Sample records for dispersnykh anizotropnykh sred
-
Comparison of clinical features between primary and drug-induced sleep-related eating disorder
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Komada Y
2016-05-01
Full Text Available Yoko Komada,1 Yoshikazu Takaesu,2 Kentaro Matsui,3 Masaki Nakamura,3 Shingo Nishida,3 Meri Kanno,3,† Akira Usui,3 Yuichi Inoue1,3 1Department of Somnology, 2Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 3Japan Somnology Center, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo, Japan †Meri Kanno passed away on March 1, 2016 Purpose: The aim of this study was to ascertain the clinical characteristics of drug-induced sleep-related eating disorder (SRED. Patients and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 30 patients with primary SRED (without any comorbid sleep disorders and who were not taking any possible causative medications, and ten patients with drug-induced SRED (occurrence of SRED episodes after starting nightly medication of sedative drugs, which completely resolved after dose reduction or discontinuation of the sedatives. Results: All patients with drug-induced SRED took multiple types of sedatives, such as benzodiazepines or benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Clinical features of drug-induced SRED compared with primary SRED were as follows: higher mean age of onset (40 years old in drug-induced SRED vs 26 years old in primary SRED, significantly higher rate of patients who had total amnesia during most of their SRED episodes (75.0% vs 31.8%, significantly lower rate of comorbidity of night eating syndrome (0% vs 63.3%, and significantly lower rate of history of sleepwalking (10.0% vs 46.7%. Increased doses of benzodiazepine receptor agonists may be responsible for drug-induced SRED. Conclusion: The clinical features of drug-induced SRED were different from those of primary SRED, possibly reflecting differences in the underlying mechanisms between these two categories of SREDs. Keywords: nocturnal eating syndrome, night eating, eating disorder, hypnotics, amnesia, sleepwalking, benzodiazepine
-
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nobuyuki Kobayashi
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED is characterized by recurrent episodes of involuntary eating during sleep period and is often associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS. Although pharmacotherapy is recommended for SRED patients, no drug have shown promising effects so far. The patient, a 48-year-old Japanese housewife, first visited our clinic and complained about nighttime eating. She had a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea syndrome, and depression. Insomnia appeared 10 years before the first visit and she often received hypnosedatives; at the same time, she developed nocturnal eating episodes. She had amnesia for these episodes, and she felt urge to move her legs while sleeping. The patient was diagnosed with SRED and RLS. Reduction in the doses of triazolam decreased her nighttime eating frequency, and her complete amnesia changed to vague recall of eating during night. Clonazepam 1.0 mg at bedtime decreased nocturnal eating frequency from 1 to 2 times per month, though sleepwalking remained. Administration of pramipexole 0.125 mg relieved all symptoms including SRED, RLS, and sleepwalking. This is the first paper to report that the combination of clonazepam and pramipexole therapy-reduced SRED episodes and RLS symptoms.
-
Active reward processing during human sleep: insights from sleep-related eating disorder
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Lampros ePerogamvros
2012-11-01
Full Text Available In this paper, we present two carefully documented cases of patients with sleep-related eating disorder (SRED, a parasomnia which is characterized by involuntary compulsive eating during the night and whose pathophysiology is not known. Using video-polysomnography and psychometric examination, we found that both patients present elevated novelty seeking and increased reward sensitivity on reward-related questionnaires. In light of new evidence on the mesolimbic dopaminergic implication in compulsive eating disorders, our findings suggest a role of an active reward system during sleep in the manifestation of SRED.
-
Nonspecific eating disorders - a subjective review.
Michalska, Aneta; Szejko, Natalia; Jakubczyk, Andrzej; Wojnar, Marcin
2016-01-01
The aim of this paper was to characterise nonspecific eating disorders (other than anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa). The Medline database was searched for articles on nonspecific eating disorders. The following disorders were described: binge eating disorder (BED), pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, night eating syndrome (NES), sleep-related eating disorder (SRED), bigorexia, orthorexia, focusing on diagnosis, symptoms, assessment, comorbidities, clinical implications and treatment. All of the included disorders may have dangerous consequences, both somatic and psychological. They are often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. Approximately a few percent of general population can be diagnosed with each disorder, from 0.5-4.7% (SRED) to about 7% (orthorexia). With the growing literature on the subject and changes in DSM-5, clinicians recognise and treat those disorders more often. More studies have to be conducted in order to differentiate disorders and treat or prevent them appropriately.
-
Fall 2012 Graduate Engineering Internship Summary
Ehrlich, Joshua
2013-01-01
In the fall of 2012, I participated in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Pathways Intern Employment Program at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. This was my second internship opportunity with NASA, a consecutive extension from a summer 2012 internship. During my four-month tenure, I gained valuable knowledge and extensive hands-on experience with payload design and testing as well as composite fabrication for repair design on future space vehicle structures. As a systems engineer, I supported the systems engineering and integration team with the testing of scientific payloads such as the Vegetable Production System (Veggie). Verification and validation (V&V) of the Veggie was carried out prior to qualification testing of the payload, which incorporated a lengthy process of confirming design requirements that were integrated through one or more validatjon methods: inspection, analysis, demonstration, and testing. Additionally, I provided assistance in verifying design requirements outlined in the V&V plan with the requirements outlined by the scientists in the Science Requirements Envelope Document (SRED). The purpose of the SRED was to define experiment requirements intended for the payload to meet and carry out.
-
Support for Business R&D in Budget 2012: Two Steps Forward and One Back
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
John Lester
2012-08-01
Full Text Available The federal budget contains some sensible changes to the SR&ED investment tax credit, but the decision to reduce support for large firms to provide additional support for small firms is a step in the wrong direction. The Jenkins Panel* expressed concern about excessive subsidization of small and medium-sized firms and recommended cutting back on the enhanced SR&ED credit in order to finance more targeted support for these firms. Following that advice would have improved the social return on support for R&D; in contrast, the budget measures marginally reduce the benefits to society from subsidizing R&D. The budget also announced $400 million in additional funding for risk capital. Returns in the venture capital industry are very low and the additional funding is unlikely to be successfully deployed until returns improve. There is abundant evidence that the tax credit for investment in Labour-Sponsored Venture Capital Corporations is crowding out private investment and contributing to low rates of return; eliminating the credit is therefore an essential first step in restoring the financial health of the venture capital industry.
-
Abstracts of Manuscripts Submitted in 1989 for Publication
1990-07-01
Wirsen. Jo A4nn Nicholson and Stagg King .. .. .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...... .... .... .... .... ....... B-9 Ammonium Regeneration...regeneration efficiency; however, NH 4 + contributed Jo Ann Nicholson and Stagg King 47 to 64% of the total nitrogen used for biosynthesis in the presence of...thispurose.Th areprodctin rte, e sred 7൘’E) between the Islas Orcadas and Shaka this purpose. The ’He production rate, measured Fracture Zones. The cumulus
-
The drive to innovation: The privileging of science and technology knowledge production in Canada
Cauchi, Laura
This dissertation project explored the privileging of knowledge production in science and technology as a Canadian national economic, political and social strategy. The project incorporated the relationship between nation-state knowledge production and how that knowledge is then systematically evaluated, prioritized and validated by systems of health technology assessment (HTA). The entry point into the analysis and this dissertation project was the Scientific Research and Experimental Design (SR&ED) federal tax incentive program as the cornerstone of science and technology knowledge production in Canada. The method of inquiry and analysis examined the submission documents submitted by key stakeholders across the country, representing public, private and academic standpoints, during the public consultation process conducted from 2007 to 2008 and how each of these standpoints is hooked into the public policy interests and institutional structures that produce knowledge in science and technology. Key public meetings, including the public information sessions facilitated by the Canada Revenue Agency and private industry conferences, provided context and guidance regarding the current pervasive public and policy interests that direct and drive the policy debates. Finally, the "Innovation Canada: A Call to Action Review of Federal Support to Research and Development: Expert Panel Report," commonly referred to as "The Jenkins Report" (Jenkins et al., 2011), was critically evaluated as the expected predictor of future public policy changes associated with the SR&ED program and the future implications for the production of knowledge in science and technology. The method of inquiry and analytical lens was a materialist approach that drew on the inspiring frameworks of such scholars as Dorothy Smith, Michel Foucault, Kaushik Sunder Rajan, Melinda Cooper, and, Gilles Deleuze. Ultimately, I strove to illuminate the normalizing force and power of knowledge production in science
-
Therapeutic Symptomatic Strategies in the Parasomnias.
Manni, Raffaele; Toscano, Gianpaolo; Terzaghi, Michele
2018-06-05
The purpose of this review was to discuss the currently available pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options for parasomnias. Recent pathophysiological findings about sleep structure in parasomnias helped understanding several drug mechanisms of action. Serotoninergic theory accounts for the effect of serotoninergic drugs. Study about spectral analysis of sleep showed the effect of clonazepam on spectral bands. Cannabinoids proved to be effective in some of parasomnias, as in many other neurological disorders. A series of therapeutic strategies were analyzed and compared. Benzodiazepines, antidepressant drugs, and L-5-hydroxytryptophan may be beneficial in DOA. SSRI and topiramate are effective in SRED. RBD responds to clonazepam, melatonin, and to a lesser extent to dopaminergic and anticholinergic agents. Prazosin and cannabinoids are effective in nightmare disorder. Sleep paralysis may respond to antidepressant agents. Tricyclic antidepressant may be effective in sleep-related hallucinations and exploding head syndrome. Sleep enuresis may be successfully treated with desmopressin, anticholinergic drugs, and imipramine.
-
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Besshejko, O. A. [Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv (Ukraine); Vishnevskij, I. N.; Denisenko, R. V.; Malyuk, I. A.; Petrosyan, Eh. E. [Institute for Nuclear Research, Kyiv (Ukraine); Karpenko, S. A.; Prijmak, V. N. [Ukrainian Association for Valves Industry, Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine)
2011-07-01
The portable scintillated gamma-spectrometer for field measurement of radioactivity in the volume objects was designed. The crystal CdWO{sub 4} that has weak dependence of light yield from temperature in combination with PMT was applied as the gamma-rays detector. The design of the device provides the possibility for measuring radioactivity of the extensive objects in 4{pi}-geometry without background measurements. In this case the value of the efficiency needed for specific activity calculation in close approximation depends only from crystal geometry and density of measuring object and may be set as the device parameter without efficiency calibration procedure during the operation. The spectrometer does not have an auxiliary radio-active source and connecting cables in the composition. The smartphone operated under Windows Mobile is used as the control module. Bluetooth connection provides data exchange between smartphone and measurement head.
-
On using the linear-quadratic model in daily clinical practice
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Yaes, R.J.; Patel, P.; Maruyama, Y.
1991-01-01
To facilitate its use in the clinic, Barendsen's formulation of the Linear-Quadratic (LQ) model is modified by expressing isoeffect doses in terms of the Standard Effective Dose, Ds, the isoeffective dose for the standard fractionation schedule of 2 Gy fractions given once per day, 5 days per week. For any arbitrary fractionation schedule, where total dose D is given in N fractions of size d in a total time T, the corresponding Standard Effective Dose, Ds, will be proportional to the total dose D and the proportionality constant will be called the Standard Relative Effectiveness, SRE, to distinguish it from Barendsen's Relative Effectiveness, RE. Thus, Ds = SRE.D. The constant SRE depends on the parameters of the fractionation schedule, and on the tumor or normal tissue being irradiated. For the simple LQ model with no time dependence, which is applicable to late reacting tissue, SRE = [(d + delta)/(2 + delta)], where d is the fraction size and delta = alpha/beta is the alpha/beta ratio for the tissue of interest, with both d and delta expressed in units of Gy. Application of this method to the Linear Quadratic model with a time dependence, the LQ + time model, and to low dose rate brachytherapy will be discussed. To clarify the method of calculation, and to demonstrate its simplicity, examples from the clinical literature will be used
-
Rubin, Adam; Gal-Yam, Avishay
2017-10-01
Modern transient surveys have begun discovering and following supernovae (SNe) shortly after first light—providing systematic measurements of the rise of Type II SNe. We explore how analytic models of early shock-cooling emission from core-collapse SNe can constrain the progenitor’s radius, explosion velocity, and local host extinction. We simulate synthetic photometry in several realistic observing scenarios; assuming the models describe the typical explosions well, we find that ultraviolet observations can constrain the progenitor’s radius to a statistical uncertainty of ±10%-15%, with a systematic uncertainty of ±20%. With these observations the local host extinction (A V ) can be constrained to a factor of two and the shock velocity to ±5% with a systematic uncertainty of ±10%. We also reanalyze the SN light curves presented by Garnavich et al. (2016) and find that KSN 2011a can be fit by a blue supergiant model with a progenitor radius of {R}sred supergiant model with a progenitor radius of {R}s={111}-21({stat)-1({sys})}+89({stat)+49({sys})} {R}⊙ . Our results do not agree with those of Garnavich et al. Moreover, we re-evaluate their claims and find that there is no statistically significant evidence for a shock-breakout flare in the light curve of KSN 2011d.
-
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Shumakov, E. M. [Rastenij, Vsesojuznyj Nauchno-Issledovatel' skij Institut Zashhity Leningrad, SSSR (Russian Federation)
1968-06-15
developing ways of overcoming the diapause in laboratory populations in order to ensure continuous rearing. This can be done either by reactivating the insects by temperature changes or by instituting a period of illumination which prevents die diapause from starting. A further possible method is that of selecting and crossing diapausing and non-diapausing strains of a given species. A number of species of Orthoptera having a fairly wide natural habitat have been used to show the possibility of autocidal control by adding to a natural population which normally has a diapause specimens of a non-diapausing population from other parts of the habitat. This possibility has been demonstrated for the cricket Teleogryllus corn modus Walk, in Australia and for sub-species of Locusta migratoria L. in the Old World. The development of this form of autocidal control of insects merits close attention. The work reported is devoted mainly to developing methods of autocidal control and techniques for mass laborarory breeding of such harmful species as Carpocapsa pomonella L., Eurygaster integriceps Put, and Locusta migratoria L. (author) [Russian] Prakticheskaja razrabotka metoda nypuska sterilizovannyh samcov, kak i voobshhe metodov samoistreblenija vrednyh nasekomyh, limitiruetsja trudnostjami massovogo razvedenija ih n iskusstvennyh uslovijah. Odnako, analiz uspeshnyh sluchaev reshenija jetoj problemy dlja rjada pidov Liplera, Lepidoptera i Orthoptera pozvoljaet nametit' vozmozhnye puti sozdanija tehniki massovogo razvedenija neobhodimyh ob{sup o}ktop. Naibolee trudnyj vopros obespechenija nasekomyh sootvetstvujushhim kormom v ljuboe vremja goda uspeshno razreshaetsja blagodarja progressu, dostignutomu v sozdanii sinteticheskih i polusinteticheskih pishhevyh sred dlja nasekomyh. Takie sredy razrabotany uzhe kak dlja polusaprofitiyh, tak i dlja rastitel'nojadnyh i hishhnyh vidov. Podbor receptov dlja takih sred opredeljaetsja pravil'nym vyborom neobhodimyh komponentov, v pervuju ochered
-
Mercury speciation on three European mining districts by XANES techniques
Esbri, J. M.; Garcia-Noguero, E. M.; Guerrero, B.; Kocman, D.; Bernaus, A.; Gaona, X.; Higueras, P.; Alvarez, R.; Loredo, J.; Horvat, M.; Ávila, M.
2009-04-01
The mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of mercury in the environment depend on the chemical species in which is present in soil, sediments, water or air. In this work we used synchrotron radiation to determine mercury species in geological samples of three mercury mining districts: Almadén (Spain), Idria (Slovenia) and Asturias (Spain). The aim of this study was to find differences on mobility and bioavailability of mercury on three mining districts with different type of mineralization. For this porpoises we selected samples of ore, calcines, soils and stream sediments from the three sites, completely characterized by the Almadén School of Mines, Josef Stefan Institute of Ljubljana and Oviedo School of Mines. Speciation of mercury was carried out on Synchrotron Laboratories of Hamburg (HASYLAB) by XANES techniques. Spectra of pure compounds [HgCl2, HgSO4, HgO, CH3HgCl, Hg2Cl2 (calomel), HgSred (cinnabar), HgSblack (metacinnabar), Hg2NCl0.5(SO4)0.3(MoO4)0.1(CO3)0.1(H2O) (mosesite), Hg3S2Cl2 (corderoite), Hg3(SO4)O2 (schuetteite) y Hg2ClO (terlinguaite)] were obtained on transmittance mode. The number and type of the compounds required to reconstruct experimental spectra for each sample was obtained by PCA analysis and linear fitting of minimum quadratics of the pure compounds spectra. This offers a semiquantitative approach to the mineralogical constitution of each analyzed sample. The results put forward differences on the efficiency of roasting furnaces from the three studied sites, evidenced by the presence of metacinnabar on the less efficient (Almadén and Asturias) and absence on the most efficient (Idria). For the three studied sites, sulfide species (cinnabar and metacinnabar) were largely more abundant than soluble species (chlorides and sulfates). On the other hand, recent results on the mobility of both Hg and As on the target sites will be presented. These results correlate with the related chemical species found by XANES techniques.
-
Microgravity Disturbance Predictions in the Combustion Integrated Rack
Just, M.; Grodsinsky, Carlos M.
2002-01-01
allocations are developed for each ORU. The worst-case disturbances are input into an on-orbit analytical dynamic model of the rack. These models include both NASTRAN and MATLAB Simulink models , which include eigenvector and frequency inputs of the rack rigid body modes, the rack umbilical modes, and the racks' structural modes. The disturbance areas and science locations need to be modeled accurately to give valid predictions. The analytically determined microgravity vibration levels are compared to the CIR science requirements contained in the FCF Science Requirements Envelope Document (SRED). The predicted levels will be compared with the on-orbit measurements provided by the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) sensor, which is to be mounted on the CIR optics bench.
-
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Duquesne, M.; Lyon, F.; Schmitt, A. [Association Euratom-CEA-SECNR (France); Nucleaires de Cadarache, Centre d' Etudes [France; Gerbier, R. [Laboratoire des Accelerateurs - CEN de Grenoble (France); Nucleaires de Cadarache, Centre d' Etudes [France
1965-10-15
The authors describe a system for producing neutron bursts of independently controllable width and frequency. The rise and quenching times of these bursts are of the order of a few nanoseconds. The system is applied to high-frequency pulsed and modulated experiments. Rapidly quenched neutron bursts are produced by deflection of a pure deuteron beam which has previously been accelerated and sorted. Ions other than atomic deuterons are removed after acceleration in a 10 Degree-Sign magnetic sorting field. Consideration is also being given to a pre-acceleration sorting system offering the advantage of reduced bulk. The deuteron beam passes through the space between two plates where there is normally an electrostatic field which deflects the beam onto the surfaces of a diaphragm. Application of a very high potential pulse to the first plate cancels the field and thus brings the beam rapidly onto the neutron-producing target (beginning of the burst). The second plate then receives a pulse of the same type which restores the field and removes the beam from the target (end of the burst). The pulse rise time is of the order of 10 ns; disappearance from the target is faster. The duration of the burst can be controlled as required within reasonable limits by suitably increasing the interval between the two pulses. In some cases ion transit time in the plates is not negligible in relation to the duration of the step applied to them. In such cases, one of the plates is replaced by a travelling wave line to which the two pulses are applied successively. The potential pulse thus accompanies the deuteron cluster producing the burst. The burst times can thus be reduced below 4 ns. The first stages of the voltage step generators are transistorized. The output tubes are sealed-disc valves providing a 1500-V step in a few nanoseconds. A 50-MHz double tetrode is employed for pulses for the delay line. A detection system comprises a scintillator-photomultiplier device incorporating a coincidence-anticoincidence unit, a time analyser and a digital data recorder. (author) [French] Les auteurs on mis au point un systeme permettant la production de bouffees de neutrons de largeur et de frequence de recurrence reglables independamment. Les temps de montee et de descente de ces bouffees sont de l'ordre de quelques nanosecondes. Ce systeme est applique aux experiences puisees et modulees a haute frequence. Pour la production de boufees de neutrons a extinction rapide, on procede par deflection d'un faisceau de deuterons purs prealablement acceleres et tries. Les ions autres que les deuterons atomiques sont elimines apres acceleration dans un aimant de tri a 10 Degree-Sign . Les auteurs etudient egalement un systeme de triage avant acceleration qui aurait l'avantage d'un encombrement reduit. Le faisceau de deuterons passe dans l'espace compris entre deux plaques ou regne normalement un champ electrostatique qui deflechit le faisceau sur les parois d'un diaphragme. On applique a la premiere plaque une tres large impulsion de tension qui annule le champ, ce qui a pour effet d'amener rapidement le faisceau sur la cible neutronigene (debut de la bouffee). La deuxieme plaque recoit ensuite une impulsion du meme type qui retablit le champ et fait disparaitre le faisceau de la cible (fin de la bouffee). Le front de montee des impulsions est de l'ordre de 10 ns; le temps de disparition sur la cible est inferieur a cette derniere valeur. La duree de la bouffee peut etre reglee a volonte dans les limites raisonnables par un retard convenable de la seconde impulsion par rapport a la premiere. Dans certains cas, le temps de transit des ions dans les plaques n'est pas negligeable par rapport a la duree de {Gamma} echelon qui leur est applique. On remplace alors l'une des plaques par une ligne a onde progressive a laquelle sont appliquees successivement les deux impulsions. L'impulsion de tension accompagne ainsi le paquet de deuterons qui produit la bouffee. Les fronts de bouffee peuvent ainsi etre ramenes au -dessous de 4 ns. Les generateurs a echelon de tension sont transistorises dans leurs premiers etages. Les tubes de sortie sont des lampes a disque scelle permettant d'obtenir un echelon de 1500 V en quelques nanosecondes. Les auteurs utilisent une double tetrode de 50 MHz pour les impulsions destinees a la ligne de retard. Le systeme de detection utilise un dispositif scintillateur-photomultiplicateur dont la chafne comprend un ensemble coiencidence - anticoincidence, un analyseur de temps et un enregistreur numerique des informations. (author) [Spanish] Los autores han ideado un sistema que permite regular independientemente la amplitud y la frecuencia de los impulsos neutronicos. El tiempo de subida y bajada de los impulsos es del orden de algunos nanosegundos. Este sistema se emplea en los experimentos con neutrones pulsados y modulados de alta frecuencia. Para producir impulsos neutronicos de extincion rapida, se desvfa un haz de deuterones puros previamente acelerados y seleccionados. Los iones distintos de los deuterones se eliminan despues de la aceleracion en un iman selector de 10 Degree-Sign . Los autores estudian igualmente un sistema para efectuar la seleccion antes de la aceleracion que presenta la ventaja de ser de pequenas dimensiones. El haz de deuterones atraviesa el espacio comprendido entre dos placas en las que hay normalmente un campo electroestatico qiie desvfa el haz hacia las paredes de un diafragma. Se aplica a la primera placa un tortisimo impulso de tension que anula el campo, con lo que se dirige rapidamente el haz hacia el blanco neutronfgeno (comienzo del impulso). La segunda placa recibe seguidamente un impulso del mismo tipo que restablece el campo y hace desaparecer el haz del blanco (final del impulso). El frente de subida de los impulsos es del orden de 10 ns y el tiempo de desaparicion en el blanco es inferior a este valor. La duracion del impulso puede ajustarse a voluntad dentro de limites razonables retardando adecuadamente el segundo impulso con relacion al primero. En ciertos casos el tiempo de transito de los iones en las placas no es despreciable con respecto al tiempo durante el cual se aplica el incremento de tension. En estas circunstancias, se sustituye una de las placas por una lfnea de onda progresiva a la que se aplican sucesivamente los dos impulsos. El impulso de tension acompana asi al paquete de deuterones que produce el impulso. Los frentes de impulsos pueden reducirse, de este modo, a menos de 4 ns. Los generadores de tension escalonada estan transistorizados en sus primeras etapas. Los tubos de salida estan constituidos por valvulas de disco sellado que permiten obtener un incremento de tension de 1500 V en algunos nanosegundos. Los autores han utilizado un doble tetrodo de 50 MHz para los impulsos destinados a la lfnea de retardo. El sistema de deteccion emplea un dispositivo de centelleo y un fotomulti piicador cuyo circuito comprende un conjunto coincidencias-anticoincidencias, un analizador de tiempos y un registrador numerico. (author) [Russian] Nami razrabotana sistema, kotoraja daet vozmozhnost' poluchat' nejtronnye impul'sy nezavisimo ot reguliruemoj shiriny i chastoty sledovanija. Vremja narastanija i zatuhanija jetih impul'sov so- stavljaetporjadkaneskol'kihnanosekund. Dannaja sistema ispol'zuetsja pri provedenii impul'snyh i moduliruemyh opytov vysokoj chastoty. Dlja poluchenija nejtronnyh impul'sov s bystrym zatuhaniem primenjaetsja otklonenie puchka chistyh dejtonov, kotorye predvaritel'no byli uskoreny i otobrany. Iony, kotorye ne javljajutsja Dejtonami, byli ustraneny posle uskorenija v sortirovochnom magnite pri 10 Degree-Sign . Nami izuchalas' takzhe sistema otbora pered uskoreniem, kotoraja imela by preimushhestvo v vide umen'shennyh gabaritnyh razmerov. Puchok dejtonov prohodit cherez prostranstvo, nahodjashheesja mezhdu dvumja plastinkami, gde obychno imeetsja jelektrostaticheskoe pole, otklonjajushhee puchok na stenki diafragmy. Na pervuju plastinku napravljaetsja ochen' shirokij impul's naprjazhenija, kotoryj snimaet pole, i jeto delaetsja dlja togo, chtoby bystro napravit' puchok na mishen', generirujushhuju nejtrony (nachalo impul'sa). Zatem vtoraja plastinka poluchaet impul's togo zhe tipa, kotoryj vosstanavlivaet pole i snimaet puchok s misheni (konej impul'sa). Front narastanija impul'sov porjadka 10 nanosekund; vremja ischeznovenija s misheni nizhe jetogo poslednego znachenija. Prodolzhitel'nost' impul'sa mozhet svobodno regulirovat'sja v razumnyh predelah sootvetstvujushhej zaderzhkoj vtorogo impul'sa po otnosheniju k pervomu. V opredelennyh sluchajah vremja proleta ionov v plastinkah imeet opredelennoe znachenie po otnosheniju k postepennoj prodolzhitel'nosti, kotoraja k jetomu vremeni primenjaetsja. Dalee odnu iz plastinok zamenjajut uvelichivajushhejsja liniej, k kotoroj posledovatel'no primenjajutsja dva impul'sa. 'Impul's naprjazhenija soprovozhdaet, takim obrazom, sgustok dejtonov, kotoryj daet impul's. Stupenchatye generatory naprjazhenija v pervyh stupenjah imejut tranzistory. Vyhodnymi lampami javljajutsja jelektronnye lampy s diskovymi vyvodami, kotorye dajut vozmozhnost' poluchat' seriju 1500 vol't v techenie neskol'kih nanosekund. My ispol'zuem dvojnye tetrody po 50 mgc dlja impul'sov, prednaznachennyh dlja linii zaderzhki. V sisteme obnaruzhenija primenjaetsja scintilljacionno-fotoumnozhajushhee ustrojstvo, cep' kotorogo sostoit iz shemy sovpadenij-antisovpadenij, vremennogo analizatora i cifrovogo samopisia informacii. (author)
-
Innovation and performance: The case of the upstream petroleum sector
Persaud, A. C. Jai
explorers, developers, and producers as well as the owners of the major projects and oil sands developments. Almost all firms in the industry with revenues above $1B with employees above 1000 responded to the survey. As well, many companies have joint project arrangements and farm-in agreements with other companies in the industry. Hence, this survey is considered highly representative of the industry. Industry associations were very helpful in providing advice, and in endorsing the circulation of the questionnaire. The results show that the sector relies more heavily on acquiring advanced machinery and equipment, processes and other external knowledge than on internal R&D. Advanced machinery and equipment includes embedded R&D. 3D and 4D seismic stand out as the most relied upon in exploration, horizontal wells in development activities, and field recovery in production. Increasing productive capacity, reducing costs and reducing environmental impact are the three main drivers of innovation. Collaboration is important to the sector and agreements with competitors and suppliers are ranked as most important. The main reason for collaboration is to gain access to external knowledge. Government tax incentives (e.g., the Scientific Research and Experimental Development) (SR&ED) tax credit and its fiscal framework are important in spurring R&D. Fiscal policies, on the other hand, are more important for acquiring advanced machinery and equipment, advanced processes, and other external knowledge. The study has several broad implications with respect to the application of technologies: (1) Without the adoption of major technologies, costs would have been substantially higher and productive capacity and productivity much lower. This study also contributes to the view that resources should not be treated as a fixed stock but as flow which can be improved. (2) The environment is an important driver of innovation, particularly environmental regulation. Providing the right mix of
-
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Grecz, N. [Biophysics Laboratory, Illinois Institute Of Technology, Chicago, IL (United States)
1966-11-15
pishhevyh produktov. Obshirnye dannye, imejushhiesja v laboratorii, pokazali, chto: 1) znachenie kojefficienta D{sub 10} opredelennogo vida zavisit ot temperatury, sredy i razmera spor i 2) sushhestvenno razlichnye znachenija kojefficienta D mogut byt' polucheny v zavisimosti ot metoda rascheta i neizvestnyh variacij v razlichnyh jeksperimentah. Jeta informacija obespechivaet osnovu dlja pereocenki koncepcii 12 x D. Pokazano, chto temperatura'vo vremja obluchenija mozhet vozdejstvovat' na kosvennye vlijanija radikalov: 1) na obrazovanie, 2) na himicheskuju reaktivnost', 3) na stepen' razrushenija i 4) na diffuziju, osobenno vo vremja perehoda sredy iz zhidkogo sostojanija v tverdoe pri temperature primerno 0 Degree-Sign S. Kombinacija jetih vlijanij v zavisimosti ot temperatury ob'jasnjaet, pochemu spory naibolee chuvstvitel'ny, kogda oni obluchajutsja pri temperature 0 Degree-Sign S, po sravneniju s bolee vysokimi ili nizkimi temperaturami. Krome ee vlijanija na radikaly, temperatura takzhe vlijaet neposredstvenno na osnovnye, misheni (DNK). Jeto zatragivaet vibracionnoe sostojanie, a takzhe i stepen' gidratacii molekul DNK. Ochevidnaja gidratacija DNK svja zana s diapazonom dejstvija kosvennyh vlijanij, kotoryj mozhet byt' vychislen dlja C.botulinum 33 A, chtoby dobavit' 30 A k radiusu DNK (10,5 A), t.e. pochti v tri raza bol'she vlijanija obluchenija. Jeto izmenenie v radiochuvstvitel'nom ob'eme otrazhaetsja sootvetstvujushhim izmeneniem v znachenii D{sub 37} ot 1,6 x 10{sup 5} rad dlja suhoj spory do 6,6 x 10{sup 4} rad dlja vlazhnoj spory. Suspenzirujushhaja sreda mozhet byt' libo okonchatel'noj dlja radikalov, tak, naprimer, bol'shinstvo produktov i mikrobiologicheskih sred javljajutsja raskisliteljami radikalov, libo ona mozhet sposobstvovat' obrazovaniju vrednyh radikalov, tak naprimer, fosfatnyj buffer obrazuet fosfatnuju kislotu, kislorod obrazuet perekisnye i pergidridnye radikaly. Izmenenie znachenij D{sub 10} otdel'nogo vida, vyzvannye razlichnymi