WorldWideScience

Sample records for ecsc

  1. CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF COAL AND STEEL INDUSTRIES UNDER THE ECSC (1952-1967: WAS WEST GERMANY KEPT “SMALL”?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eline Poelmans

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available In 1951, six European countries founded the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC, which they hoped would be a first step towards more European integration and which they hoped would provide a common legal framework for their coal and steel industries. The main aim of the ECSC was to make sure that the German coal and steel industries would never again reach their prewar capacities, which according to many had played a part in the coming of World War II. Another important aim was to forestall any attempt of the USSR to conquer West Germany. This article constitutes a case study of the regional concentration of the coal and steel industries in the six ECSC countries, and it investigates whether the importance of certain coal and steel producing regions within the ECSC changed between 1952 and 1967. Furthermore, an analysis is conducted of how the concentration ratios of the ECSC's industries differed among the six countries, whether these differences changed over time, how this influenced the size and number of coal and steel firms and whether the ECSC succeeded in its initial aim of keeping West Germany small.

  2. Characteristic analysis of a photovoltaic system flying at fixed latitude

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lee, Shun Ching

    2011-01-01

    Highlights: → Relative sunrise and noon are different for different flight speeds. → ECSC cells are disposed for ECSC batteries matching each PV module. → Working ranges of ECSC battery are determined. → Secondary ECSC battery is considered. → Heat energy to thermostat keeps PV modules at ice point. - Abstract: The characteristic analysis of a PV system equipped with ECSC battery and moving in the air at fixed latitude is presented. The flight plans for 1 year trips at three latitudes from four seasons and with four speeds are considered under the condition that the flying system must come back every 24 h whatever the speed may be. The relative sunrise, solar noon, and sunset are different on each day not only for different seasons but also for different flight speeds, so the times for the moving PV system to take two U turns on each day are different and the durations of insolation on PV modules on each day are also different. The ECSC cells are disposed in series and in parallel for ECSC batteries matching each PV module. The working ranges of ECSC battery are determined by the characteristics of two components, ECSC battery and DC motor, for ensuring that the discharge current from an ECSC battery is always larger than the current driving the DC motor. While the PV modules on the flying machine are not under insolation or does not produce enough after relative sunrise, the primary ECSC battery discharges. The PV generator drives the DC motor and charges the primary ECSC battery during the time about solar noon, and it will charge the secondary ECSC battery when the primary battery is recharged to the full state. Once the PV generator does not produce enough again before relative sunset, the secondary battery discharges until its fractional state of charge backs to the minimum. The thermostat keeps the PV modules at ice point, if the temperature of PV module in the air is less than the 0 deg. C. The heat energy controlled by the thermostat is supplied

  3. A requiem for the European coal and steel community (1952-2002)

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Groenendijk, Nico; Hospers, Gerrit J.

    2002-01-01

    In July 2002 the Treaty on the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) expired. The ECSC is now being dissolved, its assets are transferred into special research funds, and European coal and steel policy is integrated into mainstream EU industrial policy. The ECSC's main task was to integrate the

  4. Effective cataract surgical coverage: An indicator for measuring quality-of-care in the context of Universal Health Coverage.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jacqueline Ramke

    Full Text Available To define and demonstrate effective cataract surgical coverage (eCSC, a candidate UHC indicator that combines a coverage measure (cataract surgical coverage, CSC with quality (post-operative visual outcome.All Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB surveys with datasets on the online RAAB Repository on April 1 2016 were downloaded. The most recent study from each country was included. By country, cataract surgical outcome (CSOGood, 6/18 or better; CSOPoor, worse than 6/60, CSC (operated cataract as a proportion of operable plus operated cataract and eCSC (operated cataract and a good outcome as a proportion of operable plus operated cataract were calculated. The association between CSC and CSO was assessed by linear regression. Gender inequality in CSC and eCSC was calculated.Datasets from 20 countries were included (2005-2013; 67,337 participants; 5,474 cataract surgeries. Median CSC was 53.7% (inter-quartile range[IQR] 46.1-66.6%, CSOGood was 58.9% (IQR 53.7-67.6% and CSOPoor was 17.7% (IQR 11.3-21.1%. Coverage and quality of cataract surgery were moderately associated-every 1% CSC increase was associated with a 0.46% CSOGood increase and 0.28% CSOPoor decrease. Median eCSC was 36.7% (IQR 30.2-50.6%, approximately one-third lower than the median CSC. Women tended to fare worse than men, and gender inequality was slightly higher for eCSC (4.6% IQR 0.5-7.1% than for CSC (median 2.3% IQR -1.5-11.6%.eCSC allows monitoring of quality in conjunction with coverage of cataract surgery. In the surveys analysed, on average 36.7% of people who could benefit from cataract surgery had undergone surgery and obtained a good visual outcome.

  5. European Law in the Making:

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Rasmussen, Morten

    Traditionally, the Court of Justice of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) has mainly been considered the somewhat dull predecessor to the more famous Court of Justice of the European Communities, which in 1963-64 ‘constitutionalised’ the Treaties of Rome with the seminal judgments of Van...... Gend en Loos and Costa V. ENEL. The jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the ECSC was allegedly conservative dominated by technical and economic considerations less than adventurous activism. Recent historical research has demonstrated the complexity of the legal landscape of the 1950s, in which...

  6. MAKING LEGAL SENSE OF HUMAN RIGHTS: Introduction

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    eliasn

    and Legal Studies of the Ethiopian Civil Service College (ECSC) and the Law Faculty ..... 1789--which propagated the principles of liberte, egalite, and fraternite— ..... Ethiopians to take a financial, power/mandate, and time audit of the ..... Judicial application gives an assurance that in cases of violations, there is a possible ...

  7. Twenty-five years of the common market in coal, 1953--1978

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1977-01-01

    The development of the common market for coal is traced from its creation on 10 February 1953 by the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community up to the recent past. Describes the position assumed by coal in the Community's energy supply, the changes on the individual markets for solid fuels and the development of the factors affecting supply, including technical progress in the Community's coal mining industry. The changes which have transformed the world energy market are also described. There follows an account of the role played by the Community, in particular the ECSC executive, in the various stages of development of the common market in coal. Chapter 3 deals with the consolidation during the transitional period provided for in the ECSC Treaty; Chapter 4 describes the events of the coal crisis and Chapter 5 is devoted to Community energy policy since the oil crisis of 1973/74 from the coal industry's viewpoint. The appendix contains 39 tables of statistics covering all important aspects of the coal sector since the common market was established.

  8. The ''Jahrhundertvertrag'' (contract guaranteeing enhanced use of inland coal for electricity generation up to the end of the century) examined in the light of German and EC cartel law

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Maertens, M.

    1995-01-01

    The horizontal agreements concluded between the various electric utilities within the framework of the ''Jahrhundertvertrag'', (JHV), are a violation both of section 1 GWB (act against restraints on competition) and Art. 85 of the EC Treaty, and thus are void. The same applies to the horizontal agreements concluded between the coal mining companies in Germany, representing a violation of Art. 65, section 1 of the ECSC Treaty. As a result, the various vertical contracts concluded by the electical utilities and the coal mining companies are likewise affected by the decisions declaring the above agreements to be void. None of the applicable cartel law regimes permits exemptions from prohibition of restrictive practices beyond those provided for by cartel law. The electric utilities might receive permission from the German Federal Minister of Economics under section 8, sub-sec. 2 GWB, legalizing their agreements, but this permission would give legal effect to the cartel agreements in terms of civil law only if the EC Commission would decide to exempt this cartel from prohibition of restrictive practices of the EC Treaty by a decision in compliance with Art. 85, section 3 of the EC Treaty. The horizontal agreements of the mining companies are subject to Art. 65, section 2 of the ECSC treaty, and these stringent provisions do not leave room for an exemption in this case [de

  9. Strata consolidation (Report on ECSC contract 6220-AB/1/102)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1978-01-01

    The development of an injection agent based on Sorel cement with a magnesia binder is discussed. The properties of the binder are discussed including its adherence properties. The extraordinary fluidity of the magnesia binder permits a transport of the binder ready for application for a distance of 800 m, provided the pipelines used do not have a diameter below 25 mm. The magnesia binder still fills cracks and fissures with a width of 0.1 mm. The injection method was used in the mines of Saarbergwerke AG mainly for consolidation of running out coal faces. Normally, it was possible to consolidate the coal in thick seams by use of magnesia binder. Reasons for unsatisfactory consolidating results in some tests at the Ruhr are different structure and wettability of the Ruhr coal, presumably. Adjoining rock, especially shaly clay, could be consolidated so well with magnesia binder that the original rock context could be restored. Trials to seal permeable rock formations, led to the development of control methods enabling a quantitative assessment of injections underground. (In German)

  10. EURATOM, origin and contents of Community European of the energy atomic; EURATOM, origen y contenidos de Comunidad Europea de la energia atomica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Prieto Serrano, N.

    2015-07-01

    After the creation, in 1951, of the European Community of the Coal and steel (ECSC), the first step in a Europe together, Federal, Belgium Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands signed in March 1957, the treaties of Rome that established the foundations for the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Community Atomic Energy (CEEa or Euratom). We started with this a series of articles dedicated to pregnancy, the content and issued legislation of the Euratom Treaty, particularly in the areas that most affect the management of radioactive waste. (Author)

  11. The Euratom supply agency. A small ENERGY UNION?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Blohm-Hieber, Ute [European Commission, Luxembourg (Luxembourg). Unit - Nuclear Fuel Market Operations

    2015-11-15

    In the 1950s, when the European Communities were founded the ECSC (Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community), concluded for 50 years and the EURATOM Treaty (Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community), with unlimited validity, were signed. On the present political agenda of the European Union, energy supply security has a high priority. The Juncker Commission therefore focusses on the concept of an Energy Union. The Euratom Treaty provides one successful example of a ''small sectorial Energy Union'' and may serve as stimulation for reflections for the Energy Union in other sectors.

  12. Domestic and commercial solar energy in the UK: an ECSC research project

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Buckley, K.; Bunge, T.; Wright, S.

    1999-01-01

    It is argued that in the UK there is a lack of appreciation of the potential of solar energy at both government and public level. It is claimed that the government has made insufficient effort to stimulate the solar energy sector and provided little support for research: the UK solar market is therefore underdeveloped and systems are expensive. A survey to identify the reasons for the lack of awareness of solar potential, and how this might be rectified was carried out. The survey identified four particular points: (i) how to make solar energy more attractive to consumers, (ii) initiatives for Local Authorities, (iii) availability and quality of information from Energy Advice Centres and Local Authorities and (iv) actions to make Local Authorities more pro-active

  13. Control of firedamp emission (Report on ECSC contract 6220-04/2/042)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Boxho, J [INIEX; Degueldre, G [Institut d' Hygiene des Mines

    1977-01-01

    The effects of remote pre-infusion of water into coal seams to reduce gas drainage is discussed. Its effects on overall gas emission are less easy to demonstrate as it can only affect the drainage of the seam being worked (10 to 20% of overall emission) and the variable parameters of the seam being infused can distort the effect of infusion. It would be possible to increase the effect of remote pre-infusion by subjecting adjacent seams to the same process. It is better to apply the method to an entire district so that the water can escape into former workings. Remote pre-infusion is a very good means of dust control and it renders the seam more accessible to ploughing by helping the cleavages to open up. (In French)

  14. Environmental co-benefits of energy efficiency improvement in coal-fired power sector: A case study of Henan Province, China

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wang, Ke; Wang, Shanshan; Liu, Lei; Yue, Hui; Zhang, Ruiqin; Tang, Xiaoyan

    2016-01-01

    Highlights: • Pollutant surcharge is considered in Energy Conservation Supply Curve. • Intake Fraction method is incorporated into Energy Conservation Supply Curve. • Health benefits contribute 97% of co-benefits of energy efficiency improvement. - Abstract: The coal-fired power sector is one of the major contributors to environmental problems and has great potential of air pollution abatement. This study employs Energy Conservation Supply Curves (ECSCs) combined with pollutant surcharge and health benefits to evaluate the environmental co-benefits of energy efficiency improvement in the coal-fired power sector. Health benefits and the pollution surcharge are considered as the environmental co-benefits that reduce costs of conserved energy (CCEs) in ECSCs. The health benefits of energy efficiency improvement are quantified using Intake Fraction method, while the pollutant surcharge is calculated based on the regulation. Three scenarios including a Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, an Energy Efficiency Improvement (EEI) scenario, and an Upgrading Standards and Incentive (USI) scenario is considered in a case study for Henan Province of China. Our results show that costs of conserved energy (CCEs) are reduced by 0.56 and 0.29 USD/GJ under the EEI and USI scenarios due to health benefits and pollutant surcharge reductions related to energy efficient technologies, respectively. In particular, health benefits account for 97% of the reductions in CCEs, while the pollutant surcharge only contributes 3%. Under the EEI and USI scenarios, in 2020, energy efficiency improvement reduces energy consumption in Henan’s coal-fired power sector by 3.3% and 3.5% compared with the BAU scenario, respectively. The EEI and USI scenarios indicates that health benefits of 1.5 × 10"9 and 2.4 × 10"9 USD are gained and the reductions of pollutant surcharges of 197 and 226 million USD are realized in 2020, respectively.

  15. Fine coke production from brown coal (Report on ECSC contract 6220-72/1/102)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1977-01-01

    The possibility of producing a dry brown coal suitable for the production of fine coke and the development of a suitable carbonization process were studied. To prepare the coal it should be screened at 1 mm with the oversize going to fine coke production and the undersize going to briquette production. To increase fine coke production it is necessary to screen the raw smalls less than 2 mm and to pelletize, dry and carbonize them with the coarser constituents. The planning and construction of a hearth oven furnace plant was begun and this is now in operation. A fluidized bed can be used to preheat the coal to improve the oven performance. (In German)

  16. Radio communication in mines: information, data processing (Report on ECSC contract 7220-AF/201)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Delogne, P; de Keyser, R; Deryck, L; Fourny, R; Hellin, H; Leonard, D [INIEX

    1980-01-01

    The aim of the research was to develop and construct transmitter-receivers for use in coal mines for communication transmission of signals and remote control. The reliability, miniaturization and ease of handling of existing equipment were improved. Research was carried out into interfaces between traditional remote-sensing elements and a radio transmission line. The intelligibility of spoken messages was also investigated. (In French)

  17. Energy industry in central and eastern Europe status of the accession negotiations

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Schreiber, K.

    2003-01-01

    Energy was the starting point for the European Union with the signature of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty back in 1951. Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Luxembourg decided for the first time to create supranational and democratic institutions in the common interest of the European citizens. This was the basis for guiding Europe over the past fifty years towards the European Union of today. Now we are on the point of making a historic decision. Far more is at stake in this enlargement round than the simple acceptance of new Member States and the enlargement of the Union. It is a question of ending the artificial division of Europe brought about by two world wars and of taking a decisive step towards the completion of European unification. (orig.) [de

  18. Computer modelling of the combined effects of plant conditions and coal quality on burnout in utility furnaces

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    P. Stephenson [RWE npower Engineering, Swindon (United Kingdom)

    2007-09-15

    The aim of this paper is to describe the latest steps in the development of a computer model to predict the combined effects of plant conditions and coal quality on burnout. The work was conducted as part of RWE's contribution to the recent ECSC project 'Development of a carbon-in-ash notification system (CARNO)'. A burnout predictor code has been developed and validated; it includes both coal and plant effects and includes a burnout model based closely on CBK8. The agreement between predicted C-in-ash and plant data is encouraging, but further improvements are still desirable. The predictions obtained from the burnout predictor show that the calculated sensitivities to changes in plant condition can be very dependent on state of plant. 7 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

  19. The economic analysis of the evolution of Romanian ferrous metallurgy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    I. Bostan

    2012-10-01

    Full Text Available The ferrous metallurgy represents a traditional occupation, being extremely important for the national economy. Romania has gone through all the stages foreseen for the restructuring of this industry in compliance with the provisions of the European Council’s Decision (1999/582/EC concerning the partnership for the EU adherence, which included a special chapter on ferrous metallurgy, the provisions of the Protocol no. 2 (ECSC, as well as with other significant normative acts subsequently enacted. Following the performed restructuring – privatizations, state allowances, liquidations, re-technologization – the activity of this sector has developed, still being under the potential of the Romanian metallurgic industry. Nowadays, the disadvantages relating to energy intensity and the increased need for imported raw materials are doubled by the difficulties generated by the global crisis.

  20. Uniting the Divided Continent. The Estonian National Committee of the European Movement

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pauli Heikkilä

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available The article examines the exiled Estonian politicians in the European Movement in the early Cold War period. The ultimate goal of exiled Estonians was to restore their state’s independence. In order to promote this, Estonian leaders sought connections with Western leaders. The European Movement was the only organisation involving actors from both the East and the West, and this corresponded to the Estonian discourse on Europe as a whole. Therefore, the European Movement was appreciated, although its limited opportunities for decisive actions were also recognised. East and West European interest in the European Movement declined as West European integration rapidly intensified through the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC and particularly after the January 1952 Eastern European Conference in London. By 1957, disappointment in the inability of European unification to help regain Estonian independence became evident.

  1. The energy title in the Lisbon Treaty. Old wine in new bottles; Der Energietitel im Vertrag von Lissabon. Alter Wein in neuen Schlaeuchen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Papenkort, Katja [Bundesministerium des Innern, Berlin (Germany); Wellershoff, Jan-Kristof [Sozietaet Gleiss Lutz, Muenchen (Germany)

    2010-03-15

    Article 194 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union establishes the first ever explicit title of competence in the history of European community law authorising the promulgation of measures in the energy sector. Since the expiry of the ECSC Treaty, and with the exception of the regulations contained in the Euroatom Treaty, there has been no competence title authorising the European Union to enact regulations in the area of energy policy. Although such measures were taken nonetheless, they were enacted by the European Community on the basis of various unspecific competence titles. This gave currency to the expression of ''patchwork competence'' in regard to Europe's authority in the energy sector. This article analyses the new title of competence, marking it off against other regulations relating to the energy sector.

  2. Production of fine coke in a hearth-type furnace (Report on ECSC contract 7720-EB/108)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1980-01-01

    A balance was established for the hearth-type coking oven and waste heat boiler system. Tests concerning the operational safety showed that, in the case of breakdowns, the oven and waste heat boiler could be shut down without any danger. The quality of the brown coal fine coke produced, could be improved by optimizing the heights of the layer in the hearth-type, the degasification temperature of the oven, and the operation of the coke cooling system. Higher coking temperature caused a lower grain disintegration and lower abrasion rates. The range of size of coke production was enlarged to lump size by additional feeding of 2-inch briquettes to the coking oven.

  3. Increasing frequency of extremely severe cyclonic storms over the Arabian Sea

    Science.gov (United States)

    Murakami, Hiroyuki; Vecchi, Gabriel A.; Underwood, Seth

    2017-12-01

    In 2014 and 2015, post-monsoon extremely severe cyclonic storms (ESCS)—defined by the WMO as tropical storms with lifetime maximum winds greater than 46 m s-1—were first observed over the Arabian Sea (ARB), causing widespread damage. However, it is unknown to what extent this abrupt increase in post-monsoon ESCSs can be linked to anthropogenic warming, natural variability, or stochastic behaviour. Here, using a suite of high-resolution global coupled model experiments that accurately simulate the climatological distribution of ESCSs, we show that anthropogenic forcing has likely increased the probability of late-season ECSCs occurring in the ARB since the preindustrial era. However, the specific timing of observed late-season ESCSs in 2014 and 2015 was likely due to stochastic processes. It is further shown that natural variability played a minimal role in the observed increase of ESCSs. Thus, continued anthropogenic forcing will further amplify the risk of cyclones in the ARB, with corresponding socio-economic implications.

  4. Investment in the Community coal mining and iron and steel industries - 1981 survey

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1982-01-01

    The report has been prepared on the results of the 1981 survey of investments in the Community coal and steel industries. The survey which is conducted annually collects information on actual and forecast capital expenditure and production potential of coal and steel enterprises. The introductory chapter summarizes the results of the survey and the conclusions on them. Subsequent chapters examine in detail the results of the survey for each producing sector, namely: the coal mining industry; coking plants; briquetting plants; iron ore mines; and iron and steel industry. The annex contains a statement of the definitions under which the survey was carried out, together with tables giving a complete analysis of the results of the survey, including tables of capital expenditure and production potential by region and by category of plant for all sectors and categories of coal and steel products falling within the ECSC treaty. Editions are available in the seven community languages.

  5. Investment in the Community coal mining and iron and steel industries - 1980 survey

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1980-01-01

    The report has been prepared on the results of the 1980 survey of investments in the Community coal and steel industries. The survey, which is conducted annually, collects information on actual and forecast capital expenditure and production potential of coal and steel enterprises. The introductory chapter summarizes the results of the survey and the conclusions on them. Subsequent chapters of the report examine in detail the results of the survey for each producing sector, namely: the coal mining industry; coking plants; briquetting plants; iron-ore mines; and the iron and steel industry. The annex to the report contains a statement of the definitions under which the survey was carried out, together with tables giving a complete analysis of the results of the survey, including tables of capital expenditure and production potential by region and by category of plant for all sectors and categories of coal and steel products falling within the ECSC Treaty. Editions are available in six community languages.

  6. A new subsidy regulation for coal after 2002 on the basis of the EC treaty; Eine neue Beihilferegelung fuer die Steinkohle nach dem Jahr 2002 auf der Basis des EG-Vertrags

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reichel, W. [Gesamtverband des Deutschen Steinkohlenbergbaus, Essen (Germany)

    2000-08-10

    Coal is and will remain the most important indigenous energy resource in Europe. Hence, an appropriate ECSC regulation must be drawn up for coal subsidies in the EC Treaty after 2002 to enable a core mining industry based on the long-term safeguarding of supply. This is primarily not a legal, but a political question. Neither Kyoto nor the expansion of natural gas or image problems militate against coal. Its future contribution to the energy mix requires above all advances in technology. (orig.) [German] Die Kohle ist und bleibt die wichtigste heimische Energieressource Europas. Fuer die Kohlenbeihilfen muss daher ab dem Jahr 2002 eine adaequate EGKS-Nachfolgeregelung im Rahmen des EG-Vertrags getroffen werden, um einen mit der langfristigen Versorgungssicherung begruendeten Kernbergbau zu ermoeglichen. Dies ist primaer keine rechtliche, sondern eine politische Frage. Weder Kyoto noch die Erdgasexpansion oder Imageprobleme sprechen grundsaetzlich gegen die Kohle. Ihr zukuenftiger Beitrag zum Energiemix erfordert vor allem eine Technikoffensive. (orig.)

  7. Development of heading/ripping systems and immediate roadway support (Report on ECSC contract 6220-62/8/801)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1977-01-01

    The development of a combined heading and ripping system to enable the heading to be advanced while the coal and dirt were taken and discharged separately is discussed. A rotary head ripping machine fitted with cutting picks, dirt stowing machinery and ancillary equipment were developed. Work on the design and testing of powered roadway supports around roadheading machines showed that the problems arising may outweigh any of the possible advantages.

  8. Environmental enrichment to alleviate maze performance deficits in rats with microcephaly induced by X-irradiation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shibagaki, M.; Seo, M.; Asano, T.; Kiyono, S.

    1981-01-01

    Pregnant rats received 150 R of X-irradiation on day 17 of gestation. The male offspring were reared under environmentally enriched (EC), standard colony (SC) or impoverished conditions (IC) for 30 days after weaning. Then the Hebb-Williams maze test was carried out. The effects of X-irradiation and environment were both significant in initial, repetitive and total error scores and running time. Further analysis revealed that both EC-SC and EC-IC differences in initial, repetitive and total error scores were significant in X-irradiated animals, whereas only the EC-IC difference in initial and total error scores was significant in sham-irradiated control animals. Total protein, protein/g cortex, total benzodiazepine and muscarine cholinergic receptor bindings, and muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding/mg protein in the cerebral cortex were decreased in X-irradiated groups, compared to controls, but the effect of environment was not significant in these items. The results confirmed that environmental enrichment is a useful tool to alleviate the learning decrements in prenatally X-irradiated microcephalic rats. (author)

  9. Iron and steel research at CENIM

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Medina, S. F.; Lopez, F.; Morcillo, M.

    2003-01-01

    In 2002 the National Centre for Metallurgical Research (CENIM) celebrated its 39th anniversary. During this time, steel has been the most studied material of all the metals and alloys researched in the different projects funded by national science and technology plans, European metallurgical research programmes, and by the iron and steel making companies who over the years have placed their trust in the research work undertaken at CENIM. Two generations of researchers have dedicated their careers to studying the different aspects of steel, from primary metallurgy considering iron ores and enrichment processes, the thermodynamics of reactions in the blast furnace and in the ladle, thermal and thermomechanical treatments, the physical metallurgy of steels, their mechanical properties, and finally their deterioration in a wide range of media of different aggressivities. CENIM maintains its commitment to iron and steel research, drawing attention to the vast amount of research work undertaken and financed within the framework of the ECSC programme since Spain joined the European Community in January 1986. (Author) 3 refs

  10. Energy policy and the scope of action of the EC; Die energiepolitischen Handlungsmoeglichkeiten der EG

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brand, E. [Universitaet Lueneburg, Lueneburg (Germany); Witthohn, A. [IHK Hannover (Germany)

    2002-04-01

    This contribution examines the legal basis of authorization and the scope of action of the European legislator with respect to legislation on the energy policy of the EC. The analysis starts with summarising the evolution of the primary law, looking inter alia at the constitutent treaties of the ECSC, EURATOM, and the EEC, and discusses further developments and treaties, as there is no specific, uniform basis of legislative power of the EC in the energy sector of EC. Subsequently, the basis for and secondary law making is discussed, the concluding part of the article giving an outlook on the future. (orig./CB) [German] Zentrale Frage des folgenden Beitrags ist, woraus der europaeische Gesetzgeber seine Kompetenz im Energiebereich ableitet und wie weit seine Regelungen in dem Bereich gehen duerfen. Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wird zunaechst die Entwicklung des europaeischen Primaerrechts bzw. der Gruendungsvertraege im Energiebereich beleuchtet und werden die einschlaegigen Ermaechtigungsgrundlagen dargestellt. Im Anschluss daran stehen dann die wichtigsten sekundaerrechtlichen Regelungen im Mittelpunkt. Abschliessend wird ein Ausblick auf die weitere Entwicklung gegeben. (orig./CB)

  11. Analysis of energy-efficiency opportunities for the cement industry in Shandong Province, China: A case study of 16 cement plants

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hasanbeigi, Ali; Price, Lynn; Lu, Hongyou [China Energy Group, Energy Analysis Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90R4000, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Lan, Wang [China Building Materials Academy, Guanzhuang, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Post code 100024 (China)

    2010-08-15

    In this study, 16 cement plants with New Suspension Preheater and pre-calciner (NSP) kiln were surveyed. Plant energy use was compared to both domestic (Chinese) and international best practice using the Benchmarking and Energy Saving Tool for Cement (BEST-Cement). This benchmarking exercise indicated an average technical potential primary energy savings of 12% would be possible if the surveyed plants operated at domestic best practice levels in terms of energy use per ton of cement produced. Average technical potential primary energy savings of 23% would be realized if the plants operated at international best practice levels. Then, using the bottom-up Electricity Conservation Supply Curve (ECSC) model, the cost-effective electricity efficiency potential for the 16 studied cement plants in 2008 is estimated to be 373 gigawatt-hours (GWh), and total technical electricity-saving potential is 915 GWh, which accounts for 16 and 40% of total electricity use in the studied plants in 2008, respectively. The Fuel Conservation Supply Curve (FCSC) model shows the total technical fuel efficiency potential equal to 7949 terajoules (TJ), accounting for 8% of total fuel used in the studied cement plants in 2008. All the fuel efficiency potential is shown to be cost effective. (author)

  12. Planning security for supply security

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Spies von Buellesheim.

    1994-01-01

    The situation of the hardcoal mining industry is still difficult, however better than last year. Due to better economic trends in the steel industry, though on a lower level, sales in 1994 have stabilised. Stocks are being significantly reduced. As to the production, we have nearly reached a level which has been politically agreed upon in the long run. Due to the determined action of the coalmining companies, a joint action of management and labour, the strong pressure has been mitigated. On the energy policy sector essential targets have been achieved: First of all the ECSC decision on state aid which will be in force up to the year 2002 and which will contribute to accomplish the results of the 1991 Coal Round. Furthermore, the 1994 Act on ensuring combustion of hardcoal in electricity production up to the year 2005. The hardcoal mining industry is grateful to all political decision makers for the achievements. The industry demands, however, that all questions still left open, including the procurement of financial means after 1996, should be settled soon on the basis of the new act and in accordance with the 1991 Coal Round and the energy concept of the Federal Government. German hardcoal is an indispensable factor within a balanced energy mix which guarantees the security of our energy supply, the security of the price structure and the respect of the environment. (orig.) [de

  13. Weathering resistance of thin plasma polymer films on pre-coated steel =

    Science.gov (United States)

    Serra, Ricardo Gil Henriques

    O trabalho apresentado teve origem no projecto de investigacao “Tailored Thin Plasma Polymers Films for Surface Engineering of Coil Coated Steel”, financiado pelo Programa Europeu ECSC Steel Research. Sistemas de aco galvanizado pre-pintado em banda a base de poliester e poliuretano foram submetidos a um processo de polimerizacao por plasma onde um filme fino foi depositado de modo a modificar as propriedades de superficie. Foram usados reactores de catodo oco, microondas e radio frequencia para a deposicao do polimero fino. Os sistemas preparados foram analisados de modo a verificar a influencia do processo de polimerizacao por plasma na alteracao das propriedades barreira dos sistemas pre-pintados em banda. Foi estudado o efeito dos diferentes passos do processo de polimerizacao por plasma, bem como o efeito de diferentes variaveis operatorias. A mistura precursora foi variada de modo a modificar as propriedades da superficie de modo a poder vir a obter maior hidrofobicidade, maior resistencia a marcas digitais, bem como maior facilidade de limpeza. Os testes foram conduzidos em solucao de NaCl 0,5 M. Para o trabalho foram usadas tecnicas de analise da morfologia da superficie como Microscopia de Forca Atomica e Microscopia Electronica de Varrimento. As propriedades electroquimicas dos sistemas foram estudadas por Espectroscopia de Impedancia Electroquimica. A estrutura dos filmes gerados no processo de polimerizacao por plasma foi caracterizada por Microscopia de Transmissao Electronica. A modificacao das propriedades opticas devido ao processo de polimerizacao por plasma foi tambem obtida.

  14. Development of tools for managing the impacts on surface due to changing hydrological regimes surrounding closed underground coal mines (ECSC Coal RTD programme, contract 7220-PR-136)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Veschkens, M.; Unland, W.; Kories, H.

    2005-01-01

    This paper demonstrates how box model approach and FE and box mixed model approach allow to better understand and model water flows in complex mined coal measures and interactions between shallow aquifers and flooded coal measures. Benefits of these approaches are illustrated on the basis of case studies in Liege and Ruhr coal basins. (authors)

  15. Development of tools for managing the impacts on surface due to changing hydrological regimes surrounding closed underground coal mines (ECSC Coal RTD programme, contract 7220-PR-136)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Veschkens, M. [ISSeP, Liege (Belgium); Unland, W.; Kories, H. [DMT, Am Technologiepark, Essen (Germany)

    2005-07-01

    This paper demonstrates how box model approach and FE and box mixed model approach allow to better understand and model water flows in complex mined coal measures and interactions between shallow aquifers and flooded coal measures. Benefits of these approaches are illustrated on the basis of case studies in Liege and Ruhr coal basins. (authors)

  16. Mastering energy transitions: a Franco-German project for growth

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jamet, Jean-Francois; Lefebvre, Emmanuel

    2013-01-01

    If, to lay the foundations of the European Community of Steel and Coal (ECSC), the founding fathers of Europe had waited for the steelworks belonging to the Krupp family and the Creusot foundries to decide of their own accord to work closer together, the European Union would simply not have been created. Even today an ambitious European energy strategy cannot materialise unless it is supported by France and Germany. A political agreement is indeed necessary given the complexity of the market and the interplay of both public and private factors. Energy strategies in France and Germany have remained far too national, sometimes going as far as to diverge, which makes no sense in the context of European integration. The resulting incoherence has prevented the pooling of industrial investments at the very moment European energy markets are increasingly integrated and European industrialists are at risk of being outrun, both technologically and commercially, by their foreign competitors. On the occasion of the 50. anniversary of the Elysee Treaty France and Germany have tried to renew energy cooperation admitting that they face similar challenges in terms of energy transition and that they would have everything to gain by working together to rise to those challenges. Ideas were put forward which should be clarified, completed and made into a reality. Indeed there is a rare opportunity for a vast bilateral cooperation project consistent with the two countries' responsibility towards Europe. The objection over the disparity of energy choices between France and Germany, in terms of electricity production could be solved if we acknowledge that the markets and issues associated with energy transition extend beyond our national borders. Basically this means having quite an ambitious political vision of the constructive, coherent governance of energy transition. (authors)

  17. Co-benefits of energy efficiency improvement and air pollution abatement in the Chinese iron and steel industry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhang, Shaohui; Worrell, Ernst; Crijns-Graus, Wina; Wagner, Fabian; Cofala, Janusz

    2014-01-01

    In 2010, China was responsible for 45% of global steel production, while consuming 15.8 EJ of final energy and emitting 1344 Mt CO 2eq , 8.4 Mt of PM (particulate matter) emissions, and 5.3 Mt of SO 2 emissions. In this paper we analyse the co-benefits of implementing energy efficiency measures that jointly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants, in comparison to applying only air pollution control (end-of-pipe technology). For this purpose we construct ECSC (energy conservation supply curves) that contain potentials and costs of energy efficiency measures and implement these in the GAINS (greenhouse gas and air pollution interactions and synergies) model. Findings show that the technical energy saving potential for the Chinese iron and steel industry for 2030 is around 5.7 EJ. This is equivalent to 28% of reference energy use in 2030. The emissions mitigation of GHGs (greenhouse gases) and air pollutants in BAEEM S 3 scenario would be reduce 27% CO 2 eq, 3% of PM, and 22% of SO 2 , compared to the BL scenario in 2030. Investments and cost savings were calculated for different scenarios, showing that energy efficiency investments will result in significant reductions in air pollution control costs. Hence, Energy efficiency measures should be integrated in air quality policy in China. - Highlights: • Implementation rates of 56 EEMs (energy efficiency measures) are quantified in China's Iron and steel industry. • Energy Supply Cost Curve was implemented in the GAINS (greenhouse gas and air pollution interactions and synergies) model. • The contribution of energy efficiency measure on the process level was estimated. • There are large co-benefits of improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions. • EEMs (energy efficiency measures) would lead to huge reductions in air pollution

  18. Mapping and modeling multiple benefits of energy efficiency and emission mitigation in China’s cement industry at the provincial level

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhang, Shaohui; Worrell, Ernst; Crijns-Graus, Wina

    2015-01-01

    Highlights: • Provincial disparities in energy use and emissions are quantified for China’s cement industry. • We describe emission mitigation impacts on EEMs with integrated assessment model. • We quantify the multiple benefits potential in China’s cement industry on provincial level. • Energy efficiency would lead to huge reductions in air pollution in all provinces. • We discuss uncertainty in relation to distribution of energy saving and emission reduction. - Abstract: China’s cement industry is the second largest energy consumer and key emitter of CO 2 and air pollutants. It accounts for 7% of total energy consumption in China and 15% of CO 2 , 21% of PM, 4% SO 2 and 10% of NOx of total emissions, respectively. Provincial disparities in energy consumption and emissions of CO 2 and air pollutants in China’s cement industry are rarely quantified. In this study, an integrated assessment model including provincial energy conservation supply curves (ECSC) (which can shows the cost-effective and technical energy saving potential per province), the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model (which can be used to calculate air pollutant emissions), and ArcGIS (a geographical information system (GIS) with elaborated spatial functions) is developed and used to assess the potential of energy savings in terms of emission mitigation of CO 2 and air pollutants and multiple benefits of energy efficiency measures at the provincial level during the period 2011–2030. The results show significant heterogeneity across provinces in terms of potential of energy saving as well as emission mitigation of CO 2 and air pollutants (i.e. PM, SO 2 , and NOx) in the next two decades. Seven provinces (i.e. Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei), six of which are located in the central- and east-China, account for 47% of the total energy saving potential, equivalent to 26% of baseline energy use in 2030. The energy

  19. La investigación siderúrgica en el CENIM

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Medina, S. F.

    2003-06-01

    Full Text Available In 2002 the National Centre for Metallurgical Research (CENIM celebrated its 39^^^ anniversary. During this time, steel has been the most studied material of all the metals and alloys researched in the different projects funded by national science and technology plans, European metallurgical research programmes, and by the iron and steelmaking companies who over the years have placed their trust in the research work undertaken at CENIM. Two generations of researchers have dedicated their careers to studying the different aspects of steel, from primary metallurgy considering iron ores and enrichment processes, the thermodynamics of reactions in the blast furnace and in the ladle, thermal and thermomechanical treatments, the physical metallurgy of steels, their mechanical properties, and finally their deterioration in a wide range of media of different aggressivities. CENIM maintains its committment to iron and steel research, drawing attention to the vast amount of research work undertaken and financed within the framework of the ECSC programme since Spain joined the European Community in January 1986.

    En el año 2002 el Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM cumplió 39 años como Centro de Investigación Metalúrgica, siendo el acero el material más estudiado entre los diferentes metales y aleaciones que han sido investigados a través de proyectos financiados por los planes nacionales de ciencia y tecnología, por los distintos programas europeos de apoyo a la investigación metalúrgica y por las empresas siderúrgicas que han depositado su confianza durante muchos años en la labor investigadora que se ha desarrollado en el CENIM. Dos generaciones de investigadores han dedicado su vida profesional al estudio del acero en sus múltiples especialidades, desde la metalurgia primaria que parte del mineral y los procesos de enriquecimiento, la termodinámica de las reacciones en el horno alto y en la cuchara, los

  20. Evaluating co-benefits of energy efficiency and air pollution abatement in China’s cement industry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhang, Shaohui; Worrell, Ernst; Crijns-Graus, Wina

    2015-01-01

    Highlights: • Implementation rates of 37 EEMs are quantified for China’s cement industry. • Energy Supply Cost Curves were implemented in the GAINS model. • The economic energy saving potential is 3.0 EJ and costs is $4.1 billion in 2030. • Energy efficiency would lead to large reductions in air pollution. • The co-benefits decrease average marginal costs of EEMs by 20%. - Abstract: China’s cement industry is the world’s largest and is one of the largest energy consuming, and GHG and air pollutant emitting industries. Actions to improve energy efficiency by best available technology can often bring co-benefits for climate change and air quality through reducing emissions of GHGs and air pollutants emission. In this study, the energy conservation supply curves (ECSC) combined with the GAINS (Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) was used to estimate the co-benefits of energy savings on CO 2 and air pollutants emission for implementing co-control options of energy efficiency measures and end-of-pipe options in the China’s cement industry for the period 2011–2030. Results show that there are large co-benefits of improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions of CO 2 and air pollutants for the China’s cement industry during the study period. The cost-effective energy saving potential (EEP1 scenario) and its costs is estimated to be 3.0 EJ and 4.1 billion $ in 2030. The technical energy savings potential (EEP2 scenario) and its costs amount to 4.2 EJ and 8.4 billion $ at the same time. Compared to the baseline scenario, energy efficiency measures can help decrease 5% of CO 2 , 3% of PM, 15% of SO 2 , and 12% of NOx emissions by 2030 in EEP1 scenario. If we do not consider costs (EEP2 scenario), energy efficiency measures can further reduce 3% of CO 2 , 2% of PM, 10% of SO 2 , and 8% of NOx by 2030. Overall, the average marginal costs of energy efficiency measures will decrease by 20%, from 1.48 $/GJ to 1.19 $/GJ, when

  1. Application of coal combustion residues to the stabilization/solidification of industrial wastes (IRIS); Desarrollo de un Proceso, a Escala Piloto de Inertizacion de Residuos Industriales con Cenizas Volantes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1998-12-31

    Stabilization/solidification (S/S) processes, also called inertization processes, are a group of techniques which employ additives to reduce the mobility of the hazardous components from the waste and make possible for the residue to be accepted for its disposal in a safe way. These processes, mainly applied to wastes that contain heavy metals (such as lead, zinc, cadminum, mercury, copper, nickel, titanium, chromium-III, chromium-VI, arsenic,....) change the waste into a solid-like material in which the metals are trapped (nets and matrix) by physical or chemical links. The IRIS Project, carried out by AICIA through the ECSC Coal Programme with the participation of two industrial partners (Sevillana de Electricidad and EGMASA, a public-owned company for waste treatment), has developed, at pilot scale, a new S/S process for inorganic industrial wastes that uses great quantities of fly ash in the place of other more commonly used and expansive reagents. A pilot plant for 200 kg/h has been designed, built and operated. This facility has allowed to add improvements and scientific foundations to existing S/S technology. It has also allowed to obtain industrial scale parameters for fixed and portable plants. Experiencie have been mainly carried out using fly ash from high quality coals, but types of ash have been tested coming from coals with a greater calcium content, from fluidised bed combustion boilers and from desulphurisation processes, giving very suitable characteristics for their application to S/S processes. The addition of fly ash (up to 30%) in the IRIS process improves the results in comparison with the S/S processes that use only cement, because the final pH obtained (8-11) does not allow amphoteric metallic ions to escape in the leachate. The same as other S/S processes, IRIS can be applied also to wastes that contain certain metals (chromium-VI, arsenic, for example) with specific pre-treatments (redox, for example). The efficiency of the IRIS treatment

  2. THE COMPETITION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dumitriţa Florea (Ionescu

    2012-09-01

    Full Text Available The idea of European unity dates back to antiquity, the time when the Roman Empire alsopursued such a goal. Attempts to unify European countries have appeared constantly in history, but theirsuccessful culmination crystallized only after the Second World War.Basically, the two wars have led to the downfall of Europe and the loss of its centenary political andmilitary position. The experience of these wars has led the states to initiate a defense mechanism of peace,security and international cooperation - resulted in creating an organization of universal jurisdiction -TheLeague of Nations. However, the successor of this organization, The United Nations - was one thatmanaged thorough its collective security system represented by the Security Council, to ensure andmaintain universal / global peace until now (Stelian Scăunaş, 2005.The creation of the European Union is based on four founding treaties: The Treaty establishingThe European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC - adopted in Paris on April 18, 1951, entered into forcein 1952 - treaty concluded for a period of 50 years and that has terminated in 2002, The Treatyestablishing the European Economic Community (EEC, The Treaty establishing the European AtomicEnergy Community (EAEC or EURATOM, both signed in Rome on March 25, 1947 and entered into forcein 1958 as the Treaties of Rome, and The Treaty on the European Union, which was adopted at Maastrichton 7th of February 1992 and entered into force in 1993. To these institution treaties we can add themodifying treaties of the founding treaties, including: The Merger Treaty - adopted in Brussels on 8 April1965, entered into force in 1967; The Single European Act - signed in Luxembourg and Hague in 1986,entered into force in 1987; The Amsterdam Treaty - signed on October 2, 1997, entered into force in 1999,The Treaty of Nice - signed on February 26, 2001, entered into force in 2003, The Lisbon Treaty signed in2007 and entered into force on December 1st