Gyr integrations of Kuiper Belt objects. We have created simulated families of Kuiper Belt Objects with identical starting locations and velocity distributions, based on the Haumea Family. We then ran several long-term test integrations to observe the effect of various simulation parameters on integration results. These integrations were then used to investigate which parameters are of enough significance to require inclusion in the integration. Thereby we determined how to construct long-term integrations that both yield significant results and require manageable processing power. Additionally, we have tested the use of backwards integration as a method of discovery of potential young families in the Kuiper Belt.

  12. Collisional excitation transfer between Rb(5P) states in 50–3000 Torr of 4He

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sell, J F; Gearba, M A; Patterson, B M; Byrne, D; Jemo, G; Meeter, R; Knize, R J; Lilly, T C

    2012-01-01

    Measurements of the mixing rates and cross sections for collisional excitation transfer between the 5P 1/2 and 5P 3/2 states of rubidium (Rb) in the presence of 4 He buffer gas are presented. Selected pulses from a high repetition rate, mode-locked femtosecond laser are used to excite either Rb state with the fluorescence due to collisional excitation transfer observed by time-correlated single-photon counting. The time dependence of this fluorescence is fitted to the solution of rate equations which include the mixing rate, atomic lifetimes and any quenching processes. The variation in the mixing rate over a large range of buffer gas densities allows the determination of both the binary collisional transfer cross section and a three-body collisional transfer rate. We do not observe any collisional quenching effects at 4 He pressures up to 6 atm and discuss in detail other systematic effects considered in the experiment. (paper)

  13. Numerical study of drift-kinetic evolution of collisional plasmas in tori

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Beasley, C.O. Jr.; Meier, H.K.; van Rij, W.I.; McCune, J.E.

    1976-03-01

    Preliminary numerical results for the dynamics of toroidally confined plasmas in the drift-kinetic, Fokker--Planck description are discussed. These solutions were obtained by using the techniques inherent to the collisional plasma model (CPM) described in detail elsewhere. An initial value problem is solved in the local approximation in which collisions and particle dynamics compete in a given magnetic field to set up a quasi-equilibrium. Both the plasma (guiding center) distribution function and many macroscopic quantities of interest are monitored. Good agreement with corresponding but more approximate theories is obtained over a wide range of collisionality, particularly with regard to the neoclassical particle flux. Encouraging confirmation of earlier results for the distribution function is achieved when due account is taken of the differing collisionality of particles with differing energies. These initial results indicate the potential importance of certain non-local effects as well as inclusion of self-consistency between fields and plasma currents and densities

  14. Theoretical Atomic Physics code development II: ACE: Another collisional excitation code

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Clark, R.E.H.; Abdallah, J. Jr.; Csanak, G.; Mann, J.B.; Cowan, R.D.

    1988-12-01

    A new computer code for calculating collisional excitation data (collision strengths or cross sections) using a variety of models is described. The code uses data generated by the Cowan Atomic Structure code or CATS for the atomic structure. Collisional data are placed on a random access file and can be displayed in a variety of formats using the Theoretical Atomic Physics Code or TAPS. All of these codes are part of the Theoretical Atomic Physics code development effort at Los Alamos. 15 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab

  15. A lattice based solution of the collisional Boltzmann equation with applications to microchannel flows

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Green, B I; Vedula, Prakash

    2013-01-01

    An alternative approach for solution of the collisional Boltzmann equation for a lattice architecture is presented. In the proposed method, termed the collisional lattice Boltzmann method (cLBM), the effects of spatial transport are accounted for via a streaming operator, using a lattice framework, and the effects of detailed collisional interactions are accounted for using the full collision operator of the Boltzmann equation. The latter feature is in contrast to the conventional lattice Boltzmann methods (LBMs) where collisional interactions are modeled via simple equilibrium based relaxation models (e.g. BGK). The underlying distribution function is represented using weights and fixed velocity abscissas according to the lattice structure. These weights are evolved based on constraints on the evolution of generalized moments of velocity according to the collisional Boltzmann equation. It can be shown that the collision integral can be reduced to a summation of elementary integrals, which can be analytically evaluated. The proposed method is validated using studies of canonical microchannel Couette and Poiseuille flows (both body force and pressure driven) and the results are found to be in good agreement with those obtained from conventional LBMs and experiments where available. Unlike conventional LBMs, the proposed method does not involve any equilibrium based approximations and hence can be useful for simulation of highly nonequilibrium flows (for a range of Knudsen numbers) using a lattice framework. (paper)

  16. Kinetic simulation on collisional bounded plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhu, S.P.; Sato, Tetsuya; Tomita, Yukihiro; Hatori, Tadatsugu

    1998-01-01

    A self-consistent kinetic simulation model on collisional bounded plasma is presented. The electric field is given by solving Poisson equation and collisions among particles (including charged particles and neutral particles) are included. The excitation and ionization of neutral particle, and recombination are also contained in the present model. The formation of potential structure near a boundary for a discharge system was used as an application of this model. (author)

  17. Computation of the Spitzer function in stellarators and tokamaks with finite collisionality

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kernbichler Winfried

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available The generalized Spitzer function, which determines the current drive efficiency in toka- maks and stellarators is modelled for finite plasma collisionality with help of the drift kinetic equation solver NEO-2 [1]. The effect of finite collisionality on the global ECCD efficiency in a tokamak is studied using results of the code NEO-2 as input to the ray tracing code TRAVIS [2]. As it is known [3], specific features of the generalized Spitzer function, which are absent in asymptotic (collisionless or highly collisional regimes result in current drive from a symmetric microwave spectrum with respect to parallel wave numbers. Due to this effect the direction of the current may become independent of the microwave beam launch angle in advanced ECCD scenarii (O2 and X3 where due to relatively low optical depth a significant amount of power is absorbed by trapped particles.

  18. Hektor - an exceptional D-type family among Jovian Trojans

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rozehnal, J.; Brož, M.; Nesvorný, D.; Durda, D. D.; Walsh, K.; Richardson, D. C.; Asphaug, E.

    2016-11-01

    In this work, we analyse Jovian Trojans in the space of suitable resonant elements and we identify clusters of possible collisional origin by two independent methods: the hierarchical clustering and a so-called randombox. Compared to our previous work, we study a twice larger sample. Apart from Eurybates, Ennomos and 1996 RJ families, we have found three more clusters - namely families around asteroids (20961) Arkesilaos, (624) Hektor in the L4 libration zone and (247341) 2001 UV209 in L5. The families fulfill our stringent criteria, I.e. a high statistical significance, an albedo homogeneity and a steeper size-frequency distribution than that of background. In order to understand their nature, we simulate their long term collisional evolution with the Boulder code and dynamical evolution using a modified SWIFT integrator. Within the framework of our evolutionary model, we were able to constrain the age of the Hektor family to be either 1-4 Gyr or, less likely, 0.1-2.5 Gyr, depending on initial impact geometry. Since (624) Hektor itself seems to be a bilobed-shape body with a satellite, I.e. an exceptional object, we address its association with the D-type family and we demonstrate that the moon and family could be created during a single impact event. We simulated the cratering event using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics. This is also the first case of a family associated with a D-type parent body.

  19. Weakly nonlinear electron plasma waves in collisional plasmas

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Pecseli, H. L.; Rasmussen, J. Juul; Tagare, S. G.

    1986-01-01

    The nonlinear evolution of a high frequency plasma wave in a weakly magnetized, collisional plasma is considered. In addition to the ponderomotive-force-nonlinearity the nonlinearity due to the heating of the electrons is taken into account. A set of nonlinear equations including the effect...

  20. Searching for a Differentiated Asteroid Family: A Spectral Survey of the Massalia, Merxia, and Agnia Families

    Science.gov (United States)

    Thomas, Cristina A.; Moskovitz, Nicholas; Lim, Lucy F.; Trilling, David E.

    2017-10-01

    Asteroid families were formed by catastrophic collisions or large cratering events that caused fragmentation of the parent body and ejection of asteroidal fragments with velocities sufficient to prevent re-accretion. Due to these formation processes, asteroid families provide us with the opportunity to probe the interiors of the former parent bodies. Differentiation of a large initially chondritic parent body is expected to result in an “onion shell" object with an iron-nickel core, a thick olivine-dominated mantle, and a thin plagioclase/pyroxene crust. However, most asteroid families tend to show similar spectra (and therefore composition) among the members. Spectroscopic studies have observed a paucity of metal-like materials and olivine-dominated assemblages within Main Belt asteroid families.The deficit of olivine-rich mantle material in the meteorite record and in asteroid observations is known as the “Missing Mantle" problem. For years the best explanation has been the “battered to bits" hypothesis: differentiated parent bodies (aside from Vesta) were disrupted very early in the Solar System and the olivine-rich material was collisionally broken down over time. Alternatively, Elkins-Tanton et al. (2013) have suggested that previous work has overestimated the amount of olivine produced by the differentiation of a chondritic parent body.We have completed a visible and near-infrared wavelength spectral survey of asteroids in the Massalia, Merxia, and Agnia S-type Main Belt asteroid families. These families were carefully chosen for the spectroscopic survey because they have compositions most closely associated with a history of thermal metamorphism and because they represent a range of collisional formation scenarios. Additionally, members of the Merxia and Agnia families were identified as products of differentiation by Sunshine et al. (2004).Our spectral analyses suggest that the observed families contain products of partial differentiation. We will

  1. Modeling of collisional excited x-ray lasers using short pulse laser pumping

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sasaki, Akira; Moribayashi, Kengo; Utsumi, Takayuki; Tajima, Toshiki [Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst., Neyagawa, Osaka (Japan). Kansai Research Establishment

    1998-03-01

    A simple atomic kinetics model of electron collisional excited x-ray lasers has been developed. The model consists of a collisional radiative model using the average ion model (AIM) and a detailed term accounting (DTA) model of Ni-like Ta. An estimate of plasma condition to produce gain in Ni-like Ta ({lambda}=44A) is given. Use of the plasma confined in a cylinder is proposed to preform a uniform high density plasma from 1-D hydrodynamics calculations. (author)

  2. Double layers in a modestly collisional electronegative discharge

    CERN Document Server

    Sheridan, T E

    1999-01-01

    The effect of ion-neutral collisions on the structure and ion flux emanating from a steady-state, planar discharge with two negative components is investigated. The positive ion component is modelled as a cold fluid subject to constant-mobility collisions, while the electrons and negative ions obey Boltzmann relations. The model includes the collisionless limit. When the negative ions are sufficiently cold three types of discharge structures are found. For small negative ion concentrations or high collisionality, the discharge is 'stratified', with an electronegative core and an electropositive edge. For the opposite conditions, the discharge is 'uniform' with the negative ion density remaining significant at the edge of the plasma. Between these cases lies the special case of a double-layer-stratified discharge, where quasi-neutrality is violated at the edge of the electronegative core. Double-layer-stratified solutions are robust in that they persist for moderate collisionality. Numerical solutions for fini...

  3. Kinetic equations for the collisional plasma model

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rij, W.I. Van; Meier, H.K.; Beasley, C.O. Jr.; McCune, J.E.

    1977-01-01

    Using the Collisional Plasma Model (CPM) representation, expressions are derived for the Vlasov operator, both in its general form and in the drift-kinetic approximation following the recursive derivation by Hazeltine. The expressions for the operators give easily calculated couplings between neighbouring components of the CPM representation. Expressions for various macroscopic observables in the drift-kinetics approximation are also given. (author)

  4. Physics of Collisional Plasmas Introduction to High-Frequency Discharges

    CERN Document Server

    Moisan, Michel

    2012-01-01

    The Physics of Collisional Plasmas deals with the plasma physics of interest to laboratory research and industrial applications, such as lighting, fabrication of microelectronics, destruction of greenhouse gases. Its emphasis is on explaining the physical mechanisms, rather than the detailed mathematical description and theoretical analysis. At the introductory level, it is important to convey the characteristic physical phenomena of plasmas, before addressing the ultimate formalism of kinetic theory, with its microscopic, statistical mechanics approach. To this aim, this text translates the physical phenomena into more tractable equations, using the hydrodynamic model; this considers the plasma as a fluid, in which the macroscopic physical parameters are the statistical averages of the microscopic (individual) parameters. This book is an introduction to the physics of collisional plasmas, as opposed to plasmas in space. It is intended for graduate students in physics and engineering . The first chapter intr...

  5. Self-consistent Kinetic Simulation of RMP-driven Transport: Collisionality and Rotation Effects on RMP Penetration and Transport

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Park, G.; Jeon, Y.; Kim, J., E-mail: gypark@nfri.re.kr [NFRI, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Chang, C. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton (United States)

    2012-09-15

    Full text: Control of the edge localized modes (ELMs) is one of the most critical issues for a more successful operation of ITER and the future tokamak fusion reactors. This paper reports ITER relevant simulation results from the XGC0 drift-kinetic code, with respect to the collisionality, plasma density, and rotation dependence of the RMP penetration and the RMP-driven transport in diverted DIII-D geometry with neutral recycling. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results, and contribute to the physics understanding needed for more confident extrapolation of the present RMP experiments to ITER. It is found that plasma-responded stochasticity becomes weaker as the collisionality gets higher and RMP-driven transport (i.e., density pump-out) is much weaker in the high collisionality case compared with that in the low collisionality one, which is consistent with the recent experimental results on DIII-D and ASDEX-U tokamaks. As for rotation effect, low rotation is found not to affect the stochasticity much in the edge region, while high rotation significantly suppresses the RMPs in the core. The clear difference in RMP behavior between the low and high collisionality regimes can be understood by examining the perturbed current Fourier amplitude profiles within the range of resonant poloidal mode numbers (m = 8 - 15, n = 3). It can be seen that primary shielding currents are strongly concentrated around the steep pedestal region just inside the separatrix, which naturally produces very strong suppression of RMPs there, in low collisionality case. However, in high collisionality case, primary shielding currents are very weak and accumulating toward inner radii leading to the shielding of RMPs further into the plasma. Our kinetic simulation method is also applied to the modeling of RMP ELM control experiments on KSTAR tokamak and the results will be presented together. (author)

  6. Collisional dynamics of perturbed particle disks in the solar system

    Science.gov (United States)

    Roberts, W. W.; Stewart, G. R.

    1987-01-01

    Investigations of the collisional evolution of particulate disks subject to the gravitational perturbation of a more massive particle orbiting within the disk are underway. Both numerical N-body simulations using a novel collision algorithm and analytical kinetic theory are being employed to extend our understanding of perturbed disks in planetary rings and during the formation of the solar system. Particular problems proposed for investigation are: (1) The development and testing of general criteria for a small moonlet to clear a gap and produce observable morphological features in planetary rings; (2) The development of detailed models of collisional damping of the wavy edges observed on the Encke division of Saturn's A ring; and (3) The determination of the extent of runaway growth of the few largest planetesimals during the early stages of planetary accretion.

  7. Collisional absorption of two laser beams in plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mohan, M.; Acharya, R.

    1977-04-01

    The collisional absorption of two laser beams is considered by solving the kinetic equation for the plasma electron. Results show that the simultaneous effect of two laser beams on the heating rate is greater as compared with the individual contribution of each laser beam when the two laser beams have a difference of frequencies equal to the plasma frequency

  8. Les granitoïdes hercyniens post-collisionnels du Maroc oriental : une province magmatique calco-alcaline à shoshonitiqueThe post-collisional Hercynian granitoids from eastern Morocco: a calc-alkaline to shoshonitic magmatic province

    Science.gov (United States)

    El Hadi, Hassan; Tahiri, Abdelfatah; Reddad, Aicha

    2003-11-01

    The post-collisional Hercynian granitoids crop out in the easternmost part of the Moroccan Hercynian belt. Petrographical and geochemical studies show a composition similarity in the various granitoids. The granitoids belong to per-aluminous and metaluminous magmatic associations. They have evolved according to a scheme similar to high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic associations. To cite this article: H. El Hadi et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).

  9. Modulational instability of electric helicons in a magnetized collisional plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    El-Ashry, M.Y.; Papuashvili, N.A.

    1987-06-01

    The interaction of a rf electromagnetic wave with a magnetized collisional plasma in the ultra-relativistic case has been investigated to show the effect of the collisions on the modulational instability growth rate. (author). 5 refs

  10. Resonantly enhanced collisional ionization measurements of radionuclides

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Whitaker, T.J.; Bushaw, B.A.; Gerke, G.K.

    1986-01-01

    The authors developed a new laser technique to analyze for radionuclides at extremely low levels. The technique, called resonantly enhanced collisional ionization (RECI), uses two nitrogen-laser pumped dye lasers to excite the target isotope to a high-energy Rydberg state. Atoms in these Rydberg states (within a few hundred wavenumbers in energy from the ionization threshold) efficiently ionize upon colliding with an inert gas and the ions can be detected by conventional means. The principal advantage of resonantly-enhanced collisional ionization is the extreme sensitivity coupled with its relative simplicity and low cost. Actinides typically have an ionization potential of about 6eV (uranium I.P. = 6.2 eV, plutonium I.P. = 5.7 eV). Two-step laser excitation to a state just below threshold requires wavelengths in the blue region of the visible spectrum. They showed that when both steps in the excitation process are resonant steps, relatively low-power lasers can populate the Rydberg state with almost unit efficiency. This is because the resonant excitations have much larger cross-sections than do photoionization processes. They also demonstrated that a few torr of a buffer gas will cause most of the excited-state atoms to be ionized

  11. Collisional model for granular impact dynamics.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Clark, Abram H; Petersen, Alec J; Behringer, Robert P

    2014-01-01

    When an intruder strikes a granular material from above, the grains exert a stopping force which decelerates and stops the intruder. Many previous studies have used a macroscopic force law, including a drag force which is quadratic in velocity, to characterize the decelerating force on the intruder. However, the microscopic origins of the force-law terms are still a subject of debate. Here, drawing from previous experiments with photoelastic particles, we present a model which describes the velocity-squared force in terms of repeated collisions with clusters of grains. From our high speed photoelastic data, we infer that "clusters" correspond to segments of the strong force network that are excited by the advancing intruder. The model predicts a scaling relation for the velocity-squared drag force that accounts for the intruder shape. Additionally, we show that the collisional model predicts an instability to rotations, which depends on the intruder shape. To test this model, we perform a comprehensive experimental study of the dynamics of two-dimensional granular impacts on beds of photoelastic disks, with different profiles for the leading edge of the intruder. We particularly focus on a simple and useful case for testing shape effects by using triangular-nosed intruders. We show that the collisional model effectively captures the dynamics of intruder deceleration and rotation; i.e., these two dynamical effects can be described as two different manifestations of the same grain-scale physical processes.

  12. ORBITS AND MASSES OF THE SATELLITES OF THE DWARF PLANET HAUMEA (2003 EL61)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ragozzine, D.; Brown, M. E.

    2009-01-01

    Using precise relative astrometry from the Hubble Space Telescope and the W. M. Keck Telescope, we have determined the orbits and masses of the two dynamically interacting satellites of the dwarf planet (136108) Haumea, formerly 2003 EL61. The orbital parameters of Hi'iaka, the outer, brighter satellite, match well the previously derived orbit. On timescales longer than a few weeks, no Keplerian orbit is sufficient to describe the motion of the inner, fainter satellite Namaka. Using a fully interacting three-point-mass model, we have recovered the orbital parameters of both orbits and the mass of Haumea and Hi'iaka; Namaka's mass is marginally detected. The data are not sufficient to uniquely determine the gravitational quadrupole of the nonspherical primary (described by J 2 ). The nearly coplanar nature of the satellites, as well as an inferred density similar to water ice, strengthen the hypothesis that Haumea experienced a giant collision billions of years ago. The excited eccentricities and mutual inclination point to an intriguing tidal history of significant semimajor axis evolution through satellite mean-motion resonances. The orbital solution indicates that Namaka and Haumea are currently undergoing mutual events and that the mutual event season will last for next several years.

  13. Nonadiabatic effects in inelastic collisional processes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Belyaev, Andrey K

    2009-01-01

    The standard adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approach to inelastic collisional processes is revised. It is shown that the widely used standard interpretation of this approach has fundamental limitations leading to physical artefacts or to uncertainties in numerical calculations due to neglecting the electron translation problem. It is demonstrated that the Born-Oppenheimer approach itself does not have such limitations. The particular full quantum solution of the electron translation problem within the Born-Oppenheimer approach by means of the reprojection procedure is discussed in the paper together with the practical applications.

  14. Diagnostics of helium plasma by collisional-radiative modeling and optical emission spectroscopy

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lee, Wonwook; Kwon, Duck-Hee [KAERI, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)

    2015-05-15

    Optical diagnostics for the electron temperature (T{sub e}) and the electron density (n{sub e}) of fusion plasma is important for understanding and controlling the edge and the divertor plasmas in tokamak. Since the line intensity ratio method using the collisional-radiative modeling and OES (optical emission spectroscopy) is simple and does not disturb the plasma, many fusion devices with TEXTOR, JET, JT-60U, LHD, and so on, have employed the line intensity ratio method as a basic diagnostic tool for neutral helium (He I). The accuracy of the line intensity ratio method depends on the reliability of the cross sections and rate coefficients. We performed state-of-the-art R-matrix calculations including couplings up to n=7 states and the distorted wave (DW) calculations for the electron-impact excitation (EIE) cross sections of He I using the flexible atomic code (FAC). The collisional-radiative model for He I was constructed using the calculated the cross sections. The helium collisional-radiative model for He I was constructed to diagnose the electron temperature and the electron density of the plasma. The electron temperature and density were determined by using the line intensity ratio method.

  15. Rate coefficients for collisional population transfer between 3p54p argon levels at 300 0K

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nguyen, T.D.; Sadeghi, N.

    1978-01-01

    The population transfer between excited 3p 5 4p argon levels induced by the collisional process Ar* (3p 5 4p)/sub i/ + Ar( 1 S 0 ) arrow-right-left Ar* (3p 5 4p)/sub j/ + Ar( 1 S 0 ) + ΔE was studied in the afterglow of an argon pulsed discharge, at the pressure range of 0.2--1 Torr. Selective population of one particular argon 3p 5 4p level was achieved by laser excitation from one metastable state by use of a tunable cw dye laser. The populations of the laser-excited level and of the collisional excited levels were determined by intensity measurements of the fluorescence line and of the sensitized fluorescence lines. The time-dependence study of the populations of the metastable state, of the laser-excited state, and of the collisional excited states was carried out to ascertain the product channel and to determine the collisional transfer rate coefficients

  16. Collisional-Radiative Modeling of Tungsten at Temperatures of 1200–2400 eV

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    James Colgan

    2015-04-01

    Full Text Available We discuss new collisional-radiative modeling calculations of tungsten at moderate temperatures of 1200 to 2400 eV. Such plasma conditions are relevant to ongoing experimental work at ASDEX Upgrade and are expected to be relevant for ITER. Our calculations are made using the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL collisional-radiative modeling ATOMIC code. These calculations formed part of a submission to the recent NLTE-8 workshop that was held in November 2013. This series of workshops provides a forum for detailed comparison of plasma and spectral quantities from NLTE collisional-radiative modeling codes. We focus on the LANL ATOMIC calculations for tungsten that were submitted to the NLTE-8 workshop and discuss different models that were constructed to predict the tungsten emission. In particular, we discuss comparisons between semi-relativistic configuration-average and fully relativistic configuration-average calculations. We also present semi-relativistic calculations that include fine-structure detail, and discuss the difficult problem of ensuring completeness with respect to the number of configurations included in a CR calculation.

  17. A new 6-part collisional model of the Main Asteroid Belt

    Science.gov (United States)

    Broz, Miroslav; Cibulkova, H.

    2013-10-01

    In this work, we constructed a new model for the collisional evolution of the Main Asteroid Belt. Our goals are to test the scaling law from the work of Benz & Asphaug (1999) and ascertain if it can be used for the whole belt. We want to find initial size-frequency distributions (SFDs) for the considered six parts of the belt, and to verify if the number of asteroid families created during the simulation matches the number of observed families as well. We used new observational data from the WISE satellite (Masiero et al., 2011) to construct the observed SFDs. We simulated mutual collisions of asteroids with a modified Boulder code (Morbidelli et al., 2009), in which the results of hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations from the work of Durda et al. (2007) are included. Because material characteristics can affect breakups, we created two models - for monolithic asteroids and for rubble-piles (Benavidez et al., 2012). To explain the observed SFDs in the size range D = 1 to 10 km we have to also account for dynamical depletion due to the Yarkovsky effect. Our work may also serve as a motivation for further SPH simulations of disruptions of smaller targets (parent body size of the order of 1 km). The work of MB was supported by grant GACR 13-013085 of the Czech Science Foundation and the Research Programme MSM0021620860 of the Czech Ministry of Education.

  18. Collisional-electron detachment of Cl- on diatomic molecules

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Annis, B.K.; Datz, S.

    1981-01-01

    Recent experimental results for collisional-electron detachment of Cl - by H 2 /D 2 , N 2 , O 2 , NO, and CO are discussed. The emphasis is on angular distributions and energy loss measurements for laboratory energies of a few hundred eV. Evidence for the possibility of bound excited states of N 2 Cl and COCl and the role of target negative-ion resonant states is presented

  19. Investigation of collisional effects within the bending magnet region of a DIII-D neutral beamline

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kessler, D.N.; Hong, R.; Kellman, D.H.

    1993-10-01

    The region between the pole faces of the DIII-D neutral beamline residual ion bending magnets is an area of transient high gas pressure which may cause beam defocusing and increased heating of beamline internal components due to collisional effects. An investigation of these effects helps in understanding residual ion trajectories and in providing information for studying in the beamline capability for operation with increased pulse duration. Examination of collisional effects, and of the possible existence of space charge blow-up, was carried out by injecting deuterium gas into the region between the magnet pole faces with rates varying from 0 to 18 torr-ell/sec. Thermocouple and waterflow calorimetry data were taken to measure the beamline component heating and beam powder deposition on the magnet pole shields, magnet louvers, ion dump, beam collimators, and calorimeter. Data was also taken at gas flow rates varying from 0 to 25 torr-ell/sec into the neutralizer cell and is compared with the magnet region gas injection data obtained. Results show that both collisional effects and space charge blow-up play a role in magnet region component heating and that neutralizer gas flow sufficiently reduces component heating without incurring unacceptable power losses through collisional effects

  20. Satisfacción personal del adolescente adicto a drogas en el ambiente familiar durante la fase de tratamiento en un instituto de salud mental Satisfação pessoal do adolescente adido às drogas no ambiente familiar durante a fase de tratamento em um instituto de saúde mental Personal satisfaction of adolescent drug addicts in the family environment during treatment at a mental health institute

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Doris Violeta Velásquez Carranza

    2005-10-01

    Full Text Available El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de analizar el nivel de satisfacción personal de los adolescentes con adicción a las drogas en el ambiente familiar durante la fase de tratamiento en un instituto de salud mental. Se utilizó la Escala de Satisfacción Familiar por Adjetivos, adaptada, validada y aplicada con una muestra constituida por 34 pacientes que reunieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. Se encontró relación significativa entre el nivel de satisfacción y las buenas relaciones de los padres dentro del matrimonio. El 61% de los adolescentes presentó un nivel de satisfacción personal de nivel medio, y 41,18% de los adolescentes provienen de familias nucleares cuya manutención proviene de ambos padres. No existen estudios similares, por lo cual se pretende contribuir al mejoramiento de los programas de adicciones desde la perspectiva de enfermería, facilitando la relación entre la familia y el adicto en el tratamiento.O presente estudo se realizou com o objetivo de analisar o nível de satisfação pessoal dos adolescentes adidos à droga no ambiente familiar durante a fase de tratamento em um instituto de saúde mental. Utilizou-se a Escala de Satisfação Familiar por Adjetivos, adaptada, validada e aplicada a uma amostra constituída por 34 pacientes que reuniram critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos. Encontrou-se uma relação significativa entre o nível de satisfação e as boas relações dos pais dentro do matrimônio. 61% dos adolescentes apresentaram um nível de satisfação pessoal de nível médio, e 41,18% dos adolescentes são provenientes de famílias nucleares cuja manutenção provém de ambos os pais. Não existem estudos similares, por isso se pretende contribuir ao melhoramento dos programas de adições na perspectiva da enfermagem, facilitando a relação entre a família e o adido no tratamento.This study aimed at analyzing the level of personal satisfaction of

  1. Collisional Penrose process with spinning particles

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mukherjee, Sajal

    2018-03-01

    In this article, we have investigated collisional Penrose process (CPP) using spinning particles in a Kerr spacetime. Recent studies have shown that the collision between two spinning particles can produce a significantly high energy in the center of mass frame. Here, we explicitly compute the energy extraction and efficiency as measured by an observer at infinity. We consider the colliding particles as well as the escaping particles may contain spins. It has been shown that the energy extraction is larger than the non-spinning case and also their possibility to escape to infinity is wider than the geodesics.

  2. Ground-state populations of atomic hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions in nonthermal plasmas, and collisional-radiative recombination and ionization coefficients

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Drawin, H.W.; Emard, F.

    1978-01-01

    The populations of atomic hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions have been calculated using a collisional-radiative model. The global collisional-radiative excitation coefficients rsub(j)sup((0)) and rsub(j)sup((1)) valid for homogeneous-stationary and/or quasi-homogeneous quasi-stationary plasmas were published recently. The present paper contains in tabulated form the ground state populations and Saha decrements for the homogeneous stationary state, and the collisional-radiative recombination and ionization coefficients. (Auth.)

  3. Intramolecular migration of amide hydrogens in protonated peptides upon collisional activation

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Jørgensen, Thomas J. D.; Gårdsvoll, H.; Ploug, M.

    2005-01-01

    Presently different opinions exist as to the degree of scrambling of amide hydrogens in gaseous protonated peptides and proteins upon collisional activation in tandem mass spectrometry experiments. This unsettled controversy is not trivial, since only a very low degree of scrambling is tolerable...... if collision-induced dissociation (CID) should provide reliable site-specific information from (1)H/(2)H exchange experiments. We have explored a series of unique, regioselectively deuterium-labeled peptides as model systems to probe for intramolecular amide hydrogen migration under low-energy collisional...... are protected against exchange with the solvent, while the amide hydrogens of the nonbinding sequences exchange rapidly with the solvent. We have utilized such long-lived complexes to generate peptides labeled with deuterium in either the binding or nonbinding region, and the expected regioselectivity...

  4. Collisional-radiative model: a plasma spectroscopy theory for experimentalists

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fujimoto, Takashi [Kyoto Univ. (Japan); Sawada, Keiji

    1997-01-01

    The rate equation describing the population n(p) of an excited (and the ground state) level p of ions immersed in plasma is shown. In 1962, the method of quasi-steady state solution (collisional-radiative model) was proposed. Its idea is explained. The coupled differential equations reduce to a set of coupled linear equations for excited levels. The solution of these coupled equations is presented. The equations giving the ionization and recombination of this system of ions under consideration are described in terms of the effective rate coefficients. The collisional-radiative ionization and recombination rate coefficients are expressed in terms of the population coefficients for p > 1. As for ionizing plasma, the excited level populations, the populations, the population distribution among the excited levels, two regimes of the excited levels, the dominant flows of electrons among the levels and so on are shown. As for recombining plasma, the excited level populations, the population distribution among the excited levels, the dominant flows of electrons and so on are shown. Ionization balance plasma may be considered. (K.I.)

  5. Reduction of collisional-radiative models for transient, atomic plasmas

    Science.gov (United States)

    Abrantes, Richard June; Karagozian, Ann; Bilyeu, David; Le, Hai

    2017-10-01

    Interactions between plasmas and any radiation field, whether by lasers or plasma emissions, introduce many computational challenges. One of these computational challenges involves resolving the atomic physics, which can influence other physical phenomena in the radiated system. In this work, a collisional-radiative (CR) model with reduction capabilities is developed to capture the atomic physics at a reduced computational cost. Although the model is made with any element in mind, the model is currently supplemented by LANL's argon database, which includes the relevant collisional and radiative processes for all of the ionic stages. Using the detailed data set as the true solution, reduction mechanisms in the form of Boltzmann grouping, uniform grouping, and quasi-steady-state (QSS), are implemented to compare against the true solution. Effects on the transient plasma stemming from the grouping methods are compared. Distribution A: Approved for public release; unlimited distribution, PA (Public Affairs) Clearance Number 17449. This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), Grant Number 17RQCOR463 (Dr. Jason Marshall).

  6. Collisional transport across the magnetic field in drift-fluid models

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Madsen, Jens; Naulin, Volker; Nielsen, Anders Henry

    2016-01-01

    Drift ordered fluid models are widely applied in studies of low-frequency turbulence in the edge and scrape-off layer regions of magnetically confined plasmas. Here, we show how collisional transport across the magnetic field is self-consistently incorporated into drift-fluid models without...

  7. Charging properties of a dust grain in collisional plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Khrapak, S.A.; Morfill, G.E.; Khrapak, A.G.; D'yachkov, L.G.

    2006-01-01

    Charging related properties of a small spherical grain immersed in a collisional plasma are investigated. Asymptotic expressions for charging fluxes, grain surface potential, long range electrostatic potential, and the properties of grain charge fluctuations due to the discrete nature of the charging process are obtained. These analytical results are in reasonable agreement with the available results of numerical modeling

  8. Improving a radiative plus collisional energy loss model for application to RHIC and LHC

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wicks, Simon; Gyulassy, Miklos

    2007-01-01

    With the QGP opacity computed perturbatively and with the global entropy constraints imposed by the observed dN ch /dy ∼ 1000, radiative energy loss alone cannot account for the observed suppression of single non-photonic electrons. Collisional energy loss is comparable in magnitude to radiative loss for both light and heavy jets. Two aspects that significantly affect the collisional energy loss are examined: the role of fluctuations and the effect of introducing a running QCD coupling as opposed to the fixed α s = 0.3 used previously

  9. Collisional processes in supersymmetric plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Czajka, Alina; Mrowczynski, Stanislaw

    2011-01-01

    Collisional processes in ultrarelativistic N=1 supersymmetric QED plasma are studied and compared to those in an electromagnetic plasma of electrons, positrons and photons. Cross sections of all binary interactions which occur in the supersymmetric plasma at the order of e 4 are computed. Some processes, in particular, the Compton scattering on selectrons, appear to be independent of momentum transfer and thus they are qualitatively different from processes in an electromagnetic plasma. It suggests that the transport properties of the supersymmetric plasma are different than those of its nonsupersymmetric counterpart. Energy loss and momentum broadening of a particle traversing the supersymmetric plasma are discussed in detail and the characteristics are shown to be surprisingly similar to those of QED plasma.

  10. Influence of non-collisional laser heating on the electron dynamics in dielectric materials

    Science.gov (United States)

    Barilleau, L.; Duchateau, G.; Chimier, B.; Geoffroy, G.; Tikhonchuk, V.

    2016-12-01

    The electron dynamics in dielectric materials induced by intense femtosecond laser pulses is theoretically addressed. The laser driven temporal evolution of the energy distribution of electrons in the conduction band is described by a kinetic Boltzmann equation. In addition to the collisional processes for energy transfer such as electron-phonon-photon and electron-electron interactions, a non-collisional process for photon absorption in the conduction band is included. It relies on direct transitions between sub-bands of the conduction band through multiphoton absorption. This mechanism is shown to significantly contribute to the laser heating of conduction electrons for large enough laser intensities. It also increases the time required for the electron distribution to reach the equilibrium state as described by the Fermi-Dirac statistics. Quantitative results are provided for quartz irradiated by a femtosecond laser pulse with a wavelength of 800 nm and for intensities in the range of tens of TW cm-2, lower than the ablation threshold. The change in the energy deposition induced by this non-collisional heating process is expected to have a significant influence on the laser processing of dielectric materials.

  11. An efficient, selective collisional ejection mechanism for inner-shell population inversion in laser-driven plasmas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    SCHROEDER,W. ANDREAS; NELSON,THOMAS R.; BORISOV,A.B.; LONGWORTH,J.W.; BOYER,K.; RHODES,C.K.

    2000-06-07

    A theoretical analysis of laser-driven collisional ejection of inner-shell electrons is presented to explain the previously observed anomalous kilovolt L-shell x-ray emission spectra from atomic Xe cluster targets excited by intense sub-picosecond 248nrn ultraviolet radiation. For incident ponderomotively-driven electrons photoionized by strong above threshold ionization, the collisional ejection mechanism is shown to be highly l-state and significantly n-state (i.e. radially) selective for time periods shorter than the collisional dephasing time of the photoionized electronic wavefunction. The resulting preference for the collisional ejection of 2p electrons by an ionized 4p state produces the measured anomalous Xe(L) emission which contains direct evidence for (i) the generation of Xe{sup 27+}(2p{sup 5}3d{sup 10}) and Xe{sup 28+}(2p{sup 5}3d{sup 9}) ions exhibiting inner-shell population inversion and (ii) a coherent correlated electron state collision responsible for the production of double 2p vacancies. For longer time periods, the selectivity of this coherent impact ionization mechanism is rapidly reduced by the combined effects of intrinsic quantum mechanical spreading and dephasing--in agreement with the experimentally observed and extremely strong {minus}{lambda}{sup {minus}6} pump-laser wavelength dependence of the efficiency of inner-shell (2p) vacancy production in Xe clusters excited in underdense plasmas.

  12. Spatial mode structures of electrostatic drift waves in a collisional cylindrical helicon plasma

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Schröder, C.; Grulke, O.; Klinger, T.

    2004-01-01

    In a cylindrical helicon plasma, mode structures of coherent drift waves are studied in the poloidal plane, the plane perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field. The mode structures rotate with a constant angular velocity in the direction of the electron diamagnetic drift and show significant...... radial bending. The experimental observations are compared with numerical solutions of a linear nonlocal cylindrical model for drift waves [ Ellis , Plasma Phys. 22, 113 (1980) ]. In the numerical model, a transition to bended mode structures is found if the plasma collisionality is increased....... This finding proves that the experimentally observed bended mode structures are the result of high electron collisionality. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics....

  13. 40 CFR 61.61 - Definitions.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS National Emission Standard for Vinyl Chloride § 61.61... collected. (o) Ethylene dichloride purification includes any part of the process of ethylene dichloride...

  14. Relación del desarrollo cognitivo con el clima familiar y el estrés de la crianza Relationship of the cognitive development with the family clime and stress of the childrearing

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Ángel Vera Noriega

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available Se llevo a cabo un estudio con 120 familias en pobreza extrema de las zonas marginales de Hermosillo, Sonora México. Madres de 32 años en promedio respondieron a una escala de funcionamiento familiar, estrés de la crianza y sus niños fueron medidos en desarrollo cognitivo. El objetivo fue evaluar las diferencias significativas entre los tres tipos de familias en su desarrollo cognitivo, el estrés de la crianza y el clima familiar. Se clasificaron las familias en base a la medida de clima familiar con un análisis de conglomerados (clusters. Los resultados indican: a tres tipos de climas, que etiquetamos como, disciplinado, cohesionado y sin orientación; b clima sin orientación se asocia a una percepción negativa del niño y de restricciones por la maternidad y presentan las medias mas bajas de desarrollo cognitivo; c el clima cohesivo se asocia con menos estrés en la madre por la crianza y los puntajes mas alto de desarrollo cognitivo.A study was performed over 120 families located in the marginal areas of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Mothers whose age averaged 32 years old responded to a scale of family performance and childrearing stress; their children were measured throughout cognitive development. This study was aimed to evaluate significant differences with regards to cognitive development, child-rearing stress and family environment among the three types of family. The families were classified based on a measurement of family environment with a cluster analysis. Consequently, the results indicate the following: a Three different types of environment, which were labeled as disciplined, in harmony and without direction; b the environment without direction becomes associated to a negative perception of the child and motherhood restrictions, resulting with the lowest average of cognitive development, thus; c the cohesive environment becomes associated with a lower level of stress in the mother induced by child-rearing and with the

  15. A six-part collisional model of the main asteroid belt

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cibulková, H.; Brož, M.; Benavidez, P. G.

    2014-10-01

    In this work, we construct a new model for the collisional evolution of the main asteroid belt. Our goals are to test the scaling law of Benz and Asphaug (Benz, W., Asphaug, E. [1999]. Icarus, 142, 5-20) and ascertain if it can be used for the whole belt. We want to find initial size-frequency distributions (SFDs) for the considered six parts of the belt (inner, middle, “pristine”, outer, Cybele zone, high-inclination region) and to verify if the number of synthetic asteroid families created during the simulation matches the number of observed families as well. We used new observational data from the WISE satellite (Masiero et al., 2011) to construct the observed SFDs. We simulate mutual collisions of asteroids with a modified version of the Boulder code (Morbidelli, A., et al. [2009]. Icarus, 204, 558-573), where the results of hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations of Durda et al. (Durda, D.D., et al. [2007]. Icarus, 498-516) and Benavidez et al. (Benavidez, P.G., et al. [2012]. 219, 57-76) are included. Because material characteristics can significantly affect breakups, we created two models - for monolithic asteroids and for rubble-piles. To explain the observed SFDs in the size range D=1 to 10 km we have to also account for dynamical depletion due to the Yarkovsky effect. The assumption of (purely) rubble-pile asteroids leads to a significantly worse fit to the observed data, so that we can conclude that majority of main-belt asteroids are rather monolithic. Our work may also serve as a motivation for further SPH simulations of disruptions of smaller targets (with a parent body size of the order of 1 km).

  16. Wavepacket theory of collisional dissociation in molecules

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kulander, K.

    1980-01-01

    An explicit integration scheme is used to solve the time dependent Schroedinger equation for wavepackets which model collisions in the collinear H + H 2 system. A realistic LEPS-type potential energy surface is used. Collision energies considered are above the dissociation threshold and probabilities for collision induced dissociation are reported. Also quantum mechanical state-to-state transition probabilities are generated. These results are compared to extensive classical trajectory calculations performed on this same system. The time evolution of the wavepacket densities is studied to understand the dynamics of the collinear collisional dissociation process

  17. Radionuclide measurements using resonantly enhanced collisional ionization

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Whitaker, T.J.; Bushaw, B.A.; Gerke, G.K.

    1987-01-01

    This report describes development of a laser-enhanced collisional ionization method for direct radionuclide measurements that are independent of radioactive decay. The technique uses two nitrogen-laser-pumped dye lasers to selectively excite the target isotope to an electronic state near the ionization threshold. The excited actinide atoms then undergo collisions with a buffer gas and are efficiently ionized. The resulting ions can be detected by conventional methods. The attributes of this approach include highly sensitive isotope analysis with relatively inexpensive lasers and a simple vacuum system. 9 refs., 3 figs

  18. HALF-BROTHERS IN THE SCHULHOF FAMILY?

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vokrouhlicky, David; Nesvorny, David

    2011-01-01

    Disruptive collisions in the asteroid belt produced groups of fragments known as the asteroid families. The studies of identified asteroid families help us to better understand issues related to impact physics, space weathering, asteroid interior, and collisional evolution of the main belt. Here, we analyze a family near the central main belt asteroid (2384) Schulhof. We show that the previously found group of objects around (81337) 2000 GP36 is actually a sub-cluster in the larger Schulhof family. Using backward integrations we demonstrate that the orbits of sub-cluster asteroids converge to that of (2384) Schulhof at 780 ± 100 kyr ago, suggesting that the breakup event happened very recently. Interestingly, a similar analysis of the two newly discovered members of the Schulhof family may indicate a second event ∼< 100 kyr ago (e.g., secondary collision, fission, satellite instability). If confirmed, the formation history of the Schulhof family would suggest that small asteroids may have very colorful lifetimes. Additional astrometric observations of the two new member asteroids will be needed to improve their present orbit and better constrain their past histories.

  19. Caracterización del consumo de alimentos en familias desplazadas del municipio de Lebrija, Santander. Colombia. 2006 Characterization of the intake of foods in displaced families of the municipality of Lebrija, Santander. Colombia. 2006

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gloria E. Prada

    2010-04-01

    Full Text Available Objetivos: Caracterizar el consumo de alimentos en las familias desplazadas del municipio de Lebrija y describir la percepción que tienen con respecto a la inseguridad alimentaria.Metodología: Durante 2004-2005, 61 familias desplazadas del municipio de Lebrija contestaron una encuesta para determinar el gasto mensual en alimentos y la frecuencia de compra. Se utilizó un recordatorio del consumo de alimentos en las últimas 24 horas. Para determinar la cantidad y tipo de alimentos consumidos se aplicó una encuesta sobre la percepción de la seguridad alimentaria. El proceso de los datos se realizó con SICI, Epi Info 6,04d y Stata STATA/SE v. 8,2. Resultados: El ingreso promedio mensual de los hogares es de 0.67 SMMLV, en el 83,6% de las familias sólo trabaja un miembro. El 88,0% de las familias presenta inseguridad alimentaría leve y el 12,0% moderada. El 100% de las familias argumentó falta de dinero para comprar alimentos. El consumo de frutas y lácteos sólo cubre el 25,0% de las recomendaciones establecidas y el de verduras un 15,0%. Conclusiones: Las familias de este estudio muestran una proporción de Inseguridad Alimentaria mucho mayor a los estudios nacionales, esto es evidenciado en la deficiente calidad de la dieta consecuente con el bajo ingreso y el desconocimiento de alternativas nutricionales. Salud UIS 2010; 42: 18-24Objectives: To characterize the intake of foods in the displaced families of the municipality of Lebrija and to describe the perception that they have regarding the food insecurity. Methodology: During 2004-2005, 61 displaced families of the municipality of Lebrija answered a survey to determine the monthly expense in foods and the purchase frequency. A recall of the consumption of foods in the last 24 hours was used. To determine the quantity and type of consumed foods was applied a survey about the perception of the food security. The process of the data was carried out with SICI, Epi Info 6.04d and STATA

  20. Exploring the collisional evolution of the asteroid belt

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bottke, W.; Broz, M.; O'Brien, D.; Campo Bagatin, A.; Morbidelli, A.

    2014-07-01

    The asteroid belt is a remnant of planet-formation processes. By modeling its collisional and dynamical history, and linking the results to constraints, we can probe how the planets and small bodies formed and evolved. Some key model constraints are: (i) The wavy shape of the main-belt size distribution (SFD), with inflection points near 100-km, 10--20-km, 1 to a few km, and ˜0.1-km diameter; (ii) The number of asteroid families created by the catastrophic breakup of large asteroid bodies over the last ˜ 4 Gy, with the number of disrupted D > 100 km bodies as small as ˜20 or as large as 60; (iii) the flux of small asteroids derived from the main belt that have struck the Moon over the last 3.5 Ga --- crater SFDs on lunar terrains with known ages suggest the D 100 km bodies have been significantly battered, but only a fraction have been catastrophically disrupted. Conversely, most small asteroids today are byproducts of fragmentation events. These results are consistent with growing evidence that most of the prominent meteorite classes were produced by young asteroid families. The big question is how to use what we know to determine the main belt's original size and state. This work is ongoing, but dynamical models hint at many possibilities, including both the late arrival and late removal of material from the main belt. In addition, no model has yet properly accounted for the bombardment of the primordial main belt by leftover planetesimals in the terrestrial planet region. It is also possible to use additional constraints, such as the apparent paucity of Vesta-like or V-type objects in the outer main belt, to argue that the primordial main belt at best only 3--4 its current mass at its start. In our talk, we will review what is known, what has been predicted, and some intriguing directions for the future.

  1. A Collisional Database and Web Service within the Virtual Atomic ...

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    MOL-D database is a collection of cross-sections and rate coefficients for specific collisional processes and a web service within the Serbian Virtual Observatory ... Hydrogen and helium molecular ion data are important for calculation of solar and stellar atmosphere models and for radiative transport, as well as for kinetics of ...

  2. Astrophysical Gyrokinetics: Kinetic and Fluid Turbulent Cascades In Magentized Weakly Collisional Plasmas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schekochihin, A. A.; Cowley, S. C.; Dorland, W.; Hammett, G. W.; Howes, G. G.; Quataert, E.; Tatsuno, T.

    2009-04-23

    This paper presents a theoretical framework for understanding plasma turbulence in astrophysical plasmas. It is motivated by observations of electromagnetic and density fluctuations in the solar wind, interstellar medium and galaxy clusters, as well as by models of particle heating in accretion disks. All of these plasmas and many others have turbulentmotions at weakly collisional and collisionless scales. The paper focuses on turbulence in a strong mean magnetic field. The key assumptions are that the turbulent fluctuations are small compared to the mean field, spatially anisotropic with respect to it and that their frequency is low compared to the ion cyclotron frequency. The turbulence is assumed to be forced at some system-specific outer scale. The energy injected at this scale has to be dissipated into heat, which ultimately cannot be accomplished without collisions. A kinetic cascade develops that brings the energy to collisional scales both in space and velocity. The nature of the kinetic cascade in various scale ranges depends on the physics of plasma fluctuations that exist there. There are four special scales that separate physically distinct regimes: the electron and ion gyroscales, the mean free path and the electron diffusion scale. In each of the scale ranges separated by these scales, the fully kinetic problem is systematically reduced to a more physically transparent and computationally tractable system of equations, which are derived in a rigorous way. In the "inertial range" above the ion gyroscale, the kinetic cascade separates into two parts: a cascade of Alfvenic fluctuations and a passive cascade of density and magnetic-fieldstrength fluctuations. The former are governed by the Reduced Magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) equations at both the collisional and collisionless scales; the latter obey a linear kinetic equation along the (moving) field lines associated with the Alfvenic component (in the collisional limit, these compressive fluctuations

  3. Astrophysical Gyrokinetics: Kinetic and Fluid Turbulent Cascades In Magnetized Weakly Collisional Plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Schekochihin, A.A.; Cowley, S.C.; Dorland, W.; Hammett, G.W.; Howes, G.G.; Quataert, E.; Tatsuno, T.

    2009-01-01

    This paper presents a theoretical framework for understanding plasma turbulence in astrophysical plasmas. It is motivated by observations of electromagnetic and density fluctuations in the solar wind, interstellar medium and galaxy clusters, as well as by models of particle heating in accretion disks. All of these plasmas and many others have turbulent motions at weakly collisional and collisionless scales. The paper focuses on turbulence in a strong mean magnetic field. The key assumptions are that the turbulent fluctuations are small compared to the mean field, spatially anisotropic with respect to it and that their frequency is low compared to the ion cyclotron frequency. The turbulence is assumed to be forced at some system-specific outer scale. The energy injected at this scale has to be dissipated into heat, which ultimately cannot be accomplished without collisions. A kinetic cascade develops that brings the energy to collisional scales both in space and velocity. The nature of the kinetic cascade in various scale ranges depends on the physics of plasma fluctuations that exist there. There are four special scales that separate physically distinct regimes: the electron and ion gyroscales, the mean free path and the electron diffusion scale. In each of the scale ranges separated by these scales, the fully kinetic problem is systematically reduced to a more physically transparent and computationally tractable system of equations, which are derived in a rigorous way. In the 'inertial range' above the ion gyroscale, the kinetic cascade separates into two parts: a cascade of Alfvenic fluctuations and a passive cascade of density and magnetic-field strength fluctuations. The former are governed by the Reduced Magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) equations at both the collisional and collisionless scales; the latter obey a linear kinetic equation along the (moving) field lines associated with the Alfvenic component (in the collisional limit, these compressive fluctuations

  4. Inward particle transport at high collisionality in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wang, G. Q.; Ma, J.; Weiland, J.; Zang, Q.

    2013-01-01

    We have made the first drift wave study of particle transport in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (Wan et al., Nucl. Fusion 49, 104011 (2009)). The results reveal that collisions make the particle flux more inward in the high collisionality regime. This can be traced back to effects that are quadratic in the collision frequency. The particle pinch is due to electron trapping which is not very efficient in the high collisionality regime so the approach to equilibrium is slow. We have included also the electron temperature gradient (ETG) mode to give the right electron temperature gradient, since the Trapped Electron Mode (TE mode) is weak in this regime. However, at the ETG mode number ions are Boltzmann distributed so the ETG mode does not give particle transport

  5. Jet energy loss in quark-gluon plasma. Kinetic theory with a Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook collisional kernel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Han, Cheng; Hou, De-fu; Li, Jia-rong [Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE) and Institute of Particle Physics, Wuhan, Hubei (China); Jiang, Bing-feng [Hubei University for Nationalities, Center for Theoretical Physics and School of Sciences, Enshi, Hubei (China)

    2017-10-15

    The dielectric functions ε{sub L}, ε{sub T} of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) are derived within the framework of the kinetic theory with BGK-type collisional kernel. The collision effect manifested by the collision rate is encoded in the dielectric functions. Based on the derived dielectric functions we study the collisional energy loss suffered by a fast parton traveling through the QGP. The numerical results show that the collision rate increases the energy loss. (orig.)

  6. SCROLL, a superconfiguration collisional radiative model with external radiation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bar-Shalom, A.; Oreg, J.; Klapisch, M.

    2000-01-01

    A collisional radiative model for calculating non-local thermodynamical-equilibrium (non-LTE) spectra of heavy atoms in hot plasmas has been developed. It takes into account the numerous excited an autoionizing states by using superconfigurations. These are split systematically until the populations converge. The influence of an impinging radiation field has recently been added to the model. The effect can be very important. (author)

  7. Characterization of collisionally pumped optical-field-ionization soft X-ray lasers

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Mocek, Tomáš; Sebban, S.; Bettaibi, I.; Upcraft, L. M.; Balcou, P.; Breger, P.; Zeitoun, P.; Le Pape, S.; Ros, D.; Klisnick, A.; Carillon, A.; Jamelot, G.; Rus, Bedřich; Wyart, J. F.

    2004-01-01

    Roč. 78, - (2004), s. 939-944 ISSN 0946-2171 Grant - others:HPRI(XE) 199900086 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z1010921 Keywords : X-ray lasers * optical-field-ionization * collisional excitation Subject RIV: BH - Optics, Masers, Lasers Impact factor: 2.215, year: 2004

  8. First-principle description of collisional gyrokinetic turbulence in tokamak plasmas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dif-Pradalier, G

    2008-10-15

    This dissertation starts in chapter 1 with a comprehensive introduction to nuclear fusion, its basic physics, goals and means. It especially defines the concept of a fusion plasma and some of its essential physical properties. The following chapter 2 discusses some fundamental concepts of statistical physics. It introduces the kinetic and the fluid frameworks, compares them and highlights their respective strengths and limitations. The end of the chapter is dedicated to the fluid theory. It presents two new sets of closure relations for fluid equations which retain important pieces of physics, relevant in the weakly collisional tokamak regimes: collective resonances which lead to Landau damping and entropy production. Nonetheless, since the evolution of the turbulence is intrinsically nonlinear and deeply influenced by velocity space effects, a kinetic collisional description is most relevant. First focusing on the kinetic aspect, chapter 3 introduces the so-called gyrokinetic framework along with the numerical solver - the GYSELA code - which will be used throughout this dissertation. Very generically, code solving is an initial value problem. The impact on turbulent nonlinear evolution of out of equilibrium initial conditions is discussed while studying transient flows, self-organizing dynamics and memory effects due to initial conditions. This dissertation introduces an operational definition, now of routine use in the GYSELA code, for the initial state and concludes on the special importance of the accurate calculation of the radial electric field. The GYSELA framework is further extended in chapter 4 to describe Coulomb collisions. The implementation of a collision operator acting on the full distribution function is presented. Its successful confrontation to collisional theory (neoclassical theory) is also shown. GYSELA is now part of the few gyrokinetic codes which can self-consistently address the interplay between turbulence and collisions. While

  9. First-principle description of collisional gyrokinetic turbulence in tokamak plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dif-Pradalier, G.

    2008-10-01

    This dissertation starts in chapter 1 with a comprehensive introduction to nuclear fusion, its basic physics, goals and means. It especially defines the concept of a fusion plasma and some of its essential physical properties. The following chapter 2 discusses some fundamental concepts of statistical physics. It introduces the kinetic and the fluid frameworks, compares them and highlights their respective strengths and limitations. The end of the chapter is dedicated to the fluid theory. It presents two new sets of closure relations for fluid equations which retain important pieces of physics, relevant in the weakly collisional tokamak regimes: collective resonances which lead to Landau damping and entropy production. Nonetheless, since the evolution of the turbulence is intrinsically nonlinear and deeply influenced by velocity space effects, a kinetic collisional description is most relevant. First focusing on the kinetic aspect, chapter 3 introduces the so-called gyrokinetic framework along with the numerical solver - the GYSELA code - which will be used throughout this dissertation. Very generically, code solving is an initial value problem. The impact on turbulent nonlinear evolution of out of equilibrium initial conditions is discussed while studying transient flows, self-organizing dynamics and memory effects due to initial conditions. This dissertation introduces an operational definition, now of routine use in the GYSELA code, for the initial state and concludes on the special importance of the accurate calculation of the radial electric field. The GYSELA framework is further extended in chapter 4 to describe Coulomb collisions. The implementation of a collision operator acting on the full distribution function is presented. Its successful confrontation to collisional theory (neoclassical theory) is also shown. GYSELA is now part of the few gyrokinetic codes which can self-consistently address the interplay between turbulence and collisions. While

  10. Temperature relaxation in collisional non equilibrium plasmas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Potapenko, I.F.; Bobylev, A.V.; Azevedo, C.A.; Assis, A.S. [Universidade do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Inst. de Fisica

    1997-12-31

    Full text. We study the relaxation of a space uniform plasma composed of electrons and one species of ions. To simplified the consideration, standard approach is usually accepted: the distribution functions are considered to be a Maxwellian with time dependent electron T{sub e}(t) and ion T{sub i}(t) temperatures. This approach imposes a severe restriction on the electron/ion distributions that could be very far from the equilibrium. In the present work the problem is investigated on the basis of the nonlinear kinetic Fokker - Planck equation, which is widely used for the description of collisional plasmas. This equation has many applications in plasma physics as an intrinsic part of physical models, both analytical and numerical. A new detailed description of this classical problem of the collisional plasma kinetic theory is given. A deeper examination of the problem shows that the unusual perturbation theory can not be used. The part of the perturbation of the electron distribution has the character of a boundary layer in the neighborhood of small velocities. In this work the boundary layer is thoroughly studied. The correct distribution electron function is given. Nonmonotonic character of the distribution relaxation in the tail region is observed. The corrected formula for temperature equalization is obtained. The comparison of the calculation results with the asymptotic approach is made. We should stress the important role of the completely conservative different scheme used here, which keeps the symmetric properties of the nonlinear exact equation. This allows us to make calculations without numerical error accumulations, except for machine errors. (author)

  11. Do the Pop II field blue stragglers have a collisional origin?

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Leonard, P.J.T.

    1993-01-01

    The hypothesis that the Pop II field blue stragglers have a collisional origin is considered. It appears unlikely that the majority of these stragglers were formed via collisions, but it is difficult to rule out the possibility that a small, but observable, fraction of them were

  12. Dynamo transformation of the collisional R-T in a weakly ionized ...

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    where the interstellar neutrals undergo charge exchange collisions with ions in the solar wind [1]. ... regime of magnetically confined torroidal plasma. The author refutes their ... rate ´7К-М µ for the usual collisional R-T is given as. 7К-М g v Дp.

  13. Near field imaging of transient collisional excitation x-ray laser

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tanaka, Momoko; Kado, Masataka; Hasegawa, Noboru; Kawachi, Tetsuya; Sukegawa, Kouta; Lu, Peixiang; Nagashima, Akira; Kato, Yoshiaki

    2001-01-01

    We observed the spatial profile of the transient collisional excitation Ni-like Ag laser (λ=13.9 nm) for various plasma lengths using the near field imaging method. The gain coefficient of the x-ray laser was estimated as 24 cm -1 . The gain region was a 50 μm crescent shape and included localized high gain areas. (author)

  14. Collisional quenching of cometary emission in the 18 centimeter OH transitions

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Schloerb, F.P.

    1988-01-01

    A model of collisional quenching of the OH 2Pi(3/2) J = 3/2 Lambda doublet in cometary comae is presented. It is found that collisions with ions and electrons in the outer coma have a strong quenching effect on the Swings-effect inversion of the Lambda doublet that is responsible for the OH radio emission at 18 cm wavelength. For the conditions of Halley's comet, collisional quenching should lead radio observers to systematically underestimate the OH parent production rate by a factor of approximately 3 relative to its actual value, and in general, radio-derived production rates should always be less than or equal to UV-derived production rates, which are relatively unaffected by this process. The observation that UV production rates exceed those derived by radio techniques is well known; the direct measurement of this ratio, using a consistent coma model, should provide information about the ion and electron content of the cometary coma. 22 references

  15. Neoclassical transport including collisional nonlinearity.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Candy, J; Belli, E A

    2011-06-10

    In the standard δf theory of neoclassical transport, the zeroth-order (Maxwellian) solution is obtained analytically via the solution of a nonlinear equation. The first-order correction δf is subsequently computed as the solution of a linear, inhomogeneous equation that includes the linearized Fokker-Planck collision operator. This equation admits analytic solutions only in extreme asymptotic limits (banana, plateau, Pfirsch-Schlüter), and so must be solved numerically for realistic plasma parameters. Recently, numerical codes have appeared which attempt to compute the total distribution f more accurately than in the standard ordering by retaining some nonlinear terms related to finite-orbit width, while simultaneously reusing some form of the linearized collision operator. In this work we show that higher-order corrections to the distribution function may be unphysical if collisional nonlinearities are ignored.

  16. Collisional transport in nonneutral plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dubin, D.H.E.

    1999-01-01

    Classical transport theory grossly underestimates collisionally-driven cross-field transport for plasmas in the parameter regime of r c D , where r c ≡ v-bar/Ω c , λ D 2 ≡ T/4πe 2 n. In current experiments operating in this regime, cross-field test particle transport is observed to be a factor of 10 larger than the prediction of classical theory. Heat conduction is enhanced by up to 300 times over classical theory, and viscosity is up to 10 4 times larger. New guiding center theories of transport due to long-range collisions have been developed that agree with the measurements. Theory also predicts that emission and absorption of plasma waves may further enhance the thermal conduction and viscosity, providing a possible mechanism for anomalous thermal conductivity in the electron channel of fusion plasmas. (author)

  17. Factors associated with young adults' knowledge regarding family history of Stroke.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lima, Maria Jose Melo Ramos; Moreira, Thereza Maria Magalhães; Florêncio, Raquel Sampaio; Braga, Predro

    2016-11-21

    to analyze the factors associated with young adults' knowledge regarding family history of stroke. an analytical transversal study, with 579 young adults from state schools, with collection of sociodemographic, clinical and risk factor-related variables, analyzed using logistic regression (backward elimination). a statistical association was detected between age, civil status, and classification of arterial blood pressure and abdominal circumference with knowledge of family history of stroke. In the final logistic regression model, a statistical association was observed between knowledge regarding family history of stroke and the civil status of having a partner (ORa=1.61[1.07-2.42]; p=0.023), abdominal circumference (ORa=0.98[0.96-0.99]; p=0.012) and normal arterial blood pressure (ORa=2.56[1.19-5.52]; p=0.016). an association was observed between socioeconomic factors and risk factors for stroke and knowledge of family history of stroke, suggesting the need for health education or even educational programs on this topic for the clientele in question. analisar os fatores associados ao conhecimento dos adultos jovens sobre histórico familiar de Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC). estudo transversal analítico, com 579 adultos jovens de escolas públicas, com coleta de variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e de fatores de risco em formulário, analisados utilizando-se regressão logística (backward elimination). detectou-se associação estatística de idade, situação conjugal, classificação da pressão arterial e circunferência abdominal com conhecimento do histórico familiar de AVC. No modelo final de regressão logística, observou-se associação estatística do conhecimento sobre histórico familiar de AVC com situação conjugal com companheiro (ORa=1,61[1,07-2,42]; p=0,023), circunferência abdominal (ORa=0,98[0,96-0,99]; p=0,012) e pressão arterial normal (ORa=2,56[1,19-5,52]; p=0,016). foi constatada associação de fatores socioeconômicos e de

  18. El Salvador: The Prospects for a Successful Revolution

    Science.gov (United States)

    1986-12-01

    sources including an uneven impact of technology, modernization, or growth of a new religion or ideology. 12 5,m € .’ 2I...salvadoreho en el presente siglo (San Salvador, El Salvador: Impreso en El Salvador, Centroamerica, 1984). Things did not improve from 1944-61, as there were...World. Boston: Beacon Press, 1966. Moran, Mariano Castro. Funci6n polftica del ej~cito salvadoreio en el presete siglo . San Salvador, El Salvador

  19. The collisional Penrose process

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schnittman, Jeremy D.

    2018-06-01

    Shortly after the discovery of the Kerr metric in 1963, it was realized that a region existed outside of the black hole's event horizon where no time-like observer could remain stationary. In 1969, Roger Penrose showed that particles within this ergosphere region could possess negative energy, as measured by an observer at infinity. When captured by the horizon, these negative energy particles essentially extract mass and angular momentum from the black hole. While the decay of a single particle within the ergosphere is not a particularly efficient means of energy extraction, the collision of multiple particles can reach arbitrarily high center-of-mass energy in the limit of extremal black hole spin. The resulting particles can escape with high efficiency, potentially serving as a probe of high-energy particle physics as well as general relativity. In this paper, we briefly review the history of the field and highlight a specific astrophysical application of the collisional Penrose process: the potential to enhance annihilation of dark matter particles in the vicinity of a supermassive black hole.

  20. Eastern Turkish high plateau as a small Turkic-type orogen: Implications for post-collisional crust-forming processes in Turkic-type orogens

    Science.gov (United States)

    Şengör, A. M. Celâl; Özeren, Mehmet Sinan; Keskin, Mehmet; Sakınç, Mehmet; Özbakır, Ali Değer; Kayan, İlhan

    Post-collisional magmatism may be generated by extensive crustal melting in Tibet-type collisional environments or by falling out of slabs from under giant subduction-accretion complexes in Turkic-type collisional orogens giving rise to decompression melting of the asthenospheric mantle replacing the removed oceanic lithosphere. In Turkic-type post-collisional magmatism, the magmatic products are dominantly alkalic to peralkalic and greatly resemble those of extensional regions giving rise to much confusion especially in interpreting old collisional orogenic belts. Such magmatic regions are also host to a variety of economically valuable ore deposits, including gold. One place in the world where today active, Turkic-type post-collisional magmatism is present is the eastern Anatolian high plateau, produced after the terminal Arabia/Eurasia collision in the late Miocene. The plateau is mostly underlain by the late Cretaceous to Oligocene East Anatolian Accretionary Complex, which formed south of the Rhodope-Pontide magmatic arc. This subduction-accretion complex has been further shortening since the collision, but it has also since been domed and became almost entirely covered by at least 15,000 km 3 of volcanic rocks. The volcanic rocks are calc-alkalic in the north, transitional in the middle, and alkalic in the south of the plateau. Where the crust is thinnest today (less than 38 km), the volcanics are derived almost entirely from an enriched mantle. The ages of the volcanics also become younger from north to south, from about 11 Ma to possibly 17th century AD. We interpret the origin of the magmatic rocks as the result of decompression melting of the asthenospheric mantle sucked towards the exposed base of the East Anatolian Accretionary Complex as the oceanic lithosphere beneath it fell out. The lower density of the hot asthospheric material was the cause of the doming. We believe that similar processes dominated the post-collisional tectonics of such vast

  1. Generation of poloidal magnetic field in a hot collisional plasma by inverse Faraday effect

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Srivastava, M.K.; Lawande, S.V.; Dutta, D.; Sarkar, S.; Khan, M.; Chakraborty, B.

    1996-01-01

    Generation of poloidal magnetic field in a hot and collisional plasma by an inverse Faraday effect is discussed. This field can either be induced by a circularly polarized laser beam (CPLB) or a plane-polarized laser beam (PPLB). For the CPLB, an average field left-angle Re x right-angle ∼I 0 λ∼11.6 MG could be produced in a DT plasma for a high intensity (I 0 =10 22 W/m 2 ) and shorter wavelength (λ=0.35 μm) laser. This field is essentially induced by the field inhomogeneity effect and dominates over that induced by the plasma inhomogeneity effect (left-angle Re x right-angle ∼I 2/3 0 λ 7/3 ∼2.42 MG). The collisional and thermal contribution to left-angle Re x right-angle is just negligible for the CPLB. However, in the case of PPLB the poloidal field is generated only for a hot and collisional plasma and can be quite large for a longer wavelength laser (e.g., CO 2 laser, λ=10.6 μm). The collisional effect induces a field left-angle Re x right-angle ∼0.08 kG, which dominates near the turning point and is independent of the laser parameters. However, in the outer cronal region the thermal pressure effect dominates (e.g., left-angle Re x right-angle ∼I 5/3 0 λ 4/3 ∼3.0 MG). Further, left-angle Re x right-angle for the p-polarized beam is, in general, relatively smaller than that for the s-polarized beam. Practical implications of these results and their limitations are discussed. copyright 1996 American Institute of Physics

  2. Simulation of collisional effects on divertor pumping in JT-60SA

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gleason-González, C., E-mail: cristian.gleason@kit.edu [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Baden-Württemberg 76344 (Germany); Varoutis, S.; Luo, X. [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Baden-Württemberg 76344 (Germany); Shimizu, K.; Nakano, T.; Hoshino, K.; Kawashima, H.; Asakura, N. [Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 801-1, Mukoyama, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193 (Japan); Day, Chr. [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Baden-Württemberg 76344 (Germany); Sakurai, S. [Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 801-1, Mukoyama, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193 (Japan)

    2016-11-01

    Highlights: • The exhausted (sub-divertor) gas flows calculations in tokamaks by means of three approaches: ProVac3D, DIVGAS and NEUT2D. • Exhausted neutral gas flow is modeled for two scenarios of a simplified JT-60SA sub-divertor geometry. • A modelled scenario with a simplified setup is done by using two intrinsic collisionless approaches: ProVac3D and NEUT2D and a third approach: DIVGAS, which has been used without its collision module for a direct comparison with the other two. The solvers are cross-checked in terms of the reproduction of the transmission probability. • A second case study is based on the Scenario # 2 of JT-60SA, where the assessment of collisionality in the sub-divertor was done. The gas flow is simulated by using DIVGAS with and without consideration of collisions. • The results include the transmission probability in JT-60SA sub-divertor, the Knudsen number, which characterizes the collisionality of the flow, velocity profiles, pressure and temperature distributions. - Abstract: In this work, the exhausted neutral gas flow is modeled for two cases of a simplified JT-60SA sub-divertor geometry and compared via three different approaches, namely (i) a collisionless approach based on the ProVac3D code, (ii) the DSMC approach based on the DIVGAS code that can be run with and without consideration of particle collisions, and (iii) the NEUT2D approach which has been extensively used in the past for the JT-60 design. In a first case study, the transmission probability was calculated by the 3 approaches and very good agreement is found between NEUT2D-ProVac3D whereas discrepancies between DIVGAS and NEUT2D are found and further analyzed. In the second case, the assessment of collisions is done by means of DIVGAS. Simulations showed that the flow is found in the transitional regime with Kn numbers between 0.1 and 0.4. The DIVGAS collisionless case yielded lower values of temperature than the collisional one by factors of 0.5–0.8 in

  3. Laser spectroscopy of collisionally prepared target species: atomic caesium

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Moreau, J.-P.; Tremblay, Julien; Knystautas, E.J.; Laperriere, S.C.; Larzilliere, Michel

    1989-01-01

    Fast ion beam bombardment was used to collisionally prepare a target gas in excited states, to which conventional laser spectroscopy was then applied. The versatility of this method is demonstrated with atomic targets of caesium, for a state of Cs + that is 16 eV above the ground state, as well as for a short-lived state (38 ns) of the neutral atom. The local temperature in the caesium oven is also obtained. (Author)

  4. The Acapulco Parent Planetesimal: An Early Collisional History in the Solar System

    Science.gov (United States)

    Marti, K.; Kim, Y.

    2007-05-01

    The Acapulco, Mexico, meteorite was recovered in 1976 from a crater of approx. 30 cm diameter. An old crystallization age of 4.60 (error 0.03) Ga (Prinzhofer et al., 1992) establishes that its parent object is one of the oldest known planetesimals in the solar system, although not in a pristine form. Other dating systems indicated somewhat younger ages and isotopic variabilities in several elements documented a complex early history. The younger ages date the closure times in secondary minerals. The initial parent object was in a partially molten state when isotopically distinct foreign matter invaded the chondritic parent and some of the isotopic signatures survived. Nitrogen in the primitive achondrite Acapulco was found to have distinct isotopic signatures for the metal and silicate phases and also in different morphologies of graphites (El Goresy, 1995, 2005). The delayed collisional event probably disrupted the parent object, as Acapulco cooled very rapidly. Nitrogen in the injected metal and graphite did not isotopically exchange with the host silicates. We observed nitrogen isotopic signatures of several separated mineral phases which cover a range of delta 15N values from -150 permil to +13 permil. The lightest nitrogen signatures observed in metal separates are comparable to those in some morphologies of Acapulco graphites. The heavy N signatures observed in several silicate minerals are consistent with each other, while nitrogen in chromite is distinctly light (delta 15N of -80 permil), intermediate between those of metal and silicates. The incipient rapid cooling history is well documented down to approx. 120° C, as recorded by U/Th-4He ages in phosphates (Min et al., 2003). The history of the Acapulco parent object was uneventful after its early evolution in an environment where no perturbation by collisions occurred, until the meteorite's recent (6.0 Ma ago) injection into an earth-crossing orbit. References: El Goresy, A., Zinner, E., and Marti, K

  5. Barrera antimareas en el Támesis Gran Bretaña

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rendel, -

    1981-05-01

    Full Text Available La «Barrera del Támesis» es uno de los sistemas contra inundación fluvial más ambicioso que se ha realizado hasta ahora en el mundo. Está formada por una serie de compuertas móviles soportadas entre pilares de hormigón, que descansan sobre el lecho del río y permiten el paso del tráfico fluvial. Dispone de: cuatro compuertas de 61 m de luz cada una; dos compuertas con una luz de 31,5 m, y otras cuatro, de menores dimensiones, situadas en los extremos donde el agua es de escasa profundidad y no existe tráfico comercial. La necesidad de la construcción de esta Barrera viene determinada porque Londres se hunde gradualmente en su suelo de arcilla, por lo cual el nivel del agua en el Puente de Londres se ha elevado unos 61 cm en el curso de los últimos 100 años.

  6. 38 CFR 61.61 - Agreement and funding actions.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) VA HOMELESS PROVIDERS GRANT AND PER DIEM PROGRAM § 61.61 Agreement and funding actions. (a) When an applicant for a capital grant, per diem, a special needs grant, or a technical assistance grant... under § 61.67 of this part where a capital grant recipient fails to provide supportive services and/or...

  7. Behavior of collisional sheath in electronegative plasma with q-nonextensive electron distribution

    Science.gov (United States)

    Borgohain, Dima Rani; Saharia, K.

    2018-03-01

    Electronegative plasma sheath is addressed in a collisional unmagnetized plasma consisting of q-nonextensive electrons, Boltzmann distributed negative ions and cold fluid positive ions. Considering the positive ion-neutral collisions and ignoring the effects of ionization and collisions between negative species and positive ions (neutrals), a modified Bohm sheath criterion and hence floating potential are derived by using multifluid model. Using the modified Bohm sheath criterion, the sheath characteristics such as spatial profiles of density, potential and net space charge density have been numerically investigated. It is found that increasing values of q-nonextensivity, electronegativity and collisionality lead to a decrease of the sheath thickness and an increase of the sheath potential and the net space charge density. With increasing values of the electron temperature to negative ion temperature ratio, the sheath thickness increases and the sheath potential as well as the net space charge density in the sheath region decreases.

  8. Continuous Emission Spectrum Measurement for Electron Temperature Determination in Low-Temperature Collisional Plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Liu Qiuyan; Li Hong; Chen Zhipeng; Xie Jinlin; Liu Wandong

    2011-01-01

    Continuous emission spectrum measurement is applied for the inconvenient diagnostics of low-temperature collisional plasmas. According to the physical mechanism of continuous emission, a simplified model is presented to analyze the spectrum in low temperature plasma. The validity of this model is discussed in a wide range of discharge parameters, including electron temperature and ionization degree. Through the simplified model, the continuous emission spectrum in a collisional argon internal inductively coupled plasma is experimentally measured to determine the electron temperature distribution for different gas pressures and radio-frequency powers. The inverse Abel transform is also applied for a better spatially resoluted results. Meanwhile, the result of the continuous emission spectrum measurement is compared to that of the electrostatic double probes, which indicates the effectiveness of this method. (low temperature plasma)

  9. Cerebrovascular accident in the aged: changes in family relations El anciano tras accidente cerebrovascular: alteraciones en el relacionamento familiar O idoso após acidente vascular cerebral: alterações no relacionamento familiar

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sueli Marques

    2006-06-01

    Full Text Available The aims of this study were: to identify aged persons who were victims of Cerebrovascular Accident and received care at the Emergency Unit of a Public Hospital in Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil, and their respective families, as well as to identify the changes in family relations that occurred after the event. In order to identify these changes, the adapted Critical Incident Technique was used, while the analysis was based on the idea of Current of Thought. The sample consisted of 11 families, totaling 34 participants. The analysis of the consequences displayed the changes in family relations, which made up 13 subcategories, 5 of which were positive and 8 negative, totaling 58 alterations, 30 of which were positive and 28 negative. The study revealed the need to work with the family in order to identify changes and develop an action plan to favor the family's relations and adaptation to the demands, with a view to improving the living conditions of its members, including the aged person.Las finalidades de este estudio fueron las de identificar a los ancianos con diagnóstico médico de Accidente Cerebrovascular, atendidos en la Unidad de Emergencia de un Hospital Gubernamental de Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil, y a sus respectivas familias y también identificar las alteraciones en el relacionamiento familiar, que ocurrieron tras el evento. Fue utilizada la Técnica de Incidentes Críticos adaptada para identificar las alteraciones en el relacionamiento familiar ocurridas tras la enfermedad. Para el análisis, fue adoptada la reflexión del Camino del Pensamiento. La muestra fue compuesta por 11 familias, totalizando 34 participantes. El análisis de las consecuencias reveló las alteraciones en el relacionamiento familiar, que constituyeron 13 subcategorías, 5 positivas y 8 negativas, con un total de 58 alteraciones, siendo 30 positivas y 28 negativas. El estudio reveló la necesidad de trabajar con la familia para identificar las alteraciones y

  10. MODELING COLLISIONAL CASCADES IN DEBRIS DISKS: STEEP DUST-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gáspár, András; Psaltis, Dimitrios; Rieke, George H.; Özel, Feryal

    2012-01-01

    We explore the evolution of the mass distribution of dust in collision-dominated debris disks, using the collisional code introduced in our previous paper. We analyze the equilibrium distribution and its dependence on model parameters by evolving over 100 models to 10 Gyr. With our numerical models, we confirm that systems reach collisional equilibrium with a mass distribution that is steeper than the traditional solution by Dohnanyi. Our model yields a quasi-steady-state slope of n(m) ∼ m –1.88 [n(a) ∼ a –3.65 ] as a robust solution for a wide range of possible model parameters. We also show that a simple power-law function can be an appropriate approximation for the mass distribution of particles in certain regimes. The steeper solution has observable effects in the submillimeter and millimeter wavelength regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum. We assemble data for nine debris disks that have been observed at these wavelengths and, using a simplified absorption efficiency model, show that the predicted slope of the particle-mass distribution generates spectral energy distributions that are in agreement with the observed ones.

  11. Simulations of Collisional Disruption at the Catastrophic Impact Energy Threshold: Effect of the Target's Internal Structure and Diameter

    Science.gov (United States)

    Michel, P.; Benz, W.; Richardson, D. C.

    2005-08-01

    Recent simulations of asteroid break-ups, including both the fragmentation of the parent body and the gravitational interactions of the fragments, have allowed to reproduced successfully the main properties of asteroid families formed in different regimes of impact energy. Here, using the same kind of simulations, we concentrate on a single regime of impact energy, the so-called catastrophic threshold usually designated by Qcrit, which results in the escape of half of the target's mass. Considering a wide range of diameter values and two kinds of internal structures of the parent body, monolithic and pre-shattered, we analyse their potential influences on the value of Qcrit and on the collisional outcome limited here to the fragment size and ejection speed distributions, which are the main outcome properties used by collisional models to study the evolutions of the different populations of small bodies. For all the considered diameters and the two internal structures of the parent body, we confirm that the process of gravitational reaccumulation is at the origin of the largest remnant's mass. We then find that, for a given diameter of the parent body, the impact energy corresponding to the catastrophic disruption threshold is highly dependent on the internal structure of the parent body. In particular, a pre-shattered parent body containing only damaged zones but no macroscopic voids is easier to disrupt than a monolithic parent body. Other kinds of internal properties that can also characterize small bodies in real populations will be investigated in a future work.

  12. COLLISIONALLY EXCITED FILAMENTS IN HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE Hα AND Hβ IMAGES OF HH 1/2

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Raga, A. C.; Castellanos-Ramírez, A. [Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. 70-543, 04510 México, D.F. (Mexico); Reipurth, B.; Chiang, Hsin-Fang [Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hilo, HI 96720 (United States); Bally, J., E-mail: raga@nucleares.unam.mx [Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, University of Colorado, UCB 389, Boulder, CO 80309 (United States)

    2015-01-01

    We present new Hα and Hβ images of the HH 1/2 system, and we find that the Hα/Hβ ratio has high values in ridges along the leading edges of the HH 1 bow shock and of the brighter condensations of HH 2. These ridges have Hα/Hβ = 4 → 6, which is consistent with collisional excitation from the n = 1 to the n = 3 and 4 levels of hydrogen in a gas of temperatures T = 1.5 → 10 × 10{sup 4} K. This is therefore the first direct evidence that the collisional excitation/ionization region of hydrogen just behind Herbig-Haro shock fronts is detected.

  13. Ion mobility studies of carbohydrates as group I adducts: isomer specific collisional cross section dependence on metal ion radius.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Huang, Yuting; Dodds, Eric D

    2013-10-15

    Carbohydrates play numerous critical roles in biological systems. Characterization of oligosaccharide structures is essential to a complete understanding of their functions in biological processes; nevertheless, their structural determination remains challenging in part due to isomerism. Ion mobility spectrometry provides the means to resolve gas phase ions on the basis of their shape-to-charge ratios, thus providing significant potential for separation and differentiation of carbohydrate isomers. Here, we report on the determination of collisional cross sections for four groups of isomeric carbohydrates (including five isomeric disaccharides, four isomeric trisaccharides, two isomeric pentasaccharides, and two isomeric hexasaccharides) as their group I metal ion adducts (i.e., [M + Li](+), [M + Na](+), [M + K](+), [M + Rb](+), and [M + Cs](+)). In all, 65 collisional cross sections were measured, the great majority of which have not been previously reported. As anticipated, the collisional cross sections of the carbohydrate metal ion adducts generally increase with increasing metal ion radius; however, the collisional cross sections were found to scale with the group I cation size in isomer specific manners. Such measurements are of substantial analytical value, as they illustrate how the selection of charge carrier influences carbohydrate ion mobility determinations. For example, certain pairs of isomeric carbohydrates assume unique collisional cross sections upon binding one metal ion, but not another. On the whole, these data suggest a role for the charge carrier as a probe of carbohydrate structure and thus have significant implications for the continued development and application of ion mobility spectrometry for the distinction and resolution of isomeric carbohydrates.

  14. On the age of the Nele asteroid family

    Science.gov (United States)

    Carruba, V.; Vokrouhlický, D.; Nesvorný, D.; Aljbaae, S.

    2018-06-01

    The Nele group, formerly known as the Iannini family, is one of the youngest asteroid families in the main belt. Previously, it has been noted that the pericentre longitudes ϖ and nodal longitudes Ω of its largest member asteroids are clustered at the present time, therefore suggesting that the collisional break-up of parent body must have happened recently. Here, we verify this conclusion by detailed orbit-propagation of a synthetic Nele family and show that the current level of clustering of secular angles of the largest Nele family members requires an approximate age limit of 4.5 Myr. Additionally, we make use of an updated and largely extended Nele membership to obtain, for the first time, an age estimate of this family using the backward integration method. Convergence of the secular angles in a purely gravitational model and in a model including the non-gravitational forces caused by the Yarkovsky effect are both compatible with an age younger than 7 Myr. More accurate determination of the Nele family age would require additional data about the spin state of its members.

  15. Band-structure-based collisional model for electronic excitations in ion-surface collisions

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Faraggi, M.N.; Gravielle, M.S.; Alducin, M.; Silkin, V.M.; Juaristi, J.I.

    2005-01-01

    Energy loss per unit path in grazing collisions with metal surfaces is studied by using the collisional and dielectric formalisms. Within both theories we make use of the band-structure-based (BSB) model to represent the surface interaction. The BSB approach is based on a model potential and provides a precise description of the one-electron states and the surface-induced potential. The method is applied to evaluate the energy lost by 100 keV protons impinging on aluminum surfaces at glancing angles. We found that when the realistic BSB description of the surface is used, the energy loss obtained from the collisional formalism agrees with the dielectric one, which includes not only binary but also plasmon excitations. The distance-dependent stopping power derived from the BSB model is in good agreement with available experimental data. We have also investigated the influence of the surface band structure in collisions with the Al(100) surface. Surface-state contributions to the energy loss and electron emission probability are analyzed

  16. On various validity criteria for the configuration average in collisional-radiative codes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Poirier, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Service ' Photons, Atomes et Molecules' , Centre d' Etudes de Saclay, F91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex (France)

    2008-01-28

    The characterization of out-of-local-thermal-equilibrium plasmas requires the use of collisional-radiative kinetic equations. This leads to the solution of large linear systems, for which statistical treatments such as configuration average may bring considerable simplification. In order to check the validity of this procedure, a criterion based on the comparison between a partial-rate systems and the Saha-Boltzmann solution is discussed in detail here. Several forms of this criterion are discussed. The interest of these variants is that they involve each type of relevant transition (collisional or radiative), which allows one to check separately the influence of each of these processes on the configuration-average validity. The method is illustrated by a charge-distribution analysis in carbon and neon plasmas. Finally, it is demonstrated that when the energy dispersion of every populated configuration is smaller than the electron thermal energy, the proposed criterion is fulfilled in each of its forms.

  17. Knowledge and beliefs about malaria transmission and practices for vector control in Southern Mexico Conocimientos y creencias acerca del paludismo y prácticas para el control de vectores en el sur de México

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Américo David Rodríguez

    2003-04-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To investigate the knowledge and beliefs about malaria transmission and practices for vector control in eight villages on the coastal plain of Chiapas, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during May and June 1995 in Chiapas, Mexico. A questionnaire to investigate family structure, knowledge on malaria transmission, preventive measures and attitudes towards seeking treatment was applied to both family heads of a sample of households. Associations were analyzed by estimating odds ratios with confidence intervals and p values, using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression methods. RESULTS: Malaria knowledge was poor and only 48% associated malaria with mosquito bites. The perceived benefit of indoor residual spraying was associated to a reduction of mosquitoes, a reduction in the numbers of cockroaches and rats, but only 3% associated it directly with the prevention of malaria transmission. Most villagers (97.6% agreed with the indoor residual spraying of insecticides. Ninety nine percent of villagers had mosquito bednets, 75.7% used them all year round. Other measures used by villagers to prevent mosquito bites were smoke and mosquito coils. Above 40% of villagers self-medicated when any member of the family had a fever episode, but 51% attended proper health services (community dispensary, private physician, health worker. About 61% used pesticides for agricultural or livestock purposes and 55% applied them themselves. Women had a greater participation as family health promoters, with 70% of the housewives being in charge of the application of self-protection preventive measures. CONCLUSIONS: Educational programs aimed at increasing awareness on the participation of mosquitoes on malaria transmission could promote community participation in malaria control in the region.OBJETIVO: Investigar el conocimiento, las creencias sobre paludismo y las prácticas para el control de vectores en ocho

  18. El apgar familiar en ancianos conviventes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Orlando Díaz Tabares

    1998-12-01

    Full Text Available Con el objetivo de determinar el comportamiento del Apgar familiar en ancianos conviventes, no institucionalizados y sin alteraciones de la esfera cognoscitiva, pertenecientes a dos consultorios médicos de la familia, ubicados en la comunidad rural del policlínico docente de San Cristóbal, durante el año 1995 se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal y descriptivo, mediante la aplicación de un modelo de encuesta a los 70 ancianos que conformaron el universo de estudio. Los resultados fueron procesados estadísticamente utilizando el método Chi cuadrado mediante un sistema computarizado, y se consideró significativo todo valor asociado a una probabilidad menor que 0,05. Resultó estadísticamente notable la percepción de funcionabilidad familiar en los ancianos pertenecientes a familias nucleadas. Existió correspondencia muy significativa entre la evaluación de funcionabilidad que el anciano otorgó a su familia y la detectada por el investigador. No se comprobó relación estadísticamente significativa entre el Apgar familiar y la edad de los ancianos, el vínculo laboral actual y el comportamiento de las funciones asignadas y asumidas por ellosA retrospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted to determine the behavior of family Apgar among noninstitutionalized, living together aged patients who had no alternations of the cognitive sphere and who received medical attention at two family physician’s offices located in the rural community of the Teaching Polyclinic of San Cristóbal, during 1995, 70 elderly patients were surveyed and the results were statistically processed using the Chi square method by a computerized system. Every value associated to a probability under 0.05 was considered as significant. The perception of family functionability in the elderly from nucleated families was statistically remarkable. There was a very important correspondence between the evaluation of functionability granted by

  19. Dusty Plasma Modeling of the Fusion Reactor Sheath Including Collisional-Radiative Effects

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dezairi, Aouatif; Samir, Mhamed; Eddahby, Mohamed; Saifaoui, Dennoun; Katsonis, Konstantinos; Berenguer, Chloe

    2008-01-01

    The structure and the behavior of the sheath in Tokamak collisional plasmas has been studied. The sheath is modeled taking into account the presence of the dust 2 and the effects of the charged particle collisions and radiative processes. The latter may allow for optical diagnostics of the plasma.

  20. El estigma del suicidio vivencias de pacientes y familiares con intentos de autolisis The stigma of suicide: the experiences of patients with suicide attempts and their families

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carme Ferré-Grau

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo del artículo es describir y analizar las percepciones subjetivas y las experiencias vividas de las personas con uno o varios intentos de suicidio y sus familiares. Investigación cualitativa utilizando una perspectiva socio-antropológica, mediante entrevistas en profundidad a cuatro pacientes con intentos de suicidio diagnosticados de depresión mayor, según criterios diagnósticos del DSMIV y seis familiares. Resultados: El intento de suicidio conlleva la aceptación de la enfermedad depresiva tanto por parte del paciente como del familiar, produciéndose un cambio en la imagen personal, familiar y social, este cambio de identidad genera aspectos estigmatizadores. El estigma en relación a los intentos de suicidio, aumenta el sufrimiento individual y familiar, dificulta el uso oportuno de los servicios de salud, la búsqueda de ayuda y la evolución del proceso. Conclusión: Los profesionales de enfermería deben desmitificar conceptos y orientar a la familia para la recuperación de la persona con intentos de suicidio.The objective of this article is to describe and analyze the subjective perceptions and experiences of people with one or more suicide attempts and their families. Qualitative research using socio-anthropological approach through in-depth interviews to four patients with suicide attempts, diagnosed with major depression according to DSM-IV criteria and six relatives. Results: The suicide attempt leads to acceptance of depressive illness by both the patient and family by changing personal, family and social image. This change of identity generates stigmatizing aspects. The stigma related to suicide attempts, increase individual and family suffering, impedes the timely use of health services, seeking help and the evolution of the process. Conclusion: Nursing professionals should demystify some concepts and guide the family for the recovery of the person attempting suicide

  1. Theory of the collisional presheath in an oblique magnetic field

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Riemann, K.

    1994-01-01

    In the limit of a small Debye length (λ D →0), the plasma boundary layer in front of a negative absorbing wall is split up into a collision-free planar space charge sheath and a quasineutral presheath, where the ions are accelerated to ion sound speed (Bohm criterion). Usually the presheath mechanism depends decisively on collisional friction of the ions, on ionization, or on geometric ion current concentration. If the ion dynamics in the presheath is dominated by a magnetic field (nearly) parallel to the wall, an additional effect must be considered to provide an ion transport to the wall. The special cases (a) of an ion transport by field lines intersecting the wall at a finite angle and (b) of an ion transport by collisions result in somewhat contradictory conclusions. To get a coherent picture, a hydrodynamic model of the presheath is investigated accounting for an oblique magnetic field and for collisions. The limiting cases (a) and (b) are discussed, and it is shown that (in plane geometry) the presheath ion acceleration depends always on elementary processes. The main effect of a strong magnetic field is to ''compress'' the collisional presheath into a thin layer with a characteristic extension of the ion gyroradius ρ i

  2. Collisional dynamics of perturbed particle disks in the solar system. Annual technical progress report

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Roberts, W.W.; Stewart, G.R.

    1987-03-01

    Investigations of the collisional evolution of particulate disks subject to the gravitational perturbation of a more massive particle orbiting within the disk are underway. Both numerical N-body simulations using a novel collision algorithm and analytical kinetic theory are being employed to extend our understanding of perturbed disks in planetary rings and during the formation of the solar system. Particular problems proposed for investigation are: (1) The development and testing of general criteria for a small moonlet to clear a gap and produce observable morphological features in planetary rings; (2) The development of detailed models of collisional damping of the wavy edges observed on the Encke division of Saturn's A ring; and (3) The determination of the extent of runaway growth of the few largest planetesimals during the early stages of planetary accretion

  3. Pre-collisional geodynamics of the Mediterranean Sea: the Mediterranean Ridge and the Tyrrhenian Sea

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    E. Chaumillon

    1997-06-01

    Full Text Available Today the Mediterranean Sea consists of a series of small-sized and almost geographically disconnected oceanic or continental crust rooted marine basins. It is also an area almost totally surrounded by mountain ranges, which chiefly belong to the alpine realm. This overall geodynamic setting results from a long term convergence between the two major, African and European, plates. Previous collisions have led to the edification of surrounding chains, while subduction and new-collisional processes tend to create new extensional back-arc basins and wide tectonized accretionary prisms. In this paper we briefly outline the most recent and almost land-locked back-arc basin that has developed in the Mediterranean,i.e., the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Mediterranean Ridge, which may be regarded as a collisional sedimentary wedge predating a future mountain chain.

  4. Feasibility of large-scale phosphoproteomics with higher energy collisional dissociation fragmentation

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Nagaraj, Nagarjuna; D'Souza, Rochelle C J; Cox, Juergen

    2010-01-01

    Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics now enables the analysis of thousands of phosphorylation sites in single projects. Among a wide range of analytical approaches, the combination of high resolution MS scans in an Orbitrap analyzer with low resolution MS/MS scans in a linear ion trap has proven......-scale phosphoproteome analysis alongside collisional induced dissociation, (CID) and electron capture/transfer dissociation (ECD/ETD)....

  5. Collisional Transport in a Low Aspect Ratio Tokamak -- Beyond the Drift Kinetic Formalism

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gates, D.A.; White, R.B.

    2004-01-01

    Calculations of collisional thermal and particle diffusivities in toroidal magnetic plasma confinement devices order the toroidal gyroradius to be small relative to the poloidal gyroradius. This ordering is central to what is usually referred to as neoclassical transport theory. This ordering is incorrect at low aspect ratio, where it can often be the case that the toroidal gyroradius is larger than the poloidal gyroradius. We calculate the correction to the particle and thermal diffusivities at low aspect ratio by comparing the diffusivities as determined by a full orbit code (which we refer to as omni-classical diffusion) with those from a gyroaveraged orbit code (neoclassical diffusion). In typical low aspect ratio devices the omni-classical diffusion can be up to 2.5 times the calculated neoclassical value. We discuss the implications of this work on the analysis of collisional transport in low aspect ratio magnetic confinement experiments

  6. Effects of Collisionality on the Nonlinear Characteristics of Boundary Turbulence and Blob/hole Transport in Tokamak Plasmas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Li, J.; Yasuaki, K., E-mail: lijq@energy.kyoto-u.ac.jp [Kyoto University, Kyoto (Japan); Cheng, J.; Longwen, Y.; Jiaqi, D. [Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu (China)

    2012-09-15

    Full text: Blob/hole dynamics near tokamak separatrix is of striking importance in determining the boundary transport. Based on simulations using an extended 2-region (edge/SOL) fluid model, we found that blob/hole dynamics are sensitively influenced by the plasma collisionality, i.e., ion-electron and ion-neutral collisions. Namely, the holes are enhanced in highly collisional edge whereas the blobs are weakened at the SOL, causing larger particle convection. These blob/hole dynamics are closely correlated with potential dipoles. The trends are experimentally evidenced on the HL-2A tokamak. Moreover, as the neutral-ion collision increases, the blobs at the SOL tend to develop into streamers propagating outwards with reduced amplitude while the holes inwards are suppressed, showing a key role in nonlinear structure regulation and resultant transport suppression. Results suggest that adjusting the plasma collisionality by fueling, e.g., gas puffing, could serve as a method to nonlinearly select turbulent structures, i.e., blobs, holes or streamers, to access the control of boundary transport. (author)

  7. ENTRE EL PROGRESO Y EL ABUSO: PROBLEMÁTICA SOCIAL EN TORNO A LAS TIERRAS PROTEGIDAS DE LAS COMUNIDADES NATIVAS EN EL PERÚ

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jerjes Loayza Javier

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false ES-AR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Se busca comprender el fenómeno de los conflictos sociales en torno a la irrupción del Estado peruano en tierras legalmente protegidas, provocando malestar y profunda deslegitimación política de la representatividad democrática. Para ello se  analizan críticamente las contradicciones existentes entre el marco legal peruano e internacional más importante dirigido a proteger a las comunidades indígenas, el discurso del Estado amparado en la dicotomía “progreso-atraso” sustentadas por el Presidente de la República y las consecuencias de las prácticas políticas estatales desvinculadas del diálogo y el respeto hacia los pueblos originarios. Se hará especial énfasis en el conflicto social suscitado en las provincias de Bagua y Uctubamba ubicadas en la selva peruana en el año 2009, ya que éste trajo a colación un intenso debate en torno a un escenario no resuelto en nuestro país: la situación de los pueblos indígenas y sus derechos, aunque estipulados en la carta magna peruana, minimizados en la práctica, reforzando, así, el debate relacionado a la necesidad de una triple categoría Medio ambiente-población-sistema social. En adelante será necesario aunar tanto libertad econ

  8. Linking the collisional history of the main asteroid belt to its dynamical excitation and depletion

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bottke, William F.; Durda, Daniel D.; Nesvorný, David; Jedicke, Robert; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Vokrouhlický, David; Levison, Harold F.

    2005-12-01

    The main belt is believed to have originally contained an Earth mass or more of material, enough to allow the asteroids to accrete on relatively short timescales. The present-day main belt, however, only contains ˜5×10 Earth masses. Numerical simulations suggest that this mass loss can be explained by the dynamical depletion of main belt material via gravitational perturbations from planetary embryos and a newly-formed Jupiter. To explore this scenario, we combined dynamical results from Petit et al. [Petit, J. Morbidelli, A., Chambers, J., 2001. The primordial excitation and clearing of the asteroid belt. Icarus 153, 338-347] with a collisional evolution code capable of tracking how the main belt undergoes comminution and dynamical depletion over 4.6 Gyr [Bottke, W.F., Durda, D., Nesvorny, D., Jedicke, R., Morbidelli, A., Vokrouhlický, D., Levison, H., 2005. The fossilized size distribution of the main asteroid belt. Icarus 175, 111-140]. Our results were constrained by the main belt's size-frequency distribution, the number of asteroid families produced by disruption events from diameter D>100 km parent bodies over the last 3-4 Gyr, the presence of a single large impact crater on Vesta's intact basaltic crust, and the relatively constant lunar and terrestrial impactor flux over the last 3 Gyr. We used our model to set limits on the initial size of the main belt as well as Jupiter's formation time. We find the most likely formation time for Jupiter was 3.3±2.6 Myr after the onset of fragmentation in the main belt. These results are consistent with the estimated mean disk lifetime of 3 Myr predicted by Haisch et al. [Haisch, K.E., Lada, E.A., Lada, C.J., 2001. Disk frequencies and lifetimes in young clusters. Astrophys. J. 553, L153-L156]. The post-accretion main belt population, in the form of diameter D≲1000 km planetesimals, was likely to have been 160±40 times the current main belt's mass. This corresponds to 0.06-0.1 Earth masses, only a small fraction

  9. Transient events in bright debris discs: Collisional avalanches revisited

    Science.gov (United States)

    Thebault, P.; Kral, Q.

    2018-01-01

    Context. A collisional avalanche is set off by the breakup of a large planetesimal, releasing vast amounts of small unbound grains that enter a debris disc located further away from the star, triggering there a collisional chain reaction that could potentially create detectable transient structures. Aims: We investigate this mechanism, using for the first time a fully self-consistent code coupling dynamical and collisional evolutions. We also quantify for the first time the photometric evolution of the system and investigate whether or not avalanches could explain the short-term luminosity variations recently observed in some extremely bright debris discs. Methods: We use the state-of-the-art LIDT-DD code. We consider an avalanche-favoring A6V star, and two set-ups: a "cold disc" case, with a dust release at 10 au and an outer disc extending from 50 to 120 au, and a "warm disc" case with the release at 1 au and a 5-12 au outer disc. We explore, in addition, two key parameters: the density (parameterized by its optical depth τ) of the main outer disc and the amount of dust released by the initial breakup. Results: We find that avalanches could leave detectable structures on resolved images, for both "cold" and "warm" disc cases, in discs with τ of a few 10-3, provided that large dust masses (≳1020-5 × 1022 g) are initially released. The integrated photometric excess due to an avalanche is relatively limited, less than 10% for these released dust masses, peaking in the λ 10-20 μm domain and becoming insignificant beyond 40-50 μm. Contrary to earlier studies, we do not obtain stronger avalanches when increasing τ to higher values. Likewise, we do not observe a significant luminosity deficit, as compared to the pre-avalanche level, after the passage of the avalanche. These two results concur to make avalanches an unlikely explanation for the sharp luminosity drops observed in some extremely bright debris discs. The ideal configuration for observing an

  10. GAP CLEARING BY PLANETS IN A COLLISIONAL DEBRIS DISK

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nesvold, Erika R. [Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore, MD 21250 (United States); Kuchner, Marc J., E-mail: Erika.Nesvold@umbc.edu, E-mail: Marc.Kuchner@nasa.gov [NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, Code 667 Greenbelt, MD 21230 (United States)

    2015-01-10

    We apply our 3D debris disk model, SMACK, to simulate a planet on a circular orbit near a ring of planetesimals that are experiencing destructive collisions. Previous simulations of a planet opening a gap in a collisionless debris disk have found that the width of the gap scales as the planet mass to the 2/7th power (α = 2/7). We find that gap sizes in a collisional disk still obey a power law scaling with planet mass, but that the index α of the power law depends on the age of the system t relative to the collisional timescale t {sub coll} of the disk by α = 0.32(t/t {sub coll}){sup –0.04}, with inferred planet masses up to five times smaller than those predicted by the classical gap law. The increased gap sizes likely stem from the interaction between collisions and the mean motion resonances near the chaotic zone. We investigate the effects of the initial eccentricity distribution of the disk particles and find a negligible effect on the gap size at Jovian planet masses, since collisions tend to erase memory of the initial particle eccentricity distributions. Finally, we find that the presence of Trojan analogs is a potentially powerful diagnostic of planets in the mass range ∼1-10 M {sub Jup}. We apply our model to place new upper limits on planets around Fomalhaut, HR 4796 A, HD 202628, HD 181327, and β Pictoris.

  11. GAP CLEARING BY PLANETS IN A COLLISIONAL DEBRIS DISK

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nesvold, Erika R.; Kuchner, Marc J.

    2015-01-01

    We apply our 3D debris disk model, SMACK, to simulate a planet on a circular orbit near a ring of planetesimals that are experiencing destructive collisions. Previous simulations of a planet opening a gap in a collisionless debris disk have found that the width of the gap scales as the planet mass to the 2/7th power (α = 2/7). We find that gap sizes in a collisional disk still obey a power law scaling with planet mass, but that the index α of the power law depends on the age of the system t relative to the collisional timescale t coll of the disk by α = 0.32(t/t coll ) –0.04 , with inferred planet masses up to five times smaller than those predicted by the classical gap law. The increased gap sizes likely stem from the interaction between collisions and the mean motion resonances near the chaotic zone. We investigate the effects of the initial eccentricity distribution of the disk particles and find a negligible effect on the gap size at Jovian planet masses, since collisions tend to erase memory of the initial particle eccentricity distributions. Finally, we find that the presence of Trojan analogs is a potentially powerful diagnostic of planets in the mass range ∼1-10 M Jup . We apply our model to place new upper limits on planets around Fomalhaut, HR 4796 A, HD 202628, HD 181327, and β Pictoris

  12. Cyr61 Expression is associated with prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jeong, Dongjun; Soo Lee, Moon; Kim, Chang-Jin; Jun Baek, Moo; Heo, Suhak; Sung Ahn, Tae; Lee, Sookyoung; Park, Soyoung; Kim, Hyungjoo; Park, Doosan; Byung Bae, Sang; Lee, Sung Soo

    2014-01-01

    Cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61), a member of the CCN protein family, possesses diverse functionality in cellular processes such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. Cyr61 can also function as an oncogene or a tumour suppressor, depending on the origin of the cancer. Only a few studies have reported Cyr61 expression in colorectal cancer. In this study, we assessed the Cyr61 expression in 251 colorectal cancers with clinical follow up. We examined Cyr61 expression in 6 colorectal cancer cell lines (HT29, Colo205, Lovo, HCT116, SW480, SW620) and 20 sets of paired normal and colorectal cancer tissues by western blot. To validate the association of Cyr61 expression with clinicopathological parameters, we assessed Cyr61 expression using tissue microarray analysis of primary colorectal cancer by immunohistochemical analysis. We verified that all of the cancer cell lines expressed Cyr61; 2 cell lines (HT29 and Colo205) demonstrated Cyr61 expression to a slight extent, while 4 cell lines (Lovo, HCT116, SW480, SW620) demonstrated greater Cyr61 expression than HT29 and Colo205 cell lines. Among the 20 cases of paired normal and tumour tissues, greater Cyr61 expression was observed in 16 (80%) tumour tissues than in normal tissues. Furthermore, 157 out of 251 cases (62.5%) of colorectal cancer examined in this study displayed strong Cyr61 expression. Cyr61 expression was found to be associated with pN (p = 0.018). Moreover, Cyr61 expression was associated with statistically significant cancer-specific mortality (p = 0.029). The duration of survival was significantly lesser in patients with Cyr61 high expression than in patients with Cyr61 low expression (p = 0.001). These results suggest that Cyr61 expression plays several important roles in carcinogenesis and may also be a good prognostic marker for colorectal cancer. Our data confirmed that Cyr61 was expressed in colorectal cancers and the expression was correlated with worse prognosis of colorectal cancers

  13. Dielectric constant and laser beam propagation in an underdense collisional plasma: effects of electron temperature

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Xia Xiongping; Qin Zhen; Xu Bin; Cai Zebin

    2011-01-01

    Dielectric constant and laser beam propagation in an underdense collisional plasma are investigated, using the wave and dielectric function equations, for their dependence on the electron temperature. Simulation results show that, due to the influence of the ponderomotive force there is a nonlinear variation of electron temperature in an underdense collisional plasma, and this leads to a complicated and interesting nonlinear variation of dielectric constant; this nonlinear variation of dielectric constant directly affects the beam propagation and gives rise to laser beam self-focusing in some spatial-temporal regions; in particular, the beam width and the beam intensity present an oscillatory variation in the self-focusing region. The influence of several parameters on the dielectric function and beam self-focusing is discussed.

  14. Tratamiento físico y químico del suelo para el control del marchitamiento vascular del clavel, causado por el hongo fusariumoxysporumf.sp.dianthi

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    García David Leonardo

    1994-12-01

    Full Text Available

    family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 7.5pt;">Los problemas fitosanitarios constituyen uno de los aspectos más importantes en el cultivo del clavel en Colombia, destacándose el marchitamiento vascular causado por el hongo family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 8pt;">Fusariumfamily: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 7.5pt;"> family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 8pt;">oxysporumf.sp. dianthi. family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 7.5pt;">Con el propósito de encontrar un control eficiente para el manejo de dicha enfermedad, se realizaron dos experimentos en dos fincas productoras de flores en la Sabana de Bogotá, comparando algunos tratamientos físicos family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 9pt;">y family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 7.5pt;">químicos al suelo antes de la siembra. En el primer experimento, efectuado con diferentes variedades de clavel estándar, se comparó el fumigante 1,3-D. Cloropicrina frente a la aplicación de vapor de agua. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con contrastes. En este experimento, los dos tratamientos fueron igualmente eficientes en la disminución de la incidencia de la enfermedad en todas las variedades evaluadas; de igual manera, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la reducción de la población del hongo en el suelo, la altura de las plantas. La producción family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 8pt;">y family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 7.5pt;">la calidad de las flores. En el segundo experimento, donde se evaluaron diferentes variedades de clavel miniatura, se comparó el fumigante 1,3-D. Cloropicrina frente al

  15. New insights on the collisional escape of light neutrals from Mars

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gacesa, Marko; Zahnle, Kevin

    2017-04-01

    Photodissociative recombination (PDR) of atmospheric molecules on Mars is a major mechanism of production of hot (suprathermal) atoms with sufficient kinetic energy to either directly escape to space or to eject other atmospheric species. This collisional ejection mechanism is important for evaluating the escape rates of all light neutrals that are too heavy to escape via Jeans escape. In particular, it plays a role in estimating the total volume of escaped water constituents (i.e., O and H) from Mars, as well as influences evolution of the atmospheric [D]/[H] ratio1. We present revised estimates of total collisional escape rates of neutral light elements including H, He, and H2, based on recent (years 2015-2016) atmospheric density profiles obtained from the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission. We also estimate the contribution to the collisional escape from Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs) produced in charge-exchange of solar wind H+ and He+ ions with atmospheric gases2,3. Scattering of hot oxygen and atmospheric species of interest is modeled using fully-quantum reactive scattering formalism1,3. The escape rates are evaluated using a 1D model of the atmosphere supplemented with MAVEN measurements of the neutrals. Finally, new estimates of contributions of these non-thermal mechanisms to the estimated PDR escape rates from young Mars4 are presented. [1] M. Gacesa and V. Kharchenko, "Non-thermal escape of molecular hydrogen from Mars", Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10203 (2012). [2] N. Lewkow and V. Kharchenko, "Precipitation of Energetic Neutral Atoms and Escape Fluxes induced from the Mars Atmosphere", Astroph. J., 790, 98 (2014). [3] M. Gacesa, N. Lewkow, and V. Kharchenko, "Non-thermal production and escape of OH from the upper atmosphere of Mars", Icarus 284, 90 (2017). [4] J. Zhao, F. Tian, Y. Ni, and X. Huang, "DR-induced escape of O and C from early Mars", Icarus 284, 305 (2017).

  16. Hungaria Asteroid Region Telescopic Spectral Survey (HARTSS): Stony Asteroids Abundant in the Background and Family Populations

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lucas, Michael P.; Emery, Joshua P.; Pinilla-Alonso, Noemi; Lindsay, Sean S.; Lorenzi, Vania

    2016-10-01

    The Hungaria region represents a "purgatory" for the closest, preserved samples of the material from which the terrestrial planets accreted. The Hungaria region harbors a collisional family of Xe-type asteroids, which are situated among a background of predominantly S-complex asteroids. Deciphering their surface composition may provide constraints on the nature of the primordial building blocks of the terrestrial planets. We hypothesize that planetesimals in the inner part of the primordial asteroid belt experienced partial- to full-melting and differentiation, the Hungaria region should retain any petrologically-evolved material that formed there.We have undertaken an observational campaign entitled the Hungaria Asteroid Region Telescopic Spectral Survey (HARTSS) to record near-infrared (NIR) spectra to characterize taxonomy, surface mineralogy, and potential meteorite analogs. We used NIR instruments at two ground-based facilities (NASA IRTF; TNG). Our data set includes spectra of 82 Hungaria asteroids (61 background; 21 family), 65 were observed during HARTSS. We compare S-complex background asteroids to calibrations developed via laboratory analyses of ordinary chondrites, and to our analyses (EPMA, XRD, VIS+NIR spectra) of 11 primitive achondrite (acapulcoite-lodranite clan) meteorites.We find that stony S-complex asteroids dominate the Hungaria background population (~80%). Background objects exhibit considerable spectral diversity, when quantified by spectral band parameter measurements, translates to a variety of surface compositions. Two main meteorite groups are represented within the Hungaria background: unmelted, nebular L chondrites (and/or L chondrites), and partially-melted primitive achondrites. H-chondrite mineralogies appear to be absent from the Hungaria background. Xe-type Hungaria family members exhibit spectral homogeneity, consistent with the hypothesis that the family was derived from the disruption of a parent body analogous to an enstatite

  17. Kinetic particle simulation study of parallel heat transport in scrape-off layer plasmas over a wide range of collisionalities

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Froese, Aaron; Takizuka, Tomonori; Yagi, Masatoshi

    2010-01-01

    Fluid models are not generally applicable to fusion edge plasmas without external provision of kinetic factors: closure parameters and boundary conditions inside the sheath region. We explain the PARASOL-1D simulation, a particle-in-cell code with a binary collision Monte-Carlo model, and use it to determine four kinetic factors commonly needed in fluid codes. These are the electron and ion heat flux limiting factors, α e and α i , the ion adiabatic index, γ A , and the electron and ion temperature anisotropy, T ‖ /T ⊥ . We survey these factors over a wide range of collisionalities and find that, as predicted, the conductive heat flux is accurately described by the Spitzer-Härm expression in the collisional limit and asymptotes to a constant value in the collisionless limit. However, unique behavior occurs in the weakly collisional regime when the ratio of the mean free path to connection length is 0.1 < λ mfp /L ‖ < 10, when the SOL is between the conduction- and sheath-limited regimes. We find that α e can peak, becoming larger than the collisionless limit, γ A is less than unity, and only the ions are anisotropic. The effects of electron energy radiation and Langevin heating are explored. Finally, the strong deviations of the energy distribution function from Maxwellian in the weakly collisional and collisionless regimes are explained. (author)

  18. Compreendendo o alcoolismo na família Comprendiendo el alcoholismo en la família Understanding alcoholism in the family context

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carmen Lúcia Alves Filizola

    2006-12-01

    Full Text Available O alcoolismo é um sério problema de saúde pública. O seu tratamento é complexo e a inclusão da família tem sido enfatizada. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar a estrutura, as relações, a rede de suporte e a vivência de famílias diante do alcoolismo. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com cinco famílias de alcoolistas de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família. Verificamos que o alcoolismo constituiu-se no maior problema para as famílias que demonstram pouco conhecimento sobre o tema. Entre as maiores dificuldades encontramos a violência sofrida pelos familiares. As relações familiares são conturbadas. A maioria das famílias isola-se evitando falar do alcoolismo com outros. Portanto, a rede de suporte social seria fundamental. Ao analisá-la constatamos a precariedade de recursos públicos, o desconhecimento dos existentes e a não utilização de Grupos de Apoio pelas famíliasEl alcoholismo es un serio problema de salud pública. Su tratamiento es complejo y la inclusión de la familia ha sido enfatizada. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la estructura, las relaciones, la red de suporte y la vivencia de la familias perante al alcoholismo. La recolección de datos fue realizada a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas con cinco familias de alcohólicos de una Unidad de Salud de Familia. Verificamos que el alcoholismo se constituyó como mayor problema para las familias que demuestran poco conocimiento sobre el tema. Dentro de las mayores dificultades encontramos la violencia sufrida por los familiares. Las relaciones familiares son conturbadas. La mayoría de las familias evita hablar del alcoholismo con otros se alejando. Por esto, la red de suporte social seria fundamental. Al analizarla constatamos la precariedad de recursos públicos, el desconocimiento de los existentes y la no utilización de Grupos de Apoyo por las familias.Alcoholism is a serious problem for

  19. Cyr61/CCN1 displays high-affinity binding to the somatomedin B(1-44 domain of vitronectin.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ivo M B Francischetti

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available Cyr61 is a member of the CCN (Cyr61, connective tissue growth, NOV family of extracellular-associated (matricellular proteins that present four distinct functional modules, namely insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP, von Willebrand factor type C (vWF, thrombospondin type 1 (TSP, and C-terminal growth factor cysteine knot (CT domain. While heparin sulphate proteoglycans reportedly mediate the interaction of Cyr61 with the matrix and cell surface, the role of other extracellular associated proteins has not been revealed.In this report, surface plasmon resonance (SPR experiments and solid-phase binding assays demonstrate that recombinant Cyr61 interacts with immobilized monomeric or multimeric vitronectin (VTNC with K(D in the nanomolar range. Notably, the binding site for Cyr61 was identified as the somatomedin B domain (SMTB(1-44 of VTNC, which mediates its interaction with PAI-1, uPAR, and integrin alphav beta3. Accordingly, PAI-1 outcompetes Cyr61 for binding to immobilized SMTB(1-44, and Cyr61 attenuates uPAR-mediated U937 adhesion to VTNC. In contrast, isothermal titration calorimetry shows that Cyr61 does not display high-affinity binding for SMTB(1-44 in solution. Nevertheless, competitive ELISA revealed that multimeric VTNC, heat-modified monomeric VTNC, or SMTB(1-44 at high concentrations attenuate Cyr61 binding to immobilized VTNC, while monomeric VTNC was ineffective. Therefore, immobilization of VTNC exposes cryptic epitopes that recognize Cyr61 with high affinity, as reported for a number of antibodies, beta-endorphin, and other molecules.The finding that Cyr61 interacts with the SMTB(1-44 domain suggests that VTNC represent a point of anchorage for CCN family members to the matrix. Results are discussed in the context of the role of CCN and VTNC in matrix biology and angiogenesis.

  20. Competencia entre México y China en el interior del mercado de Estados Unidos

    OpenAIRE

    Gracia-Hernández, Maximiliano

    2013-01-01

    En este artículo se muestra la dinámica que han seguido las exportaciones de México y China en el interior del mercado de Estados Unidos (EU), se considera la cadena hilo-textil-confección a cuatro dígitos, y se analizan los capítulos 61, 62 y 63. En el año 2000 México era un líder en todas las ramas que componen los capítulos 61 a 63, actualmente sólo cinco de las 30 ramas analizadas han logrado incrementar sus exportaciones en el mercado de EU. Consideramos una verdad a medias que el total ...

  1. Nonlinear theory of the collisional Rayleigh-Taylor instability in equatorial spread F

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chaturvedi, P.K.; Ossakow, S.L.

    1977-01-01

    The nonlinear behavior of the collisional Rayleigh-Taylor instability is studied in equatorial Spread F by including a dominant two-dimensional nonlinearity. It is found that on account of this nonlinearity the instability saturates by generating damped higher spatial harmonics. The saturated power spectrum for the density fluctuations is discussed. A comparison between experimental observations and theory is presented

  2. Impact of plasma triangularity and collisionality on electron heat transport in TCV L-mode plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Camenen, Y.; Pochelon, A.; Behn, R.; Bottino, A.; Bortolon, A.; Coda, S.; Karpushov, A.; Sauter, O.; Zhuang, G.

    2007-01-01

    The impact of plasma shaping on electron heat transport is investigated in TCV L-mode plasmas. The study is motivated by the observation of an increase in the energy confinement time with decreasing plasma triangularity which may not be explained by a change in the temperature gradient induced by changes in the geometry of the flux surfaces. The plasma triangularity is varied over a wide range, from positive to negative values, and various plasmas conditions are explored by changing the total electron cyclotron (EC) heating power and the plasma density. The mid-radius electron heat diffusivity is shown to significantly decrease with decreasing triangularity and, for similar plasma conditions, only half of the EC power is required at a triangularity of -0.4 compared with +0.4 to obtain the same temperature profile. Besides, the observed dependence of the electron heat diffusivity on the electron temperature, electron density and effective charge can be grouped in a unique dependence on the plasma effective collisionality. In summary, the electron heat transport level exhibits a continuous decrease with decreasing triangularity and increasing collisionality. Local gyro-fluid and global gyro-kinetic simulations predict that trapped electron modes are the most unstable modes in these EC heated plasmas with an effective collisionality ranging from 0.2 to 1. The modes stability dependence on the plasma triangularity is investigated

  3. Neurotropismo viral, el caso del virus de rabia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jaime E. Castellanos

    2004-03-01

    Full Text Available

    family: Arial">El virus de rabia (VR, por su alto neurotropismo se considera como el modelo biológico ideal para el estudio de las encefalitis virales. Adicionalmente, a pesar de la gran cantidad de investigaciones que se han desarrollado en el tema, aun sigue siendo una enfermedad letal cuando el agente llega hasta el sistema nervioso central. Los virus animales requieren de una célula huésped para lograr su replicación. Se considera que la primera molécula de la célula huésped con la que se une un virus (un “receptor” viral, es la responsable de la entrada y es quien define el tropismo del virus. Una definición más actual de tales receptores virales, implica que son una molécula de la superficie celular que participa no solo en la unión del patógeno sino en la promoción de la infección (1.

    family: Arial">Con el objetivo de desarrollar una estrategia farmacológica racional, nuestro grupo de investigación se ha comprometido con el estudio de los eventos celulares y moleculares que podrían explicar el neurotropismo del VR y su patogenia. Nuestros trabajos han sido desarrollados en un sistema de cultivo original, consistente en cultivos de neuronas sensoriales adultas (2. Usando este modelo biológico se ha confirmado la participación del receptor de acetilcolina en la infección, pues el tratamiento tanto con agonistas (3 como con antagonistas nicotínicos, (4 produjo una disminución significativa en el número de neuronas infectadas. La evidencia parece indicar que entre los muchos subtipos de receptores nicotínicos (5, solo algunos de ellos serían los responsables de la interacción entre el virus y las neuronas.

    family: Arial">A partir del hallazgo realizado por Thoulouze y colaboradores (6 de que la molécula de adhesión celular neural (NCAM

  4. Syn-collisional felsic magmatism and continental crust growth: A case study from the North Qilian Orogenic Belt at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chen, Shuo; Niu, Yaoling; Xue, Qiqi

    2018-05-01

    The abundant syn-collisional granitoids produced and preserved at the northern Tibetan Plateau margin provide a prime case for studying the felsic magmatism as well as continental crust growth in response to continental collision. Here we present the results from a systematic study of the syn-collisional granitoids and their mafic magmatic enclaves (MMEs) in the Laohushan (LHS) and Machangshan (MCS) plutons from the North Qilian Orogenic Belt (NQOB). Two types of MMEs from the LHS pluton exhibit identical crystallization age ( 430 Ma) and bulk-rock isotopic compositions to their host granitoids, indicating their genetic link. The phase equilibrium constraints and pressure estimates for amphiboles from the LHS pluton together with the whole rock data suggest that the two types of MMEs represent two evolution products of the same hydrous andesitic magmas. In combination with the data on NQOB syn-collisional granitoids elsewhere, we suggest that the syn-collisional granitoids in the NQOB are material evidence of melting of ocean crust and sediment. The remarkable compositional similarity between the LHS granitoids and the model bulk continental crust in terms of major elements, trace elements, and some key element ratios indicates that the syn-collisional magmatism in the NQOB contributes to net continental crust growth, and that the way of continental crust growth in the Phanerozoic through syn-collisional felsic magmatism (production and preservation) is a straightforward process without the need of petrologically and physically complex processes.

  5. A High-Order Transport Scheme for Collisional-Radiative and Nonequilibrium Plasma

    Science.gov (United States)

    2009-02-06

    400–422, 1987. [18] M. P. F. Bristow and I. I. Glass. Polarizability of singly ionized argon . Physics of Fluids, 15(11):2066–2067, 1972. [19] A. Bultel...unsteady calculations. Numerical simulations of ionizing shocks in argon are conducted to gain insight to the shock structure and help determine the source...parameters used in previous research. . . . . . . . . 4 9.1 Rate coefficients for collisional-radiative model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 9.2 Argon

  6. El mercado matrimonial de las familias tradicionales argentinas, 1900-1940: Algunas dimensiones y tendencias The Marriage Market of Traditional Argentinean Families, 1900-1940: Some Aspects and Trends

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leandro Losada

    2012-04-01

    Full Text Available El artículo estudia el mercado matrimonial de las familias tradicionales argentinas entre 1900 y 1940, a partir de una muestra de 550 casamientos y del análisis de sus pautas sociales y culturales. El periodo elegido incluye el momento de máximo esplendor de esas familias en la sociedad argentina (entre 1900 y mediados de la década de 1910 aproximadamente así como el arco temporal en que se produjo el ocaso de su gravitación (las décadas de 1920 y 1930. El propósito es pensar la relación entre las pautas matrimoniales y el ascenso y la declinación de la elite tradicional, un problema hasta el momento descuidado por la historiografía argentina.The article studies the marriage market of traditional Argentinean families between 1900 and 1940 on the basis of a study of 550 marriages and the analysis of their social and cultural patterns. The period chosen includes the florescence of these families in Argentinean society (approximately between 1900 and the middle of the 1910s as well as the are of time during which they declined (the 1920s and 1930s. The aim is to explore the link between marriage patterns and the rise and fall of the traditional elite, a problem that has so far been neglected by Argentinean historiography.

  7. Mariame El Messal

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    Home; Journals; Journal of Genetics. Mariame El Messal. Articles written in Journal of Genetics. Volume 86 Issue 2 August 2007 pp 159-163 Research Note. Familial hypercholesterolemia associated with severe hypoalphalipoproteinemia in a Moroccan family · Karima Ait Chihab Rachid Chater Ana Cenarro Anass Kettani ...

  8. The putative endoglucanase PcGH61D from Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a metal-dependent oxidative enzyme that cleaves cellulose.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bjørge Westereng

    Full Text Available Many fungi growing on plant biomass produce proteins currently classified as glycoside hydrolase family 61 (GH61, some of which are known to act synergistically with cellulases. In this study we show that PcGH61D, the gene product of an open reading frame in the genome of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, is an enzyme that cleaves cellulose using a metal-dependent oxidative mechanism that leads to generation of aldonic acids. The activity of this enzyme and its beneficial effect on the efficiency of classical cellulases are stimulated by the presence of electron donors. Experiments with reduced cellulose confirmed the oxidative nature of the reaction catalyzed by PcGH61D and indicated that the enzyme may be capable of penetrating into the substrate. Considering the abundance of GH61-encoding genes in fungi and genes encoding their functional bacterial homologues currently classified as carbohydrate binding modules family 33 (CBM33, this enzyme activity is likely to turn out as a major determinant of microbial biomass-degrading efficiency.

  9. El cuerpo, el gueto y el Estado penal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Loïc Wacquant

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available

    Este artículo analiza el enfoque del autor sobre la etnografía, la teoría social, y la

  10. El rap español en el ámbito de los discursos de especialidad

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco Jiménez Calderón

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} El presente artículo tiene como objetivo definir el rap español como un discurso de especialidad. Para ello, se revisa el concepto de ‘discurso de especialidad’, al que se alude con expresiones a menudo imprecisas como ‘lenguaje especial’, ‘lengua de especialidad’ o ‘jerga’. Ninguna, por distintas razones, parece adecuada; debe hablarse, en efecto, de ‘discurso de especialidad’, aunque una denominación como ‘discurso de actividad’ sería aún más precisa, pues nombraría el producto de comunicación que resulta de utilizar la lengua en un ámbito determinado, no necesariamente profesional, sino relativo a cualquier actividad concreta. Para situar al rap español en tal ámbito, se ha analizado un corpus de más de cien textos, que revela que, efectivamente, el rap presenta unos rasgos definitorios que le otorgan singularidad como discurso especial: terminología, desarrollo entre la escritura y la oralidad, reflexión metalingüística y acercamiento al género poético mediante el recurso a figuras retóricas consolidadas.

  11. Family Control and Earnings Quality

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carolina Bona Sánchez

    2007-06-01

    Full Text Available El trabajo analiza la relación entre el control familiar y la calidad de la información contable en un contexto en el que el tradicional conflicto de agencia entre directivos y accionistas se desplaza a la divergencia de intereses entre accionistas controladores y minoritarios. Los resultados alcanzados muestran que, en comparación con las no familiares, las empresas de naturaleza familiar divulgan unos resultados de mayor calidad, tanto en términos de menores ajustes por devengo discrecionales como de mayor capacidad de los componentes actuales del resultado para predecir los cash flows futuros. Además, el aumento en los derechos de voto en manos de la familia controladora incrementa la calidad de los resultados contables. La evidencia obtenida se muestra consistente con la presencia de un efecto reputación/vinculación a largo plazo asociado a la empresa familiar. Adicionalmente, el trabajo refleja que a medida que disminuye la divergencia entre los derechos de voto y de cash flow en manos de la familia controladora, aumenta la calidad de la información contable.PALABRAS CLAVE: derechos de voto, divergencia, empresa familiar, calidad delresultado, reputación, beneficios privados.This work examines the relationship between family control and earnings quality in a context where the salient agency problem shifts away from the classical divergence between managers and shareholders to conflicts between the controlling owner and minority shareholders. The results reveal that, compared to non-family firms, family firms reveal higher earnings quality in terms of both lower discretionary accruals and greater predictability of future cash flows. They also show a positive relationship between the level of voting rights held by the controlling family and earnings quality. The evidence is consistent with the presence of a reputation/long-term involvement effect associated with the family firm. Moreover, the work reflects that, as the divergence

  12. Ions cross-B collisional diffusion and electromagnetic wave scattering

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tomchuk, B.P.; Gresillon, D.

    2000-01-01

    The calculation is presented of the averaged quadratic displacement of a collisional charged particle in a magnetic field. This calculation is used to obtain the statistical presentation of the electromagnetic field scattered by these particles. These results extend the previous calculations that were restricted to non-magnetized particles (Ornstein equation, Einstein diffusion, etc.). In addition this calculation foresees effects that are absent of the Ornstein equation: a modulation of the averaged quadratic displacement function at the cyclotron frequency and a maximum of the Cross-B diffusion coefficient when the cyclotron frequency is equal to the collision frequency (Bohm diffusion)

  13. Modeling the Dynamical Structure of the Haumea Family

    Science.gov (United States)

    Proudfoot, Benjamin; Ragozzine, Darin

    2018-04-01

    Collisions are known to be critical in explaining the full story of the outer Solar System. The dwarf planet Haumea provides a unique empirical view into this, as Haumea is the only known example of a collisional family in the Kuiper Belt. Although there have been many Haumea formation hypotheses presented in the literature, none are fully self-consistent. In particular, it is challenging to explain the low ejection velocity of the family. With the addition of many new Haumea family members (Maggard & Ragozzine 2018, in prep.), we further investigate how we can use collision models to recreate the current dynamical distribution of Haumea family members in (proper) a-e-i-dv-H space. Using synthetic families created using different collision models, we use a Bayesian methodology to infer the posterior distribution of our model parameters that best matches the current family. Our newest results continue to exclude the planar distribution of family members that would result from a ‘graze-and-merge’ type collision (e.g., Leinhardt et al. 2010) based on a lack of a-e-i correlation (Proudfoot & Ragozzine, DPS 2017, DDA 2017). We present here our results from more models. We have also validated a statistical method for automatically and self-consistently identifying interlopers from the background population.

  14. Barkas effect, shell correction, screening and correlation in collisional energy-loss straggling of an ion beam

    CERN Document Server

    Sigmund, P

    2003-01-01

    Collisional electronic energy-loss straggling has been treated theoretically on the basis of the binary theory of electronic stopping. In view of the absence of a Bloch correction in straggling the range of validity of the theory includes both the classical and the Born regime. The theory incorporates Barkas effect and projectile screening. Shell correction and electron bunching are added on. In the absence of shell corrections the Barkas effect has a dominating influence on straggling, but much of this is wiped out when the shell correction is included. Weak projectile screening tends to noticeably reduce collisional straggling. Sizable bunching effects are found in particular for heavy ions. Comparisons are made with selected results of the experimental and theoretical literature. (authors)

  15. Oxidoreductive Cellulose Depolymerization by the Enzymes Cellobiose Dehydrogenase and Glycoside Hydrolase 61▿†

    Science.gov (United States)

    Langston, James A.; Shaghasi, Tarana; Abbate, Eric; Xu, Feng; Vlasenko, Elena; Sweeney, Matt D.

    2011-01-01

    Several members of the glycoside hydrolase 61 (GH61) family of proteins have recently been shown to dramatically increase the breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass by microbial hydrolytic cellulases. However, purified GH61 proteins have neither demonstrable direct hydrolase activity on various polysaccharide or lignacious components of biomass nor an apparent hydrolase active site. Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is a secreted flavocytochrome produced by many cellulose-degrading fungi with no well-understood biological function. Here we demonstrate that the binary combination of Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A (TaGH61A) and Humicola insolens CDH (HiCDH) cleaves cellulose into soluble, oxidized oligosaccharides. TaGH61A-HiCDH activity on cellulose is shown to be nonredundant with the activities of canonical endocellulase and exocellulase enzymes in microcrystalline cellulose cleavage, and while the combination of TaGH61A and HiCDH cleaves highly crystalline bacterial cellulose, it does not cleave soluble cellodextrins. GH61 and CDH proteins are coexpressed and secreted by the thermophilic ascomycete Thielavia terrestris in response to environmental cellulose, and the combined activities of T. terrestris GH61 and T. terrestris CDH are shown to synergize with T. terrestris cellulose hydrolases in the breakdown of cellulose. The action of GH61 and CDH on cellulose may constitute an important, but overlooked, biological oxidoreductive system that functions in microbial lignocellulose degradation and has applications in industrial biomass utilization. PMID:21821740

  16. Collisional activation by MALDI tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry induces intramolecular migration of amide hydrogens in protonated peptides

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Jørgensen, Thomas J D; Bache, Nicolai; Roepstorff, Peter

    2005-01-01

    of doubly protonated peptides that the original regioselective deuterium pattern of these peptides is completely erased (Jørgensen, T. J. D., Gårdsvoll, H., Ploug, M., and Roepstorff, P. (2005) Intramolecular migration of amide hydrogens in protonated peptides upon collisional activation. J. Am. Chem. Soc...... randomization among all exchangeable sites (i.e. all N- and O-linked hydrogens) also occurs upon high energy collisional activation of singly protonated peptides. This intense proton/deuteron traffic precludes the use of MALDI tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry to obtain reliable information...

  17. Comportamiento del desarrollo sicomotor en el menor de 1 año, en relación con el manejo y funcionamiento familiar

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gloria Robaina Suárez

    2000-12-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo del desarrollo sicomotor (DSM hasta el año de edad, de una muestra de 51 recién nacidos sanos, relacionándolo con el manejo y funcionamiento familiar. El DSM se evaluó por la observación trimestral en la puericultura de las habilidades adquiridas y la aplicación al año de la prueba Brunet-Lezine. Para conocer el manejo familiar se utilizó una encuesta de preguntas cerradas, evaluando como adecuado o inadecuado, según parámetros previamente establecidos. Para el funcionamiento familiar aplicamos la prueba de Smilkstein, que mide el adgar familiar y expresa cualitativamente el funcionamiento como: funcional, moderadamente funcional y disfuncional. El 84,3 % de los niños presentó DSM normal al año, el 15,7 % retardo ligero a partir del tercer trimestre, siendo el lenguaje la esfera afectada; de ellos el 75 % vivía con familias disfuncionales y el 100 % con un manejo inadecuadoA descriptive and prospective study of the psychomotor development (SMD up to the first year of life in relation to family management and functioning was conducted in a sample of 51 sound newborn infants. The SMD was evaluated by the trimestral observation in child care of the adquired abilities and the application of the Brunet-Lezine test at one year of age. To know the family management it was used a survey of closed questions. Adequate and inadequate evaluations were given according to previously established parameters. In order to determine the family functioning we applied the Smilkstein´s test that measures the family Apgar and expresses qualitatively the functioning as: functional, moderately functional and dysfunctional. 84,3 % of the children had a normal SMD at one year of age, whereas 15,7% had mild retardation from the third trimester on, being speech the most affected sphere. Of them 75 % lived with dysfunctional families and 100 % with an inadequate management

  18. Nonlinear coherent structures of Alfvén wave in a collisional plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jana, Sayanee; Chakrabarti, Nikhil; Ghosh, Samiran

    2016-01-01

    The Alfvén wave dynamics is investigated in the framework of two-fluid approach in a compressible collisional magnetized plasma. In the finite amplitude limit, the dynamics of the nonlinear Alfvén wave is found to be governed by a modified Korteweg-de Vries Burgers equation (mKdVB). In this mKdVB equation, the electron inertia is found to act as a source of dispersion, and the electron-ion collision serves as a dissipation. The collisional dissipation is eventually responsible for the Burgers term in mKdVB equation. In the long wavelength limit, this weakly nonlinear Alfvén wave is shown to be governed by a damped nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Furthermore, these nonlinear equations are analyzed by means of analytical calculation and numerical simulation to elucidate the various aspects of the phase-space dynamics of the nonlinear wave. Results reveal that nonlinear Alfvén wave exhibits the dissipation mediated shock, envelope, and breather like structures. Numerical simulations also predict the formation of dissipative Alfvénic rogue wave, giant breathers, and rogue wave holes. These results are discussed in the context of the space plasma.

  19. Nonlinear coherent structures of Alfvén wave in a collisional plasma

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jana, Sayanee; Chakrabarti, Nikhil [Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064 (India); Ghosh, Samiran [Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700 009 (India)

    2016-07-15

    The Alfvén wave dynamics is investigated in the framework of two-fluid approach in a compressible collisional magnetized plasma. In the finite amplitude limit, the dynamics of the nonlinear Alfvén wave is found to be governed by a modified Korteweg-de Vries Burgers equation (mKdVB). In this mKdVB equation, the electron inertia is found to act as a source of dispersion, and the electron-ion collision serves as a dissipation. The collisional dissipation is eventually responsible for the Burgers term in mKdVB equation. In the long wavelength limit, this weakly nonlinear Alfvén wave is shown to be governed by a damped nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Furthermore, these nonlinear equations are analyzed by means of analytical calculation and numerical simulation to elucidate the various aspects of the phase-space dynamics of the nonlinear wave. Results reveal that nonlinear Alfvén wave exhibits the dissipation mediated shock, envelope, and breather like structures. Numerical simulations also predict the formation of dissipative Alfvénic rogue wave, giant breathers, and rogue wave holes. These results are discussed in the context of the space plasma.

  20. Investigation of collisional excitation-transfer processes in a plasma by laser perturbation method

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sakurai, Takeki

    1983-01-01

    The theoretical background and the experimental method of the laser perturbation method applied to the study of collisional excitation transfer process in plasma are explained. The atomic density at some specified level can be evaluated theoretically. By using the theoretical results and the experimentally obtained data, the total attenuation probability, the collisional transfer probability and natural emission probability were estimated. For the experiments, continuous wave laser (cw) and pulse laser are employed. It is possible by using pulse dye laser to observe the attenuation curve directly, and to bring in resonance to any atomic spectra. At the beginning, the experimental studies were made on He-Ne discharge. The pulse dye laser has been used for the excitation of alkali atoms. The first application of pulse laser to the study of plasma physics was the study on He. The cross section of disalignment has also been studied by the laser perturbation. The alignment of atoms, step and cascade transfer, the confinement of radiation and optogalvanic effect are discussed in this paper. (Kato, T.)

  1. Dust effect on the collisional pumping of the H2O cosmic maser

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bolgova, G.T.; Strel'nitskij, V.S.; Shmeld, I.K.

    1977-01-01

    The rate equations for the pupulations of 48 ortho-H 2 O rotational levels are solved simultaneously with the equations of the radiative transfer in the rotational lines, accounting for the continuous absorption and emission of resonance photon by dust grains. The radiative transport was treated in a model of a homogeneous isothermal plane-parallel slab, approximating the region of collisional pumping behind a shock front. It is found, that continuous absorption and emission may strongly influence the character of the distribution of the rotational level populations. Depending on the relation between the kinetic temperature Tsub(k) and the dust temperature Tsub(d) the ''turning on'' of the dust may either greatly increase the inversion of the 6 16 -5 23 transition (when Tsub(d) < Tsub(k)) or, on the contrary, greatly decrease and even liquidate the inversion (when Tsub(d)=Tsub(k)). The sink of the rotational photons on the cold dust reduces the thermalizing effect of the radiation trapping, reestablishing the inversion of many transitions provided by the collisional pumping

  2. Parallel Transport with Sheath and Collisional Effects in Global Electrostatic Turbulent Transport in FRCs

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bao, Jian; Lau, Calvin; Kuley, Animesh; Lin, Zhihong; Fulton, Daniel; Tajima, Toshiki; Tri Alpha Energy, Inc. Team

    2017-10-01

    Collisional and turbulent transport in a field reversed configuration (FRC) is studied in global particle simulation by using GTC (gyrokinetic toroidal code). The global FRC geometry is incorporated in GTC by using a field-aligned mesh in cylindrical coordinates, which enables global simulation coupling core and scrape-off layer (SOL) across the separatrix. Furthermore, fully kinetic ions are implemented in GTC to treat magnetic-null point in FRC core. Both global simulation coupling core and SOL regions and independent SOL region simulation have been carried out to study turbulence. In this work, the ``logical sheath boundary condition'' is implemented to study parallel transport in the SOL. This method helps to relax time and spatial steps without resolving electron plasma frequency and Debye length, which enables turbulent transports simulation with sheath effects. We will study collisional and turbulent SOL parallel transport with mirror geometry and sheath boundary condition in C2-W divertor.

  3. Review and limitations of 3D plasma blob modeling with reduced collisional fluid equations

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Angus, Justin R., E-mail: jangus@ucsd.edu [University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States); Umansky, Maxim V. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA (United States); Krashenninikov, Sergei I. [University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)

    2013-07-15

    Recent 3D studies on plasma blobs (coherent structures found in the edge region of magnetic confinement devices) have demonstrated that the drift wave instability can strongly limit the blob’s coherency and cross field convective nature that is predicted by 2D theory. However, the dominant unstable drift wave modes that effect plasma blobs were found to exist in parameter regimes that only marginally satisfied several of the major assumptions considered for the validity of the reduced collisional fluid equations used in the study. Namely, the neglect of electron heat flow, finite electron mean free path effects, and thermal ions. A follow up study demonstrated how the drift wave instability might change if a set of equations that does not suffer from the limitations mentioned above were considered. In the present paper, the results of this later work are used to discuss the limitations on using the collisional fluid equations for 3D studies of plasma blobs.

  4. Determination of microturbulence enhanced electron collisionality in magnetized coaxial accelerator channels by direct magnetic field measurement

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Black, D.C.; Mayo, R.M.; Caress, R.W.

    1997-01-01

    A miniature magnetic probe array, consisting of 10 spatially separated coils, has been used to obtain profile information on the time varying magnetic field within the 2.54 cm wide flow channel of the coaxial plasma source experiment (CPS-1) [R. M. Mayo et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 4, 47 (1995)]. The magnetic field data have been used, together with a resistive, Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of applied field distortion by the flowing plasma, to obtain estimates of the microturbulent enhancement to electron collisionality within the CPS-1 flow channel. These measurements provide direct experimental evidence of anomalous electron collisionality, a previously predicted effect in these devices. The anomaly parameter, a=ν an /ν cl , determined both from the distortion of contours of constant magnetic flux, and from local B θ and B z measurements scales with the classical electron magnetization parameter (Ω cl =ω ce /ν e cl ), indicating that collisionality plays a strong role in determining the level of anomalous transport in the plasma. When this anomaly parameter scaling is cast in terms of the ratio ν e cl /ω lh , it is found that the resistivity enhancement scales with ν e cl /ω lh , and becomes significant at ν e cl /ω lh ≤1, suggesting that a lower hybrid drift instability may be the responsible mechanism for enhanced transport. copyright 1997 American Institute of Physics

  5. Sheath waves, non collisional dampings

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Marec, Jean Lucien Ernest

    1974-01-01

    When a metallic conductor is inserted into an ionised gas, an area of electron depletion is formed between the conductor and the plasma: the ionic sheath. Moreover, if the conductor is excited by an electric field, this ionic sheath plays an important role with respect to microwave properties. In this research thesis, the author addresses the range of frequencies smaller than the plasma frequency, and reports the study of resonance phenomena. After a presentation of the problem through a bibliographical study, the author recalls general characteristics of sheath wave propagation and of sheath resonances, and discusses the validity of different hypotheses (for example and among others, electrostatic approximations, cold plasma). Then, the author more particularly addresses theoretical problems related to non collisional dampings: brief bibliographical study, detailed presentation and description of the theoretical model, damping calculation methods. The author then justifies the design and performance of an experiment, indicates measurement methods used to determine plasma characteristics as well as other magnitudes which allow the description of mechanisms of propagation and damping of sheath waves. Experimental results are finally presented with respect to various parameters. The author discusses to which extent the chosen theoretical model is satisfying [fr

  6. Nonlinear transport processes in tokamak plasmas. I. The collisional regimes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sonnino, Giorgio; Peeters, Philippe

    2008-01-01

    An application of the thermodynamic field theory (TFT) to transport processes in L-mode tokamak plasmas is presented. The nonlinear corrections to the linear ('Onsager') transport coefficients in the collisional regimes are derived. A quite encouraging result is the appearance of an asymmetry between the Pfirsch-Schlueter (P-S) ion and electron transport coefficients: the latter presents a nonlinear correction, which is absent for the ions, and makes the radial electron coefficients much larger than the former. Explicit calculations and comparisons between the neoclassical results and the TFT predictions for Joint European Torus (JET) plasmas are also reported. It is found that the nonlinear electron P-S transport coefficients exceed the values provided by neoclassical theory by a factor that may be of the order 10 2 . The nonlinear classical coefficients exceed the neoclassical ones by a factor that may be of order 2. For JET, the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical results for the electron losses is therefore significantly reduced by a factor 10 2 when the nonlinear contributions are duly taken into account but, there is still a factor of 10 2 to be explained. This is most likely due to turbulence. The expressions of the ion transport coefficients, determined by the neoclassical theory in these two regimes, remain unaltered. The low-collisional regimes, i.e., the plateau and the banana regimes, are analyzed in the second part of this work

  7. Generation of Suprathermal Electrons by Collective Processes in Collisional Plasma

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tigik, S. F.; Ziebell, L. F.; Yoon, P. H.

    2017-11-01

    The ubiquity of high-energy tails in the charged particle velocity distribution functions (VDFs) observed in space plasmas suggests the existence of an underlying process responsible for taking a fraction of the charged particle population out of thermal equilibrium and redistributing it to suprathermal velocity and energy ranges. The present Letter focuses on a new and fundamental physical explanation for the origin of suprathermal electron velocity distribution function (EVDF) in a collisional plasma. This process involves a newly discovered electrostatic bremsstrahlung (EB) emission that is effective in a plasma in which binary collisions are present. The steady-state EVDF dictated by such a process corresponds to a Maxwellian core plus a quasi-inverse power-law tail, which is a feature commonly observed in many space plasma environments. In order to demonstrate this, the system of self-consistent particle- and wave-kinetic equations are numerically solved with an initially Maxwellian EVDF and Langmuir wave spectral intensity, which is a state that does not reflect the presence of EB process, and hence not in force balance. The EB term subsequently drives the system to a new force-balanced steady state. After a long integration period it is demonstrated that the initial Langmuir fluctuation spectrum is modified, which in turn distorts the initial Maxwellian EVDF into a VDF that resembles the said core-suprathermal VDF. Such a mechanism may thus be operative at the coronal source region, which is characterized by high collisionality.

  8. Tungsten Ions in Plasmas: Statistical Theory of Radiative-Collisional Processes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alexander V. Demura

    2015-05-01

    Full Text Available The statistical model for calculations of the collisional-radiative processes in plasmas with tungsten impurity was developed. The electron structure of tungsten multielectron ions is considered in terms of both the Thomas-Fermi model and the Brandt-Lundquist model of collective oscillations of atomic electron density. The excitation or ionization of atomic electrons by plasma electron impacts are represented as photo-processes under the action of flux of equivalent photons introduced by E. Fermi. The total electron impact single ionization cross-sections of ions Wk+ with respective rates have been calculated and compared with the available experimental and modeling data (e.g., CADW. Plasma radiative losses on tungsten impurity were also calculated in a wide range of electron temperatures 1 eV–20 keV. The numerical code TFATOM was developed for calculations of radiative-collisional processes involving tungsten ions. The needed computational resources for TFATOM code are orders of magnitudes less than for the other conventional numerical codes. The transition from corona to Boltzmann limit was investigated in detail. The results of statistical approach have been tested by comparison with the vast experimental and conventional code data for a set of ions Wk+. It is shown that the universal statistical model accuracy for the ionization cross-sections and radiation losses is within the data scattering of significantly more complex quantum numerical codes, using different approximations for the calculation of atomic structure and the electronic cross-sections.

  9. Collisional erosion and the non-chondritic composition of the terrestrial planets.

    Science.gov (United States)

    O'Neill, Hugh St C; Palme, Herbert

    2008-11-28

    The compositional variations among the chondrites inform us about cosmochemical fractionation processes during condensation and aggregation of solid matter from the solar nebula. These fractionations include: (i) variable Mg-Si-RLE ratios (RLE: refractory lithophile element), (ii) depletions in elements more volatile than Mg, (iii) a cosmochemical metal-silicate fractionation, and (iv) variations in oxidation state. Moon- to Mars-sized planetary bodies, formed by rapid accretion of chondrite-like planetesimals in local feeding zones within 106 years, may exhibit some of these chemical variations. However, the next stage of planetary accretion is the growth of the terrestrial planets from approximately 102 embryos sourced across wide heliocentric distances, involving energetic collisions, in which material may be lost from a growing planet as well as gained. While this may result in averaging out of the 'chondritic' fractionations, it introduces two non-chondritic chemical fractionation processes: post-nebular volatilization and preferential collisional erosion. In the latter, geochemically enriched crust formed previously is preferentially lost. That post-nebular volatilization was widespread is demonstrated by the non-chondritic Mn/Na ratio in all the small, differentiated, rocky bodies for which we have basaltic samples, including the Moon and Mars. The bulk silicate Earth (BSE) has chondritic Mn/Na, but shows several other compositional features in its pattern of depletion of volatile elements suggestive of non-chondritic fractionation. The whole-Earth Fe/Mg ratio is 2.1+/-0.1, significantly greater than the solar ratio of 1.9+/-0.1, implying net collisional erosion of approximately 10 per cent silicate relative to metal during the Earth's accretion. If this collisional erosion preferentially removed differentiated crust, the assumption of chondritic ratios among all RLEs in the BSE would not be valid, with the BSE depleted in elements according to their

  10. Collisional width of giant resonances and interplay with Landau damping

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bonasera, A.; Burgio, G.F.; Di Toro, M.; Wolter, H.H.

    1989-01-01

    We present a semiclassical method to calculate the widths of giant resonances. We solve a mean-field kinetic equation (Vlasov equation) with collision terms treated within the relaxation time approximation to construct a damped strength distribution for collective motions. The relaxation time is evaluated from the time evolution of distortions in the nucleon momentum distribution using a test-particle approach. The importance of an energy dependent nucleon-nucleon cross section is stressed. Results are shown for isoscalar giant quadrupole and octupole motions. A quite important interplay between self-consistent (Landau) and collisional damping is revealed

  11. A one-dimensional collisional model for plasma-immersion ion implantation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vahedi, V.; Lieberman, M.A.; Alves, M.V.; Verboncoeur, J.P.; Birdsall, C.K.

    1991-01-01

    Plasma-immersion ion implantation (also known as plasma-source ion implantation) is a process in which a target is immersed in a plasma and a series of large negative-voltage pulses are applied to it to extract ions from the plasma and implant them into the target. A general one-dimensional model is developed to study this process in different coordinate systems for the case in which the pressure of the neutral gas is large enough that the ion motion in the sheath can be assumed to be highly collisional

  12. TECTONIC POSITION OF MARBLE MELANGES IN THE EARLY PALEOZOIC ACCRETION-COLLISIONAL SYSTEM OF THE WESTERN PRIBAIKALIE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    V. S. Fedorovsky

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available The Early Paleozoic collisional system located in the Olkhon region at the western shores of Lake Baikal resulted from collision of the Siberian paleocontinent and a complex aggregate composed by fragments of a microcontinent, island arcs, back-arc structures and accretionary prisms. The main events were associated with complete manifestation of shear tectogenesis initiated by oblique collision. The current structure includes tectonically displaced components of ancient geodynamic systems that used to have been located dozens and hundreds of kilometres apart. Horizontal amplitudes of tectonic displacement seem to have been quite high; however, numerical data are still lacking to support this conclusion. Information about the structure of the upper crust in the Paleozoic is also lacking as only deep metamorphic rocks (varying from epidote-amphibolite to granulite facies are currently outcropped. Formations comprising the collisional collage are significantly different in composition and protoliths, and combinations of numerous shifted beds give evidence of a 'bulldozer' effect caused by the collisional shock followed by movements of crushed components of the ocean-continent zone along the margin of the Siberian paleocontinent. As evidenced by the recent cross-section, deep horizons of the Early Paleozoic crust comprise the collisional system between the Siberian craton and the Olkhon composite terrain. A permanent inclusion in the collisional combinations of rocks are unusual synmetamorphic injected bodies of carbonate rocks. Such rocks comprise two groups, marble melanges and crustal carbonate melted rocks. Obviously, carbonate rocks (that composed the original layers and horizons of stratified beds can become less viscous to a certain degree at some locations during the process of oblique collision and acquire unusual properties and can thus intrude into the surrounding rocks of silicate composition. Such carbonate rocks behave as protrusions

  13. Nonlinear acoustic waves in partially ionized collisional plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rao, N.N.; Kaup, D.J.; Shukla, P.K.

    1991-01-01

    Nonlinear propagation of acoustic-type waves in a partially ionized three-component collisional plasma consisting of electrons, ions and neutral particles is investigated. For bidirectional propagation, it is shown that the small- but finite-amplitude waves are governed by the Boussinesq equation, which for unidirectional propagation near the acoustic speed reduces to the usual Korteweg-de Vries equation. For large-amplitude waves, it is demonstrated that the relevant fluid equations are integrable in a stationary frame, and the parameter values for the existence of finite-amplitude solutions are explicitly obtained. In both cases, the different temperatures of the individual species, are taken into account. The relevance of the results to the earth's ionospheric plasma in the lower altitude ranges is pointed out. (author)

  14. Collisional broadening of depolarized spectral lines of hydrogen gases at low temperatures

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hout, K.D. van den.

    1978-01-01

    Experimental results are presented for the collisional broadening and shift of H 2 , D 2 and HD rotational Raman and depolarized Rayleigh lines at various temperatures between 25 K and 300 K. These are then discussed within the context of current theoretical concepts. For a few temperatures the line broadening cross sections are also reported as a function of the ortho-para composition for H 2 and D 2 . (C.F.)

  15. Qué hace el cuidador familiar en el hospital: Cómo se ve a sí mismo y cómo lo ven los profesionales The role of the family caregivers in the hospital: Their self-concept and how they are seen by health professionals

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rafael Villar Dávila

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available Los cuidadores familiares han sido ampliamente estudiados en el ámbito domiciliario y de la atención primaria pero prácticamente no existen estudios que incidan sobre su realidad dentro de los hospitales. Con un enfoque cuantitativo y diseño descriptivo transversal mediante el uso de cuestionarios validados al efecto realizado a familiares que cuidan a ancianos ingresados en los hospitales se conoce el perfil de los mismos, qué actividades realizan y qué valoración hacen de ellos los profesionales de enfermería. Como conclusiones principales destacar: a Las principales actividades del cuidador familiar en el hospital son de acompañamiento, entretenimiento, soporte emocional e intermediación. b El desconocimiento de la actividad inhiben al cuidador familiar a realizar más actividades. c Si se educa y entrena al cuidador familiar en las actividades de cuidado, se harán más. d Los profesionales desconocen lo que los familiares dicen que hacen. No consideran que muchas de las acciones del cuidador sean realmente cuidados. Creen que los cuidadores familiares no ayudan tanto como ellos esperan al cuidado básico de los ancianos ingresados.Family caregivers have been widely studied in the home and primary care but virtually do no exits studies which influence the reality in hospitals. With a quantitative approach and cross-sectional design using questionnaires validated for that purpose made to relatives who care for elderly people in hospitals is called the profile them, what activities do and what makes them value the nurses. As main findings include: a The main activities of family caregivers in the hospital are accompanying, entertainment, emotional support and brokerage. b Lack of activity inhibit the family caregiver to be more active. c If you educate and train the family caregiver in activities of care, will be more. d Professionals know what family members say they do. Do not think that many of the actions of the caregiver are

  16. O significado de família para casais homossexuais El significado de la familia para parejas homosexuales The meaning of family for homesexual couples

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Geraldo Magela Salomé

    2007-10-01

    Full Text Available Este estudo teve como proposta compreender a estrutura e a dinâmica da família de casais constituída por pessoas do mesmo sexo, a partir de como ela é vivenciada. Utilizando-nos do referencial fenomenológico, entrevistamos dois casais homossexuais. A análise dos depoimentos, nossas vivências e as leituras realizadas desvelaram duas categorias temáticas: O significado da família, constituído por homossexuais e Percebendo o impacto e o valor da convivência familiar. Pautado na compreensão do fenômeno, vislumbramos novas perspectivas, pois, quando alguém resolve formar uma família diferente daquela proposta pelo modelo tradicional, estará criando uma condição nova, ou seja, um novo tipo de organização da família. Na enfermagem nosso cuidar visa assistir, é necessário que despertemos para um cuidar que acolha diferentes formas de famílias dos doentes, dentro dos preceitos da afetividade, da ética e respeito considerando a garantia de privacidade.Este estudio tuvo como objectivo entender la estructura y la dinámica de la familia de los pares constituidos por la gente del mismo sexo, tiendo como basis su vivencia. El referencial fenomelogico hay sido usado a través de entrevistas dos pares de homosexuales. De la anailis de los reportes somado a las experiencias y lecturas resultó en la definición de dos categorías temáticas: "el significado de la familia constituídao por homosexuales" y "percibiendo el impacto y el valor de la familia. Con basis en la comprensión del fenómeno, nuevas perspectivas son vislumbradas, por lo tanto, cuando alguien decide formar una familia distinta del modelo tradicional, creará una nueva condición, y tanbién, un nuevo tipo de familia. En la atención de enfermería es necesario estar abiertos para las nuevas formas de constitución familiar para garantizar el mismo nivel de atención guardandose la ética, la afectividad, el respecto y tanbién considerando la garantiza de la

  17. "El Miedo y El Hambre": Understanding the Familial, Social, and Educational Realities of Undocumented Latino Families in North Central Indiana

    Science.gov (United States)

    Viramontez Anguiano, Ruben P.; Lopez, Anayeli

    2012-01-01

    This study explored how different ecological factors, within and outside the family, affected the educational success of the children of undocumented families. The sample consisted of 63 immigrant Latino parents (40 families) who resided in North Central Indiana. This study utilized an ethnographic research design. Findings demonstrated that…

  18. Nonlinear magnetic reconnection in low collisionality plasmas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ottaviani, M [Commission of the European Communities, Abingdon (United Kingdom). JET Joint Undertaking; Porcelli, F [Politecnico di Torino, Turin (Italy)

    1994-07-01

    The magnetic reconnection in collisionless regimes, where electron inertia is responsible for the decoupling of the plasma motion from that of the field lines, is discussed. Since the linear theory of m=1 modes breaks down for very small magnetic island widths, a non linear analysis is called for. Thus, the behaviour of a collisionless, 2-D fluid slab model in the limit {rho}/d -> 0, is analyzed. The main result is that, when the island size is larger than the linear layer but smaller than the equilibrium scale length, the reconnection rate exhibits a quasi-explosive time behaviour, during which a current density sub-layer narrower than the skin depth is formed. It is believed that the inclusion of the electron initial term in Ohm`s law opens the possibility to understand the rapidity of relaxation process observed in low collisionality plasmas. 7 refs., 6 figs.

  19. Tres apuntes sobre el signo lingüístico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zaranka Juozas

    1981-06-01

    Full Text Available

    family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">En el Cratilo de Platón (428/7 - 348/7 a J.C. se plantea el problema family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">de la exactitud del ónoma - nombre: ¿es ésta natural o convencional? es family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">decir, ¿corresponde el nombre a la cosa por naturaleza o por convención family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">y costumbre? En la primera parte del diálogo Sócrates trata de convencer family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">a Hermógenes, el partidario del convencionalismo, de que el nombre, family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">como instrumento para distinguir las cosas y enseñarlas a los demás,

    family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">debe ser exacto por naturaleza, porque de otra manera no lograría su family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">propósito. La parte central, que es la más extensa del dialogo, esta family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">dedicada a las etimologías que deberían apoyar  la teoría de la exactitud family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">natural de los nombres. Se buscan las de los nombres derivados, mientras family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">que los

  20. Los cuidadores familiares en el Hospital Universitario de Traumatología y Rehabilitación de Granada Family caregivers in the University Hospital Traumatología and Rehabiblitación in Granada

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aurora Quero Rufián

    2005-06-01

    Full Text Available Introducción: La hospitalización afecta a la dinámica de las relaciones familiares y obliga a cambios en la representación de los roles habituales. El papel de los cuidadores familiares adquiere toda su relevancia en la medida que satisfacen las necesidades del enfermo. Esta actividad en la mayoría de los casos es realizada por mujeres. Objetivos: Conocer el perfil y tipo de cuidados que prestan los cuidadores familiares en las unidades de Maxilofacial, Neurología, Neurocirugía y Traumatología del Hospital de Traumatología de Granada. Analizar las necesidades y problemas con los que se encuentran en el hospital. Conocer la opinión del personal de enfermería sobre el cuidador familiar. Diseño: Cualitativo, mediante Observación sistemática, grupos focales (uno con enfermeras y otro con auxiliares, encuestas y entrevistas en profundidad. El análisis de contenido ha sido realizado mediante el soporte informático Atlas/ti, 2.4. Resultados: correspondientes a la categoría de hábitat hospitalario, en relación con las actividades, nivel de información, demandas, etc, de los cuidadores familiares. Conclusiones: El ámbito hospitalario es hostil para el cuidador familiar; es necesario establecer un nuevo marco relacional entre los profesionales y los cuidadores y reconocer su presencia y actividad dentro de la institución sanitaria.Introduction: Generally hospitalization affects familiar relationships and it also obvies to take certain changes in families’ routine. That is why family caregivers have acquired an important role, as they fulfil the needs of the patients. Most of the times, this activity is performed by women. Aims: The aims of this article are: to explain family care givers profile and the kind of care they provide in the following units: Maxilofacial, Neurology, Neurosurgery and Traumatology in the University Hospital Traumatología y Rehabilitación in Granada.This article will analyse different needs and problems

  1. The effect of catastrophic collisional fragmentation and diffuse medium accretion on a computational interstellar dust system

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liffman, Kurt

    1990-01-01

    The effects of catastrophic collisional fragmentation and diffuse medium accretion on a the interstellar dust system are computed using a Monte Carlo computer model. The Monte Carlo code has as its basis an analytic solution of the bulk chemical evolution of a two-phase interstellar medium, described by Liffman and Clayton (1989). The model is subjected to numerous different interstellar processes as it transfers from one interstellar phase to another. Collisional fragmentation was found to be the dominant physical process that shapes the size spectrum of interstellar dust. It was found that, in the diffuse cloud phase, 90 percent of the refractory material is locked up in the dust grains, primarily due to accretion in the molecular medium. This result is consistent with the observed depletions of silicon. Depletions were found to be affected only slightly by diffuse cloud accretion.

  2. Collisional effects in the ion Weibel instability for two counter-propagating plasma streams

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ryutov, D. D.; Fiuza, F.; Huntington, C. M.; Ross, J. S.; Park, H.-S. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 (United States)

    2014-03-15

    Experiments directed towards the study of the collisionless interaction between two counter-streaming plasma flows generated by high-power lasers are designed in such a way as to make collisions between the ions of the two flows negligibly rare. This is reached by making flow velocities v as high as possible and thereby exploiting the 1/v{sup 4} dependence of the Rutherford cross-section. At the same time, the plasma temperature of each flow may be relatively low so that collisional mean-free paths for the intra-stream particle collisions may be much smaller than the characteristic spatial scale of the unstable modes required for the shock formation. The corresponding effects are studied in this paper for the case of the ion Weibel (filamentation) instability. Dispersion relations for the case of strong intra-stream collisions are derived. It is shown that the growth-rates become significantly smaller than those stemming from a collisionless model. The underlying physics is mostly related to the increase of the electron stabilizing term. Additional effects are an increased “stiffness” of the collisional ion gas and the ion viscous dissipation. A parameter domain where collisions are important is identified.

  3. Laser plasma physics in shock ignition – transition from collisional to collisionless absorption

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Klimo O.

    2013-11-01

    Full Text Available Shock Ignition is considered as a relatively robust and efficient approach to inertial confinement fusion. A strong converging shock, which is used to ignite the fuel, is launched by a high power laser pulse with intensity in the range of 1015 − 1016 W/cm2 (at the wavelength of 351 nm. In the lower end of this intensity range the interaction is dominated by collisions while the parametric instabilities are playing a secondary role. This is manifested in a relatively weak reflectivity and efficient electron heating. The interaction is dominated by collective effects at the upper edge of the intensity range. The stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering (SBS and SRS respectively take place in a less dense plasma and cavitation provides an efficient collisionless absorption mechanism. The transition from collisional to collisionless absorption in laser plasma interactions at higher intensities is studied here with the help of large scale one-dimensional Particle-in-Cell (PIC simulations. The relation between the collisional and collisionless processes is manifested in the energy spectrum of electrons transporting the absorbed laser energy and in the spectrum of the reflected laser light.

  4. Numerical Simulations of Collisional Cascades at the Roche Limits of White Dwarf Stars

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kenyon, Scott J.; Bromley, Benjamin C.

    2017-08-01

    We consider the long-term collisional and dynamical evolution of solid material orbiting in a narrow annulus near the Roche limit of a white dwarf. With orbital velocities of 300 {km} {{{s}}}-1, systems of solids with initial eccentricity e≳ {10}-3 generate a collisional cascade where objects with radii r ≲ 100{--}300 {km} are ground to dust. This process converts 1-100 km asteroids into 1 μm particles in 102-106 yr. Throughout this evolution, the swarm maintains an initially large vertical scale height H. Adding solids at a rate \\dot{M} enables the system to find an equilibrium where the mass in solids is roughly constant. This equilibrium depends on \\dot{M} and {r}0, the radius of the largest solid added to the swarm. When {r}0 ≲ 10 km, this equilibrium is stable. For larger {r}0, the mass oscillates between high and low states; the fraction of time spent in high states ranges from 100% for large \\dot{M} to much less than 1% for small \\dot{M}. During high states, the stellar luminosity reprocessed by the solids is comparable to the excess infrared emission observed in many metallic line white dwarfs.

  5. Multispecies density peaking in gyrokinetic turbulence simulations of low collisionality Alcator C-Mod plasmas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mikkelsen, D. R., E-mail: dmikkelsen@pppl.gov; Bitter, M.; Delgado-Aparicio, L.; Hill, K. W. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 (United States); Greenwald, M.; Howard, N. T.; Hughes, J. W.; Rice, J. E. [MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, 175 Albany St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); Reinke, M. L. [MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, 175 Albany St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD (United Kingdom); Podpaly, Y. [MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, 175 Albany St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); AAAS S and T Fellow placed in the Directorate for Engineering, NSF, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, Virginia 22230 (United States); Ma, Y. [MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, 175 Albany St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St Paul Lez Durance Cedex (France); Candy, J.; Waltz, R. E. [General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608 (United States)

    2015-06-15

    Peaked density profiles in low-collisionality AUG and JET H-mode plasmas are probably caused by a turbulently driven particle pinch, and Alcator C-Mod experiments confirmed that collisionality is a critical parameter. Density peaking in reactors could produce a number of important effects, some beneficial, such as enhanced fusion power and transport of fuel ions from the edge to the core, while others are undesirable, such as lower beta limits, reduced radiation from the plasma edge, and consequently higher divertor heat loads. Fundamental understanding of the pinch will enable planning to optimize these impacts. We show that density peaking is predicted by nonlinear gyrokinetic turbulence simulations based on measured profile data from low collisionality H-mode plasma in Alcator C-Mod. Multiple ion species are included to determine whether hydrogenic density peaking has an isotope dependence or is influenced by typical levels of low-Z impurities, and whether impurity density peaking depends on the species. We find that the deuterium density profile is slightly more peaked than that of hydrogen, and that experimentally relevant levels of boron have no appreciable effect on hydrogenic density peaking. The ratio of density at r/a = 0.44 to that at r/a = 0.74 is 1.2 for the majority D and minority H ions (and for electrons), and increases with impurity Z: 1.1 for helium, 1.15 for boron, 1.3 for neon, 1.4 for argon, and 1.5 for molybdenum. The ion temperature profile is varied to match better the predicted heat flux with the experimental transport analysis, but the resulting factor of two change in heat transport has only a weak effect on the predicted density peaking.

  6. Comment on 'Ion collection by a sphere in a flowing collisional plasma' [Phys. Plasmas 14, 034502 (2007)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hutchinson, I. H.

    2007-01-01

    It is shown that the numerical solutions presented in a recent paper discussing a highly simplified model of collisional particle collection are unnecessary because simple analytic solutions of the quantities presented are available

  7. Sum rules for collisional processes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Oreg, J.; Goldstein, W.H.; Bar-Shalom, A.; Klapisch, M.

    1991-01-01

    We derive level-to-configuration sum rules for dielectronic capture and for collisional excitation and ionization. These sum rules give the total transition rate from a detailed atomic level to an atomic configuration. For each process, we show that it is possible to factor out the dependence on continuum-electron wave functions. The remaining explicit level dependence of each rate is then obtained from the matrix element of an effective operator acting on the bound orbitals only. In a large class of cases, the effective operator reduces to a one-electron monopole whose matrix element is proportional to the statistical weight of the level. We show that even in these cases, nonstatistical level dependence enters through the dependence of radial integrals on continuum orbitals. For each process, explicit analytic expressions for the level-to-configuration sum rules are given for all possible cases. Together with the well-known J-file sum rule for radiative rates [E. U. Condon and G. H. Shortley, The Theory of Atomic Spectra (University Press, Cambridge, 1935)], the sum rules offer a systematic and efficient procedure for collapsing high-multiplicity configurations into ''effective'' levels for the purpose of modeling the population kinetics of ionized heavy atoms in plasma

  8. Measurement of the Transverse Spitzer Resistivity during Collisional Magnetic Reconnection

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Trintchouk, F.; Yamada, M.; Ji, H.; Kulsrud, R.M.; Carter, T.A.

    2000-01-01

    Measurement of the transverse resistivity was carried out in a reconnecting current sheet where the mean free path for the Coulomb collision is smaller than the thickness of the sheet. In a collisional neutral sheet without a guide field, the transverse resistivity is directly related to the reconnection rate. A remarkable agreement is found between the measured resistivity and the classical value derived by L. Spitzer. In his calculation the transverse resistivity for the electrons is higher than the parallel resistivity by a factor of 1.96. The measured values have verified this theory to within 30% errors

  9. Collisional redistribution of circularly polarized light in barium perturbed by argon

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alford, W.J.; Andersen, N.; Belsley, M.; Cooper, J.; Warrington, D.M.; Burnett, K.

    1984-01-01

    We have measured the orientation of the Ba 6p 1 P level produced by collision-induced excitation from the ground state by circularly polarized light. The detuning dependence of the far-wing excited state orientation can be interpreted in terms of reorientation of molecular orbitals which occur during the collision. Effects due to rotational coupling are seen to occure at large blue wing detunings. We have also determined the collisional rate for destruction of orientation by measuring the pressure dependence of the excited state orientation. (orig.)

  10. Early Permian intrusions of the Alai range: Understanding tectonic settings of Hercynian post-collisional magmatism in the South Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan

    Science.gov (United States)

    Konopelko, D.; Wilde, S. A.; Seltmann, R.; Romer, R. L.; Biske, Yu. S.

    2018-03-01

    We present geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope data as well as the results of single grain U-Pb zircon dating for ten granitoid and alkaline intrusions of the Alai segment of Kyrgyz South Tien Shan (STS). The intrusions comprise four geochemically contrasting series or suites, including (1) I-type and (2) shoshonitic granitoids, (3) peraluminous granitoids including S-type leucogranites and (4) alkaline rocks and carbonatites, closely associated in space. New geochronological data indicate that these diverse magmatic series of the Alai segment formed in a post-collisional setting. Five single grain U-Pb zircon ages in the range 287-281 Ma, in combination with published ages, define the main post-collisional magmatic pulse at 290-280 Ma, which is similar to ages of post-collisional intrusions elsewhere in the STS. An age of 287 ± 4 Ma, obtained for peraluminous graniodiorite of the Liayliak massif, emplaced in amphibolite-facies metamorphic rocks of the Zeravshan-Alai block, is indistinguishable from ca. 290 Ma age of peraluminous granitoids emplaced coevally with Barrovian-type metamorphism in the Garm block, located ca. 40 km south-west of the research area. The Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions of the studied intrusions are consistent with the reworking of crustal material with 1.6-1.1 Ga average crustal residence times, indicating the formation of the Alai segment on a continental basement with Mesoproterozoic or older crust. The pattern of post-collisional magmatism in the Alai segment, characterized by emplacement of I-type and shoshoninitic granitoids in combination with coeval Barrovian-type metamorphism, is markedly different from the pattern of post-collisional magmatism in the adjacent Kokshaal segment of the STS with predominant A-type granitoids that formed on a former passive margin of the Tarim Craton. We suggest that during the middle-late Carboniferous the Alai segment probably comprised a microcontinent with Precambrian basement located between

  11. Los consejos de salarios en Uruguay con el gobierno de la izquierda

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Ibarra

    2008-05-01

    Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2178-4582.2008v42n1-2p61El artículo analiza los Consejos de Salarios organizados en Uruguay por el gobierno de izquierda. Procura demostrar que no son simplemente una vuelta atrás, desde la desregulación laboral hacia la institución clásica del compromiso social. Envuelven, por el contrario, una inversión de las relaciones del trabajo con el estado y el capital.

  12. Electromagnetic-wave absorption by inhomogeneous, collisional plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gregoire, D.J.; Santoru, J.; Schumacher, R.W.

    1990-01-01

    Unmagnetized, collisional plasmas can be used as broadband EM-wave absorbers or refractors. In the absorption process, plasma electrons are first accelerated by the EM-wave fields and then collide with background-gas molecules, thereby transferring energy from the EM waves to the gas. A plasma absorber has several advantages compared to conventional materials. A plasma can be turned on and off very rapidly, thereby switching between absorbing and transparent conditions. Calculations indicate that plasma absorbers can also be tailored to provide broadband absorption (>40 dB) over multiple octaves. The authors have developed a one-dimensional model and a computer code to calculate the net power reflected from a plasma-enclosed EM-wave-reflecting target. They included three contributions to the reflected EM-wave power: reflections from the vacuum-plasma interface; reflections from the bulk plasma volume; and reflection of the attenuated EM wave that is transmitted through the plasma and reflected by the target

  13. Collisional and radiative processes in fluorescent lamps

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lister, Graeme G.

    2003-01-01

    Since electrode life is the major limiting factor in operating fluorescent lamps, many lighting companies have introduced 'electrodeless' fluorescent lamps, using inductively coupled discharges. These lamps often operate at much higher power loadings than standard lamps and numerical models have not been successful in reproducing experimental measurements in the parameter ranges of interest. A comprehensive research program was undertaken to study the fundamental physical processes of these discharges, co-funded by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and OSRAM SYLVANIA under the name of ALITE. The program included experiments and modeling of radiation transport, computations of electron-atom and atom-atom cross sections and the first comprehensive power balance studies of a highly loaded fluorescent lamp. Results from the program and their importance to the understanding of the physics of fluorescent lamps are discussed, with particular emphasis on the important collisional and radiative processes. Comparisons between results of experimental measurements and numerical models are presented

  14. Collisional scattering for binary Coulomb interactions that are cut off at a distance different than the Debye length

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Correa, J.R.; Chang Yongbin; Ordonez, C.A.

    2005-01-01

    Collisional scattering is considered within a system of charged particles experiencing binary Coulomb interactions when the scale length for the range of each interaction is not isotropic and is not necessarily equal to the Debye length. For example, one or more dimensions of the system could be smaller than the Debye length. The effect is assessed by evaluating integrals over the impact cross section. Cutoffs on both the impact parameter and the Coulomb interaction potential are employed, and no assumption is made regarding the value of the Coulomb logarithm. Two expressions are found that have a dependence on the cutoff lengths, with one of the expressions being associated with the Coulomb logarithm. Collisional scattering within an electrostatic ion trap is considered by way of example

  15. Mortalidad perinatal en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lizeth Diaz Ledesma

    2003-07-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo: Conocer la tasa de mortalidad perinatal en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins y sus características. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio comprendió la revisión de todas las historias clínicas de gestantes portadoras de óbito fetal (mayor de 28 semanas de gestación o mayor de 1000gramos, de recién nacidos que fallecieron dentro de los primeros 7 días de vida y de sus madres durante el año 2000. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad perinatal fue de 10.5 por mil nacidos vivos. La edad promedio materna fue de 31.6 años, + 5.9 y un rango entre 14 y 44 años. El 30.1% de partos correspondió a nulíparas, el 61.6% a multíparas y el 8.3% a gran multíparas. El promedio de visitas al control prenatal fue de 4.8 + 2.7. El 53.4% de las madres tuvo algún antecedente relacionado a mala historia obstétrica, siendo los más frecuentes historia de aborto previo (27.4%, cesárea anterior (13.7% y pre eclampsia (12.3%. Las causas asociadas a mortalidad perinatal fueron madres con pre eclampsia severa (38.4% y hemorragia en el tercer trimestre (15.1% y fetos con malformaciones congénitas severas (27.4%. La vía de parto fue abdominal en 68.5% y vaginal en 31.5%. Se tuvo 83.6% de gestaciones únicas y 16.4% de gestaciones múltiples. El peso de los productos fue 1985.2 + 945.8 gramos. El 61.6% de muertes perinatales correspondieron a prematuros. Conclusiones:La tasa de mortalidad neonatal en el HNERM durante el año 2000 fue de 10.5 por mil nacidos vivos y los factores relacionados a mortalidad perinatal fueron pre-eclampsia severa, malformaciones congénitas severas y hemorragias del tercer trimestre. ( Rev Med Hered 2003; 14: 117-121.

  16. Current sustaining by RF travelling field in a collisional toroidal plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fukuda, Masaji; Matsuura, Kiyokata

    1978-01-01

    The relation between the current generated by RF travelling field and the absorbed power is studied in a collisional toroidal plasma, parameters being phase velocity and filling gap pressure or electron collision frequency. It is observed at a low magnetic field that the current is proportional to the plasma conductivity and an effective electromotive force, which is a new concept introduced on the basis of fluid model; the electromotive force is proportional to the absorbed RF power and inversely proportional to the plasma density and the phase velocity of the travelling field. (author)

  17. Self-sustained collisional drift-wave turbulence in a sheared magnetic field

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Scott, B.D.

    1990-01-01

    Although collisional drift waves in a sheared slab configuration are linearly damped, it is found that the corresponding turbulence is self-sustaining if initialized at nonlinear amplitude. The influence of the free-energy source represented by the temperature and density gradients on the turbulent system involving bidirectional spectral energy transfer is responsible for this change of regime. Several important features of tokamak edge fluctuations are reproduced by these single-rational-surface nonlinear dynamics. As a result, drift-wave turbulence must still be considered as an underlying dynamic of anomalous transport in tokamak edges

  18. Current sustaining by RF travelling field in a collisional toroidal plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fukuda, Masaji; Matsuura, Kiyokata.

    1977-06-01

    The relation between the current generation by RF travelling field and the accompanied power absorption is studied in a collisional toroidal plasma, parameters being phase velocity and filling gas pressure or electron collision frequency. It is observed at a low magnetic field that the current is proportional to the plasma conductivity and an effective electromotive force, which is a new concept introduced on the basis of fluid model; the electromotive force is proportional to the absorbed RF power and inversely proportional to the plasma density and the phase velocity of the travelling field. (auth.)

  19. Collidoscope: An Improved Tool for Computing Collisional Cross-Sections with the Trajectory Method

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ewing, Simon A.; Donor, Micah T.; Wilson, Jesse W.; Prell, James S.

    2017-04-01

    Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) can be a powerful tool for determining structural information about ions in the gas phase, from small covalent analytes to large, native-like or denatured proteins and complexes. For large biomolecular ions, which may have a wide variety of possible gas-phase conformations and multiple charge sites, quantitative, physically explicit modeling of collisional cross sections (CCSs) for comparison to IMS data can be challenging and time-consuming. We present a "trajectory method" (TM) based CCS calculator, named "Collidoscope," which utilizes parallel processing and optimized trajectory sampling, and implements both He and N2 as collision gas options. Also included is a charge-placement algorithm for determining probable charge site configurations for protonated protein ions given an input geometry in pdb file format. Results from Collidoscope are compared with those from the current state-of-the-art CCS simulation suite, IMoS. Collidoscope CCSs are within 4% of IMoS values for ions with masses from 18 Da to 800 kDa. Collidoscope CCSs using X-ray crystal geometries are typically within a few percent of IM-MS experimental values for ions with mass up to 3.5 kDa (melittin), and discrepancies for larger ions up to 800 kDa (GroEL) are attributed in large part to changes in ion structure during and after the electrospray process. Due to its physically explicit modeling of scattering, computational efficiency, and accuracy, Collidoscope can be a valuable tool for IM-MS research, especially for large biomolecular ions.

  20. Reflexiones sobre el Real Decreto español 171/2007, de 9 de febrero, por el que se regula la publicidad de los protocolos familiares en las sociedades familiares

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Angustias Díaz Gómez

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available El objeto de este trabajo es analizar el Protocolo Familiar, estudiando su concepto, naturaleza jurídica y eficacia, su contenido, publicidad y desarrollo. El protocolo familiar es un instrumento jurídico que pretende organizar la relación entre la familia y la empresa, separando ambas realidades y, especialmente, trata de planificar adecuadamente la sucesión de la empresa familiar. Se trata de reflexionar sobre el Real Decreto español 171/2007, de 9 de febrero, por el que se regula la publicidad de los protocolos familiares en las Sociedades Familiares.The object of this work is to analyze the Family Protocol, studying his concept, juridical nature and effectiveness, his content, advertising and development. The family protocol is a legal instrument that, intends to organize the interaction between a family and their family-owned business, separating both realities and, specially, it tries to plan adequately the succession of the family business. It is a question of thinking about the Spanish Royal decree 171/2007, of February 9rd, by which there is regulated the advertising of the family protocols in the Familiar Companies.

  1. Collisional Processes Probed by using Resonant Four-Wave Mixing Spectroscopy

    Science.gov (United States)

    McCormack, E. F.; Stampanoni, A.; Hemmerling, B.

    2000-06-01

    Collisionally-induced decay processes in excited-state nitric oxide (NO) have been measured by using time-resolved two-color, resonant four-wave mixing (TC-RFWM) spectroscopy and polarization spectroscopy (PS). Markedly different time dependencies were observed in the data obtained by using TC-RFWM when compared to PS. Oscillations in the PS signal as a function of delay between the pump and probe laser pulses were observed and it was determined that their characteristics depend very sensitively on laser polarization. Analysis reveals that the oscillations in the decay curves are due to coherent excitation of unresolved hyperfine structure in the A state of NO. A comparison of beat frequencies obtained by taking Fourier transforms of the time data to the predicted hyperfine structure of the A state support this explanation. Further, based on a time-dependent model of PS as a FWM process, the signal’s dependence as a function of time on polarization configuration and excitation scheme can be predicted. By using the beat frequency values, fits of the model results to experimental decay curves for different pressures allows a study of the quenching rate in the A state due to collisional processes. A comparison of the PS data to laser-induced fluorescence decay measurements reveals different decay rates which suggests that the PS signal decay depends on the orientation and alignment of the excited molecules. The different behavior of the decay curves obtained by using TC-RFWM and PS can be understood in terms of the various contributions to the decay as described by the model and this has a direct bearing on which technique is preferable for a given set of experimental parameters.

  2. Estudios en la ecoepidemiología y enfermedad por el virus dengue en el Valle del Cauca 2002-2004

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mauricio Barreto Barreto

    2004-03-01

    Full Text Available

    family: Arial">Se conoce muy poco sobre la dinámica de transmisión del virus dengue y sobre los factores que regulan la ocurrencia de brotes en el Valle del Cauca. Se determinó de manera prospectiva la ocurrencia de infección en las poblaciones de mosquitos y humanos en cuatros focos epidémicos del departamento, con el propósito de analizar la acumulación de infecciones asintomáticas, la tasa de infección mínima en mosquitos (TIM y los serotipos circulantes del virus en ambas poblaciones y su relación con los períodos de alta o baja transmisión.

    family: Arial">Se describió también el patrón témporo-espacial de la ocurrencia de dengue en los cuatro municipios del estudio desde 1996 hasta 2004, mediante el análisis retrospectivo de los registros de enfermedad notificados a la Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Valle del Cauca, y su asociación con variables climáticas.

    family: Arial">Desde Nov/ 2002 hasta Marzo/2004, se realizaron 6 visitas trimestrales a viviendas y centros educativos de los barrios que habían reportado mayor número de casos de dengue en los últimos años y se colectó simultáneamente información de la ocurrencia de infección en humanos y en mosquitos. Las infecciones en humanos se examinaron en los escolares asistentes a los planteles educativos de las zonas, mediante aislamiento viral.

    family: Arial">Se colectaron adultos y larvas de Aedes en los colegios participantes y en una muestra probabilística de viviendas en su vecindario. Las larvas y hembras de Aedes se agruparon según especie y sitio de colección para detección del ARN viral por RT-PCR. Los resultados muestran que entre enero de 1996 y marzo de 2004 se registraron en el Valle del Cauca dos

  3. El lenguaje de los soldados

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricard Morant

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} El presente artículo trata de reflexionar sobre la función, forma y significación de una modalidad lingüística a punto de desaparecer: el lenguaje de los soldados de reemplazo. Esta variedad del lenguaje, que varía en función del espacio y del tiempo y que comparte características con la jerga juvenil, la utilizan los reclutas para identificarse como grupo y para distraerse. Este lenguaje especial refleja fundamentalmente las dos obsesiones del soldado conscripto: el tiempo que queda de mili y la rebeldía frente a las obligaciones impuestas por la vida militar.

  4. Influence of the collisional recombination on the electrostatic fluctuation spectrum in an helium plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Baravian, G.; Bretagne, J.; Godart, J.; Sultan, G.

    1975-01-01

    The collisional recombination, in the afterglow of a dense plasma, is regarded as a source process for an overpopulation of the high energy tail of the electron velocity distribution function. The perturbation of the distribution function leads to an important enhancement of the fluctuations of the electrostatic field in a narrow range near the plasma frequency ωsub(p). (orig.) [de

  5. Positron production in superheavy collisional systems - a sensitive probe for new atomic as well as nuclear physical phenomena

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tsertos, H.

    1985-04-01

    In the present thesis a systematic study of the integral and spectral properties of the positron production in the collisional systems U+Pd, Pb+Th, U+Th and U+U for incident energies near the Coulomb threshold (5.9 MeV/u) was performed. Additionally for the system U+U the incident energy was varied between 5.7 MeV/u and 6.2 MeV/u with a constant step width of about 0.1 MeV/u. It could uniquely be shown that the positron production in the lighter system U+Pd can be solely explained by the nuclear production process while in the other three collisional systems both the dynamical and the nuclear positron production are experimentally verificable. The energy-integrated positron production in dependence both on the combined nuclear charge number of the collisional energy and on the impact parameter respectively the incident energy show the expected slope of a scattering process determined by the dynamics of the heavy ion collision which can be well described by the theoretical calculation. From this in the transition from the subcritical system Pb+Th to the supercritical systems U+Th and U+U no significant deviation can be observed, and so no statement about spontaneous positron emission in the supercritical system is possible. (orig./HSI) [de

  6. Correlations between channel probabilities in collisional dissociation of D3+

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Abraham, S.; Nir, D.; Rosner, B.

    1984-01-01

    Measurements of the dissociation of D 3 + ions at 300--600 keV under single- and multiple-collision conditions in Ar- and H 2 -gas targets have been performed. A complete separation of all dissociation channels was achieved, including the neutral channels, which were resolved using a fine-mesh technique. Data analysis in the multiple-collision regime confirms the validity of the rate equations governing the charge exchange processes. In the single-collision region the analysis yields constant relations between channel probabilities. Data rearrangement shows probability factorization and suggests that collisional dissociation is a two-stage process, a fast electron exchange followed by rearrangement and branching to the exit channels

  7. ¿El bastón de Esculapio o el Caduceo de Mercurio?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Cavelier Gaviria

    1992-12-01

    .

Enfermos que sufrían de numerosas enfermedades se presentaban a estos templos, generalmente situados en lugares para recuperación de la salud, al pie de las montañas o en parcelas campestres cercanas a fuentes minerales en donde abunda el aire fresco y los climas bien temperados.
Los sacerdotes y los médicos atendían a estos pacientes durante el día con medicinas y ungüentos, una dieta vigilada, ejercicios y masajes; durante la noche (a menudo después de haberse suministrado al paciente un somnífero narcótico los sacerdotes, normalmente vestidos como deidades y acompañados por una serpiente sagrada, visitaban al paciente en “sueños” para brindarles asesoría médica...
family: 'PT Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-align: justify; background-color: #d6d6d6;">
Complacidos publicamos el interesante estudio sobre el bastón de Esculapio en contraposición con el caduceo de Mercurio, del Académico Jorge Cavelier Gaviria, ex-presidente de nuestra corporación.

Baston de esculapio

El doctor Cavelier Gaviria, en forma terminante y didáctica, aclara una duda que, esporádicamente, se presenta

  • The effect of plasma collisionality on pedestal current density formation in DIII-D

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Thomas, D M; Leonard, A W; Osborne, T H; Groebner, R J; West, W P; Burrell, K H [General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608 (United States)

    2006-05-15

    The evolution and performance limits for the pedestal in H-mode are dependent on the two main drive terms for instability: namely the edge pressure gradient and the edge current density. These terms are naturally coupled though neoclassical (Pfirsch-Schluter and bootstrap) effects. On DIII-D, local measurements of the edge current density are made using an injected lithium beam in conjunction with Zeeman polarimetry and compared with pressure profile measurements made with other diagnostics. These measurements have confirmed the close spatial and temporal correlation that exists between the measured current density and the edge pressure in H- and QH-mode pedestals, where substantial pressure gradients exist. In the present work we examine the changes in the measured edge current for DIII-D pedestals which have a range of values for the ion and electron collisionalities {l_brace}{upsilon}{sub i}*,{upsilon}{sub e}*{r_brace} due to fuelling effects. Such changes in the collisionality in the edge are expected to significantly alter the level of the bootstrap current from the value predicted from the collisionless limit and therefore should correspondingly alter the pedestal stability limits. We find a clear decrease in measured current as {nu} increases, even for discharges having similar edge pressure gradients.

  • Apoyo familiar en el apego al tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial esencial Family support and drug therapy compliance in essential hypertension

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Florentina Marín-Reyes

    2001-08-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre apoyo familiar (AF y apego al tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial esencial (HAS. Material y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles al que se integraron 80 sujetos con diagnóstico establecido de HAS, con 40 pacientes en cada grupo. Se consideró como casos a los pacientes con apego y como controles a los pacientes sin apego al tratamiento. El estudio se realizó de mayo a diciembre de 1999, en el Hospital Regional del IMSS, en la ciudad de Durango, Durango, México. La edad, género, duración de la HAS, escolaridad y estado civil fueron criterios de pareamiento. Las diferencias se establecieron con las pruebas ji cuadrada y t de student. Se calculó la razón de momios para estimar la fuerza de asociación. El diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial secundaria, o de otras enfermedades crónicas fueron criterios de exclusión. Resultados. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos respecto a las variables sociodemográficas, modalidad de tratamiento ni conocimiento que el enfermo tenía sobre su enfermedad. Tenían control de la presión arterial 31 (77.5% pacientes con apego y 11 (27.5% sin apego, p= 0.003. El AF se asoció de manera independiente con apego al tratamiento, RM 6.9, IC 95% 2.3-21.1. Conclusiones. El apego se vincula de forma significativa con el apoyo que los familiares otorgan al enfermo. El texto completo en inglés de este artículo está disponible en: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.htmlObjective. To assess the relationship between family support and drug therapy compliance in essential hypertension. Material and methods. A case-control study was conducted between May and December 1999, at Mexican Institute of Social Security Regional Hospital in Durango, among 80 hypertensive subjects; 40 were cases and 40 controls. Cases were subjects who complied with drug therapy and controls were those who did not, matched by age, gender, schooling, hypertensive disease duration, and marital status

  • Radiative transport and collisional transfer of excitation energy in Cs vapors mixed with Ar or He

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vadla, Cedomil; Horvatic, Vlasta; Niemax, Kay

    2003-01-01

    This paper is a review (with a few original additions) on the radiative transport and collisional transfer of energy in laser-excited cesium vapors in the presence of argon or helium. Narrow-band excitation of lines with Lorentz, Doppler and Voigt profiles is studied in order to calculate effective rates for pumping of spectral lines with profiles comprising inhomogeneous broadening components. The radiative transport of excitation energy is considered, and a new, simple and robust, but accurate theoretical method for quantitative treatment of radiation trapping in relatively optically thin media is presented. Furthermore, comprehensive lists of experimental values for the excitation energy transfer cross-sections related to thermal collisions in Cs-Ar and Cs-He mixtures are given. Within the collected cross-section data sets, specific regularities with respect to the energy defect, as well as the temperature, are discerned. A particular emphasis is put on the radiative and collisional processes important for the optimization of resonance-fluorescence imaging atomic filters based on Cs-noble gas systems

  • The influence of collisional and anomalous radial diffusion on parallel ion transport in edge plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Helander, P.; Hazeltine, R.D.; Catto, P.J.

    1996-01-01

    The orderings in the kinetic equations commonly used to study the plasma core of a tokamak do not allow a balance between parallel ion streaming and radial diffusion, and are, therefore, inappropriate in the plasma edge. Different orderings are required in the edge region where radial transport across the steep gradients associated with the scrape-off layer is large enough to balance the rapid parallel flow caused by conditions close to collecting surfaces (such as the Bohm sheath condition). In the present work, we derive and solve novel kinetic equations, allowing for such a balance, and construct distinctive transport laws for impure, collisional, edge plasmas in which the perpendicular transport is (i) due to Coulomb collisions of ions with heavy impurities, or (ii) governed by anomalous diffusion driven by electrostatic turbulence. In both the collisional and anomalous radial transport cases, we find that one single diffusion coefficient determines the radial transport of particles, momentum and heat. The parallel transport laws and parallel thermal force in the scrape-off layer assume an unconventional form, in which the relative ion-impurity flow is driven by a combination of the conventional parallel gradients, and new (i) collisional or (ii) anomalous terms involving products of radial derivatives of the temperature and density with the radial shear of the parallel velocity. Thus, in the presence of anomalous radial diffusion, the parallel ion transport cannot be entirely classical, as usually assumed in numerical edge computations. The underlying physical reason is the appearance of a novel type of parallel thermal force resulting from the combined action of anomalous diffusion and radial temperature and velocity gradients. In highly sheared flows the new terms can modify impurity penetration into the core plasma

  • El citoesqueleto en la infección con virus dengue

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Francisco Javier Díaz Castrillón

    2004-03-01

    Full Text Available

    family: Arial">El dengue constituye la enfermedad viral transmitida por artrópodos más frecuente en Colombia y otros países en vías de desarrollo del trópico. La incidencia anual en Colombia es de aproximadamente 50.000 casos. Aunque el dengue tiene baja mortalidad, es una enfermedad con gran impacto económico en países en vía de desarrollo; inclusive podría postularse como un indicador de subdesarrollo.

    family: Arial">Durante los últimos años, debido principalmente al aumento en la temperatura global, el crecimiento de la población humana con planes de urbanización precarios y la alteración de los ecosistemas naturales, ha sido notorio un incremento en la frecuencia del dengue (DF, y la aparición de cuadros clínicos severos, como dengue hemorrágico (DHF y síndrome de choque por dengue (DSS. Las diferencias en la severidad han sido asociadas a infecciones con los diferentes serotipos del virus, potenciación dependiente de anticuerpos (ADE producto de infecciones secundarias con distintos serotipos y al nivel molecular, por la variabilidad genotípica de los virus.

    family: Arial">Con el surgimiento de una nueva rama “Biología Celular de la Infección Viral”, se abren nuevas posibilidades para el estudio de la patogénesis viral, en el contexto de la interacción virus-célula. Dentro de la familia Flaviviridae, algunas publicaciones reportan alteraciones del citoesqueleto en células infectadas con diversos virus, siendo estos resultados claves para el entendimiento de la utilización de la célula por los virus y la comprensión de la relación entre las proteínas celulares y las virales.

    family: Arial">La diferenciación entre DHF y DF ha sido difícil, por lo que nuevos

  • A quiver kinetic formulation of radio frequency heating and confinement in collisional edge plasmas

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Catto, P.J.; Myra, J.R.

    1989-01-01

    The near fields in the collisional edge plasma of a radio frequency heated tokamak can cause one or more charged species to oscillate in the applied field with a quiver (or jitter) speed comparable to its thermal speed. By assuming the quiver motion dominates over drifts and gyromotion a completely new kinetic description of the flows in an edge plasma is formulated which retains Coulomb collisions and the relevant atomic processes. Moment equations are employed to obtain a description in which only a lowest order quiver kinetic equation need be solved to evaluate the slow time particle fluxes and current induced by the applied fields. The electron heating by collisional randomization of their quiver motion (inverse bremsstrahlung) is balanced by impact excitation losses since equilibration with the ions is too weak. A model plasma of electrons, neutrals, and a single cold ion species is considered to illustrate the utility of the quiver kinetic formulation. The model predicts local electrostatic potential changes and a local /rvec E//times//rvec B/ convective flux that is of the same magnitude and scaling as would be predicted by Bohm diffusion. 30 refs

  • Caries dental asociada a factores de riesgo durante el embarazo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Antonio Cecilio Pérez Oviedo

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available El periodo gestacional se relaciona con una mayor incidencia de caries dental, aunque la asociación entre gestación e incremento de caries no ha podido aún ser científicamente demostrada. Se propuso realizar un estudio para determinar la presencia de caries dental y algunos factores de riesgo asociados en el primer y tercer trimestre del embarazo, para detectar la aparición de lesiones cariosas nuevas y cambios relacionados con los factores de riesgo entre ambos trimestres. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal desde diciembre de 2006 a febrero de 2008 en el municipio de Florida, Camagüey, Cuba. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 38 embarazadas y la muestra por 21, que fueron interrogadas y examinadas en ambos trimestres con el objetivo de determinar la presencia de caries y los factores de riesgo asociados como: higiene bucal deficiente, dieta cariogénica, pH salival bajo, ocurrencia de vómitos y embarazo previo. La información necesaria fue recogida en un formulario confeccionado al efecto. En el primer trimestre el 80,95 % estaban afectadas por caries dental y se observó aparición de lesiones nuevas en 6 embarazadas, en el tercer trimestre. Los factores de riesgo presentados con mayor frecuencia en el primer trimestre fueron la dieta cariogénica en el 66,66 % y la higiene bucal deficiente en el 47,61 % de las pacientes. Ninguna embarazada modificó la dieta durante el embarazo, sin embargo la higiene bucal deficiente persistió en el 14,28 %. El 52,38 % de las embarazadas afectadas en el primer trimestre consumían dieta cariogénica y el 47,61 % habían tenido embarazo previo. Se concluyó que hubo afectación por nuevas caries durante el embarazo, los factores de riesgo que predominantes fueron la dieta cariogénica, la higiene bucal deficiente y el embarazo previo. Las pacientes no modificaron la dieta durante el embarazo, pero sí mejoraron la higiene bucal. Todas las que presentaban vómitos y pH salival

  • Law in the Everyday Lives of Transnational Families: An Introduction

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Betty De Hart

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available In the introduction of this special issue on “Law in the everyday lives of transnational families”, we argue that in the socio-legal literature on transnationalism and transnational legal process, ordinary people as actors are missing. On the other hand, what is missing from the abundant literature on transnational families, is law, or are ordinary people. In this special issue, we look at how transnational families as legal actors are part of transnational legal processes and how transnational families meet with different types of legal rules that mingle with and influence the personal and private sphere of family life. We specific look at three issues that come up in this context: the power of law, how transnational family members use law and the role of networks and family. En la introducción del número especial sobre “Derecho en el día a día de las familias trasnacionales”, defendemos que en la literatura sociojurídica sobre trasnacionalismo y procesos legales trasnacionales, no se contemplan las personas corrientes como actores. Por otro lado, lo que falta en la abundante literatura sobre familias trasnacionales es el derecho, o son las personas corrientes. En este número especial se analiza cómo las familias trasnacionales, en el papel de actores legales, son parte de procesos legales trasnacionales, y cómo las familias trasnacionales cumplen diferentes tipos de normas legales que atienden a, e influyen en la esfera personal y privada de la vida familiar. Específicamente, se contemplan tres aspectos que surgen en este contexto: el poder del derecho, cómo usan los miembros de las familias trasnacionales el derecho y el papel de las redes de conocidos y el derecho.

  • El régimen matrimonial en el Código de Hattusas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Félix Alonso y Royano

    1993-01-01

    Full Text Available El autor es un estudioso de los derechos de la antigüedad anteriores a Roma. Entre otros trabajos se encuentran «Una pequeña aportación a la Historia universal del derecho a través del comentario al Código de Hattusas», «Notas para una Historia general del Arbitraje» (Sobre procedimientos extrajudiciales en el Egipto faraónico, una tesis doctoral sobre las «Instituciones familiares en el Egipto faraónico», «El régimen matrimonial en el derecho paleobabilónico» y «El matrimonio y sus crisis en el derecho de la antigüedad». En el presente trabajo el autor nos presenta un estudio sobre el matrimonio hitita, los modos matrimoniales, el rapto (restringido y la compra (lo común, así como su evolución a través de los diversos institutos jurídicos existentes: La kusata, la iwaru o el assu, y la problemática crítica que se podía plantear en el matrimonio y sus soluciones, a la luz del conocimiento que nos aportan las tabletas A y B, más conocidas con el nombre de «código» hitita. Plantea también el autor la posibilidad de ceremonias religiosas y fiestas familiares, apoyándose en las figuras que aparecen en la fotografía, del fragmento de vaso, que aporta del museo de Ankara.The author is studious of the antique wrights before Rome. Among his different works are «A small study to ttie Universal History of wrights», through the comment of Hattusas, «Notes for a General History of reference » (about extrajudicial proceedings in the pharaonic Egipt a doctoral thesis about the «family institutions in the pharaonic Egipt», «The marriage rules in the paleobabilonic wright», and «The marriage and its crissis in the oíd wright». At present, the author is working on the hitita marriage, the forms of marriage, the rapture (restricted and the buying (the usual, so its evolution through different juridical institutions: The kusata, the iwaru or the assu and the problems could be expossed in the marriage and its solutions

  • Collisional pumping for the production of intense spin-polarized neutral beams: target considerations. Revision

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Stearns, J.W.; Burrell, C.F.; Kaplan, S.N.; Pyle, R.V.; Ruby, L.; Schlachter, A.S.

    1985-04-01

    Polarized beams at intensity levels heretofore not considered feasible have recently been proposed for heating and fueling fusion plasmas. Polarized-beam fueling could increase fusion rates by 50% as well as allow control of the directionality of the fusion products. A process which we have recently described, and called collisional pumping, promises to produce beams of polarized ions vastly more intense than producible by current methods

  • Gota en el anciano

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Oscar Uribe

    1989-01-01

    Full Text Available

    family: Arial">Los libros de texto y la literatura reumatológica en general, hacen hincapié en la presentación clínica clásica del paciente con gota y en su tratamiento médico. Con frecuencia, sin embargo, la presentación no es típica en el anciano y el diagnóstico pasa desapercibido o se establece en forma errónea.

     

    family: Arial">En las mujeres mayores de 60 anos la presentación de la gota puede ser pollarticular, de Iniciación lenta, no aguda, y con compromiso de articulaciones pequeñas de las manos, dando lugar a confusión con una posible artritis reumatoidea o con la exacerbación de un proceso degenerativo. El examen cuidadoso del líquido sinovial y la identificación de los cristales de urato monosódico son primordiales para el diagnóstico. Es preciso conocer las interacciones farmacodinámicas de las medicaciones antinflamatorias e hipouricemlantes con otras que el paciente pueda estar tomando para procesos asociados. El médico debe abstenerse de tratar la hiperuricemia asintomática. Una vez confirmado el diagnóstico de gota debe trazarse un plan de tratamiento y seguimiento. Las reacciones severas a los antinflamatorios no esteroideos, a la colchicina y al alopurinol son más frecuentes en el anciano.

     

    family: Arial">Textbooks and general rheumatologic literature emphasize the classic clinical presentation of the patient with gout as well as his or her treatment. Quite often however, this presentation does not occur In the elderly patient or the diagnosis is missed or Is erroneously formulated. family: Arial">In women 60 years of age and older, gout can be polyarticular, can have an insidious, nonacute onset and may Involve the small joints of the hands

  • Collisional Rayleigh-Taylor instability and shear-flow in equatorial Spread-F plasma

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    N. Chakrabarti

    2003-05-01

    Full Text Available Collisional Rayleigh-Taylor (RT instability is considered in the bottom side of the equatorial F-region. By a novel nonmodal calculation it is shown that for an applied shear flow in equilibrium, the growth of the instability is considerably reduced. Finite but small amounts of diffusion enhances the stabilization process. The results may be relevant to the observations of long-lived irregularities at the bottom-side of the F-layer.Key words. Ionosphere (ionospheric irregularities, equatorial ionosphere, plasma waves and instabilities

  • Laser enhancement of the collisional broadening of the 4713 and 3188 A lines in a helium plasma

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pignolet, P.

    1986-01-01

    The enhancement of the electron collisional broadening of the 4s 3 S 1 and 4p 3 P 0 sub(2,1,0) levels in a helium glow discharge (nsub(e) = 10 13 -10 14 cm -3 ), induced by the non-resonant interaction of the 4s 3 S 1 and 4p 3 P 0 sub(2,1,0) levels with a CO 2 laser field, is reported. This extra broadening depends on the product of the electron density with the laser field amplitude and manifests itself on the 4713 and 3188 A linewidths. This effect results from the destruction, by electronic collisions, of the coherence induced by the laser field between the 4s 3 S 1 and 4p 3 P 0 sub(2,1,0) levels, and can be viewed as an electron-atom collisional fluorescence redistribution process at relatively large laser detuning. (author)

    1. Electromagnetic drift waves dispersion for arbitrarily collisional plasmas

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Lee, Wonjae, E-mail: wol023@ucsd.edu; Krasheninnikov, Sergei I., E-mail: skrash@mae.ucsd.edu [Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093 (United States); Angus, J. R. [Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375 (United States)

      2015-07-15

      The impacts of the electromagnetic effects on resistive and collisionless drift waves are studied. A local linear analysis on an electromagnetic drift-kinetic equation with Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook-like collision operator demonstrates that the model is valid for describing linear growth rates of drift wave instabilities in a wide range of plasma parameters showing convergence to reference models for limiting cases. The wave-particle interactions drive collisionless drift-Alfvén wave instability in low collisionality and high beta plasma regime. The Landau resonance effects not only excite collisionless drift wave modes but also suppress high frequency electron inertia modes observed from an electromagnetic fluid model in collisionless and low beta regime. Considering ion temperature effects, it is found that the impact of finite Larmor radius effects significantly reduces the growth rate of the drift-Alfvén wave instability with synergistic effects of high beta stabilization and Landau resonance.

    2. A collisional model for plasma immersion ion implantation

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Vahedi, V.; Lieberman, M.A.; Alves, M.V.; Verboncoeur, J.P.; Birdsall, C.K.

      1990-01-01

      In plasma immersion ion implantation, a target is immersed in a plasma and a series of negative short pulses are applied to it to implant the ions. A new analytical model is being developed for the high pressure regimes in which the motion of the ions is highly collisional. The model provides values for ion flux, average ion velocity at the target, and sheath edge motion as a function of time. These values are being compared with those obtained from simulation and show good agreement. A review is also given (for comparison) of the earlier work done at low pressures, where the motion of ions in the sheath is collisionless, also showing good agreement between analysis and simulation. The simulation code is PDP1 which utilizes particle-in-cell techniques plus Monte-Carlo simulation of electron-neutral (elastic, excitation and ionization) and ion-neutral (scattering and charge-exchange) collisions

    3. Modern methods in collisional-radiative modeling of plasmas

      CERN Document Server

      2016-01-01

      This book provides a compact yet comprehensive overview of recent developments in collisional-radiative (CR) modeling of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. It describes advances across the entire field, from basic considerations of model completeness to validation and verification of CR models to calculation of plasma kinetic characteristics and spectra in diverse plasmas. Various approaches to CR modeling are presented, together with numerous examples of applications. A number of important topics, such as atomic models for CR modeling, atomic data and its availability and quality, radiation transport, non-Maxwellian effects on plasma emission, ionization potential lowering, and verification and validation of CR models, are thoroughly addressed. Strong emphasis is placed on the most recent developments in the field, such as XFEL spectroscopy. Written by leading international research scientists from a number of key laboratories, the book offers a timely summary of the most recent progress in this area. It ...

    4. A STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW OF GH61 PROTEINS – FUNGAL CELLULOSE DEGRADING POLYSACCHARIDE MONOOXYGENASES

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Leila Lo Leggio

      2012-09-01

      Full Text Available Recent years have witnessed a spurt of activities in the elucidation of the molecular function of a class of proteins with great potential in biomass degradation. GH61 proteins are of fungal origin and were originally classified in family 61 of the glycoside hydrolases. From the beginning they were strongly suspected to be involved in cellulose degradation because of their expression profiles, despite very low detectable endoglucanase activities. A major breakthrough came from structure determination of the first members, establishing the presence of a divalent metal binding site and a similarity to bacterial proteins involved in chitin degradation. A second breakthrough came from the identification of cellulase boosting activity dependent on the integrity of the metal binding site. Finally very recently GH61 proteins were demonstrated to oxidatively cleave crystalline cellulose in a Cu and reductant dependant manner. This mini-review in particular focuses on the contribution that structure elucidation has made in the understanding of GH61 molecular function and reviews the currently known structures and the challenges remaining ahead for exploiting this new class of enzymes to the full.

    5. A structural overview of GH61 proteins – fungal cellulose degrading polysaccharide monooxygenases

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Leila Lo Leggio

      2012-09-01

      Full Text Available Recent years have witnessed a spurt of activities in the elucidation of the molecular function of a class of proteins with great potential in biomass degradation. GH61 proteins are of fungal origin and were originally classified in family 61 of the glycoside hydrolases. From the beginning they were strongly suspected to be involved in cellulose degradation because of their expression profiles, despite very low detectable endoglucanase activities. A major breakthrough came from structure determination of the first members, establishing the presence of a divalent metal binding site and a similarity to bacterial proteins involved in chitin degradation. A second breakthrough came from the identification of cellulase boosting activity dependent on the integrity of the metal binding site. Finally very recently GH61 proteins were demonstrated to oxidatively cleave crystalline cellulose in a Cu and reductant dependant manner. This mini-review in particular focuses on the contribution that structure elucidation has made in the understanding of GH61 molecular function and reviews the currently known structures and the challenges remaining ahead for exploiting this new class of enzymes to the full.

    6. Final Scientific/Technical Report: Correlations and Fluctuations in Weakly Collisional Plasma

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Skiff, Frederick [Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (United States)

      2017-11-15

      Plasma is a state of matter that exhibits a very rich range of phenomena. To begin with, plasma is both electrical and mechanical - bringing together theories of particle motion and the electromagnetic field. Furthermore, and especially important for this project, a weakly-collisional plasma, such as is found in high-temperature (fusion energy) experiments on earth and the majority of contexts in space and astrophysics, has many moving parts. For example, sitting in earth’s atmosphere we are immersed in a mechanical wave field (sound), a possibly turbulent fluid motion (wind), and an electromagnetic vector wave field with two polarizations (light). This is already enough to produce a rich range of possibilities. In plasma, the electromagnetic field is coupled to the mechanical motion of the medium because it is ionized. Furthermore, a weakly-collisional plasma supports an infinite number of mechanically independent fluids. Thus, plasmas support an infinite number of independent electromechanical waves. Much has been done to describe plasmas with "reduced models" of various kinds. The goal of this project was to both explore the validity of reduced plasma models that are in use, and to propose and validate new models of plasma motion. The primary means to his end was laboratory experiments employing both electrical probes and laser spectroscopy. Laser spectroscopy enables many techniques which can separate the spectrum of independent fluid motions in the ion phase-space. The choice was to focus on low frequency electrostatic waves because the electron motion is relatively simple, the experiments can be on a spatial scale of a few meters, and all the relevant parameters can be measured with a few lasers systems. No study of this kind had previously been undertaken for the study of plasmas. The validation of theories required that the experimental descriptions be compared with theory and simulation in detail. It was found that even multi-fluid theories leave out a

    7. NIVELES DE DISFUNCIÓN FAMILIAR, EN VEINTE MUJERES VÍCTIMAS DE VIOLENCIA INTRAFAMILIAR EN EL MUNICIPIO DE ARMENIA. FAMILY DYSFUNCTION LEVELS IN TWENTY WOMEN, VICTIMS OF INTRAFAMILY VIOLENCE, IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ARMENIA.

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Juan Gonzales Portillo.

      2013-12-01

      Full Text Available Esta investigación pretende encontrar posibles niveles de disfunción familiar en las familias de 20 mujeres víctimas de violencia intrafamiliar en la ciudad de Armenia - Quindío, para lo cual se aplicó el APGAR familiar, el cual evalúa la satisfacción respecto a 5 variables: adaptación, participación, ganancia o crecimiento, afecto y recursos. El estudio encontró que las familias presentan disfunción leve (35%, moderada (30% y severa (20%, mientras un porcentaje muy bajo tiene buena función familiar (15%; lo anterior indica una correlación importante entre violencia intrafamiliar y disfunción familiar, condición que disminuye la calidad de vida del núcleo familiar, alterando los roles, los modos de expresión afectiva y la interiorización de lo normativo. ABSTRACT. This research aims to find possible levels of family dysfunction in families of 20 women victims of domestic violence in the city of Armenia - Quindío, which applied the family Apgar. It evaluates satisfaction with respect to 5 variables: adaptation, participation, gain or growth, affection and resources. The study found that the 35% families have mild dysfunction, 30% moderate dysfunction, and 20% severe dysfunction, while a very low percentage has good family function, which represents 15%. This indicates a significant correlation between intrafamily violence and family dysfunction, a condition that reduces the family unit's quality of life, altering roles, modes of emotional expression, and the internalization of norms.

    8. Densidad de población y su efecto sobre el rendimiento de papa

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Rodríguez Loyla

      2004-06-01

      Full Text Available family: Baskerville;">family: Baskerville;">

      En dos localidades del departamento

      de Cundinamarca, el Centro Agropecuario Marengo

      (Mosquera, 2.550 m.s.n.m y el Centro ICA San

      Jorge (Soacha, 3.100 m.s.n.m, se evaluó el efecto de

      la densidad de población (50.000, 125.000, 200.000,

      family: Baskerville; font-size: small;">family: Baskerville; font-size: small;">

      275.000 y 350.000 plantas∙ha

      family: Baskerville; font-size: small;">

       

      family: Baskerville;">family: Baskerville;">-1family: Baskerville;">family: Baskerville;"> sobre el rendimientofamily: Baskerville; font-size: small;">family: Baskerville; font-size: small;">

      de tubérculos en

      family: Baskerville; font-size: small;">

       

      family: Baskerville-Italic;">family: Baskerville-Italic;">Solanum tuberosum family: Baskerville;">family: Baskerville;">L. variedad Parda

      pastusa aplicando el postulado de Duncan (1958. La

      competencia entre plantas determinó la respuesta del

      rendimiento de tubérculos por planta y por hectárea.

      En todas las categorías del tubérculo evaluadas se encontraron

      relaciones lineales negativas para el rendimiento

      por planta en función de la densidad, lo cual

      sustenta la

    9. Highly Resolved Measurements of a Developing Strong Collisional Plasma Shock

      Science.gov (United States)

      Rinderknecht, Hans G.; Park, H.-S.; Ross, J. S.; Amendt, P. A.; Higginson, D. P.; Wilks, S. C.; Haberberger, D.; Katz, J.; Froula, D. H.; Hoffman, N. M.; Kagan, G.; Keenan, B. D.; Vold, E. L.

      2018-03-01

      The structure of a strong collisional shock front forming in a plasma is directly probed for the first time in laser-driven gas-jet experiments. Thomson scattering of a 526.5 nm probe beam was used to diagnose temperature and ion velocity distribution in a strong shock (M ˜11 ) propagating through a low-density (ρ ˜0.01 mg /cc ) plasma composed of hydrogen. A forward-streaming population of ions traveling in excess of the shock velocity was observed to heat and slow down on an unmoving, unshocked population of cold protons, until ultimately the populations merge and begin to thermalize. Instabilities are observed during the merging, indicating a uniquely plasma-phase process in shock front formation.

    10. Dimensiones de análisis del Diagnóstico en Educación: El Diagnóstico del Contexto Familiar [Analysis dimensions in educational diagnosis: Diagnosis of Family Context

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Esperanza Ceballos

      2006-03-01

      Full Text Available Diagnosis of family context has been a subject relatively little considered in the scope of educational diagnosis. Even though whose relevance has been underestimated from the assessment classical perspective, an increasing interest is being aroused, especially on account of holistical and ecological trends. This article intends to offer a synthesis of most relevant topics to be considered in diagnosis of family context, emphasizing its importance for the approach to authentic evaluation. El diagnóstico del contexto familiar ha sido un tema relativamente poco tratado en el ámbito del diagnóstico en educación, y cuya relevancia ha sido soslayada desde la perspectiva clásica del assessment. Sin embargo, se constata un interés creciente suscitado especialmente al hilo de las tendencias holísticas y ecológicas en el diagnóstico. Este artículo pretende ofrecer una síntesis de los tópicos más relevantes a tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico del contexto familiar, subrayando la importancia del análisis de este contexto para la aproximación a una evaluación auté

    11. Collisional ionization of Na by HBr in weak to strong electric fields

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Safinya, K.A.; Gallagher, T.F.; Sandner, W.; Gounand, F.

      1985-01-01

      We report the effect of static electric fields on the collisional ionization of highly excited sodium atoms by HBr. The binding energy dependence of the collisional ionization cross section is measured at zero field and in static electric fields up to that point at which the atom field ionizes. The applied electric field lowers the ionization threshold of the atom from its zero field value. Therefore an atom near the ionization threshold in an electric field is of smaller size than a free field atom with the same binding energy. Thus measuring the binding energy dependence of the cross section at different values of the electric field allows us to study the effects of the physical size of the atom on the cross section. The effect of the electric field was to lower the measured ionization cross section. However, the binding energy dependence of the cross section remains unchanged at the level of our measurement accuracy. The measured cross sections are larger for larger atoms, exhibit a drop with increasing binding energy characteristic of rotational to electronic excitation transfer, and are of order 10 -12 --10 -11 cm 2 . A simple calculation based on dipole (J→ J-1) excitation transfer from the molecule to the atom predicts, with good agreement, the binding energy dependence of the cross section. The electric field dependence of the data however, is not shown in the theory

    12. Collisional damping of Langmuir waves in the collisionless limit

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Auerbach, S.P.

      1977-01-01

      Linear Langmuir wave damping by collisions is studied in the limit of collision frequency ν approaching zero. In this limit, collisions are negligible, except in a region in velocity space, the boundary layer, centered about the phase velocity. If kappa, the ratio of the collisional equilibration time in the boundary layer to the Landau damping time, is small, the boundary layer width scales as ν/sup 1/3/, and the perturbed distribution function scales as ν/sup -1/3/. The damping rate is thus independent of ν, although essentially all the damping occurs in the collision-dominated boundary layer. Solution of the Fokker--Planck equation shows that the damping rate is precisely the Landau (collisionless) rate. The damping rate is independent of kappa, although the boundary layer thickness is not

    13. Measurement of collisional self broadening of atomic resonance lines in selective reflection experiment

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Papoyan, A.V.

      1998-01-01

      A method is developed to measure directly the collisional self broadening rate for a dense atomic vapor from selective reflection spectra. Experimental realization for the atomic D 1 and D 2 resonance lines of Rb confirms a validity of the proposed technique. The deflection of experimentally measured values is not more than 20% from theoretically predicted ones in the atomic number density range of 7· 10 16 - 7· 10 17 cm - 3 . 10 refs

    14. Mobilizando-se para a família: dando um novo sentido à família e ao cuidar Movilizandose para la familia: dando una nueva definicion a la familia y el cuidado Moving to the family: giving a new definition for the family and the care

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Monika Wernet

      2003-03-01

      Full Text Available Frente à necessidade de compreender como o enfermeiro direciona-se para as famílias, importando-se em cuidar delas, o presente estudo, utilizando-se do Interacionismo Simbólico como referencial teórico, e do Interacionismo Interpretativo como referencial metodológico, obteve narrativas biográficas de doze enfermeiras pediatras enfocando tal aspecto. Os dados analisados reconstruíram uma estória que apresenta epifanias que alteraram significados, verificando que é por meio da definição e reflexão sobre família e cuidar que há a mobilização para a família.Fente a la necesidad de comprender como el enfermero direcciona su trabajo en el cuidado de las familias, el presente estudio, utilizando el Interacionismo Simbólico como referencial teórico y el Interacionismo Interpretativo como referencial metodológico, obtuvo narrativas biográficas de doce enfermeras pediátricas , enfocando tal aspecto. Los datos analizados recontruyeron uma historia que contiene los elementos de sensibilización, verificando que es por medio de la definición y reflexión sobre la familia y en el cuidado de ella, que el enfermero pediátrico se abre (amplia , progresivamente, para la família para poder estar junto a ella, alcanzando la libertad de acción.Identifying the need to comprehend how nurses 'move' to the family, with the intention of caring for them, the present study obtained twelve biographical narratives of pediatric nurses. The theoretical approach adopted was the Symbolic Interactionism and the methodological one was the Interpretative Interactionism. The analysis of the data allowed the reconstruction of a story which showed that through modifying the concept of caring and family is the process that approximate the pediatric nurses progressively to the family, to a being with them, reaching the freedom to act.

    15. Adoptive and Birth Family Adjustment to Rearing Retarded Children.

      Science.gov (United States)

      Glidden, Laraine Masters; Bush, Beverly A.

      The study identified 81 families who adopted children with mental retardation or at risk for mental retardation, and compared them with 61 matched families with similar birth children. For birth families, the initial diagnosis was a time of crisis, with high depression scores, while scores at follow-up (an average of 5.3 years later) indicated no…

    16. El examen de pregunta abierta: experiencia en el curso de parasitología.

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Ligia Inés Moncada Álvarez

      2007-07-01

      Resultados. Respondieron 53 de 103 estudiantes, 58,5 por ciento del género masculino, la mayor frecuencia etárea está fue 19 años. El 71,15 por ciento prefieren las preguntas en las que ellos mismos generen la respuesta y 9,61 las pruebas de selección múltiple. La pregunta de escogencia múltiple se concibe como una forma mas fácil de contestar un examen, además que proporcionaba pistas de las respuestas e influía mucho el azar, mientras que la pregunta abierta como instrumento de evaluación sobresalen las respuestas en las que este tipo de pregunta se percibe como una metodología que les induce a estudiar mejor ya que aumenta la calidad del estudio, mejora la competencia de escritor y elimina el azar. Discusión. La utilización de las pruebas con pregunta abierta es muy importante ya que en este trabajo se encontró que cuando el estudiante sabe que este es el instrumento a utilizar aborda de una manera mas profunda su estudio, además que con la utilización de la retroalimentación se convierte en un método de aprendizaje, que mejora su competencia escritural.

    17. Photometry of Pluto-Charon mutual events and Hirayama family asteroids

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Binzel, R.P.

      1988-01-01

      Once every 124 years, nature provides earth-bound astronomers with the opportunity to observe occultation and transit phenomena between Pluto and its satellite, Charon. Ground-based observations of these events will allow precise physical parameters for the Pluto-Charon system to be derived which are unlikely to be improved upon until in situ spacecraft observations are obtained. The proposed program will continue to support photometry observations from McDonald Observatory, a critical location in an international Pluto Campaign network. Knowledge of the diameters, masses, densities, and compositions derived from these observations will augment our understanding of Pluto's origin and its context within the problem of solar system formation. A second task will continue to research the evolutionary processes which have occurred in the asteroid belt by measuring the physical properties of specific Hirayama family members. Photoelectric lightcurve observations of Koronis and Themis family members will be used to investigate the individual catastrophic collision events which formed each family. By comparing these properties with results of laboratory and numerical experiments, the outcomes of catastrophic disruptions and collisional evolution may be more precisely determined

    18. 40 CFR 61.19 - Circumvention.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Circumvention. 61.19 Section 61.19 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.19 Circumvention. No owner or...

    19. 10 CFR 61.4 - Communications.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Communications. 61.4 Section 61.4 Energy NUCLEAR... Provisions § 61.4 Communications. Except where otherwise specified, all communications and reports concerning...: Document Control Desk; Director, Office of Federal and State Materials and Environmental Management...

    20. 42 CFR 61.12 - Accountability.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Accountability. 61.12 Section 61.12 Public Health... FELLOWSHIPS Regular Fellowships § 61.12 Accountability. Payments shall be subject to such requirements relating to accountability as may be specified by the Surgeon General. ...

    1. 7 CFR 30.61 - Administration.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Administration. 30.61 Section 30.61 Agriculture... AND STANDARDS Administration § 30.61 Administration. The Director, Tobacco Division, Agricultural... the Division and the performance of all duties assigned thereto in the administration of the Tobacco...

    2. Measured improvement of global magnetohydrodynamic mode stability at high-beta, and in reduced collisionality spherical torus plasmas

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Berkery, J. W.; Sabbagh, S. A.; Balbaky, A. [Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 (United States); Bell, R. E.; Diallo, A.; Gerhardt, S. P.; LeBlanc, B. P.; Manickam, J.; Menard, J. E.; Podestà, M. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 (United States); Betti, R. [Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623 (United States)

      2014-05-15

      Global mode stability is studied in high-β National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) plasmas to avoid disruptions. Dedicated experiments in NSTX using low frequency active magnetohydrodynamic spectroscopy of applied rotating n = 1 magnetic fields revealed key dependencies of stability on plasma parameters. Observations from previous NSTX resistive wall mode (RWM) active control experiments and the wider NSTX disruption database indicated that the highest β{sub N} plasmas were not the least stable. Significantly, here, stability was measured to increase at β{sub N}∕l{sub i} higher than the point where disruptions were found. This favorable behavior is shown to correlate with kinetic stability rotational resonances, and an experimentally determined range of measured E × B frequency with improved stability is identified. Stable plasmas appear to benefit further from reduced collisionality, in agreement with expectation from kinetic RWM stabilization theory, but low collisionality plasmas are also susceptible to sudden instability when kinetic profiles change.

    3. Potential around a dust grain in collisional plasma

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Moulick, R., E-mail: moulick@gmail.com; Goswami, K. S. [Centre of Plasma Physics - Institute for Plasma Research Sonapur, Guwahati, Assam 782402 (India)

      2015-04-15

      The ion neutral collision can lead to interesting phenomena in dust charging, totally different from the expectations based on the traditional orbit motion limited theory. The potential around a dust grain is investigated for the collisional plasma considering the presence of ion neutral collisions. Fluid equations are solved for the one dimensional radial coordinate. It is observed that with the gradual increase in ion neutral collision, the potential structure around the dust grain changes its shape and is different from the usual Debye-Hückel potential. The shift however starts from a certain value of ion neutral collision and the electron-ion density varies accordingly. The potential variation is interesting and reconfirms the fact that there exists a region of attraction for negative charges. The collision modeling is done for the full range of plasma, i.e., considering the bulk and the sheath jointly. The potential variation with collision is also shown explicitly and the variation is found to cope up with the earlier observations.

    4. Energy-dependent collisional deactivation of vibrationally excited azulene

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Shi, J.; Barker, J.R.

      1988-01-01

      Collisional energy transfer parameters for highly vibrationally excited azulene have been deduced from new infrared fluorescence (IRF) emission lifetime data with an improved calibration relating IRF intensity to vibrational energy [J. Shi, D. Bernfeld, and J. R. Barker, J. Chem. Phys. 88, XXXX (1988), preceding paper]. In addition, data from previous experiments [M. J. Rossi, J. R. Pladziewicz, and J. R. Barker, J. Chem. Phys. 78, 6695 (1983)] have been reanalyzed based on the improved calibration. Inversion of the IRF decay curves produced plots of energy decay, which were analyzed to determine , the average energy transferred per collision. Master equation simulations reproduced both the original IRF decays and the deduced energy decays. A third (simple) method of determination agrees well with the other two. The results show to be nearly directly proportional to the vibrational energy of the excited azulene from ∼8000 to 33 000 cm -1 . At high energies, there are indications that the energy dependence may be slightly reduced

    5. The assessment of the family vision generation process in small and ...

      African Journals Online (AJOL)

      61.93% of the variance, describing the theoretical dimensions of the generation of ... the core values, family business philosophies and a family vision. ... formulation, is the development of the family business continuity plan. This plan ... In the study of family businesses, one of the first tasks is to determine what is meant by ...

    6. Friendships and Family Support Reduce Subsequent Depressive Symptoms in At-Risk Adolescents.

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Anne-Laura van Harmelen

      Full Text Available Early life stress (ELS consists of child family adversities (CFA: negative experiences that happened within the family environment and/or peer bullying. ELS plays an important role in the development of adolescent depressive symptoms and clinical disorders. Identifying factors that may reduce depressive symptoms in adolescents with ELS may have important public mental health implications.We used structural equation modelling and examined the impact of adolescent friendships and/or family support at age 14 on depressive symptoms at age 17 in adolescents exposed to ELS before age 11. To this end, we used structural equation modelling in a community sample of 771 adolescents (322 boys and 477 girls from a 3 year longitudinal study. Significant paths in the model were followed-up to test whether social support mediated or moderated the association between ELS and depressive symptoms at age 17.We found that adolescent social support in adolescence is negatively associated with subsequent depressive symptoms in boys and girls exposed to ELS. Specifically, we found evidence for two mediational pathways: In the first pathway family support mediated the link between CFA and depressive symptoms at age 17. Specifically, CFA was negatively associated with adolescent family support at age 14, which in turn was negatively associated with depressive symptoms at age 17. In the second pathway we found that adolescent friendships mediated the path between peer bullying and depressive symptoms. Specifically, relational bullying was negatively associated with adolescent friendships at age 14, which in turn were negatively associated with depressive symptoms at age 17. In contrast, we did not find a moderating effect of friendships and family support on the association between CFA and depressive symptoms.Friendships and/or family support in adolescence mediate the relationship between ELS and late adolescent depressive symptoms in boys and girls. Therefore

    7. Family support in the control of hypertension Contribución familiar en el control de la hipertensión arterial Contribuição familiar no controle da hipertensão arterial

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Rosana dos Santos Costa

      2008-10-01

      Full Text Available Hypertension is related to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Family support is essential for the patient to control the disease. This study aimed to analyze whether the family positively contributes to the patient's control of the disease. The research was carried out in 2005 in Teresina, PI, Brazil and involved people who were enrolled in the Hypertension Program of an Integrated Health Center. Data were collected through individual interviews, using the Critical Incident Technique. After the content analysis, the element Consequence was identified in 146 references, 58 positive and 88 negative, composing four categories: Family, Financial, Health and Emotional Aspects. Difficulties in family relationships, patients' concern with their descendants, and the families' little involvement in the patients' care were identified through the reports.La hipertensión arterial está relacionada con el surgimiento de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Para que el paciente consiga controlar la enfermedad es imprescindible el apoyo de la familia. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar si la familia del hipertenso contribuye positivamente en el control de su presión arterial. Fue realizado en la ciudad de Teresina con personas registradas, en el año de 2005, en el Programa de Hipertensión de un Centro Integrado de Salud. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevista individualizada, utilizándose la Técnica del Incidente Crítico. Después del análisis de contenido se identificó que el elemento Consecuencia obtuvo 146 referencias, siendo 58 positivas y 88 negativas, definiéndose cuatro categorías: Aspecto Familiar, Aspecto Financiero, Aspecto de Salud y Aspecto Emocional. De acuerdo con los relatos se puede inferir dificultades en las relaciones familiares, preocupación del hipertenso en relación a sus descendientes y poca participación de la familia en el plan de cuidado del enfermo.A hipertensão arterial está relacionada ao

    8. Development of collisional data base for elementary processes of electron scattering by atoms and molecules

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Marinković, Bratislav P., E-mail: bratislav.marinkovic@ipb.ac.rs [Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade (Serbia); School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Applied Studies, Vojvode Stepe 283, 11000 Belgrade (Serbia); Vujčić, Veljko [Astronomical Observatory Belgade, Volgina 7, 11050 Belgrade (Serbia); Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Jove Ilića 154, 11000 Belgrade (Serbia); Sushko, Gennady [MBN Research Center, Altenhöferallee 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany); Vudragović, Dušan [Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade (Serbia); Marinković, Dara B. [Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Jove Ilića 154, 11000 Belgrade (Serbia); Đorđević, Stefan; Ivanović, Stefan; Nešić, Milutin [School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Applied Studies, Vojvode Stepe 283, 11000 Belgrade (Serbia); Jevremović, Darko [Astronomical Observatory Belgade, Volgina 7, 11050 Belgrade (Serbia); Solov’yov, Andrey V. [MBN Research Center, Altenhöferallee 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany); Mason, Nigel J. [The Open University, Department of Physical Sciences, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA (United Kingdom)

      2015-07-01

      Highlights: • BEAMDB database maintaining electron/atom-molecule collisional data has been created. • The DB is MySQL, the web server is Nginx and Python application server is Gunicorn. • Only data that have been previously published and formally refereed are included. • Data protocol for exchanging and representing data is in the “xsams” xml format. • BEAMDB becomes a node within the VAMDC consortium and radiation damage RADAM basis. - Abstract: We present a progress report on the development of the Belgrade electron/molecule data base which is hosted by The Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade and The Astronomical Observatory Belgrade. The data base has been developed under the standards of Virtual Atomic Molecular Data Centre (VAMDC) project which provides a common portal for several European data bases that maintain atomic and molecular data. The Belgrade data base (BEAMDB) covers collisional data of electron interactions with atoms and molecules in the form of differential (DCS) and integrated cross sections as well as energy loss spectra. The final goal of BEAMDB becoming both a node within the VAMDC consortium and within the radiation damage RADAM data base has been achieved.

    9. Use of nonlocal helium microplasma for gas impurities detection by the collisional electron spectroscopy method

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Kudryavtsev, Anatoly A., E-mail: akud@ak2138.spb.edu [St. Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg (Russian Federation); Stefanova, Margarita S.; Pramatarov, Petko M. [Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee blvd., 1784 Sofia (Bulgaria)

      2015-10-15

      The collisional electron spectroscopy (CES) method, which lays the ground for a new field for analytical detection of gas impurities at high pressures, has been verified. The CES method enables the identification of gas impurities in the collisional mode of electron movement, where the advantages of nonlocal formation of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) are fulfilled. Important features of dc negative glow microplasma and probe method for plasma diagnostics are applied. A new microplasma gas analyzer design is proposed. Admixtures of 0.2% Ar, 0.6% Kr, 0.1% N{sub 2}, and 0.05% CO{sub 2} are used as examples of atomic and molecular impurities to prove the possibility for detecting and identifying their presence in high pressure He plasma (50–250 Torr). The identification of the particles under analysis is made from the measurements of the high energy part of the EEDF, where maxima appear, resulting from the characteristic electrons released in Penning reactions of He metastable atoms with impurity particles. Considerable progress in the development of a novel miniature gas analyzer for chemical sensing in gas phase environments has been made.

    10. 45 CFR 61.16 - Immunity.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Immunity. 61.16 Section 61.16 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION HEALTHCARE INTEGRITY AND PROTECTION DATA BANK... Information by the Healthcare Integrity and Protection Data Bank § 61.16 Immunity. Individuals, entities or...

    11. 42 CFR 61.18 - Publications.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Publications. 61.18 Section 61.18 Public Health... FELLOWSHIPS Regular Fellowships § 61.18 Publications. Publication, distribution, and disposition of all..., that fellows shall furnish copies of such publications or other materials as may be requested by the...

    12. Collisional boundary layer analysis for neoclassical toroidal plasma viscosity in tokamaks

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Shaing, K. C.; Cahyna, P.; Becoulet, M.; Park, J.-K.; Sabbagh, S. A.; Chu, M. S.

      2008-01-01

      It is demonstrated that the pitch angle integrals in the transport fluxes in the ν regime calculated in K. C. Shang [Phys. Plasmas 10, 1443 (2003)] are divergent as the trapped-circulating boundary is approached. Here, ν is the collision frequency. The origin of this divergence results from the logarithmic dependence in the bounce averaged radial drift velocity. A collisional boundary layer analysis is developed to remove the singularity. The resultant pitch angle integrals now include not only the original physics of the ν regime but also the boundary layer physics. The transport fluxes, caused by the particles inside the boundary layer, scale as √(ν)

    13. Stochastic theory of relaxation and collisional broadening of spectral line shapes

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Faid, K.

      1986-01-01

      A complete stochastic theory of relaxation is developed in terms of a homogeneous equation for the averaged density matrix of a system immersed in a thermal bath. This theory is then used as the basis of a new stochastic approach to the phenomenon of collisional broadening of spectral line shapes. Single-photon and multiphoton processes are studied. The features of a line shape are linked by simple expressions to the statistical properties of a stochastic hermitian Hamiltonian. The ordinary line shape predicted by Kubo's approach is generalized. The present approach predicts broadening as well as asymmetry and shift. A representation of line shapes in multiphoton processes by diagrams is also developed

    14. Relationship between body mass index and family functioning, family communication, family type and parenting style among African migrant parents and children in Victoria, Australia: a parent-child dyad study.

      Science.gov (United States)

      Cyril, S; Halliday, J; Green, J; Renzaho, A M N

      2016-08-03

      Although childhood obesity prevalence is stabilised in developed countries including Australia, it is continuing to rise among migrants and socially disadvantaged groups in these countries. African migrants and refugees in particular, are at high risk of obesity due to changes in their family dynamics. The aim of this study was to examine the difference between children and parental perception of family functioning, family communication, family type and parenting styles and their relationship with body mass index. A cross-sectional parent-child dyad study was conducted among 284 African families from migrant and refugee backgrounds living in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Bilingual workers were trained to collect demographic, anthropometric and questionnaire data on family functioning, parenting, family type and family communication. Parents and children reported different levels of family dynamics. Children reported a higher prevalence of poor family functioning (61.5 %, 95 % CI: 55.6, 67.2 versus 56.8 %, 95 % CI: 49.7, 61.6) and protective family type (29 %, 95 % CI: 23.9, 34.5 vs. 13.4 %, 95 % CI: 9.9, 17.9), but a lower prevalence of authoritative parenting style (51.6 %, 95 % CI: 45.7, 57.5 vs. 63 %, 95 % CI: 57.5, 68.8) than parents. There was a positive relationship between poor family functioning and child BMI both before (β = 1.28; 95 % CI: 0.14, 2.41; p parental BMI and family functioning, communication, family type or parenting style. Children's perception of poor family functioning was associated with childhood obesity. Family interventions to reduce childhood obesity need to adopt an intergenerational approach to promote a clear understanding of family dynamics between children and parents. Unless these intergenerational challenges associated with family dynamics are clearly addressed in obesity interventions, current obesity prevention initiatives will continue to widen the childhood obesity gap in Australia.

    15. 22 CFR 61.1 - Purpose.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Purpose. 61.1 Section 61.1 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND EXCHANGES WORLD-WIDE FREE FLOW OF AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIALS § 61.1... formally known as the Agreement for Facilitating the International Circulation of Visual and Auditory...

    16. 40 CFR 61.91 - Definitions.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... included. The method for calculating effective dose equivalent and the definition of reference man are... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Definitions. 61.91 Section 61.91... Other Than Radon From Department of Energy Facilities § 61.91 Definitions. As used in this subpart, all...

    17. 12 CFR 4.61 - Purpose.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose. 4.61 Section 4.61 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS, AVAILABILITY AND RELEASE...; Contracting for Goods and Services § 4.61 Purpose. Pursuant to the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery...

    18. 47 CFR 61.86 - Supplements.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Supplements. 61.86 Section 61.86... Rules for Tariff Publications of Dominant and Nondominant Carriers § 61.86 Supplements. A carrier may not file a supplement except to suspend or cancel a tariff publication, or to defer the effective date...

    19. Collisional Histories of Comets and Trojan Asteroids: Insights from Forsterite and Enstatite Impact Studies

      Science.gov (United States)

      Lederer. S. M.; Jensen, E. A.; Wooden, D. H.; Lindsay, S. S.; Smith, D. C.; Cintala, M. J.; Nakamura-Messenger, K.; Keller, L. P.

      2012-01-01

      Impacts into forsterite and orthoenstatite at speeds typically encountered by comets demonstrate that shock imparted by collisions is detectable in the infrared signatures of their dust. The spectral signatures can be traced to physical alterations in their crystalline structures, as observed in TEM imaging and modeled using a dipole approximation. These results yield tantalizing insights into the collisional history of our solar system, as well as the history of individual comets and Trojan asteroids.

    20. A collisional-radiative average atom model for hot plasmas

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Rozsnyai, B.F.

      1996-01-01

      A collisional-radiative 'average atom' (AA) model is presented for the calculation of opacities of hot plasmas not in the condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The electron impact and radiative rate constants are calculated using the dipole oscillator strengths of the average atom. A key element of the model is the photon escape probability which at present is calculated for a semi infinite slab. The Fermi statistics renders the rate equation for the AA level occupancies nonlinear, which requires iterations until the steady state. AA level occupancies are found. Detailed electronic configurations are built into the model after the self-consistent non-LTE AA state is found. The model shows a continuous transition from the non-LTE to the LTE state depending on the optical thickness of the plasma. 22 refs., 13 figs., 1 tab

    1. Collisional drift waves in a plasma with electron temperature inhomogeneity

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Drake, J.F.; Hassam, A.B.

      1981-01-01

      A fluid theory of collisional electrostatic drift waves in a plasma slab with magnetic shear is presented. Both electron temperature and density gradients are included. The equations are solved analytically in all relevant regions of the parameter space defined by the magnetic shear strength and the perpendicular wavelength and explicit expressions for the growth rates are given. For shear strengths appropriate for present-day tokamak discharges the temperature gradient produces potential wells which localize the mode in the electron resistive region, well inside the ion sound turning points. Mode stability arises from a competition between the destabilizing influence of the time dependent thermal force and the stabilizing influence of electron energy dissipation. Convective energy loss is not important for shear parameters of present-day fusion devices

    2. 25 CFR 61.15 - Special instructions.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... Secretary may issue special instructions not inconsistent with the regulations in this part 61. ... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special instructions. 61.15 Section 61.15 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TRIBAL GOVERNMENT PREPARATION OF ROLLS OF INDIANS § 61...

    3. 40 CFR 61.44 - Stack sampling.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Stack sampling. 61.44 Section 61.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL... Firing § 61.44 Stack sampling. (a) Sources subject to § 61.42(b) shall be continuously sampled, during...

    4. 40 CFR 61.21 - Definitions.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... dose equivalent and the definition of reference man are outlined in the International Commission on... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Definitions. 61.21 Section 61.21... Underground Uranium Mines § 61.21 Definitions. As used in this subpart, all terms not defined here have the...

    5. Financiamiento y comercialización de la agricultura familiar en el Gran La Plata. Estudio en el marco de un proyecto de Desarrollo Territorial Financing and commercialization of family farming in Gran La Plata. Study as part of a Territorial Development project

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Ramón I. Cieza

      2012-01-01

      Full Text Available Currently, family farming has taken visibility both in academic works and in the design of public policies. Even though are recognized own characteristics which differentiate it from the business production, they are presented according to the type of production and the territory where they are inserted, particularities that allow defining and analyzing them. In the case of family horticultural and flower production, which supplies with fresh products to big urban centers, the specificity of labor-intensive production system, the technologies utilized, the characteristics of the obtained products, their commercialization and their localization, differs substantially from others productive systems of the country. According to diagnosis made by INTA [2004] and other qualitative works in suburbs of Buenos Aires, the difficulties faced by these households are multiples. Among the most important are mentioned the subordination in the commercial chain and the access to financing. This paper seeks account for a territorial development project in the peri-urban region of Gran La Plata, which addresses from an integral perspective, to financing aspects and commercialization to family farmers It focuses on 30 family farmers from La Plata and Berazategui belonging to the project "Banco Social", implemented by Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales from UNLP; advancing on an analysis regarding the access to financing and the commercial strategies carried out by the family farmers under studyEn la actualidad, la agricultura familiar ha tomado visibilidad tanto en trabajos académicos como en el diseño de políticas públicas. Si bien se reconocen características propias que la diferencian de la producción empresarial, se presentan de acuerdo al tipo de producción y el territorio donde se inserta, particularidades que permiten definirlas y analizarlas. En el caso de la producción hortiflorícola familiar que abastece de productos frescos a los

    6. Asymmetric fission and evaporation of C60r+ (r = 2-4) fullerene ions in ion-C60 collisions: II. Dependence on collisional processes?

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Rentenier, A; Bordenave-Montesquieu, A; Moretto-Capelle, P; Bordenave-Montesquieu, D

      2004-01-01

      In this paper, a quantitative comparison of our experimental data for the asymmetrical fission (AF) and neutral evaporation of the C 60 molecule under proton impact (part I) is made with data published by other authors and often obtained in rather different collisional systems. The comparison with multicharged ions for which more quantitative data are available is focused on. It is demonstrated that size distributions of fragments, averaged fragment sizes, branching ratios between AF and evaporation or between AF channels, are common to all the collisional systems. Differences only appear when the comparison includes the undissociated stable fullerene ion signals

    7. Testigos del Terror. Entendiendo el Sentido y las Consecuencias del Terrorismo

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Maximiliano Korstanje

      2012-12-01

      Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Para muchos, el 11 de Septiembre se instala como una fecha que ha calado hondo en el epicentro del desastre. Cabe recordar como tres vuelos comerciales, según el discurso oficial, fueron dirigidos contra las torres del World Trade Center y el Pentágono. Más que los daños materiales y las víctimas, el efecto fue profundamente simbólico, debido a que tres de los signos más representativos de los Estados Unidos de América habían sido destruidos. Mientras el 11/9 fue rápidamente etiquetado y vendido al mundo como una precondición para los tiempos turbulentos por venir, Atocha en Madrid significó el final de la administración Aznar. Aun cuando para Estados Unidos, el atentado permitió mantener al gobierno en el poder, en España las consecuencias fueron en una dirección de 180 grados. Acusado de haber manipulado evidencia para culpar a ETA (la guerrilla etarra, Aznar fue desprestigiado y posteriormente derrotado en las elecciones frente a la izquierda. Ello sugiere dos preguntas por demás interesantes, ¿cuáles son los objetivos que definen al terrorismo?, ¿es el terrorismo un fenómeno enraizado en la violencia política?. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

    8. 21 CFR 808.61 - Hawaii.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Hawaii. 808.61 Section 808.61 Food and Drugs FOOD... and Local Exemptions § 808.61 Hawaii. (a) The following Hawaii medical device requirements are... from preemption under section 521(b) of the act: Hawaii Revised Statutes, chapter 451A, § 14.1...

    9. Work-family conflict and family-work conflict in aspects of sex and intergenerational differences

      OpenAIRE

      Anna Sylwia Lubrańska

      2014-01-01

      Background: This paper presents the results of the study concerning mutual relations between work–family conflict and family– work conflict in the context of age and sex. Material and Methods: The study included 223 subjects (115 women, 108 men, 74 mothers and 61 fathers), aged 21–63. The Work–Family and Family–Work Conflicts Questionnaire and socio-demographic questionnaire were used as the survey tools. To verify hypotheses the correlation analysis and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used. Res...

    10. Oral memory of the souche family model in Els Ports de Morella: Tensions, changes and continuities for a split generation

      OpenAIRE

      Moncusí Ferré, Albert

      2010-01-01

      This paper aims to study the reconstruction of the souche family model through the memory of the persons belonging to the last generation who has fully lived its operation, more or less directly, in Els Ports de Morella. A synthesis of this model is analyzed as an ideal type, in order to later analyse more thoroughly the discourses on practices adjusted to this pattern and, secondly, the elements of tension arising from its application as an instrument of interpretation of reality. Finally, w...

    11. Enteral Stomas: Impact on the Child and the Family Impacto del estoma enteral en el niño y la familia Impacto do estoma enteral na criança e sua família

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      ANGELO MARGARETH

      2010-10-01

      Full Text Available family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">

      The consequences at the family level of having a child with enteric stoma have been a matter of deep concern in the nursing practice. This type of stoma is performed in children as an adjunctive procedure in the treatment of a congenital, pathological and traumatic problem but there is evidence to suggest that this functional change has an impact on different aspects of everyday family life.

      Objective: To identify evidence in the literature on the impact of enteric stoma (ileostomy and colostomy for the child and for his family.

      Method: A literature review of 14 research projects which address the experiences of the Family and the child with ostomy located in the Cinahl, Medline, Ovid, Proquest, Lilacs, and Dedalus databases.

      Result: through the analysis it may be concluded that, although health professionals believe that stomata are a technology of low complexity, for child and family they do not have the same meaning, because they alter the lifestyle and the family’s dynamics.

      Conclusions: test results indicated there is need for understanding the subject, in order to contribute in building knowledge, aimed at implementing interventions that consider the impact of stoma on the child and on his family.

      family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">

      Las consecuencias para la familia de tener un hijo con estoma entérico han sido objeto de numerosas inquietudes en la práctica de enfermería. Este tipo de estoma se realiza en los niños como un procedimiento coadyuvante en el tratamiento de un problema de origen congénito, patológico o traumático, pero hay evidencias que indican que esta modificación funcional tiene impacto en diferentes aspectos de la vida cotidiana de la familia.

      Objetivo: identificar las evidencias en la literatura médica sobre el impacto de un estoma entérico (ileostomía y colostomía para el niño y su

    12. Alteraciones psicosociales en el proceso docente-educativo

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Patricia María Herrera Santí

      2001-08-01

      Full Text Available Resumen Nuestra investigación estudió algunos de los factores psicosociales por los que está influido el proceso docente-educativo y las alteraciones de aprendizaje y conducta en educandos de enseñanza primaria. Conocimos sexo y edades más frecuentes en las que se afecta el proceso docente-educativo, establecimos relación entre el estilo de participación del niño y las alteraciones docentes, constatamos la influencia de crisis familiares no transitorias y el funcionamiento familiar, evaluamos igualmente el funcionamiento intelectual y las principales áreas de conflicto. Se encontró un predominio de los trastornos de conducta sobre los trastornos del aprendizaje, un funcionamiento intelectual dentro de límites normales, así como también una adecuada maduración neuromotriz; una alta incidencia de crisis familiares no transitorias, alteraciones en el clima familiar y un mal funcionamiento familiar.Summary We studied some of the psychosocial factors influencing on the teaching-educative process and the learning and behavioral alterations in primary school students. We knew the most frequent age and sex in which the teaching-educative process is affected, we established a relationship between the style of participation of the child and the teaching alterations, and evaluated the intellectual functioning and the main conflict areas. It was observed a predominance of the behavorial disorders over the learning disorders, an intellectual functioning within the normal limits, as well as an adequate neuromotor maturation, a high incidence of non-transitory family crises, alteration in the family atmosphere and a poor family functioning.

    13. Family profiles in eating disorders: family functioning and psychopathology

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Cerniglia L

      2017-10-01

      Full Text Available Luca Cerniglia,1 Silvia Cimino,2 Mimma Tafà,2 Eleonora Marzilli,2 Giulia Ballarotto,2 Fabrizia Bracaglia2 1Faculty of Psychology, International Telematic University UNINETTUNO, 2Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy Abstract: Research has studied family functioning in families of patients suffering from eating disorders (EDs, particularly investigating the associations between mothers’ and daughters’ psychopathological symptoms, but limited studies have examined whether there are specific maladaptive psychological profiles characterizing the family as a whole when it includes adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN, bulimia nervosa (BN, and binge eating disorder (BED. Through the collaboration of a network of public and private consultants, we recruited n=181 adolescents diagnosed for EDs (n=61 with AN, n=60 with BN, and n=60 with BEDs and their parents. Mothers, fathers, and youths were assessed through a self-report measure evaluating family functioning, and adolescents completed a self-report questionnaire assessing psychopathological symptoms. Results showed specific family functioning and psychopathological profiles based on adolescents’ diagnosis. Regression analyses also showed that family functioning characterized by rigidity predicted higher psychopathological symptoms. Our study underlines the importance of involving all members of the family in assessment and intervention programs when adolescent offspring suffer from EDs. Keywords: family functioning, eating disorders, adolescents, psychopathological risk

    14. Feeding supermassive black holes by collisional cascades

      Science.gov (United States)

      Faber, Christian; Dehnen, Walter

      2018-05-01

      The processes driving gas accretion on to supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are still poorly understood. Angular momentum conservation prevents gas within ˜10 pc of the black hole from reaching radii ˜10-3 pc where viscous accretion becomes efficient. Here we present simulations of the collapse of a clumpy shell of swept-up isothermal gas, which is assumed to have formed as a result of feedback from a previous episode of AGN activity. The gas falls towards the SMBH forming clumps and streams, which intersect, collide, and often form a disc. These collisions promote partial cancellations of angular momenta, resulting in further infall and more collisions. This continued collisional cascade generates a tail of gas with sufficiently small angular momenta and provides a viable route for gas inflow to sub-parsec scales. The efficiency of this process hardly depends on details, such as gas temperature, initial virial ratio and power spectrum of the gas distribution, as long as it is not strongly rotating. Adding star formation to this picture might explain the near-simultaneous formation of the S-stars (from tidally disrupted binaries formed in plunging gas streams) and the sub-parsec young stellar disc around Sgr A⋆.

    15. Estilos de vida de pacientes hipertensos atendidos com la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia Estilos de vida de pacientes hipertensos atendidos com a Estratégia de Saúde Familiar Hypertensive patients’ attended with the family health strategy lifestyle

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Elisabete Pimenta Araujo Paz

      2011-11-01

      Full Text Available Objetivo. Describir los estilos de vida de los pacientes hipertensos atendidos con la Estrategia de Salud de La Familia. Metodología. De octubre de 2009 a enero de 2010, se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, en el que participaron 273 pacientes hipertensos seleccionados aleatoriamente del programa de salud familiar que atiende tres áreas de Piraí/RJ. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el cuestionario "Estilo de Vida Fantástico". Resultados. De la muestra de estudio: el 61% eran mujeres, el 56% con 60 y más años, el 81% tenía bajo nivel de educación y 74% con bajos ingresos familiares. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron El sobrepeso u obesidad (72% y la diabetes mellitus (37%. La calificación del estilo de vida fue: 13% excelente, 55% muy bueno, 27% bueno y regular 4%. Conclusión. Aunque el estilo de invida se consideró satisfactorio, las condiciones socioeconômicas y el perfil de salud indican la persistencia de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular.Objetivo. Descrever os estilos de vida dos pacientes hipertensos atendidos com a estratégia de Saúde Familiar. Metodologia. De outubro de 2009 a janeiro de 2010, levou-se a cabo um estudo transversal, no que participaram 273 pacientes hipertensos selecionados aleatoriamente do programa de Saúde Familiar que atende três áreas de Piraí/RJ (Brasil. Para a colheita de dados se utilizou o questionário "Estilo de Vida Fantástico". Resultados. Da mostra de estudo: o 61% eram mulheres, o 56% tinha 60 e mais anos, o 81% possuía sob nível de educação e 74% reportou ter baixos rendimentos familiares. Os fatores de risco mais frequentes foram o sobrepeso ou obesidade (72% e a diabete mellitus (37%. A qualificação do estilo de vida foi: 13% excelente, muito bom 55%, bom 27% e regular 4%. Conclusão. Ainda que o estilo de vida se considerou satisfatório, as condições e o perfil de saúde indicam a persistência de fatores de risco de doen

    16. Trabajo y familia: el aporte de los niños trabajadores a la reproducción del hogar Work and family: working children's contribution to home social reproduction

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      María Eugenia Rausky

      2009-05-01

      Full Text Available En este artículo nos proponemos dar cuenta del papel que ocupa el trabajo infantil en el marco de las estrategias de reproducción en hogares pobres, haciendo hincapié en el análisis de las prácticas y representaciones de los niños y sus padres frente al fenómeno. Dado que lo más frecuente es que el trabajo infantil se lleve a cabo en contextos familiares, centramos la mirada no sólo en el niño, sino también en su familia, observando los procesos de organización del trabajo, el lugar que tiene el trabajo infantil en la generación de ingresos monetarios y no monetarios en hogares pobres, los significados asociados a esta práctica y cómo repercute en las relaciones familiares el hecho de que sean los niños quienes también cooperen en la reproducción del hogar. Dados los interrogantes que planteamos, decidimos llevar a cabo una investigación con un abordaje de tipo cualitativo. El trabajo de campo lo desarrollamos durante los años 2004 y 2006 en un barrio con características de pobreza estructural situado en la periferia de la ciudad de La Plata. Allí seleccionamos al total de unidades domésticas que presentaban situaciones de trabajo infantil y realizamos entrevistas en profundidad a los niños trabajadores y sus padres.The rol played by working children in the workframe of social reproduction strategies in the homes of poor people is the aim of this article. Emphasis is here placed in analysing practices and representations of children and their parents vis-avis said phenomena. It is most frequent that work done by children is carried out in family contexts. Due to this fact, we focus not only in the child, but also his family, making observations on work organizative process, and the place the work done by children has in the generation of both financial and non-financial income sources in the homes of the poor.Observations are also made in the significance associated with this practice as well as on the impact in family

    17. Asteroid family dynamics in the inner main belt

      Science.gov (United States)

      Dykhuis, Melissa Joy

      The inner main asteroid belt is an important source of near-Earth objects and terrestrial planet impactors; however, the dynamics and history of this region are challenging to understand, due to its high population density and the presence of multiple orbital resonances. This dissertation explores the properties of two of the most populous inner main belt family groups --- the Flora family and the Nysa-Polana complex --- investigating their memberships, ages, spin properties, collision dynamics, and range in orbital and reflectance parameters. Though diffuse, the family associated with asteroid (8) Flora dominates the inner main belt in terms of the extent of its members in orbital parameter space, resulting in its significant overlap with multiple neighboring families. This dissertation introduces a new method for membership determination (the core sample method) which enables the distinction of the Flora family from the background, permitting its further analysis. The Flora family is shown to have a signature in plots of semimajor axis vs. size consistent with that expected for a collisional family dispersed as a result of the Yarkovsky radiation effect. The family's age is determined from the Yarkovsky dispersion to be 950 My. Furthermore, a survey of the spin sense of 21 Flora-region asteroids, accomplished via a time-efficient modification of the epoch method for spin sense determination, confirms the single-collision Yarkovsky-dispersed model for the family's origin. The neighboring Nysa-Polana complex is the likely source region for many of the carbonaceous near-Earth asteroids, several of which are important targets for spacecraft reconnaissance and sample return missions. Family identification in the Nysa-Polana complex via the core sample method reveals two families associated with asteroid (135) Hertha, both with distinct age and reflectance properties. The larger of these two families demonstrates a correlation in semimajor axis and eccentricity

    18. Gender-related family head schooling and Aedes aegypti larval breeding risk in Southern Mexico Escolaridad con relación al género de los jefes de familia y el riesgo de cría de Aedes aegypti en el sur de México

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Rogelio Danis-Lozano

      2002-06-01

      Full Text Available Objective. To investigate if family head genre-associated education is related to the risk of domiciliary Aedes aegypti larval breeding in a dengue-endemic village of Southern Mexico. Material and Methods. A family head was considered to have a low education level if he/she had not completed elementary school. To estimate larval breeding risk within each household, a three-category Maya index was constructed using a weighted estimation of controllable and disposable domestic water containers. A socio-economic index was constructed based on household construction characteristics. Results. Low-level education of either family head was associated to higher larval breeding risk. Households with low-educated mothers had more larval breeding containers. These associations persisted after adjusting for household socio-economic level. Conclusions. These results indicate that households with female family heads with low education levels accumulate more containers that favor Ae. aegypti breeding, and that education campaigns for dengue control should be addressed to this part of the population.Objetivo. Investigar si la escolaridad asociada con el género de los jefes de familia de una localidad endémica de dengue en el sur de México estaba relacionada con el riesgo de cría intradomiciliaria de Aedes aegypti. Material y métodos. Se consideró que un jefe de familia tenía baja educación si él/ella no había completado la educación primaria. Para estimar el riesgo de cría larvaria en cada domicilio se construyó un Indice Maya de tres categorías a partir de la estimación ponderada de recipientes controlables y desechables. Se construyó un índice socioeconómico basado en los materiales de construcción de la casa. Resultados. Niveles bajos de educación de los jefes de familia se asociaron con niveles altos de riesgo de cría de larvas de mosquitos. Pero las casas con jefas de familia con baja educación tuvieron más recipientes en riesgo para

    19. Dynamics of collisional particles in a fluctuating magnetic field

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Spineanu, F.; Vlad, M.

      1995-01-01

      The equations of motion of a test particle in a stochastic magnetic field and interacting through collisions with a plasma are Langevin-type equations. Under reasonable assumptions on the statistical properties of the random processes (field and collisional velocity fluctuations), we perform an analytical calculation of the mean-square displacement (MSD) of the particle. The basic nonlinearity in the problem (Lagrangian argument of the random field) yields complicated averages, which we carry out using a functional formalism. The result is expressed as a series, and we find the conditions for its convergence, i.e. the limits of validity of our approach (essentially, we must restrict attention to non-chaotic regimes). Further, employing realistic bounds (spectral cut-off and limited time of observation), we derive an explicit formula for the MSD. We show that from this unique expression, we can obtain several previously known results. (author)

    20. Gyrokinetic simulations in general geometry and applications to collisional damping of zonal flows

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Lin, Z.; Hahm, T.S.; Lee, W.W.; Tang, W.M.; White, R.B.

      2000-01-01

      A fully three-dimensional gyrokinetic particle code using magnetic coordinates for general geometry has been developed and applied to the investigation of zonal flows dynamics in toroidal ion-temperature-gradient turbulence. Full torus simulation results support the important conclusion that turbulence-driven zonal flows significantly reduce the turbulent transport. Linear collisionless simulations for damping of an initial poloidal flow perturbation exhibit an asymptotic residual flow. The collisional damping of this residual causes the dependence of ion thermal transport on the ion-ion collision frequency even in regimes where the instabilities are collisionless

    1. A phenomenological model for collisional coherence transfer in an optically pumped atomic system

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Khanbekyan, K; Bevilaqua, G; Mariotti, E; Moi, L [Universita degli Studi di Siena, Siena, 53100 (Italy); Khanbekyan, A; Papoyan, A, E-mail: karen.khanbekyan@gmail.com [Institute for Physical Research, National Academy of Sciences, Ashtarak 2 (Armenia)

      2011-03-14

      We consider a dual {Lambda}-system under double laser excitation to investigate the possibility of indirect coherence transfer between atomic ground states through an excited state. The atomic system is excited by a frequency modulated pump laser and probed by a low-power cw laser. All the decoherence mechanisms are discussed and taken into account. Adjustment of parameters of the two radiations aimed at maximization of coherence transfer is addressed. The study can help to understand the phenomena as collisional transfer of coherence and can find application in the experimental realization of atomic sensors.

    2. Factores protectores y de riesgo familiar relacionados al fenómeno de drogas, presentes en familias de adolescentes tempranos de Valparaíso, Chile Fatores protetores e de risco familiar, relacionados ao fenômeno de drogas, entre adolescentes tempranos de Valparaíso, Chile Protective and family risk factors related to drugs in families of adolescents from Valparaíso, Chile

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Angélica Mosqueda-Díaz

      2011-06-01

      Full Text Available Esta investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva-transversal y exploratoria objetivó identificar y describir los factores protectores y de riesgo familiar frente al fenómeno de las drogas en familias de adolescentes tempranos de la comunidad de Valparaíso, Chile. La muestra tuvo 61 estudiantes registrados en 2008 que fueron seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue un cuestionario elaborado y validado por expertos de 5 países de la región de las Américas. El 86,9% de los adolescentes percibieron las relaciones familiares, en general, como factor protector, con destaque para la alta comunicación con los padres. El acumulo de tensiones, problemas de salud y comportamiento fueron vistos como factores protectores por la mayoría, un número pequeño de estudiantes lo considera como factor neutro, en ambos casos asociados al consumo de alcohol y drogas por parte de algún miembro de la familia. También, la mayoría considera como factores de riesgo la educación y el tipo de trabajo de los padres.O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e descrever os fatores protetores e de risco familiar frente ao fenômeno das drogas, em famílias de adolescentes tempranos da comunidade de Valparaiso, Chile. Trata-se de pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva transversal e exploratória. A amostra foi composta por 61 estudantes, matriculados em 2008, e selecionados por amostra aleatória simples. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário elaborado e validado por experts de 5 países das regiões das Américas. Dos adolescentes, 86,9% perceberam as relações familiares. em geral, como fator protetor, com destaque à alta comunicação com os pais. O acúmulo de tensões, problemas de saúde e comportamentais foram encontrados como fatores protetores entre número pequeno de estudantes que atuam como atores neutros, em ambos os casos associados ao consumo de álcool e drogas, por parte de algum membro da fam

    3. Resonant absorption of radar waves by a magnetized collisional plasma

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Sun Aiping; Tong Honghui; Shen Liru; Tang Deli; Qiu Xiaoming

      2001-01-01

      The propagation of radar waves in a magnetized collisional plasma slab is studied numerically. It is found for uniform plasma that: first, the wave attenuation and absorbed power show a peak value, i.e., resonant absorption when the collision frequency f en = 0.1, 0.5, 1 GHz and the wave frequency nears upper hybrid frequency. Secondly, the attenuation, absorbed, and transmitted power curves become flat at f en = 5, 10 Ghz. thirdly, the attenuation and absorbed power increase with plasma density, and the attenuation and the proportion of absorbed power can reach 100 dB and 80%, respectively, at the plasma density n = 10 11 cm -3 . For nonuniform plasma, the peak value of reflected power is larger than that in uniform plasma. So, uniform magnetized plasma is of more benefit to plasma cloaking

    4. "Una vida que no es normal": el contexto de los cuidados familiares en la demencia "A life that is not normal": the context of family care in dementia

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Carmen de la Cuesta-Benjumea

      2011-06-01

      Full Text Available El grupo mayoritario de los cuidadores lo conforman mujeres que viven en situación de vulnerabilidad y cuentan con poco apoyo formal. Mientras que la bibliografía destaca los estudios sobre la carga del cuidado y cómo aliviarla, hay pocas investigaciones que describan las circunstancias donde se desarrollan estos cuidados. El propósito de este estudio cualitativo es describir el contexto en el que se desenvuelven los cuidados de familiares con demencia avanzada. Para las cuidadoras, su vida no es normal. Llevar una vida restringida y sin vida propia son categorías que describen el contexto de la vida de las cuidadoras. A esta clase de vida, las cuidadoras se han acostumbrado. Las enfermeras pueden mejorar esta situación, pueden aconsejar a los cuidadores para que reserven parcelas de vida propia, son además una voz autorizada para sensibilizar y fomentar prácticas equitativas en el cuidado familiar.The largest group of caregivers are women who live in situation of vulnerability and have little formal support. While research literature emphasises the burden of care and the relief of that burden, there are few studies that describe the context where this care takes place. The purpose of this qualitative study is to describe the context of dementia family care giving. For participants their life is not normal. Having a restricted life and without a proper life are the categories that describe care givers context. To this kind of life they are accustomed.Nurses can improve this situation. They can advice caregivers to reserve parcels of their persona life. Nurses are also authorized voices to promote and sensitize equitable family care practices.

    5. Patrón alimentario y acceso a los alimentos en familias desplazadas en el municipio de Girón, Santander, Colombia Dietary patterns and access to food among displaced families in the municipality of Girón, Santander, Colombia

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Gloria Esperanza Prada Gómez

      2008-04-01

      Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Describir el patrón alimentario y la capacidad de acceso a los alimentos de las familias desplazadas por el conflicto armado en una localidad del departamento de Santander, Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio dietético descriptivo en 101 familias que vivían en condiciones de desplazamiento forzado en la zona urbana y suburbana del municipio de Girón, departamento de Santander, Colombia. Durante el segundo semestre de 2003, el responsable de preparar los alimentos contestó una encuesta sociodemográfica con preguntas sobre el gasto mensual en alimentos, el lugar y la frecuencia de compra, y un recordatorio del consumo de alimentos en las 24 horas previas. El patrón alimentario se estableció según la frecuencia del consumo de alimentos y preparaciones mediante modelos de regresión lineal con el gasto como variable dependiente. RESULTADOS: De las familias, 34,7% manifestaron no tener acceso a la compra de alimentos y 13,9% los recibía como obsequios. El gasto promedio en alimentos fue de 0,52 salarios mínimos vigentes (SMV. La única variable asociada con el gasto fue el número de miembros de la familia que trabajaban y aportaban al presupuesto familiar (P = 0,037; por cada miembro que trabajaba, el gasto aumentó en 0,07 unidades de SMV (intervalo de confianza de 95%: 0,004 a 0,149. No se encontró asociación entre el tiempo de desplazamiento y el gasto en alimentos. La calidad de la dieta fue deficiente, ya que no se cumplió la norma recomendada de consumo de frutas, verduras y productos lácteos. CONCLUSIONES: La inseguridad alimentaria abarcó a 95,0% de las familias estudiadas aún después de tres años de vivir en condiciones de desplazamiento. La calidad de la dieta era insatisfactoria. Las causas principales de esta situación eran los bajos ingresos familiares y el desconocimiento de alternativas nutricionales más ventajosas. Además de la ayuda alimentaria, los programas de atención a las familias desplazadas deben

    6. EL ZEPELÍN: LA REVOLUCIÓN EN EL TRANSPORTE DE CARGA PESADA EN EL SIGLO XXI

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      José Acevedo Suárez

      2002-07-01

      Full Text Available family: Times New Roman;">

      La logística continúa afianzándose como clave competitiva de las empresas, y cobra un papel más relevante en el proceso de globalización de los mercados donde las cadenas de suministros se extienden en todo el mundo, lo cual requiere organizar transportaciones a mayores distancias. Surge un nuevo problema: cómo coordinar con menores costos y ciclos las transportaciones a largas distancias. En medio de este panorama se requiere de soluciones que impacten significativamente en organizar la logística a escala mundial y donde se permita trasladar a lugares disímiles objetos, eliminando las tradicionales operaciones de arme, desarme y reinstalaciones. Una solución en este camino lo constituye el desarrollo y utilización con un desarrollo moderno de una idea y proyecto antiguo interrumpido: el dirigible o zepelín (figura 1. En el año 2004 se hará realidad el zepelín realizando viajes comerciales a cualquier lugar en el mundo con la marca CargoLifter. La carrera por el acortamiento del ciclo del servicio al cliente continúa aumentando su velocidad, una de las actividades logísticas que más influencia tiene en el ciclo del servicio es la transportación, por ello se hace necesario buscar vías que contribuyan a la disminución de los tiempos de transportación, en especial, si se trata de la transportación de cargas voluminosas y pesadas.

    7. Hemoterapia en el trasplante de médula ósea: Experiencia en el instituto de hematología e inmunología

      OpenAIRE

      Alfonso Valdés, María E; Bencomo Hernández, Antonio; Dorticós Balea, Elvira; Hernández Díaz, Patricia; Alfonso Valdés, Yalile; González Otero, Alejandro

      1999-01-01

      Se describe la hemoterapia aplicada a 19 pacientes con enfermedades hematológicas malignas que recibieron trasplante de médula ósea autólogo (n=10) y alogénico (n=9). El consumo promedio de concentrados de eritrocitos y concentrados de plaquetas fue de 6,1 y 57,3, respectivamente. El uso de ambos componentes fue mayor en los enfermos que recibieron una médula ósea alogénica. Los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con ciclosporina requirieron un número menor de concentrados de eritrocitos y ...

    8. 46 CFR 61.20-15 - Tailshaft examination.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tailshaft examination. 61.20-15 Section 61.20-15... INSPECTIONS Periodic Tests of Machinery and Equipment § 61.20-15 Tailshaft examination. The rules in §§ 61.20-15 through 61.20-23 apply only to vessels in ocean and coastwise service. Each examination...

    9. The evolution of Neoproterozoic magmatism in Southernmost Brazil: shoshonitic, high-K tholeiitic and silica-saturated, sodic alkaline volcanism in post-collisional basins

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Sommer Carlos A.

      2006-01-01

      Full Text Available The Neoproterozoic shoshonitic and mildly alkaline bimodal volcanism of Southernmost Brazil is represented by rock assemblages associated to sedimentary successions, deposited in strike-slip basins formed at the post-collisional stages of the Brasilian/Pan-African orogenic cycle. The best-preserved volcano sedimentary associations occur in the Camaquã and Campo Alegre Basins, respectively in the Sul-riograndense and Catarinense Shields and are outside the main shear belts or overlying the unaffected basement areas. These basins are characterized by alternation of volcanic cycles and siliciclastic sedimentation developed dominantly on a continental setting under subaerial conditions. This volcanism and the coeval plutonism evolved from high-K tholeiitic and calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and ended with a silica-saturated sodic alkaline magmatism, and its evolution were developed during at least 60 Ma. The compositional variation and evolution of post-collisional magmatism in southern Brazil are interpreted as the result mainly of melting of a heterogeneous mantle source, which includes garnet-phlogopite-bearing peridotites, veined-peridotites with abundant hydrated phases, such as amphibole, apatite and phlogopite, and eventually with the addition of an asthenospheric component. The subduction-related metasomatic character of post-collisional magmatism mantle sources in southern Brazil is put in evidence by Nb-negative anomalies and isotope features typical of EM1 sources.

    10. El Desarrollo De La Teoría Del Mercadeo Moderno

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Rodríguez C Luis Felipe

      1995-06-01

      Full Text Available

      family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 10pt;">EI desarrollo histórico del concepto de mercadeo puede ser estudiado examinando la literatura en los archivos de las Universidades Americanas y Europeas, qua incluyen colecciones de libros, artículos y otras publicaciones y el currículo estudiado en estas Universidades. Desde sus comienzos y la revisión de algunas investigaciones históricas, family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: HiddenHorzOCR;">cofamily: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 10pt;">rno las de Hagerty en 1936, Bratel en 1951, family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: HiddenHorzOCR;">Confamily: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 10pt;">verse en 1959, Wrigth y Dimsale en 1974, Brian y Monieson en 1990, etc., pero ha sido estudiado más fundamentalmente a través de estas últimas con las cuales se ha intentado configurar una reseña completa de la génesis y evolución histórica de la teoría del mercadeo moderno. En consideración a lo anterior, el propósito de este ensayo se centra en examinar, desde el punto de vista histórico y analítico, .los conceptos de mercadeo en family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: HiddenHorzOCR;">general family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 10pt;">y de mercadeo agrícola en particular.

      family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; font-size: 10pt;">Aunque es difícil y está más allá del alcance de este pequeño escrito dilucidar uno a uno todos los argumentos teóricos, así como el mismo desarrollo

    11. El cáncer hereditario en mujeres

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Morales Chamorro, Rafael

      2015-06-01

      Full Text Available Most cases of cancer are sporadic, whereas 5-10% are hereditary and about 20-30% of cancers tend to cluster in families. Families and individuals who are suspected of suffering from hereditary cancer need to undergo a process known as genetic counseling, which is of considerable importance in the prevention and early detection of malignant tumours. The most common hereditary cancer syndromes are: hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome. Genetic diagnosis allows clinicians to estimate the risks of developing different cancers in order to make decisions over surveillance and prophylactic surgery to reduce these risks. The ultimate goal is to reduce cancer mortality through early diagnosis and prevention.La mayoría de los casos de cáncer son esporádicos, entre un 20-30% presentan agregación familiar, mientras que solo el 5 -10% son de carácter hereditario. Las familias e individuos en los que se sospecha que padecen cáncer hereditario deben someterse a un proceso de asesoramiento genético, que es de gran importancia para la prevención y detección temprana de tumores malignos. Los síndromes más frecuentes de cáncer hereditario son el síndrome de mama-ovario hereditario, la poliposis adenomatosa familiar y el síndrome de Lynch. El diagnóstico genético facilita realizar una estimación de los riesgos de desarrollar diferentes cánceres, permitiendo tomar decisiones de vigilancia y preventivas que reducen estos riesgos. El objetivo final es reducir la mortalidad por cáncer mediante el diagnóstico precoz y la prevención.

    12. 48 CFR 9904.402-61 - Interpretation.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ...-61 Section 9904.402-61 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.402-61 Interpretation. (a) 9904.402, Cost Accounting...

    13. 48 CFR 9904.401-61 - Interpretation.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ...-61 Section 9904.401-61 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.401-61 Interpretation. (a) 9904.401, Cost Accounting...

    14. O cuidado da criança com espinha bífida pela família no domicílio El cuidado del niño con espina bifida por la família en el domicílio The care of children with spina bifida in the family home

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Maria Aparecida Munhoz Gaiva

      2009-12-01

      Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a experiência das famílias que têm crianças portadoras de Espinha Bífida no cuidado cotidiano. Realizamos um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, empregando para a coleta de dados a entrevista semiestruturada com nove famílias. A análise dos dados foi desenvolvida com suporte no método da Análise Temática. Os resultados permitiram compreender o impacto da malformação da criança sobre a família e as dificuldades para prestar o cuidado cotidiano para a criança. O estudo também aponta a necessidade de os profissionais de saúde e enfermagem pensarem novos modelos de cuidar que sejam centrados nas necessidades da família e não apenas no processo patológico da criança.El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la experiencia de las familias que tienen niños con espina bífida con el cuidado domiciliar. Realizamos una investigación con abordaje cualitativo que se sirvió de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con 9 familias para la obtención de los datos. El método de análisis temático fundamentó el análisis de estos datos. Los resultados permitieron comprender el impacto que causa la malformación del niño a la familia y las dificultades a las que enfrentan para poder brindar el cuidado diario a estos niños. Además, este estudio destacó la importancia que tienen que los profesionales de la salud y la enfermería para que desarrollen nuevos modelos de cuidado que se centren en las necesidades familiares y no sólo en el proceso patológico del niño.This study aimed to describe the experience of families who have children with spina bifida in the daily care. We conducted a study of qualitative approach, employing to collect data on semi-structured interviews with 09 families. Data analysis was developed with support in the method of thematic analysis. The results showed, understand the impact of malformation of the child on the family and the difficulties to provide the daily care for

    15. Micrometer-sized Water Ice Particles for Planetary Science Experiments: Influence of Surface Structure on Collisional Properties

      Science.gov (United States)

      Gaertner, Sabrina; Gundlach, Bastian; Headen, Thomas F.; Ratte, Judy; Oesert, Joachim; Gorb, Stanislav N.; Youngs, Tristan G. A.; Bowron, Daniel T.; Blum, Jürgen; Fraser, Helen

      2018-06-01

      Models and observations suggest that particle aggregation at and beyond the snowline is aided by water ice. As icy particles play such a crucial role in the earliest stages of planet formation, many laboratory studies have exploited their collisional properties across a wide range of parameters (particle size, impact velocity, temperature T, and pressure P).However, not all of these parameters have always been varied systematically, leading to apparently contradictory results on collision outcomes. Previous experiments only agreed that a temperature dependence set in above ≈210 K. Open questions remain as to what extent the structural properties of the particles themselves dictate collision outcomes. The P–T gradients in protoplanetary disks mean that the ices are constantly processed, undergoing phase changes between different solid phases and the gas phase. To understand how effectively collision experiments reproduce protoplanetary disk conditions, environmental impacts on particle structure need to be investigated.We characterized the bulk and surface structure of icy particles used in collision experiments, exploiting the unique capabilities of the NIMROD neutron scattering instrument. Varying temperature at a constant pressure of around 30 mbar, we studied structural alterations to determine which of the observed properties matches the temperature dependencies observed in collisional behaviour.Our icy grains are formed under liquid nitrogen and heated from 103 to 247 K. As a result, they undergo changes in the crystalline ice-phase, sublimation, sintering and surface pre-melting. An increase in the thickness of the diffuse surface layer from ≈10 to ≈30 Å (≈2.5 to 12 bilayers) suggests increased molecular mobility at temperatures above ≈210 K.Because none of the other changes ties in with the temperature trends in collisional outcomes, we conclude that the diffuse interface plays a key role in collision experiments at these temperatures

    16. 14 CFR 61.99 - Aeronautical experience.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Aeronautical experience. 61.99 Section 61.99 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRMEN CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND INSTRUCTORS Recreational Pilots § 61.99...

    17. 48 CFR 9904.406-61 - Interpretation.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ...-61 Section 9904.406-61 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.406-61 Interpretation. (a) Questions have arisen as to...

    18. 48 CFR 9904.403-61 - Interpretation.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ...-61 Section 9904.403-61 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.403-61 Interpretation. (a) Questions have arisen as to...

    19. 7 CFR 3016.61 - Financial reporting.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Financial reporting. 3016.61 Section 3016.61... AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Entitlement § 3016.61 Financial reporting. The financial reporting provisions... Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations. The financial reporting requirements for these...

    20. 32 CFR 154.61 - Security education.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 32 National Defense 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Security education. 154.61 Section 154.61... PERSONNEL SECURITY PROGRAM REGULATION Continuing Security Responsibilities § 154.61 Security education. (a.... Through security briefings and education, the Department of Defense continues to provide for the...

    1. 40 CFR 455.61 - Special definitions.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Special definitions. 455.61 Section 455.61 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND... § 455.61 Special definitions. Process wastewater, for this subpart, means all wastewater except for...

    2. Species separation and kinetic effects in collisional plasma shocks

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Bellei, C., E-mail: bellei1@llnl.gov; Wilks, S. C.; Amendt, P. A. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550 (United States); Rinderknecht, H.; Zylstra, A.; Rosenberg, M.; Sio, H.; Li, C. K.; Petrasso, R. [Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States)

      2014-05-15

      The properties of collisional shock waves propagating in uniform plasmas are studied with ion-kinetic calculations, in both slab and spherical geometry and for the case of one and two ion species. Despite the presence of an electric field at the shock front—and in contrast to the case where an interface is initially present [C. Bellei et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 044702 (2013)]—essentially no ion reflection at the shock front is observed due to collisions, with a probability of reflection ≲10{sup −4} for the cases presented. A kinetic two-ion-species spherical convergent shock is studied in detail and compared against an average-species calculation, confirming effects of species separation and differential heating of the ion species at the shock front. The effect of different ion temperatures on the DT and D{sup 3}He fusion reactivity is discussed in the fluid limit and is estimated to be moderately important.

    3. Collisional and radiative processes in high-pressure discharge plasmas

      Science.gov (United States)

      Becker, Kurt H.; Kurunczi, Peter F.; Schoenbach, Karl H.

      2002-05-01

      Discharge plasmas at high pressures (up to and exceeding atmospheric pressure), where single collision conditions no longer prevail, provide a fertile environment for the experimental study of collisions and radiative processes dominated by (i) step-wise processes, i.e., the excitation of an already excited atomic/molecular state and by (ii) three-body collisions leading, for instance, to the formation of excimers. The dominance of collisional and radiative processes beyond binary collisions involving ground-state atoms and molecules in such environments allows for many interesting applications of high-pressure plasmas such as high power lasers, opening switches, novel plasma processing applications and sputtering, absorbers and reflectors for electromagnetic waves, remediation of pollutants and waste streams, and excimer lamps and other noncoherent vacuum-ultraviolet light sources. Here recent progress is summarized in the use of hollow cathode discharge devices with hole dimensions in the range 0.1-0.5 mm for the generation of vacuum-ultraviolet light.

    4. Concentración ideal de electrolitos en la superficie de suelos de los municipios de Palmira, El Cerrito y Guacarí en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Bravo Clavijo Andrés Mauricio

      2008-09-01

      Full Text Available family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-CO; mso-fareast-language: ES-CO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA";;">Tras añadir cantidades variables de CaCl2, equivalentes a la Concentración Crítica de Coagulación (CCC, llamada concentración de electrolitos ideal, se evaluó el movimiento de agua en muestras de suelo superficial y se relacionó con los contenidos de carbono orgánico, arcilla y pH en 112 muestreos distribuidos en esquema logarítmico sobre 84.000 ha; se utilizó el programa ArcGIS 8.3 para producir mapas geoestadísticos. La CCC mejoró significativamente la conductividad hidráulica saturada en la mayoría de los suelos analizados y mostró correlación inversa con el contenido de arcilla y el pH, y directa con el porcentaje de carbono orgánico. Por interpolación se obtuvieron las áreas más susceptibles a sellarse con agua lluvia.

    5. 10 CFR 61.56 - Waste characteristics.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Waste characteristics. 61.56 Section 61.56 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE Technical Requirements for Land Disposal Facilities § 61.56 Waste characteristics. (a) The following requirements are...

    6. 38 CFR 61.81 - Outreach activities.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Outreach activities. 61.81 Section 61.81 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS (CONTINUED) VA HOMELESS PROVIDERS GRANT AND PER DIEM PROGRAM § 61.81 Outreach activities. Recipients of capital...

    7. Collisional tearing in a field-reversed sheet pinch assuming nonparallel propagation

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Quest, K.B.; Coroniti, F.V.

      1985-01-01

      We examine the linear stability properties of the collisional tearing mode in a reversed-field sheet pinch assuming that the wave vector is not parallel to B, where B is the equilibrium magnetic field. We show that pressure balance in the direction of the equilibrium current requires a nonzero perturbed current component deltaJ/sub z/ that is driven toward tyhe center of the pinch. At the center of the pinch, deltaJ/sub z/ goes to zero, and momentum is balanced by coupling to the ion-acoustic mode. In order to achieve current closure, a large perturbed field-aligned current is generated that is strongly localized about the dissipative tearing layer. The relation of this work to the collisionless case is discussed

    8. On the two weighting scheme for δf collisional transport simulation

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Okamoto, M.; Nakajima, N.; Wang, W.

      1999-08-01

      The validity is given to the newly proposed two weighting δf scheme (Wang et al., Research Report of National Institute for Fusion Science NIFS-588, 1999) for collisional or neoclassical transport calculations, which can solve the drift kinetic equation taking account of effects of steep plasma gradients, large radial electric field, finite banana width, and the non-standard orbit topology near the axis. The marker density functions in weight equations are successively solved by using the idea of δf method and a hierarchy of equations for weight and marker density functions is obtained. These hierarchy equations are solved by choosing an appropriate source function for each marker density. Thus the validity of the two weighting δf scheme is mathematically proved. (author)

    9. Pan African Collisional Tectonics Along the Moroccan West African Craton Continued to Ediacaran-Cambrian Boundary

      Science.gov (United States)

      Hefferan, K. P.; Samson, S. D.; Rice, K.; Soulaimani, A.

      2016-12-01

      Precision geochronologic dating and field mapping in the Anti-Atlas Mountains of Morocco document a Neoproterozoic Pan African orogenic cycle consisting of three distinct orogenic events: Iriri-Tichibanine orogeny (760-700 Ma), Bou Azzer orogeny (680-640 Ma) and the WACadomian orogeny (620 Ma to either 555 or 544 Ma). The Iriri-Tichibanine and Bou Azzer orogenies involved northward directed subduction beneath island arc volcanic terranes. These orogenic events generated calc-alkaline magmatism and supra-subduction zone ophiolites exposed in the Bou Azzer and Siroua erosional inliers. The WACadomian orogeny involved subduction and collision of the Cadomia arc complex with the West African Craton and generation of clastic sedimentary basins. The termination of the WACadomian orogeny has been the subject of debate as calc-alkaline to high K magmatism and folding continued to 544 Ma: Was 620-544 Ma calc-alkaline to high K magmatism and clastic basin development due to a) continental rift basin tectonics or b) southward directed subduction and collisional tectonics with associated back arc basin tectonism? We present field and geochemical data supporting the continuation of subduction-collisional tectonics to the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary 544 Ma. Field mapping in the Central Anti-Atlas (Agadir Melloul) clearly documents an angular unconformity between Ouarzazate Group and Adoudounian limestones (N 30°31'28.91", W07°48'29.12"). Volcaniclastic rocks of Ouarzazate Group (615-545 Ma) are clearly folded and unconformably overlain by Adoudou Formation (541-529 Ma) limestones to the north. Geochemical discrimination diagrams on Latest Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline to high K igneous rocks throughout the Anti-Atlas plot in subduction and collisional arc magma domains. Back arc basin tectonism is likely responsible for localized extensional basins but continental rift tectonics and passive margin sedimentation did not begin in the Anti-Atlas Mountains until Early

    10. Streaming instabilities in a collisional dusty plasma

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Mamun, A. A.; Shukla, P. K.

      2000-01-01

      A pair of low-frequency electrostatic modes, which are very similar to those experimentally observed by Praburam and Goree [Phys. Plasmas 3, 1212 (1996)], are found to exist in a dusty plasma with a significant background neutral pressure and background ion streaming. One of these two modes is the dust-acoustic mode and the other one is a new mode which is due to the combined effects of the ion streaming and ion--neutral collisions. It has been shown that in the absence of the ion streaming, the dust-acoustic mode is damped due to the combined effects of the ion--neutral and dust--neutral collisions and the electron--ion recombination onto the dust grain surface. This result disagrees with Kaw and Singh [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 423 (1997)], who reported collisional instability of the dust-acoustic mode in such a dusty plasma. It has also been found that a streaming instability with the growth rate of the order of the dust plasma frequency is triggered when the background ion streaming speed relative to the charged dust particles is comparable or higher than the ion--thermal speed. This point completely agrees with Rosenberg [J. Vac. Soc. Technol. A 14, 631 (1996)

    11. 36 CFR 902.61 - Final determination.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Final determination. 902.61 Section 902.61 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT Time Limitations § 902.61 Final determination. A determination with respect to any appeal made...

    12. 10 CFR 61.9 - Employee protection.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... occurs because the employee has engaged in protected activities. An employee's engagement in protected... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Employee protection. 61.9 Section 61.9 Energy NUCLEAR... Provisions § 61.9 Employee protection. (a) Discrimination by a Commission licensee, an applicant for a...

    13. 40 CFR 61.183 - Emission monitoring.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission monitoring. 61.183 Section 61... Emissions From Arsenic Trioxide and Metallic Arsenic Production Facilities § 61.183 Emission monitoring. (a..., calibrate, maintain, and operate a continuous monitoring system for the measurement of the opacity of each...

    14. 40 CFR 792.61 - Equipment design.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Equipment design. 792.61 Section 792.61...) GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE STANDARDS Equipment § 792.61 Equipment design. Equipment used in the... of appropriate design and adequate capacity to function according to the protocol and shall be...

    15. 40 CFR 61.33 - Stack sampling.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Stack sampling. 61.33 Section 61.33 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL... sampling. (a) Unless a waiver of emission testing is obtained under § 61.13, each owner or operator...

    16. 7 CFR 58.61 - Political activity.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ....61 Political activity. All inspectors or graders are forbidden during the period of their respective appointments or licenses to take an active part in political management or in political campaigns. Political... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Political activity. 58.61 Section 58.61 Agriculture...

    17. Queratinocitos derivados de piel humana modificados por el vector retroviral FOCH 29-NeoR

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Luz Marina Restrepo

      2000-02-01

      Full Text Available

      family: Arial">En este protocolo se evaluará la eficiencia de la transducción mediada por el vector retroviral FOCH 29-NeoR derivado del virus de Friend; éste ha mostrado una alta eficiencia en la transducción, tanto de células madres hematopoyéticas como de otras líneas celulares. Se medirá su eficiencia de transducción en cultivos primarios de queratinocitos, derivados de biopsias de piel humana o de sobrantes de procedimientos quirúrgicos como circuncisiones, mastectomías y cirugía cosmética de pacientes que consultan el Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paul, Hospital la María, la Clínica del Rosario y la Clínica León XIII.

      family: Arial">Las muestras de piel se procesarán en un lapso no superior a 12 horas, se eliminará el exceso de dermis y tejido conectivo por digestión con dispasa (0.6-2.4 U/ml a 37family: Symbol">°family: Arial">C durante 1 hora. Las muestras serán lavadas con PBS, antibiótico (penicilina + estreptomicina y se cortarán en fragmentos de 1-2 mm; después de 2-3 horas de digestión con tripsina-EDTA (0.25% las células serán resuspendidas en KGM (Medio de crecimiento para queratinocitos y se sembrarán a una concentración de 10family: Arial">5 family: Arial">- 3x10family: Arial">5 family: Arial">células por plato de 100 mm; se incubarán a 37family: Symbol">°family: Arial">C, 5% COfamily: Arial">2 family: Arial">con cambios de medio 2-3 veces por semana. Se harán subcultivos con el fin de expandirlos y congelar una parte de las

    18. El abuso sexual infantil: perfil del abusador, la familia, el niño víctima y consecuencias psíquicas del abuso

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Ibeth Villanueva Sarmiento

      2013-07-01

      Full Text Available Abstract This paper reflects the results of the theoretical Project funded by Colciencias: “Psycho-legal points of view on incest in Caribbean region” is linked to the objective of this project, which is to identify risk factors related to the incest perpetrator and his family. With regards to the sex abuser’s profile, family and the child victim specifically, there were psychological consequences to the victim due to the sexual abuse. In most cases of children who have suffered sexual abuse during their childhood, the abuser is a family member or someone close to the family. Incest victims feel a disruption in their development in all areas of their lives: physical, emotional, cognitive and interpersonal. Resumen El presente artículo de reflexión muestra resultados del proyecto financiado por Colciencias: “Perspectiva psicojurídica del incesto en la región Caribe”, referente al objetivo de identificar factores de riesgo en el incesto, relacionados con el victimario y su familia. Más específicamente, en lo relativo al perfil del abusador sexual, la familia y el niño víctima, así como en las consecuencias psicológicas del abuso sexual para la víctima. En la mayoría de los niños que han sufrido abuso sexual en la infancia, el abusador resulta ser un familiar directo o una persona próxima al grupo familiar. Las víctimas de incesto ven perturbadas sus posibilidades de desarrollo en todas las áreas de su vida: física, emocional, cognitiva e interpersonal.

    19. 12__61

      African Journals Online (AJOL)

      User

      Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 9(2): 61 - 65 ... A study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Research Farm, Bayero University, Kano State, ... Maize is thought to have originated at least 5000 years ... hybrid development.

    20. 40 CFR 61.163 - Emission monitoring.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission monitoring. 61.163 Section 61... Emissions From Glass Manufacturing Plants § 61.163 Emission monitoring. (a) An owner or operator of a glass..., calibrate, maintain, and operate a continuous monitoring system for the measurement of the opacity of...

    1. 49 CFR 570.61 - Suspension system.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Suspension system. 570.61 Section 570.61... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION VEHICLE IN USE INSPECTION STANDARDS Vehicles With GVWR of More Than 10,000 Pounds § 570.61 Suspension system. (a) Suspension condition. Ball joint seals shall not be cut...

    2. 21 CFR 58.61 - Equipment design.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Equipment design. 58.61 Section 58.61 Food and... PRACTICE FOR NONCLINICAL LABORATORY STUDIES Equipment § 58.61 Equipment design. Equipment used in the... of appropriate design and adequate capacity to function according to the protocol and shall be...

    3. 10 CFR 430.61 - Prohibited acts.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Prohibited acts. 430.61 Section 430.61 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS Certification and... convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows: § 430.61 Prohibited acts. (b) In accordance...

    4. Interactions between the R2R3-MYB transcription factor, AtMYB61, and target DNA binding sites.

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Michael B Prouse

      Full Text Available Despite the prominent roles played by R2R3-MYB transcription factors in the regulation of plant gene expression, little is known about the details of how these proteins interact with their DNA targets. For example, while Arabidopsis thaliana R2R3-MYB protein AtMYB61 is known to alter transcript abundance of a specific set of target genes, little is known about the specific DNA sequences to which AtMYB61 binds. To address this gap in knowledge, DNA sequences bound by AtMYB61 were identified using cyclic amplification and selection of targets (CASTing. The DNA targets identified using this approach corresponded to AC elements, sequences enriched in adenosine and cytosine nucleotides. The preferred target sequence that bound with the greatest affinity to AtMYB61 recombinant protein was ACCTAC, the AC-I element. Mutational analyses based on the AC-I element showed that ACC nucleotides in the AC-I element served as the core recognition motif, critical for AtMYB61 binding. Molecular modelling predicted interactions between AtMYB61 amino acid residues and corresponding nucleotides in the DNA targets. The affinity between AtMYB61 and specific target DNA sequences did not correlate with AtMYB61-driven transcriptional activation with each of the target sequences. CASTing-selected motifs were found in the regulatory regions of genes previously shown to be regulated by AtMYB61. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that AtMYB61 regulates transcription from specific cis-acting AC elements in vivo. The results shed light on the specifics of DNA binding by an important family of plant-specific transcriptional regulators.

    5. Factores de riesgo para la salud familiar: acontecimientos significativos Risk factors for family health: significative events

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Patricia María Herrera Santi

      2012-08-01

      Full Text Available El trabajo aborda el estudio de aquellos acontecimientos que pueden generar crisis familiares. Se define el concepto de acontecimiento significativo de la vida familiar y se establece una diferenciación de estos con las crisis familiares. Se realiza un recorrido por las diferentes etapas que atraviesa el ciclo de vida familiar y de los acontecimientos significativos que constituyen momentos de riesgo en éste.This work deals with the study of those events that can generate family crises. The concept of significative event of the family life is defined, and it is established a difference between them and the family crises. The different stages through which the family life passes by and the significative events that constitute risk peaks within this cycle are analyzed.

    6. El pan y el vino en el judaísmo antiguo y medieval

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Enrique Cantera Montenegro

      2006-01-01

      Full Text Available En este trabajo se estudia la importancia que el pan y el vino tuvieron en la alimentación cotidiana de los judíos a lo largo de la Antigüedad y la Edad Media, así como el lugar que estos productos ocupan en el culto judío del Templo y en la liturgia de algunas de las más importantes celebraciones religiosas de carácter familiar. Los judíos, como todos los demás pueblos de civilización mediterránea, han basado tradicionalmente su agricultura en la llamada tríada mediterránea —cereal, vid y olivo—, lo que se refleja en su alimentación cotidiana, que se sustenta, en buena medida, en el consumo de pan y vino. Del mismo modo, desde la Antigüedad tardía y hasta tiempos actuales, el pan y el vino son elementos fundamentales en la celebración familiar de algunas de las principales festividades del calendario litúrgico judío, en particular el Sábado (Shabat y la Pascua (Pésah.In this work is studied the importance that bread and wine had in the daily feeding of the Jews throughout the Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, as well as the role that these products played in the Jewish cult of the Temple and in the liturgy of some of the most important familiar religious celebrations. The Jews, like all the other peoples of Mediterranean civilization, have traditionally based their agriculture on the Mediterranean Triad —cereal, grapevine and olive tree—, that is reflected in their daily feeding, that sustains themselves, to a great extent, in bread and wine consumption. Thus, from the late Antiquity to now, bread and wine are fundamental elements in the family celebrations of some of the main festivities of the Jewish Liturgical Calendar, in particular, the Saturday (Shabat and the Passover (Pésah.

    7. La idea de totalidad en el análisis textual: lo dialógico ante el enunciado. Ejemplos de análisis textual; expresividad sígnica y enunciados sugestionadores

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Flórez Rubén Darío

      1989-07-01

      Full Text Available

      family: ">Elfamily: "> family: ">hombre social es el objeto real de las ciencias humanas.  Bajtin

      family: ">escribía: "No hay posibilidad de llegar a él y a su vida (su trabajo, su family: ">lucha, etc. sino a través de los textos sígnicos creados family: ">o family: ">por crear. Hay family: ">que cuestionar si se puede estudiar al hombre como fenómeno de la naturaleza, family: ">como una cosa.  La acción física del hombre ha de ser comprendida family: ">como acto, pero el acto no puede ser comprendido fuera de su expresión family: ">sígnica (motivos, objetos, estímulos, grados de conciencia que family: ">nosotros recreamos. Es como si obligáramos al hombre a hablar (construimos family: ">sus testimonios, explicaciones, confesiones, desarrollamos su discurso family: ">interior posible family: ">o family: ">real. En todas partes encontramos un texto real family: ">o posible y su comprensión”.

    8. 40 CFR 74.61 - Monitoring plan.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Monitoring plan. 74.61 Section 74.61... OPT-INS Monitoring Emissions: Combustion Sources § 74.61 Monitoring plan. (a) Monitoring plan. The... monitoring plan that includes the information required in a monitoring plan under § 75.53 of this chapter...

    9. 22 CFR 61.9 - General information.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false General information. 61.9 Section 61.9 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND EXCHANGES WORLD-WIDE FREE FLOW OF AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIALS § 61.9 General information. General information and application forms may be obtained by writing to the...

    10. 40 CFR 61.34 - Air sampling.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Air sampling. 61.34 Section 61.34... sampling. (a) Stationary sources subject to § 61.32(b) shall locate air sampling sites in accordance with a... concentrations calculated within 30 days after filters are collected. Records of concentrations at all sampling...

    11. Notas sobre la reproducción en cautiverio de Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807 en el Perú

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Oswaldo Pérez

      2013-05-01

      Full Text Available Durante los años 2001 y 2002 se realizaron observaciones sobre la reproducción de Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807 en el Centro de Acuicultura La Tuna Carranza, localizado en Puerto Pizarro, departamento de Tumbes. El tamaño mínimo de una hembra anidando fue de 2,30 m. El porcentaje de viabilidad y natalidad fue de 61,71% y 93,15% respectivamente.

    12. Vertical displacement during late-collisional escape tectonics (Brasiliano Orogeny) in the Ribeira Belt, São Paulo State, Brazil

      Science.gov (United States)

      Hackspacher, P. C.; Godoy, A. M.

      1999-07-01

      During the Brasiliano-Pan-African Orogeny, West Gondwana formed by collisional processes around the São Francisco-Congo Craton. The Ribeira belt, in southeastern Brazil, resulted from northwestward collision (650-600 Ma), followed by large-scale northeast-southwest dextral strike-slip shear movements related to late-collisional escape tectonics ( ca 600 Ma). In São Paulo State, three groups, also interpreted as terranes, are recognised in the Ribeira Belt, the Embu, Itapira and São Roque Groups. The Embu and Itapira Groups are formed of sillimanite-gneisses, schists and migmatites intruded by Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline granitoids, all thrusted northwestward. The São Roque Group is composed of metasediments and metavolcanics in greenschist-facies. Its deformation indicates a transpressional regime associated with tectonic escape. Sub-alkaline granites were emplaced in shallow levels during this regime. Microstructural studies along the Itu, Moreiras and Taxaquara Shear Zones demonstrate the coexistence of horizontal and vertical displacement components during the transpressional regime. The vertical component is regarded as responsible for the lateral juxtaposition of different crustal levels.

    13. 40 CFR 61.345 - Standards: Containers.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards: Containers. 61.345 Section... Operations § 61.345 Standards: Containers. (a) The owner or operator shall meet the following standards for each container in which waste is placed in accordance with § 61.342(c)(1)(ii) of this subpart: (1) The...

    14. 21 CFR 610.61 - Package label.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Package label. 610.61 Section 610.61 Food and... GENERAL BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS STANDARDS Labeling Standards § 610.61 Package label. The following items shall appear on the label affixed to each package containing a product: (a) The proper name of the product; (b...

    15. El médico de familia y el control de la sífilis después de una estrategia de intervención The family physician and the control of syphilis after an intervention strategy

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Denis Berdasquera Corcho

      2006-09-01

      Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio experimental con control histórico antes y después de la intervención durante los meses de mayo de 2001 a agosto de 2003. El universo lo constituyeron los 39 Médicos de Familia que laboran en los consultorios del municipio. En Guanajay, desde hace varios años se han presentado dificultades en el tratamiento de las infecciones de transmisión sexual por parte de los Médicos de Familia, hecho que ha propiciado que se incumplan indicadores del Programa de Control de la Sífilis. Por tales razones se decidió intervenir, y realizar primeramente un estudio para determinar el nivel de conocimientos que sobre el control de la sífilis tenían los médicos del municipio, y aplicar posteriormente una intervención para disminuir las deficiencias encontradas. Solo el 43,6 % de los médicos obtuvieron evaluaciones satisfactorias antes de la intervención, que aumentaron a un 94,6 % de respuestas correctas después de aplicada la estrategia. Las mayores deficiencias se encontraron en el dominio de las funciones y objetivos del Programa, en el diagnóstico clínico y de laboratorio, en la vigilancia y grupos de riesgo, en el diagnóstico clínico y tratamiento, así como en las acciones de educación para la salud y la gravedad de la sífilis. El nivel de conocimientos sobre el Programa no era satisfactorio en la mayoría de los encuestados antes de la intervención. La estrategia empleada resultó ser eficaz en lograr conocimientos más sólidos por parte de los médicos en cuanto al control de la sífilis en su comunidad, lo que pudiera favorecer un mejor control de los pacientes que la padecen en el municipio.An experimental study with historical control before and after the intervention was conducted from May to August, 2003.The universe was composed of 39 family physicians working in the offices of the municipality. The family physicians have had difficulties to treat sexually transmitted diseases for some years, and as a

    16. Boltzmann rovibrational collisional coarse-grained model for internal energy excitation and dissociation in hypersonic flows.

      Science.gov (United States)

      Munafò, A; Panesi, M; Magin, T E

      2014-02-01

      A Boltzmann rovibrational collisional coarse-grained model is proposed to reduce a detailed kinetic mechanism database developed at NASA Ames Research Center for internal energy transfer and dissociation in N(2)-N interactions. The coarse-grained model is constructed by lumping the rovibrational energy levels of the N(2) molecule into energy bins. The population of the levels within each bin is assumed to follow a Boltzmann distribution at the local translational temperature. Excitation and dissociation rate coefficients for the energy bins are obtained by averaging the elementary rate coefficients. The energy bins are treated as separate species, thus allowing for non-Boltzmann distributions of their populations. The proposed coarse-grained model is applied to the study of nonequilibrium flows behind normal shock waves and within converging-diverging nozzles. In both cases, the flow is assumed inviscid and steady. Computational results are compared with those obtained by direct solution of the master equation for the rovibrational collisional model and a more conventional multitemperature model. It is found that the proposed coarse-grained model is able to accurately resolve the nonequilibrium dynamics of internal energy excitation and dissociation-recombination processes with only 20 energy bins. Furthermore, the proposed coarse-grained model provides a superior description of the nonequilibrium phenomena occurring in shock heated and nozzle flows when compared with the conventional multitemperature models.

    17. Velocity-changing collisional effects in nonlinear atomic spectroscopy and photon echo decay in gases

      Science.gov (United States)

      Herman, R. M.

      1983-01-01

      A general theory of atomic dipole coherence under the influence of collisional phase changes, inelastic effects and optically active atom velocity changes, including those due to anisotropic interactions is presented. Velocity change effects are obtained in closed form. Line shapes appear as convolutions of standard pressure broadening contours with velocity-change contours. Width and shift parameters for the He-broadened Na D lines at 2 m bar pressure, 380 K are calculated, as are He-induced photon echo decay rates for these lines. Overall agreement with xperiment is reasonably good.

    18. How plasmas dissipate: cascade and the production of internal energy and entropy in weakly collisional plasma turbulence

      Science.gov (United States)

      Matthaeus, W. H.; Yang, Y.; Servidio, S.; Parashar, T.; Chasapis, A.; Roytershteyn, V.

      2017-12-01

      Turbulence cascade transfers energy from large scale to small scale but what happens once kinetic scales are reached? In a collisional medium, viscosity and resistivity remove fluctuation energy in favor of heat. In the weakly collisional solar wind, (or corona, m-sheath, etc.), the sequence of events must be different. Heating occurs, but through what mechanisms? In standard approaches, dissipation occurs though linear wave modes or instabilities and one seeks to identify them. A complementary view is that cascade leads to several channels of energy conversion, interchange and spatial rearrangement that collectively leads to production of internal energy. Channels may be described using compressible MHD & multispecies Vlasov Maxwell formulations. Key steps are: Conservative rearrangement of energy in space; Parallel incompressible and compressible cascades - conservative rearrangment in scale; electromagnetic work on particles that drives flows, both macroscopic and microscopic; and pressure-stress interactions, both compressive and shear-like, that produces internal energy. Examples given from MHD, PIC simulations and MMS observations. A more subtle issue is how entropy is related to this degeneration (or, "dissipation") of macroscopic, fluid-scale fluctuations. We discuss this in terms of Boltzmann and thermodynamic entropies, and velocity space effects of collisions.

    19. Relationship between body mass index and family functioning, family communication, family type and parenting style among African migrant parents and children in Victoria, Australia: a parent-child dyad study

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      S. Cyril

      2016-08-01

      Full Text Available Abstract Background Although childhood obesity prevalence is stabilised in developed countries including Australia, it is continuing to rise among migrants and socially disadvantaged groups in these countries. African migrants and refugees in particular, are at high risk of obesity due to changes in their family dynamics. The aim of this study was to examine the difference between children and parental perception of family functioning, family communication, family type and parenting styles and their relationship with body mass index. Methods A cross-sectional parent-child dyad study was conducted among 284 African families from migrant and refugee backgrounds living in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Bilingual workers were trained to collect demographic, anthropometric and questionnaire data on family functioning, parenting, family type and family communication. Results Parents and children reported different levels of family dynamics. Children reported a higher prevalence of poor family functioning (61.5 %, 95 % CI: 55.6, 67.2 versus 56.8 %, 95 % CI: 49.7, 61.6 and protective family type (29 %, 95 % CI: 23.9, 34.5 vs. 13.4 %, 95 % CI: 9.9, 17.9, but a lower prevalence of authoritative parenting style (51.6 %, 95 % CI: 45.7, 57.5 vs. 63 %, 95 % CI: 57.5, 68.8 than parents. There was a positive relationship between poor family functioning and child BMI both before (β = 1.28; 95 % CI: 0.14, 2.41; p < 0.05 and after (β = 1.73; 95 % CI: 0.53, 2.94; p < 0.001 controlling for confounders, and an inverse relationship between consensual family type and child BMI after adjustment (β = −1.92; 95 % CI: −3.59, −0.24; p < 0.05. There was no significant relationship between parental BMI and family functioning, communication, family type or parenting style. Conclusion Children’s perception of poor family functioning was associated with childhood obesity. Family interventions to reduce childhood obesity need

    20. 2D collisional-radiative model for non-uniform argon plasmas: with or without ‘escape factor’

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Zhu, Xi-Ming; Tsankov, Tsanko Vaskov; Luggenhölscher, Dirk; Czarnetzki, Uwe

      2015-01-01

      Collisional-radiative models for excited rare-gas atoms in low-temperature plasmas are a widely investigated topic. When these plasmas are optically thick, an ‘escape factor’ is introduced into the models to account for the reabsorption of photons (so-called radiation trapping process). This factor is usually obtained assuming a uniform density profile of the excited species; however, such an assumption is often not satisfied in a bounded plasma. This article reports for the first time a self-consistent collisional-radiative model without using an ad hoc ‘escape factor’ for excited Ar atoms in the 2p states (in Paschen’s notation). Rather, the rate balance equations—i.e. the radiation transfer equations—of the 2p states are numerically solved to yield the actual density profiles. The predictions of this self-consistent model and a model based on the escape factor concept are compared with spatially-resolved emission measurements in a low-pressure inductive Ar plasma. The self-consistent model agrees well with the experiment but the ‘escape factor’ model shows considerable deviations. By the comparative analysis the limitations and shortcomings of the escape factor concept as adopted in a significant number of works are revealed. (paper)

    1. 40 CFR 61.54 - Sludge sampling.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Sludge sampling. 61.54 Section 61.54... sampling. (a) As an alternative means for demonstrating compliance with § 61.52(b), an owner or operator... days prior to a sludge sampling test, so that he may at his option observe the test. (c) Sludge shall...

    2. Work-family conflicts and work performance.

      Science.gov (United States)

      Roth, Lawrence; David, Emily M

      2009-08-01

      Prior research indicates that work-family conflict interferes with family far more than it interferes with work. Conservation of resources provides a possible explanation: when shifting resources from family is no longer sufficient to maintain satisfactory work performance, then workers must acquire additional resources or reduce investments in work. One source of such additional resources could be high performance peers in the work group. The performance of workers with resource-rich peers may be less adversely affected by work-family conflict. In this study, 136 employees of a wholesale distribution firm (61% women, 62% minority) working in groups of 7 to 11 in manual labor and low-level administrative jobs rated their own work-to-family conflict. Their supervisors rated workers' performance. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that work-to-family conflict increasingly adversely affected job performance as work group performance decreased. Hence, work group performance may be an important moderator of the effects of work-family conflict.

    3. Checking the validity of Busquet's ionization temperature with detailed collisional radiative models.

      Science.gov (United States)

      Klapisch, M.; Bar-Shalom, A.

      1997-12-01

      Busquet's RADIOM model for effective ionization temperature Tz is an appealing and simple way to introduce non LTE effects in hydrocodes. The authors report checking the validity of RADIOM in the optically thin case by comparison with two collisional radiative models, MICCRON (level-by-level) for C and Al and SCROLL (superconfiguration- by-superconfiguration) for Lu and Au. MICCRON is described in detail. The agreement between the average ion charge >ZBusquet is very good in most cases. There is however room for improvement when the departure from LTE is more pronounced for heavy atoms and for emissivity. Improvement appears possible because the concept of ionization temperature seems to hold in a broader range of parameters.

    4. LA INTELIGENCIA EMOCIONAL Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL PROCESO DIRECTIVO EN EL CONTEXTO EMPRESARIAL

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Susana Rodríguez Muñoz

      2005-06-01

      Full Text Available

      family: Times_New_Roman083.313;">Se presentan los aspectos que los autores han considerado de mayor interés, para el tratamiento del tema de la Inteligencia Emocional, con un enfoque relativo a las recursos humanos que en los actuales tiempos de constante dinámica de cambio, constituyen parte de las organizaciones, a los cuales pueden serles útiles estos conocimientos elementales.No se pretende realizar aporte alguno a la amplia bibliografía existente sobre el tema. No obstante, en el desarrollo del trabajo los autores consideran muy interesante poner al descubierto los resultados acertados de las investigaciones llevadas a la práctica por expertos como: W. Stern, Daniel Coleman y R Sternbeg, que han servido de base en el presente trabajo para resaltar lo útil que resulta el conocer la importancia de la inteligencia emocional y su relación con otros tipos de inteligencia, en el contexto empresarial moderno, cuyo centro, para conseguir el éxito, lo constituye el proceso directivo, el cual precisa hoy más que nunca, del desempeño de los recursos humanos con que cuentan las organizaciones.

    5. A experiência da família ao interagir com o recém-nascido prematuro no domicílio La experiencia de la familia al interactuar con el recién nacido prematuro en el hogar The family's experience when interacting with the premature newborn at home

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Suely Alves Fonseca Costa

      2009-12-01

      recompensada. La comprensión de esta experiencia ofrece contribuciones que sirven para replantear la asistencia que la enfermería ofrece a familia durante el cuidado del recién nacido prematuro.This qualitative study aimed at understanding how the family interacts with the premature newborn at home during the first weeks after discharge from hospital. The Theoretical and Methodological Frameworks used were the Symbolic Interactionism and the Grounded Theory, respectively. Data were collected by means of participant observation and interviews with 5 families. Data comparative analysis enabled us to understand that having a child, even if he/ she is premature, means a dream come true, whose realization causes the family to experience sadness, anguish and pain due to prematurity and hospitalization. With the baby's clinical improvement, the family gets ready to take over his/ her care at home, receives him/ her with love and care, experiences changes about their way to behave, think and live and feels rewarded. Understanding this experience provides subsides to rethink the nursing assistance given to the family during the follow-up of premature newborns.

    6. Contextual effects of socioeconomic level on academic achievement in obligatory secondary education in the Basque Autonomous Community (Spain. Differential study about socioeconomic level of families and school centers. El efecto contextual del nivel socioeconómico sobre el rendimiento académico en la educación secundaria obligatoria en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca (España. Estudio diferencial del nivel socioeconómico familiar y el del centro escolar.

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Luis Lizasoain

      2007-04-01

      Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to analyze the contextual effect of the socioeconomic status (SES on the academic achievement in Mathematics and Language in Compulsory Secondary Education at the Basque Autonomous Community (Spain. We have carried out a differential study taking into account family SES and school SES in a multi-level study context. First, via tested hierarchical models, the hypothesis of the contextual effects (i.e., double jeopardy is accepted, showing that the academic achievement of students from low SES families tend to worsen when they attend low SES schools. In order to illustrate the different effect of both SES, a new variable is generated so that, for each student, it combines the values of the previously categorized family and school SES. Using statistical segmentation techniques (regression and classification trees, CART, the present study has found that low family SES students attending high SES schools obtain the best academic achievement results, only outperformed by high family SES students who are studying at high SES schools, and also, even better than the sample subgroups who were expected to get much better scores. The study ends with some explanatory hypotheses about the findings and with some suggestions for further research. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el efecto contextual del nivel socioeconómico (SES sobre el rendimiento académico en Matemáticas y Lengua en la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca (España, realizando un estudio diferencial del nivel socioeconómico familiar (SESF y el del centro escolar (SESC. Para ello, en primer lugar, se verifica dicho efecto contextual mediante modelos jerárquicos lineales y se acepta la hipótesis de doble riesgo en el sentido de que los estudiantes de nivel socioeconómico familiar bajo obtienen un rendimiento académico aún más bajo cuando estudian en centros escolares de nivel socioeconómico bajo. Para estudiar con m

    7. Asymmetric fission and evaporation of C{sub 60}{sup r+} (r = 2-4) fullerene ions in ion-C{sub 60} collisions: II. Dependence on collisional processes?

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Rentenier, A; Bordenave-Montesquieu, A; Moretto-Capelle, P; Bordenave-Montesquieu, D [LCAR-IRSAMC, UMR 5589 Universite Paul Sabatier-CNRS, 118 rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex (France)

      2004-06-28

      In this paper, a quantitative comparison of our experimental data for the asymmetrical fission (AF) and neutral evaporation of the C{sub 60} molecule under proton impact (part I) is made with data published by other authors and often obtained in rather different collisional systems. The comparison with multicharged ions for which more quantitative data are available is focused on. It is demonstrated that size distributions of fragments, averaged fragment sizes, branching ratios between AF and evaporation or between AF channels, are common to all the collisional systems. Differences only appear when the comparison includes the undissociated stable fullerene ion signals.

    8. 10 CFR 61.7 - Concepts.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... COMMISSION (CONTINUED) LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE General Provisions § 61... radioactive waste and not to other methods such as sea or extraterrestrial disposal. Part 61 contains... specific technical requirements for near-surface disposal of radioactive waste, a subset of land disposal...

    9. A gravidez na adolescência sob a perspectiva dos familiares: compartilhando projetos de vida e cuidado El embarazo en adolescencia en la perspectiva de los familiares: compartiendo proyectos de vida y cuidado Adolescent pregnancy from a family perspective: sharing projects of life and care

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Lucía Silva

      2006-04-01

      Full Text Available Estudo qualitativo, que objetivou apreender o significado da gravidez da adolescente para seus familiares. Empregou-se a entrevista semi-estruturada e discurso do sujeito coletivo. A gravidez da adolescente é representada como problema a ser enfrentado com o suporte familiar. As famílias preocupam-se e se mobilizam para resolver as adversidades. Além do choque pela notícia, impotência quanto à prevenção da gravidez, conformismo, alegria e melhora no relacionamento familiar pela chegada do bebê, evidenciou-se a frustração devido à interrupção/mudança no projeto de vida familiar em relação à adolescente sem um relacionamento estável com o pai da criança. Considera-se que, ao se valorizar a perspectiva dos familiares sobre a gestação na adolescência, o cuidado profissional à adolescente grávida e à família pode se dar em parceria e sintonia com o contexto familiar e social, facilitando o enfrentamento de conflitos e reconhecendo a família como sujeito ativo nesse processo.Este estudio cualitativo tuvo por objetivo aprehender el significado del embarazo de adolescentes para los familiares, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y discurso del sujeto colectivo. El embarazo de la adolescente se representa como un problema a ser enfrentado con apoyo familiar. Las familias se preocupan y se movilizan para resolver las adversidades. Además del susto por la noticia, impotencia en cuanto a la prevención del embarazo, conformismo, felicidad y mejora en la relación familiar por la llegada del bebé, la frustración se evidenció debido a una interrupción/cambio en el proyecto de vida familiar por el adolescente no tener un relacionamiento estable con el padre del bebé. Consideramos que, cuando se valora la perspectiva de los familiares sobre la gestación en la adolescencia, el cuidado profesional a la adolescente embarazada y la familia puede pasar en sintonía con el contexto familiar y social, facilitando el enfrentamiento

    10. Collisional Fragmentation Is Not a Barrier to Close-in Planet Formation

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Wallace, Joshua; Tremaine, Scott [Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 (United States); Chambers, John, E-mail: joshuajw@princeton.edu [Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015 (United States)

      2017-11-01

      Collisional fragmentation is shown to not be a barrier to rocky planet formation at small distances from the host star. Simple analytic arguments demonstrate that rocky planet formation via collisions of homogeneous gravity-dominated bodies is possible down to distances of order the Roche radius ( r {sub Roche}). Extensive N -body simulations with initial bodies ≳1700 km that include plausible models for fragmentation and merging of gravity-dominated bodies confirm this conclusion and demonstrate that rocky planet formation is possible down to ∼1.1 r {sub Roche}. At smaller distances, tidal effects cause collisions to be too fragmenting to allow mass buildup to a final, dynamically stable planetary system. We argue that even differentiated bodies can accumulate to form planets at distances that are not much larger than r {sub Roche}.

    11. First genome size estimations for some eudicot families and genera

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Garcia, S.

      2010-12-01

      Full Text Available Genome size diversity in angiosperms varies roughly 2400-fold, although approximately 45% of angiosperm families lack a single genome size estimation, and therefore, this range could be enlarged. To contribute completing family and genera representation, DNA C-Values are here provided for 19 species from 16 eudicot families, including first values for 6 families, 14 genera and 17 species. The sample of species studied is very diverse, including herbs, weeds, vines, shrubs and trees. Data are discussed regarding previous genome size estimates of closely related species or genera, if any, their chromosome number, growth form or invasive behaviour. The present research contributes approximately 1.5% new values for previously unreported angiosperm families, being the current coverage around 55% of angiosperm families, according to the Plant DNA C-Values Database.

      La diversidad del tamaño del genoma en angiospermas es muy amplia, siendo el valor más elevado aproximadamente unas 2400 veces superior al más pequeño. Sin embargo, cerca del 45% de las familias no presentan ni una sola estimación, por lo que el rango real podría ser ampliado. Para contribuir a completar la representación de familias y géneros de angiospermas, este estudio contribuye con valores C para 19 especies de 16 familias de eudicoticotiledóneas, incluyendo los primeros valores para 6 familias, 14 géneros y 17 especies. La muestra estudiada es muy diversa, e incluye hierbas, malezas, enredaderas, arbustos y árboles. Se discuten los resultados en función de estimaciones previas del tamaño del genoma de especies o géneros estrechamente relacionados, del número de cromosomas, la forma de crecimiento o el comportamiento invasor de las especies analizadas. El presente estudio contribuye aproximadamente en un 1,5% de nuevos valores para familias de angiospermas no estudiadas previamente, de las que actualmente existe información para el 55%, según la base de datos

    12. Meeting health and family planning needs in Latin America and the Caribbean.

      Science.gov (United States)

      1995-06-01

      The operations research and technical assistance (OR/TA) project in The Population Council has concentrated on fertility and infant mortality issues in Latin American and the Caribbean for more than a decade through INOPAL. INOPAL is an acronym for Investigacion Operacional en Planificacion Familiar y Atencion Materno-Infantil para America Latina y el Caribe (Operations Research in Family Planning and Maternal-Child Health in Latin America and the Caribbean). In March 1995, the project entered its third phase, INOPAL III, with the renewal of its contract from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). To facilitate communication between INOPAL, collaborating agencies, and USAID, INOPAL Director James Foreit moved from Peru to a Council office in Washington, D.C. INOPAL has six objectives: 1) to test the integration of family planning and reproductive health services; 2) to increase access to family planning; 3) to develop strategies to reach special populations; 4) to improve the sustainability of family planning programs; 5) to improve service quality; and 6) to institutionalize operations research capability in the region. INOPAL II conducted 61 subprojects in 12 countries in collaboration with 24 USAID cooperating agencies and other international organizations. The project established new services for postpartum women, adolescents, and rural women; improved program quality and financial sustainability; increased vasectomy promotion and the range of available contraceptives; and developed new modes of service delivery. A key finding of INOPAL II operations research was the importance of increasing cost-effectiveness to ensure program sustainability. INOPAL III will work toward all six objectives, with an emphasis on integrating reproductive health and family planning services. Operations research and technical assistance (OR/TA) subprojects will focus on the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, perinatal and postpartum

    13. Collisional flow of vibrational energy into surrounding vibrational fields within S1 benzene

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Tang, K.Y.; Parmenter, C.S.

      1983-01-01

      Vapor phase fluorescence spectra are used to determine the absolute rate constants for the collisional transfer of vibrational energy from initial single vibronic levels of S 1 benzene into the surrounding S 1 vibronic field. 11 initial levels are probed with vibrational energies ranging to 2368 cm -1 where the level density is about 10 per cm -1 . CO, isopentane, and S 0 benzene are the collision partners. Benzene rate constants are three to four times gas kinetic for all levels, and electronic energy switching between the initial S 1 molecule and the S 0 collision partner probably makes important contributions. Isopentane efficiencies range from one to two times gas kinetic. Most of the transfer from low S 1 levels occurs with excitation of vibrational energy within isopentane. These V--V contributions decline to only about 10% for the high transfer. CO-induced transfer is by V-T,R processes for all levels. The CO efficiency rises from about 0.1 for low regions to about unity for levels above 1500 cm -1 . The CO efficiencies retain significant sensitivity to initial level identity even in the higher regions. Propensity rules derived from collisional mode-to-mode transfer among lower levels of S 1 benzene are used to calculate the relative CO efficiencies. The calculated efficiencies agree well enough with the data to suggest that it may be meaningful to model vibrational equilibration with the use of propensity rules. The rules suggest that only a small number of levels among the thousands surrounding a high initial level contribute significantly to the total relaxation cross section and that this number is rather independent of the level density

    14. 45 CFR 61.3 - Definitions.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 61.3 Section 61.3 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION HEALTHCARE INTEGRITY AND PROTECTION DATA BANK... welfare association, public service group or organization or professional association; and (5) An...

    15. Métodos de investigación diversos en el estudio de la salud familiar

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      María T Ortiz Gómez

      1999-04-01

      Full Text Available Se realiza un estudio descriptivo a través del uso de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos de investigación con el objetivo de caracterizar los problemas de salud familiar en la comunidad de Jaimanitas, ubicada en el municipio Playa, de Ciudad de La Habana. Para el análisis cuantitativo se seleccionaron 96 familias a las que se aplicó el instrumento cubano FFSIL y un cuestionario elaborado al efecto. El estudio cualitativo se realiza mediante el modelo del Juicio Grupal Ponderado, que permite indentificar, priorizar y explicar los problemas a través de la participación de cuatro grupos de actores sociales vinculados a la Salud Familiar. Con el empleo de estas técnicas se aprecia la similitud de sus resultados, en tanto se constatan dificultades en el funcionamiento familiar a expensas del divorcio, alcoholismo, problemas de la vivienda y migracionesA descriptive study is conducted by using qualitative and quantitative research methods aimed at characterizing the family health problems in the community of Jaimanitas, located in Playa municipality, in Havana City. 96 families were selected for the quantitative analysis. The FFSIL Cuban instrument and a questionnarie designed to this end were used. The qualitative study is carried out by using the model of Adjusted Group Judgement that allows to identify, give priority and explain the problems through the participation of 4 groups of oficial actors connected with Family Health. On using these technique it is observed that their results are similar. Divorce, drinking, housing problems and migration are among the commones difficulties affecting the family

    16. Couples' cultural values, shared parenting, and family emotional climate within Mexican American families.

      Science.gov (United States)

      Sotomayor-Peterson, Marcela; Figueredo, Aurelio J; Christensen, Donna H; Taylor, Angela R

      2012-06-01

      This study tested a model of shared parenting as its centerpiece that incorporates cultural values as predictors and family emotional climate as the outcome variable of interest. We aimed to assess the predictive power of the Mexican cultural values of familismo and simpatia over couples' shared parenting practices. We anticipated that higher levels of shared parenting would predict family emotional climate. The participants were 61 Mexican American, low income couples, with at least one child between 3 and 4 years of age, recruited from a home-based Head Start program. The predictive model demonstrated excellent goodness of fit, supporting the hypothesis that a positive emotional climate within the family is fostered when Mexican American couples practice a sufficient level of shared parenting. Empirical evidence was previously scarce on this proposition. The findings also provide evidence for the role of cultural values, highlighting the importance of family solidarity and avoidance of confrontation as a pathway to shared parenting within Mexican American couples. © FPI, Inc.

    17. El médico de familia en el discurso cinematográfico/ The Family Physicians in the Film Discourse

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Vicente Ramón Cabedo García et al.

      2017-03-01

      Full Text Available Objetivo: estudiar la figura del médico de familia en el medio cinematográfico.Diseño: estudio cualitativo mediante análisis de contenido documental.Emplazamiento: Atención Primaria.Participantes y/o contextos: selección a partir de bases de datos cinematográficas de películas en las que intervenían médicos excluyendo aquellas en las que ejercían sus funciones en el hospital o en ámbitos distintos de la Atención Primaria o en las que su papel en la trama argumental era poco relevante.Método: selección muestral por propósito por parte del equipo investigador. Se procedió al visionado individual de las películas seleccionadas y a la discusión semanal en grupo. Cada sesión se grabó en audio extrayendo secuencias y párrafos de interés que posteriormente fueron codificados y clasificados para obtener categorías de significado relevantes. Siguiendo el “método comparativoconstante” cada categoría fue evaluada a cada paso surgiendo nuevas hipótesis y temas de investigación y debate.Resultados: de las 162 películas de médicos analizadas se seleccionaron 21. Codificamos el material documental y obtuvimos 13 categorías de significado, entre ellas: Imagen cinematográfica del médico. El médico de familia vs otros especialistas. Cualificación profesional. Vida personal frente a profesional. Posición del médico ante la muerte. Relación médico?paciente. Grado de compromiso. Posición del profesional en el sistema sanitario y su valoración por parte de la comunidad.Conclusiones: el médico de Familia es representado como parte polivalente de la comunidad, comprometido con los pacientes, con un desigual nivel de formación y con una visión muy personal frente a la enfermedad y la muerte.

    18. Experimental evidence for collisional shock formation via two obliquely merging supersonic plasma jets

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Merritt, Elizabeth C., E-mail: emerritt@lanl.gov; Adams, Colin S. [Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 (United States); University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 (United States); Moser, Auna L.; Hsu, Scott C., E-mail: scotthsu@lanl.gov; Dunn, John P.; Miguel Holgado, A. [Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 (United States); Gilmore, Mark A. [University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 (United States)

      2014-05-15

      We report spatially resolved measurements of the oblique merging of two supersonic laboratory plasma jets. The jets are formed and launched by pulsed-power-driven railguns using injected argon, and have electron density ∼10{sup 14} cm{sup −3}, electron temperature ≈1.4 eV, ionization fraction near unity, and velocity ≈40 km/s just prior to merging. The jet merging produces a few-cm-thick stagnation layer, as observed in both fast-framing camera images and multi-chord interferometer data, consistent with collisional shock formation [E. C. Merritt et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 085003 (2013)].

    19. 40 CFR 61.101 - Definitions.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... definition of reference man are outlined in the International Commission on Radiological Protection's... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Definitions. 61.101 Section 61.101....101 Definitions. As used in this subpart, all terms not defined here have the meaning given them in...

    20. 10 CFR 61.2 - Definitions.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Definitions. 61.2 Section 61.2 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY....2 Definitions. As used in this part: Active maintenance means any significant remedial activity... biosphere inhabited by man and containing his food chains by emplacement in a land disposal facility...

    1. 40 CFR 61.71 - Recordkeeping.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ...: (1) A record of the leaks detected by the vinyl chloride monitoring system, as required by § 61.65(b)(8), including the concentrations of vinyl chloride measured, analyzed, and recorded by the vinyl... EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS National Emission Standard for Vinyl Chloride § 61.71...

    2. 10 CFR 61.57 - Labeling.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... COMMISSION (CONTINUED) LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE Technical Requirements for Land Disposal Facilities § 61.57 Labeling. Each package of waste must be clearly labeled to identify whether it is Class A waste, Class B waste, or Class C waste, in accordance with § 61.55. ...

    3. 38 CFR 4.61 - Examination.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Examination. 4.61 Section... DISABILITIES Disability Ratings The Musculoskeletal System § 4.61 Examination. With any form of arthritis (except traumatic arthritis) it is essential that the examination for rating purposes cover all major...

    4. 16 CFR 1.61 - Injunctions.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Injunctions. 1.61 Section 1.61 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ORGANIZATION, PROCEDURES AND RULES OF PRACTICE GENERAL PROCEDURES... believe that it would be to the interest of the public, the Commission will apply to the courts for...

    5. A structural approach to the role of CCN (CYR61/CTGF/NOV proteins in tumourigenesis

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Perbal Bernard

      2003-08-01

      Full Text Available Abstract The CCN (CYR61 [Cystein-rich61]/CTGF [connective tissue growth factor]/NOV [Nephroblastoma overexpressed] proteins constitute a family of regulatory factors involved in many aspects of cell proliferation and differentiation. An increasing body of evidence indicates that abnormal expression of the CCN proteins is associated to tumourgenesis. The multimodular architecture of the CCN proteins, and the production of truncated isoforms in tumours, raise interesting questions regarding the participation of each individual module to the various biological properties of these proteins. In this article, we review the current data regarding the involvement of CCN proteins in tumourigenesis. We also attempt to provide structural basis for the stimulatory and inhibitory functions of the full length and truncated CCN proteins that are expressed in various tumour tissues.

    6. 48 CFR 9904.404-61 - Interpretation. [Reserved

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ...] 9904.404-61 Section 9904.404-61 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.404-61 Interpretation. [Reserved] ...

    7. 48 CFR 9904.408-61 - Interpretation. [Reserved

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ...] 9904.408-61 Section 9904.408-61 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.408-61 Interpretation. [Reserved] ...

    8. 48 CFR 9904.410-61 - Interpretation. [Reserved

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ...] 9904.410-61 Section 9904.410-61 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.410-61 Interpretation. [Reserved] ...

    9. 48 CFR 9904.407-61 - Interpretation. [Reserved

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ...] 9904.407-61 Section 9904.407-61 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.407-61 Interpretation. [Reserved] ...

    10. 48 CFR 9904.409-61 - Interpretation. [Reserved

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ...] 9904.409-61 Section 9904.409-61 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.409-61 Interpretation. [Reserved] ...

    11. 48 CFR 9904.405-61 - Interpretation. [Reserved

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ...] 9904.405-61 Section 9904.405-61 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.405-61 Interpretation. [Reserved] ...

    12. 24 CFR 242.61 - Management.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Management. 242.61 Section 242.61... Management. The mortgagor shall provide for management of the hospital in a manner satisfactory to HUD. (a) Contract Management of Hospital. The mortgagor shall not execute a management agreement or any other...

    13. 33 CFR 159.61 - Vents.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Vents. 159.61 Section 159.61 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) POLLUTION MARINE... to minimize clogging by either the contents of the tank or climatic conditions such as snow or ice. ...

    14. Updated Collisional Ionization Equilibrium Calculated for Optically Thin Plasmas

      Science.gov (United States)

      Savin, Daniel Wolf; Bryans, P.; Badnell, N. R.; Gorczyca, T. W.; Laming, J. M.; Mitthumsiri, W.

      2010-03-01

      Reliably interpreting spectra from electron-ionized cosmic plasmas requires accurate ionization balance calculations for the plasma in question. However, much of the atomic data needed for these calculations have not been generated using modern theoretical methods and their reliability are often highly suspect. We have carried out state-of-the-art calculations of dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients for the hydrogenic through Na-like ions of all elements from He to Zn as well as for Al-like to Ar-like ions of Fe. We have also carried out state-of-the-art radiative recombination (RR) rate coefficient calculations for the bare through Na-like ions of all elements from H to Zn. Using our data and the recommended electron impact ionization data of Dere (2007), we present improved collisional ionization equilibrium calculations (Bryans et al. 2006, 2009). We compare our calculated fractional ionic abundances using these data with those presented by Mazzotta et al. (1998) for all elements from H to Ni. This work is supported in part by the NASA APRA and SHP SR&T programs.

    15. Ecuadorian adolescents and cigarette smoking: a cross-sectional survey Los adolescentes ecuatorianos y el consumo de cigarrillos: encuesta transversal

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Diana Irene Padgett

      1998-08-01

      Full Text Available This study investigates adolescents' attitudes and behaviors toward cigarette smoking in Ecuador. Using social cognitive theory as a basis, the cross-sectional survey focuses attention on such social influences as the smoking habits of family members and peers, as well as on the role of cigarette advertisements. Data on prevalence of actual use, access to cigarettes, and knowledge and attitudes about smoking are also obtained. The survey was conducted during the summer of 1994 in both urban and rural areas. Fifty schools in 40 different communities participated, resulting in a sample of 2625 adolescents aged 9 to 15 years who completed the self-administered questionnaire. This study was conducted in collaboration with Amigos de las Américas (AMIGOS, an international health organization. Staff and volunteers who participated in projects conducted by AMIGOS in Ecuador worked with local health and education officials to implement the survey. Nearly 9% of students identified themselves as current smokers, 24.5% had experimented with smoking, and 61.1% had never smoked. The results varied significantly by age and gender, with older students and boys smoking at the highest rate. The smoking status of family members and peers also significantly predicted student smoking status. The results from this sample replicate findings from North American samples. Although Ecuadorian students smoke somewhat less than their American counterparts, cigarette smoking in Ecuador is a significant public health problem and clearly warrants a coordinated response. The present study points to several strategies for preventing smoking among youth.En el presente estudio se investigan las actitudes y conductas en torno al tabaquismo de los adolescentes en Ecuador. Basándose en teorías tomadas de la sociología cognoscitiva, la encuesta transversal enfoca la atención en influencias sociales tales como los hábitos de tabaquismo de los miembros de la familia y de los pares

    16. EFECTO DE LA APLICACIÓN DE ENMIENDAS LÍQUIDAS EN EL SUELO Y EN EL CRECIMIENTO DE MAÍZ BAJO CONDICIONES DE INVERNADERO

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Gabriel Garbanzo-León

      2016-01-01

      Full Text Available Se evaluó el efecto de 3 enmiendas líqui - das en la fertilidad de un Ultisol, cultivado con maíz bajo condiciones de invernadero. El estudio se realizó en macetas de 1,0 y 0,5 l de suelo proveniente de Orosí, Cartago, con acidez inter - cambiable de 4,64 cmol.l -1 , a partir de enmiendas líquidas de Cal 56 (C56 y Surkal (SK y el car - bonato de calcio en polvo mojable Surflow Cal - cio (SC, diluidas en agua y aplicadas en 2 dosis cada una. Se realizaron análisis de pH y acidez intercambiable en diferentes momentos durante un período de 61 días después de aplicadas (dda las enmiendas, en macetas sin plantas. También se realizaron análisis de fertilidad a los 45 días después de la siembra, y se llevaron a cabo medi - ciones de altura de las plantas, largo de las raíces y peso seco de la biomasa del maíz, en macetas con plantas. La aplicación de las enmiendas C56 y SK disminuyó la acidez intercambiable y elevó el pH en forma proporcional a la dosis durante los primeros 14 dda. A partir de los 27 días la acidez empezó a subir y el pH a bajar. Con el SC la acidez se mantuvo baja y el pH alto durante todo el período de evaluación debido que se aplicó una dosis mayor que las enmiendas líquidas. La fertilidad del suelo mejoró con la aplicación de enmiendas, principalmente en los tratamientos de SC. La aplicación de enmiendas incrementó la altura de las plantas, longitud de las raíces y el peso seco de la biomasa del maíz. El SK produjo mayor acumulación de materia seca aérea, sin embargo, con el producto C56 se determinó una mayor densidad longitudinal de raíces. Se conclu - ye que las cales en presentación líquida pueden disminuir la acidez del suelo de manera rápida con un efecto residual superior a los 61 días, siendo una alternativa potencial para etapas fenológicas críticas bajo condiciones de invernadero.

    17. Determination of Non-Maxwellian Electron Energy Distributions in Low-Pressure Plasmas by Using the Optical Emission Spectroscopy and a Collisional-Radiative Model

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Zhu Ximing; Pu Yikang

      2011-01-01

      A Maxwellian electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is often assumed when using the optical emission line-ratio method to determine the electron temperature in low-temperature plasmas. However, in many cases, non-Maxwellian EEDFs can be formed due to the non-local electron heating or the inelastic-collisional energy loss processes. In this work, with a collisional-radiative model, we propose an approach to obtain the non-Maxwellian EEDF with a 'two-temperature structure' from the emission line-ratios of Paschen 2p levels of argon and krypton atoms. For applications of this approach in reactive gas (CF 4 , O 2 , etc) discharges that contain argon and krypton, recommendations of some specific emission line-ratios are provided, according to their sensitivities to the EEDF variation. The kinetic processes of the relevant excited atoms are also discussed in detail. (cai awardee's article)

    18. 39 CFR 447.61 - General.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 39 Postal Service 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false General. 447.61 Section 447.61 Postal Service UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE PERSONNEL RULES OF CONDUCT FOR POSTAL EMPLOYEES Bribery, Undue Influence, or... employee to act or neglect to act in regard to his official responsibilities; and (2) Any information that...

    19. El factor de necrosis de los tumores o caquectina

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Jorge Eliécer Ossa Londoño

      1988-02-01

      Full Text Available

      family: Arial">Se presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre el Factor de Necrosis de los Tumores o Caquectina, con base en artículos publicados durante los anos 1986-1987, haciendo hincapié en las diferencias funcionales y moleculares entre el FNT Alfa, la Linfotoxina o FNT Beta y la Caquectina. Se enfatizan los mecanismos del shock, de la necrosis tumoral y de la caquexia; se Indican las propiedades antitumorales del FNT in vivo e in vitro y se esbozan esquemas terapéuticos experimentales que permiten colegir que el FNT tendrá un papel Importante en la Inmunoterapia del cáncer en el hombre.

      family: Arial">This is a review of the 1986-1987 Literature on the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF or Cachectin, emphasizing functional and molecular differences among TNF alpha, Iymphotoxin or TNF beta and Cachectin. Mechanisms of shock, tumor necrosis and cachexia are discussed. In vivo and ín vítro antitumoral properties of TNF are indicated, as well as some experimental therapeutic regimens. These facts allow the suggestion that TNF might become an Important aid for Immunotherapy of cancer In humans.family: Arial">

    20. Propuesta de manejo de arvenses en el cultivo de espinaca (Spinacea oleracea L. basada en aspectos agronómicos y socioeconómicos

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Rodríguez Marcela

      2010-04-01

      Full Text Available

      family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";;">Con el fin de disminuir los costos de producción y aumentar la rentabilidad de los agricultores, se deben proponer soluciones a los problemas del sistema de producción. Para los cultivadores de espinaca del municipio de Cota (Cundinamarca, Colombia, el control de arvenses es una labor muy importante en términos económicos. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron los ingredientes activos S-metolaclor, atrazina, linuron y metsulfuron-metil, a diferentes dosis y aplicados individualmente o en mezcla. En campo, se evaluaron dos propuestas de manejo de arvenses con base en trabajos previos, que tienen en cuenta la comunidad de arvenses y el manejo implementado por los agricultores de Cota. El ingrediente S-metolaclor presentó selectividad hacia las plantas del cultivo y no generó ningún daño a las diferentes dosis. Sin embargo, esta misma molécula, aplicada en mezcla con atrazina (61% o linuron (33,7%, produjo los mayores porcentajes de daño a la espinaca. En el testigo absoluto se obtuvo la mayor población de arvenses (417,7 plantas/m2, el menor número de plantas del cultivo (33,2 plantas/m2 y el menor rendimiento (22.403,8 kg ha-1. La aplicación de S-metolaclor, dio lugar al menor número de plantas de arvenses (6,67 plantas/ m2, la menor disminución en el número de plantas del cultivo (34,3 plantas/m2 y el mayor rendimiento (31.686,2 kg ha-1, además de una reducción del 90,7% en los costos del manejo de arvenses. Los resultados del presente trabajo constituyen un componente importante para el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo integrado de plagas en el cultivo de espinaca.

    1. Particle and parallel momentum balance equations with inclusion of drifts, for modelling strong- to weakly-collisional edge plasmas

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Chankin, A. V.; Stangeby, P. C.

      2006-01-01

      A system of plasma particle and parallel momentum balance equations is derived appropriate for understanding the role of drifts in the edge and for edge modelling, particularly in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of tokamaks, stellarators and other magnetic confinement devices. The formulation allows for strong collisionality-but also covers the case of weak collisionality and strong drifts, a combination often encountered in the SOL. The most important terms are identified by assessing the magnitude of characteristic velocities and fluxes for the plasma edge region. Explanations of the physical nature of each term are provided. A number of terms that are sometimes not included in edge modelling has been included in the parallel momentum balance equation after detailed analysis of the parallel component of the gradient of the total pressure-stress tensor. This includes terms related to curvature and divergence of the field lines, as well as further contributions coming from viscous forces related mainly to the ion centrifugal drift. All these terms are shown to be roughly of the same order of magnitude as convective momentum fluxes related to drifts and therefore should be included in the momentum balance equation

    2. LAD Dissertation Prize Talk: Molecular Collisional Excitation in Astrophysical Environments

      Science.gov (United States)

      Walker, Kyle M.

      2017-06-01

      While molecular excitation calculations are vital in determining particle velocity distributions, internal state distributions, abundances, and ionization balance in gaseous environments, both theoretical calculations and experimental data for these processes are lacking. Reliable molecular collisional data with the most abundant species - H2, H, He, and electrons - are needed to probe material in astrophysical environments such as nebulae, molecular clouds, comets, and planetary atmospheres. However, excitation calculations with the main collider, H2, are computationally expensive and therefore various approximations are used to obtain unknown rate coefficients. The widely-accepted collider-mass scaling approach is flawed, and alternate scaling techniques based on physical and mathematical principles are presented here. The most up-to-date excitation data are used to model the chemical evolution of primordial species in the Recombination Era and produce accurate non-thermal spectra of the molecules H2+, HD, and H2 in a primordial cloud as it collapses into a first generation star.

    3. Las consecuencias del cuidado familiar sobre el cuidador: Una valoración compleja y necesaria Consequences of family care over caregiver: A complex and necessary assessment

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Jesús Rogero-García

      2010-03-01

      Full Text Available El cuidado provisto por familiares o amigos a los adultos dependientes es un proceso social decisivo para el bienestar de la sociedad española. Este tipo de apoyo tiene intensas consecuencias sobre quienes cuidan. En este artículo se plantea que la valoración precisa del impacto de la dependencia en el entorno social requiere de análisis comprensivos y multidisciplinares, y se elabora una propuesta de clasificación de las consecuencias del cuidado familiar sobre el cuidador. En dicha propuesta estos efectos pueden ser positivos o negativos, y afectar a diferentes dimensiones vitales de los cuidadores: salud, economía o relaciones sociales.Care provided by relatives or friends to dependent people is a key process to promote wellbeing in Spanish society. This type of support has intense consequences over caregivers' lives. Comprehensive and multidisciplinary analyses are required to assess dependency effects over social network. In this paper we elaborate a classification of types of family care consequences over caregivers. We differentiate between positive or negative consequences, and between consequences affecting caregivers' health, economy and/or social relations.

    4. Salud familiar en familias con adolescente gestante Saúde familiar em famílias com adolescentes gestantes Family health in families with pregnant adolescents

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Martha cecilia Veloza Morales

      2012-01-01

      Full Text Available La investigación se basó en la teoría de organización sistémica de Marie Louse Friedemann; el objetivo fue describir el grado de salud familiar de familias con adolescente gestante. Estudio Descriptivo transversal comparativo, con abordaje cuantitativo donde se evaluó el grado de salud familiar a 100 familias atendidas en dos instituciones prestadoras de Salud (IPS en Bogotá, Colombia; se organizaron en dos grupos: la mitad de las familias con adolescentes gestantes que presentaron morbilidad en el tercer trimestre del embarazo y la otra mitad que no presentaron morbilidad; para la recolección de la información se utilizó el instrumento ISF GES 19 diseñado, implementado y probado por la doctora Pilar Amaya de Peña. Se obtuvo una visión global acerca de la salud familiar y se comparó el grado de salud familiar de acuerdo con las características halladas en cada uno de los grupos. Se concluye que las familias no sienten o no perciben el riesgo de sufrir o no una patología durante el embarazo, y por tanto, no afecta su grado de salud familiar el cual consideran saludable y satisfecho. Se invita a crear estrategias que conlleven a disminuir los riesgos de salud a que se expone la familia y la madre adolescente.Apesquisa foi baseada na teoria da organização sistémica de Marie Louse Friedemann; o objeto foi descrever o grau de saúde familiar das famílias com adolescentes gestantes. Estu-do descritivo transversal comparativo, com abordagem quan-titativa onde foi avaliado o grau de saúde familiar de 100 famí-lias atendidas em duas instituições fornecedoras de serviços de saúde (IPS em Bogotá, Colômbia. As 100 famílias foram organizadas em dois grupos: a metade das famílias com adolescentes gestantes que apresentaram morbidez no terceiro trimestre de gravidez e a outra metade conformada por aquelas famílias com adolescentes gestantes que não apresentaram morbidez; para a compilação da informação, utilizou-se o

    5. Oxidative cleavage and hydrolytic boosting of cellulose in soybean spent flakes by Trichoderma reesei Cel61A lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase

      DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

      Pierce, Brian; Wittrup Agger, Jane; Wichmann, Jesper

      2017-01-01

      The auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9) copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) from Trichoderma reesei (EG4; TrCel61A) was investigated for its ability to oxidize the complex polysaccharides from soybean. The substrate specificity of the enzyme was assessed against a variety of ...

    6. 42 CFR 61.19 - Copyright and reproduction.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Copyright and reproduction. 61.19 Section 61.19 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FELLOWSHIPS, INTERNSHIPS, TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS Regular Fellowships § 61.19 Copyright and reproduction. Where the work accomplished...

    7. 49 CFR 38.61 - Public information system.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Public information system. 38.61 Section 38.61... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Rapid Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.61 Public information system. (a... other passenger information. Alternative systems or devices which provide equivalent access are also...

    8. Creating options in family planning for the private sector in Latin America La creación de opciones en materia de planificación familiar para el sector privado en América Latina

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Suneeta Sharma

      2005-07-01

      Full Text Available The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are facing the gradual phaseout of international-donor support of contraceptive commodities and technical and management assistance, as well as an increased reliance on limited public sector resources and a limited private sector role in providing contraceptives to the public. Therefore, those nations must develop multisectoral strategies to achieve contraceptive security. The countries need to consider information about the market for family planning commodities and services in order to define and promote complementary roles for the public sector, the commercial sector, and the nongovernmental-organization sector, as well as to better identify which segments of the population each of those sectors should serve. While it is unable to mandate private sector participation, the public sector can create conditions that support and promote a greater role for the private sector in meeting the growing needs of family planning users. Taking steps to actively involve and expand the private sector's market share is a critical strategy for achieving a more equitable distribution of available resources, addressing unmet need, and creating a more sustainable future for family planning commodities and services. This paper also discusses in detail the experiences of two countries, Paraguay and Peru. Paraguay's family planning market illustrates a vibrant private sector, but with limited access to family planning commodities and services for those who cannot afford private sector prices. In Peru a 1995 policy change that sought to increase family planning coverage had the effect of restricting access for the poor and leaving the Ministry of Health unable to pay for the growing need for family planning commodities and services.Los países de América Latina y el Caribe enfrentan el cese gradual del apoyo y de la ayuda técnica y administrativa brindados por donantes internacionales a los proveedores de productos

    9. 7 CFR 1215.61 - Books and records.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Books and records. 1215.61 Section 1215.61... CONSUMER INFORMATION Popcorn Promotion, Research, and Consumer Information Order Reports, Books, and Records § 1215.61 Books and records. Each person who is subject to this subpart shall maintain and make...

    10. 7 CFR 1218.61 - Books and records.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Books and records. 1218.61 Section 1218.61..., AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Reports, Books, and Records § 1218.61 Books and records. Each first handler, producer, and importer subject to this subpart shall...

    11. 7 CFR 1216.61 - Books and records.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Books and records. 1216.61 Section 1216.61... INFORMATION ORDER Peanut Promotion, Research, and Information Order Reports, Books, and Records § 1216.61 Books and records. Each first handler and producer subject to this subpart shall maintain and make...

    12. 7 CFR 1219.61 - Books and records.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Books and records. 1219.61 Section 1219.61..., AND INFORMATION Hass Avocado Promotion, Research, and Information Order Books, Records, and Reports § 1219.61 Books and records. Each producer, first handler, and importer subject to this subpart shall...

    13. 7 CFR 1206.61 - Books and records.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Books and records. 1206.61 Section 1206.61... INFORMATION Mango Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions Reports, Books, and Records § 1206.61 Books and records. Each first handler and importer shall maintain and make available for inspection by...

    14. Collisional rate coefficients of C3H2 and the determination of physical conditions in molecular clouds

      Science.gov (United States)

      Avery, L. W.; Green, Sheldon

      1989-01-01

      Collisional excitation rates for C3H2, calculated using the coupled states approximation at temperatures of 10-30 K, are presented. C3H2 produces a number of spectral line pairs whose members are close together in frequency but arise from levels with different excitation energies. The rates are used in statistical equilibrium calculations to illustrate the excitation properties and density-dependent behavior of various C3H2 line ratios.

    15. Diabetes: importancia de la familia y el trabajo en la adhesión al tratamiento Diabetes: the importance of family and work for the compliance with treatment

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Susana C. Azzollini

      2011-12-01

      Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio correlacional con el objetivo de analizar la percepción del apoyo social en el ámbito familiar y laboral que tienen los pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 2 y su relación con la adhesión a los tratamientos médicos. Se seleccionó una muestra probabilística al azar sistemático de 337 pacientes entre 40 y 79 años que concurrían a consultorios externos de cuatro hospitales públicos de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires durante el año 2010. Se administró, entre otros instrumentos, un cuestionario de datos personales y de percepción de apoyo social familiar y laboral, y una escala de frecuencias sobre prácticas de autocuidado; todos validados durante una investigación previa. Se concluye que el apoyo social, tanto familiar como laboral, favorece una mayor adherencia a los tratamientos a través del cumplimiento de pautas de autocuidado en pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 2 que concurren a hospitales públicos.Objective: To analyze how patients who suffer from diabetes type II perceive the social support in two areas: family and work. Research design and Methods: In this correlational research of patients with diabetes type II, who are treated in public hospitals of Buenos Aires city, it was selected a probabilistic random systematic sampling composed by 337 patients (ages between 40 -79. They were given several instruments, including a questionnaire about biographic, personal, laborer, and social network´s questions, and a self-care practices scale. All the instruments were previously validated. Results: According to the breakthroughs, social support, from both family and work, favour the compliance with treatment by following the self care´s prescriptions.

    16. Relación entre cefalea tensional y disfunción familiar en una unidad de medicina familiar Relation of tension headache and family dysfunction in a family medicine unit

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Jorge Octavio Carvajal Rivera

      2009-03-01

      Full Text Available La cefalea tensional es la forma más frecuente de cefalea primaria. Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de estimar si existe asociación entre cefalea tensional y disfunción familiar. 60 pacientes evaluaron sus familias a través del cuestionario FF-SIL de funcionamiento familiar. La cefalea tensional fue más frecuente en miembros de familias disfuncionales que en aquellos que provenían de familias funcionales (p=.028. Fueron frecuentes las manifestaciones clínicas relacionadas con estrés postraumático en el paciente problema, existe un complejo y conflictual ambiente familiar que incluye a estos enfermos, lo que nos sugiere el uso de los recursos de la familia como opción terapéutica aún pobremente explorada.Tension headache is the more frequent presentation of primary cephalagia. Aim of this paper is to estimate if there is an association between tension headache and familial dysfunction. Sixty patients evaluated their families by through FF-SIL questionnaire of familial performance. Tension headache was more frequent in members of dysfunctional families than in those from functional families (p = .028. Clinical manifestations related to post-traumatic stress were frequent, there is a familial complex and difficult environment including these sick persons, suggesting us the use of family resources as therapeutical option not very explored yet.

    17. 26 CFR 1.61-1 - Gross income.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 26 Internal Revenue 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Gross income. 1.61-1 Section 1.61-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Definition of Gross Income, Adjusted Gross Income, and Taxable Income § 1.61-1 Gross...

    18. 25 CFR 700.61 - Fair market value.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 25 Indians 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Fair market value. 700.61 Section 700.61 Indians THE OFFICE OF NAVAJO AND HOPI INDIAN RELOCATION COMMISSION OPERATIONS AND RELOCATION PROCEDURES General Policies and Instructions Definitions § 700.61 Fair market value. Fair market value shall mean the value...

    19. Multiplex families with epilepsy

      Science.gov (United States)

      Afawi, Zaid; Oliver, Karen L.; Kivity, Sara; Mazarib, Aziz; Blatt, Ilan; Neufeld, Miriam Y.; Helbig, Katherine L.; Goldberg-Stern, Hadassa; Misk, Adel J.; Straussberg, Rachel; Walid, Simri; Mahajnah, Muhammad; Lerman-Sagie, Tally; Ben-Zeev, Bruria; Kahana, Esther; Masalha, Rafik; Kramer, Uri; Ekstein, Dana; Shorer, Zamir; Wallace, Robyn H.; Mangelsdorf, Marie; MacPherson, James N.; Carvill, Gemma L.; Mefford, Heather C.; Jackson, Graeme D.; Scheffer, Ingrid E.; Bahlo, Melanie; Gecz, Jozef; Heron, Sarah E.; Corbett, Mark; Mulley, John C.; Dibbens, Leanne M.; Korczyn, Amos D.

      2016-01-01

      Objective: To analyze the clinical syndromes and inheritance patterns of multiplex families with epilepsy toward the ultimate aim of uncovering the underlying molecular genetic basis. Methods: Following the referral of families with 2 or more relatives with epilepsy, individuals were classified into epilepsy syndromes. Families were classified into syndromes where at least 2 family members had a specific diagnosis. Pedigrees were analyzed and molecular genetic studies were performed as appropriate. Results: A total of 211 families were ascertained over an 11-year period in Israel. A total of 169 were classified into broad familial epilepsy syndrome groups: 61 generalized, 22 focal, 24 febrile seizure syndromes, 33 special syndromes, and 29 mixed. A total of 42 families remained unclassified. Pathogenic variants were identified in 49/211 families (23%). The majority were found in established epilepsy genes (e.g., SCN1A, KCNQ2, CSTB), but in 11 families, this cohort contributed to the initial discovery (e.g., KCNT1, PCDH19, TBC1D24). We expand the phenotypic spectrum of established epilepsy genes by reporting a familial LAMC3 homozygous variant, where the predominant phenotype was epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures, and a pathogenic SCN1A variant in a family where in 5 siblings the phenotype was broadly consistent with Dravet syndrome, a disorder that usually occurs sporadically. Conclusion: A total of 80% of families were successfully classified, with pathogenic variants identified in 23%. The successful characterization of familial electroclinical and inheritance patterns has highlighted the value of studying multiplex families and their contribution towards uncovering the genetic basis of the epilepsies. PMID:26802095

    20. COLLISIONAL DEBRIS AS LABORATORIES TO STUDY STAR FORMATION

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Boquien, M.; Duc, P.-A.; Wu, Y.; Charmandaris, V.; Lisenfeld, U.; Braine, J.; Brinks, E.; Iglesias-Paramo, J.; Xu, C. K.

      2009-01-01

      In this paper we address the question of whether star formation (SF) is driven by local processes or the large-scale environment. To do so, we investigate SF in collisional debris where the gravitational potential well and velocity gradients are shallower and compare our results with previous work on SF in noninteracting spiral and dwarf galaxies. We have performed multiwavelength spectroscopic and imaging observations (from the far-ultraviolet to the mid-infrared) of six interacting systems, identifying a total of 60 star-forming regions in their collision debris. Our analysis indicates that in these regions (1) the emission of the dust is at the expected level for their luminosity and metallicity, (2) the usual tracers of SFR display the typical trend and scatter found in classical star-forming regions, and (3) the extinction and metallicity are not the main parameters governing the scatter in the properties of intergalactic star-forming regions; age effects and variations in the number of stellar populations seem to play an important role. Our work suggests that local properties such as column density and dust content, rather than the large-scale environment seem to drive SF. This means that intergalactic star-forming regions can be used as a reliable tool to study SF.

    1. Angular correlation of autoionization electrons and photons emitted from collisionally aligned atomic states

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Eichler, J.; Fritsch, W.

      1976-01-01

      The angular correlation of autoionization electrons or of photons ejected from collisionally aligned excited atoms is calculated assuming unpolarized beam and target, and polarization-insensitive detectors. Starting from the two-step hypothesis for the formation and decay of the intermediate excited atoms, the angular correlation is expressed in terms of the density matrix describing the excited system. Using the symmetries of the density matrix, a minimal set of independent matrix elements is given and the conditions for which a complete determination of this set is experimentally possible are discussed. For the case of electron emission, simple examples are pointed out in which the angular correlation is independent of the reduced Coulomb matrix elements describing the decay. (author)

    2. 46 CFR 61.20-18 - Examination requirements.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Examination requirements. 61.20-18 Section 61.20-18... INSPECTIONS Periodic Tests of Machinery and Equipment § 61.20-18 Examination requirements. (a) Each tailshaft must be drawn and visually inspected at each examination. (b) On tailshafts with a taper, keyway, (if...

    3. 46 CFR 61.20-5 - Drydock examination.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Drydock examination. 61.20-5 Section 61.20-5 Shipping... INSPECTIONS Periodic Tests of Machinery and Equipment § 61.20-5 Drydock examination. (a) When any vessel is drydocked, examination shall be made of the propeller, stern bushing, sea connection, and fastenings if...

    4. 46 CFR 61.20-17 - Examination intervals.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Examination intervals. 61.20-17 Section 61.20-17... INSPECTIONS Periodic Tests of Machinery and Equipment § 61.20-17 Examination intervals. (a) A lubricant that... examination interval. (b) Except as provided in paragraphs (c) through (f) of this section, each tailshaft on...

    5. 46 CFR 61.20-1 - Steering gear.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Steering gear. 61.20-1 Section 61.20-1 Shipping COAST... Periodic Tests of Machinery and Equipment § 61.20-1 Steering gear. (a) The marine inspector must inspect the steering gear at each inspection for certification for vessels whose Certificate of Inspections...

    6. Impacto del estoma enteral en el niño y la familia Impacto do estoma enteral na criança e sua família Enteral Stomas: Impact on the Child and the Family

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      SANDRA GUERRERO

      2010-10-01

      Full Text Available Las consecuencias para la familia de tener un hijo con estoma entérico han sido objeto de numerosas inquietudes en la práctica de enfermería. Este tipo de estoma se realiza en los niños como un procedimiento coadyuvante en el tratamiento de un problema de origen congénito, patológico o traumático, pero hay evidencias que indican que esta modificación funcional tiene impacto en diferentes aspectos de la vida cotidiana de la familia. Objetivo: identificar las evidencias en la literatura médica sobre el impacto de un estoma entérico (ileostomía y colostomía para el niño y su familia. Método: revisión bibliográfica de 14 investigaciones que abordan las vivencias de la familia y el niño ostomizado, localizadas en las bases de datos Cinahl, Medline, Ovid, Proquest, Lilacs y Dedalus. Resultados: mediante el análisis realizado se puede concluir que, pese a que los profesionales de la salud consideran que los estomas son una tecnología de baja complejidad, para el niño y la familia no tienen el mismo significado ya que alteran el estilo de vida y la dinámica familiar. Conclusiones: los resultados del análisis indicaron que hay necesidad de comprensión sobre el tema, con el fin de contribuir a la construcción del conocimiento, dirigido a la implementación de intervenciones que consideren el impacto del estoma sobre el niño y su familia.As conseqüências para a família de ter um filho com estoma entérico são objeto de numerosas inquietudes na prática da enfermagem. Este tipo de estoma é realizado nas crianças como um procedimento coadjuvante no tratamento de um problema de origem congênita, patológica ou traumática, mas existem evidências que indicam que essa modificação funcional impacta em diferentes aspectos da vida cotidiana da família. Objetivo: identificar as evidências na literatura médica sobre o impacto de um estoma entérico (ileostomia e colostomia para a criança e sua família. Método: revis

    7. Análisis de la estructura, el ciclo vital y las crisis de las familias de una comunidad

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Amarily Delgado Cruz

      2002-08-01

      Full Text Available Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal de 131 familias pertenecientes al consultorio médico 272 del Policlínico "Turcios Lima" durante el año 1998 con el objetivo de analizar algunas de sus características. Los datos se obtuvieron de la revisión de las historias de salud familiar y se utilizó para el análisis estadístico el método porcentual y el Chi cuadrado con un 95 % de confiabilidad. Las familias nucleares resultaron ser las más frecuentes con un 60,3 %, y la fase de extensión predominó en el ciclo vital con 48,1 %. Las crisis transitorias aparecieron en 70 familias y las no transitorias en 24 hogares, y no se encontró relación entre las crisis y la estructura familiar.A descriptive and cross-sectional research was made among 131 families from the family physician's office 272 corresponding to "Turcios Lima" Polyclinic, in 1998, aimed at analyzing some their characteristics. Data were obtained by reviewing the family medical histories. The percentage method and the Chi square test were used for the statistical analysis with 95 % of reliability. The nuclear families proved to be the most frequent with 60.3 % and the extension phase predominated in the vital cycle with 48.1 %. The transitory crises appeared in 70 families and the non-transitory in 24 households. No relation was found between the crises and the family structure.

    8. USO EFECTIVO DE LOS RECURSOS HUMANOS IMPLICADOS EN EL PROCESO DE DESARROLLO DE SOFTWARE

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Yucely López Trujillo

      2006-12-01

      Full Text Available family: Times_New_Roman083.313;">family: Times_New_Roman083.313;">family: Times_New_Roman083.313;">

      En el proceso de desarrollo de software, empleando metodologías como PSP (Personal Software Process, Proceso de Software Personal y TSP (Team Software Process, Proceso de Software en Equipo, se obtendrán numerosas medidas de los ingenieros, importantes para analizar la toma de decisiones inteligentes en el ámbito de la gestión de proyectos informáticos. El objetivo general del presente trabajo es valorar la utilidad de diseñar un

       

      family: Times_New_Roman_Cursiva083.313;">data martfamily: Times_New_Roman083.313;"> y la aplicación de técnicas de minería de datos en el reconocimiento y extracción de información desconocida, a partir de la cual se seleccionen los ingenieros idóneos para desempeñar exitosamente los diferentes roles y responsabilidades en un equipo de proyecto.

    9. 21 CFR 801.61 - Statement of identity.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Statement of identity. 801.61 Section 801.61 Food... DEVICES LABELING Labeling Requirements for Over-the-Counter Devices § 801.61 Statement of identity. (a... principal features a statement of the identity of the commodity. (b) Such statement of identity shall be in...

    10. 7 CFR 1209.61 - Books and records.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Books and records. 1209.61 Section 1209.61..., Books and Records § 1209.61 Books and records. Each persons who is subject to this subpart shall maintain and make available for inspection by the Council or the Secretary such books and records as are...

    11. 31 CFR 315.61 - Payment after death.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Payment after death. 315.61 Section 315.61 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL..., Absentees, et al. § 315.61 Payment after death. After the death of the ward, and at any time prior to the...

    12. 46 CFR 61.30-10 - Hydrostatic test.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Hydrostatic test. 61.30-10 Section 61.30-10 Shipping... INSPECTIONS Tests and Inspections of Fired Thermal Fluid Heaters § 61.30-10 Hydrostatic test. All new installations of thermal fluid heaters must be given a hydrostatic test of 11/2 times the maximum allowable...

    13. Hydrogen atom scrambling in selectively labeled anionic peptides upon collisional activation by MALDI tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry

      DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

      Bache, Nicolai; Rand, Kasper Dyrberg; Roepstorff, Peter

      2008-01-01

      have now measured the level of hydrogen scrambling in a deprotonated, selectively labeled peptide using MALDI tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Our results conclusively show that hydrogen scrambling is prevalent in the deprotonated peptide upon collisional activation. The amide hydrogens ((1)H....../(2)H) have migrated extensively in the anionic peptide, thereby erasing the original regioselective deuteration pattern obtained in solution....

    14. Collisional stripping of planetary crusts

      Science.gov (United States)

      Carter, Philip J.; Leinhardt, Zoë M.; Elliott, Tim; Stewart, Sarah T.; Walter, Michael J.

      2018-02-01

      Geochemical studies of planetary accretion and evolution have invoked various degrees of collisional erosion to explain differences in bulk composition between planets and chondrites. Here we undertake a full, dynamical evaluation of 'crustal stripping' during accretion and its key geochemical consequences. Crusts are expected to contain a significant fraction of planetary budgets of incompatible elements, which include the major heat producing nuclides. We present smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of collisions between differentiated rocky planetesimals and planetary embryos. We find that the crust is preferentially lost relative to the mantle during impacts, and we have developed a scaling law based on these simulations that approximates the mass of crust that remains in the largest remnant. Using this scaling law and a recent set of N-body simulations of terrestrial planet formation, we have estimated the maximum effect of crustal stripping on incompatible element abundances during the accretion of planetary embryos. We find that on average approximately one third of the initial crust is stripped from embryos as they accrete, which leads to a reduction of ∼20% in the budgets of the heat producing elements if the stripped crust does not reaccrete. Erosion of crusts can lead to non-chondritic ratios of incompatible elements, but the magnitude of this effect depends sensitively on the details of the crust-forming melting process on the planetesimals. The Lu/Hf system is fractionated for a wide range of crustal formation scenarios. Using eucrites (the products of planetesimal silicate melting, thought to represent the crust of Vesta) as a guide to the Lu/Hf of planetesimal crust partially lost during accretion, we predict the Earth could evolve to a superchondritic 176Hf/177Hf (3-5 parts per ten thousand) at present day. Such values are in keeping with compositional estimates of the bulk Earth. Stripping of planetary crusts during accretion can lead to

    15. Recommended atomic data for collisional-radiative model of Li-like ions and gain calculation for Li-like Al ions in the recombining plasma

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Nishikawa, T.; Kawachi, T.; Nishihara, K.; Fujimoto, T.

      1995-09-01

      We have assessed atomic data for lithium-like ions for the purpose of constructing a reliable collisional-radiative model. We show several examples of the atomic data for aluminum and oxygen ions, and comparison of data from several sources is done in detail. For ions with nuclear charge z, the scaling formulas and fitting parameters, which are based on the data of oxygen ions, are presented. By use of these data, we have constructed two collisional-radiative models: the one for aluminum ions and the one for ions according to the scaling for z. The population inversion and the amplification gain of the soft x-ray laser lines in the recombining aluminum plasma are calculated for several electron temperatures. We also examine the effects of ion collisions for Δn=0 transitions on the excited level populations

    16. Population decay time and distribution of exciton states analyzed by rate equations based on theoretical phononic and electron-collisional rate coefficients

      Science.gov (United States)

      Oki, Kensuke; Ma, Bei; Ishitani, Yoshihiro

      2017-11-01

      Population distributions and transition fluxes of the A exciton in bulk GaN are theoretically analyzed using rate equations of states of the principal quantum number n up to 5 and the continuum. These rate equations consist of the terms of radiative, electron-collisional, and phononic processes. The dependence of the rate coefficients on temperature is revealed on the basis of the collisional-radiative model of hydrogen plasma for the electron-collisional processes and theoretical formulation using Fermi's "golden rule" for the phononic processes. The respective effects of the variations in electron, exciton, and lattice temperatures are exhibited. This analysis is a base of the discussion on nonthermal equilibrium states of carrier-exciton-phonon dynamics. It is found that the exciton dissociation is enhanced even below 150 K mainly by the increase in the lattice temperature. When the thermal-equilibrium temperature increases, the population fluxes between the states of n >1 and the continuum become more dominant. Below 20 K, the severe deviation from the Saha-Boltzmann distribution occurs owing to the interband excitation flux being higher than the excitation flux from the 1 S state. The population decay time of the 1 S state at 300 K is more than ten times longer than the recombination lifetime of excitons with kinetic energy but without the upper levels (n >1 and the continuum). This phenomenon is caused by a shift of population distribution to the upper levels. This phonon-exciton-radiation model gives insights into the limitations of conventional analyses such as the ABC model, the Arrhenius plot, the two-level model (n =1 and the continuum), and the neglect of the upper levels.

    17. 40 CFR 66.61 - Duty to pay.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Duty to pay. 66.61 Section 66.61... COLLECTION OF NONCOMPLIANCE PENALTIES BY EPA Payment § 66.61 Duty to pay. (a) Except where the owner or... who submits a petition pursuant to § 66.52 shall pay the penalty amount calculated by the owner or...

    18. 21 CFR 201.61 - Statement of identity.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 21 Food and Drugs 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Statement of identity. 201.61 Section 201.61 Food...: GENERAL LABELING Labeling Requirements for Over-the-Counter Drugs § 201.61 Statement of identity. (a) The... features a statement of the identity of the commodity. (b) Such statement of identity shall be in terms of...

    19. 46 CFR 61.15-5 - Steam piping.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Steam piping. 61.15-5 Section 61.15-5 Shipping COAST... Periodic Tests of Piping Systems § 61.15-5 Steam piping. (a) Main steam piping shall be subjected to a... removed and the piping thoroughly examined. (b) All steam piping subject to pressure from the main boiler...

    20. 7 CFR 61.30 - Examination of sampler.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Examination of sampler. 61.30 Section 61.30... Cottonseed Samplers § 61.30 Examination of sampler. Each applicant for a license as a sampler and each... examination or test to show his ability properly to perform the duties for which he is applying for a license...

    1. Effects of ionization and ion loss on dust ion- acoustic solitary waves in a collisional dusty plasma with suprathermal electrons

      Science.gov (United States)

      Tribeche, Mouloud; Mayout, Saliha

      2016-07-01

      The combined effects of ionization, ion loss and electron suprathermality on dust ion- acoustic solitary waves in a collisional dusty plasma are examined. Carrying out a small but finite amplitude analysis, a damped Korteweg- de Vries (dK-- dV) equation is derived. The damping term decreases with the increase of the spectral index and saturates for Maxwellian electrons. Choosing typical plasma parameters, the analytical approximate solution of the dK- dV equation is numerically analyzed. We first neglect the ionization and ion loss effects and account only for collisions to estimate the relative importance between these damping terms which can act concurrently. Interestingly, we found that as the suprathermal character of the electrons becomes important, the strength of the collisions related dissipation becomes more important and causes the DIA solitary wave amplitude to decay more rapidly. Moreover, the collisional damping may largely prevail over the ionization and ion loss related damping. The latter becomes more effective as the electrons evolve far away from their thermal equilibrium. Our results complement and provide new insights into previously published work on this problem.

    2. La religiosidad popular de los vallisoletanos en el siglo XVIII: El informe sobre las cofradías de la provincia de Valladolid de 1773

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Fernando MANZANO LEDESMA

      2009-10-01

      Full Text Available Stvdia histórica: Historia Moderna, 2007, vol. 29, pp.279-305 José Ignacio RUIZ-RODRÍGUEZ confesionalización; historiografía; edad moderna=Confessionalization; Historiography; Modern Age 14.00 Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} En el año 1773 el Intendente de Valladolid don Ángel de Bustamante remitió al Consejo de Castilla el Informe sobre las cofradías existentes en la capital y en los distintos partidos de su extensa provincia. De esta manera daba respuesta a la Orden Circular del Presidente del Consejo de septiembre de 1769, en que se le demandaba noticia exacta de todas las hermandades, cofradías, congregaciones, gremios y qualesquiera otra especie de gentes colegiadas que celebre una o más fiestas en el año. El presente artículo se propone realizar un acercamiento cuantitativo y cualitativo a la geografía cofrade de los vallisoletanos en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, valiéndonos para ello del valioso Informe sobre las cofradías de Valladolid y su provincia. La gestación, tramitación y resultados del denominado Expediente General de Cofradías, así como su inserción en el contexto religioso y político de la época, han sido ampliamente tratados en la bibliografía especializada sobre el tema. Sin embargo, el Informe elaborado por el

    3. Experimentally determined distribution of granular-flow characteristics in collisional bed load transport

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Matoušek Václav

      2018-01-01

      Full Text Available A series of laboratory experiments on turbulent open-channel two-phase flow in a form of intense bed load transport is reported. Measurements in a laboratory tilting flume included camera based imaging techniques to identify the structure of the flow at the local level. Obtained experimental distributions of two-phase flow related parameters - granular velocity, concentration, and temperature - across a collisional transport layer are discussed. The results are analysed together with additional measured quantities (discharges of mixture and grains, flow depth, bed slope etc. Our major goal is to evaluate the distribution of granular stresses across the transport layer with a special attention paid to the interface between the transport layer and the bed. Furthermore, comparisons are discussed between the experimental results and predictions produced by suitable kinetic-theory based models.

    4. Collisional-radiative model for the visible spectrum of W{sup 26+} ions

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Ding, Xiaobin, E-mail: dingxb@nwnu.edu.cn [Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070 (China); Liu, Jiaxin [Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070 (China); Koike, Fumihiro [Department of Physics, Sophia University, Tokyo, 102-8554 (Japan); Murakami, Izumi; Kato, Daiji; Sakaue, Hiroyuki A. [National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Gifu 509-5292 (Japan); Nakamura, Nobuyuki [Institute for Laser Science, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585 (Japan); Dong, Chenzhong [Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070 (China)

      2016-02-22

      Plasma diagnostics in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas by using visible spectrum strongly depends on the knowledge of fundamental atomic properties. A detailed collisional-radiative model of W{sup 26+} ions has been constructed by considering radiative and electron excitation processes, in which the necessary atomic data had been calculated by relativistic configuration interaction method with the implementation of Flexible Atomic Code. The visible spectrum observed at an electron beam ion trap (EBIT) in Shanghai in the range of 332 nm to 392 nm was reproduced by present calculations. Some transition pairs of which the intensity ratio is sensitive to the electron density were selected as potential candidates of plasma diagnostics. Their electron density dependence is theoretically evaluated for the cases of EBIT plasmas and magnetic confinement fusion plasmas.

    5. Medicinal plants sold at the El Rio Market, Camaguey, Cuba

      NARCIS (Netherlands)

      Godinez-Caraballo, D.; Volpato, G.

      2008-01-01

      Information regarding medicinal plants sold in the El Rio Market, Camaguey, Cuba, revealed 184 species belonging to 69 vascular plant families. The most important family was Fabaceae s.l. with 13 species, followed by Lamiaceae with 12, and Asteraceae with 8. More than 90 general medicinal

    6. 46 CFR 61.05-20 - Boiler safety valves.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Boiler safety valves. 61.05-20 Section 61.05-20 Shipping... INSPECTIONS Tests and Inspections of Boilers § 61.05-20 Boiler safety valves. Each safety valve for a drum, superheater, or reheater of a boiler shall be tested at the interval specified by table 61.05-10. [CGD 95-028...

    7. Fluorescence spectra and collisional energy transfer of YO (A2PIsub(1/2, 3/2)) molecules in flames

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Wijchers, T.

      1981-01-01

      The aim of this investigation was (a) to determine, from fluorescence spectra in the visible, the normalized, radiatively induced extra populations of vibronic levels of a diatomic metal compound; (b) to calculate therefrom the normalized collisional transition probabilities between vibrational levels in an excited electronic state. Yttrium monoixde (YO) was chosen as the metal compound and A 2 PIsub(1/2,3/2) as the state(s) to be investigated. (Auth.)

    8. 40 CFR 428.61 - Specialized definitions.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Specialized definitions. 428.61 Section 428.61 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS RUBBER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Medium-Sized General Molded, Extruded, and...

    9. First Test of Long-Range Collisional Drag via Plasma Wave Damping

      Science.gov (United States)

      Affolter, Matthew

      2017-10-01

      In magnetized plasmas, the rate of particle collisions is enhanced over classical predictions when the cyclotron radius rc is less than the Debye length λD. Classical theories describe local velocity scattering collisions with impact parameters ρ exchange energy and momentum over the range rc regime, the measured damping rates exceed classical predictions of collisional drag damping by as much as an order of magnitude, but agree with the new long-range enhanced collision theory. The enhanced slowing is most significant for strong magnetization and low temperatures. For example, the slowing of anti-protons at a density of 107 cm-3 and a temperature of 10 K in a 6 T trap is enhanced by a factor of 30. Supported by NSF Grant PHY-1414570 and DOE Grant DE-SC0002451. In collaboration with F. Anderegg, D.H.E. Dubin, and C.F. Driscoll.

    10. A participação da família no tratamento dos transtornos alimentares La participación de la familia en el tratamiento de los trastornos alimentarios Family participation in the treatment of eating disorders

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Laura Vilela e Souza

      2010-06-01

      Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os sentidos da participação da família no tratamento produzidos em um grupo de apoio aos familiares de pessoas diagnosticadas com anorexia e bulimia. Participaram familiares atendidos no contexto de um serviço especializado. O corpus foi constituído pelos registros audiogravados de sessão de grupo, nos quais se buscou delimitar os segmentos interacionais relevantes para o alcance dos objetivos. A perspectiva construcionista social foi utilizada como suporte teórico-metodológico e fundamentou a análise dos dados. Os resultados permitiram compreender que as diversas descrições das relações da família com o "transtorno alimentar" permitem delimitar diferentes possibilidades de significar a participação dos familiares no tratamento. Concluiu-se que o grupo pode funcionar como um espaço privilegiado para acompanhar essa produção de sentidos in statu nascendi, permitindo explorar a construção, desconstrução e reconstrução de significados alternativos, que podem enriquecer o horizonte interpretativo de cada participante.El objetivo de cuesto estudio fue comprender los sentidos sobre la participación de la familia en el tratamiento producido en un grupo de apoyo a los familiares de personas diagnosticadas con anorexia y bulimia. Hicieron parte del estudio familiares atendidos en el contexto de un servicio especializado. El corpus fue constituido por los registros audio grabados de sesiones de grupo, en los cuales se buscó delimitar los segmentos interacciónales relevantes para el alcance del objetivo. El enfoque del construccionismo social fue utilizado como suporte teórico-metodológico y fundamentó el analisis de los datos. Los resultados permitieron comprender que las diversas descripciones sobre las relaciones de la familia con trastornos alimentarios permiten delimitar diferentes posibilidades de significar la participación de los familiares en el tratamiento. Concluye que los

    11. Neoclassical transport in a multiple-helicity torsatron in the low-collisionality (1/#betta#) regime

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Shaing, K.C.; Hokin, S.A.

      1983-02-01

      For a sufficiently high number of field periods (m/iota > l), the magnetic field of a multiple helicity torsatron can be reduced to a simple form such that the second adiabatic invariant J can be calculated. It is found that the particle and the heat fluxes for a multiple helicity torsatron in the low collisionality (1/#betta#) regime have the same geometric dependences. An optimization of both quantities is carried out for a given equilibrium constraint. It is shown that the transport fluxes can be smaller than those of the conventional stellarator by an order of magnitude. The effect of finite plasma beta on the neoclassical fluxes is also studied

    12. Propietarios de esclavos en el Guanajuato colonial

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      María Guevara Sanguinés

      2003-12-01

      Full Text Available Mexican historiography concerning the presence of Africans and their descendents in Mexico has emphasized slaves and free-persons, but there has been little writing on analyzing the relationships between the owners of slaves and the slaves in everyday life. In the essay that follows, I discuss the relationship between the slave owners and the relationships that developed between slave owners and their slaves. My study will give emphasis to the formation of families, the interaction between the countryside and the city, conflicts and participation in the economy (fishing, mining and commercial ventures. Essentially, this is a family study, based on serial records from the local notary archives and other judicial sources. Although originally my analysis focuses on the relationships of the Busto family, I will only use this group as the analytical framework and as a unifying group of a wide region that includes the Altos de Jalisco, the Bajio of Guanajuato and Queretaro.//La historiografía mexicana relacionada con la presencia de africanos y sus descendientes en México ha puesto énfasis en los esclavos y en las personas libres pero ha dejado de lado el estudio de las relaciones entre los dueños y sus esclavos en la vida cotidiana. En el presente ensayo se discute precisamente dicho vínculo. Este estudio se concentrará en la formación de familias, en la interacción entre las ciudades y el campo, en los conflictos y la participación de la economía (pesca, minería y comercio. Esencialmente este es un estudio de la familia, basado en registros notariales. Aunque el análisis se centra en las relaciones de la familia Busto, este grupo se empleará sólo como un marco analítico y como unificador de una gran región que incluye los Altos de Jalisco, el Bajío de Guanajuato y Querétaro.

    13. Post-collisional magmatism in the central East African Orogen: The Maevarano Suite of north Madagascar

      Science.gov (United States)

      Goodenough, K.M.; Thomas, Ronald J.; De Waele, B.; Key, R.M.; Schofield, D.I.; Bauer, W.; Tucker, R.D.; Rafahatelo, J.-M.; Rabarimanana, M.; Ralison, A.V.; Randriamananjara, T.

      2010-01-01

      Late tectonic, post-collisional granite suites are a feature of many parts of the Late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian East African Orogen (EAO), where they are generally attributed to late extensional collapse of the orogen, accompanied by high heat flow and asthenospheric uprise. The Maevarano Suite comprises voluminous plutons which were emplaced in some of the tectonostratigraphic terranes of northern Madagascar, in the central part of the EAO, following collision and assembly during a major orogeny at ca. 550 Ma. The suite comprises three main magmatic phases: a minor early phase of foliated gabbros, quartz diorites, and granodiorites; a main phase of large batholiths of porphyritic granitoids and charnockites; and a late phase of small-scale plutons and sheets of monzonite, syenite, leucogranite and microgranite. The main phase intrusions tend to be massive, but with variably foliated margins. New U-Pb SHRIMP zircon data show that the whole suite was emplaced between ca. 537 and 522 Ma. Geochemically, all the rocks of the suite are enriched in the LILE, especially K, and the LREE, but are relatively depleted in Nb, Ta and the HREE. These characteristics are typical of post-collisional granitoids in the EAO and many other orogenic belts. It is proposed that the Maevarano Suite magmas were derived by melting of sub-continental lithospheric mantle that had been enriched in the LILE during earlier subduction events. The melting occurred during lithospheric delamination, which was associated with extensional collapse of the East African Orogen. ?? 2009 Natural Environment Research Council.

    14. Cambios en la contratación de recursos humanos: el caso del Programa de Salud de la Familia en Brasil Changes in the hiring of health personnel: the family health program in Brazil

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      M.R. Dal Poz

      2002-02-01

      Full Text Available Este artículo analiza los procedimientos y los procesos de contratación de trabajadores de salud en el Programa de Salud de la Familia en el Brasil, discutiendo los méritos, problemas y resultados relativos de cada uno de los mecanismos utilizados para la contratación de médicos, enfermeras y agentes de salud comunitarios. Antes de iniciar propiamente el análisis de los mecanismos de contratación, el autor hace una breve descripción de la importancia y del papel del Programa de Salud de la Familia para el sistema de salud brasileño. Ahí, el artículo procura demostrar las características y el impacto sobre el desarrollo de los recursos humanos de este programa clave, que es considerado como la «reforma de la reforma» o la «contrarreforma» del sistema único de salud. Finalmente, después de presentar y analizar los datos disponibles sobre las formas de contratación y los sueldos para médicos y enfermeras en algunos estados y municipios del Brasil, el autor llama la atención sobre el nuevo contexto social, donde son los propios gobiernos, en los distintos niveles, quienes estimulan el incumplimiento de reglas y leyes laborales que es su responsabilidad mantener. Esto sólo refuerza la hipótesis de que una nueva etapa de reformas ya se ha puesto en marcha.This article analyzes the procedures involved in the hiring of health personnel in the Family Program in Brazil. We examine the values, problems and relative outcomes of each of the processes used in hiring doctors, nurses and health community workers. Before analyzing hiring procedures, the author briefly describes the importance and role of the Family Health Program of the Brazilian health care system. Based on these factors, this article aims to demonstrate the characteristics and effects of this key program, considered a pivotal reform in the Brazilian health system, on the development of human resources. Finally, after presenting and analyzing the data available on the

    15. Toma el Tiempo: The Wisdom of Migrant Families in Consultation

      Science.gov (United States)

      Clare, Mary M.; Jimenez, Anna; McClendon, Jennifer

      2005-01-01

      Children of migrant farm working families often live and learn in conditions that conspire against both health and education. At the same time, these children are as capable as any in our nation. Education and health care professionals are frequently in positions to support these capabilities and migrant families can be significant contributors to…

    16. 40 CFR 61.186 - Reporting requirements.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS National Emission Standard for Inorganic Arsenic Emissions From Arsenic Trioxide and Metallic Arsenic Production Facilities § 61.186 Reporting requirements... at least 30 days prior notice of each reference opacity level determination required in § 61.183(a...

    17. 38 CFR 61.66 - Financial management.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Financial management. 61...) VA HOMELESS PROVIDERS GRANT AND PER DIEM PROGRAM § 61.66 Financial management. (a) All recipients... management system that follows generally accepted accounting principals and provides accounting records...

    18. 15 CFR 700.61 - Rating Authorizations.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rating Authorizations. 700.61 Section 700.61 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL SECURITY INDUSTRIAL BASE REGULATIONS...

    19. 14 CFR 61.98 - Flight proficiency.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flight proficiency. 61.98 Section 61.98 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRMEN...) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Emergency operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (2) For...

    20. 14 CFR 61.107 - Flight proficiency.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flight proficiency. 61.107 Section 61.107 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRMEN... reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; (x...

    1. 14 CFR 61.127 - Flight proficiency.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flight proficiency. 61.127 Section 61.127 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRMEN...; (x) High-altitude operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. (2) For an airplane category rating...

    2. Resultados de diferentes alternativas de manejo del riego superficial tecnificado en el cultivo de la papaya maradol roja plantada con marco extradenso

      OpenAIRE

      Ricardo, Pérez Hernández; Jiménez Espinosa, Esequiel; Montero San José, Lorenzo; Sarmiento García, Orlando; Guzmán Vizcaino, Joaquín

      2010-01-01

      El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en la realización de un estudio de diferentes manejos del riego por gravedad tecnificado, mediante evaluaciones de campo en el cultivo de referencia. El caudal de mejor comportamiento para el riego con flujo continuo con la variante de surcos abiertos de 130 m de longitud fue el de 1,56 L·s-1 , con eficiencia de aplicación 61,8%, eficiencia de almacenamiento 97% y distribución 82,6%. Las perdidas por escurrimiento superficial y percolación profunda fueron...

    3. Resultados de diferentes alternativas de manejo del riego superficial tecnificado en el cultivo de la papaya maradol roja plantada con marco extradenso

      OpenAIRE

      Ricardo Pérez Hernández; Esequiel Jiménez Espinosa; Lorenzo Montero San José; Orlando Sarmiento García; Joaquín Guzmán Vizcaino

      2010-01-01

      El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en la realización de un estudio de diferentes manejos del riego por gravedad tecnificado, mediante evaluaciones de campo en el cultivo de referencia. El caudal de mejor comportamiento para el riego con flujo continuo con la variante de surcos abiertos de 130 m de longitud fue el de 1,56 L¿s-1, con eficiencia de aplicación 61,8%, eficiencia de almacenamiento 97% y distribución 82,6%. Las perdidas por escurrimiento superficial y percolación profunda fueron ...

    4. Transiciones familiares y trayectorias laborales femeninas en el México urbano Family transitions and female work trajectories in urban Mexico

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Orlandina de Oliveira

      2002-01-01

      Full Text Available A partir del recuento de la serie de transformaciones estructurales que explican la creciente participación femenina en la actividad económica, se explora la diversidad de trayectorias laborales de un conjunto de mujeres urbanas, casadas y con hijos, nacidas entre 1940 y 1970, con base en los relatos contenidos en sus historias de vida. Se analiza en particular la influencia de dos transiciones familiares, casamiento y nacimiento de los hijos, en el grado relativo de discontinuidad laboral. El análisis sugiere que el peso de estas transiciones es diferencial por sector social, y se expresa entre otras cosas en una distinta duración en la interrupción de la trayectoria laboral. En la interpretación de la heterogeneidad de las trayectorias se recurre tanto a factores socioculturales, como demográficos y económicos.After reviewing main structural transformations leading to increased female economic activity, the paper examines the diversity of female work trajectories in a selected group of urban married women with children, born between 1940 and 1970. Analysis is based on their life histories and takes as its object of inquiry the influence of two central family transitions (marriage and birth of children in the relative discontinuity of female work trajectories. Discussion suggests a differential influence of such transitions in the discontinuity of work trajectories by social sector, observed in the duration of work interruptions. Sociocultural, demographic and economic factors are used to explain such differences.

    5. 37 CFR 11.61 - Savings clause.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Savings clause. 11.61 Section... Disciplinary Proceedings; Jurisdiction, Sanctions, Investigations, and Proceedings § 11.61 Savings clause. (a... subsequent to such effective date, if such conduct would continue to justify suspension or exclusion under...

    6. 40 CFR 61.53 - Stack sampling.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Stack sampling. 61.53 Section 61.53 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL... sampling. (a) Mercury ore processing facility. (1) Unless a waiver of emission testing is obtained under...

    7. Collisional drift fluids and drift waves

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Pfirsch, D.; Correa-Restrepo, D.

      1995-05-01

      The usual theoretical description of drift-wave turbulence (considered to be one possible cause of anomalous transport in a plasma), e.g. the Hasegawa-Wakatani theory, makes use of various approximations, the effect of which is extremely difficult to assess. This concerns in particular the conservation laws for energy and momentum. The latter is important as concerns charge separation and resulting electric fields which are possibly related to the L-H transition. Energy conservation is crucial for the stability behaviour; it will be discussed via an example. New collisional multispecies drift-fluid equations were derived by a new method which yields in a transparent way conservation of energy and total angular momentum, and the law for energy dissipation. Both electrostatic and electromagnetic field variations are considered. The method is based primarily on a Lagrangian for dissipationless fluids in drift approximation with isotropic pressures. The dissipative terms are introduced by adding corresponding terms to the ideal equations of motion and of the pressures. The equations of motion, of course, no longer result from a Lagrangian via Hamilton's principle. Their relation to the ideal equations imply, however, also a relation to the ideal Lagrangian of which one can take advantage. Instead of introducing heat conduction one can also assume isothermal behaviour, e.g. T ν (x)=const. Assumptions of this kind are often made in the literature. The new method of introducing dissipation is not restricted to the present kind of theories; it can equally well be applied to theories such as multi-fluid theories without using the drift approximation of the present paper. Linear instability is investigated via energy considerations and the implications of taking ohmic resistivity into account are discussed. (orig./WL)

    8. Collisional activation by the fast particle

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Hiraoka, Kenzo

      1996-01-01

      Collisional activation of the matter induced by the bombardment of the fast particle is summarized. The particle with the velocity higher than the Bohr velocity (transit time through 5A shorter than 2.5x10 -16 s) experiences the electronic stopping power when it passes through the matter and induces dense electronic excitations and ionizations which results in the heavy sputtering of the matter. This kind of activation is usefully applied in the PDMS. When the particle velocity becomes lower than the Bohr velocity, the energy is mainly deposited to the matter by the nuclear stopping power, i.e., energy loss is governed by the screened Coulombic collisions of the atoms giving rise to the momentum transfer to the target nuclei. When the transit time of the particle through 5A is between 2.5x10 -16 -10 -14 s, the electronic excitation and ionization take place by the collision. These phenomena are fully utilized in the FAB/SIMS and CID techniques. With the transit time in the range of 10 -14 -2.5x10 -13 s, the velocity is not high enough for the electronic excitation and the particle loses its energy mainly by the vibrational and phonon excitation of the target. This range of the velocity corresponds to that of the massive cluster impact ionization. With the velocity equal to or lower than 2.5x10 -13 s, the energy of the incident particle is consumed mainly by the phonon excitation and the collision results in the modest heating of the colliding interface between the projectile and the target. This range of the velocity is successfully used in the ionized cluster beam technique developed by Takagi of the Kyoto University. (author). 59 refs

    9. Collisional spin-oriented Sherman function in electron-hole semiconductor plasmas: Landau damping effect

      Science.gov (United States)

      Lee, Myoung-Jae; Jung, Young-Dae

      2018-04-01

      The influence of Landau damping on the spin-oriented collisional asymmetry is investigated in electron-hole semiconductor plasmas. The analytical expressions of the spin-singlet and the spin-triplet scattering amplitudes as well as the spin-oriented asymmetry Sherman function are obtained as functions of the scattering angle, the Landau parameter, the effective Debye length, and the collision energy. It is found that the Landau damping effect enhances the spin-singlet and spin-triplet scattering amplitudes in the forward and back scattering domains, respectively. It is also found that the Sherman function increases with an increase in the Landau parameter. In addition, the spin-singlet scattering process is found to be dominant rather than the spin-triplet scattering process in the high collision energy domain.

    10. Quantum mechanical theory of collisional ionization in the presence of intense laser radiation

      Science.gov (United States)

      Bellum, J. C.; George, T. F.

      1978-01-01

      The paper presents a quantum mechanical formalism for treating ionizing collisions occurring in the presence of an intense laser field. Both the intense laser radiation and the internal electronic continuum states associated with the emitted electrons are rigorously taken into account by combining discretization techniques with expansions in terms of electronic-field representations for the quasi-molecule-plus-photon system. The procedure leads to a coupled-channel description of the heavy-particle dynamics which involves effective electronic-field potential surfaces and continua. It is suggested that laser-influenced ionizing collisions can be studied to verify the effects of intense laser radiation on inelastic collisional processes. Calculation procedures for electronic transition dipole matrix elements between discrete and continuum electronic states are outlined.

    11. Konference Community, work and family

      Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

      Křížková, Alena

      2009-01-01

      Roč. 10, č. 1 (2009), s. 61-63 ISSN 1213-0028. [Community, Work and Family III. International Conference: Innovation and Sustainability. Utrecht, 16.04.2009-18.04.2009] R&D Projects: GA AV ČR 1QS700280503; GA ČR GA403/09/1839; GA AV ČR IAA700280804 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z70280505 Keywords : Work / life balance * gender equality Subject RIV: AO - Sociology, Demography

    12. PROCEDIMIENTO PARA EL DISEÑO E IMPLANTACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE GESTIÓN INTEGRADO EN EL BIOCEN

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Cira Lidia Isaac Godínez

      2007-09-01

      Full Text Available family: Times_New_Roman083.313;">

      Las gestiones de la calidad, el medio ambiente y la seguridad y salud ocupacional en general, son tratadas como funciones independientes, lo que afecta la eficiencia y eficacia de la empresa, de ahí la tendencia a la integración de estos sistemas de gestión. En este trabajo se presenta un procedimiento para el diseño e implantación de un sistema de gestión integrado de calidad, medio ambiente, seguridad y salud ocupacional que permita mejorar el desempeño de los procesos de la organización y la satisfacción de las partes interesadas, así mismo se expone una breve aplicación del procedimiento en el BioCen.

    13. PMA Induces SnoN Proteolysis and CD61 Expression through an Autocrine Mechanism

      Science.gov (United States)

      Li, Chonghua; Peart, Natoya; Xuan, Zhenyu; Lewis, Dorothy E; Xia, Yang; Jin, Jianping

      2014-01-01

      Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, also called PMA, is a small molecule that activates protein kinase C and functions to differentiate hematologic lineage cells. However, the mechanism of PMA-induced cellular differentiation is not fully understood. We found that PMA triggers global enhancement of protein ubiquitination in K562, a myelogenous leukemia cell line and one of the enhanced-ubiquitination targets is SnoN, an inhibitor of the Smad signaling pathway. Our data indicated that PMA stimulated the production of Activin A, a cytokine of the TGF-β family. Activin A then activated the phosphorylation of both Smad2 and Smad3. In consequence, SnoN is ubiquitinated by the APCCdh1 ubiquitin ligase with the help of phosphorylated Smad2. Furthermore, we found that SnoN proteolysis is important for the expression of CD61, a marker of megakaryocyte. These results indicate that protein ubiquitination promotes megakaryopoiesis via degrading SnoN, an inhibitor of CD61 expression, strengths the roles of ubiquitination in cellular differentiation. PMID:24637302

    14. 40 CFR 160.61 - Equipment design.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Equipment design. 160.61 Section 160... LABORATORY PRACTICE STANDARDS Equipment § 160.61 Equipment design. Equipment used in the generation... appropriate design and adequate capacity to function according to the protocol and shall be suitably located...

    15. Síndrome de Down: visión y perspectiva desde el contexto familiar en el círculo infantil especial Down syndrome: vision and perspective from the family context in the special day care centre

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Eloy J Pineda Pérez

      2008-06-01

      Full Text Available INTRODUCCIÓN: el síndrome de Down, enfermedad genética por aberración cromosómica, aunque sigue constituyendo un problema de salud y con gran repercusión social y familiar, mantiene buena dosis de desinformación por parte de la familia de elementos importantes, y diferentes criterios acerca de las posibilidades y logros en estos niños. OBJETIVO: constatar el conocimiento que tienen los padres y las madres sobre la evolución y posibilidades futuras de los niños portadores de esta enfermedad genética, las dificultades del desarrollo neuro-psicomotor y los diferentes tipos de minusvalía. MÉTODOS: se realizó una investigación cuasiexperimental de intervención con diseño de estudio antes-después con grupo control no equivalente en el Círculo Infantil Especial "Zunzún", del municipio Playa, Ciudad de La Habana, desde marzo a junio del año 2007. El universo lo constituyeron todas las madres o padres de los niños síndrome Down matriculados en la institución señalada. La muestra fueron todas las madres o padres de los niños del universo. Lo constituyeron 32 madres y 4 padres, que viven en varios municipios de Ciudad de La Habana. Se realizó en 3 fases y se aplicaron 3 talleres. Los datos obtenidos se tabularon por el método de conteo simple, se expresaron en porcentajes y se reflejaron en tablas. RESULTADOS: antes de los talleres los padres reconocían las minusvalías en sus hijos, las minusvalías más frecuentes son el trastorno del lenguaje, dificultades en el autovalidismo y en el cumplimiento de las órdenes, creen en la posibilidad de integrarse a la sociedad. Después de los talleres aumentó el reconocimiento de estas discapacidades, la necesidad de recibir información para estimular al niño y la esperanza de los padres en sus hijos. CONCLUSIONES: los talleres impartidos fueron efectivos para mejorar el conocimiento y la educación de los padres acerca de la enfermedad, y aumentaron las expectativas en el futuro de

    16. As várias abordagens da família no cenário do programa/estratégia de saúde da família (PSF Las diversas abordajes de la familia en el escenario del programa/estrategia de salud de la familia (PSF Different approaches to the family in the context of the family health program/strategy

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Edilza Maria Ribeiro

      2004-08-01

      Full Text Available Apresenta-se o cenário que favoreceu a inclusão da família como foco de atenção nas políticas públicas. As estratégias para interromper o empobrecimento e a vulnerabilidade das famílias, no século XX, ocorrem de forma diferenciada, segundo diferentes 'Estados de Bem-Estar', nas sociedades capitalistas. Porém, ante a crise do Estado de Bem-Estar e crescente custo dos serviços públicos e privados requer-se solução familiar, ao menos parcial, em termos de reduzir a sua dependência. O Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF coloca a família nas agendas das políticas sociais brasileiras em 1994, refletindo tanto interesses do modelo neoliberal como de forças sociais solidárias.Vê-se que tal inclusão gerou multiplicidade de abordagens tais como: família/indivíduo; família/domicílio; família/indivíduo/domicílio; família/comunidade; família/risco social; família/família. Essas abordagens, por não dialogarem entre si, acabam por compor um quadro insuficientemente identificado, dificultando a assistência. Sugere-se exame das condições apontadas como forma de dar, efetivamente, vez à família.Este estudio presenta el escenario que favoreció la inclusión de la familia como foco de atención en las políticas públicas. En el siglo XX, las estrategias para interrumpir el empobrecimiento y la vulnerabilidad de las familias ocurren de manera diferenciada, según los diferentes "Estados de Bienestar", en las sociedades capitalistas. Por consiguiente, ante la crisis del Estado de Bienestar y el creciente costo de los servicios públicos y privados se requiere al menos una solución familiar parcial, en términos de reducir su dependencia. El Programa de Salud de la Familia (PSF colocó la familia en las agendas de las Políticas Sociales Brasileñas en 1994, reflexionando tanto los intereses del modelo neoliberal como de las fuerzas sociales solidarias. Se vio que tal inclusión generó una multiplicidad de abordajes tales

    17. Origin of pegmatites and fluids at Ponta Negra (RJ, Brazil) during late- to post-collisional stages of the Gondwana Assembly

      Science.gov (United States)

      Bongiolo, Everton Marques; Renac, Christophe; Piza, Patricia d'Almeida de Toledo; Schmitt, Renata da Silva; Mexias, André Sampaio

      2016-01-01

      The Ponta Negra Pegmatites (PNP), part of a pegmatitic province in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, crop out along an intensely deformed, medium- to high-grade metamorphic area that is proximal to a crustal-scale thrust zone developed during the Brasiliano/Pan-African Orogeny. Fieldwork shows that the pegmatites formed in two distinct stages: (i) syn-collisional leucosome veins (Group I) conformable with the tectonic foliation of the gneissic host rocks and (ii) late- to post-collisional dykes (Group II) that cross-cut the same tectonic foliation at a high angle. In this paper, we use geochemistry of whole-rock and mineral separates (alkali-feldspar and biotite), fluid inclusion microthermometry and stable isotopic (δ18O, δD, δ13C) determinations on minerals (quartz, alkali-feldspar, biotite and magnetite) and fluid inclusions to provide insights into the composition of the pegmatite-forming melts, associated fluids, and their geotectonic significance. U-Pb SHRIMP dating of the Cajú syenogranite was performed to evaluate and compare the timing of magmatic events along the Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain as this is the closest post-collisional pluton to the studied pegmatites. The calculated temperature for the Group I syn-collisional veins (740 °C) is similar to previous estimates for the peak metamorphic conditions in the study area. Variations in the temperature of the Group II pegmatite dykes obtained from stable isotopes (380 to 720 °C), and microthermometric data from primary fluid inclusions with traces of N2 (Th = 280 to 360 °C), may reflect the thermodynamics of the pegmatite crystallization, exsolution textures and isotopic exchange. The composition of fluids in equilibrium within the pegmatite dykes consists of magmatic and metamorphic components. The minimum pressures calculated for the emplacement of the pegmatites are equivalent to a shallow crustal depth between 1.7 and 3.5 km, which corresponds to the exhumation of the orogen since the emplacement of

    18. 40 CFR 123.61 - Approval process.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Approval process. 123.61 Section 123... REQUIREMENTS Program Approval, Revision, and Withdrawal § 123.61 Approval process. (a) After determining that a...; and (6) Briefly outline the fundamental aspects of the State's proposed program, and the process for...

    19. 19 CFR 210.61 - Discovery and compulsory process.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Discovery and compulsory process. 210.61 Section 210.61 Customs Duties UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION INVESTIGATIONS OF UNFAIR PRACTICES IN IMPORT TRADE ADJUDICATION AND ENFORCEMENT Temporary Relief § 210.61 Discovery and compulsory...

    20. 7 CFR 61.32 - No discrimination in sampling.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false No discrimination in sampling. 61.32 Section 61.32... FOR SALE FOR CRUSHING PURPOSES (INSPECTION, SAMPLING AND CERTIFICATION) Regulations Licensed Cottonseed Samplers § 61.32 No discrimination in sampling. Each licensed sampler, when requested, shall...

    1. 10 CFR 61.10 - Content of application.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-01-01

      ... of general information, specific technical information, institutional information, and financial information as set forth in §§ 61.11 through 61.16. An environmental report prepared in accordance with...

    2. Collisional drag may lead to disappearance of wave-breaking phenomenon of lower hybrid oscillations

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Maity, Chandan; Chakrabarti, Nikhil

      2013-01-01

      The inhomogeneity in the magnetic field in a cold electron-ion non-dissipative homogeneous plasma leads to the breaking of lower hybrid modes via phase mixing phenomenon [Maity et al. Phys. Plasmas 19, 102302 (2012)]. In this work, we show that an inclusion of collisional drag force in fluid equations may lead to the disappearance of the wave-breaking phenomenon of lower hybrid oscillations. The nonlinear analysis in Lagrangian variables provides an expression for a critical value of damping rate, above which spikes in the plasma density profile may disappear. The critical damping rate depends on the perturbation and magnetic field inhomogeneity amplitudes as well as the ratio of the magnetic field inhomogeneity and perturbation scale lengths.

    3. Caries dental asociada a factores de riesgo durante el embarazo The dental caries associated with risk factor during pregnancy

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Antonio Cecilio Pérez Oviedo

      2011-06-01

      Full Text Available El periodo gestacional se relaciona con una mayor incidencia de caries dental, aunque la asociación entre gestación e incremento de caries no ha podido aún ser científicamente demostrada. Se propuso realizar un estudio para determinar la presencia de caries dental y algunos factores de riesgo asociados en el primer y tercer trimestre del embarazo, para detectar la aparición de lesiones cariosas nuevas y cambios relacionados con los factores de riesgo entre ambos trimestres. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal desde diciembre de 2006 a febrero de 2008 en el municipio de Florida, Camagüey, Cuba. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 38 embarazadas y la muestra por 21, que fueron interrogadas y examinadas en ambos trimestres con el objetivo de determinar la presencia de caries y los factores de riesgo asociados como: higiene bucal deficiente, dieta cariogénica, pH salival bajo, ocurrencia de vómitos y embarazo previo. La información necesaria fue recogida en un formulario confeccionado al efecto. En el primer trimestre el 80,95 % estaban afectadas por caries dental y se observó aparición de lesiones nuevas en 6 embarazadas, en el tercer trimestre. Los factores de riesgo presentados con mayor frecuencia en el primer trimestre fueron la dieta cariogénica en el 66,66 % y la higiene bucal deficiente en el 47,61 % de las pacientes. Ninguna embarazada modificó la dieta durante el embarazo, sin embargo la higiene bucal deficiente persistió en el 14,28 %. El 52,38 % de las embarazadas afectadas en el primer trimestre consumían dieta cariogénica y el 47,61 % habían tenido embarazo previo. Se concluyó que hubo afectación por nuevas caries durante el embarazo, los factores de riesgo que predominantes fueron la dieta cariogénica, la higiene bucal deficiente y el embarazo previo. Las pacientes no modificaron la dieta durante el embarazo, pero sí mejoraron la higiene bucal. Todas las que presentaban vómitos y pH salival

    4. 22 CFR 61.3 - Certification and authentication criteria.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-04-01

      ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Certification and authentication criteria. 61.3 Section 61.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND EXCHANGES WORLD-WIDE FREE FLOW OF AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIALS § 61.3 Certification and authentication criteria. (a) The Department shall...

    5. Family Functioning and Mental Health of Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth in the Trans Teen and Family Narratives Project.

      Science.gov (United States)

      Katz-Wise, Sabra L; Ehrensaft, Diane; Vetters, Ralph; Forcier, Michelle; Austin, S Bryn

      Transgender and gender-nonconforming (TGN) youth are at increased risk for adverse mental health outcomes, but better family functioning may be protective. This study describes TGN youth's mental health and associations with family functioning in a community-based sample. Participants were from 33 families (96 family members) and included 33 TGN youth, ages 13 to 17 years; 48 cisgender (non-transgender) caregivers; and 15 cisgender siblings. Participants completed a survey with measures of family functioning (family communication, family satisfaction) and mental health of TGN youth (suicidality, self-harm, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, resilience). TGN youth reported a high risk of mental health concerns: suicidality (15% to 30%), self-harm (49%), clinically significant depressive symptoms (61%); and moderate self-esteem (M = 27.55, SD = 7.15) and resiliency (M = 3.67, SD = 0.53). In adjusted models, better family functioning from the TGN youth's perspective was associated with better mental health outcomes among TGN youth (β ranged from -0.40 to -0.65 for self-harm, depressive symptoms, and anxious symptoms, and 0.58 to 0.70 for self-esteem and resiliency). Findings from this study highlight the importance of considering TGN youth's perspectives on the family to inform interventions to improve family functioning in families with TGN youth.

    6. Yarkovsky effect and V-shapes: New method to compute family ages

      Science.gov (United States)

      Spoto, F.; Milani, A.; Cellino, A.; Knezevic, Z.; Novakovic, B.; Paolicchi, P.

      2014-07-01

      The computation of family ages is a high-priority goal. As a matter of principle, it can be achieved by using V-shape plots for the families old enough to have the Yarkovsky effect dominating the spread of the proper a and large enough for a statistically significant analysis of the shape. By performing an asteroid family classification with a very enlarged dataset, the results are not just ''more families'', but there are interesting qualitative changes. These are due to the large-number statistics, but also to the larger fraction of smaller objects contained in recently numbered asteroids. We are convinced that our method is effective in adding many smaller asteroids to the core families. As a result, we have a large number of families with very well defined V-shapes, thus with a good possibility of age estimation. We have developed our method to compute ages, which we believe is better than those used previously because it is more objective. Since there are no models for error in absolute magnitude H and for albedo, we have also developed a model of the error in the inverse of the diameter and then we have performed a weighted least-squares fit. We report at least 5/6 examples of dynamical families for which the computation of the V-shape is possible. These examples show the presence of different internal structure of the families, e.g., in the dynamical family of (4) Vesta, we have found two collisional families. The main problem in estimating the ages is the calibration. The difficulty in the Yarkovsky calibration, due to the need to extrapolate from near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) with measured da/dt to main-belt asteroids, is in most cases the main limitation to the accuracy of the age estimation. We obtain an age estimation by scaling the results for the NEA for which there is the best Yarkovsky effect determination, namely (101955) Bennu.

    7. El estudio del lenguaje en su contexto social

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Labov William

      1981-06-01

      Full Text Available

      family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt;">En cualquier curso académico relacionado con la investigación en la family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt;">comunidad lingüística, existe siempre un gran interés en los primeros family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt;">pasos que se han de dar: "Qué se le dice a la gente"? Esta no es una family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt;">pregunta trivial. Los pasos elementales para localizar y contactar informantes family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt;">y el lograr que hablen libremente en una entrevista grabada, family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt;">son problemas mayores para el estudioso. Seria un error descuidar estos family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt;">primeros pasos, ya que en estas técnicas y prácticas están implícitos family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt;">muchos principios esenciales de la conducta social y lingüística. Un

      family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt;">examen detallado de estos supuestos metodológicos es mucho lo que family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt;">puede decirnos acerca de la naturaleza del discurso y de las funciones family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">del lenguaje.

    8. Familias de Adultos con Discapacidad Intelectual en Cali, Colombia, Desde el Modelo de Calidad de Vida Families of Adults With Intellectual Disability in Cali, Colombia, Using the Model of Quality of Life

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Leonor Córdoba

      2007-11-01

      Full Text Available Cada día aumenta la expectativa de vida para personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI/RM. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la calidad de vida de familias de adultos con DI/RM en Cali, Colombia. La muestra estuvo conformada por 158 familias. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos de recogida de información un Cuestionario Sociodemográfico y la Escala de Calidad de Vida Familiar (Beach Center, 2001, ésta última adaptada previamente a población colombiana (Verdugo, Córdoba & Gómez, 2005, 2006. Los principales hallazgos demostraron que la calidad de vida de las familias está afectada por la falta de oportunidades para la inclusión social de personas adultas con DI/RM. Estas dificultades, aparentemente, desencadenan efectos en el bienestar del adulto con DI/RM y su familia. Los resultados proveen información para la definición de políticas sociales para estas familias.Everyday the life expectancy for people with intellectual disabilities (ID/MR increases. The aim of this research was to describe the quality of life of the families of adults with ID in Cali, Colombia. The sample consisted of 158 families. Two instruments for gathering information were used: a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, and the Family Quality of Life Scale (Beach Center, 2001. The latter was previously adapted for the Colombian population (Verdugo, Córdoba & Gómez, 2005, 2006. The main findings showed that family quality of life is affected by the lack of opportunities for social inclusion in adults with ID/MR. These difficulties lead to repercussions on the wellbeing of the adult with ID/MR and his or her family. The results provide information for the definition of social policies for these families.

    9. 40 CFR 61.68 - Emission monitoring.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-07-01

      ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission monitoring. 61.68 Section 61....68 Emission monitoring. (a) A vinyl chloride monitoring system is to be used to monitor on a... monitoring system(s) used to meet the requirement in paragraph (a) of this section is to be a device which...

    10. LIDT-DD: A New Self-Consistent Debris Disc Model Including Radiation Pressure and Coupling Dynamical and Collisional Evolution

      Science.gov (United States)

      Kral, Q.; Thebault, P.; Charnoz, S.

      2014-01-01

      The first attempt at developing a fully self-consistent code coupling dynamics and collisions to study debris discs (Kral et al. 2013) is presented. So far, these two crucial mechanisms were studied separately, with N-body and statistical collisional codes respectively, because of stringent computational constraints. We present a new model named LIDT-DD which is able to follow over long timescales the coupled evolution of dynamics (including radiation forces) and collisions in a self-consistent way.

    11. Effects of ionization and ion loss on dust ion-acoustic solitary waves in a collisional dusty plasma with suprathermal electrons

      Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

      Mayout, Saliha; Gougam, Leila Ait [Faculty of Physics, Theoretical Physics Laboratory, Plasma Physics Group, University of Bab-Ezzouar, USTHB, B.P. 32, El Alia, Algiers 16111 (Algeria); Tribeche, Mouloud, E-mail: mouloudtribeche@yahoo.fr, E-mail: mtribeche@usthb.dz [Faculty of Physics, Theoretical Physics Laboratory, Plasma Physics Group, University of Bab-Ezzouar, USTHB, B.P. 32, El Alia, Algiers 16111 (Algeria); Algerian Academy of Sciences and Technologies, Algiers (Algeria)

      2016-03-15

      The combined effects of ionization, ion loss, and electron suprathermality on dust ion-acoustic solitary waves in a collisional dusty plasma are examined. Carrying out a small but finite amplitude analysis, a damped Korteweg-de Vries (dK–dV) equation is derived. The damping term decreases with the increase of the spectral index and saturates for Maxwellian electrons. Choosing typical plasma parameters, the analytical approximate solution of the dK-dV equation is numerically analyzed. We first neglect the ionization and ion loss effects and account only for collisions to estimate the relative importance between these damping terms which can act concurrently. Interestingly, we found that as the suprathermal character of the electrons becomes important, the strength of the collisions related dissipation becomes more important and causes the dust ion-acoustic solitary wave amplitude to decay more rapidly. Moreover, the collisional damping may largely prevail over the ionization and ion loss related damping. The latter becomes more effective as the electrons evolve far away from their thermal equilibrium. Our results complement and provide new insights into previously published work on this problem.

    12. Effects of ionization and ion loss on dust ion-acoustic solitary waves in a collisional dusty plasma with suprathermal electrons

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Mayout, Saliha; Gougam, Leila Ait; Tribeche, Mouloud

      2016-01-01

      The combined effects of ionization, ion loss, and electron suprathermality on dust ion-acoustic solitary waves in a collisional dusty plasma are examined. Carrying out a small but finite amplitude analysis, a damped Korteweg-de Vries (dK–dV) equation is derived. The damping term decreases with the increase of the spectral index and saturates for Maxwellian electrons. Choosing typical plasma parameters, the analytical approximate solution of the dK-dV equation is numerically analyzed. We first neglect the ionization and ion loss effects and account only for collisions to estimate the relative importance between these damping terms which can act concurrently. Interestingly, we found that as the suprathermal character of the electrons becomes important, the strength of the collisions related dissipation becomes more important and causes the dust ion-acoustic solitary wave amplitude to decay more rapidly. Moreover, the collisional damping may largely prevail over the ionization and ion loss related damping. The latter becomes more effective as the electrons evolve far away from their thermal equilibrium. Our results complement and provide new insights into previously published work on this problem.

    13. El donativo de 1629 en la Andalucía bética

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Ramón LANZA GARCÍA

      2011-07-01

      Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} El empeoramiento de los problemas financieros de la Monarquía durante 1629 movió a Felipe IV a solicitar un donativo general, llamado de las guerras de Italia, el segundo pero el más cuantioso de los que pidió en su largo reinado. El presente artículo estudia algunas cuestiones que plantea la comisión que llevó a don Alonso de Cabrera por tierras de Jaén, Córdoba y Sevilla, y que todavía no se conocen del todo bien, como son el importe de los ofrecimientos, los medios y arbitrios empleados por las corporaciones locales para su recaudación, las mercedes a que dieron lugar y la medida en que pudieron cambiar o no los rasgos esenciales del sistema fiscal castellano de privilegio, tributación indirecta e intermediación local que unían estrechamente las haciendas locales con la hacienda real.

    14. 46 CFR 61.05-10 - Boilers in service.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Boilers in service. 61.05-10 Section 61.05-10 Shipping... INSPECTIONS Tests and Inspections of Boilers § 61.05-10 Boilers in service. (a) Each boiler, including superheater, reheater, economizer, auxiliary boiler, low-pressure heating boiler, and unfired steam boiler...

    15. 47 CFR 61.14 - Method of filing publications.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Method of filing publications. 61.14 Section 61...) TARIFFS Rules for Electronic Filing § 61.14 Method of filing publications. (a) Publications filed... date of a publication received by the Electronic Tariff Filing System will be determined by the date...

    16. Mechanism and models for collisional energy transfer in highly excited large polyatomic molecules

      International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

      Gilbert, R. G.

      1995-01-01

      Collisional energy transfer in highly excited molecules (say, 200-500 kJ mol -1 above the zero-point energy of reactant, or of product, for a recombination reaction) is reviewed. An understanding of this energy transfer is important in predicting and interpreting the pressure dependence of gas-phase rate coefficients for unimolecular and recombination reactions. For many years it was thought that this pressure dependence could be calculated from a single energy-transfer quantity, such as the average energy transferred per collision. However, the discovery of 'super collisions' (a small but significant fraction of collisions which transfer abnormally large amounts of energy) means that this simplistic approach needs some revision. The 'ordinary' (non-super) component of the distribution function for collisional energy transfer can be quantified either by empirical models (e.g., an exponential-down functional form) or by models with a physical basis, such as biased random walk (applicable to monatomic or diatomic collision partners) or ergodic (for polyatomic collision partners) treatments. The latter two models enable approximate expressions for the average energy transfer to be estimated from readily available molecular parameters. Rotational energy transfer, important for finding the pressure dependence for recombination reactions, can for these purposes usually be taken as transferring sufficient energy so that the explicit functional form is not required to predict the pressure dependence. The mechanism of 'ordinary' energy transfer seems to be dominated by low-frequency modes of the substrate, whereby there is sufficient time during a vibrational period for significant energy flow between the collision partners. Super collisions may involve sudden energy flow as an outer atom of the substrate is squashed between the substrate and the bath gas, and then is moved away from the interaction by large-amplitude motion such as a ring vibration or a rotation; improved

    17. Dimensiones de los trastornos de personalidad en el MCMI-II

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      José Besteiro

      2007-01-01

      Full Text Available Para conocer la estructura dimensional que subyace a los trastornos de la personalidad, se evaluó el patrón factorial en un conjunto de medidas clínicas y de personalidad autoinformadas empleando el MCMI-II. Se aplico un diseño ex post facto de tipo prospectivo. Se utilizó una muestra de 236 pacientes diagnosticados con un trastorno de la personalidad, según criterios DSM-IV. El análisis factorial de componentes principales mostró veinticinco factores de primer orden que explicron el 56,64% de la varianza. Los ocho factores de segundo orden explicaron el 42,61% de la varianza. Esta estructura de ocho factores, más que responder a un modelo consensuado categorial, es coincidente con alguno de los modelos dimensionales de la personalidad, como son los propuestos por Siever y Davis, Cloninger o Costa y McCrae. Dimensiones como depresión/ansiedad, responsabilidad/control, paranoidismo/agresividad, autocritica/inseguridad, timidez/influenciabilidad, desadaptación social o abuso de sustancias/ impulsividad son útiles para explicar las posibles entidades psíquicas o biológicas subyacentes a los trastornos de la personalidad frente a la taxonomía DSM.

    18. Aplicación de la inteligencia emocional como herramienta para el liderazgo en organizaciones de alto desempeño

      Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

      Luis Alfredo Martínez Martínez

      2002-05-01

      Full Text Available El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la utilización de las aptitudes de Inteligencia Emocional como herramienta para el liderazgo en PDVSA, Unidad de Negocios del Distrito Lagunillas, mediante estudio de tipo exploratorio-descriptivo, diseño de campo no experimental transversal, encuesta a muestra representativa de 61 trabajadores y entrevistas a gerentes. Concluyéndose la presencia de fortalezas, como el liderazgo y la aceptación hacia el uso de aptitudes emocionales y debilidades, como el escaso conocimiento teórico de IE, incompleto desarrollo de habilidades sociales y marcada tendencia al perfeccionamiento técnico en detrimento de habilidades como la motivación y el trabajo en equipo.

    19. 46 CFR 61.40-6 - Periodic safety tests.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Periodic safety tests. 61.40-6 Section 61.40-6 Shipping... INSPECTIONS Design Verification and Periodic Testing of Vital System Automation § 61.40-6 Periodic safety tests. (a) Periodic Safety tests must demonstrate the proper operation of the primary and alternate...

    20. 47 CFR 61.32 - Method of filing publications.

      Science.gov (United States)

      2010-10-01

      ... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Method of filing publications. 61.32 Section 61...) TARIFFS General Rules for Dominant Carriers § 61.32 Method of filing publications. (a) Publications sent....” The date on which the publication is received by the Secretary of the Commission (or the Mail Room...