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Sample records for dampierre defaillance electrique

  1. Replacement of steam generators at Dampierre 1 France

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bacot, J.; Chorain, M.; Collot, Y.; Dorimini, G.

    1991-01-01

    1990 was the year of the first steam generator replacement operation on EdF's facilities. The site chosen was Dampierre 1 (900 MW PWR unit with 3 primary coolant loops). The project was a thorough success characterized by: (1) A work schedule which was entirely met and even improved on: 70 work days from the end of fuel unloading authorizing start of work in the reactor building up to the end of refitting in readiness for the primary circuit hydraulic tests, i.e. a gain of one week compared with the forecast work schedule, (2) A final dosimetry less than 230 man-rem for a target of 450 man-rem, (3) Safety: no serious accidents during the 300,000 hours worked. It also provided practical proof of French industry's capacity to undertake an SGR operation. (author)

  2. Electric failure on the reactor n.3 of the nuclear power plant of Dampierre

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2007-05-01

    This note of information resumes the progress of the electric failure on the reactor n.3 of the nuclear power plant of Dampierre, the organization during the incident, it establishes then a comparison with the incident arisen to Forsmark in 2006 and reminds that it lead in an inspection on behalf of the Asn which noticed that all the procedures had been respected by the operators and did not noticed any abnormality in the maintenance. This event was classified at the level 1 of the international nuclear event scale (INES). (N.C.)

  3. Electrical properties of molecular crystals; Proprietes electriques des cristaux moleculaires

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Barraud, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    This literature survey summarizes the electrical properties of molecular crystals: molecular crystal structure, transport and excitation mechanisms of charge-carriers, and differences compared to inorganic semi-conductors. The main results concerning the electrical conductivity of the most-studied molecular crystals are presented, together with the optical and photo-electrical properties of these crystals. Finally the different types of electrical measurements used are reviewed, as well as the limits of each method. (author) [French] Cette etude bibliographique resume les proprietes electriques des cristaux moleculaires: structure des cristaux moleculaires, mecanismes de transport et d'excitation des porteurs de charge et differences avec les semiconducteurs mineraux. Les principaux resultats sur la conductibilite electrique des cristaux moleculaires les plus etudies y sont exposes, ainsi que les proprietes optiques et photoelectriques de ces cristaux. Enfin les differents types de mesures electriques utilisees sont passees en revue ainsi que les limites de chaque methode. (auteur)

  4. Electrical properties of molecular crystals; Proprietes electriques des cristaux moleculaires

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Barraud, A. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    This literature survey summarizes the electrical properties of molecular crystals: molecular crystal structure, transport and excitation mechanisms of charge-carriers, and differences compared to inorganic semi-conductors. The main results concerning the electrical conductivity of the most-studied molecular crystals are presented, together with the optical and photo-electrical properties of these crystals. Finally the different types of electrical measurements used are reviewed, as well as the limits of each method. (author) [French] Cette etude bibliographique resume les proprietes electriques des cristaux moleculaires: structure des cristaux moleculaires, mecanismes de transport et d'excitation des porteurs de charge et differences avec les semiconducteurs mineraux. Les principaux resultats sur la conductibilite electrique des cristaux moleculaires les plus etudies y sont exposes, ainsi que les proprietes optiques et photoelectriques de ces cristaux. Enfin les differents types de mesures electriques utilisees sont passees en revue ainsi que les limites de chaque methode. (auteur)

  5. Significant events during the year 2000 for French NPPs. Emphasis on reinforced regulatory supervision of Dampierre NPP

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Amri, A.

    2001-01-01

    Under DSIN request, since 1999 the French utility EDF started a programme to check the compliance of the current safety provisions with those expected at the design stage. 469 significant incidents for the French NPPs are declared. Two incidents, classified at INES 2 have occurred in 2000: errors in the operating procedures in Dampierre, Bugey and Tricastin NPPs which led to an anticipated unavailability of the safety injection system, while its availability is still required, and accumulation at the site of Tricastin of organizational and human malfunctions during a short time, revealing a lack of rigour. Results of the reinforced DSIN supervision like: effective management implication on the site, building of better human and social relationships, operating rigour still insufficient are presented

  6. Study of the electrical behavior of various magnetohydrodynamic generators using explosives; Etude du comportement electrique de differents generateurs magnetohydrodynamiques a explosif

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bernard, J; Jouys, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Limeil-Brevannes (France). Centre d' Etudes

    1969-07-01

    This report studies the electric behaviour of several types of pulse generators which use the M. H.D. conversion of explosives chemical energy to supply experiments of plasma physics. We study and compare their electric parameters and behaviour on ohmic and inductive loads. The electrical energy which appears on the load is studied in respect of the load and generator characteristics. We point out the way to amplify the initial electric energy. (author) [French] On definit dans ce rapport les principaux types de generateurs electriques utilisant la conversion magnetohydrodynamique de l'energie chimique de l'explosif et leurs differents modes de fonctionnement. On etudie et on compare leurs comportements electriques lorsqu'ils debitent sur un circuit selfique et resistif. On analyse l'influence des parametres electriques sur l'energie recuperee par la charge d'utilisation et on precise les conditions permettant d'obtenir une amplification de l'energie electrique initiale du systeme. (auteur)

  7. Evaluation of the Renault Express Electrique over six different driving cycles

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    2000-01-01

    A Renault Express Electrique with a conventional drive line has been evaluated by IAE over a range of six different drive cycles. Each cycle was driven once, with a fully charged battery. From the measurement results the energy consumption and the cycle length were examined. This document contains a

  8. Nuclear safety and radiation protection report of the Dampierre-en-Burly nuclear facilities - 2011

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2012-01-01

    This safety report was established under the article 21 of the French law no. 2006-686 of June 13, 2006 relative to nuclear safety and information transparency. It presents, first, the facilities of the Dampierre-en-Burly nuclear power plant (INB 84 and 85, Loiret, 45 (FR)). Then, the nuclear safety and radiation protection measures taken regarding the facilities are reviewed: nuclear safety definition, radiation protection of intervening parties, safety and radiation protection improvement paths, crisis management, external and internal controls, technical situation of facilities, administrative procedures in progress. The incidents and accidents which occurred in 2011, are reported as well as the radioactive and non-radioactive (chemical, thermal) effluents discharge in the environment. Finally, The radioactive materials and wastes generated by the facilities are presented and sorted by type of waste, quantities and type of conditioning. Other environmental impacts (noise, microbial proliferation in cooling towers) are presented with their mitigation measures. Actions in favour of transparency and public information are presented as well. The document concludes with a glossary and a list of recommendations from the Committees for health, safety and working conditions. (J.S.)

  9. Nuclear safety and radiation protection report of the Dampierre-en-Burly nuclear facilities - 2010

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2011-06-01

    This safety report was established under the article 21 of the French law no. 2006-686 of June 13, 2006 relative to nuclear safety and information transparency. It presents, first, the facilities of the Dampierre-en-Burly nuclear power plant (INB 84 and 85, Loiret, 45 (FR)). Then, the nuclear safety and radiation protection measures taken regarding the facilities are reviewed: nuclear safety definition, radiation protection of intervening parties, safety and radiation protection improvement paths, crisis management, external and internal controls, technical situation of facilities, administrative procedures in progress. The incidents and accidents which occurred in 2010, are reported as well as the radioactive and non-radioactive (chemical, thermal) effluents discharge in the environment. Finally, The radioactive materials and wastes generated by the facilities are presented and sorted by type of waste, quantities and type of conditioning. Other environmental impacts (noise, microbial proliferation in cooling towers) are presented with their mitigation measures. Actions in favour of transparency and public information are presented as well. The document concludes with a glossary and a list of recommendations from the Committees for health, safety and working conditions. (J.S.)

  10. The effect of an alternating electric field on a totally ionised plasma; Action d'un champ electrique alternatif sur un plasma totalement ionise

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baglin, H; Brin, A; Ozias, Y; Salmon, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Delcroix, J L [Ecole Normale Superieure, 75 - Paris (France)

    1960-07-01

    The equation giving the distribution function of the electrons in a steady-state, for a fully ionized plasma in an a.c. field, are provided from the Fokker-Planck equation. The electric conductivity is complex and depends on the frequency. (author) [French] L'equation qui donne la fonction de distribution des electrons dans un etat stationnaire pour un plasma totalement ionise dans un champ electrique alternatif est fournie par l'equation de Fokker-Planck. La conductibilite electrique est complexe et depend de la frequence. (auteur)

  11. Sealed coupling for an electrical heating conductor with coaxial sheath (pattern 1964); Raccord etanche pour conducteur electrique chauffant a gaine coaxiale (type 1964)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arragon, Ph; Aubert-Chevallier, R; Gentil, J; Seguin, M; Vilcot, M; Villiers, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-07-01

    Many irradiation devices call for supplementary electrical heating which can provide a constant temperature. We describe a coupling whose high performance makes it possible for the sheathed electrical resistance to provide maximum power. Since this coupling is sealed and does not require special cooling, it may be placed in any position on the irradiation device. (authors) [French] De nombreux dispositifs d'irradiation necessitent un chauffage electrique d'appoint capable d'assurer une temperature constante. Nous decrivons un raccord dont les bonnes performances permettent a la resistance electrique gainee de dissiper une puissance elevee. Etant etanche et n'ayant pas besoin d'un refroidissement special, ce raccord peut etre place dans n'importe quelle partie d'un dispositif d'irradiation. (auteurs)

  12. Local Information Commission of Dampierre-en-Burly, meeting of November 25, 2011. Additional safety assessment. Collection of remarks by the members of the Commission on the report presented by the CNPE to the ASN on 15/9/2011; Commission locale d'information de Dampierre-En-Burly, Reunion du 25 novembre 2011. Evaluation complementaire de surete. Recueil d'observations de membres de la Commission sur le rapport presente par le CNPE a l'ASN le 15/9/2011

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    De Ganay, C.

    2011-11-29

    This report first discusses the specifications of the additional nuclear safety assessment. The authors state that this procedure is limited to the robustness of installations and to some climatic events. They formulate several and questions on issues which are not sufficiently or even not at all addressed in these specifications. In a second part, they make remarks on the report made about the Dampierre nuclear power plant. These remarks address the different issues of the assessment: earthquakes, flooding, other extreme natural phenomena, loss of electricity supplies and cooling systems, severe accidents

  13. Local Information Commission of Dampierre-en-Burly, meeting of November 25, 2011. Additional safety assessment. Collection of remarks by the members of the Commission on the report presented by the CNPE to the ASN on 15/9/2011

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    De Ganay, C.

    2011-01-01

    This report first discusses the specifications of the additional nuclear safety assessment. The authors state that this procedure is limited to the robustness of installations and to some climatic events. They formulate several and questions on issues which are not sufficiently or even not at all addressed in these specifications. In a second part, they make remarks on the report made about the Dampierre nuclear power plant. These remarks address the different issues of the assessment: earthquakes, flooding, other extreme natural phenomena, loss of electricity supplies and cooling systems, severe accidents

  14. Sealed coupling for an electrical heating conductor with coaxial sheath (pattern 1964); Raccord etanche pour conducteur electrique chauffant a gaine coaxiale (type 1964)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arragon, Ph.; Aubert-Chevallier, R.; Gentil, J.; Seguin, M.; Vilcot, M.; Villiers, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-07-01

    Many irradiation devices call for supplementary electrical heating which can provide a constant temperature. We describe a coupling whose high performance makes it possible for the sheathed electrical resistance to provide maximum power. Since this coupling is sealed and does not require special cooling, it may be placed in any position on the irradiation device. (authors) [French] De nombreux dispositifs d'irradiation necessitent un chauffage electrique d'appoint capable d'assurer une temperature constante. Nous decrivons un raccord dont les bonnes performances permettent a la resistance electrique gainee de dissiper une puissance elevee. Etant etanche et n'ayant pas besoin d'un refroidissement special, ce raccord peut etre place dans n'importe quelle partie d'un dispositif d'irradiation. (auteurs)

  15. Diffusion, electrical mobility and ionic interactions in molten Salts; Diffusion, mobilite electrique et interactions ioniques dans les sels fondus

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lantelme, F. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-05-01

    The diffusion and the electrical migration of ions in the molten alkali nitrates LiNO{sub 3}, NaNO{sub 3} and KNO{sub 3} and in their mixtures have been examined using stable or radio-active isotope indicators. This experimental works shows that there are large differences in the diffusion coefficients and the electric mobilities when they are compared using the Nernst-Einstein formula. An interpretive model has been put forward which shows the role played by poly-ionic displacements: in a salt AC the particles moving are not only the free ions A{sup -} and C{sup +} but also the groups [A{sub n}C{sub m}]{sup (m-n)+}... These results confirm the importance of electrostatic attraction and of the polarizability of the ions. This mechanisms, furthermore, explains the inversions of electrical mobilities often observed in liquid ionic media. (author) [French] La diffusion et la migration electrique des ions dans les nitrates alcalins fondus LiNO{sub 3}, NaNO{sub 3} et KNO{sub 3} et dans leurs melanges ont ete examinees a l'aide d'indicateurs isotopiques stables et radioactifs. Cette etude experimentale fait apparaitre des ecarts importants entre les coefficients de diffusion et les mobilites electriques compares au moyen de la formule de Nernst-Einstein. Un modele d'interpretation a pu etre propose mettant en evidence l'existence de deplacements polyioniques: dans un sel AC les particules en mouvement sont non seulement les ions libres A{sup -} et C{sup +} mais aussi des groupes [A{sub n}C{sub m}]{sup (}m{sup -n)+}. Ces resultats precisent l'importance des attractions electro-statiques et de la polarisabilite des ions. D'autre part, ce mecanisme permet de rendre compte des renversements des mobilites electriques souvent observes en milieu ionique liquide.

  16. Diffusion, electrical mobility and ionic interactions in molten Salts; Diffusion, mobilite electrique et interactions ioniques dans les sels fondus

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lantelme, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-05-01

    The diffusion and the electrical migration of ions in the molten alkali nitrates LiNO{sub 3}, NaNO{sub 3} and KNO{sub 3} and in their mixtures have been examined using stable or radio-active isotope indicators. This experimental works shows that there are large differences in the diffusion coefficients and the electric mobilities when they are compared using the Nernst-Einstein formula. An interpretive model has been put forward which shows the role played by poly-ionic displacements: in a salt AC the particles moving are not only the free ions A{sup -} and C{sup +} but also the groups [A{sub n}C{sub m}]{sup (m-n)+}... These results confirm the importance of electrostatic attraction and of the polarizability of the ions. This mechanisms, furthermore, explains the inversions of electrical mobilities often observed in liquid ionic media. (author) [French] La diffusion et la migration electrique des ions dans les nitrates alcalins fondus LiNO{sub 3}, NaNO{sub 3} et KNO{sub 3} et dans leurs melanges ont ete examinees a l'aide d'indicateurs isotopiques stables et radioactifs. Cette etude experimentale fait apparaitre des ecarts importants entre les coefficients de diffusion et les mobilites electriques compares au moyen de la formule de Nernst-Einstein. Un modele d'interpretation a pu etre propose mettant en evidence l'existence de deplacements polyioniques: dans un sel AC les particules en mouvement sont non seulement les ions libres A{sup -} et C{sup +} mais aussi des groupes [A{sub n}C{sub m}]{sup (}m{sup -n)+}. Ces resultats precisent l'importance des attractions electro-statiques et de la polarisabilite des ions. D'autre part, ce mecanisme permet de rendre compte des renversements des mobilites electriques souvent observes en milieu ionique liquide.

  17. Dampierre-en-Burly plant - Report on the complementary safety assessment of nuclear facilities in the light of the Fukushima accident

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2011-01-01

    This CSA (Complementary Safety Assessment) analyses the robustness of the Dampierre-en-Burly plant to extreme situations such as those that led to the Fukushima accident and proposes a series of improvements. Robustness is the ability for the plant to withstand events beyond the level for which the plant was designed. Robustness is linked to safety margins but also to the situations leading to a sudden deterioration of the accident sequence. Safety is not only a matter of design or of engineered systems, it is also a matter of organization. So issues like EDF's crisis organization, the organization of radiation protection, and work organization via subcontracting are also taken into consideration. The creation of a nuclear rapid action force (FARN) is proposed: this will be a national emergency force made up of specialized teams equipped to intervene in less than 24 hours on a nuclear site hit by an accident. This report is divided into 8 main chapters: 1) features of the site, 2) earthquake risk, 3) flooding risk, 4) risks due to other extreme natural disasters, 5) the loss of electrical power supplies and of heat sink, 6) management of severe accidents (accidents with core melt), 7) task subcontracting policy, 8) synthesis and list of improvements. 4 following appendices review: EDF's crisis organization, the FARN, radiation protection organization and accidental event trees. (A.C.)

  18. Validity of the electrical model representation of the effects of nuclear magnetic resonance (1961); Validite de la representation par modele electrique des effets de resonance magnetique nucleaire (1961)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bonnet, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-07-01

    When studying the behaviour of a magnetic resonance transducer formed by the association of an electrical network and of a set of nuclear spins, it is possible to bring about a representation that is analytically equivalent by means of an entirely electrical model, available for transients as well as steady-state. A detailed study of the validity conditions justifies its use in most cases. Also proposed is a linearity criterion of Bloch's equations in transient state that is simply the prolongation of the well-known condition of non-saturation in the steady-state. (author) [French] L'etude du comportement d'un transducteur a resonance magnetique forme de l'association d'un reseau electrique et d'un ensemble de noyaux dotes de spin, montre qu'il est possible d'en deduire une representation analytiquement equivalente au moyen d'un modele entierement electrique utilisable pour un regime transitoire aussi bien que pour un regime permanent. Une etude detaillee des conditions de validite permet d'en justifier l'emploi dans la majorite des cas. On propose enfin un critere de linearite des equations de Bloch en regime transitoire, qui constitue un prolongement de la condition connue de non-saturation en regime stationnaire. (auteur)

  19. Electrical conductivity of air under the action of a shock wave; Conductivite electrique de l'air sous l'action d'une onde de choc

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Thouvenin, Jacques [Commissariat a l' energie atomique et aux energies alternatives - CEA (France)

    1960-07-01

    A method is described for the measurement of the electrical conductivity of a shock wave in air. The results reveal the preponderant part played by the NO molecule. Reprint of a paper published in Comptes rendus des seances de l'Academie des Sciences, t. 250, p. 302-304, sitting of 11 January 1960 [French] On decrit un procede de mesure de la conductivite electrique d'une onde de choc dans l'air. Les resultats font apparaitre le role preponderant joue par la molecule NO. Reproduction d'un article publie dans les Comptes rendus des seances de l'Academie des Sciences, t. 250, p. 302-304, seance du 11 janvier 1960.

  20. On a non-linear problem posed by the temperature determination in an electrically heated plate; Sur un probleme non lineaire pose par la determination de la temperature dans une plaque chauffee electriquement

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gerber, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1958-07-01

    Let us consider a flat plate, electrically heated, with one face thermally insulated and the other face isothermal. It is shown that a two-dimensional perturbation of the insulated face has no influence on the temperature of this face. (author) [French] Soit une plaque plane, chauffee electriquement, dont une face est isolee thermiquement et l'autre face isotherme. On montre qu'une perturbation bidimensionnelle de la face isolee est sans influence sur la temperature de cette face. (auteur)

  1. Câbles electriques - Calcul du courant admissible - Partie 1: Equations de l'intensité du courant admissible (facteur de charge 100%) et calcul des pertes - Section 2: Facteurs de pertes par courants de Foucault dans les gaines dans le cas de deux circuits disposés en nappe

    CERN Document Server

    International Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva

    1993-01-01

    Câbles electriques - Calcul du courant admissible - Partie 1: Equations de l'intensité du courant admissible (facteur de charge 100%) et calcul des pertes - Section 2: Facteurs de pertes par courants de Foucault dans les gaines dans le cas de deux circuits disposés en nappe

  2. Systematic study of the use of electrical fields for improving heat exchange in boiling liquids; Etude systematique de l'utilisation de champs electriques pour l'amelioration des echanges thermiques dans des liquides bouillants

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bochirol, L; Bonjour, E; Lagnier, R; Verdier, J; Weil, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-07-01

    We have studied, at the boiling point, for liquids with various electrical properties (hexane, benzene, trichloroethylene, demineralized water, acetone, methyl-ethyl-ketone, etc...) the effect of the application of electric fields on the exchange coefficients and on the maximum dissipative powers before calefaction. We have given the mechanism of the significant improvements obtained (multiplication by a factor of 2 to 10): - in the natural convection zone by showing the role played by the dielectric properties of the liquids under study; - in the zone of nuclear boiling by analysis of the forces acting on the boiling nuclei. Finally we give some experimental results concerning measurements made under pressure until local boiling occurred: they show the possibility of some interesting applications of the method. (author) [French] On a etudie, a l'ebullition, sur des liquides de caracteristiques electriques diverses (hexane, benzene, trichlorethylene, eau demineralisee, acetone, methylethylcetone, etc...) les effets de l'application de champs electriques sur les coefficients d'echanges et les puissances maximales dissipables avant calefaction. On a precise le mecanisme des ameliorations importantes obtenues (multiplication par un facteur 2 a 10): - dans la zone de convection naturelle en mettant en evidence le role des caracteristiques dielectriques des liquides etudies; - dans la zone d'ebullition nucleaire par analyse des forces mises en jeu sur les noyaux d'ebullition. On donne enfin des resultats experimentaux sur des mesures effectuees sous pression jusqu'a l'ebullition locale: ils illustrent des possibilites d'applications interessantes du procede. (auteur)

  3. Contribution to the theoretical study of order-disorder phenomena in the electrical properties of alloys (1963); Contribution a l'etude theorique des phenomenes d'ordre dans les proprietes electriques des alliages (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Beal, M T [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    We have study theoretically the ordering of alloys and its influence an electrical resistivity. We have looked at the cases of concentrated, non magnetic alloys such as Cu Zn {beta} or Cu{sub 3}Au and of diluted, magnetic alloys such as noble matrix with rare earth impurities. In both cases, a simple method of molecular field with nearest neighbour interactions is used. Scattering cross sections are calculated with free electrons and Born approximation. The electrical properties are described with a good accuracy by single diffusions on each center (long range order). But some anomalies near to the ordering temperature are caused by double diffusions on pairs of interacting atoms or spins (local order). (author) [French] On presente une etude theorique des phenomenes d'ordre et de leur influence sur les proprietes electriques des alliages. Deux cas sont envisages: celui des alliages non magnetiques concentres, tels que Cu Zn {beta} ou Cu{sub 3}Au et celui d'alliages magnetiques tres dilues du type matrice noble impuretes de terres rares. Dans les deux cas on utilise une methode simple de champ moleculaire avec interactions entre plus proches voisins seulement. Les sections efficaces de diffusion sont calculees dans un modele d'electrons libres et dans l'approximation de Born. Les proprietes electriques sont decrites en premiere approximation par les diffusions simples sur chaque atome ou spin (ordre a longue distance). Mais elles presentent des anomalies a la temperature d'ordre dues aux diffusions doubles sur des paires d'atomes ou de spins plus proches voisins (ordre local). (auteur)

  4. Contribution to the theoretical study of order-disorder phenomena in the electrical properties of alloys (1963); Contribution a l'etude theorique des phenomenes d'ordre dans les proprietes electriques des alliages (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Beal, M.T. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    We have study theoretically the ordering of alloys and its influence an electrical resistivity. We have looked at the cases of concentrated, non magnetic alloys such as Cu Zn {beta} or Cu{sub 3}Au and of diluted, magnetic alloys such as noble matrix with rare earth impurities. In both cases, a simple method of molecular field with nearest neighbour interactions is used. Scattering cross sections are calculated with free electrons and Born approximation. The electrical properties are described with a good accuracy by single diffusions on each center (long range order). But some anomalies near to the ordering temperature are caused by double diffusions on pairs of interacting atoms or spins (local order). (author) [French] On presente une etude theorique des phenomenes d'ordre et de leur influence sur les proprietes electriques des alliages. Deux cas sont envisages: celui des alliages non magnetiques concentres, tels que Cu Zn {beta} ou Cu{sub 3}Au et celui d'alliages magnetiques tres dilues du type matrice noble impuretes de terres rares. Dans les deux cas on utilise une methode simple de champ moleculaire avec interactions entre plus proches voisins seulement. Les sections efficaces de diffusion sont calculees dans un modele d'electrons libres et dans l'approximation de Born. Les proprietes electriques sont decrites en premiere approximation par les diffusions simples sur chaque atome ou spin (ordre a longue distance). Mais elles presentent des anomalies a la temperature d'ordre dues aux diffusions doubles sur des paires d'atomes ou de spins plus proches voisins (ordre local). (auteur)

  5. Experimental study of the effect of an electric field on thermal exchanges under forced convection with gaseous carbon anhydride in presence of the radiation of the Melusine pile; Etude experimentale de l'effet d'un champ electrique sur les echanges thermiques en convection forcee avec l'anhydride carbonique gazeux en presence du rayonnement de la pile Melusine

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perroud, P.; Rebiere, J.; Verdier, J.

    1961-01-21

    Previous studies showed that, under free or forced convection, the application of a non-uniform electric field with a sufficient intensity at the neighbourhood of the heating elements resulted in a significant improvement of the thermal exchange coefficient under some flow rate and pressure conditions. But these improvements first required the creation of ions in the gas (shock ionization and existence of a corona effect above a sufficient voltage). This document therefore report further studies performed at the neighbourhood of the Melusine atomic pile which would provide ionizing radiations of much greater intensity. The objectives were, on the one hand, a global verification of work hypotheses imagined for the exchange improvement mechanism, and, on the other hand, to obtain data on the conditions under which this exchange improvement mechanism could be used in channels of a reactor. The authors present the instrumentation (measurement cells, gas circuit, heating circuit, high voltage circuit), describe how physical values are measured (pressure, gas flow rate, temperature of the heating element, gas temperature, high voltage). They describe how they compare powers exchanged under forced convection between dioxide carbon and a heated wire with or without external ionizing radiations, and report the various performed calculations (power supplied to the gas, temperature shift, Nusselt and Reynolds numbers). They report and discuss experimental results obtained outside the pile without ionizing radiations, and within the pile in presence of a ionizing radiation [French] Les essais ont ete effectues dans les conditions suivantes: nombres de Reynolds variant de 20.000 a 80.000, pression de 11 a 21 kg/cm{sup 2}, temperatures moyennes de l'element chauffant de 200 a 600 deg. C, tension electrique de 0 a 30 kV eff et intensite maximum du rayonnement γ, 3x10{sup 7} roentgen/h. On a confirme, hors pile, que l'augmentation de la puissance echangee, au dessus du seuil d

  6. INDICTORS OF RESTORATION OF PROGRAM FACILITY OF MECHATRONICS SYSTEM

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    V. Frolov

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available The determination of reliability indictors of program facilities of mechatronic systems are offered. The defaillance modes of program facilities are represent. A short review of model reliability of program facility is presented. The indictors of restoration, their mathematical determinations and application for the characteristics of program facility restoration are offered.

  7. Special metallurgy - the electrical butt-welding by flashing of sintered magnesium-magnesium oxide composites (1963); Metallurgie speciale - le soudage electrique en bout par etincelage du composite fritte magnesium-magnesie (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Charleux, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    Electrical resistance welding has become quite important since World War II because of the need of a high yield in aeronautical production. Progress has been due in particular to the improvements made in electronically controlled apparatus making possible the automatic control of welding. For the butt-welding of sections requiring either a high production rate or a high quality weld, the flash butt-welding system has been very much developed these last few years. The use of this welding method is of great importance in the field of the bonding of oxidisable metals such as magnesium or aluminium and its alloys, because the welded joint is free from oxides. This study consists of general considerations on the flash-welding process with regard to temperature distribution in the parts during welding, and to electrical phenomena connected with flashing. Besides this general or theoretical section, we have applied the welding process to the bonding of sintered magnesium, a magnesium-magnesium oxide composite, whose use as a structural element in nuclear reactors is considered. (author) [French] Le soudage electrique par resistance a pris un essor important depuis la derniere guerre mondiale a cause du besoin de haut rendement pour la production aeronautique. Les progres ont ete possibles surtout par l'amelioration des appareils de commande electronique qui permettent un controle automatique de la soudure. Pour le soudage bout a bout de profiles, demandant soit un haut debit de fabrication, soit une haute qualite du joint soude, le procede de soudage en bout par etincelage a ete tres developpe ces dernieres annees. Ce mode de soudage a un domaine d'utilisation important dans la liaison des metaux oxydables tels le magnesium ou l'aluminium et ses alliages, du fait de la proprete du joint soude exempt d'oxydes. Cette etude comporte une consideration generale du processus de l'etincelage, quant a la repartition de la temperature dans les pieces pendant le soudage et aux

  8. Special metallurgy - the electrical butt-welding by flashing of sintered magnesium-magnesium oxide composites (1963); Metallurgie speciale - le soudage electrique en bout par etincelage du composite fritte magnesium-magnesie (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Charleux, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    Electrical resistance welding has become quite important since World War II because of the need of a high yield in aeronautical production. Progress has been due in particular to the improvements made in electronically controlled apparatus making possible the automatic control of welding. For the butt-welding of sections requiring either a high production rate or a high quality weld, the flash butt-welding system has been very much developed these last few years. The use of this welding method is of great importance in the field of the bonding of oxidisable metals such as magnesium or aluminium and its alloys, because the welded joint is free from oxides. This study consists of general considerations on the flash-welding process with regard to temperature distribution in the parts during welding, and to electrical phenomena connected with flashing. Besides this general or theoretical section, we have applied the welding process to the bonding of sintered magnesium, a magnesium-magnesium oxide composite, whose use as a structural element in nuclear reactors is considered. (author) [French] Le soudage electrique par resistance a pris un essor important depuis la derniere guerre mondiale a cause du besoin de haut rendement pour la production aeronautique. Les progres ont ete possibles surtout par l'amelioration des appareils de commande electronique qui permettent un controle automatique de la soudure. Pour le soudage bout a bout de profiles, demandant soit un haut debit de fabrication, soit une haute qualite du joint soude, le procede de soudage en bout par etincelage a ete tres developpe ces dernieres annees. Ce mode de soudage a un domaine d'utilisation important dans la liaison des metaux oxydables tels le magnesium ou l'aluminium et ses alliages, du fait de la proprete du joint soude exempt d'oxydes. Cette etude comporte une consideration generale du processus de l'etincelage, quant a la repartition de la temperature dans les pieces

  9. Improvement of heat transfer to gases by mean of electric fields (1962); Etude de l'amelioration des echanges de chaleur dans les gaz au moyen de champs electriques (1962)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1962-07-01

    The effects of electric fields on heat transfer to the following gases: air, argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxyde, helium, hydrogen, were studied in an annular channel, the inner part of which is the heating element. Experiments were made both in free convection and forced convection, the latter case with and without an external source of ionisation. Two causes of improvement of heat transfer were found: electro-convection and ionic convection; the influence of various parameters (electric fields, current of ionisation, temperatures, pressures, flow rate, etc...) is also investigated. Increasing of exchanged power was measured: in free convection this increasing reached 400 per cent and, in forced convection, it was found to be mainly dependent on stream velocity, decreasing from 300 per cent at Re = 6000 to few per cent for Re {>=} 30000 for a given gas pressure. Experiments in pile have shown that the use of an external source of ionisation allowed to obtain the same order of improvement as above but with a voltage much lower. This fact would make easier the use of this process of heat transfer in a channel of a reactor. (authors) [French] On a etudie l'action du champ electrique sur les echanges de chaleur dans les gaz suivants: air, argon, azote, anhydride carbonique, helium, hydrogene, avec un element chauffant cylindrique dans un canal concentrique. Des experiences ont ete effectuees en convection libre et en convection forcee en l'absence et en presence d'une source exterieure d'ionisation. On a distingue deux sortes de mecanismes d'accroissement des echanges, l'un d'electroconvection proprement dite et l'autre de convection ionique, et on precise l'influence des divers parametres (champ electrique, courant d'ionisation, temperature, pression, debit, etc...). On a pu chiffrer les ordres de grandeur des accroissements d'echanges observes qui, en convection libre, atteignent 300 a 400 pour cent et, en convection forcee, dependent beaucoup de la vitesse d

  10. Improvement of the heat exchanges by application of an electric field in the boiling freon 12; Amelioration des echanges thermiques par application d'un champ electrique dans le freon 12 bouillant

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bonjour, Emmanuel; Verdier, Jacques; Weil, Louis [Commissariat a l' energie atomique et aux energies alternatives - CEA, Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble (France)

    1960-07-01

    lt was already known that the heat exchanges by simple convection are considerably improved by the application of an electric field, but no study about the effect of this field when there is ebullition has been issued until now. The authors indicate the result of their experimental investigations which present a very great interest for the increase of the efficiency of the refrigeration cycles. Reprint of a paper published in Revue generale du froid, Sep 1960 [French] On savait deja qu'il etait possible d'ameliorer sensiblement les echanges thermiques dus a la simple convection par l'application d'un champ electrique, mais jusqu'a present, il n'existait pas de resultats concernant l'effet de ce champ en presence d'ebullition. Les auteurs indiquent les resultats de leur investigation experimentale qui presente un tres grand interet pour l'accroissement de l'efficacite du cycle de refrigeration. Reproduction d'un article publie dans Revue generale du froid, Sep 1960.

  11. Proprietes optiques dans l'infrarouge lointain et de transport electrique de systemes electroniques a basse dimensionalite

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lefebvre, Jacques

    Cette these presente une etude experimentale de deux systemes ayant des proprietes physiques particulieres decoulant de leur caractere anisotrope. Le premier systeme est un conducteur organique quasi-unidimensionnel, le sel de Bechgaard (TMTSF)sb2ClOsb4. Le second est un systeme mesoscopique base sur une heterostructure a base de GaAs/Alsb{x}Gasb{1-x}As pour lequel la dimensionalite peut etre variee continuement entre deux et un. En dimension un, ce systeme porte le nom de fil quantique. Pour le sel de Bechgaard (TMTSF)sb2ClOsb4, une mesure de la photoconductivite dans l'infrarouge lointain a permis d'identifier une resonance dans la phase onde de densite de spin sous champ magnetique (ou ODSIC). Cette resonance, visible dans la gamme de longueurs d'onde entre 410 et 599 mum, se deplace vers les forts champs magnetiques avec l'augmentation de l'energie du photon. Malgre qu'elle s'apparente a une resonance cyclotron, un calcul theorique du coefficient d'absorption a montre qu'elle est intimement liee a la phase ODSIC et que son energie est donnee par sqrt{4deltasbsp{N}{2}+omegasbsp{c}{2}} avec deltasb{N}, l'amplitude de la bande interdite ODSIC au niveau de Fermi et omegasb{c}, l'energie cyclotron. Le gaz d'electrons dans une heterostructure a base de GaAs/Alsb{x}Gasb{1-x}As a ete etudie dans les regimes dimensionnels entre deux et un (de 2D a quasi-1D en passant par quasi-2D). En combinant des mesures de transport electrique a des mesures de transmission optique dans l'infrarouge lointain obtenues quasi-simultanement sur un meme echantillon, plusieurs conclusions emergent. Entre autres, trois regimes de modulation sont identifies et a leurs frontieres, des signes distinctifs apparaissent autant dans les mesures de transport que dans les mesures de la transmission optique. Une analyse globale permet de degager une vue coherente des modes collectifs dans les differents regimes dimensionnels.

  12. A new temperature effect in ionized media in the presence of heavy negative electrical charges; Sur un nouvel effet de temperature dans des milieux ionises en presence de charges electriques negatives lourdes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Klein, S [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-12-01

    A relatively large electromotive force appears between two electrodes having different temperatures in an atmosphere of ionized vapours. The theoretical interpretation of this phenomenon is based essentially on the one hand on the massive formation of heavy negative electrical charges near the 'cold' electrode and on the other hand, in the case of flames, on the existence of an electronic temperature much higher than that predicted by conventional theory. This temperature effect makes it possible to convert the ionizing energy directly into electricity. (author) [French] Une force electro-motrice relativement importante apparait dans des vapeurs ionisees entre deux electrodes maintenues a des temperatures differentes. L'interpretation theorique, de ce phenomene est essentiellement basee, d'une part sur la formation massive de charges electriques negatives lourdes pres de l'electrode ''froide'' et, d'autre part, dans le cas des flammes sur l'existence d'une temperature electronique beaucoup plus elevee que celle prevue par la theorie classique. Cet effet de temperature permet de convertir directement l'energie ionisante en electricite. (auteur)

  13. Some activities in France related to life management of nuclear power plants

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Petrequin, P.

    1998-01-01

    Significant events concerned with life management of NPPs in France were: replacement of steam generators of TRICASTIN 1 NPP, defect detected in the emergency cooling system of DAMPIERRE 1 reactor and expertise of decommissioned CHOOZ A reactor. Programs in progress described in this report are: irradiation of materials for internal components and fracture toughness studies of irradiated materials

  14. The development of an electrically compensated differential calorimeter for the measurement of in-pile heat evolution (1962); Etude et realisation d'un calorimetre differentiel a compensation electrique pour la mesure des echaufpements en pile (1962)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ayela, F; Derrien, H [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1962-07-01

    It has been possible with the calorimeter of which we give the principle and details in the present report, to determine the calorific power produced by nuclear radiation in a given sample using simple electrical measurement. It also renders unnecessary all absolute measurements of temperature, all possible calibration, and the use of the thermal or thermoelectric constants of the constituent elements. The possible uses of the apparatus are fairly varied, as shown by the first in-pile experiments which we have carried out and for which we give results. (authors) [French] Le calorimetre, dont nous decrivons le principe et les details dans le present rapport, nous permet de determiner, par de simples mesures electriques, la puissance calorifique liberee par les rayonnements nucleaires dans un echantillon donne. Il nous affranchit aussi, de toute mesure absolue de temperature, de tout etalonnage prealable, et de l'utilisation des constantes thermiques ou thermoelectriques de ses elements constitutifs. Les possibilites d'emploi de l'appareil sont assez variees comme nous le montrent les premiers essais que nous avons effectues en pile et dont nous donnons les resultats. (auteurs)

  15. Pathogenic free-living amoebae in a closed-loop power plant; risk assessment and risk management

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cabanes, P.; Pernin, P.

    1998-01-01

    Since 1980, the water used for cooling in French power plants has been tested for pathogenic amoebae, especially Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rapid fatal disease of the central nervous system. The replacement of brass condensers by stainless steel condensers resulted in increased Naegleria fowleri development, to a density of as much as 3000 l -1 in the Dampierre power plant cooling water. Downstream from Dampierre, the maximum detected density of this amoeba during the summer of 1995 was 80 l -1 , at low river flow. The replacement of a second condenser in 1996 at the same power plant was expected to double the amoebae concentration in the river. The hypothetical PAM risk for swimmers was then predicted to be 10 -4 per swim. To reduce the risk continuous chlorination of the closed-loop cooling system was implemented at a free residual chlorine level in the range of 0.3-0.5 mg.l -1 . Naegleria fowleri concentrations decreased immediately and thereafter remained under 4 l -1 . Total residual chlorine and chlorinated organic compounds were also monitored in the evaluation of the environmental impact of this preventive action. (authors)

  16. Contribution to the study of the structure of silver krypton solid solutions; Contribution a l'etude de la structure des solutions solides argent-krypton

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Levy, V; Tullairet, J; Delaplace, J; Antolin-Baudier, J; Adda, Y [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    The silver-krypton solid solutions formed by electrical discharge have been studied by X-rays, electrical resistivity and electronic transmission microscopy. The crystalline parameter and residual resistivity measurements have shown that the krypton atom behaves very differently to those of other elements of the periodic classification when dissolved in silver. The recovery of the crystalline parameter and of the electrical resistivity has been studied as a function of temperature. (authors) [French] Les solutions solides argent, krypton, realisees par decharges electrique ont ete etudiees par Rayons X, resistivite electrique et microscopie electronique en transmission. Les mesures de parametre cristallin et de resistivite residuelle ont montre que le comportement de l'atome de krypton est tres different de celui des autres elements de la classification periodique en solution dans l'argent. La restauration du parametre cristallin et de la resistivite electrique en fonction de la temperature a ete etudiee. (auteurs)

  17. Use of a Monte-Carlo method for studying the statistical distribution of electric fields around an ion in a one-component plasma; Etude, par une methode de Monte-Carlo de la repartition statistique des champs electriques au niveau d'un ion, dans un plasma a une composante

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rossignol-Guzzi, D [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, 94 - Limeil-Brevannes (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-11-01

    A Monte-Carlo simulation has been made of the equilibrium configurations taken by a plasma of equally charged punctual ions, immersed in a uniform neutralizing background of electrons. The statistical repartition of the electric field acting on one ion, needed to obtain Stark effect, was specially obtained. Comparison for dense plasmas, was made with the former works of Holtzmark, Mayer, Broyles. (author) [French] On simule sur ordinateur, suivant une methode de Monte-Carlo, les configurations prises a l'equilibre thermodynamique par un plasma d'ions ponctuels et de meme charge, places dans un milieu d'electrons uniformement distribues. On etudie, en particulier, la repartition statistique des champs electriques au niveau d'un ion, utilisee dans les calculs d'effets Stark. On compare, dans le cadre des plasmas denses, les resultats obtenus aux travaux precedents de Holtzmark, Mayer, Broyles. (auteur)

  18. Underwater photogrammetry successful in Spain and France

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Anon.

    1988-01-01

    Underwater photogrammetry has been used to measure distortions in fuel assembly alignment pins in the upper internals of the Almarez and Dampierre PWRs. Photogrammetry is a three-dimensional precision measurement method using photographic techniques for the on-site measurement phase. On the strength of the operations at the two PWRs, underwater photogrammetry is now considered as a practical and effective technique for dimensional inspection at nuclear plants. (U.K.)

  19. Theoretical study of the influence on surface temperature of a geometrical perturbation of wall of an electrically heated channel (1960); Etude theorique de l'influence, sur la temperature de surface, d'une perturbation geometrique de la paroi d'un canal chauffe electriquement (1960)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gerber, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Section des Transferts Thermiques, Grenoble (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1960-07-01

    In experiments on forced convection heat transfer in an electrically heated channel, the temperature of the channel face in contact with the fluid is generally calculated from the measured temperature of the isolated face. A process for measuring this temperature leads to the study of the theoretical influence of a local perturbation of the wall thickness on the temperature distribution in this wall. Various problems at the limits, posed by this question of measurement, are dealt with. (author) [French] Dans les experiences de transfert thermique en convection forcee, dans un canal chauffe electriquement, la temperature de la face du canal en contact avec le fluide, est generalement calculee a partir de la temperature mesuree de la face isolee. Un procede de mesure de cette temperature conduit a etudier l'influence theorique d'une perturbation locale de l'epaisseur de la paroi sur la repartition de la temperature dans cette paroi. Divers problemes aux limites, posees par cette question de mesure, sont traites. (auteur)

  20. The Horn in seventeenth and eighteenth century France: iconography related to performances and musical works

    OpenAIRE

    Gétreau, Florence

    2006-01-01

    International audience; An analysis of French visual documents from different medium is presented here. Starting about 1650 it begins with horns as symbol of entertainment and hunting pleasure. After its settlement in Versailles, the French Royal Court offers one century long several important evidences of updated practices in the art of hunting. The Influence of the Marquis de Dampierre is then sensible in monumental decorations by official painters giving "reports" of the "Chasses royales"....

  1. The accelerator tube of ions of the generator Van de Graaff of the CEA. Survey of development. First results; Le tube accelerateur d'ions du generateur van de graapp du commissariat. Etude de developpement. Premiers resultats

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bruck, H; Prevot, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay(France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1953-07-01

    Rare are the Van de Graaff supplies whose tube doesn't collapse electrically to tensions and currents very lower to those that the generator can provide. We chose the general measurements: length and diameter, and put the accent on the survey of the individual element, so much to the mechanical viewpoint (installation, solidity, tightness and degassing), that to the electric viewpoint (to increase the electric rigidity of it). After modification the breakdown voltage as well as the performances of the tube have been improved greatly. (M.B.) [French] Rares sont les machines de Van de Graaff dont le tube ne s'effondre pas electriquement a des tensions et des courants bien inferieurs a ceux que le generateur peut fournir. Nous avons choisi les dimensions generales: longueur et diametre, et mis l'accent sur l'etude de l'element individuel, tant au point de vue mecanique (montage, solidite, etancheite et degazage), qu'au point de vue electrique (pour en augmenter la rigidite electrique). Apres modification la tension de claquage ainsi que les performances du tube ont ete grandement ameliorees. (M.B.)

  2. Interactive videodisc in maintenance

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zwingelstein, G.; Nguyen Van Nghi, B.

    1986-01-01

    After a recall of the videodisc characteristics, this paper presents its utilization by Electricite de France in the framework of training and maintenance. The SICMA (Interactive Communication System in Maintenance) developed and tested by Electricte de France is presented as also its utilization. It has been tested on the sites of Dampierre and Paluel in the cases of training and maintenance (deconnexion of drive rods of control elements); the conclusions of this experimentation are finally given. 4 refs [fr

  3. Displacements and intensities of the components of hydrogenic lines of the helium atom in the presence of exterior uniform electrical and magnetic fields; Deplacements et intensites des composantes des raies hydrogenoides de l'atome d'helium en presence de champs exterieurs electrique et magnetique uniformes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Deutsch, C; Herman, L; Nguyen, H [Laboratoire de Recherches Physiques, 75 - Paris (France); Drawin, H W [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Association Euratom-CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-07-01

    The Waller-Foster method for hydrogenic lines of neutral helium is extended in order to take into account an external magnetic field (vector K) having an arbitrary angle with an external constant electric field (vector F). The diagonal correction has been evaluated numerically taking into account recent experimental data. A Fortran IV program written for the CDC 3600 computer allows to calculate the displacements and the intensities for any hydrogenic transition. Special attention is given to the {l_brace}2-4{r_brace} transitions in neutral helium. (authors) [French] La methode de perturbation de Waller et Foster est generalisee afin de tenir compte d'un champ magnetique exterieur (vecteurK) faisant un angle quelconque avec un champ electrique exterieur (vecteurF). La correction diagonale des matrices de perturbation est evaluee numeriquement a l'aide des donnees atomiques les plus recentes. Un programme ecrit pour l'ordinateur CDC 3600 permet le calcul des deplacements et des intensites pour des transitions hydrogenoides quelconques. Les transitions [2-4]d'helium neutre ont ete etudiees plus particulierement. (auteurs)

  4. Study of the electrical conductivity of lithium fluoride; Etude de la conductibilite electrique du fluorure de lithium

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Adam-Benveniste, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, 91 - Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-06-01

    We studied the electrical conductivity of LiF crystals doped with positive divalent ions. The current carriers are the positive ion vacancies created either by thermal agitation or in compensation for charge excess of a M{sup 2+} in substitution. The vacancies displacement is represented by: {mu} K'/NeT exp(- u/kT), where K' and u are constants. The concentration of free carriers equals that of the M{sup 2+} impurity only at high temperature. The M{sup 2+} ions are slightly soluble and form either precipitates of MF{sub 2} or dipole agglomerates. In these states, the M{sup 2+} ions do not contribute to the conductivity. The vacancies induced by the isolated M{sup 2+} ions are not totally free but are in equilibrium with electrically neutral dipoles: M{sub dipole} [+] {r_reversible} M{sup 2+} + [+]{sub porteur}, and follow: p/(1-p){sup 2} = Z c exp H/kT, where p is the degree of association of vacancies, Z is the number of equivalent positions of a complex, H its binding energy. The analogy with concentrated electrolyte permits to adapt Debye-Huckel theory to the crystals. In our case H varies with concentration between 0.38 and 0.07 eV. This explains both association degree equals unity at low temperature and complete dissociation for high concentration at high temperature. (author) [French] Nous etudions la conductibilite electrique des monocristaux de LiF dopes en ions divalents positifs. Le porteur de courant est la lacune de lithium creee soit par agitation thermique, soit pour compenser l'excedent de charge d'un ion M{sup 2+} en substitution. Le deplacement des lacunes se traduit par: {mu} = K'/NeT exp(- u/kT), ou K' et u sont des constantes. La concentration des porteurs n'est egale a celle des impuretes M{sup 2+} qu'a haute temperature. Les ions M{sup 2+} sont peu solubles et forment soit des precipites de MF{sub 2}, soit des agglomerats de dipoles. Dans ces etats, les M{sup 2+} ne participent plus a la conductibilite. Les lacunes induites par les ions M

  5. The accelerator tube of ions of the generator Van de Graaff of the CEA. Survey of development. First results; Le tube accelerateur d'ions du generateur van de graapp du commissariat. Etude de developpement. Premiers resultats

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bruck, H.; Prevot, F. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay(France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1953-07-01

    Rare are the Van de Graaff supplies whose tube doesn't collapse electrically to tensions and currents very lower to those that the generator can provide. We chose the general measurements: length and diameter, and put the accent on the survey of the individual element, so much to the mechanical viewpoint (installation, solidity, tightness and degassing), that to the electric viewpoint (to increase the electric rigidity of it). After modification the breakdown voltage as well as the performances of the tube have been improved greatly. (M.B.) [French] Rares sont les machines de Van de Graaff dont le tube ne s'effondre pas electriquement a des tensions et des courants bien inferieurs a ceux que le generateur peut fournir. Nous avons choisi les dimensions generales: longueur et diametre, et mis l'accent sur l'etude de l'element individuel, tant au point de vue mecanique (montage, solidite, etancheite et degazage), qu'au point de vue electrique (pour en augmenter la rigidite electrique). Apres modification la tension de claquage ainsi que les performances du tube ont ete grandement ameliorees. (M.B.)

  6. Use of superconductors for storage and discharge of electrical energy; L'utilisation des supraconducteurs pour le stockage et la decharge de l'energie electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sole, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Limeil-Brevannes (France). Centre d' Etudes

    1968-07-01

    stockage et la decharge de l'energie electrique. (auteurs)

  7. Micro-striction 1 and 2 (1961); Microstriction 1 and 2 (1961)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Alddieres, M; Aymar, R; Jourdan, P; Samain, A [Association Euratom-CEA Cadarache, 13 - Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (France)

    1961-07-01

    A certain quantity of gas is enclosed between two co-axial glass tubes (diameters 67 and 87 mm). In this annular space thus formed exists a permanent magnetic configuration, whose lines of force are perpendicular to the surface of the tubes (0-500 gauss). An electric field is then produced by induction such that its lines of force are circles whose axis coincides with that of the tubes (200 V/cm). The electric field lasts for 0.5 {mu}s. This field ionises the gas and causes an electric current to flow perpendicularly to the magnetic field. The corresponding Laplacian force accelerates the plasma along the axis of the tubes. In a first series of measurements, the discharge characteristics in the absence of a permanent field were studied. It is, in particular, convenient to group together all the irreversible phenomena which occur by assuming the existence of an electrical discharge resistance. The plasma movement in the permanent magnetic field induces in this latter a back-e.m.f. By taking into account the discharge resistance, the electric current and the forces tending to accelerate the plasma can be evaluated. The efficiency of the acceleration process has been measured. It passes through a maximum for a certain value of the permanent magnetic field. The experimental results have been compared with the simple model described above. (authors) [French] Une certaines quantite de gaz est enfermee entre deux tubes en verre de meme axe (diametres 6V et 87 mm). L'espace annulaire ainsi defini est le siege d'une configuration magnetique permanente, dont les lignes de force sont perpendiculaires a la surface des tubes (0-500 gauss). On fait apparaitre par induction un champ electrique dont les lignes de force sont des cercles dont l'axe coincide avec l'axe des tubes (200 V/cm). Ce champ electrique persiste pendant 0,5 {mu}s. Ce champ electrique ionise le gaz et fait circuler un courant electrique perpendiculaire au champ magnetique. La force de Laplace correspondante

  8. 1996 outstanding facts; Faits marquants 1996

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1997-12-31

    This progress report of the Direction of Studies and Research (DER) of Electricite de France (EdF) reports on some outstanding studies carried out during the year 1996 and concerning: new applications of electric power (thermal comfort, heating floors, building diagnosis, energy management, customers communicating interfaces, services, air conditioning, off-peak tariffs, power demand mastery in the industry, infrared dryers for paper industry); production means (automatic systems for nuclear power plants operation, management of reactors shutdown schedules for refuelling operations, optimization of fuel loading patterns for PWRs, neutronic and thermohydraulic computer codes for steam pipes rupture accidents, thermo-hydraulic modeling of the confinement building during post-accidental situation, 3D numerical simulation of overpressures inside reactor valves and of vortex and two-phase flow inside auxiliary pipes, control of vibrating fatigue of pipe nozzles, qualification of the adjustable speed drives of the Gravelines` cooling pumps, 3D analysis of new steam turbine designs, identification of bi-metal welding surface defects, a simple method for the evaluation of in-service fatigue of components, the probabilistic dimensioning of safety coefficients, the modeling of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling of geo-materials for radioactive wastes storage, the supply of isolated sites using renewable energies); environment protection (batteries for electric-powered vehicles, modeling of atmospheric reactive flows, chlorination of the Dampierre`s cooling circuits for pathogen amoebas elimination, in-situ treatment of PCBs isolated transformers); and development and exploitation of materials for power networks. (J.S.).

  9. 1996 outstanding facts; Faits marquants 1996

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1996-12-31

    This progress report of the Direction of Studies and Research (DER) of Electricite de France (EdF) reports on some outstanding studies carried out during the year 1996 and concerning: new applications of electric power (thermal comfort, heating floors, building diagnosis, energy management, customers communicating interfaces, services, air conditioning, off-peak tariffs, power demand mastery in the industry, infrared dryers for paper industry); production means (automatic systems for nuclear power plants operation, management of reactors shutdown schedules for refuelling operations, optimization of fuel loading patterns for PWRs, neutronic and thermohydraulic computer codes for steam pipes rupture accidents, thermo-hydraulic modeling of the confinement building during post-accidental situation, 3D numerical simulation of overpressures inside reactor valves and of vortex and two-phase flow inside auxiliary pipes, control of vibrating fatigue of pipe nozzles, qualification of the adjustable speed drives of the Gravelines` cooling pumps, 3D analysis of new steam turbine designs, identification of bi-metal welding surface defects, a simple method for the evaluation of in-service fatigue of components, the probabilistic dimensioning of safety coefficients, the modeling of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling of geo-materials for radioactive wastes storage, the supply of isolated sites using renewable energies); environment protection (batteries for electric-powered vehicles, modeling of atmospheric reactive flows, chlorination of the Dampierre`s cooling circuits for pathogen amoebas elimination, in-situ treatment of PCBs isolated transformers); and development and exploitation of materials for power networks. (J.S.).

  10. Measurements of integrated components' parameters versus irradiation doses gamma radiation (60Co) dosimetry-methodology-tests

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fuan, J.

    1991-01-01

    This paper describes the methodology used for the irradiation of the integrated components and the measurements of their parameters, using Quality Insurance of dosimetry: - Measurement of the integrated dose using the competences of the Laboratoire Central des Industries Electriques (LCIE): - Measurement of irradiation dose versus source/component distance, using a calibrated equipment. - Use of ALANINE dosimeters, placed on the support of the irradiated components. - Assembly and polarization of components during the irradiations. Selection of the irradiator. - Measurement of the irradiated components's parameters, using the competences of the societies: - GenRad: GR130 tests equipement placed in the DEIN/SIR-CEN SACLAY. - Laboratoire Central des Industries Electriques (LCIE): GR125 tests equipment and this associated programmes test [fr

  11. Introduction : sur les traces de Julian Pitt-Rivers en Andalousie

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Antoinette Molinié

    2008-07-01

    Full Text Available Je voudrais avant tout remercier Françoise Pitt-Rivers de l’honneur et de la confiance faits au Laboratoire d’ethnologie et de sociologie comparative en attribuant à la Bibliothèque Éric-de-Dampierre et à sa directrice Marie-Dominique Mouton la responsabilité des archives de son époux. Cette acquisition a permis d’ouvrir des perspectives nouvelles à la construction d’un véritable objet ethnologique à partir d’archives ethnographiques, soit le projet essentiel de notre programme d’aci. Nous a...

  12. Electrohydrodynamics: a high-voltage direct energy conversion process; L'electrohydrodynamique: Un procede de conversion directe d'energie a haute tension

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brun, S [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-04-15

    This analysis consists of a theoretical and practical study of a high-tension electrical power generator based on the Van de Graaff generator principle, the main difference being that the charges produced are transported by a gas in motion and not by a belt. The electrical and thermal properties of such a generator are studied, as well as the difficult problem of the production of the ionised particles used in the conversion. A certain number of results already published on this process for converting kinetic energy into electrical energy is given, as well as some possible applications in the field of space technology. (author) [French] Cette analyse est une etude theorique et pratique d'un generateur de puissance electrique a haute tension, base sur le principe du generateur Van de Graaff, la difference principale etant que les charges produites sont transportees pur un gaz en mouvement et non par une courroie. Les proprietes electriques et thermiques d'un tel generateur sont etudiees ainsi que le probleme delicat de la production des particules ionisees utilisees dans la conversion. Un certain nombre de resultats publies sur ce procede de conversion d'energie cinetique en energie electrique sont reproduits, ainsi que les applications possibles aux problemes spatiaux. (auteur)

  13. Audit on modalities of assessment of gross claims for the calculation of provisions of deconstruction of currently operated EDF reactors. Report synthesis, August 4, 2015

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2015-01-01

    Based on data provided by EDF, this report presents hypotheses, calculation methods and analyses regarding modalities of assessment of provisions for the deconstruction of EDF reactors. After a presentation of the EDF PWR fleet, an overview of dismantling activities at the world scale, a discussion of accounting provisions, a presentation of the audit methodology and limitations, the authors report an analysis of deconstruction costs through the case of Dampierre (dismantling strategy, planning, engineering expenses, site-related expenses, dismantling costs, demolition costs, waste management cost). They propose a comparison at the international level, discuss an extrapolation to the whole fleet, evoke a risk analysis, and presents their conclusion for the global assessment

  14. Pop / Priit Hõbemägi

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Hõbemägi, Priit, 1957-

    2008-01-01

    Heliplaatidest: Tony Joe White "Deep Cuts", Ray LaMontagne "Gossip In The Grain", Mogwai "The Hawk Is Howling", Kaiser Chiefs "Off With Their Heads", Static-X "Cannibal Killers Live", Hector Zazou "Corps Electriques", Hector Zazou & Swara "In the House of Mirrors", "Ladyhawke", "Friendly Fires"

  15. activit secondaire* du programme acca la cdp 12, cdp/rdp 2

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    freelance

    5.3. But et objectifs spécifiques de la stratégie de Partage des Risques ... EEEAO : Echange d'Energie Electrique en Afrique de l'Ouest. FAO: Food and Agriculture ...... 95 000 pour son noyau central) sur les deux rives du Delta du fleuve.

  16. High security ion-lithium batteries with rapid recharge for the terrestrial transport and energy storage; Batteries de type ion-lithium de haute securite a recharge rapide pour le transport terrestre et le stockage d'energie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zaghib, Karim; Dontigny, M.; Charest, P.; Guerfi, A.; Trotier, J.; Mathieu, M.C.; Zhu, W.; Petitclerc, M.; Veillette, R.; Serventi, A.; Hovington, P.; Lagace, M.; Trudeau, M.; Vijh, A.

    2010-09-15

    Electrical terrestrial transport is today a hub of innovation and growth for Hydro-Quebec. In the perspective of electrification of terrestrial transports, battery remains the critical factor of future success of rechargeable electrical vehicles. For nearly 20 years, Hydro-Quebec, via its research institute, has worked at developing battery material for the lithium-ion technology. Two types of Li-ion batteries have been developed: the energy battery and the power battery. [French] Le transport terrestre electrique est aujourd'hui un pole d'innovation et de croissance pour Hydro-Quebec. Dans la perspective de l'electrification des transports terrestres, la batterie demeure le facteur critique du succes futur des vehicules electriques rechargeables. Depuis pres de 20 ans, Hydro-Quebec, par le biais de son Institut de recherche, travaille au developpement de materiaux de batteries destinees a la technologie lithium-ion. Deux types de batteries Li-ion ont ete mises au point : la batterie d'energie et la batterie de puissance.

  17. Journal des Sciences Pour l'Ingénieur - Vol 12 (2010)

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT. M Pasquinelli, D Maestre, K Lagha, D Barakel, J Le Rouzo, C Alfonso, O Palais ... Modele electrique d'une pile a combustible « pem » pour utilisation electronique de puissance · EMAIL FULL TEXT EMAIL FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT.

  18. Eestis loodi CIGRE rahvuslik komitee / Raine Pajo

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Pajo, Raine, 1976-

    2005-01-01

    Rahvusvaheline Suurte Elektrisüsteemide Nõukogu (Conseil International des Grandes Reseaux Electriques) võttis 2005. a. septembris oma 54. liikmeks CIGRE Eesti Rahvusliku Komitee, mis koosneb kümnest kõrgepingealaga seotud asutusest ja ettevõttest. CIGRE eesmärk on arendada ning levitada elektrotehnilist kõrgepingealast oskusteavet

  19. Estimation of the energy needs; Estimation des besoins energetiques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ailleret, [Electricite de France (EDF), Dir. General des Etudes de Recherches, 75 - Paris (France)

    1955-07-01

    The present report draws up the balance on the present and estimable energy consumption for the next twenty years. The present energy comes mainly of the consumption of coal, oil products and essentially hydraulic electric energy. the market development comes essentially of the development the industrial activity and of new applications tributary of the cost and the distribution of the electric energy. To this effect, the atomic energy offers good industrial perspectives in complement of the energy present resources in order to answer the new needs. (M.B.) [French] Le present rapport dresse le bilan sur la consommation energetique actuelle et previsionnelle pour les vingt prochaines annees. L'energie actuelle provient principalement consommation de charbon, de produits petroliers et d'energie electrique essentiellement hydraulique. l'evolution du marche provient essentielement du developpement l'activite industriel et de nouvelles applications tributaire du cout et de la distribution de l'energie electrique. A cet effet, l'energie atomique offre de bonne perspectives industrielles en complement des sources actuelles energetiques afin de repondre aux nouveaux besoins. (M.B.)

  20. Production of nuclear graphite in France; Production de graphite nucleaire en France

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Legendre, P; Mondet, L [Societe Pechiney, 74 - Chedde (France); Arragon, Ph; Cornuault, P; Gueron, J; Hering, H [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1955-07-01

    The graphite intended for the construction of the reactors is obtained by the usual process: confection of a cake from coke of oil and tar, cooked (in a electric oven) then the product of cook is graphitized, also by electric heating. The use of the air transportation and the control of conditions cooking and graphitization have permitted to increase the nuclear graphite production as well as to better control their physical and mechanical properties and to reduce to the minimum the unwanted stains. (M.B.) [French] Le graphite destine a la construction des reacteurs est obtenu par le procede usuel: confection d'une pate a partir de coke de petrole et de brai, cuisson de cette pate (au four electrique) puis graphitation du produit cuit, egalement par chauffage electrique. L'usage du transport pneumatique et le controle des conditions cuisson et de graphitation ont permit d'augmenter la production de graphite nucleaire ainsi que de mieux controler ses proprietes physiques et mecaniques et de reduire au minimum les souillures accidentelles. (M.B.)

  1. Which follow-up by the CLIs for the 3. decennial inspections?

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rollinger, Francois; Delalonde, Jean-Claude; Rousseau, Jean-Marie; Paulmaz, Xavier; Junker, R.; Sene, M.; Hubert, F.; Paulmaz, X.; Tindillere, M.; Lheureux, Y.

    2010-11-01

    This document contains contributions presented by representatives of the IRSN, EDF and CLIs. The first session addressed issues related to decennial inspections. The contributions proposed a presentation of the safety re-examination of EDF 900 MWe reactors at the occasion of the 3. decennial inspections, a presentation of IRSN works on skill management in electric power production nuclear plants (CNPEs), a presentation (by EDF) of these 3. decennial inspections, a presentation (by the Fessenheim CLI) of the implementation of the 3. decennial inspection in Fessenheim, and a discussion by the Blayais CLI of follow-up perspectives after a decennial inspection. The second session addressed issues not related to decennial inspections. It contains two presentations respectively made by the Gravelines CLI (an analysis of significant safety events) and Dampierre CLI (problematic of skill management in CNPEs)

  2. Study of current instabilities in high resistivity gallium arsenide; Etude des instabilites de courant dans l'arseniure de gallium de haute resistivite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Barraud, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    We have shown the existence and made a study of the current oscillations produced in high-resistivity gallium arsenide by a strong electric field. The oscillations are associated with the slow travelling of a region of high electrical field across the whole sample. An experimental study of the properties of these instabilities has made it possible for us to distinguish this phenomenon from the Gunn effect, from acoustic-electric effects and from contact effects. In order to account for this type of instability, a differential trapping mechanism involving repulsive impurities is proposed; this mechanism can reduce the concentration of charge carriers in the conduction band at strong electrical fields and can lead to the production of a high-field domain. By developing this model qualitatively we have been able to account for all the properties of high-resistance gallium arsenide crystals subjected to a strong electrical field: increase of the Hall constant, existence of a voltage threshold for these oscillations, production of domains of high field, low rate of propagation of these domains, and finally the possibility of inverting the direction of the propagation of the domain without destroying the latter. A quantitative development of the model makes it possible to calculate the various characteristic parameters of these instabilities. Comparison with experiment shows that there is a good agreement, the small deviations coming especially from the lack of knowledge concerning transport properties in gallium arsenide subjected to high fields. From a study of this model, it appears that the instability phenomenon can occur over a wide range of repulsive centre concentrations, and also for a large range of resistivities. This is the reason why it appears systematically in gallium arsenide of medium and high resistivity. (authors) [French] Nous avons mis en evidence et etudie des oscillations de courant qui se produisent a champ electrique eleve dans l'arseniure de

  3. Gestion des déchets d'équipements électriques et électroniques ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    La gestion des Déchets d'Equipements Electriques et Electroniques (DEEE) est un défi pour le Sénégal. Leur quantité augmente rapidement et leur gestion informelle expose l'environnement et les acteurs aux risques liés aux substances toxiques qu'ils contiennent. L'étude vise à déterminer les caractéristiques des ...

  4. Cycle for fuel elements. Uranium production, programs for nuclear power stations and capital expenditure involved; Cycles de combustibles. Production d'uranium, programme de centrales electriques et effort financier correspondant

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andriot, J; Gaussens, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1958-07-01

    naturel-graphite, - filiere uranium naturel-eau lourde, - filiere uranium enrichi-eau legere pressurisee. Tout programme apparaitra donc comme une combinaison des trois programmes simples precedents. On s'est attache en outre a examiner les consequences du recyclage du plutonium dans les diverses filieres. Les puissances electriques installees et les capacites des usines situees en amont ou en aval etant ainsi calculees, on a essaye ensuite de chiffrer le montant des investissements qui serait necessaire pendant les quinze annees en cause pour mettre en place les programmes envisages. Les resultats sont presentes sous la forme d'un echeancier d'investissements. Cette presentation nous semble en effet interessante compte tenu des disponibilites non illimitees en capitaux de la France dans les prochaines annees. (auteur)

  5. Electronic analogue simulator of radio cardiograms; Simulateur analogique electronique de radiocardiogrammes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Roux, G; Lansiart, A; Vernejoul, P de; Kellershohn, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-07-01

    The various parameters of the heart pump and of the blood circulation can be determined by radio-cardio-graphical techniques. The curves thus obtained can be more easily used in radiocardiography if the electronic analogue simulator described here is employed. The experimental and simulated radio-cardiograms are made to coincide by varying the electrical parameters of the simulator. Using simple charts it is possible to obtain directly the actual original physiological parameters from these electrical parameters. Some examples are given showing the excellent accuracy obtained in the determination of ejection indices by the simulator. (authors) [French] Les differents parametres de la pompe cardiaque et de la circulation sanguine peuvent etre determines par les techniques de radiocardiographie. L'exploitation des courbes obtenues en radiocardiographie est rendue plus aisee par l'utilisation du simulateur analogique electronique presente ici. Le radiocardiogramme experimental et le radiocardiogramme simule sont superposes en agissant sur les parametre electriques du simulateur. Par l'utilisation d'abaques simples, ces parametres electriques permettent de retrouver directement les parametres reels d'origine physiologique. Quelques exemples sont donnes montrant l'excellente precision obtenue dans la determination des indices d'ejection a l'aide du simulateur. (auteurs)

  6. In-pile experimental device for Sirene thermionic converters; Dispositif d'experimentation en pile des convertisseurs thermoioniques sirene

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bliaux, J; Durand, J; Lazare-Chopard, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    The irradiation device described here, was built for in pile life tests of 100 We SIRENE converters. The nuclear converter is located in a sealed vacuum chamber, which is plugged at the lower end of a coaxial tubing acting as electrical leads. The output power is available on a variable resistive load on the bank of the reactor pool. Thermal, electrical and neutronic parameters of the converter are recorded. Since 1967, two permanent devices allowed five experiments in the swimming pool TRITON (CEN-FAR) and the results, obtained till now, are presented. (authors) [French] Le dispositif d'irradiation SIRENE decrit ici a ete concu en vue d'une etude statistique de performances de convertisseurs thermoioniques nucleaires de puissance unitaire 100 We. Le dispositif doit assurer la bonne marche du convertisseur en pile, permettre le changement de la position verticale du convertisseur dans le coeur, sortir du coeur la puissance electrique convertie sans degradation notable et enregistrer les differents parametres thermiques, electriques et neutroniques du convertisseur. Depuis 1967, deux dispositifs fonctionnent en permanence et ont permis de faire cinq experiences dans le reacteur piscine TRITON du CEN-FAR. Les resultats obtenus jusqu'a present, sont presentes. (auteurs)

  7. Data acquisition and processing on T.F.R. using a minicomputer

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hennion, F.; Idmtal, J.; Touche, J.

    1975-01-01

    Certain experimental TFR data are digitalized and may be acquired by a Telemecanique Electrique T 2000 computer. These data are stored on magnetic tapes and can be treated on line. The signals from direct measurements or calculation results are plotted on a visual display screen located on the experimental site, which means that the main parameters of the experiment can be known immediately after the collision [fr

  8. Nuclear safety and radiation protection report of Dampierre-En-Burly nuclear facilities - 2012

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2013-01-01

    This safety report was established in accordance with articles L. 125-15 and L. 125-16 of the French environmental code. It presents, first, the NPPs (INBs no. 84 and 85). Then, the nuclear safety and radiation protection measures taken regarding the facilities are reviewed: nuclear safety definition, radiation protection of intervening parties, safety and radiation protection improvement paths, crisis management, external and internal controls, technical situation of facilities, administrative procedures in progress. The incidents and accidents which occurred in 2012, if any, are reported as well as the radioactive and non-radioactive effluents discharge in the environment. Finally, the radioactive materials and wastes generated by the facility are presented (type of waste, quantities, conditioning process). The document concludes with a presentation of the actions of communication and public information made by the direction of the facility. A glossary and the list of recommendations from the Committees for health, safety and working conditions are given in appendix. (J.S.)

  9. Compilation of the calculation elements of the electronic equipments reliability; Recueil des elements de calcul de la fiabilite des equipements electroniques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lefevre, R.; D' Harcourt, A.; Dupuy, G. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    calcul permettent d'organiser l'exploitation (disponibilite) et la maintenance (personnel, stock de composants) du materiel. Les taux de defaillance fournis par le present recueil sont afferents uniquement a la periode de vie utile des composants et ne correspondent pas par consequent a des defaillances precoces. (auteurs)

  10. Browse Title Index

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Vol 1, No 1 (2001), Mise en évidence d'un optimum de fines dans les sables ô béton: Exemple d'un sable des dunes de la région de Dakar ( Sénégal), Abstract. IK Cissé, M ... Vol 12 (2010), Modele electrique d'une pile a combustible « pem » pour utilisation electronique de puissance, Abstract. I Sadli, S Raël, B Davat, ...

  11. Study of transient states in thermo-ionic converters; Etude des regimes transitoires des convertisseurs thermoioniques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Landrot, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, 91 - Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    In order to control a thermo-ionic reactor, it is necessary to know the dynamic influence of four fundamental parameters: the injected thermal power, the electrical charge resistance, the temperature of the cesium and the thermal exchange coefficient of the collector cooling circuit. The principles of the thermo-ionic converter are briefly exposed. The over-riding influence of the first two parameters is shown with the help of experimental static readings. These two parameters are then made to vary in turn. The laws of variation as a function of the time, of the electrical power produced and of the temperature of the various parts of the converter are deduced. (author) [French] Pour envisager le controle et la regulation d'un reacteur thermoionique, il est necessaire de connaitre l'influence dynamique de quatre parametres fondamentaux: puissance thermique injectee, resistance electrique de charge, temperature de cesium et coefficient d'echange thermique du circuit de refroidissement du collecteur. On rappelle brievement les principes du convertisseur thermoionique. A l'aide de releves statiques experimentaux, on montre l'influence preponderante des deux premiers parametres. On fait ensuite varier successivement ces deux parametres. On met en evidence les lois de variation en fonction du temps de la puissance electrique produite et de la temperature des differents points du convertisseur. (auteur)

  12. The electric comfort; Le confort electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2000-07-01

    In the framework of the public information on the electric power utilization in the household, Electricite De France presented on april-may at Paris Meeting, the possibilities and the advantages of the electric comfort. The concerned domains are: the electric cheating, the air-conditioning, the hot water, the lighting and the electric household appliances. Information on prices and statistical data on electric heating are also provided. (A.L.B.)

  13. Evaluation electric bicycles; Evaluation velos electriques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-10-01

    Leovelo service is the first measure in favor of the bicycle to control the air pollution and to conserve energy. It provides in the city of Clermont-Ferrand (France) a service of bicycle hiring. This document evaluates the project after two years of operating. It provides a technical evaluation (maintenance, equipment, financing) and also the socio-economic impacts. (A.L.B.)

  14. Chemical preventive remedies for steam generators fouling and tube support plate blockages

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alves Vieira, M.; Mayos, M.; Coquio, N.; Fourcroy, H.; Battesti, P.

    2010-01-01

    In 2006, EDF identified on several PWR units broached hole blockage on the upper Steam Generator (SG) Tube Support Plates (TSP). TSP blockage often occurs in association with secondary fouling. The units with copper alloys materials are more affected due the applied low pH 25 o C (9.20) all volatile treatment (AVT). Carbon steels materials are less protected against flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) and therefore more corrosion products enter the SGs through the final feed water (FFW). In parallel of chemical cleanings to remove oxides deposits in SGs, EDF has defined a strategy to improve operating conditions. It mainly relies on the removal of copper alloys materials to implement a high pH AVT (9.60) as a preventive remedy. However for some plants, copper alloys removal is not straightforward due to environmental constraints. EDF must indeed manage the implementation of a biocide treatment needed in closed loop cooling systems (as copper has a bacteriostatic effect on micro-organisms) and more generally must comply with discharge authorisations for chemical conditioning reagents or biocide reagent. An alternative conditioning was tested on the Dampierre 4 unit in 2007/2008 during 6 months to assess if operating at 9.40 was acceptable regarding the impacts on copper alloys materials. The perspective would be to implement it in the units where no biocide treatment can be applied on a short term. In parallel, other chemical conditionings or additives will be implemented or tested. First of all, EDF will carry out a trial test with APA in order to assess its efficiency on the removal of oxides deposits through SG blowdown. On the other hand, AVT with high pH ethanolamine (ETA) will be implemented as an alternative of ammonia and morpholine conditioning on some chosen plants. Ethanolamine is selected as a way to mitigate FAC kinetics in two-phase flow areas (reheaters or moisture heater separator) or to limit liquid releases. This paper provides the lessons of the

  15. Workshop on Design Loads for Advanced Fighters: Meeting of the Structures and Materials Panel of AGARD (64th) Held in Madrid (Spain) on 27 April-1 May 1987.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1988-02-01

    artificial intelligence system. It is posited that combining such a system, referred to informally as "Guardian", with a system incorporating aircraft...Proceedings of the Aerospace Medical Association Annual Scientific Meeting, 1976. 13. Van Patten, R. E. Current research on an artificial intelligence ...avions qui l’ont suivi (MIRAGE 4000, MIR. III NG et RAFALE) avec leur syst~me de commande de vol electrique et leur stabilite artificielle , a achev

  16. Cycle for fuel elements. Uranium production, programs for nuclear power stations and capital expenditure involved; Cycles de combustibles. Production d'uranium, programme de centrales electriques et effort financier correspondant

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andriot, J.; Gaussens, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1958-07-01

    'une des trois filieres suivantes: - filiere uranium naturel-graphite, - filiere uranium naturel-eau lourde, - filiere uranium enrichi-eau legere pressurisee. Tout programme apparaitra donc comme une combinaison des trois programmes simples precedents. On s'est attache en outre a examiner les consequences du recyclage du plutonium dans les diverses filieres. Les puissances electriques installees et les capacites des usines situees en amont ou en aval etant ainsi calculees, on a essaye ensuite de chiffrer le montant des investissements qui serait necessaire pendant les quinze annees en cause pour mettre en place les programmes envisages. Les resultats sont presentes sous la forme d'un echeancier d'investissements. Cette presentation nous semble en effet interessante compte tenu des disponibilites non illimitees en capitaux de la France dans les prochaines annees. (auteur)

  17. Preventive acid chemical cleaning operation (PACCO) on steam generator in French nuclear power plants

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Traino, Jules; Ruiz Martinez, Jose Thomas; Rottner, Bernard; Vedova, Eric

    2014-01-01

    Steam Generators (SG) usually present important deposit loading and Tube Support Blockage, resulting from Secondary Side corrosion products. These phenomena modify SG behavior which can lead to safety, heat exchange performance and lifetime problems. In this context, a Chemical Cleaning Process (PACCO) was designed to solve the issue. After almost two years of intensive lab tests, pilot simulation and mock-ups, the chemical process was finally qualified by EDF. The aim of the work was firstly the development in laboratory of a chemical process that could eliminate partially the deposit loading, respecting the integrity of materials and gas emission limits. Secondly, the objective was the design and the implementation of the process on-site. The process has been applied successfully in 3 SG in Dampierre nuclear power plant in France on July 2013. The main results were: - Corrosion < 100 μm. - 40% of the initial deposit loading, removed by SG. (authors)

  18. LES DEFAILLANCES AFFECTANT LA QUALITE DE L'AUDIT : UNE ETUDE QUALITATIVE SUR LE MARCHE FRANÇAIS

    OpenAIRE

    Mouna Hazgui; Riadh Manita; Christine Pochet

    2010-01-01

    International audience; The “Haut Conseil du Commissariat Aux Comptes”, was created in 2003 in reaction to the financial scandals lived before 2001 (Enron, Worldcom, Vivendi) and in the middle of the crisis of confidence which knew the market in audit reports. After approximately 6 years of the H3C activity, it is important to review the results of its investigations. Indeed, one of the means to improve the audit quality is to identify the weaknesses and the insufficiencies which reduce this ...

  19. Nuclear safety and radiation protection report of the Dampierre-en-Burly nuclear facilities - 2013

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2014-01-01

    This safety report was established in accordance with articles L. 125-15 and L. 125-16 of the French environmental code. It presents, first, the NPPs (INBs no. 84 and 85). Then, the nuclear safety and radiation protection measures taken regarding the facilities are reviewed: nuclear safety definition, radiation protection of intervening parties, safety and radiation protection improvement paths, crisis management, external and internal controls, technical situation of facilities, administrative procedures in progress. The incidents and accidents which occurred in 2013, if any, are reported as well as the radioactive and non-radioactive effluents discharge in the environment. Finally, the radioactive materials and wastes generated by the facility are presented (type of waste, quantities, conditioning process). The document concludes with a presentation of the actions of communication and public information made by the direction of the facility. A glossary and the list of recommendations from the Committees for health, safety and working conditions are given in appendix

  20. Nuclear safety and radiation protection report of the Dampierre-en-Burly nuclear facilities - 2014

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2015-01-01

    This safety report was established in accordance with articles L. 125-15 and L. 125-16 of the French environmental code. It presents, first, the NPPs (INBs no. 84 and 85). Then, the nuclear safety and radiation protection measures taken regarding the facilities are reviewed: nuclear safety definition, radiation protection of intervening parties, safety and radiation protection improvement paths, crisis management, external and internal controls, technical situation of facilities, administrative procedures in progress. The incidents and accidents which occurred in 2014, if any, are reported as well as the radioactive and non-radioactive effluents discharge in the environment. Finally, the radioactive materials and wastes generated by the facility are presented (type of waste, quantities, conditioning process). The document concludes with a presentation of the actions of communication and public information made by the direction of the facility. A glossary and the list of recommendations from the Committees for health, safety and working conditions are given in appendix

  1. Study of transient states in thermo-ionic converters; Etude des regimes transitoires des convertisseurs thermoioniques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Landrot, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, 91 - Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    In order to control a thermo-ionic reactor, it is necessary to know the dynamic influence of four fundamental parameters: the injected thermal power, the electrical charge resistance, the temperature of the cesium and the thermal exchange coefficient of the collector cooling circuit. The principles of the thermo-ionic converter are briefly exposed. The over-riding influence of the first two parameters is shown with the help of experimental static readings. These two parameters are then made to vary in turn. The laws of variation as a function of the time, of the electrical power produced and of the temperature of the various parts of the converter are deduced. (author) [French] Pour envisager le controle et la regulation d'un reacteur thermoionique, il est necessaire de connaitre l'influence dynamique de quatre parametres fondamentaux: puissance thermique injectee, resistance electrique de charge, temperature de cesium et coefficient d'echange thermique du circuit de refroidissement du collecteur. On rappelle brievement les principes du convertisseur thermoionique. A l'aide de releves statiques experimentaux, on montre l'influence preponderante des deux premiers parametres. On fait ensuite varier successivement ces deux parametres. On met en evidence les lois de variation en fonction du temps de la puissance electrique produite et de la temperature des differents points du convertisseur. (auteur)

  2. Study of the thermoelectric properties of Pb{sub (1-x)} Sn{sub x} Te; Contribution a l'etude des proprietes thermoelectriques de solutions Pb{sub (1-x)}Sn{sub x} Te

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Borde, D [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-04-15

    The present work concerns the study of the electrical properties (thermoelectric power, electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient) of PbTe and SnTe crystals and of solid polycrystalline solutions of Pb{sub 1-x} Sn{sub x} Te (0.1 < x < 0.6) between 80 and 800 deg. K. From the temperature dependence of these properties and the effect of the addition, it has been possible to characterize the semiconductor nature of these solutions, and to approach their band structure; in particular the forbidden gap behaviour in these solutions has been analyzed and evidence for the existence of a double valence band has been obtained. (author) [French] Le present travail est relatif a l'etude des proprietes electriques, en particulier du pouvoir thermoelectrique de la resistivite electrique et du coefficient de Hall, de cristaux PbTe et SnTe, et de solutions solides polycristallines Pb{sub 1-x} Sn{sub x} Te (0,1 {<=} x {<=} 0,6) entre 80 et 800 deg. K. La variation de ces proprietes avec la temperature, ainsi que l'effet de l'addition de Sn sur celles-ci, ont permis de preciser le caractere semiconducteur de ces solutions, et contribue a la determination de leur structure de bandes, en particulier le comportement de la bande interdite dans ces solutions a ete analyse et l'existence d'une double bande de valence mise en evidence. (auteur)

  3. Converters and electric machines. Solid insulating materials. Electrical characteristics; Convertisseurs et machines electriques. Materiaux isolants solides. Caracteristiques electriques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anton, A. [Institut National Superieur de Chimie Industrielle, 76 - Rouen (France)

    2003-08-01

    The aim of this article is to allow a preselection of a solid insulating material using the most common electrical characteristics: tangent of the loss angle, relative permittivity, dielectric rigidity, superficial resistivity, transverse resistivity, resistance to high voltage creeping spark currents, index of creeping resistance. The characteristics of the main solid insulating materials are presented in tables for: thermoplastics, thermosetting materials, natural insulating materials, mineral insulating materials, rubber and synthetic elastomers, stratified insulating materials, thermoplastic films, composite synthetic papers. A comparison is made between the different materials using the three properties: tangent of the loss angle, relative permittivity and resistance to HV spark creeping currents. (J.S.)

  4. IRSN-ANCCLI partnership. IRSN-ANCCLI seminar on decennial inspections of 900 MWe reactors - November 2010

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rollinger, Francois; Delalonde, Jean-Claude; Hubert, F.; Paulmaz, X.; Tindillere, M.; Lheureux, Y.; Junker, R.; Sene, M.

    2010-11-01

    This seminar addressed the commitment of local information commissions (CLI) in the analysis and follow-up of the third decennial inspections of the French 900 MWe nuclear reactors. A first session addressed topics directly related to these inspections. Contributions proposed under the form of Power Point presentations by experts and representatives of the IRSN, EDF and CLIs addressed the following issues: safety re-examination of EDF 900 MWe reactors at the occasion of the third decennial inspection, activities of the IRSN related to skill management in nuclear power stations, implementation of the third decennial inspection of the unit 1 of the Fessenheim nuclear power station, the issue of follow-up by a local information commission after a decennial inspection. A second session addressed topics not related to decennial inspections and were proposed by Gravelines and Dampierre local information commissions: analysis of significant safety events, issues of skill management in nuclear power stations

  5. Assessment of subcriticality during PWR-type reactor refueling; Evaluation de la sous-criticite lors des operations de chargement d'un reacteur nucleaire REP

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Verdier, A

    2005-04-15

    During the core loading period of a PWR, any fuel assembly misplacements may significantly reduce the existing criticality margin. The Dampierre 4-18 event showed the present monitoring based on the variations of the outside-core detector counting rate cannot detect such misplacements. In order to circumvent that, a more detailed analysis of the available signal was done. We particularly focused on the neutronic noise analysis methods such as MSM (modified source multiplication), MSA (amplified source multiplication), Rossi-{alpha} and Feynman-{alpha} methods. The experimental part of our work was dedicated to the application of those methods to a research reactor. Finally, our results showed that those methods cannot be used with the present PWR instrumentation. Various detector positions were then studied using Monte Carlo calculations capable of following the neutron origin. Our results showed that the present technology does not allow us to use any solution based on neutron detection for monitoring core loading. (author)

  6. PROCEDE DE GESTION DENERGIE DUN VEHICULE ELECTRIQUE

    OpenAIRE

    Granato , Giovanni; Zidani , Hasnaa

    2013-01-01

    L'invention se rapporte à un procédé de gestion d'énergie pour un véhicule électrique, comprenant un calculateur, un moteur électrique, une batterie électrique et un moteur thermique d'appoint utilisant un carburant et conçu pour aider la batterie à faire fonctionner ledit moteur électrique. La principale caractéristique d'un procédé selon l'invention est qu'il comprend les étapes suivantes : - une étape de sélection d'un trajet compris entre un point de départ et un point de destination, - u...

  7. Computing Services and Assured Computing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2006-05-01

    fighters’ ability to execute the mission.” Computing Services 4 We run IT Systems that: provide medical care pay the warfighters manage maintenance...users • 1,400 applications • 18 facilities • 180 software vendors • 18,000+ copies of executive software products • Virtually every type of mainframe and... chocs electriques, de branchez les deux cordons d’al imentation avant de faire le depannage P R IM A R Y SD A S B 1 2 PowerHub 7000 RST U L 00- 00

  8. Effect of a non lethal whole-body gamma irradiation on the spontaneous and evoked electroencephalographic activities of the adult rabbit; Effets d'une irradiation gamma globale non letale sur les activites electroencephalograpiques spontanees et evoquees du lapin adulte

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Court, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    The whole of the experimental methods described (animal preparation, achievement of a precise physiological technique, dosimetry, biological information processing) allowed us to follow the changes for 15 days in the spontaneous and evoked electroencephalogram activities of rabbits submitted to a non-lethal 400 rads whole-body gamma-irradiation. Behavioural troubles, changes in the arousal state and the spontaneous electrical activity of the neo-cortex and hippocampus were noticed constantly together with an enhanced cortical excitability, and the appearance of elements of the paroxystic series sometimes in contrast with a general decrease in amplitude. After a visual stimulus the general morphology of evoked activities at the level of the primary visual areas and hippocampus was unchanged, but enhanced latencies and delays, less systematic modifications in amplitudes seemed to show out a direct effect of radiations on the nervous system and sensorial activities; these troubles seemed to occur independently from the basic electrical activity. As a whole, the changes observed were usually transitory and varied with each individual. Finally an assumption is made to explain the mechanism of arousal troubles and the general evolution of spontaneous electrical activity in the brain. (author) [French] 'L'ensemble des methodes experimentales decrites (preparation des animaux, mise au point d'une technique physiologique precise, dosimetrie, traitement de l'information biologique) a permis de suivre, pendant 15 jours, chez le lapin soumis a une irradiation gamma globale non letale de 400 rads, les modifications des activites electroencephaliques spontanees et evoquees. De facon constante, on note des troubles du comportement, des modifications de la vigilance et de l'activite electrique spontanee du neo-cortex et de l'hippocampe, ainsi qu'une augmentation de l'excitabilite corticale, l'apparition d'elements de la serie paroxystique contrastant parfois avec une diminution

  9. Computer-assisted training in the thermal production department

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Felgines, R.

    1985-01-01

    For many years now, in the United States and Canada, computer-assisted training (CAT) experiments have been carried out in various fields: general or professional education, student testing in universities. This method seems very promising and particularly for continuing education and for keeping industrial process operating and maintenance personnel abreast of their specialities. Thanks to the progress in data processing and remote processing with central computers, this technique is being developed in France for professional training applications. Faced with many training problems, the Thermal Production Department of EDF (Electricite de France) first conducted in 1979 a test involving a limited subset of the nuclear power station operating personnel; this course amounted to some ten hours with very limited content. It seemed promising enough, so that in 1981, a real test was launched at 4 PWR plants: DAMPIERRE, FESSENHEIM, GRAVELINES, TRICASTIN. This test which involves about 700 employees has been fruitful and we decided to generalise this system to all the French nuclear power plants (40 units of 900 and 1300 MW). (author)

  10. Improvements in the electromechanical conversion of energy using shock waves; Contribution a la conversion d'energie electromecanique par onde de choc

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Landure, Yves

    1971-10-21

    This report concerns the electrical mechanical conversion. In this study it was obtained by the depolarization of a ferroelectric ceramic. We are particularly interested by the high electrical horse-power. Shock wave which produces depolarization is created by a gun powder. The speed of the projectile is measured and the pressures generated in the ceramic is determined graphically. The energy freed is released on a linear resistive load. We were able to prove by different parameters how to obtain the maximum electrical energy. On a resistive load of 26 ohms, it was freed 0,91 J/cm{sup 3} in less than 0,5 μs corresponding to an electrical horse-power superior to 2 MW/cm{sup 3}. (author) [French] Ce rapport concerne la conversion d'energie electro-mecanique. Dans cette etude elle est obtenue par la depolarisation d'une ceramique ferro-electrique. Nous nous sommes interesses tout particulierement aux fortes puissances. L'onde de pression produisant la depolarisation est creee par l'impact d'un projectile lance par un canon a poudre. La vitesse du projectile est mesuree et la pression engendree dans la ceramique est determinee graphiquement. L'energie liberee est recueillie sur une impedance de charge lineaire. On a pu mettre en evidence differents parametres permettant d'obtenir l'energie electrique maximale. Sur une charge resistive de 26 ohms, il a ete libere 0,91 j/cm{sup 3} en moins de 0,5 μs, soit une puissance superieure a 2 MW/cm{sup 3}. (auteur)

  11. DISCRETION MAGNETIQUE DES MACHINES ELECTRIQUES DE PROPULSION NAVALE

    OpenAIRE

    Froidurot , Benoît

    2002-01-01

    For about ten years, electrical machines have been commonly used in naval propulsion systems for civilian applications. This is mainly due to new magnetic materials (magnets...) and power drive electronic, which increase the performances of the machines. This kind of propulsion is planed to be implemented on military ships. However, some constraints of discretion make this propulsion require specific systems for the ship security. This study is then dedicted to the magnetic discretion of nava...

  12. Les brulures electriques chez les voleurs de cuivre

    Science.gov (United States)

    Belmir, R.; Fejjal, N.; Achbouk, H.; El Mazouz, S.; Gharib, N.; Abassi, A.; Belmahi, A.

    2011-01-01

    Summary Les vols de biens fabriqués avec le cuivre semblent en hausse depuis un certain temps du fait de son prix élevé de revente, ce qui est à l’origine d’une augmentation du nombre d’accidents électriques par haut voltage (AEHV) qui sont graves du fait des brûlures profondes qu’elles provoquent le long des axes vasculo-nerveux. Les Auteurs rapportent une série de neuf cas d’AEHV traités au service de chirurgie plastique et de brûlés de l’Hôpital Ibn Sina de Rabat, Maroc, à travers laquelle ils étudient les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques. La population intéressée était jeune et active. Les brûlures étaient secondaires à un contact avec des câbles à haute tension lors de tentatives de vol par arrachement de conducteurs en cuivre dans les transformateurs dans 67% des cas, et lors de tentatives de coupure de caténaires alimentant les trains électriques sur le réseau ferroviaire dans 33% des cas. Le traitement des lésions électrothermiques a nécessité des interventions itératives avec amputation et désarticulation des segments de membres nécrosés dans 66% des cas, dont les suites étaient marquées par des séquelles fonctionnelles invalidantes. La prévention de ce type d’AEHV reste fondamentale. PMID:22262961

  13. Technology, environmental protection and economic efficiency. Cables at the Cigre 2010 in Paris; Technik, Umwelt und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Kabeltechnik auf der Cigre 2010 in Paris

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wiznerowicz, Fred [Fachhochschule Hannover (Germany)

    2010-12-13

    Cigre (Conseil International des Grands Reseaux Electriques), founded in 1921, today has about 6,000 members in 90 countries. Their work is reflected in international standards. In consequence, the work of the Cigre is very important for the electric power industry and the public utilities. The 43th Cigre was held in Paris in late August 2010, with an attendance of more than 3,000. The German delegation consisted of more than 220 experts. The conference provided an opportunity to exchange knowledge between the various sectors of power transmission, e.g. cables, overhead transmission lines, switching stations, and environmental aspects. (orig.)

  14. Electrical properties of airborne nanoparticles produced by a commercial spark-discharge generator

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bau, S., E-mail: sebastien.bau@inrs.fr; Witschger, O. [Laboratoire de Metrologie des Aerosols, Institut National de Recherche et de Securite, INRS (France); Gensdarmes, F. [IRSN, Laboratoire de Physique et de Metrologie des Aerosols, Institut de Radioprotection et de Surete Nucleaire (France); Thomas, D. [LSGC/CNRS, Nancy Universite, Laboratoire des Sciences du Genie Chimique (France); Borra, J.-P. [Equipe Decharges Electriques et Procedes Aerosols, Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas (France)

    2010-08-15

    A nanoparticle generator based on the principle of electrical discharge (PALAS GFG-1000) was used to produce nanoparticles of different chemical natures. The fractions of electrically neutral particles were then measured by means of a Spectrometre de Mobilite Electrique Circulaire (SMEC, i.e. radial-flow mobility analyzer) for different operating conditions. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical values calculated from the Fuchs extended charge equilibrium model for spherical particles and agglomerates. For the smallest particles (below 20 nm), the deviations observed remain below 10%, and tend towards 20% for larger particles (over 35 nm).

  15. Effect of a non lethal whole-body gamma irradiation on the spontaneous and evoked electroencephalographic activities of the adult rabbit; Effets d'une irradiation gamma globale non letale sur les activites electroencephalograpiques spontanees et evoquees du lapin adulte

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Court, L. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    The whole of the experimental methods described (animal preparation, achievement of a precise physiological technique, dosimetry, biological information processing) allowed us to follow the changes for 15 days in the spontaneous and evoked electroencephalogram activities of rabbits submitted to a non-lethal 400 rads whole-body gamma-irradiation. Behavioural troubles, changes in the arousal state and the spontaneous electrical activity of the neo-cortex and hippocampus were noticed constantly together with an enhanced cortical excitability, and the appearance of elements of the paroxystic series sometimes in contrast with a general decrease in amplitude. After a visual stimulus the general morphology of evoked activities at the level of the primary visual areas and hippocampus was unchanged, but enhanced latencies and delays, less systematic modifications in amplitudes seemed to show out a direct effect of radiations on the nervous system and sensorial activities; these troubles seemed to occur independently from the basic electrical activity. As a whole, the changes observed were usually transitory and varied with each individual. Finally an assumption is made to explain the mechanism of arousal troubles and the general evolution of spontaneous electrical activity in the brain. (author) [French] 'L'ensemble des methodes experimentales decrites (preparation des animaux, mise au point d'une technique physiologique precise, dosimetrie, traitement de l'information biologique) a permis de suivre, pendant 15 jours, chez le lapin soumis a une irradiation gamma globale non letale de 400 rads, les modifications des activites electroencephaliques spontanees et evoquees. De facon constante, on note des troubles du comportement, des modifications de la vigilance et de l'activite electrique spontanee du neo-cortex et de l'hippocampe, ainsi qu'une augmentation de l'excitabilite corticale, l'apparition d'elements de la serie

  16. Applications of electrical resistivity measurements to research into the purification of uranium using floating molten zone by electronic bombardment; Applications des mesures de resistivite electrique a l'etude de la purification de l'uranium par fusion de zone flottante par bombardement electronique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pascal, J L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-02-01

    un examen micrographique, des mesures de microdurete et des essais de recristallisation secondaire, a permis d'apprecier le nouveau degre de purete de l'uranium obtenu. L'examen de ce degre de purete a ete poursuivi par des mesures de resistivite electrique a 20 deg. K. Mais on a du tenir compte dans l'interpretation de ces mesures, de l'anisotropie de resistivite de l'uranium {alpha} a 20 deg. C et de l'influence de l'etat structural sur la resistivite residuelle. Ces mesures ont conduit, en determinant les resistivires de monocristaux d'uranium {alpha}, a distinguer les resistivites principales suivant les axes [100] et [010]. (auteur)

  17. Study of the injection of plasma into a magnetic field of double curvature geometry; Etude de l'injection de plasma dans un champ magnetique a double courbure

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lasry, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-06-15

    An hydrogen plasma puff is injected along the lines of a magnetic field with a double curvature geometry. The plasma is produced by a coaxial gun with an annular preionization system. It is shown theoretically that the electric drift of the plasma can be cancelled if a depolarizing current flows along the field lines towards a region of good transverse conductivity. The experiment shows that in these conditions the curvature drift of the ions of the plasma may be used as a very efficient process to purify the fast component of the plasma puff. The depolarizing electron currents are measured and the mutual cancellation of the electric fields developing into the oppositely curved region is demonstrated to be possible. The current densities agree with the values deduced of the curvature drift of the ions. (author) [French] Un plasma d'hydrogene est injecte le long des lignes de force d'un champ magnetique a double courbure. Le plasma est produit par un canon coaxial a preionisation annulaire. Il est montre theoriquement que la derive electrique du plasma peut etre annulee si un courant de depolarisation circule le long des lignes de force vers une region de conductivite transversale elevee. L'experience montre que dans ces conditions, la derive de courbure des ions peut etre utilisee comme un moyen efficace de purification de la composante rapide du plasma. Les courants electroniques de depolarisation sont mesures et l'annulation mutuelle des champs electriques se developpant dans les regions de courbures opposees est demontree. Les densites de courant sont en accord avec les valeurs deduites de la derive de courbure des ions. (auteur)

  18. An intense plane-beam ion source (1963); Source d'ions intense a faisceau plan (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Deicas, R; Valckx, F P.O. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    Experiments are described carried out on the cross-section of a Penning type ion source which is a prototype of the annular ion source intended for the M.M.I.I. device at the Fontenay-aux-Roses Nuclear Research Centre. It is shown that the existence or absence of a very strong concentration depends in particular on the magnetic geometry. With a suitable magnetic and electrical geometry it is possible to concentrate the discharge towards the slit and thus to increase considerably the electrical yield and the gas yield. In pulsed conditions, the current derived from this source can exceed 100 mA with a slit 20 cm long and 0.2 mm wide. The gas yield can attain 20 per cent. The main characteristics of the discharge and of the beam are examined. (authors) [French] On decrit les experiences faites sur une section droite d'une source d'ions type Penning, qui est un prototype pour une source d'ions annulaire, destine au dispositif M.M.I.I. au Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses. On montre que l'existence ou non d'un regime intense depend surtout de la geometrie magnetique. Avec une geometrie magnetique et electrique convenables on peut concentrer la decharge vers les levres et ainsi augmenter considerablement le rendement electrique et le rendement en gaz. En regime pulse le courant extrait de cette source peut depasser 100 mA avec une fente de 20 cm de long et 0. 2 mm de largeur. Le rendement en gaz peut atteindre 20 pour cent. On etudie les principales caracteristiques de la decharge et du faisceau. (auteurs)

  19. Nuclear facilities

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Anon.

    2002-01-01

    During September and October 2001, 15 events were recorded on the first grade and 1 on the second grade of the INES scale. The second grade event is in fact a re-classification of an incident that occurred on the second april 2001 at Dampierre power plant. This event happened during core refueling, a shift in the operation sequence led to the wrong positioning of 113 assemblies. A preliminary study of this event shows that this wrong positioning could have led, in other circumstances, to the ignition of nuclear reactions. Even in that case, the analysis made by EDF shows that the consequences on the staff would have been limited. Nevertheless a further study has shown that the existing measuring instruments could not have detected the power increase announcing the beginning of the chain reaction. The investigation has shown that there were deficiencies in the control of the successive operations involved in refueling. EDF has proposed a series of corrective measures to be implemented in all nuclear power plants. The other 15 events are described in the article. During this period 121 inspections have been made in nuclear facilities. (A.C.)

  20. Planification optimisee des reseaux electriques par la methode des ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    In this paper, the insertion of renewable power sources (wind, solar photovoltaic, hydroelectric) in an existing electrical system was planned by the method of genetic algorithms in real coding. The main objective of this planning is the optimization of production costs of these renewable energy sources and electric power ...

  1. Presentation of RTE results 2003; Bilan electrique francais 2003

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-07-01

    In 2003, RTE recorded a clear improvement in its financial results, and continued its debt reduction programme. The financial year 2003 was marked by a clear improvement in RTE's financial performance: results exceeded objectives, with turnover growing strongly, net income reached levels almost three times higher than those recorded in 2002, the economic rate of return rose to 7.1%, and debt was reduced by 470 Meuros. These results are explained by the substantial improvement in productivity, which has risen by 5% per year on average over the last three years. Net income has almost tripled due to RTE's improved productivity completed by a significant rise in its turnover and stabilizing operating costs RTE's finances therefore remain healthy, enabling the company to continue its debt reduction programme. Satisfactory economic and financial rates of return. Deadlines facing RTE in 2004: in application of the second European Directive, adopted on 26 June 2003, RTE faces two major deadlines in 2004: - the implementation of the 2. phase in the process of opening up the French electricity market, - its legal independence. On 1 July 2004, the market will be opened up to competition for all professional customers. At that date RTE, like all other electricity transmission system operators (TSOs) in the European Union, should be a legally independent body. The new central role of TSOs in Europe: how are electricity transmission system operators in other EU countries organised?.

  2. Models for the control of electric actuators (EGEM, electrical engineering series); Modeles pour la commande des actionneurs electriques (Traite EGEM, serie Genie electrique)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Louis, J.P.

    2004-07-01

    The modeling of a system to be automatized is a key step for the determination of the control laws because these laws are based on inverse models deduced from direct models. The ideal example is the DC actuator, the simpleness of which allows to directly shift from the modeling to the control law. For AC actuators, the modeling tools are based on the classical hypotheses: linearity, first harmonics, symmetry. They lead to very efficient models which allow to study the properties in dynamical and permanent regime of the most important actuators: synchronous motors, asynchronous motors, voltage inverters. Some extensions to other kind of machines which does not fulfill the classical hypotheses are also proposed: synchronous machines with non-sinusoidal field distribution and asynchronous machines in saturated regime. (J.S.)

  3. Optimum input leads for cryogenic apparatus; Optimisation des descentes de courant dans des enceintes cryogeniques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Der Nigohossian, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-02-15

    The electrical leads used to introduce a current into a cryostat cause a heat influx due to thermal conduction and to Joule heating. It is very important to be able to minimize this flux. Theoretical calculation of optimized leads takes into account the varying heat and electrical conductivities of the leads as well as the heat exchange coefficient with the effluent gas. Practical results have been summarized in different tables which permit for a specific material i.e. copper, aluminium, brass, stainless steel with the intensity and end temperatures being known (i.e. 4,2 or 18,5 deg. K at the cold end; 77,295 or 320 deg. K at the warm end) to deduce the minimum heat flow and the length-cross section ratio of the optimized leads. A general method is indicated, which would allow to solve the same problem for other materials. (author) [French] Les conducteurs electriques assurant la liaison d'appareillages situes dans des cryostats apportent tant par effet Joule que par conductibilite thermique une certaine quantite de chaleur qu'il est tres important de pouvoir minimiser. L'etude theorique de l'optimisation des descentes de courant tient compte des variations des conductibilites thermique et electrique ainsi que de l'influence des echanges avec le gaz. Pratiquement les resultats ont ete resumes dans differents tableaux ce qui permet, pour un materiau donne tel que cuivre, aluminium, laiton, acier inoxydable, connaissant l'intensite et les temperatures d'extremites 4,2 et 18,5 deg. K d'une part, et 77,295 et 330 deg. K d'autre part, de deduire la consommation minimale et le rapport longueur-section d'un conducteur optimise. Une methode generale est indiquee, qui permet de resoudre le probleme pour d'autres materiaux. (auteur)

  4. Developpement d'une methode calorimetrique de mesure des pertes ac pour des rubans supraconducteurs a haute temperature critique

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dolez, Patricia

    Le travail de recherche effectue dans le cadre de ce projet de doctorat a permis la mise au point d'une methode de mesure des pertes ac destinee a l'etude des supraconducteurs a haute temperature critique. Pour le choix des principes de cette methode, nous nous sommes inspires de travaux anterieurs realises sur les supraconducteurs conventionnels, afin de proposer une alternative a la technique electrique, presentant lors du debut de cette these des problemes lies a la variation du resultat des mesures selon la position des contacts de tension sur la surface de l'echantillon, et de pouvoir mesurer les pertes ac dans des conditions simulant la realite des futures applications industrielles des rubans supraconducteurs: en particulier, cette methode utilise la technique calorimetrique, associee a une calibration simultanee et in situ. La validite de la methode a ete verifiee de maniere theorique et experimentale: d'une part, des mesures ont ete realisees sur des echantillons de Bi-2223 recouverts d'argent ou d'alliage d'argent-or et comparees avec les predictions theoriques donnees par Norris, nous indiquant la nature majoritairement hysteretique des pertes ac dans nos echantillons; d'autre part, une mesure electrique a ete realisee in situ dont les resultats correspondent parfaitement a ceux donnes par notre methode calorimetrique. Par ailleurs, nous avons compare la dependance en courant et en frequence des pertes ac d'un echantillon avant et apres qu'il ait ete endommage. Ces mesures semblent indiquer une relation entre la valeur du coefficient de la loi de puissance modelisant la dependance des pertes avec le courant, et les inhomogeneites longitudinales du courant critique induites par l'endommagement. De plus, la variation en frequence montre qu'au niveau des grosses fractures transverses creees par l'endommagement dans le coeur supraconducteur, le courant se partage localement de maniere a peu pres equivalente entre les quelques grains de matiere

  5. Super titanium blades for advanced steam turbines

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Coulon, P.A.

    1990-01-01

    In 1986, the Alsthom Steam Turbines Department launched the manufacture of large titanium alloy blades: airfoil length of 1360 mm and overall length of 1520 mm. These blades are designed for the last-stage low pressure blading of advanced steam turbines operating at full speed (3000 rpm) and rating between 300 and 800 MW. Using titanium alloys for steam turbine exhaust stages as substitutes for chrome steels, due to their high strength/density ratio and their almost complete resistance to corrosion, makes it possible to increase the length of blades significantly and correspondingly that steam passage section (by up to 50%) with a still conservative stresses level in the rotor. Alsthom relies on 8 years of experience in the field of titanium, since as early as 1979 large titanium blades (airfoil length of 1240 mm, overall length of 1430 mm) were erected for experimental purposes on the last stage of a 900 MW unit of the Dampierre-sur-Loire power plant and now totals 45,000 operating hours without problems. The paper summarizes the main properties (chemical, mechanical and structural) recorded on very large blades and is based in particular on numerous fatigue corrosion test results to justify the use of the Ti 6 Al 4 V alloy in a specific context of micrographic structure

  6. Variable speed electrical driving systems; Entrainements electriques a vitesse variable

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bonal, J. [ESE, Promethee, Groupe Schneider (France)

    1997-12-31

    This book is the first of a series of 3 volumes which synthesize the most recent knowledge on variable speed electrical driving systems. It is devoted to electronic and electromechanical engineers and technicians and to manufacturers of electrical equipments involving such systems. after a recall of basic electrotechnical and mechanical notions, this book focusses on the functionalities and criteria of definition of driving systems, and shows the interactions between the different parts of these equipments. It develops a methodological approach of the choice for the most suitable technology with respect to the application under consideration. Various industrial sectors are concerned and a particular attention is paid to the driving of receptive turbo-machineries which play a major role in the energy balance sheet of the industrial electrical power force. (J.S.) 28 refs.

  7. Electrical energy in France 2002; Energie electrique en France 2002

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-12-01

    This report presents the provisional results of power flows on the French power system (RTE) in 2002: generation, national consumption, physical exchanges with foreign countries (instantaneous exchange balances measured by metering on each interconnection line, recorded as imports or exports, depending on the sign), adjusted consumption (for climate contingencies and leap years), energy balance (generated and imported, consumed), noteworthy data (all flows on the RTE network as well as generation auto-consumed by the industrial customers connected to this network), electricity market (contractual exchanges with foreign countries, base load blocks exchanged between balance responsible entities), power facilities (thermal, hydro-, transmission lines), main transmission facilities commissioned during the year (interconnections between France and Spain, Italy, Germany and Belgium). (J.S.)

  8. Electrical equipment service. 1997-1998; Service materiel electrique. 1997-1998

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1997-12-31

    This brochure edited by the electrical equipment service from the direction of studies and researches (DER) of Electricite de France (EdF) presents some of their remarkable realizations in the domain of energy, their expertise activity in attendance on electricity producers, forwarders and distributors, their expertise activity in attendance on industrialists, and the know-how of their testing laboratories in attendance on designers and operators. (J.S.)

  9. Electric-powered vehicles in Italy; Les vehicules electriques en Italie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bordel, St.; Carles, R.

    2003-09-01

    The aim of this study is to make a synthesis about the development of electric-powered vehicles, in particular in Italy. After a brief historical review of this type of propulsion system, a state-of-the-art review is made which allows to show up the different existing architectures and their characteristic specificities. This review allows to identify the key scientific and technical domains in the existing research programs in progress in order to make these 'alternative' transportation systems economically viable. The second part of the study explains the situation of Italy with respect to these propulsion systems. The political commitments are analyzed first and then some of the university and industry centers of competences for these key domains are presented. Finally, some trans-national collaborations in progress are shown. (J.S.)

  10. Of floating-zone uranium; Sur l'uranium de zone flottante

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Clottes, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-01-01

    to 30 ppm of soluble impurities in the refined metal. (author) [French] La methode de la zone flottante a ete choisie pour purifier l'uranium. Les differents parametres qui interviennent dans cette technique de purification ont ete etudies par des considerations theoriques et technologiques. On montre que la vitesse la plus rentable de deplacement de zone fondue est de 0,7 cm par heure, que le sens de deplacement ne peut etre que de bas en haut, et que la fusion doit s'effectuer sous des pressions de l'ordre de 10{sup -7} Torr. Outre ces problemes relatifs a la purification, l'etude de la stabilite de la zone flottante nous a conduits a definir un domaine de variations des diametres et hauteurs de gouttes, repondant aux conditions d'Heywang d'une part, et d'autre part, compatible avec une fusion a coeur du barreau. Ce domaine montre que la zone flottante est facilement applicable a des barreaux dont le diametre est compris entre 5 et 10 mm, et qu'elle est inapplicable si le diametre est superieur a 21 mm. L'appareillage, constitue par un dispositif de chauffage par bombardement electronique sous ultra-vide, est conditionne par les differents parametres etudies. A defaut de bons resultats d'analyse, l'uranium ainsi traite a ete caracterise par des tests metallurgiques et physiques: des examens micrographiques, des mesures de microdurete, de resistivite electrique a basse temperature, ont montre une purification sensible en tete du barreau; ces resultats ont ete confirmes part l'abaissement a 270 C de la temperature de recristallisation et l'aptitude marquee du metal raffine au phenomene de polygonisation. Les mesures de resistivite electrique a basse temperature constituent un moyen simple et quantitatif pour rendre compte de la purete du metal. L'influence d'une impurete sur la resistivite electrique de l'uranium a ete etudiee a l'aide d'alliages U-Au a faibles concentrations en or. Il ressort de ces experiences les deux points importants suivants: 1 - les mesures de

  11. Development of ultracold neutron detectors and a polarization analyzing system for the measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment; Developpement de detecteurs de neutrons ultra-froids et d'un systeme d'analyse de polarisation pour la mesure du moment electrique dipolaire du neutron

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rogel, Gwendal

    2009-10-29

    This thesis was performed in the context of a project aiming to measure the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the neutron at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Two aspects have been studied: The detection and the polarization analysis of ultracold neutrons. Three types of detectors have been tested at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL): The Cascade-U (GEM technology), the {sup 3}He gas detector and {sup 6}Li-doped glass scintillators (GS family). Their detection efficiency and their background sensitivity have been measured. The GS10 scintillator is competitive with the {sup 3}He gas detector under the conditions realized with the EDM spectrometer. A GS3/GS20 scintillator stack has enabled to improve the neutron/gamma discrimination. It has been found 20% less efficient than the {sup 3}He gas detector under the EDM spectrometer. The Cascade-U detector has been observed to be 20% less efficient than a 500 microns thick GS10 glass as confirmed by simulations. A new system for simultaneous spin analysis is presented. It consists of two independent detection systems (arms) which are each made of an adiabatic spin flipper, a spin analyzer, and a detector. The arms detect opposite spin components, allowing the simultaneous counting of both neutron spin orientations. A prototype mounted in horizontal configuration has been tested at ILL. The analyzing power of both arms has been measured to be 80%. The transmission of the system without spin analyzers has been found to be 50%. (author) [French] Cette these s'inscrit dans un nouveau projet de mesure du moment dipolaire electrique (EDM) du neutron a l'institut Paul Scherrer. Deux aspects ont ete etudies ici: la detection et l'analyse de polarisation de neutrons ultra-froids. Trois types de detecteurs ont ete testes a l'Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL): le Cascade-U (technologie GEM), le compteur a gaz {sup 3}He et des scintillateurs dopes au {sup 6}Li (type GS). Leur efficacite de detection ainsi que leur sensibilite au bruit de fond ont

  12. Study and realisation of a high frequency analyzer; Etude et realisation d'un analyseur de signaux a haute frequence

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bourbigot, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay aux Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1966-07-01

    This device is designed for the amplitude and frequency analysis of electric or electromagnetic signals in the frequency range of 0 to 55 MHz. The frequency spectrum of a preset bandwidth is displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope. Conceived to analyse the electromagnetic oscillations that can be generated in a plasma, its main characteristics are the following: extended bandwidth of analysed frequencies, on both sides of the ion cyclotron frequency in a magnetic field up to 20 kGs; linear amplitude and frequency response; possibility of analysing a narrow band; high sensitivity; analysis repetition rate of 25 per second. The different parts of the analyzer are described after a discussion of the choice of the techniques used in their design. In addition to its present use, the device can be applied to perform all the functions of a commercial spectral analyzer. (author) [French] Cet appareil est destine a l'analyse en frequence et amplitude de signaux electriques ou electromagnetiques dans une gamme de frequences de 0 a 55 MHz. Couple a un oscillographe, il permet de faire apparaitre sur l'ecran, le spectre de frequences dans une gamme choisie. Etudie dans le but d'analyser les oscillations electromagnetiques pouvant apparaitre dans un plasma, ses principales caracteristiques sont les suivantes: une bande etendue de frequences analysees, de part et d'autre de la frequence cyclotronique des ions dans un champ magnetique pouvant atteindre 20 kGs (valeur maximum 55 MHz); une reponse lineaire en amplitude et en frequence; la possibilite d'analyser, une bande restreinte de frequences; une grande sensibilite La frequence d'analyse est de 25 periodes par seconde. Les diverses parties de l'analyseur sont decrites apres l'expose des motifs ayant guide le choix des solutions adoptees pour sa realisation. Les schemas electriques sont egalement presentes. En dehors du but precis qui a motive la realisation de cet appareil, son usage peut s'etendre a toutes les applications

  13. KEY COMPARISON: CCEM.RF-K9: International comparison of thermal noise standards between 12.4 GHz and 18 GHz (GT-RF/99-1)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Allal, Djamel; Achkar, Joseph

    2006-01-01

    An international comparison of thermal noise-power measurements has been carried out among five national metrology institutes between 12.4 GHz and 18 GHz. Four transfer standards were measured. The following national institutes participated: BNM-LCIE (France), NPL (United Kingdom), PTB (Germany), NIST (United States of America) and VNIIFTRI (Russia). The Bureau National de Métrologie-Laboratoire Central des Industries Electriques (France) acted as the pilot laboratory for the comparison. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).

  14. Promises of the electric-powered car; Promesses de la voiture electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2005-07-01

    This document analyses the energy needs of an automobile and makes a comparison between the characteristics of a thermal engine car and an electric-powered car with batteries in terms of cost and energy efficiency. The future of the electric-powered car depends mainly on the improvements that will be made in battery technologies in terms of weight, energy density, number of charge-discharge cycles and cost. (J.S.)

  15. Energy report 2003; L'energie electrique en France en 2003

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-07-01

    Provisional results of power flows on the French power system in 2003: net generation; national consumption; physical exchanges with foreign countries (total of instantaneous exchange balances measured by metering on each interconnection lines); adjusted consumption (values adjusted for climatic contingencies and leap years); electrical energy balance in France in 2003; noteworthy data for the year 2003 (these values reflect all of the flows on the RTE network, as well as generation auto-consumed by the industrial consumers connected to this network); electricity market: contractual exchanges with foreign countries, base load blocks exchanged between balance responsible entities; power facilities (situation on 2003/12/31); generating facilities connected to the RTE network during the year: connection to the RTE network of two cogeneration units in Haute Normandie region, and of three household waste incineration plants in Picardie, Haute Normandie and Languedoc-Roussillon regions representing a total capacity of 285.5 MW, increase in capacity of the two units of the Chooz B nuclear power plant in the Ardennes (total increase of 90 MW), to be noted that the total France includes in particular the connection of wind farms on distribution networks for a total capacity of 80 MW; main RTE facilities commissioned during the year: 22 new substations connected to the RTE network, 4 of them at 225 kV (Amfard, Bouscat, Braek, Volvon), 6 of them at 90 kV and 12 of them at 63 kV; at 400 kV, 130 km of new or replaced circuits (together with the removal of 30 km of network lines), of which: circuit 4 and 5 of Tavel-Tricastin line in order to increase the transit capacity between the Rhone-Alpes region and the Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur regions; Chevalet-Gavrelle line, after the modification of the previous line to a dual circuit, in order to cover quality and security of supply requirements for the Somme and Pas-de-Calais departments, at 225 kV, 200 km of new or replaced circuits, of which: Boutre-Coudon line after reconstruction thus doubling its capacity and securing the energy supply of south of the Var department; three lines as part of work to restructure the 225 kV network between Tavel and Tricastin in the Bollene area; Soleil-Volvon line in Loire to strengthen the energy supply to the area of St Etienne; the underground Bouscat-Bruges line to strengthen the energy supply to the area of Bordeaux. The total circuits evolution, that decreased by about 30 km compared to 2002, is the result of facilities removals and various modifications.

  16. Power system reliability memento; Memento de la surete du systeme electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-07-01

    The reliability memento of the French power system (national power transmission grid) is an educational document which purpose is to point out the role of each one as regards power system operating reliability. This memento was first published in 1999. Extensive changes have taken place since then. The new 2002 edition shows that system operating reliability is as an important subject as ever: 1 - foreword; 2 - system reliability: the basics; 3 - equipment measures taken in order to guarantee the reliability of the system; 4 - organisational and human measures taken to guarantee the reliability of the system; appendix 1 - system operation: basic concepts; appendix 2 - guiding principles governing the reliability of the power system; appendix 3 - international associations of transmission system operators; appendix 4 - description of major incidents.

  17. Les Brulures Electriques par Haut Voltage - A Propos de 10 Cas

    Science.gov (United States)

    Belmir, R.; Fejjal, N.; El Omari, M.; El Mazouz, S.; Gharib, N.; Abassi, A.; Belmahi, A.

    2008-01-01

    Summary Les accidents électriques par haute tension (AEHT) provoquent des brûlures profondes par effet Joule le long des axes vasculo-nerveux entre les points d'entrée et de sortie, qui sont le siège de lésions délabrantes. Les Auteurs rapportent une série de dix cas d'AEHT admis au service de chirurgie réparatrice et de brûlés de l'Hôpital Ibn Sina de Rabat à travers laquelle ils étudient les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques. Tous les patients étaient des adultes de sexe masculin dont l'âge moyen était de 31 ans. Dans 70% des cas, ces brûlures étaient secondaires à un contact avec les distributeurs d'électricité avec une surface brûlée inférieure à 20%. Le traitement des lésions électrothermiques a nécessité des interventions itératives avec amputation des segments de membres nécrosés dans 70% des cas, dont les suites étaient marquées par des séquelles fonctionnelles invalidantes. La prévention des AEHT, en particulier pour les accidents du travail au sein des professions exposées, reste fondamentale. PMID:21991124

  18. Brulure par Plaque de Bistouri Electrique: a Propos de Quatre Cas

    Science.gov (United States)

    Khales, A.; Achbouk, A.; Belmir, R.; Cherkab, L.; Ennouhi, M.A.; Ababou, K.; Ihrai, H.

    2010-01-01

    Summary La brûlure par plaque de bistouri électrique est un accident rare mais grave par la profondeur de la lésion et par sa localisation, surtout quand qu’elle survient dans un contexte chirurgical dont le vécu reste difficile de la part du malade et du chirurgien. Cette brûlure bien que imprévisible reste grave par la profondeur et la localisation de la brûlure et par sa survenue dans un contexte opératoire, chez des patients malades. La prise en charge de la brûlure doit se faire en milieu spécialisé. La prévention reste le seul moyen d’éviter ce type d’accident. PMID:21991216

  19. Emergency measures and treatment in the event of accidental aver exposure to radiation or of radioactive contamination; Mesures d'urgence et traitement en cas de surexposition accidentelle aux rayonnements ou en cas de contamination radioactive

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jammet, H [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1960-07-01

    In the first part the author presents an overall view of emergency measures to be applied in the case of internal or external radioactive contamination. He states in particular, in these two cases, the methods by which it is possible to eliminate the contaminating radioactive substances from the organism. The author then considers the therapeutic methods to be adopted in the case of an accident of overexposure to radiation, distinguishing between the case of a partial irradiation and that of an acute total irradiation. There will be essentially three methods used depending on the physical measures carried out (irradiation, conditions, estimation of the dose received) and of the clinical data collected: particular treatments, treatment for helping the organism during its return to normal activity, temporary or permanent replacement of the organs affected. (author) [French] L'auteur presente, en une premiere partie, une vue d'ensemble des mesures d'urgence a appliquer en cas de contamination radioactive externe ou interne. Il fait etat en particulier, dans ces deux cas, des methodes permettant de debarrasser l'organisme des substances radioactives contaminantes. L'auteur envisage, ensuite, la therapeutique a adopter lors d'un accident de surexposition aux rayonnements, distinguant le cas d'une irradiation partielle et celui d'une irradiation totale aigue. Trois traitements seront essentiellement mis en oeuvre en fonction des mesures physiques effectuees (conditions d'irradiation, evaluation de la dose recue) et des donnees cliniques recueillies: traitements specifiques, traitement de soutien de l'organisme preparant la restauration, suppleance temporaire ou definitive d'organes defaillants. (auteur)

  20. Safety Training: places available in October 2014

    CERN Multimedia

    2014-01-01

    There are places available in the forthcoming Safety courses. For updates and registrations, please refer to the Safety Training Catalogue. Safety Training, HSE Unit safety-training@cern.ch Title of the course EN Title of the course FR Date Hours Language Chemical Safety ATEX Habilitation - Level 2 Habilitation ATEX - Niveau 2 16-Oct-14 to 17-Oct-14 9:00 - 17:30 French Cryogenic Safety Cryogenic Safety - Fundamentals Sécurité Cryogénie - Fondamentaux 23-Oct-14 10:00 - 12:00 English Cryogenic Safety - Helium Transfer Sécurité Cryogénie - Transfert d'hélium 30-Oct-14 9:30 - 12:00 English Electrical Safety Habilitation Electrique - Electrician Low Voltage - Initial Habilitation électrique - Électricien basse tension - Initial 02-Oct-14 to 06-Oct-14 9:00 - 17:30 English 20-Oct-14 to 22-Oct-14 9:00 -...

  1. Safety Network to Detect Performance Degradation and Pilot Incapacitation (Reseau de securite pour detecter la degradation des performances et la defaillance du pilote)

    Science.gov (United States)

    1990-09-01

    ddtocteurd ’o xyg~ne inwnaceIlularc In viva en utfisane 4 onursdone’ a.I mh infaug (MNI-4) Ce appaeI est capable de mosume au niveata du cerveau . Its...CIRCULATION SANGUINE AU NIVEAl) W) CERVEAU * Deux raisons sont en favour do cette solution a Lora du combat aftien, lea accdl6rationa do niveau dlovd at

  2. Transport properties of silver telluride in the solid and liquid states; Etude des proprietes de transport dans le tellurure d'argent Ag{sub 2}Te aux hautes temperatures a l'etat solide et a l'etat liquide

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pham, N T [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-01-01

    Measurements of the electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient and thermoelectric power have been carried out for silver telluride over a large temperature range including both solid and liquid states. The analysis of the experimental data shows that in the solid state the transport properties are governed by an ambipolar process with an electron mobility much higher than the hole mobility ({mu}{sub n} = 10*{mu}{sub p}). It is found that the temperature dependence of the electron mobility can be represented by a T{sup -3} law. Deviations from the stoichiometric composition Ag{sub 2}Te have been studied. For all specimens, melting is accompanied by discontinuous variations in the transport properties. Above the melting point, the magnitude of the measured parameters and their temperature dependence show that liquid silver telluride behaves as a semiconductor. The contribution of Ag{sup +} ions to transport phenomena is suggested to account for the behaviour of the electrical properties. Experimental data have been analysed in terms of conventional theories. (author) [French] Les mesures de la resistivite electrique, du coefficient de Hall et du pouvoir thermoelectrique ont ete effectuees sur le tellurure d'argent dans un large domaine de temperature couvrant l'etat solide et l'etat liquide. L'analyse des resultats experimentaux obtenus a l'etat solide montre que les proprietes de transport sont gouvernees par le processus ambipolaire avec une mobilite des electrons beaucoup plus grande que celle des trous ({mu}{sub n} 10*{mu}{sub p}). On trouve que la mobilite des electrons varie avec la temperature suivant la loi T{sup -3}. Les ecarts de la composition stoechiometrique Ag{sub 2}Te ont ete etudies. Pour tous les echantillons, la fusion est caracterisee par des variations discontinues des proprietes de transport. Au dessus du point de fusion, la grandeur des parametres mesures ainsi que leur variation avec la temperature montrent que le tellurure d'argent liquide se

  3. Effets du vieillisement de la batterie Li-ion sur les performances d'un vehicule recreatif hybride branchable a trois roues

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nadeau, Jonathan

    La prediction de l'evolution du vieillissement de la batterie lithium-ion est source d'un grand defi, dans les applications liees aux vehicules electriques et hybrides. Sa meconnaissance est un risque considerable compromettant la viabilite d'un tel systeme. Invoquant les couts substantiels de la densite d'energie, liee a la degradation considerable des performances de la batterie au cours de sa duree de vie, il devient important d'en tenir compte des le processus de conception. La dependance de la strategie de controle du vehicule aux parametres de la batterie justifie aussi la necessite d'une telle prediction. Il est connu que le vieillissement, sensible aux facteurs tels que le courant, la temperature et la profondeur de decharge, a un impact considerable sur la perte de capacite de la batterie ainsi que sur l'augmentation de la resistance interne. Le premier est directement lie a l'autonomie electrique du vehicule, alors que le second mene a une surchauffe de la batterie, a une augmentation des pertes en puissance qui se manifeste par une diminution de la tension de bus. A cet egard, implique dans la conception d'un vehicule recreatif hybride branchable a trois roues, le Centre de Technologies Avancees s'interesse a l'etude du vieillissement de la batterie Li-ion pour une telle application. Pour ce faire, au contraire de la plupart des estimations empiriques de la duree de vie, basees sur des profils de decharge a courant constant, un profil de courant plus approprie pour l'application donnee, base sur un cycle de vitesse representatif de la conduite d'une motocyclette, a ete utilise. Par le biais d'un simulateur complet du vehicule, le cycle de courant a ete extrait du cycle de vitesse. Ainsi, les travaux menes impliquent l'analyse experimentale de la decharge cyclique de quatre cellules LiFePO 4. Pendant plus de 1400 cycles, un banc d'essai complet a permis l'acquisition de la capacite, de la resistance interne, du courant, de la tension ainsi que de la

  4. Contribution a l'auscultation des chaussees mixtes par methodes GPR et electrique

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kaouane, Carole

    Quebec's infrastructures are ageing. A reliable, quick and economical assessment of the state of urban roads would help to plan civil engineering. This M.Sc. thesis aims to investigate and develop the potential of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and electrical methods to assess pavement condition subject to wetting, freezing and drying cycles. The objectives are to display defects and estimate water content in the materials used for the mixed pavement construction; these consist in layers of asphalt (top), concrete (middle) and grade and sub-grade (bottom). Prior studies showed a valuable potential of joint application of GPR and electrical resistivity to assess mixed pavement condition. These studies were mainly based on numerical modeling and some site tests using both methods. It was concluded that a better evaluation of the potential of the coupled methods would come from the assessment of physical properties and validation from geotechnical evidences. At first, we characterized the context. Structural defects and water content implied modification of physical properties of road materials. After running numerical modeling, we carried out an experiment in one of the streets in Montreal (Canada) where pavement needed complete rehabilitation. GPR surveys were carried out before the pavement was destroyed and removed, and subsequently a resistivity imaging was carried out on the subgrade layer. We also sampled blocks of asphalt and concrete along the street from the demolition rubble in order to study their physical properties in the lab. Soil samples were taken from trenches to measure water content. The grade and sub-grade were mainly a mix of clayey-silt and gravel, as the embedding ground is grey clay. We measured the complex dielectric constants of asphalt and concrete in the range 50 MHz-900 MHz with a recently developed dielectric probe sampling a volume of 30 cm3. Resistivity measurements were also performed on large cores of asphalt and concrete using an inhouse system. Measurements were carried out on dry and wet samples, which provided a range of values encompassing the climatic conditions for the whole year. Finally the physical property and geotechnical data were used as input to numerical modeling and the modeled responses compared to the survey data. The predicted data fit nicely with the observed data. This work aims to provide further information for a better calibration of geophysical devices in pavement condition assessment. Moreover, it gives a wide range of information, which could become a base for further and more specific works.

  5. Strategie de commande optimale de la production electrique dans un site isole

    Science.gov (United States)

    Barris, Nicolas

    Hydro-Quebec manages more than 20 isolated power grids all over the province. The grids are located in small villages where the electricity demand is rather small. Those villages being far away from each other and from the main electricity production facilities, energy is produced locally using diesel generators. Electricity production costs at the isolated power grids are very important due to elevated diesel prices and transportation costs. However, the price of electricity is the same for the entire province, with no regards to the production costs of the electricity consumed. These two factors combined result in yearly exploitation losses for Hydro-Quebec. For any given village, several diesel generators are required to satisfy the demand. When the load increases, it becomes necessary to increase the capacity either by adding a generator to the production or by switching to a more powerful generator. The same thing happens when the load decreases. Every decision regarding changes in the production is included in the control strategy, which is based on predetermined parameters. These parameters were specified according to empirical studies and the knowledge base of the engineers managing the isolated power grids, but without any optimisation approach. The objective of the presented work is to minimize the diesel consumption by optimizing the parameters included in the control strategy. Its impact would be to limit the exploitation losses generated by the isolated power grids and the CO2 equivalent emissions without adding new equipment or completely changing the nature of the strategy. To satisfy this objective, the isolated power grid simulator OPERA is used along with the optimization library NOMAD and the data of three villages in northern Quebec. The preliminary optimization instance for the first village showed that some modifications to the existing control strategy must be done to better achieve the minimization objective. The main optimization processes consist of three different optimization approaches: the optimization of one set of parameters for all the villages, the optimization of one set of parameters per village, and the optimization of one set of parameters per diesel generator configuration per village. In the first scenario, the optimization of one set of parameters for all the villages leads to compromises for all three villages without allowing a full potential reduction for any village. Therefore, it is proven that applying one set of parameters to all the villages is not suitable for finding an optimal solution. In the second scenario, the optimization of one set of parameters per village allows an improvement over the previous results. At this point, it is shown that it is crucial to remove from the production the less efficient configurations when they are next to more efficient configurations. In the third scenario, the optimization of one set of parameters per configuration per village requires a very large number of function evaluations but does not result in any satisfying solution. In order to improve the performance of the optimization, it has been decided that the problem structure would be used. Two different approaches are considered: optimizing one set of parameters at a time and optimizing different rules included in the control strategy one at a time. In both cases, results are similar but calculation costs differ, the second method being much more cost efficient. The optimal values of the ultimate rules parameters can be directly linked to the efficient transition points that favor an efficient operation of the isolated power grids. Indeed, these transition points are defined in such a way that the high efficiency zone of every configuration is used. Therefore, it seems possible to directly identify on the graphs these optimal transition points and define the parameters in the control strategy without even having to run any optimization process. The diesel consumption reduction for all three villages is about 1.9%. Considering elevated diesel costs and the existence of about 20 other isolated power grids, the use of the developed methods together with a calibration of OPERA would allow a substantial reduction of Hydro-Quebec's annual deficit. Also, since one of the developed methods is very cost effective and produces equivalent results, it could be possible to use it during other processes; for example, when buying new equipment for the grid it could be possible to assess its full potential, under an optimized control strategy, and improve the net present value.

  6. Modele electrique d'une pile a combustible « pem » pour utilisation ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    ... with a limited number of elements. The influence of current output and operating temperature on the elements of the model is illustrated with an experimental test bed equipped with a fuel cell proton exchange membrane 500 W. The proposed model is then validated at current levels and at the speed of a DC-DC elevator.

  7. Reference costs for power generation; Couts de reference de la production electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-12-01

    The first part of the 2003 study of reference costs for power generation has been completed. It was carried out by the General Directorate for Energy and Raw Materials (DGEMP) of the French Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry, with the collaboration of power-plant operators, construction firms and many other experts. A Review Committee of experts including economists (Forecasting Department, French Planning Office), qualified public figures, representatives of power-plant construction firms and operators, and non-governmental organization (NGO) experts, was consulted in the final phase. The study examines the costs of power generated by different methods (i.e. nuclear and fossil-fuel [gas-, coal-, and oil-fired] power plants) in the context of an industrial operation beginning in the year 2015. - The second part of the study relating to decentralized production methods (wind, photovoltaic, combined heat and power) is still in progress and will be presented at the beginning of next year. - 1. Study approach: The study is undertaken mainly from an investor's perspective and uses an 8% discount rate to evaluate the expenses and receipts from different years. In addition, the investment costs are considered explicitly in terms of interest during construction. - 2. Plant operating on a full-time basis (year-round): The following graph illustrates the main conclusions of the study for an effective operating period of 8000 hours. It can be seen that nuclear is more competitive than the other production methods for a year-round operation with an 8% discount rate applied to expenses. This competitiveness is even better if the costs related to greenhouse-gas (CO{sub 2}) emission are taken into account in estimating the MWh cost price. Integrating the costs resulting from CO{sub 2} emissions by non-nuclear fuels (gas, coal), which will be compulsory as of 2004 with the transposition of European directives, increases the total cost per MWh of these power generation methods. Two hypotheses are considered in terms of CO{sub 2} costs over the life span of the oil- and coal-fired power plants: 4 euro/t CO{sub 2} and 20 euro/t CO{sub 2}. The hypothesis of 4 euro/t CO{sub 2} can be considered as very low - it will be significantly more expensive in 2015 and beyond (post-Kyoto period). The choice of a discount rate respectively lower or higher than the baseline hypothesis of 8% will increase, or decrease, the competitiveness of nuclear-based power production compared to fossil- fuel methods of power production because the investment load, which is higher for nuclear than for the other methods, decreases or, conversely, increases. The 8% discount rate adopted here was the rate used by the French Planning Office and is compatible with the profitability requirements currently noted in the electricity sector. The different variants do not bring into question the order of competitiveness of the production methods. 3. Plant operating on a half-time basis (less than 5000 hours/year): Considering the size of the initial investment, a nuclear power plant's competitiveness requires that it operate all year round. Should the nuclear power plant be operational for a shorter duration, then its competitiveness fades in favour of gas-fired power plants. More specifically, gas is more competitive than nuclear power (excluding externalities) for operating periods of less than 5000 hours. - 4. Plant operating on a minimum basis (less than 3000 hours/year): For short periods, the gas turbine is more competitive than the oil-fired turbine. The oil-fired turbine, however, is competitive for durations of less than 250 hours.

  8. Reference costs for power generation; Couts de reference de la production electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-12-01

    The first part of the 2003 study of reference costs for power generation has been completed. It was carried out by the General Directorate for Energy and Raw Materials (DGEMP) of the French Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry, with the collaboration of power-plant operators, construction firms and many other experts. A Review Committee of experts including economists (Forecasting Department, French Planning Office), qualified public figures, representatives of power-plant construction firms and operators, and non-governmental organization (NGO) experts, was consulted in the final phase. The study examines the costs of power generated by different methods (i.e. nuclear and fossil-fuel [gas-, coal-, and oil-fired] power plants) in the context of an industrial operation beginning in the year 2015. - The second part of the study relating to decentralized production methods (wind, photovoltaic, combined heat and power) is still in progress and will be presented at the beginning of next year. - 1. Study approach: The study is undertaken mainly from an investor's perspective and uses an 8% discount rate to evaluate the expenses and receipts from different years. In addition, the investment costs are considered explicitly in terms of interest during construction. - 2. Plant operating on a full-time basis (year-round): The following graph illustrates the main conclusions of the study for an effective operating period of 8000 hours. It can be seen that nuclear is more competitive than the other production methods for a year-round operation with an 8% discount rate applied to expenses. This competitiveness is even better if the costs related to greenhouse-gas (CO{sub 2}) emission are taken into account in estimating the MWh cost price. Integrating the costs resulting from CO{sub 2} emissions by non-nuclear fuels (gas, coal), which will be compulsory as of 2004 with the transposition of European directives, increases the total cost per MWh of these power generation methods. Two hypotheses are considered in terms of CO{sub 2} costs over the life span of the oil- and coal-fired power plants: 4 euro/t CO{sub 2} and 20 euro/t CO{sub 2}. The hypothesis of 4 euro/t CO{sub 2} can be considered as very low - it will be significantly more expensive in 2015 and beyond (post-Kyoto period). The choice of a discount rate respectively lower or higher than the baseline hypothesis of 8% will increase, or decrease, the competitiveness of nuclear-based power production compared to fossil- fuel methods of power production because the investment load, which is higher for nuclear than for the other methods, decreases or, conversely, increases. The 8% discount rate adopted here was the rate used by the French Planning Office and is compatible with the profitability requirements currently noted in the electricity sector. The different variants do not bring into question the order of competitiveness of the production methods. 3. Plant operating on a half-time basis (less than 5000 hours/year): Considering the size of the initial investment, a nuclear power plant's competitiveness requires that it operate all year round. Should the nuclear power plant be operational for a shorter duration, then its competitiveness fades in favour of gas-fired power plants. More specifically, gas is more competitive than nuclear power (excluding externalities) for operating periods of less than 5000 hours. - 4. Plant operating on a minimum basis (less than 3000 hours/year): For short periods, the gas turbine is more competitive than the oil-fired turbine. The oil-fired turbine, however, is competitive for durations of less than 250 hours.

  9. Linear electrical circuits. Definitions - General theorems; Circuits electriques lineaires. Definitions - Theoremes generaux

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Escane, J.M. [Ecole Superieure d' Electricite, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)

    2005-04-01

    The first part of this article defines the different elements of an electrical network and the models to represent them. Each model involves the current and the voltage as a function of time. Models involving time functions are simple but their use is not always easy. The Laplace transformation leads to a more convenient form where the variable is no more directly the time. This transformation leads also to the notion of transfer function which is the object of the second part. The third part aims at defining the fundamental operation rules of linear networks, commonly named 'general theorems': linearity principle and superimposition theorem, duality principle, Thevenin theorem, Norton theorem, Millman theorem, triangle-star and star-triangle transformations. These theorems allow to study complex power networks and to simplify the calculations. They are based on hypotheses, the first one is that all networks considered in this article are linear. (J.S.)

  10. 1996 outstanding facts

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1996-01-01

    This progress report of the Direction of Studies and Research (DER) of Electricite de France (EdF) reports on some outstanding studies carried out during the year 1996 and concerning: new applications of electric power (thermal comfort, heating floors, building diagnosis, energy management, customers communicating interfaces, services, air conditioning, off-peak tariffs, power demand mastery in the industry, infrared dryers for paper industry); production means (automatic systems for nuclear power plants operation, management of reactors shutdown schedules for refuelling operations, optimization of fuel loading patterns for PWRs, neutronic and thermohydraulic computer codes for steam pipes rupture accidents, thermo-hydraulic modeling of the confinement building during post-accidental situation, 3D numerical simulation of overpressures inside reactor valves and of vortex and two-phase flow inside auxiliary pipes, control of vibrating fatigue of pipe nozzles, qualification of the adjustable speed drives of the Gravelines' cooling pumps, 3D analysis of new steam turbine designs, identification of bi-metal welding surface defects, a simple method for the evaluation of in-service fatigue of components, the probabilistic dimensioning of safety coefficients, the modeling of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling of geo-materials for radioactive wastes storage, the supply of isolated sites using renewable energies); environment protection (batteries for electric-powered vehicles, modeling of atmospheric reactive flows, chlorination of the Dampierre's cooling circuits for pathogen amoebas elimination, in-situ treatment of PCBs isolated transformers); and development and exploitation of materials for power networks. (J.S.)

  11. From human error to organizational failure: a historical perspective; De l'erreur humaine a la defaillance organisationnelle: essai de mise en perspective historique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guarnieri, F. [Mines ParisTech, 75 - Paris (France); Cambon, J. [Centre de Recherche sur les Risques et les Crises (CRC), 75 - Paris (France); Boissieres, I. [Institut pour une Culture de Securite Industrielle (ICSI), 31 - Toulouse (France)

    2008-09-15

    This article hinges around three main parts.The first part goes back over the foundations of the human factor approach. It introduces the basic assumptions as well as some of the methods which have been developed. The second part accounts for the reasons why organizational factors have drawn our attention at the first place underlying two major points: the limits of the human factor approach but also the original contribution and the innovative aspect of sociology. At last, the third part describes the keystone principles and hypotheses on which lay the foundations of the organizational factor approach and draws a brief overview of the methods which have lately been implanted within the industrial world. (authors)

  12. Emergency measures and treatment in the event of accidental aver exposure to radiation or of radioactive contamination; Mesures d'urgence et traitement en cas de surexposition accidentelle aux rayonnements ou en cas de contamination radioactive

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jammet, H. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1960-07-01

    In the first part the author presents an overall view of emergency measures to be applied in the case of internal or external radioactive contamination. He states in particular, in these two cases, the methods by which it is possible to eliminate the contaminating radioactive substances from the organism. The author then considers the therapeutic methods to be adopted in the case of an accident of overexposure to radiation, distinguishing between the case of a partial irradiation and that of an acute total irradiation. There will be essentially three methods used depending on the physical measures carried out (irradiation, conditions, estimation of the dose received) and of the clinical data collected: particular treatments, treatment for helping the organism during its return to normal activity, temporary or permanent replacement of the organs affected. (author) [French] L'auteur presente, en une premiere partie, une vue d'ensemble des mesures d'urgence a appliquer en cas de contamination radioactive externe ou interne. Il fait etat en particulier, dans ces deux cas, des methodes permettant de debarrasser l'organisme des substances radioactives contaminantes. L'auteur envisage, ensuite, la therapeutique a adopter lors d'un accident de surexposition aux rayonnements, distinguant le cas d'une irradiation partielle et celui d'une irradiation totale aigue. Trois traitements seront essentiellement mis en oeuvre en fonction des mesures physiques effectuees (conditions d'irradiation, evaluation de la dose recue) et des donnees cliniques recueillies: traitements specifiques, traitement de soutien de l'organisme preparant la restauration, suppleance temporaire ou definitive d'organes defaillants. (auteur)

  13. Fuel elements for pressurised-gas reactors; Elements combustibles des piles a gaz sous pression

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stohr, J A; Englander, M; Gauthron, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1958-07-01

    The design and fabrication of fuel elements for the first CO{sub 2} pressurized reactors have induced to investigate: various cladding materials, natural uranium base fuels, canning processes. The main analogical tests used in connection with the fuel element study are described. These various tests have enabled, among others, the fabrication of the fuel element for the EL2 reactor. Lastly, future solutions for electrical power producing reactors are foreseen. (author)Fren. [French] L'etude et la realisation d'elements combustibles pour les premieres piles a CO{sub 2} sous pression ont conduit a examiner: les divers materiaux de gaine, les combustibles a base d'uranium naturel, les modes de gainage. Les principaux essais analogiques ayant servi au cours de l'etude de la cartouche sont decrits. Ces divers essais ont notamment permis la realisation de la cartouche de la pile EL2. Enfin sont envisagees les solutions futures pour les piles productrices d'energie electrique. (auteur)

  14. Superconducting transition and low-field magnetoresistance of a niobium single crystal at 4.2 deg. K; Transition supraconductrice et magnetoresistance en champ faible d'un echantillon monocristallin de niobium a 4.2 deg. K

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perriot, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires. Service de physique du solide et de resonnance magnetique

    1967-01-01

    We report the study of the electrical resistance of a niobium single crystal, at 4.2 deg. K, from the beginning of the superconductive transition to 80 kilo oersteds. Critical fieldsH{sub c2} and H{sub c3} have been determined. Influences on superconductive transition of current density, field-current angle, crystal orientation and magnetoresistance have been studied. Variation laws of low-field transverse and longitudinal magneto-resistances have been determined. (author) [French] La variation de la resistance electrique d'un monocristal cylindrique de niobium a ete etudiee, a 4,2 deg. K, depuis le debut de la transition supraconductrice jusqu'a 80 kilooersteds. Les champs critiques H{sub c2} et H{sub c3} ont ete determines. On a etudie l'influence de la densite de courant, de l'angle champ-courant, de l'anisotropie cristalline et de la magnetoresistance sur la transition supraconductrice. Les lois de variation des magnetoresistances transversale et longitudinale ont ete determinees dans le domaine des champs faibles. (auteur)

  15. Tl response of LiF: Mg, Cu, P+Ptfe at X rays of 24, 42 and 100 KeV; Respuesta TL de LiF: Mg, Cu, P+Ptfe a rayos X de 24, 42 y 100 KeV

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gonzalez M, P.R.; Tovar M, V.M. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico); Azorin N, J. [UAM-I, 09340 Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Furetta, C. [Universita degli Studi di Roma ' La Sapienza' , Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma (Italy); Quiroz C, M.C. [Facultad de Medicina, UAEM, 50180 Toluca, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

    2005-07-01

    In this work the obtained results of the irradiation of thermoluminescent dosemeters (Tl) of LiF: Mg,Cu,P + Ptfe with X rays for the effective radiation energy of 24, 42 and 100 keV, in an interval of Kerma in air in the sinus of the air between 0.05 and 1.0 Gy are presented. The rate of Kerma in air was determined with an ionization chamber PTW-1152, gauged by the Laboratoire Central des Industries Electriques (LCIE). As reference commercial TLD-100 dosemeters was used. The results showed that the studied Tl dosemeters presented a lineal response in the interval of mentioned Kerma. On the other hand the estimated Kerma with the Tl dosemeter in the calibration curves for X rays, were similar to the one measured with the previously gauged ionization chamber. The Tl of LiF: Mg, Cu, P + Ptfe, developed in the ININ, are highly reliable for X-ray dosimetry. (Author)

  16. Tl response of LiF: Mg, Cu, P+Ptfe at X rays of 24, 42 and 100 KeV

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gonzalez M, P.R.; Tovar M, V.M.; Azorin N, J.; Furetta, C.; Quiroz C, M.C.

    2005-01-01

    In this work the obtained results of the irradiation of thermoluminescent dosemeters (Tl) of LiF: Mg,Cu,P + Ptfe with X rays for the effective radiation energy of 24, 42 and 100 keV, in an interval of Kerma in air in the sinus of the air between 0.05 and 1.0 Gy are presented. The rate of Kerma in air was determined with an ionization chamber PTW-1152, gauged by the Laboratoire Central des Industries Electriques (LCIE). As reference commercial TLD-100 dosemeters was used. The results showed that the studied Tl dosemeters presented a lineal response in the interval of mentioned Kerma. On the other hand the estimated Kerma with the Tl dosemeter in the calibration curves for X rays, were similar to the one measured with the previously gauged ionization chamber. The Tl of LiF: Mg, Cu, P + Ptfe, developed in the ININ, are highly reliable for X-ray dosimetry. (Author)

  17. Isotopic Thermionic Generator; Generateur thermoionique isotopique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Clemot, M; Devin, B; Durand, J P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-07-01

    This report describes the general design of a thermionic direct conversion space generator. The power source used is a radioisotope. Two radioisotopes are considered: Pu 238 and Cm 244. The system is made up of a heat pipe concentrating the thermal flux from the isotope to the emitter, and of a second heat pipe evacuating the waste heat from the collector to the outer wall used as radiating panel. Calculations are given in the particular case of a 100 electrical watts output power. (authors) [French] Ce rapport decrit la structure d'un generateur spatial d'electricite a conversion directe du type thermoionique. La source d'energie est un radioisotope. Deux isotopes sont envisages: le Pu 238 et le Cm 244. Le systeme comporte pour l'emetteur un caloduc concentreur de flux thermique et pour le collecteur, un caloduc evacuateur vers l'enveloppe du generateur utilise, en panneau rayonnant. Les calculs ont ete conduits dans le cas particulier d'une puissance convertie de 100 watts electriques. (auteurs)

  18. History of the electric-powered car...-1959; Histoire de la voiture electrique...-1959

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Boursin, P

    2005-07-01

    This document is an exhaustive and well-documented review of the history of electric-powered vehicles between 1847 and 1959. Each prototype/model is described according to the available information. (J.S.)

  19. Electrical installations of the Channel tunnel; Installations electriques du Tunnel sous la Manche

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kersabiec, G. de [Eurotunnel, Folkestone (United Kingdom)

    2002-08-01

    Like an underground factory, the railway and auxiliary equipments of the Channel tunnel between France and UK, need a reliable and redundant power supply with a high quality maintenance. This article presents: the design criteria of the power distribution systems, the installation itself and the organisation of its exploitation: 1 - transportation system of the Channel tunnel (loads to supply, exploitation imperatives, fundamental criteria); 2 - external power sources (connection to the UK and French grids, values used by the national grids); 3 - exploitation criteria, tunnel design; 4 - description (main UK and French power stations, 25 kV traction network, 21 kV distribution network, tunnels, lighting in railway tunnels, supply of terminals, earthing network); 5 - exploitation; 6 - maintenance and quality. (J.S.)

  20. Towards future organization of French electricity sector; Vers la future organisation electrique francaise

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Strauss-Kahn, Dominique; Pierret, Christian [Ministere de l' Economie, des Finances et de l' Industrie, Paris (France)

    2000-02-07

    This document displays information and questions concerning the future organization of the French electric sector. The directive on the domestic electricity market was adopted in 1996 by the Council of the Ministers of European Union and Parliament. The member states were due to transpose the directive within their national legislation up to 19 February 1999. The directive establishes principles but provides large reaches of maneuver to the member states which can choose the organizational means according to their own expectations. These task is considered as feasible by the authors. It must reinforce the public service by giving added strength to the security of supply and ensuring everybody's access to a well marketed and high quality electric supply. By introduction of certain well controlled elements of competition this evolution should also contribute to cost lowering, boost of the national competitiveness and support of employment. The document contains seven chapters which expose the following items: 1. The objectives of reorganization; 2. The directive and its reach; 3. Strengthening the public service; 4. Revamping the electric service to promote the growth; 5. Preserving the grids for the general benefit; 6. Defining the place of EDF within the new organizational scheme; 7. Developing an efficient regulation. Finally, an appendix is given containing the Directive 96/92/CE of the European Parliament and Council of 19 October 1996, concerning the common rules for domestic electricity market.

  1. Lambeaux autofermants pour le traitement des brulures electriques du scalp par haut voltage

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hafidi, J.; El Mazouz, S.; El Mejatti, H.; Fejjal, N.; Gharib, N.E.; Abbassi, A.; Belmahi, A.M.

    2011-01-01

    Summary Les brûlures électriques par haut voltage sont responsables de gros dégâts tissulaires en immédiat et dans les jours suivant l’accident du fait de la chaleur importante dégagée par effet joule et de la thrombose microvasculaire évolutive. Les pertes de substances du scalp secondaires à ces brûlures nécessitent une couverture par lambeaux vu la destruction du périoste et du calvarium en regard. De juin 1997 à juin 2008, 15 patients ont été traités pour des pertes de substance du scalp secondaires à des brûlures électriques par haut voltage de diamètre allant de 8 à 11 cm et siégeant dans la région tonsurale. Ces patients ont été opérés dans la première semaine suivant l’accident. Les pertes de substance du scalp de taille moyenne secondaires à ces brûlures peuvent être couvertes per primam de façon fiable par des lambeaux locaux axialisés et multiples. Nous relatons l’expérience du Service de Chirurgie Plastique du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn-Sina, Rabat, Maroc, dans la gestion et la prise en charge de ces brûlures. PMID:22262963

  2. Damage caused to houses and equipment by underground nuclear explosions; Degats dus aux explosions nucleaires souterraines sur les habitations et les equipements

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Delort, F; Guerrini, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Bruyeres-le-Chatel (France). Centre d' Etudes

    1969-07-01

    A description is given of the damaged caused to various structures, buildings, houses, mechanical equipment and electrical equipment by underground nuclear explosions in granite. For each type of equipment or building are given the limiting distances for a given degree of damage. These distances have been related to a parameter characterizing the movement of the medium; it is thus possible to generalize the results obtained in granite, for different media. The problem of estimating the damage caused at a greater distance from the explosion is considered. (authors) [French] Les degats sur diverses structures, constructions, habitations, equipements mecaniques et materiels electriques provoques par des explosions nucleaires souterraines dans le granite sont decrits. On a indique pour chaque type de materiel ou de construction, les distances limites correspondant a un degre de gravite de dommage observe. Ces distances ont ete reliees a un parametre caracterisant le mouvement du milieu, permettant ainsi de generaliser les resultats obtenus dans le granite, a differents milieux. Le probleme de la prevision des degats en zone lointaine a ete aborde. (auteurs)

  3. The effects of spots (or grains) and the mean work function of a polycrystalline emitter; Les effets des taches (ou grains) et le travail de sortie moyen d'un emetteur polycristallin

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Devin, B; Phuc Nguyen, Xuan [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    The direct conversion of thermal energy at high temperature to electrical energy using plasma diodes is studied in the Electronic Physics Service of the French Atomic Energy Commission. Research concerns the adaptation of these diodes to nuclear reactors with a view especially to providing power for operating the instruments of space vehicles. In parallel with the semi-industrial realizations and tests, an important part of the activity of the service is directed towards fundamental research into physical phenomena convected with thermionic emission with a view to improving present performances. (authors) [French] La conversion directe de l'energie thermique a haute temperature en energie electrique par diodes a plasma est etudiee au Service d'Electronique Physique du Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique. On etudie l'adaptation de ces diodes aux reacteurs nucleaires, notamment en vue de fournir l'energie de servitude dans les vehicules spatiaux. Parallelement aux realisations et essais semi-industriels, une part importante de l'activite du Service est orientee vers l'etude fondamentale des phenomenes physiques lies a la conversion thermoionique dans le but d'ameliorer les performances actuelles. (auteurs)

  4. Isotope analysis of uranium by optical spectroscopy; Analyse isotopique de I'uranium par spectroscopie optique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gerstenkorn, S [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1958-07-01

    Isotope analysis of uranium is made by means of hollow cathode lamp and Fabry-Perot photoelectric spectrometer. When using the line U I 5027 A, this method allows to determine isotopic concentrations in {sup 235}U down to 0,1 per cent. The relative precision is about 2 per cent for amounts of {sup 235}U over 1 per cent. For weaker amounts this line would allow relative measurements of better precision when using standard mixtures. (author) [French] L'analyse isotopique de l'uranium est effectuee a l'aide d'une lampe a cathode creuse et du spectrometre Fabry-Perot photo-electrique. On utilise la raie U I 5027 A. Cette methode permet de doser des melanges isotopiques dont la teneur en {sup 235}U, peut descendre jusqu'a 0,1 pour cent. La precision relative est de l'ordre de 2 pour cent pour des teneurs en {sup 235}U superieures a 1 pour cent. Pour des teneurs plus faibles cette raie {lambda} = 5027 A permettrait des mesures relatives de meilleure precision, en utilisant des melanges prealablement doses. (auteur)

  5. Monthly Electrical Energy Overview December 2016

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2017-01-01

    This publication presents the electricity characteristics and noteworthy developments in France every month: consumption, generation, renewable energies, cross-border trades and transmission system developments, along with feedback on the highlights affecting this data. This issue presents the key figures for December 2016. Demand in December 2016 was higher by more than 13% compared to December 2015, due to the significantly lower temperatures. The balance of exchanges was in favour of imports for the first time since February 2012. The December overview is published in the same time as the 2016 annual electricity report (http://bilan-electrique-2016.rte-france.com/). You will find there the analysis of the whole year. Adjusted electricity demand remained unchanged. Fossil fuel thermal generation reached 7.4 TWh, its highest level since February 2012. Wind power production was low, with an average wind load factor of around 17%. The monthly balance of French exchanges was in favour of imports, which had not happened since February 2012. 25 new installations went into service in December 2016

  6. Proceedings of the 2008 CIGRE Canada conference on power systems : technology and innovation for the Canadian power grids of the future

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2008-01-01

    The Conseil International des Grands Reseaux Electriques (CIGRE) promotes technical, economic and environmental developments in electricity transmission and generation. CIGRE Canada is one of 53 national committees of CIGRE. This conference showcased Canadian contributions to the electric power industry and how technology and innovation in the future will influence North American power grids. It provided a forum to discuss technological developments in the electric power industry and present products and services for electrical power systems. Issues concerning the interconnection of non traditional energy sources to the power systems were also discussed along with recent research initiatives related to renewable energy source development. The sessions of the conference were entitled: wind reliability and forecasting; substation automation and communication; human resources and long range planning; power system protection and control; distributed generation; electric vehicles and renewable energy; HVDC and facts; modeling and simulation; markets; overhead transmission lines; and new sensor and de-icing technologies and data management systems. All 68 presentations featured at this conference have been catalogued separately for inclusion in this database. refs., tabs., figs

  7. Superconducting transition and low-field magnetoresistance of a niobium single crystal at 4.2 deg. K; Transition supraconductrice et magnetoresistance en champ faible d'un echantillon monocristallin de niobium a 4.2 deg. K

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perriot, G. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires. Service de physique du solide et de resonnance magnetique

    1967-01-01

    We report the study of the electrical resistance of a niobium single crystal, at 4.2 deg. K, from the beginning of the superconductive transition to 80 kilo oersteds. Critical fieldsH{sub c2} and H{sub c3} have been determined. Influences on superconductive transition of current density, field-current angle, crystal orientation and magnetoresistance have been studied. Variation laws of low-field transverse and longitudinal magneto-resistances have been determined. (author) [French] La variation de la resistance electrique d'un monocristal cylindrique de niobium a ete etudiee, a 4,2 deg. K, depuis le debut de la transition supraconductrice jusqu'a 80 kilooersteds. Les champs critiques H{sub c2} et H{sub c3} ont ete determines. On a etudie l'influence de la densite de courant, de l'angle champ-courant, de l'anisotropie cristalline et de la magnetoresistance sur la transition supraconductrice. Les lois de variation des magnetoresistances transversale et longitudinale ont ete determinees dans le domaine des champs faibles. (auteur)

  8. Modelling and control of an electric vehicle; Modelisation et controle d`un vehicule electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kwartnik, J

    1995-11-28

    The work described in this report provides to engineers or researchers a tool for electric vehicle simulation. The different components included in the system are described with in particular the choppers, the pedal accelerator and the vehicle dynamic represented by the different constraints applied to the vehicle (efforts of drag, of lift, of rolling and slope resistance). This study has been realized by considering nonlinear phenomenons such as the armature magnetic reaction or the resistance change due to temperature increasing. The complexity of the system leads to use several of control. The theory of linear systems made possible the synthesis of PID controllers after few hypothesis. An on line adaptation technique completed this synthesis by considering nonlinear effects. For the cruise control we have used a control based on fuzzy set theory. We showed through two examples, the cruise control and the motor control using a strategy which minimize the Joule effect looses, the interest and the possibilities of the model evolution. (author) 21 refs.

  9. Electric technology in the food service industry; Les technologies electriques dans les services alimentaires

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Labonte, A. [Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, PQ (Canada)

    1997-04-01

    Many innovative technologies in the food service industry have been made through the use of electricity as a source of energy. Electricity made it possible to improve the productivity and profitability of the food industry. Some of these technologies include: (1) cooking by induction, which is based on the principle of magnetic fields, (2) combined convection ovens which accelerate thermal exchange, and (3) electric fryers. The advantages of each technology were described. The environmental advantage of using electricity as an energy source in the food service industry was also discussed.

  10. Electric discharge in gases: Toepler's formula; Decharge electrique dans les gaz formule de Toepler

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ahier, G.

    1957-07-01

    In this technical note, the author recalls that when a potential difference at least equal to the disruptive voltage is applied between two electrodes which separate a gaseous medium, after some preliminary phenomena, the apparent electric resistance of the gaseous spacing quickly decreases until breakdown. He recalls the formula which has been experimentally established by Toepler for the resistance. Then, in order elaborate a theoretical justification of the Toepler formula which has a rather important role in issues related to plasma formation, two methods are proposed for this justification.

  11. Reference costs of the electric power production; Couts de reference de la production electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-06-01

    This study periodically realized by the DGEMP aims to compare the competitiveness of the different channels of electric power production, for different utilization conditions. The first part ''reference costs of the 2003 electric power production'' examines the prices of the electric power produced by different channels in particular in the framework of the industrial implementing in 2015. The nuclear and thermal power plants are concerned. The second part is devoted to the decentralized production channels (wind energy, photovoltaic, cogeneration heat-electricity) is under construction and will be presented next year. (A.L.B.)

  12. Imagerie par modulation acoustique de conductivite electrique destinee au diagnostic du cancer du sein

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gendron, Mathieu

    This thesis describes a new medical imaging technique for determining the electrical conductivity distribution of tissues in a body region with a resolution comparable to that of current ultrasound techniques. The new technique, henceforth referred to as "Acousto-Electric Conductivity Modulation" (AECM) imaging, is based on the interaction of a sound wave with an electrical field. In its simplest form, four electrodes located near the region to be imaged apply a low-amplitude electrical current and measure the potential difference arising from current flow in the tissues. A focused ultrasound transducer directs a pressure wave to a voxel of the region of interest, modifying its conductivity distribution and, as a result, the amplitude of the potential measured by the electrodes. An image of the conductivity distribution can thus be constructed point-by-point by moving the electrodes and transducer to scan the object. In this context, the acoustic wave acts as the localization agent while the electrical potential provides a measure of the local conductivity change that occurs in the voxel. The first model presented in the thesis is based on the use of bipolar acoustic waves for excitation. This waveform is generally used with narrow band transducers. Acoustic waves generated by an ultrasound transducer driven with a burst of sine waves consists of alternating compression and rarefaction phases which tend to cancel each other in terms of the conductivity changes they produce. However when the thickness of the target object is small compared to the wavelength of the acoustic wave, this cancelling effect will not occur and the AECM signals will have sufficiently high amplitude to achieve image reconstruction using successive transducer positions to scan the region of interest. By extracting from the spectra of the AECM signals the amplitude of the peak at the excitation frequency, a map of the acousto-electric sensitivity of the system can be obtained. This map is then used to reconstruct the electrical conductivity distribution. The second model presented in the thesis uses a unipolar acoustic wave to generate AECM signals of relatively large amplitude. There are two aspects related to this type of wave. The first aspect is that the acoustic modulation is unidirectional if the applied pressure is unidirectional. As a result, a positive pressure only produces an increase in electrical conductivity and this will result in a large AECM signal even when the thickness of the object is large. The second aspect concerns the shape of the acoustic field. Since the unipolar acoustic wave is not focused, it modulates the conductivity over a large area, and thus the associated AECM signals needs to be processed through a reconstruction algorithm so as to recover local conductivity. In this model, the data required for image reconstruction are acquired by rotating the transducer around the target object. An experimental setup has been developed during our project to get values of certain parameter that are required to define the numerical models. The setup comprises a large tank which is filled with water and in which are immersed the ultrasound transducer, a hydrophone and a measurement cell. The acousto-electric interaction takes place within this cell. A computer controlled positioning system allows precise displacements of the transducer relative to the hydrophone and the measurement cell. This cell comprises a cavity in which the object to be analyzed is placed and that is then filled with an electrolytic solution. The cavity is closed on two sides by an acoustic window to allow propagation of the ultrasound wave and on another side by six Ag/AgCl electrodes that are used to apply current and to measure the resulting electrical potential. Mammography is presently the most widely used medical imaging procedure for breast cancer screening. The average sensitivity of this technique is 80 % but it is less for younger women. According to recent studies, MRI offers a higher sensitivity and the possibility of detecting very small tumors, thus allowing earlier treatment. The operating costs of MRI systems are at the moment too high to consider using the modality for breast cancer screening on a large scale. AECM imaging could eventually provide an interesting compromise between operating costs and the sensitivity required for screening patients of all ages. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

  13. The power consumption of mural central heating boilers; La consommation electrique des chaudieres murales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anon.

    1997-10-01

    Two huge campaigns of measurements in the residential sector have revealed the unsuspected level of power consumption of heating and ventilation auxiliaries. It is important to know these levels in order to reduce them as they can significantly increase the energy bill of the lodging. This paper analyzes the case of mural central heating boilers with their auxiliaries: circulating pump of the heating loop and of the sanitary hot water production, ventilation systems, impact of the type of control system used (programmable clock, thermostat or none), annual and seasonal power consumption and the different solutions to reduce these over-consumptions. (J.S.)

  14. Active component modeling for analog integrated circuit design. Model parametrization and implementation in the SPICE-PAC circuit simulator; Modelisation de composants actifs pour la CAO de circuits integres analogiques. Parametrage et implantation de modeles dans le simulateur SPICE-PAC

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Marchal, Xavier

    1992-06-19

    . The first approach, physically based, is often time-consuming and results can be not accurate enough over all useful physical range. The second approach is achieved through the use of an optimizing program, FIT-PAC, which is closely associated to the modular circuit Simulator SPICE-PAC; a detailed description of it is given for a better overall understanding of the topic. FIT-PAC adjusts simultaneously ail parameters values, through use of 2 complementary optimizing methods: simulated annealing and SIMPLEX (or polytope) algorithms. We found this approach to be more efficient, systematic and easier to use than the Levenberg-Marquardt based fitting programs; this is due to the tact that neither simulated annealing nor simplex need the evaluation of the objective parametrization function gradient; this gradient can be very tedious to evaluate in many cases. We present results and discuss them in the case of static (DC) and dynamic (TRAN) MOS SPICE LEVEL 3 parameters determination. (author) [French] L'essor de l'industrie electronique est du principalement a l'integration accrue de dispositifs semi-conducteurs sur un meme support. Les programmes de conception assistee par ordinateur (CAO) sont les outils indispensables des concepteurs; ils permettent, avant fabrication, le test exhaustif de circuits complexes en evaluant leurs performances pour des conditions de fonctionnement normales ou extremes. Parmi tous ces logiciels, ceux de simulation electrique sont les plus largement utilises. Nous presentons les principaux en insistant sur le programme SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) de Berkeley, reconnu comme la reference de la simulation de circuits. Cependant ce programme ne permet que des analyses standard; nous detaillons le programme SPICE-PAC qui possede toutes les fonctionnalites de SPICE, dont il est derive, mais permet, du fait de sa structure modulaire, des analyses nouvelles et variees. Cependant les programmes de simulation les plus

  15. Behaviour of uranium under irradiation; Comportement de l'uranium sous irradiation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Adda, Y; Mustelier, J P; Quere, Y [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    phase alloys (U Nb, U Mo) the size and distribution of the bubbles are greatly influenced by the existence of a polygonization lattice, formed before irradiation, inside the grains. During high temperature annealings the bubbles situated on the polygonization lattice grow much faster than those which are distributed inside the crystal. In the case of uranium the bubbles are either distributed at random, or grouped in flat accumulations which can give rise to transgranular cracks, according to the state of the metal and the irradiation temperature. At high temperature an intergranular de-cohesion is also observed. (authors) [French] On expose les principaux resultats obtenus dans l'etude de la formation des defauts introduits dans l'uranium par la fission a basse temperature. Par irradiation a 20 K on a pu evaluer le nombre de paires de Frenkel produites par une fission. L'analyse des courbes de variation de resistivite electrique a permis de preciser l'etendue des pointes de deplacement (deplacement Spike) et le mecanisme de la creation des defauts dus a la fission. Des irradiations a 77 K ont apporte des precisions supplementaires et indiquent un comportement different de l'uranium recristallise et ecroui. On a etudie la diffusion des gaz rares a partir d'alliages metal-gaz rare obtenus par decharge electrique et d'echantillons d'uranium irradie. Le degagement des gaz rares sous vide n'est controle par un processus de diffusion simple que dans le cas ou la teneur en gaz rare est tres faible (U tres faiblement irradie). Par contre quand la teneur en gaz rare est plus forte (echantillons prepares par decharge electrique) le degagement du gaz se produit par formation, croissance et coalescence de bulles; le coefficient de diffusion apparent est alors tres different du coefficient vrai et ne peut etre utilise dans les calculs de gonflement. Dans le cas d'un processus de diffusion simple on a etudie les differents facteurs qui regissent le phenomene. On a montre en

  16. The Performance of Major Plant Items at Calder Hall; Fonctionnement des elements principaux de la centrale de Calder Hall; Kharakteristika osnovnykh uzlov ustanovki v Kolder-Kholle; Rendimiento de los principales elementos de la central de Calder Hall

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Desbruslais, E. L. [United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Seascale, Cumberland (United Kingdom)

    1963-10-15

    questioned. Statistics have shown that the data-logging equipment is extremely reliable. More standardization of fuel handling equipment is advocated. The use of special flasks and special discharge equipment are time-wasting and should be discouraged. Modifications made to the charge/discharge machines and auxiliary plant are described. Careful handling of fuel during loading is emphasized. Fuel channel television cameras and special grabs have enabled discharge times to be reduced. Only minor faults have been experienced with the compled control-rod mechanisms and associated control equipment. As far as possible plant controls should be centralized and important control centres and items of plant should be protected from accidental damage from external sources. Automatic start-up and parallelling features for the emergency diesel plant are considered unnecessary but the plant could, with advantage, be centralized. (author) [French] Depuis plus de six ans, Calder Hall fonctionne comme centrale de base et a subi des defaillances semblables a celles qu'on peut constater dans les centrales electriques classiques. Toutes ces defaillances se sont produites dans la partie classique de la centrale; aucune n'a ete relevee dans les reacteurs proprements dits. L'experience a montre que du point de vue de la securite du reacteur, il faut traiter comme un tout les reacteurs et les principaux elements de la centrale ainsi que les connections avec le reseau. On n'a constate aucune alteration importante donnant a penser que le caisson du reacteur ou le ralentisseur de graphite limiteront la duree de vie de la centrale. La distribution de la temperature autour des conduites de sortie du gaz est asymetrique, ce qui limite actuellement la puissance du reacteur. Il y aurait eu interet a amenager au debut un plus grand nombre de thermocouples.d'instruments de mesure des efforts et de dispositifs permettant un examen visuel des zones soumises a des contraintes et des temperatures elevees. Les

  17. Les fluctuations supraconductrices dans le compose praseodyme-cerium-oxyde de cuivre

    Science.gov (United States)

    Renaud, Jacques

    Ce travail etudie les fluctuations supraconductrices dans le compose supraconducteur a haute temperature critique dope aux electrons Pr2-xCe xCuO4+delta. La technique utilisee pour sonder ces fluctuations est le transport electrique DC dans le plan ab. Il s'agit, a notre connaissance, de la premiere etude de ce type dans la classe generale des supraconducteurs a haute temperature critique dopes aux electrons et, plus particulierement, dans Pr2-xCe xCuO4+delta. De plus, l'etude est effectuee pour trois regimes de dopage, soit sous-dope x = 0.135, dopage optimal x = 0.15 et surdope x = 0.17. Les echantillons etudies sont des couches minces d'epaisseur plus grande que 100 nm crues par ablation laser. Les mesures electriques DC effectuees dans ce travail sont la resistance en reponse lineaire et les courbes IV en reponse non lineaire en fonction de la temperature. La mise en oeuvre experimentale de ces mesures a necessite une grande attention au filtrage et aux effets de chauffage a haut courant. Nous montrons que, sans cette attention, les donnees experimentales sont toujours erronees dans le regime pertinent pour nos echantillons. Les resultats pour le dopage optimal x = 0.15 sont expliques de facon tres convaincante dans le cadre de fluctuations purement 2D. D'abord, le regime des fluctuations gaussiennes est tres bien decrit par le modele d'Aslamazov-Larkin en deux dimensions. Ensuite, le regime de fluctuations critiques, se trouvant a plus basse temperature que le regime gaussien, est tres bien decrit par la physique 2D de Kosterlitz-Thouless. Dans cette analyse, les deux regimes ont des temperatures critiques coherentes entre elles, ce qui semble confirmer ce scenario 2D. Une analyse des donnees dans le cadre de fluctuations 3D est exploree mais donne des conclusions incoherentes. Les resultats pour les autres dopages sont qualitativement equivalents avec le dopage optimal et permettent donc une explication purement 2D. Par contre, contrairement au dopage optimal

  18. Contribution to the study of U-Ti and U-Pu-Ti carbides; Contribution a l'etude des carbures U-C-Ti et (U, Pu) - C-Ti

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Milet, C A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    After having discussed the reasons to use (U,Pu) carbides as fast reactor fuel, we examine the influence of the addition of titanium to these carbides. A preliminary study has been done on the system of U-C-Ti and some properties have been measured such as: density, thermal expansion, electrical resistivity, atmospheric corrosion and compatibility with stainless steel. The systems U-Pu-C-Ti (Pu/U + Pu equal to 15 per cent) and U-C-Ti have been found to be very similar. There exists a two phases region (U,Pu)C + TiC, an eutectic between (U,Pu)C and TiC for approximately 15 at %. The solubilities of U + Pu in TiC and of Ti in (U,Pu)C is less than 1 % at. The addition of titanium does not markedly change thermal expansion coefficients of (U,Pu)C. However the resistance to atmospheric corrosion and compatibility with stainless steel is improved. Thermal conductivity, calculated from electrical resistivity, has increased. On the other side, the density of fissile material is lowered. The combination of (U,Pu)C + TiC seems to be the most promising alloy for application as nuclear fuel. (author) [French] Apres avoir rappele les problemes poses par un combustible pour les reacteurs a neutrons rapides et l'interet des carbures U-Pu-C comme combustible, on examine l'influence de l'addition de titane dans ces carbures. Une etude preliminaire sur le systeme U-C-Ti a ete effectuee et quelques proprietes sont indiquees: densite, coefficients de dilatation, resistivite electrique, tenue a la corrosion atmospherique, compatibilite avec l'acier inoxydable. Le systeme U-Pu-C-Ti (Pu/U + Pu egal a 15 pour cent) presente de grandes analogies avec le systeme U-C-Ti. Il existe un domaine biphase (U,Pu)C + TiC, un eutectique entre (U,Pu)C et TiC pour environ 15 at % Ti; les solubilites de U + Pu clans TiC et de Ti dans (U,Pu)C sont inferieures a 1 at %. Par rapport a la phase (U,Pu)C, l'addition de titane est sans effets importants sur les coefficients de dilatation. Par contre la tenue a

  19. Canadian conference on electrical and computer engineering proceedings. Congres canadien en genie electrique et informatique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bhargava, V K [ed.

    1993-01-01

    A conference was held on the subject of electrical and computer engineering. Papers were presented on the subjects of artificial intelligence, video, signal processing, radar, power electronics, neural networks, control, computer systems, transportation electronics, software tools, error control coding, electrothermal phenomena, performance evaluation of computer systems, wireless communication, satellite communication, very large scale integration, parallel processing, pattern recognition, telephony, graphs and algorithms, multimedia, broadcast systems, remote sensing, computer networks, modulation and coding, robotics, computer architecture, spread spectrum, image processing, microwave circuits, biomedical engineering, specification and verification, image restoration, communications networks, computer-aided design, drives, energy systems, expert systems, and optics. Separate abstracts have been prepared for 56 papers from the conference.

  20. Electrical circuits of an electromagnetic isotope separator; Circuits electriques d'un separateur d'isotopes electromagnetique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Neyron, A. [Commissariat a l' energie atomique et aux energies alternatives - CEA, Centre d' etudes nucleaires de Saclay (France)

    1959-07-01

    After an outline of the general principles governing the operation of an electromagnetic isotope separator, the electrical characteristics necessary to this operation are given. First the electrical characteristics of the ion source are briefly presented. The author then gives a detailed account of the construction of the H.T. acceleration supply of which the maxima characteristics are 80 kV and 150 mA with stabilisation of the order of 4.10{sup -4}. Reprint of a paper published in 'Industries Atomiques' - n. 3-4, 1959.

  1. Electrical Energy Statistics for France 2002; Statistiques de l'energie electrique en France - 2002

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-11-01

    Detailed statistics on electricity flows in France and on facilities. Regional data / Consumption per sector of activity / Records over last 10 years (definitive results). In 2002, national electrical consumption reached 449.9 TWh, an increase of 0.3% compared with 2001 (448.6 TWh). Adjusted for winter and summer climate contingencies, its growth rate was 0.9% compared with 2001. Consumption by customers connected at high or medium voltage levels came to 254.2 TWh, an increase of 0.8% compared with 2001 (252.3 TWh); consumption by customers connected at low voltage levels came to 165 TWh, a decrease of 0.8% compared with 2001 (166.4 TWh). Generation in France reached 534.3 TWh, an increase of 11.5 TWh or 2.2% compared with 2001 (522.8 TWh). This increase broke down between nuclear generation and conventional thermal generation. Net nuclear generation injected, as measured by RTE, came to 415.5 TWh in 2002, an increase of 4.0% compared with 2001 (399.6 TWh). Conventional thermal generation came to 51.1 TWh, an increase of 15.4 % compared with 2001 (44.3 TWh). Hydro-electric generation amounted to 65.5 TWh, a fall of 15.3% compared with 2001 (77.3 TWh). In terms of physical exchanges with foreign countries, France exported a net total of 77 TWh, an increase of 12.6% compared with 2001 (68.4 TWh). Contractual exchanges with foreign countries, recorded by RTE, fell by 9.9 % to reach a cumulative value for exports and imports of 107.8 TWh (compared with 120 TWh in 2001)

  2. MECANISME DE DEGRADATION DE FILMS DE POLYPROPYLENE IMPREGNE SOUS CHAMP ELECTRIQUE EN PRESENCE D'OXYGENE

    OpenAIRE

    Said , Sylvère

    1994-01-01

    The concern of this body of work is the mechanism of dégradation of impregnated polypropylène film capacitors in an oxygen blanket. Tins study is carried out on plane électrode capacitor models with expérimental parameters (AC electrical field in the range 66 V/um-200 V/pm, oxygen blanket, température 80°C) which hâve enabled us to obtain results in good agreement with industrial capacitor behaviour.Capacitor ageing is mainly assessed by its mean life-time and the change in the physio-chemica...

  3. The fuel cell and the electrical vehicle; La pile a combustible et la voiture electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dubois, J C [Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 75 - Paris (France)

    1999-01-01

    The fuel cell is an electrochemical generator able to transform directly the chemical energy of a gaseous fuel (hydrogen, natural gas, coke gas or methanol...) with a combustive (oxygen for example) in electricity, heat, water and carbon dioxide. This article briefly describes at first the history of the fuel cell and after its working principle with the main reasons of its present development. Indeed, the fuel cell could be an alternative to the batteries for the electrically powered vehicles but also for other applications demanding autonomous electrical supply. The different types of fuel cells are described with their own performances. The proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are more specially described. Examples of polymer membranes with their performances are given. The different programs in the EC and in the world are described as well as their applications in different domains such as the electrical powered car. (authors) 10 refs.

  4. Investment and deregulation in the electricity generation industry; Investissement et dereglementation dans le secteur electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Peluchon, B

    2007-12-15

    This work addresses the issue of investment in the electricity generation industry. As the analysis of many crisis which have affected electricity markets shows, there is a systematic under-investment in peak capacity. Electricity prices are not high enough to cover fixed costs of such generators, a phenomenon that has been dubbed 'missing money' in some recent papers (Stoft). The investment decisions of a duo-poly facing random demand are then compared to those of a public monopoly. The results are that no prices may be high enough to solve the 'missing money' problem, since the duo-poly is able to exercise market power in order to maximize his profit. This results systematically in fewer peak capacity in the duo-poly case than in the public monopoly case. This remains true in the case of a n-oligopoly. The necessity of designing a mechanism remunerating capacity is thus demonstrated. Capacity markets are then analysed in the light of those results. What appears is that operating reserves are a public good and, as such, prevents capacity markets to solve the 'missing money' problem. This casts a shadow on the pursuit of deregulation in the electricity industry. (author)

  5. Control of peripheral units by satellite computer

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tran, K.T.

    1974-01-01

    A computer system was developed allowing the control of nuclear physics experiments, and use of the results by means of graphical and conversational assemblies. This system which is made of two computers, one IBM-370/135 and one Telemecanique Electrique T1600, controls the conventional IBM peripherals and also the special ones made in the laboratory, such as data acquisition display and graphics units. The visual display is implemented by a scanning-type television, equipped with a light-pen. These units in themselves are universal, but their specifications were established to meet the requirements of nuclear physics experiments. The input-output channels of the two computers have been connected together by an interface, designed and implemented in the Laboratory. This interface allows the exchange of control signals and data (the data are changed from bytes into word and vice-versa). The T1600 controls the peripherals mentionned above according to the commands of the IBM370. Hence the T1600 has here the part of a satellite computer which allows conversation with the main computer and also insures the control of its special peripheral units [fr

  6. G2 - G3 inventive properties, the first french nuclear plants; Caracteristiques generales et aspects originaux des reacteurs G2 et G3

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pascal,; Horowitz,; Bussac,; Joatton,; de Meux, De Lagge; Martin, [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1958-07-01

    This paper points out the inventive properties of the frenchctors G2 and G3. These are dual purpose reactors, i.e. designed for the production of both plutonium and energy (30 electrical MW); in this respect, they can be considered as the start point of the french electrical energy produced from nuclear fuel. The following points are specially discussed in this paper: the choice of the prestressed concrete pressure vessel, the horizontal arrangement of the channels, the interest of neutron flux flattening, the advantages of the charging and discharging device working during pile operation. (author)Fren. [French] Les caracteres originaux des reacteurs fran is G2 et G3 sont decrits dans ce rapport. Ce sont des reacteurs a double fin, plutonigenes et aussi producteurs d'energie (30 MW electriques); ils constituent a ce titre le point de depart de la production fran ise d'electricite d'origine nucleaire. Sont discutes, en particulier, dans ce rapport: le choix du caisson en beton precontraint pour tenir la pression, la disposition horizontale des canaux, l'interet de l'aplatissement du flux neutronique, les avantages de l'appareil permettant le chargement et le dechargement du combustible sans arreter la pile. (auteur)

  7. Structural mechanics studies at E.D.F

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Baylac, G.

    1983-01-01

    Structural mechanics studies at EDF have three goals: a better knowledge of the materials properties, an an improvement of the design, and a better in service surveillance of the components. This study has lead EDF to perform a large investment to make possible the fatigue survey of the primary circuit. This investment is of 10 men-years for the mechanical studies. A cumulative bookkeeping of the transients is now in action at Fessenheim I and II, Bugey II to V, Tricastin I, Gravelines I, Dampierre I. A catalog of the transients easy to use will be provided to each unit in the near future. The design of the new four loop plants will take advantage of a new catalog of the design transients, this catalog being used for the purpose of the design and the bookkeeping of the transients. Experimental and theoretical investigations concerning the vibrations of PWR internals and primary circuit have been carried out at Fessenheim I, Bugey V and Tricastin I . As a result of these studies and complementary studies on Safran mock-up, EDF has been able to define with FRAMATOME and CEA a monitoring system to meet the requirements of the safety authorities. The monitoring system is divided in to three parts: loose - parts detection system accelerometers; monitoring of reactor internals by neutron noise measurements; monitoring of heavy components vibrations by accelerometers. This system is now installed in all PWR units. Some developments are in progress at EDF mainly at the Directorate of Research and Development to improve the procedures of the control and to define the criteria for an early diagnostic of the anomalies. The major reports are Surveillance du comportement vibratoire des composants de circuit primaire; Vibration studies on a three loop PWR internals model; and Nuclear Reactor Surveillance - Neutron noise measurements and vibrations analysis on French PWR Internal structures

  8. Atom probe study of the microstructural evolution induced by irradiation in Fe-Cu ferritic alloys and pressure vessel steels

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pareige, P.

    1996-04-01

    Pressure vessel steels used in pressurized water reactors are low alloyed ferritic steels. They may be prone to hardening and embrittlement under neutron irradiation. The changes in mechanical properties are generally supposed to result from the formation of point defects, dislocation loops, voids and/or copper rich clusters. However, the real nature of the irradiation induced-damage in these steels has not been clearly identified yet. In order to improve our vision of this damage, we have characterized the microstructure of several steels and model alloys irradiated with electrons and neutrons. The study was performed with conventional and tomographic atom probes. The well known importance of the effects of copper upon pressure vessel steel embrittlement has led us to study Fe-Cu binary alloys. We have considered chemical aging as well as aging under electron and neutron irradiations. The resulting effects depend on whether electron or neutron irradiations ar used for thus. We carried out both kinds of irradiation concurrently so as to compare their effects. We have more particularly considered alloys with a low copper supersaturation representative of that met with the French vessel alloys (0.1% Cu). Then, we have examined steels used on French nuclear reactor pressure vessels. To characterize the microstructure of CHOOZ A steel and its evolution when exposed to neutrons, we have studied samples from the reactor surveillance program. The results achieved, especially the characterization of neutron-induced defects have been compared with those for another steel from the surveillance program of Dampierre 2. All the experiment results obtained on model and industrial steels have allowed us to consider an explanation of the way how the defects appear and grow, and to propose reasons for their influence upon steel embrittlement. (author). 3 appends

  9. Information report published in application of article 146 of the Regulation by the Commission of information related to the technical and financial feasibility of the dismantling of basic nuclear installations on the behalf of the Commission for sustainable development and land planning. Nr 4428

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Aubert, Julien; Romagnan, Barbara

    2017-01-01

    Based on visits, on hearings and on debates within the Commission, this report addresses the issue of the technical and financial feasibility of the dismantling of nuclear installations. Indeed, it appears that the technical feasibility is not as mastered as supposed, and that dismantling works will last longer than foreseen, with therefore a higher cost than foreseen. Thus, existing and foreseen funding might be insufficient, and the global strategy for dismantling should be seriously reviewed regarding both technical and financial points of view. Before reaching this conclusion, the report presents the general context: definition of dismantling, perspective of development of dismantling activities, specific case of marine reactors. The authors then present and comment initial basic principles (extrapolation with the Dampierre model, immediate dismantling, soil decontamination) and parameters which could result in cost reduction. The second part of the report discusses the technical issue, first by recalling and commenting the difficulties faced by EDF to dismantle its first reactors (case of Brennilis, complete shift by EDF regarding its strategy for graphite-gas reactors, case of Superphenix), secondly by outlining that waste management largely determines dismantling (situation for the different types of wastes, problem of saturation of some centres, issue of a release threshold, case of wastes from graphite-gas reactors), and thirdly by discussing the issue of subcontracting. The third part addresses the financial issue and EDF funding by discussing assessment principles and method used by EDF, by showing that the result is probably an under-assessment (due to optimistic hypotheses, to many unfunded expenses, and to under-assessed dismantling costs). The authors then compare the French situation with other countries (Germany, USA, Belgium, OECD countries) to show that institutional comparisons are consistent with each other. They propose a more detailed

  10. Atom probe study of the microstructural evolution induced by irradiation in Fe-Cu ferritic alloys and pressure vessel steels; Etude a la sonde atomique de l`evolution microstructurale sous irradiation d`alliages ferritiques Fe-Cu et d`aciers de cuve REP

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pareige, P

    1996-04-01

    Pressure vessel steels used in pressurized water reactors are low alloyed ferritic steels. They may be prone to hardening and embrittlement under neutron irradiation. The changes in mechanical properties are generally supposed to result from the formation of point defects, dislocation loops, voids and/or copper rich clusters. However, the real nature of the irradiation induced-damage in these steels has not been clearly identified yet. In order to improve our vision of this damage, we have characterized the microstructure of several steels and model alloys irradiated with electrons and neutrons. The study was performed with conventional and tomographic atom probes. The well known importance of the effects of copper upon pressure vessel steel embrittlement has led us to study Fe-Cu binary alloys. We have considered chemical aging as well as aging under electron and neutron irradiations. The resulting effects depend on whether electron or neutron irradiations ar used for thus. We carried out both kinds of irradiation concurrently so as to compare their effects. We have more particularly considered alloys with a low copper supersaturation representative of that met with the French vessel alloys (0.1% Cu). Then, we have examined steels used on French nuclear reactor pressure vessels. To characterize the microstructure of CHOOZ A steel and its evolution when exposed to neutrons, we have studied samples from the reactor surveillance program. The results achieved, especially the characterization of neutron-induced defects have been compared with those for another steel from the surveillance program of Dampierre 2. All the experiment results obtained on model and industrial steels have allowed us to consider an explanation of the way how the defects appear and grow, and to propose reasons for their influence upon steel embrittlement. (author). 3 appends.

  11. Automatic counting and recording unit used for dating by the carbon 14 method; Ensemble de comptage et d'impression automatique utilise pour la datation par la methode du carbone 14

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Albertinoli, P; Galliot, J; Thommeret, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires. Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monte Carlo

    1969-07-01

    A description is given of the unit used by the 'Centre Scientifique de Monaco' for low-level beta counting and fitted for radioactive dating by the Carbon 14 method. Built entirely by the laboratory in 1964, on the basis of electronic techniques then recent, it has worked without failure since that time. The proportional counter, its high-voltage negative supply, and the counting chains with visual and printing records are detailed by means of 38 figures which reproduce the counter and the electronic circuits. These are contained in two standard 5 U.I structures. The low-voltage power supply of the whole unit is carried out by plus 12 volts and minus 12 volts storage batteries, buffered on a charger connected on the 110 V alternative line. The proportional counter described is filled with CO{sub 2} under one atmosphere pressure and permits the dating of carbonaceous samples with a maximum of 30.000 + 1.000 years (background 3.96 c.p.m. ) within a moderate time (72 hours). (authors) [French] L'ensemble de comptage pour radioactivite beta a bas niveau, destine a la datation par la methode du carbone 14, utilise au Centre Scientifique de Monaco, est decrit. Entierement construit au laboratoire en 1964, sur la base de techniques electroniques alors recentes, il fonctionne depuis cette date sans defaillance. Le compteur proportionnel, son alimentation haute tension negative et les chaines de comptage transistorisees a affichage et impression sont detailles par 38 schemas reproduisant le compteur et les divers circuits electroniques. Ceux-ci sont contenus dans deux chassis standard 5 UI. L'alimentation basse tension de l'ensemble est obtenue par batteries plus 12 et moins 12 volts montees en tampon sur chargeur alimente par le reseau. Le compteur proportionnel decrit, rempli de CO2 sous une atmosphere, permet de dater les echantillons carbones avec un maximum de 30.000 + 1.000 ans (bruit de fond: 3,96 c.p.m. ) en un temps raisonnable (72 heures). (auteur)

  12. Impact de la preparation des anodes crues et des conditions de cuisson sur la fissuration dans des anodes denses

    Science.gov (United States)

    Amrani, Salah

    fabriquees industriellement. Cette technique a consiste a determiner le profil des differentes proprietes physiques. En effet, la methode basee sur la mesure de la distribution de la resistivite electrique sur la totalite de l'echantillon est la technique qui a ete utilisee pour localiser la fissuration et les macro-pores. La microscopie optique et l'analyse d'image ont, quant a elles, permis de caracteriser les zones fissurees tout en determinant la structure des echantillons analyses a l'echelle microscopique. D'autres tests ont ete menes, et ils ont consiste a etudier des echantillons cylindriques d'anodes de 50 mm de diametre et de 130 mm de longueur. Ces derniers ont ete cuits dans un four a UQAC a differents taux de chauffage dans le but de pouvoir determiner l'influence des parametres de cuisson sur la formation de la fissuration dans ce genre de carottes. La caracterisation des echantillons d'anodes cuites a ete faite a l'aide de la microscopie electronique a balayage et de l'ultrason. La derniere partie des travaux realises a l'UQAC contient une etude sur la caracterisation des anodes fabriquees au laboratoire sous differentes conditions d'operation. L'evolution de la qualite de ces anodes a ete faite par l'utilisation de plusieurs techniques. L'evolution de la temperature de refroidissement des anodes crues de laboratoire a ete mesuree; et un modele mathematique a ete developpe et valide avec les donnees experimentales. Cela a pour objectif d'estimer la vitesse de refroidissement ainsi que le stress thermique. Toutes les anodes fabriquees ont ete caracterisees avant la cuisson par la determination de certaines proprietes physiques (resistivite electrique, densite apparente, densite optique et pourcentage de defauts). La tomographie et la distribution de la resistivite electrique, qui sont des techniques non destructives, ont ete employees pour evaluer les defauts internes des anodes. Pendant la cuisson des anodes de laboratoire, l'evolution de la resistivite

  13. Prospects for the Use of Plutonium in Reactors; Prospective d'Utilisation du Plutonium dans les Reacteurs

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fossoul, E.; Haubert, P. [BELGONUCLEAIRE (Belgium); Hirschberg, D.; Morlet, E. [International Business Machines of Belgium, Bruxelles (Belgium)

    1967-09-15

    The introduction, at an increasing rate, of power reactors using slightly enriched uranium will inevitably lead to the production of considerable quantities of plutonium over the next decade. Fast reactors will not be capable of absorbing this material before 1980. The question thus arises of whether one should store the plutonium far future use in fast reactors, recycle it in existing thermal reactors, or try to sell it. The problem has been studied for an electric power generating system that does not foresee selling the plutonium produced by its reactors and does not buy plutonium outside, which enables a good approximation to be made and eliminates the major unknown quantity represented by the future market price of plutonium. Assuming within this system a programme that provides for the construction of power reactors of a given type and capacity at specific dates, the utilization of the plutonium produced can be optimized by linear programming techniques so as to minimize the discounted total cost of the power generated over a given period. A later stage consists in optimizing, by various techniques, not only the utilization but also the production of plutonium by appropriate selection of the power reactor types to be constructed. (author) [French] L'implantation, a un rythme croissant, de centrales nucleaires a uranium legerement enrichi entrainera la production ineluctable d'une quantite importante de plutonium au cours de la prochaine decennie. Les reacteurs a neutrons rapides ne seront capables d'absorber cette production qu'apres 1980. La question se pose donc de savoir s'il est preferable de stocker le plutonium en vue de son utilisation ulterieure dans les reacteurs a neutrons rapides plutot que de le recycler dans les reacteurs actuels a neutrons thermiques ou d'essayer de le vendre. Ce probleme a ete etudie dans le cadre d'un systeme de production d'energie electrique qui ne prevoirait pas la vente du plutonium produit par ses reacteurs nucleaires ni

  14. Prospective economical study of the nuclear power file; Etude economique prospective de la filiere electrique nucleaire

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Charpin, J M [Commissariat General du Plan, 75 - Paris (France); Dessus, B [Ecodev-CNRS, 92 - Meudon (France); Pellat, R [CEA, 75 - Paris (France)

    2000-07-01

    On May 7, 1999 an economical study of the overall nuclear file, and in particular, of the back-end part of the fuel cycle and including the reprocessing, was requested by the French Prime Minister. This study includes the cost comparisons with the other means of power production and takes into consideration the environmental costs. The study is shared into five chapters dealing with: 1 - the legacy of the past: todays park of nuclear plants, economical and material status; 2 - the international evolution: the dynamics of nuclear policies worldwide (existing parks and R and D programs), the rise of environmental problems worldwide (CO{sub 2} and the climate convention, nuclear risks, attempts of including environment in the power costs), the choices made for the management of spent fuels in the main countries; 3 - the technological prospects for the power production and use: technologies for the mastery of power demand (residential, industrial and tertiary sectors, power transportation), technologies of power production (production from nuclear, fossil and renewable energies); 4 - prospective scenarios for France: two demand scenarios at the year 2050 vista (energy, electric power), power supply (supply structure with respect to scenarios, nuclear parks, power capacities), environmental aspects (CO{sub 2} emissions, plutonium and minor actinides production); 5 - the economical status of the different scenarios: data preparation, fossil fuel price scenarios, investment and operation costs of the different power production means (nuclear, fossil and renewable energies, natural gas and power distribution networks), comparison between fluxes and cumulated economic costs linked with the different scenarios (investments, exploitation, fuels, R and D, status for 2000 to 2050), time structure of expenditures with respect to the different scenarios (chronology, statuses, kWh costs, sensitivity with respect to the rate of discount, valorization of existing parks in 2050), cost overruns with respect to pollutant emissions. (J.S.)

  15. Electric power in Europe: towards a competitive oligopoly?; L'Europe electrique: vers un oligopole concurrentiel?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Huby, J.; Noilhan, F.; Sauvage, Ph

    2002-09-01

    The Electricity Sector of the European Union has experienced very deep changes in the last decade, in the wake of the 1996 'Electricity Directive'. In most Member States, companies that once enjoyed the position of de facto or de jure monopolists have been facing an increasing competitive pressure, while development of cross-border trade combined with cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions indicates a deeper European integration. It seems that the 'internal market in Electricity', targeted by the 1996 Directive, is slowly but surely taking shape. The present study intends to draw a picture of the recent evolution in the European Electricity Sector and to identify the challenges and options the European public authorities are now facing. Our starting point is an in-depth analysis of the idiosyncrasies of the Electricity Sector in general and of the constraints they impose on the market design. We move then to the peculiarities of the 'Continental Europe', an area including France, Germany, the Benelux and the 'electric peninsulas' of Italy and Spain, but excluding the United Kingdom and the Scandinavian countries. The latter have indeed a longer and quite different experience of liberalization. We then describe the current regulatory and legislative state of the play and try to identify clear-cut tendencies for the future evolution. We conclude that the 'internal market in Electricity' is far from completion and that the strategy adopted by the European Union seems to be that of a slow and cautious deepening of reforms that are already 'on the way'. Thus one can anticipate that the present framework will not - and maybe should not - experience a radical upheaval. After having built up the setting, we focus on the industrial organisation of the sector. It seems to us that the consolidation that took place in 'Continental Europe' during the last five years is now settling down. Seven or eight major players are emerging, each of which is relying on a geographical 'stronghold' and is present both at the production and supply level. Several possible newcomers are described but we conclude that they are very unlikely to dramatically alter the possible outcome described above. Such a structure may raise competitive concerns, as the Electric Industry presents many features that could foster the formation and maintenance of a collective dominant position. This suggests that potential new concentrations should be subject to deep scrutiny by Competition authorities. However, we contend that strong economic efficiencies justify a moderate level of concentration. In the perspective of a real integration that would suppress the barriers still splitting the 'Continental Europe' area into different markets, we anticipate the present evolution will need of a 'competitive oligopoly'. Rather than authoritarian 'de-mergers', which are anyway very unlikely to take place, the setting up of a more coherent regulatory framework at European level and a strong political commitment to adapt the trans-european Energy networks to the needs of a liberalized internal market appear to us as key conditions of success. (authors)

  16. Minautor: the 100% electric mining vehicle; Developpement d'un vehicule minier 100% electrique le Minautor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Adam, Francois

    2011-04-15

    PEDNO, in collaboration with Quebec's advanced transport institute (ITAQ) has developed a 4x4 fully electric vehicle suitable for use in mines. PEDNO undertook this project to replace diesel-powered vehicles which emit high levels of pollutants and push up ventilation costs. This vehicle, named Minautor, has certain features designed to meet the conditions of a subterranean environment: the body is made of aluminum to reduce weight and therefore the energy needed for mobility while Li-ion batteries, which are lighter and safer, have also been incorporated. After the vehicle was successfully tested, ITAQ transferred the technology to PEDNO so that they would be in a position to develop the next generation of the Minautor themselves.

  17. Electrochemical generation and storage of electrical energy; Production et stockage electrochimiques de l'energie electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fauvarque, J.F.

    2005-07-01

    Electrochemical systems have the remarkable property of being able to convert chemical energy into electrical energy and vice-versa, and this, in conditions close to the thermodynamical reversibility, without any pollutant and noise emissions, and without the need of heavy maintenance. These systems can find various applications in the different domains of the economical life, in particular in the transportation sector. Depending on the application in concern, the batteries, fuel cells and super-capacitors are more or less well-adapted and the choice of a given, or of a combination of technologies must be made with respect to the final objective of the application. This document presents the history, principle, electromotive force, capacity, power, and cyclability of closed electrochemical generators (batteries and capacitors). It presents also the principle and characteristics of open systems (fuel cells and redox systems). (J.S.)

  18. L'Attitude Chirurgicale dans les Brulures Electriques Graves par Haut Voltage: À Propos de Deux Cas

    Science.gov (United States)

    Moussaoui, A.; Fejjal, N.; Achbouk, A.; Tourabi, K.; Ribag, Y.; Bakkali, H.; Ababou, K.; Ihrai, H.

    2008-01-01

    Summary Devant une brûlure électrique grave, deux attitudes chirurgicales se distinguent: 1. une attitude conservatrice; 2. une attitude d'amputation. A la lumière de deux observations, les Auteurs discutent les avantages et les difficultés de la mise en oeuvre de chaque attitude. PMID:21991118

  19. CO{sub 2} contain of the electric heating; Contenu en CO{sub 2} du chauffage electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bacher, P

    2008-02-15

    A recent announcement of the RTE and the ADEME on the CO{sub 2} contain of the electric kW, refuting a 2005 study of EDF and ADEME, perturbed the public opinion and was presented as the proof that the nuclear has no part in the fight against the climatic change. The author aims to set things straight. (A.L.B.)

  20. Production of a magnetic field of 1 600 000 At/m in a non-magnetic region of volume 0.5 cubic decimeters by a coil cooled by liquid hydrogen (1963); Production d'un champ magnetique de l 600 000 At/m dans un milieu non magnetique dont le volume est 0,5 decimetre cube. Enroulement refroidi a l'hydrogene liquide (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garin, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    The eventual application of the technique of cryogenic coils for the production of magnetic fields for liquid hydrogen bubble chambers has led us to the study and construction of two copper coils (cooled in a bath of liquid hydrogen). Part one treats certain generalities concerning the resistivity of several pure metals at very low temperatures, the gain in power, thermal isolation and the choice of conductor and power supply. Part two describes the experimental arrangement. The last part is devoted to a description of the two coils which were constructed, and to the results obtained. (author) [French] L'application eventuelle de la technique des ''bobines cryogeniques'' aux chambres a bulles a hydrogene liquide pour la production du champ magnetique nous a conduits a l'etude et a la construction de deux bobines en cuivre (refroidies dans un bain d'hydrogene liquide). La premiere partie traite de generalites concernant la resistivite de quelques metaux purs, a tres basse temperature, le gain de puissance, l'isolement thermique et le choix du conducteur et de l'alimentation electrique. Dans la seconde partie on decrit l'installation d'essais. La derniere partie est consacree a la description des deux bobines realisees et aux resultats obtenus. (auteur)

  1. Electrolytic dissociation of NH{sub 2}K in liquid ammonia; Dissociation electrolytique de NH{sub 2}K dans NH{sub 3} liquide

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Botter, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    By assuming the Debye and Huckel approximation giving the activity coefficient and the Onsager relationship linking the conductivity and infinite dilution conductivity of an electrolyte, it has been possible using the available literature data and the electrical conductivity measurements carried out for this purpose, to calculate certain typical parameters of the dissociation of potassium amide in liquid ammonia in the temperature range of -77 deg. C to -33.5 deg. C: degree of dissociation, mean activity coefficient of the ions NH{sub 2}{sup -} and K{sup +}, and the mean activity of these ions. (author) [French] En admettant l'approximation de Debye et Huckel donnant le coefficient d'activite et la relation d'Onsager reliant conductivite et conductivite a dilution infinie d'un electrolyte, on a, en se basant sur les donnees bibliographiques disponibles et des mesures de conductivite electrique effectuees a cette fin, determine par un calcul, certains parametres caracteristiques de la dissociation de l'amidure de potassium dans l'ammoniac liquide dans un domaine de temperature de -77 deg. C a -33,5 deg. C: degre de dissociation, coefficient d'activite moyen des ions NH{sub 2}{sup -} et K{sup +} et activite moyenne de ces ions. (auteur)

  2. Towards the development of a regional electricity market in Central Africa: Issues and Challenges; Vers la realisation d'un marche regional de l'electricite en Afrique Centrale: Enjeux et defies

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Veilleux, Rheaume; Mbadinga, David; Kitoko Senghi, Laurent

    2010-09-15

    This article gives a short description of the African continent. It then describes the 5 energy pools covering 54 countries: COMELEC, SAPP, WAPP, PEAC, EAPP. More specifically, the article looks at the main strategies and methods to be put in place in order to implement the electricity market, in particular the regional market of Central Africa. The current interconnecting projects and studies between different African countries, made by RSW international in collaboration with different partners, are presented, and in a more comprehensive way, the one related to the Interconnexion of the electrical networks of the member countries of the ECCAS. [French] Cet article presente une courte description du continent africain. Par la suite, on decrit les 5 pools energetiques couvrant les 54 pays : COMELEC, SAPP, WAPP, PEAC, EAPP. Plus specifiquement, on aborde les principales strategies et moyens a mettre en place pour implanter et developper le marche de l'electricite, plus particulierement le marche regional de l'Afrique centrale. Les projets ou etudes d'interconnexion en cours entre differents pays de l'Afrique, realises par RSW International de concert avec differents partenaires, sont presentes et, de facon plus exhaustive, celle relative au projet de l'Interconnexion des Reseaux Electriques des Pays Membres de la CEEAC.

  3. Application of the Moessbauer effect to the study of the structure of transition metal complexes; Applications de l'effet Mossbauer a l'etude de la structure des complexes des metaux de transition

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tsymbal, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    In this survey, the structural investigations of transition metal complexes by the hyperfine interactions in the Moessbauer effect are described. The isomer shift provides a unique tool for estimating s electrons covalency in high spin complexes and one of the best pieces of evidence for the importance of bacle donation in low spin complexes. The electric field gradient deriving from quadrupole coupling measurements is correlated with the energy levels distribution of d orbitals in high spin complexes, whereas in low spin complexes it originates from the unbalanced d electrons. (authors) [French] Dans cette etude, nous decrivons les applications des interactions hyperfines dans l' effet Mossbauer a l'etude de la structure des complexes des metaux de transition. Le deplacement isomerique donne des informations tres utiles sur la covalence des electrons s dans les complexes a spin eleve et met en evidence d'une maniere nette l'importance du phenomene de 'bacle donation' dans les complexes a spin faible. Le gradient de champ electrique qui provient des mesures d'interaction quadripolaire est lie a la distribution des niveaux d'energie des orbitales d dans les complexes a spin eleve alors que dans les complexes a spin faible, il est provoque par des electrons d non apparies. (auteurs)

  4. The effect of an homogeneous magnetic field on the line profiles of hydrogen; Effet d'un champ magnetique uniforme sur les profils des raies de l'hydrogene

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nguyen, H; Herman, L [Universite de Paris Sorbonne, Lab. de Recherche Physique, 75 - Paris (France); Drawin, H W [Association Euratom-CEA, Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92 (France)

    1966-07-01

    The profiles of the hydrogen lines have been calculated taking into account the intermolecular electric field, the electronic collisions, and an external homogeneous magnetic field in which the plasma is imbedded. We considered electron densities N within the range 10{sup 15} {<=} N {<=} 10{sup 18} cm{sup -3} and magnetic field strengths < 1,2 10{sup 5} gauss. These values cover practically most of the experimental conditions in which one is interested in the present state of research. In the present paper we only present the numerical results for the lines Ly-{alpha}, Ly-{beta} and H-{alpha}. For very small magnetic fields our calculated line profiles coincide with the pure Stark profiles recently calculated by GRIEM, KOLB and SHEN (1960). With increasing magnetic fields, important deviations appear. The essential parameters for these deviations are, firstly: the direction of observation with regard to the direction of the magnetic field, and secondly: the ratio between the Zeeman splitting in a magnetic field only and the Stark splitting due to the mean intermolecular electric field. Experimental line profiles have been obtained using a linear discharge tube surrounded by an induction coil, the comparison of tie theoretical profiles with the experimental ones shows a satisfying agreement. The results for the lines originating from higher principal quantum numbers are actually exploited and will be communicated soon. (author) [French] Les profils des raies de l'hydrogene ont ete calcules en tenant compte des collisions electroniques, du champ electrique intermoleculaire et d'un champ magnetique uniforme exterieur. Nous avons considere des concentrations electroniques comprises entre 10{sup 15} cm{sup -3} et 10{sup 18} cm{sup -3} et des champs magnetiques inferieurs ou egaux a 1,2 10{sup 5} gauss. Ces valeurs couvrent pratiquement toutes les conditions experimentales qui ont un interet a l'heure actuelle. Dans le present travail, nous ne donnons que des resultats

  5. Notes on the Start-Up of the Latina Power Station; Notes concernant le demarrage de la centrale nucleaire de Latina; Zapusk ehlektrostantsii Latina; Notas sobre la puesta en marcha de la central electrica de Latina

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Calabria, G.; Gualtieri, G. [AGIP Nucleare, Milano (Italy)

    1963-10-15

    Information is given on the start-up of the first Italian nuclear power plant, the Latin Power Station, designed for an electrical output of 200 MW, incorporating a natural uranium-gas-graphite reactor. After a brief description of the main characteristics of the station, details are given on die performance of the final tests of the plant, on the fuel loading and on the sequence of commissioning operations, measurements and controls subsequent to the criticality attained. The operations for the start-up and connection of the station to the electrical network are treated. The organization problems relevant to the station operation including personnel preparation and qualification, safety measures, are also illustrated. (author) [French] Le memoire donne des renseignements sur le demarrage de la premiere centrale nucleaire italienne, la centrale de Latina, dont la puissance electrique est de 200 MW et qui fonctionne avec un reacteur du type uranium naturel-gaz-graphite. Apres une breve description des caracteristiques essentielles de la centrale, des explications detaillees sont donnees sur les resultats des derniers essais auxquels elle a ete soumise, sur le chargement du combustible et sur la serie des operations de mise en service, des mesures et des verifications auxquelles il a ete procede lorsque l'etat critique a ete atteint. Les operations de demarrage et de raccordement de la centrale au reseau electrique sont etudiees dans le memoire, ainsi que les problemes d'organisation que pose l 'exploitation de la centrale, notamment en ce qui concerne la formation du personnel et les mesures de securite. (author) [Spanish] Se comunican datos sobre la puesta en marcha de la primera central nucleoelectrica italiana, en Latina, proyectada para desarrollar una potencia de 200 MW (e), que se basa en un reactor de uranio natural moderado por grafito u refrigerado por gas. Despues de describir brevemente las caracteristicas de la central, se dan detalles sobre el

  6. An electric-powered vehicle with contactless battery loading from the grid; Un vehicule electrique alimente sans contact

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2009-07-01

    In this short article the prototype of a 3.5 t pick-up vehicle with an electric drive by Numexia is described. Its unique feature is the contactless battery loading from the grid, by means of an electromagnetic coil located in the ground under the vehicle at the loading station. This technology has been developed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland in the framework of an abandoned project named Swissmetro. (The aim of this project was to connect the main Swiss cities of Geneva, Lausanne, Berne, Lucerne, Zurich and St-Gallen by an underground fast train that would have needed about 12 minutes from one city to the next, i.e. for a distance of 60 to 100 km. Several innovative technologies were developed in the preliminary phase of the project.) The pick-up vehicle, a modified Renault Maxity, reaches 100 km/h. The electric motor power is 100 kW. LiFePO{sub 4} batteries are used to store energy. Reloading takes 30 minutes under optimum conditions. An energy management unit and a 33 kW auxiliary diesel-engine-powered generator are integrated. The pick-up is able to carry a useful load up to 1557 kg and to cover a distance of 100 km with one battery load, without using the auxiliary generator. This new propulsion system is thought to become a frequently used device in vehicles for urban transportation. Numexia intends to cooperate with big car manufacturers to build in its new drive into their vehicles.

  7. The electric-powered vehicle reaches the town center; Le vehicule electrique gagne le coeur de la ville

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2001-07-01

    The second edition of this book on electric-powered vehicles has been actualized and completed with the presentation of clean public transportation systems and hybrid electric-powered vehicles. It shows the practical aspects of some recent and innovative projects. All pictures, tables and data have been updated. (J.S.)

  8. Technical results of the French electricity supply industry 2002; Resultats techniques du secteur electrique en France 2002

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-07-01

    Provisional detailed results of power flows in France in 2002, with the operating context and international comparisons. This booklet presents provisional results, expressed in rounded values because of some estimated values. Data come from measures made by RTE, completed by various actors of the power system and by estimations made by RTE: general results France; operation outlook; energy flows; exchanges with foreign countries; French consumption; French generation; network operation; access to the transmission network; development over the past 15 years; international comparisons; terminology.

  9. Modelisation temporelle de la consommation electrique en analyse du cycle de vie appliquee au contexte des TIC

    Science.gov (United States)

    Maurice, Elsa

    Fossil fuels are a scarce energy resource. Since the industrial revolution, mankind uses and abuses of non-renewable energies. They are responsible for many environmental damages. The production of energy is one of the main challenges for a global sustainable development. In our society, we can witness an exponential increase of the usage of the systems of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) such as Internet, phone calls, etc. The ICT development allows the creation and optimization of many smart systems, the pooling of services, and it also helps damping the climate change. However, because of their electric consumption, the ICT are also responsible for some green house gases (GHG) emissions: 3% in total. This fact gives them the willingness to change in order to limit their GHG emissions. In order to properly evaluate and optimize the ICT services, it is necessary to use some methods of evaluation that comply with the specificity of these systems. Currently, the methods used to evaluate the GHG emissions are not adapted to dynamic systems, which include the ICT systems. The variations of the production of electricity in a day or even a month are not yet taken into account. This problem is far from being restricted to the modelling of GHG emissions, it widens to the global variation in production and consumption of electricity. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method grants useful and complete tools to analyse their environmental impacts, but, as with the GHG computation methods, it should be dynamically adapted. In the ICT framework, the first step to solve this LCA problem is to be able to model the variations in time of the electricity production. This master thesis introduces a new way to include the variation in time of the consumption and production of electricity in LCA methods. First, it generates an historical hourly database of the electricity production and import-export of three Canadian states: Alberta, Ontario and Quebec. Then it develops a model in function of time to predict their electricity consumption. This study is done for a project implementing a " cloud computing " service in between these states. The consumption model then provides information to optimize the best place and time to make use of ICT services such as Internet messaging or server maintenance. This first-ever implementation of time parameter allows more precision and vision in LCA data. The disintegration of electrical inventory flows in LCA refines the effects of the electricity production both historically and in real time. Some short-term predictions for the state of Quebec electrical exportations and importations were also computed in this thesis. The goal is to foresee and optimize in real time the ICT services use. The origin of a kilowatt-hour consumed in Quebec depends on the import-export variable with its surrounding states. This parameter relies mainly on the price of the electricity, the weather and the need for the state of Quebec in energy. This allows to plot a time-varying estimate of the environmental consequences for the consumption of a kilowatt-hour in Quebec. This can then be used to limit the GHG emission of ICT services like " cloud-computing " or " smart-grids ". A smart trade-off between electricity consumption and environmental issues will lead to a more efficient sustainable development.

  10. Technical results of the power sector in France 2001; Resultats techniques du secteur electrique en France 2001

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2001-07-01

    Provisional detailed results of power flows in France in 2002, with the operating context and international comparisons. This booklet presents provisional results, expressed in rounded values because of some estimated values. Data come from measures made by RTE, completed by various actors of the power system and by estimations made by RTE: general results France; operation outlook; energy flows; exchanges with foreign countries; French consumption; French generation; network operation; access to the transmission network; development over the past 15 years; international comparisons; terminology.

  11. The electric charge of the aerosols under gamma radiation; La charge electrique des aerosols sous irradiation gamma

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gensdarmes, F.; Cetier, P.; Boulaud, D. [CEA/Saclay, Inst. de Protection et de Surete Nucleaire, IPSN/DPEA/SERAC, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France); Renoux, A. [Paris-12 Univ., Lab. de Physique des Aerosols et de Transfert des Contaminations, 94 - Creteil (France)

    2000-07-01

    During a PWR type reactor accident, the gamma radiation may create a high ionized atmosphere. In such a situation the aerosols properties knowledge is useful to simulate the particles transport and deposit in the enclosed. The aim of this study is to determine the aerosol charges distribution in a high ionized medium, in function of the ionic properties of the medium. (A.L.B.)

  12. 2002 reliability report on the French power system; Bilan 2002 de la surete du systeme electrique francais

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-07-01

    Ensuring the reliability of the power system is one of the main responsibilities entrusted to RTE, the French transmission system operator, by the Act of February 10, 2000. Reliability must be maintained, both now and in the future. This means that RTE is required to: ensure the normal operation of the power system, limit the number of incidents and avoid major incidents, limit the consequences of major incidents when they do occur. By publishing a yearly reliability report on the French power system, RTE is clearly showing its ambition to encourage long-term supervision of all aspects of system reliability development. By this approach, RTE's intention is to help develop a reliability culture, by all the actors concerned (both RTE and network users) more aware of their role in establishing reliability, and by promoting reliability issues and comparisons with international transmission system operator associations (UCTE , ETSO ). The annual reliability report is drawn up around the following themes: a broad overview of changes in the internal and external environment that have implications for reliability, developments in the various elements that make up the reliability referential during the course of the year, developments on measures aimed at promoting reliability, in terms of equipment, organisation and human resources, lessons learned from events that took place over the year, the presentation of reliability-related indicators, RTE's control loop, and the developments under way at present.

  13. Electrical transport through a metal-molecule-metal junction; Transport electrique a travers une jonction metal-molecule-metal

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kergueris, Ch

    1998-12-17

    We investigate the electrical transport through a very few molecules connected to metallic electrodes at room temperature. First, the state of the art in molecular electronics is outlined. We present the most convincing molecular devices reported so far in the literature and the theoretical tools available to analyze the electron transport mechanism through a molecular junction. Second, we describe the use of mechanically controllable break junctions to investigate the electron transport properties through a metal-molecule-metal junction. Two kindsof molecules were adsorbed on the two facing gold electrodes, dodecane-thiol (DT) and bis-thiol-ter-thiophene ({alpha},{omega} T3), that are basically expected to behave as an insulator and as a molecular wire, respectively. In the latter case, we study the chemical reactivity of the molecule and show that {alpha},{omega} T3 is chemically adsorbed on gold electrodes. Current-voltage characteristics of the junction were observed at room temperature. The Gold-DT-Gold junction behaves as a simple metal-insulator-metal junction. On the other hand, the electron transport through a Gold-{alpha},{omega} T3-Gold junction explicitly involves the electronic structure of the molecule which gives rise to step-like features in the current-voltage characteristics. The measured zero bias conductance is interpreted using the scattering theory. At high bias, we discuss two different models: a coherent model where the electron has no time to be completely re-localized in the molecule and a sequential model where the electron is localized in the molecule during the transfer. Finally, we show that the mechanical action of decreasing the inter-electrodes spacing can be used to induce a strong modification of the current-voltage characteristics. (author)

  14. 50-60 Hz frequency electric and magnetic fields; Champs electriques et magnetiques de frequence 50-60 Hz

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lambrozo, J. [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France). Service Etudes Medicales

    1999-07-01

    After more than twenty years of research, if biological effects exist for electromagnetic fields intensity over 1000 times the public usual exposure levels, the demonstration of a risk for health has not been brought. The actual data do not demonstrate that these fields can be dangerous for Health, more particularly, no solid nor conclusive proof shows that the residential exposure to electromagnetic fields can be responsible of cancer, undesirable neurological effects, or effects about the reproduction or development ( report extract of the Academy of Sciences in Usa, october 1996). (N.C.)

  15. Probe for detection of denting in PWR steam generator tubes; Sonde de detection du denting des tubes de generateurs de vapeur REP

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gerardin, J P; Germain, J L; Nio, J C

    1994-07-01

    In certain types of PWR steam generator, oxide deposits can lead to embedding, and subsequently to deformation of a tube (the phenomenon of ``denting``). Such embedding changes the vibratory behavior of the tubes and can result in fatigue cracking. This type of cracking can also be worsened in the event of improper assembly of the anti-vibration spacer bars supporting the U-bends. To prevent such incidents and provide for effective preventive condition-directed maintenance of its PWR steam generators, EDF has undertaken the study and development of a probe to detect this type of phenomenon. The studies began in 1990 and led to the building of an initial prototype probe. The principle behind the probe consists in inducing vibration in the U-bend and determining the main resonance modes of the tube. Measurements of frequency and amplitude and calculation of damping enable characterization of the mechanical behavior of the U-bend. The most important parameter is damping, for which the value must be sufficiently high to ensure that the tube is not subjected to major vibratory amplitudes during operation. Numerous tests have been performed with the first prototype version of the probe, on a mock-up in the test area and on one of the demounted steam generators on the Dampierre site. These different tests have enabled validation of the operating principle, fine-tuning the process, pinpointing certain mechanical problems in the probe design, and obtaining the first indications as to the real vibratory behavior of U-bends on a steam generator. On the basis of these preliminary tests, the specifications were drawn up for an industrial version of the probe. Following a call for bids and the choice of a manufacturer, work began on fabrication of a new probe model in 1993. This version was delivered at the end of 1993 and testing began in 1994. (authors). 5 figs., 2 tabs.

  16. Probe for detection of denting in PWR steam generator tubes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gerardin, J.P.; Germain, J.L.; Nio, J.C.

    1994-07-01

    In certain types of PWR steam generator, oxide deposits can lead to embedding, and subsequently to deformation of a tube (the phenomenon of ''denting''). Such embedding changes the vibratory behavior of the tubes and can result in fatigue cracking. This type of cracking can also be worsened in the event of improper assembly of the anti-vibration spacer bars supporting the U-bends. To prevent such incidents and provide for effective preventive condition-directed maintenance of its PWR steam generators, EDF has undertaken the study and development of a probe to detect this type of phenomenon. The studies began in 1990 and led to the building of an initial prototype probe. The principle behind the probe consists in inducing vibration in the U-bend and determining the main resonance modes of the tube. Measurements of frequency and amplitude and calculation of damping enable characterization of the mechanical behavior of the U-bend. The most important parameter is damping, for which the value must be sufficiently high to ensure that the tube is not subjected to major vibratory amplitudes during operation. Numerous tests have been performed with the first prototype version of the probe, on a mock-up in the test area and on one of the demounted steam generators on the Dampierre site. These different tests have enabled validation of the operating principle, fine-tuning the process, pinpointing certain mechanical problems in the probe design, and obtaining the first indications as to the real vibratory behavior of U-bends on a steam generator. On the basis of these preliminary tests, the specifications were drawn up for an industrial version of the probe. Following a call for bids and the choice of a manufacturer, work began on fabrication of a new probe model in 1993. This version was delivered at the end of 1993 and testing began in 1994. (authors). 5 figs., 2 tabs

  17. Determination of local boiling in light water reactors by correlation of the neutron noise; Determination de l'ebullition locale dans les reacteurs a eau legere par correlation du bruit neutronique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zwingelstein, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    The power limit of swimming-pool type reactors depends on the phenomenon of the appearance of burn-out. In order to determine this limit we have attempted to detect the local boiling which usually occurs before the burn out. Local boiling has been simulated by an electrically heated plate placed in the core of the reactor Siloette. The study of local boiling, which is based on the properties of the correlation functions for the neutron noise of detectors placed in the core, shows that a privileged frequency occurs in the power spectrum of the noise. It is intended in the future to determine the influence of various parameters on this characteristic frequency. (author) [French] La limitation de la puissance des reacteurs nucleaires de type piscine est due au phenomene d'apparition de 'burn out'. Pour determiner cette limitation, nous nous sommes proposes dans ce rapport de detecter l'ebullition locale qui apparait generalement avant le 'burn out'. L'ebullition locale a ete simulee par une plaque chauffee electriquement et placee dans le coeur du reacteur SILOETTE. L'etude de l'ebullition locale, qui est basee sur les proprietes des fonctions de correlation du bruit neutronique de detecteurs places clans le coeur, fait apparaitre une frequence privilegiee dans le spectre de puissance du bruit. On envisage dans l'avenir, de determiner l'influence des divers parametres sur cette frequence caracteristique. (auteur)

  18. Integration of the nuclear energy among the production facilities of energy in France; Integration de l'energie nucleaire parmi les moyens de production de l'energie en france

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ailleret, P [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France). Direction des Etudes et Recherches; Taranger, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1955-07-01

    The present report gives an overview of the present facilities of energy productions in France and their perspectives. the electric production comes for half about power stations hydraulics and for half of thermal power stations. However due to the increase of the energy consumption, France is particularly interested by the atomic energy that appears to bring a supply in due time to the hydraulics and to limit a development of the thermal power stations to which the natural resources of France in classic fuel would not permit to cope presumably. The integration of the nuclear plants to the other production facilities will make itself gradually according to the evolution of the energy needs. (M.B.) [French] Le present rapport donne un apercu des moyens actuels de productions energetiques en France et de ses perspectives. la production electrique provient pour moitie environ de centrales hydraulique et pour moitie de centrales thermiques. Cependant face a l'augmentation de la consommation energetique, la France est tres particulierement interessee par l'energie atomique qui parait devoir apporter en temps utile la releve a l'hydraulique et limiter un developpement des centrales thermiques auxquels les ressources naturelles de la France en combustible classique ne permettraient vraisemblablement pas de faire face. L'integration des centrales nucleaires aux autres moyens de production se fera graduellment en fonction de l'evolution des besoins energetiques. (M.B.)

  19. Contribution to the study of the electrostatic precipitation of aerosols; Contribution a l'etude de la precipitation electrostatique des aerosols

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Madelaine, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Roure, L [Societe Bertin et Cie, 89 - Druyes Les Belles Fontaine (France)

    1966-07-01

    The first part is devoted to the theory of the electrostatic precipitation of ions in a cylindrical apparatus. Some aerodynamic factors influencing the quality of the flow are deduced. The second part of the report deals with the experimental verification of the hypotheses concerning the laminarity of the gas flow. The presence of a guard tube which ensures a steady state of velocity and which reduces electrical field end-effects should make it possible to obtain a better knowledge of the distribution function of the captured particles. The third part deals with the treatment of the results and with the processing method making it possible to obtain the spectral distribution of the particles captured on the electrode. (authors) [French] La premiere partie est consacree a la theorie de la precipitation electrostatique des ions dans un capteur cylindrique. Des imperatifs d'ordre aerodynamique caracterisant la qualite de l'ecoulement sont degages. La seconde partie traite de la verification experimentale des hypotheses de laminarite du courant gazeux. La presence d'un tube de garde assurant un profil stationnaire de vitesse et attenuant les effets de bouts du champ electrique, doit permettre de mieux connaitre la fonction de repartition des particules captees. La troisieme partie traite de l'exploitation des resultats et de la methode de depouillement permettant l'obtention de la repartition spectrale des particules captees sur l'electrode. (auteurs)

  20. R. F. plasmoids and resonant discharges; Plasmoides a haute frequence et decharges resonnantes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Taillet, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-06-15

    In R.F. discharges at reduced pressure a resonance can increase by an order of magnitude the intensity of the plasma R.F. electric field. The electron density of the plasma adjusts itself to keep the resonant frequency equal to the excitation frequency. This behaviour has been observed by an electron beam technique. When such a discharge is excited in electronegative gases, the negative ion density may be higher than the electron density. Therefore, the D.C. potential distribution in plasma and sheath is modified. The plasma appears as a luminous body isolated from the walls by a large sheath (R.F. plasmoid). (author) [French] Dans les decharges H.F. a faible pression une resonance peut elever d'un ordre de grandeur l'intensite du champ electrique interne du plasma. La densite electronique s'ajuste elle-meme de facon a rendre egales la frequence d'excitation et la frequence de la resonance. Ce mecanisme a ete observe a l'aide de faisceaux electroniques. Lorsqu'une telle decharge est excitee dans un gaz electronegatif, la densite des ions negatifs peut etre plus elevee, que la densite electronique, ce qui modifie la distribution du potentiel continu dans le plasma et la gaine. Le plasma apparait comme un corps lumineux isole des parois par une large gaine (plasmoide a haute frequence). (auteur)

  1. Mixed helium-3 - helium-4 calorimeter. Very low temperature calorimetry; Calorimetre mixte a helium-3 et helium-4. Calorimetrie a tres basse temperature

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Testard, O [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1966-06-01

    A description is given of a double-racket calorimeter using helium-4 and helium-3 as the cryogenic fluids and making it possible to vary the temperature continuously from 0.35 K to 4.2 K. By using an electric thermal regulator together with liquid hydrogen it is possible to extend this range up to about 30 K. In the second part, a review is made of the various, methods available for measuring specific heats. The method actually used in the apparatus previously described is described in detail. The difficulties arising from the use of an exchange gas for the thermal contact have been solved by the use of adsorption pumps. (author) [French] On decrit un calorimetre a double enceinte utilisant comme fluide cryogenique l'helium-4 et l'helium-3 et permettant de varier continuement la temperature de 0,35 K a 4,2 K. L'utilisation d'un regulateur thermique electrique ainsi que celle d'hydrogene, liquide permettent d'etendre cette gamme jusqu'a 30 K environ. Dans une deuxieme partie, on passe en revue les diverses methodes de mesure des chaleurs specifiques. La methode concrete utilisee dans l'appareil precedemment decrit est exposee en detail. Les difficultes inherentes a l'utilisation de gaz d'echange comme agent de contact thermique ont ete levees par la mise en oeuvre de pompes a adsorbant. (auteur)

  2. R. F. plasmoids and resonant discharges; Plasmoides a haute frequence et decharges resonnantes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Taillet, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-06-15

    In R.F. discharges at reduced pressure a resonance can increase by an order of magnitude the intensity of the plasma R.F. electric field. The electron density of the plasma adjusts itself to keep the resonant frequency equal to the excitation frequency. This behaviour has been observed by an electron beam technique. When such a discharge is excited in electronegative gases, the negative ion density may be higher than the electron density. Therefore, the D.C. potential distribution in plasma and sheath is modified. The plasma appears as a luminous body isolated from the walls by a large sheath (R.F. plasmoid). (author) [French] Dans les decharges H.F. a faible pression une resonance peut elever d'un ordre de grandeur l'intensite du champ electrique interne du plasma. La densite electronique s'ajuste elle-meme de facon a rendre egales la frequence d'excitation et la frequence de la resonance. Ce mecanisme a ete observe a l'aide de faisceaux electroniques. Lorsqu'une telle decharge est excitee dans un gaz electronegatif, la densite des ions negatifs peut etre plus elevee, que la densite electronique, ce qui modifie la distribution du potentiel continu dans le plasma et la gaine. Le plasma apparait comme un corps lumineux isole des parois par une large gaine (plasmoide a haute frequence). (auteur)

  3. Production and study of mixed Al-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} thin films for passive electronic circuits; Realisation et etude des couches minces mixtes Al-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} pour circuits electroniques passifs

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pruniaux, B [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, 38 - Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-07-01

    A new vacuum deposition process, named reactive evaporation, is used to realize passive thin film circuits. Using aluminium, oxidized at various steps in its vapor phase, we obtain: - Al-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} cermet resistors (R{sub {open_square}} = 10000 {omega}{sub {open_square}}, CTR <{+-} 150 ppm/deg. C) which show oscillations of the resistivity versus the thickness of the layer, in distinction to classical theory. - Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} capacitors (C{sub {open_square}} = 60000 pf/cm{sup 2}, tg {delta} < 0.5 per cent). These thin film components present good electrical behaviour and should find interesting applications in integrated circuits. (author) [French] Une nouvelle technique de depot sous vide, l'evaporation reactive est utilisee pour realiser des circuits passifs en couches minces. En oxydant, en phase vapeur, de l'aluminium a differents degres, on obtient: - des resistances en cermet Al-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} (R{sub {open_square}} = 10000 {omega}{sub {open_square}}, CTR <{+-} 150 ppm) dont Ia resistivite oscille en fonction de l'epaisseur, contrairement aux previsions de la theorie classique. - Des capacites en Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} (C{sub {open_square}} = 60000 pf/cm{sup 2}, tg {delta} < 0.5 pour cent). Ces elements presentent de bonnes caracteristiques electriques et seraient avantageusement utilises en circuits integres. (auteur)

  4. Modelisation agregee de chauffe-eau electriques commandes par champ moyen pour la gestion des charges dans un reseau

    Science.gov (United States)

    Losseau, Romain

    The ongoing energy transition is about to entail important changes in the way we use and manage energy. In this view, smart grids are expected to play a significant part through the use of intelligent storage techniques. Initiated in 2014, the SmartDesc project follows this trend to create an innovative load management program by exploiting the thermal storage associated with electric water heaters existing in residential households. The device control algorithms rely on the recent theory of mean field games to achieve a decentralized control of the water heaters temperatures producing an aggregate optimal trajectory, designed to smooth the electric demand of a neighborhood. Currently, this theory does not include power and temperature constraints due to the tank heating system or necessary for the user's safety and comfort. Therefore, a trajectory violating these constraints would not be feasible and would not induce the forecast load smoothing. This master's thesis presents a method to detect the non-feasability, of a target trajectory based on the Kolmogorov equations associated with the controlled electric water heaters and suggests a way to correct it so as to make it achievable under constraints. First, a partial differential equations based model of the water heaters under temperature constraints is presented. Subsequently, a numerical scheme is developed to simulate it, and applied to the mean field control. The results of the mean field control with and without constraints are compared, and non-feasabilities of the target trajectory are highlighted upon violations. The last part of the thesis is dedicated to developing an accelerated version of the mean field and a method of correcting the target trajectory so as to enlarge as much as possible the set of achievable profiles.

  5. Influence of meteorological conditions on electricity consumption in France. Influence des conditions meteorologiques sur la consommation electrique francaise

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Chauvin, F; Javelle, J P; Calvayrac, A M

    1992-04-01

    Electric consumption is modeled by Electricite de France, in taking into account temperature and cloud cover in 6 selected sites. The aim of the study is to improve this model by a better climate representation and introduction of new parameters. The model is improved by taking into account climatic characteristics of each region and a simplification of the cloudiness factor facilitates the forecast. Furthermore no new parameter is required.

  6. Electrical engineering design using characterized elements; Conception en genie electrique a l'aide d'elements caracterises

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Demni, H.E.

    2004-10-15

    This work treats systematic design of energy transformation structures used in Electrical Engineering. We propose an approach dedicated to design by association of characterized elements. Starting from a set of specifications, the designer has to define a coherent structure by assembling predefined elements. Within this framework, we adopt a characterization approach that takes into account various criteria necessary for design. Then, this approach allowed us to develop methodologies for designing electric energy transformation structures. These methodologies were used to implement a software application based on three tools: a data base as an elements library, a graphic tool allowing the construction of energy transformation structures, an expert module which helps the designer in his work. (author)

  7. Measures of protection against power network collapses; Les dispositions de defense contre les ecroulements du reseau electrique francais

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tesseron, J.M.; Testud, G.; Harmand, Y. [Reseau de transport de l' Electricite Francais, 75 Paris (France); Hoffmann, D. [Reseau de transport de l' Electricite Francais, Dir. du Groupe Exploitation Transport Sologne, 75 Paris (France)

    2002-10-01

    History shows that even the main industrialized countries may happen to face complex and rare disturbances liable to lead to a power system collapse. In order to avoid such situations, France has defined a policy to preserve power system reliability, which includes ensuring normal system operation, reducing the occurrence of incidents and avoiding system collapses, and mastering the consequences of a main incident. This article presents the basic principles of power system reliability, then the main current measures which are taken in the material, human and organisational fields. These measures are organized in defence lines, according to a 'in-depth defence' concept. (authors)

  8. Radioactivity monitoring within the environment of the Loire basin. A partnership between the IRSN and the Dampierre-en-Burly and Saint-Laurent CLIs at the service of citizen vigilance

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2008-01-01

    The first part of this report presents the Loire basin and its environment, discusses the physical-chemical quality control of its waters and the main usages of the Loire waters. It also presents the nuclear installations present in the Loire basin (electricity production nuclear power stations and other installations), the actors involved in radioactivity measurement in the Loire basin environment (IRSN, EDF, AREVA, associations for the monitoring of water quality, public services), and the national network for radioactivity measurement in the environment. The second part describes and reports the radioactivity monitoring of the environment in the Loire basin, i.e. in the atmosphere, in rain waters and in continental waters, and in the food chain. Addressing this monitoring activity, a last part discusses the evolution of measurements, the importance of the plurality of actors involved in sampling and measurement (in order to guarantee the monitoring system transparency), the variety of sources, the assessment of health impact

  9. High energy discharge through deuterium in a metal-lined torus; Decharges a forte intensite dans le deuterium dans un tore a parois metalliques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andreoletti, J; Breton, C; Charon, J; Hubert, P; Jourdan, P; Vendryes, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1958-07-01

    The discharge chamber is an aluminium torus, measuring 80 cm (about 2'8'') large medium diameter and 8 cm (about 3'5'') small diameter. The torus contains a double disruption, formed by two isolating mantles, to prevent short-circuiting of the discharge by the metallic partitions. Openings have been provided for the purpose of studying the characteristics of the discharge by means of electro or magnetic sounding apparatus (double sounding type). A constant longitudinal field (maximum value of the order of 5000 gauss) can be established. One can also realize pre-ionization from the chamber gas by means of an H.F. generator (27 MHz). The energy for the generating of the discharge is drawn from a 31 condenser battery, forming a total of 62 {mu}F, 50 kV. The studies already accomplished, and those we anticipate chiefly bear upon the following points: 1) the starting off and intensity of current in the discharge as regards the following parameters: a) intensity and electric field, b) initial pressure of filling, c) intensity of the longitudinal magnetic field, d) pre-ionization, e) length of the isolating disruptions; 2) cinematographic study of the section of discharge in the course of time; 3) spectrographic study of the discharge; 4) research of electrons accelerated during the discharge; 5) research of electronic density, electronic temperature, and of longitudinal and azimuthal magnetic fields in the discharge as regards distance, at the center of column of the discharge and as regards time; 6) the use of micro-waves for the study of the characteristics of the discharge. (author)Fren. [French] La chambre a decharge est un tore en aluminium de 80 cm de grand diametre moyen et de 8 cm de petit diametre. Le tore comporte deux coupures formees par deux manchons isolants afin d'eviter un court-circuit de la decharge par les parois metalliques. Des orifices sont prevus pour etudier les caracteristiques de la decharge au moyen de sondes electriques (type double

  10. Comparison between electrostatic generators of Van de Graaff and Pauthenier; Essai de comparaison des generateurs electrostatiques de Van de Graaff et de Pauthenier

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Prevot, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay(France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1953-07-01

    montre que la vitesse des charges en sens inverse du courant gazeux, sous l'action du champ electrique longitudinal, peut etre faible devant la vitesse de ce courant gazeux. Afin d'eviter le depot des particules electrisees sur les parois du tube, sous l'action du champ electrique radial, on est conduit a une limite superieure de 10{sup -3} cm pour leur rayon. Pour des particules chargees au maximum, la vitesse radiale augmente tres rapidement avec la pression. Ceci conduit a ne pas pouvoir faire fonctionner d'une facon avantageuse un appareil de Pauthenier sous une pression superieure a 5 atmospheres. De plus, le courant maximum que l'on peut transporter est une fonction decroissante du potentiel atteint. Le transport direct des ions par un gaz en mouvement est condamne par la trop grande mobilite des ions. Cette mobilite diminue si on augmente la pression, mais cela conduit a des pression de l'ordre de 100 atmospheres, qui sont inacceptables. (auteur)

  11. Radioactivity monitoring within the environment of the Loire basin. A partnership between the IRSN and the Dampierre-en-Burly and Saint-Laurent CLIs at the service of citizen vigilance; Surveillance de la radioactivite dans l'environnement du bassin de la Loire. Un partenariat entre l'IRSN et les CLI de Dampierre-en-Burly et de Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux au service de la vigilance citoyenne

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2008-07-01

    The first part of this report presents the Loire basin and its environment, discusses the physical-chemical quality control of its waters and the main usages of the Loire waters. It also presents the nuclear installations present in the Loire basin (electricity production nuclear power stations and other installations), the actors involved in radioactivity measurement in the Loire basin environment (IRSN, EDF, AREVA, associations for the monitoring of water quality, public services), and the national network for radioactivity measurement in the environment. The second part describes and reports the radioactivity monitoring of the environment in the Loire basin, i.e. in the atmosphere, in rain waters and in continental waters, and in the food chain. Addressing this monitoring activity, a last part discusses the evolution of measurements, the importance of the plurality of actors involved in sampling and measurement (in order to guarantee the monitoring system transparency), the variety of sources, the assessment of health impact

  12. Safety of the French power grid: audit and annual reporting; Surete du systeme electrique francais: audit et reporting annuel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tesseron, J.M. [Reseau de Transport d' Electricite (RTE), 92 - Paris la Defense (France)

    2006-09-15

    Power system reliability is at the core of the responsibilities entrusted to RTE, the French transmission system operator. Considering the particularly important issue of reliability, RTE's management has set up an entity which reports to it directly on this subject. The two main activities of this entity involve drawing up the annual system reliability report and carrying out audits devoted to reliability. After going over the principles governing the control of system reliability in France, the document presents the experience acquired since 2000. The principles underlying the drafting of the annual reliability report and the method for scheduling and performing the reliability audits are first set out. The author then goes on to present how these principles are applied to two reliability audits, one carried out on voltage control and the other on the control of the clearance time of short-circuits affecting the 400 kV grid. (author)

  13. A compilation of correlation parameters for predicting the enthalpy and thermal conductivity of solid foods within the temperature range of -40 C to +40 C

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Amos, N.D. [Comvita New Zealand Limited, Private Bag 1, Te Puke 3153 (New Zealand); Willix, J.; North, M.F. [AgResearch Limited, MIRINZ Centre, Ruakura Campus, East Street, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton (New Zealand); Chadderton, T. [Crop and Food Research Ltd, PO Box 5114, Nelson (New Zealand)

    2008-11-15

    This paper presents thermal conductivity data for 40 foods, enthalpy data for 58 foods and density data for nine foods, along with the compositions of the foods. Measurements cover a range of solid food types (including meats, fats, offal, fish, dairy products and horticultural products). Some measurements reported are for foods that have never before been studied, others have been published elsewhere, but are included here for convenience. Thermal conductivity was measured using a guarded hot-plate apparatus, enthalpy using an adiabatic calorimeter and density using a water displacement meter. Thermal conductivity and enthalpy values were measured within the temperature range of -40 C to +40 C. (author) [French] Cette publication presente des donnes sur la conductivite thermique, l'enthalpie et la densite respectivement de 40, 58 et 9 produits alimentaires, ainsi que leurs compositions. Les mesures couvrent une variete de types de produits alimentaires (viande, matieres grasses, abats, poisson, produits laitiers, produits horticoles). Certaines sont rapportees pour des produits qui n 'ant jamais ete etudie auparavant, d'autres ant ete publie ailleurs mais sont aussi inclues pour plus de commodite. La conductivite thermique a ete mesure avec un appareil a plaque electrique protegee, l'enthalpie avec un calorimetre adiabatique et la densite avec un appareil mesurant Ie deplacement d'eau. La conductivite thermique et l'enthalpie ont ete toutes les mesures pour une fourchette de temperatures allant de -40 C a 40 C. (orig.)

  14. Some aspects of nuclear graphite production in France; Etude generale sur les graphites nucleaires produits en France

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gueron, J; Hering, H [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Legendre, A [Pechiney, 75 - Paris (France)

    1958-07-01

    1) Manufacturing: A summary and results on the CEA-Pechiney purification process are given. Variations in the preparation of green pastes and their effects on graphitized material are described. 2) Physical and mechanical properties: Results are given on: - Statistics of dimensional variatior products having square cross-section. - Statistical variation of thermal expansion coefficients and of electrical conductivity. - Density of normals to carbon layer planes and their connexion with thermal expansion. - Stress-strain cycles and conclusions drawn therefrom. - Mechanical resistance and gas permeability of items for supporting fuel elements. 3) Behaviour under radiation: Alteration under radiation of French graphites irradiated either in G1 pile or in experimental piles, and thermal annealing of those alterations, are given. (author)Fren. [French] 1) Fabrication: On resume le procede d'epuration CEA-PECHINEY, ainsi que diverses modalites de preparation des pates et on expose les resultats obtenus. 2) Proprietes physiques et mecaniques: On indique le resultat d'etudes sur: - la statistique des dimensions de produits a section carree. - celle des variations des coefficients de dilatation thermique et de la conductibilite electrique. - la densite des normales aux plans graphitiques et leur connexion avec la dilatation thermique. - la compression mecanique du graphite. - la solidite mecanique et la permeabilite aux gaz de pieces destinees a supporter des cartouches de combustible. 3) Tenue sous rayonnement: Modification sous rayonnement des graphites fran is irradies soit dans la pile G1, soit dans des piles experimentales, et guerison thermique de ces modifications. (auteur)

  15. Formation and evolution of aerosols in filtered air and in natural air. Effect of radioactivity; Formation et evolution des aerosols dans l'air filtre et dans l'air naturel action de la radioactivite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Madelaine, G J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, 92 - Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-06-01

    Results are presented concerning the formation, the evolution, the coagulation and the electrical charge of aerosols which form in natural filtered air containing only gaseous impurities, under the influence of solar light (photolysis) and of radioactive disintegrations (radiolysis). The modifications brought about in the aerosol by an increase in the sulphur dioxide content and in the natural radioactive gas content are studied. The work is then repeated with non-filtered natural atmospheric air. A comparison is also made of the behaviour of non-radioactive and radioactive particles (active thoron deposit). In conclusion, the possible consequences of these phenomena on the origin and the size distribution of particles occurring in the atmosphere is considered. (author) [French] On expose les resultats obtenus sur la formation, l'evolution, la coagulation et la charge electrique des aerosols qui se forment dans l'air naturel filtre, ne contenant que des impuretes gazeuses, sous l'influence de la lumiere solaire (photolyse) et des desintegrations radioactives (radiolyse). On examine les modifications apportees a l'aerosol forme par l'augmentation de la teneur de l'air en anhydride sulfureux et en gaz radioactif naturel. Cette etude est ensuite reprise mais avec de l'air naturel atmospherique non filtre. On compare egalement le comportement des particules non radioactives et radioactives (depot actif du thoron). En conclusion, on examine les consequences que peuvent avoir ces phenomenes sur l'origine et la granulometrie des particules contenues dans l'atmosphere. (auteur)

  16. Potential risk of a criticality event during refuelling

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Laurioux, V.; Deschamps, P

    2003-01-01

    Following a core unloading due to an unscheduled shutdown during the cycle of Dampierre unit 4, the plant operator had to operate the refuelling in its previous configuration. During this operation, the fuel assembly concerned by loading step no. 25 was left in the fuel building and the assembly for the following step, no. 26, was placed in the reactor vessel instead of the previous one, causing an irregularity in core pattern only detected at step no. 139. At that point, the refuelling machine operator realized that he was handling an assembly equipped with its rod cluster, whereas according to his handling sheet, the assembly should not be equipped with. Thanks to the favourable conditions (primary system boron concentration = 2345 ppm and cycle burn-up = 2 GWj/tU), the core remained subcritical. However, the incident analysis revealed a potential criticality risk under less favourable circumstances, i.e. refuelling with fresh 1. cycle fuel assemblies and a primary system boron concentration at the lower limit of the range allowed by the Technical Operating Specifications (2000 ppm). Moreover, further studies have shown that the two neutron source range channels (SRC) are able to provide a count rate (reflecting neutron flux) but would not detect a local increase in reactivity under refuelling conditions (normal or defective), unless a reactive pattern was formed in the immediate vicinity of one of the two channels. However, if the criticality is reached, the SRCs are able to diagnose the critical state from the significant power level of 0.1% rated power. The human error that had led to the administrative validation of a fuel handling step that had not been physically carried out highlighted both the fragility of organizational lines of defence and the inadequacy of I and C systems with regard to technical in-depth defence lines. Following these observations, and beyond the preventive measures supposed to limit the occurrence of a divergence during refuelling

  17. Production of C{sup 14}-labelled compounds from C{sup 14}O{sub 2} accelerated in an electric field - Physico-chemical analysis of some radioactive compounds obtained; Production de composes marques au {sup 14}C a partir de {sup 14}CO{sub 2} accelere dans un champ electrique - Analyse physico-chimique de quelques composes radioactifs obtenus; Proizvodstvo mechennykh uglerodom-14 soedinenij iz C{sup 14}O{sub 2}, uskorennogo v ehlektricheskom pole - Fiziko-khimicheskij analiz neskol'kikh poluchennykh radioaktivnykh soedinenij; Obtencion de compuestos marcados con {sup 14}C a partir de {sup 14}CO{sub 2} acelerado en un campo electrico - Analisis fisicoquimico de algunos de los compuestos radiactivos obtenidos

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guillaume, M [Universite de Liege, Belgique (Belgium)

    1962-03-15

    This paper describes a method of labelling which is based on the acceleration by an electric field of C{sup 14}O{sub 2}, which can then react with an organic target in its path. The discharge cell described operates at 500 Y, 150 {mu}A, and the organic products to be labelled are exposed to this field for about three hours with CO{sub 2} having a specific activity of 24mc/mmole. The maximum yield remains low (about 6%), and 60% of the C{sup 14}O{sub 2} is destroyed. This maximum activity is obtained only for aliphatic chains (50 {mu}c/g for glutaric acid) or for aromatic substances with an aliphatic chain (acetyl-salicylic acid). (author) [French] Le present memoire expose une methode de marquage basee sur l'acceleration par un champ electrique de {sup 14}CO{sub 2}, qui est alors susceptible d'entrer en reaction avec une cible organique se trouvant dans sa trajectoire. La cellule a decharge decrite fonctionne sous 500 V, 150 {mu}A, et les produits organiques a marquer sont soumis a ce champ pendant environ trois heures, avec du CO{sub 2} d'activite specifique 24 mc/mmole. Le rendement maximum obtenu reste faible (6% environ), et 60% du {sup 14}CO{sub 2} est detruit. Ce rendement maximum n'est obtenu que pour les chaines aliphatiques (50 {mu}c/g pour l'acide glutarique) ou pour des substances aromatiques presentant une chaine aliphatique (acide acetylsalicylique). (author) [Spanish] La memoria describe un metodo de marcacion que consiste en acelerar {sup 14}CO{sub 2} en un campo electrico para que pueda reaccionar con blancos constituidos por sustancias organicas colocadas en su trayectoria. La celda de descarga que describe la memoria funciona a 500 V y 150 {mu}A, y los productos organicos que se desean marcar se exponen al campo asi creado durante unas tres horas a CO{sub 2} de una actividad especifica de 24 mc/mmol. El rendimiento maximo obtenido es bajo (aproximadamente 6%) y el 60% del {sup 14}CO{sub 2} queda destruido. Este rendimiento maximo solo se alcanza

  18. L'effet Hall Quantique

    Science.gov (United States)

    Samson, Thomas

    Nous proposons une methode permettant d'obtenir une expression pour la conductivite de Hall de structures electroniques bidimensionnelles et nous examinons celle -ci a la limite d'une temperature nulle dans le but de verifier l'effet Hall quantique. Nous allons nous interesser essentiellement a l'effet Hall quantique entier et aux effets fractionnaires inferieurs a un. Le systeme considere est forme d'un gaz d'electrons en interaction faible avec les impuretes de l'echantillon. Le modele du gaz d'electrons consiste en un gaz bidimensionnel d'electrons sans spin expose perpendiculairement a un champ magnetique uniforme. Ce dernier est decrit par le potentiel vecteur vec{rm A} defini dans la jauge de Dingle ou jauge symetrique. Conformement au formalisme de la seconde quantification, l'hamiltonien de ce gaz est represente dans la base des etats a un-corps de Dingle |n,m> et exprime ainsi en terme des operateurs de creation et d'annihilation correspondants a_sp{ rm n m}{dag} et a _{rm n m}. Nous supposons de plus que les electrons du niveau fondamental de Dingle interagissent entre eux via le potentiel coulombien. La methode utilisee fait appel a une equation mai tresse a N-corps, de nature quantique et statistique, et verifiant le second principe de la thermodynamique. A partir de celle-ci, nous obtenons un systeme d'equations differentielles appele hierarchie d'equations quantique dont la resolution nous permet de determiner une equation a un-corps, dite de Boltzmann quantique, et dictant l'evolution de la moyenne statistique de l'operateur non-diagonal a _sp{rm n m}{dag } a_{rm n}, _{rm m}, sous l'action du champ electrique applique vec{rm E}(t). C'est sa solution Tr(p(t) a _sp{rm n m}{dag} a_{rm n},_ {rm m}), qui definit la relation de convolution entre la densite courant de Hall vec{rm J}_{rm H }(t) et le champ electrique vec {rm E}(t) dont la transformee de Laplace-Fourier du noyau nous fournit l'expression de la conductivite de Hall desiree. Pour une valeur de

  19. Resistivity measurements using a direct current induction method (1963); Mesure de resistivite par la methode d'induction en courant continu (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Delaplace, J; Hillairet, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    The conventional methods for measuring electrical resistivities necessitate the fixing of electrical contacts on the sample either mechanically or by soldering. Furthermore it is also necessary to carry,out the measurements on low cross-section samples which are not always easy to obtain. Our direct-current induction method on the other hand requires no contacts and can easily be applied to samples of large cross-section. The sample is placed in a uniform magnetic field; at the moment when the current is cut, eddy currents appear in the sample which tend to oppose the disappearance of the field. The way in which the magnetic flux decreases in the sample makes it possible to determine the resistivity of the material. This method has been applied to samples having diameters of between 1 and 30 mm in the case of metals which are good conductors. It gives a value for the local resistivity and makes it possible to detect any variation along a sample. The measurements can be carried out at all temperature from a few degrees absolute to 500 deg. C. We have used the induction method to follow the purification of beryllium by zone-melting; it is in effect possible to estimate the purity of a material by resistivity measurements. We have measured the resistivity along each bar treated by the zone-melting technique and have thus, localised the purest section. High temperature measurements have been carried out on uranium carbide and on iron-aluminium alloys. This method constitutes an interesting means of investigation the resistivity of solid materials. Its accuracy and rapidity make it particularly adapted both to fundamental research and to production control. (authors) [French] Les methodes classiques de mesure de resistivite electrique imposent la realisation sur l'echantillon de contacts electriques obtenus soit mecaniquement, soit par soudure. En outre, elles demandent, le plus souvent, d'effectuer les mesures sur des echantillons de faible section qu'il n'est pas

  20. Ixtetreco: recent extensions for the supervision of a power network; Ixtetreco: extensions recentes pour la supervision d`un reseau electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Despouys, O.

    1998-04-01

    A chronicle model describes a class of evolutions or possible behaviours for a given dynamical system. Ixtetreco uses a reified logics and time constraints to describe these chronicles and algorithms which allow to recognize all instances of these chronicles in a given stream of observations in entry. Ixtetreco is used in several applications for the supervision of complex processes. This paper presents the recent extensions of Ixtetreco which allow to use it in the supervision of power networks. (J.S.) 14 refs.

  1. The electromagnetic compatibility of the PLC technology; La compatibilite electromagnetique de la technologie CPL. Des donnees sur les lignes electriques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bermudez, J.-L.; Marthe, E.; Rachidi, F.; Rubinstein, M.; Vukicevic, A.

    2006-07-01

    PLC (Power Line Communications) in Europe or BPL (Broadband over Power Lines) in the US are techniques that allows the utilization of low and middle voltage power lines for the transmission of high frequencies by coupling electrical signals to them. In this way, unshielded power lines may be used for the transmission of numerical information similar to the well known xDSL-techniques using telephone lines. Typically, the frequency range used by PLC is between 9 kHz and 30 MHz. The authors describe the general principles and investigate possible electromagnetic interference with existing radio frequency equipment like xDSL, CATV (Cable Television) and Wireless (GSM, Bluetooth, WiFi). Finally, they present theoretical and experimental results of techniques allowing the reduction of such interference by reducing the emission of electromagnetic signals from PLC systems. The preferred method is based on an active control by injecting an auxiliary signal into the third conductor (ground)

  2. Power plants of the future. What possibilities for waste heat ?; Centrales electriques du futur. Quelles possibilites pour les rejets thermiques?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cherix, G.; Storelli, S. [Centre de Recherches Energetiques et Municipales (CREM), Martigny (Switzerland); Weissbrodt, D. [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne (Switzerland); Papina, A. [CTVA SA, Lausanne (Switzerland); Ohana, G. [Services Industriels de Lausanne, Lausanne (Switzerland)

    2008-07-01

    This article discusses how the production of electricity in thermal power stations can be combined with district heating. An analysis of the density of thermal consumption in the french part of Switzerland was done and it shows the region with interest for district heating installations. Different existing installations are commented. The example of district heating in Copenhagen (Denmark) gives practical information and shows that heat can be transported over long distances. A project of district heating for the Lausanne's agglomeration is presented and its influence on reduction of carbon dioxide production is shown. Economical, political and practical aspects are discussed. Figures of heating costs are given.

  3. The electric heating: solutions and advices for any situation; Le chauffage electrique: des solutions et des conseils pour chaque situation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2001-07-01

    Since four years, EDF proposes the customers advices to help them in the choice of an electric heating of their house. More specially for those who want to upgrade or change their heating installation, EDF proposes a personalized advice and for those who have a project of building, the Vivrelec solutions. This document presents the EDF policy in the domain of the houses electric heating and the technical solutions proposed. Examples of installations and costs are provided. (A.L.B.)

  4. A statistical analysis of electrical cerebral activity; Contribution a l'etude de l'analyse statistique de l'activite electrique cerebrale

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bassant, Marie-Helene

    1971-01-15

    The aim of this work was to study the statistical properties of the amplitude of the electroencephalographic signal. The experimental method is described (implantation of electrodes, acquisition and treatment of data). The program of the mathematical analysis is given (calculation of probability density functions, study of stationarity) and the validity of the tests discussed. The results concerned ten rabbits. Trips of EEG were sampled during 40 s. with very short intervals (500 μs). The probability density functions established for different brain structures (especially the dorsal hippocampus) and areas, were compared during sleep, arousal and visual stimulus. Using a Χ{sup 2} test, it was found that the Gaussian distribution assumption was rejected in 96.7 per cent of the cases. For a given physiological state, there was no mathematical reason to reject the assumption of stationarity (in 96 per cent of the cases). (author) [French] Le but de ce travail est d'etudier les proprietes statistiques des amplitudes du signal electroencephalographique. La methode experimentale est decrite (implantation d'electrodes, acquisition et traitement des donnees). Le programme d'analyse mathematique est precise (calcul des courbes de repartition statistique, etude de la stationnarite du signal) et la validite des tests, discutee. Les resultats de l'etude portent sur 10 lapins. Des sequences de 40 s d'EEG sont echantillonnees. La valeur de la tension est prelevee a un pas d'echantillonnage de 500 μs. Les courbes de repartition statistiques sont comparees d'une region de l'encephale a l'autre (l'hippocampe dorsal a ete specialement analyse) ceci pendant le sommeil, l'eveil et des stimulations visuelles. Le test du Χ{sup 2} rejette l'hypothese de distribution normale dans 97 pour cent des cas. Pour un etat physiologique donne, il n'existe pas de raison mathematique a ce que soit repoussee l'hypothese de stationnarite, ceci dans 96.7 pour cent des cas. (auteur)

  5. Smart electric grids in the United Kingdom energy strategy; Les reseaux electriques intelligents dans la strategie energetique du Royaume-Uni

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gloaguen, Olivier [Ambassade de France au Royaume-Uni, Service de presse, 58 Knightsbridge, London SW1X 7JT (United Kingdom); Dreyfus, Charles-Antoine [Ecole des Mines de Paris - MINES Paris Tech, 60, Boulevard Saint-Michel 75272 Paris cedex 06 (France)

    2011-09-15

    This study first gives an overview of the current status and limitations of the British power grid. It indicates the British energy mix, describes the network structure and its economic operation (gross and retail market with the bid and offer system, role of the System Operator, ways to increase the electricity production). It presents the energy policy and its regulation framework, outlines the current limitations and challenges (ageing grid, power crunch, de-carbonation challenges). It presents the development of a smart grid as a solution to economy de-carbonation challenges: definition of the 'smart grid concept', smart grid development planning (from 2010 to 2050), technological transition associated with smart electric grid development (a cleaner but more intermittent and random electricity production, better use of fossil fuels, electric energy storage, consequences for the grid, introduction and effects of smart meters). It describes the new associated economic model: evolution of the value chain, financial challenges (required investments, expected benefits, subsidies), new regulation system. It addresses the strategic challenges and the various uncertainties (notably in terms of consumption, privacy issue in relation with the use of smart meters, and project implementation).

  6. Pluri-annual planning of power generation investments. 2005-2015 era; Programmation pluriannuelle des investissements de production electrique. Periode 2005-2015

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2006-07-01

    The pluri-annual planning of power generation investments (PPI) is provided by article 6 of the law from February 10, 2000 relative to the modernization and development of the electric utility. The PPI is the concrete translation of the energy policy and aims to identify the necessary investments with respect to the security of power supplies and beyond the already known commitments. In the framework of market deregulation and respect of competition, the PPI is limited to the identification of such investments but not to their realization. This document, which corresponds to the 2005 exercise, is the second report to the Parliament. It stresses on the following points: the mastery of power demand and the demand scenarios, the level of accepted risk, the carrying out of the development of renewable energy sources (5 GW by 2010 and 12.5 GW by 2016 for wind power, and 6 TWh more for biomass by 2016), the start-up of an EPR reactor in 2012, the investment needs for classical thermal power plants (+2.6 GW of diesel fuel power plants and +500 MW of combustion turbines as decided by EdF), the development of production means in 2 regions with specific needs: Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur and Bretagne (Brittany), and also in insular areas (Corsica and overseas territories), and the reflexions to carry on in continuation of the PPI. (J.S.)

  7. Information letter on industrial and commercial applications of electrical equipment; La lettre des applications industrielles et tertiaires du materiel electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-12-31

    This issue of Electricite de France research department newsletter, is composed of three articles, which titles and themes are: series reactance, a solution for the optimization of alternating current arc furnace performances; from industrial field buses to smart building field buses, owing to EDF testing; new methods for the voltage drop desensitization of frequency converters for asynchronous machines

  8. Solution des systemes de controle de grandes dimensions basee sur les boucles de retroaction dans la simulation des reseaux electriques

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mugombozi, Chuma Francis

    The generation of electrical energy, as well as its transportation and consumption, requires complex control systems for the regulation of power and frequency. These control systems must take into account, among others, new energy sources such as wind energy and new technologies for interconnection by high voltage DC link. These control systems must be able to monitor and achieve such regulation in accordance with the dynamics of the energy source, faults and other events which may induce transients phenomena into the power network. Such transients conditions have to be analyzed using the most accurate and detailed hence, complex models of control system. In addition, in the feasibility study phase, the calibration or the setup of equipment as well as in the operation of the power network, one may require decision aid tools for engineers. This includes, for instance, knowledge of energy dissipated into the arresters in transient analysis. These tools use simulation programs data as inputs and may require that complex functions be solved with numerical methods. These functions are part of control system in computer simulator. Moreover, the simulation evolves in a broader context of the development of digital controller, distributed and parallel high performance computing and rapid evolutions in computer (multiprocessor) technology. In such context, a continuing improvement of the control equations solver is welcomed. Control systems are modelled using ax=b simultaneous system of equations. These equations are sometimes non-linear with feedback loops and thus require iterative Newton methods, including the formation of a Jacobian matrix and ordering as well as processing by graph theory tools. The proposed approach is based on the formulation of a reduced rank Jacobian matrix. The dimension is reduced up to the count of feedback loops. With this new approach, gains in computation speed are expected without compromising its accuracy when compared to classical full rank Jacobian matrix representation. A directed graph representation is adopted and a proper approach for detecting and removing cycles within the graph is introduced. A condition of all zero eigenvalues of adjacency matrix of the graph is adopted. The transformation of the graph of controls with no cycle permits a formulation of control equations for only feedback points. This yields a general feedback interconnection (GFBI) representation of control, which is the main contribution of this thesis. Methods for solving (non-linear) equations of control systems were deployed into the new GFBI approach. Five variants of the new approach were illustrated including firstly, a basic Newton method (1), a more robust one, the Dogleg method (2) and a fixed-point iterations method (3). I. The presented approach is implemented in Electromagnetic Transient program EMTP-RV and tested on practical systems of various types and levels of complexity: the PLL, an asynchronous machine with 87 blocks reduced to 23 feedback equations by GFBI, and 12 wind power plants integrated to the IEEE-39 buses system. Further analysis, which opens up avenues for future research includes comparison of the proposed approach against existing ones. With respect to the sole representation, it is shown that the proposed approach is equivalent to full classic representation of system of equations through a proper substitution process which complies with topological sequence and by skipping feedback variable identified by GFBI. Moreover, a second comparison with state space based approach, such as that in MATLAB/Simulink, shows that output evaluation step in state-space approach with algebraic constraints is similar to the GFBI. The algebraic constraints are similar to feedback variables. A difference may arise, however, when the number of algebraic constraints is not the optimal number of cuts for the GFBI method: for the PLL, for example, MATLAB/Simulink generated 3 constraints while the GFBI generated only 2. The GFBI method may offer some advantages in this case. A last analysis axis prompted further work in initialization. It is shown that GFBI method may modifies the convergence properties of iterations of the Newton method. The Newton- Kantorovich theorem, using bounds on the norms of the Jacobian, has been applied to the proposed GFBI and classic full representation of control equations. The expressions of the Jacobian norms have been established for generic cases using Coates graph. It appears from the analysis of a simple case, for the same initial conditions, the behaviour of the Newton- Kantorovich theorem differs in both cases. These differences may also be more pronounced in the non-linear case. Further work would be useful to investigate this aspect and, eventually, pave the way to new initialization approaches. Despite these limitations, not to mention areas for improvement in further work, one notes the contribution of this thesis to improve the gain of time on simulation for the solution of control systems. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

  9. Study of the behaviour of some heavy elements in solvents containing hydrogen fluoride; Etude du comportement de quelques elements lourds dans des solvants a base d'acide fluorhydrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tarnero, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-01-01

    The anhydrous liquid mixtures: dinitrogen tetroxide-hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride-hydrogen fluoride were studied as solvents for heavy elements interesting nuclear energy: uranium, thorium, zirconium and for some of their compounds. For N{sub 2}O{sub 4}-HF mixtures, electric conductivity measurements and liquid phase infrared spectra were also obtained. Uranium and zirconium tetrafluoride are much more soluble in N{sub 2}O{sub 4}-HF mixtures than in pure hydrogen fluoride. Uranium dissolved in these mixtures is pentavalent. In SbF{sub 5}-HF mixtures, uranium dissolves with hydrogen evolution and becomes trivalent. The solid compound resulting from the dissolution is a fluoro-antimonate: U(SbF{sub 6}){sub 3}. (author) [French] On a etudie les melanges liquides anhydres: peroxyde d'azote-acide fluorhydrique et pentafluorure d'antimoine-acide fluorhydrique comme solvants d'elements lourds interessant l'energie nucleaire: uranium, thorium, zirconium et de quelques uns de leurs composes. Pour les melanges N{sub 2}O{sub 4}-HF on a egalement effectue des mesures de conductivite electrique, ainsi que des spectres d'absorption infrarouge en phase liquide. Le tetrafluorure d'uranium et le tetrafluorure de zirconium sont beaucoup plus solubles dans les melanges N{sub 2}O{sub 4}-HF que dans l'acide fluorhydrique. L'uranium dissous dans ces melanges est a l'etat pentavalent. Dans les melanges SbF{sub 5}-HF l'uranium se dissout avec degagement d'hydrogene et passe a l'etat trivalent. Le compose solide resultant de la dissolution est un fluoantimoniate: U(SbF{sub 6}){sub 3}. (auteur)

  10. Contribution to the study of the molecular scattering of light. Use of a laser as light source (1963); Contribution a l'etude de la diffusion moleculaire de la lumiere. Utilisation d'un laser comme source lumineuse (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Slama, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    The experiments of the molecular scattering of light have been repeated using a ruby laser as a light source. The angular distribution of the scattered light intensity has been measured when the electric vector of the incident beam is either in the plane of observation or perpendicular to that plane. In the first case a good agreement with the Rayleigh theory has been found but this is not true in the second case. The differential cross sections for scattering have been measured for various gases. The values found are two or three times larger than the ones deduced from the classical theory. The possible effect of a variation of the beam intensity upon the linearity of the scattering process has been looked for. (author) [French] Les experiences sur la diffusion moleculaire de la lumiere ont ete reprises en utilisant un laser a rubis comme source lumineuse. La distribution angulaire de l'intensite diffusee a ete mesuree dans le cas ou le vecteur electrique de l'onde lumineuse incidente est soit dans le plan, soit perpendiculaire a ce plan. Dans le premier cas un bon accord est observe avec la theorie de Rayleigh, ce qui n'est plus vrai dans le second cas. Des sections efficaces differentielles de diffusion ont ete mesurees pour differents gaz. Les valeurs trouvees sont 2 a 3 fois plus grandes que celles prevues par la theorie classique. On a recherche enfin l'effet d'une variation d'intensite du faisceau du laser sur la linearite du phenomene de diffusion. (auteur)

  11. Proceedings of the 2009 CIGRE Canada conference on power systems : innovation and renewal : building the new power system

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2009-01-01

    The Conseil International des Grands Reseaux Electriques (CIGRE) is the International Council on Large Electric Systems. It promotes technical, economic and environmental developments in electricity transmission and generation. CIGRE Canada is the Canadian National Committee which fosters the participation of Canadian members in CIGRE activities. CIGRE Canada organizes an annual conference that provides a forum for power system engineers, decision makers,economists, and academics to discuss technological developments in electrical power systems. The presentations at this conference addressed issues regarding the use of renewable energy sources in power transmission and distribution systems, with particular reference to control and protection; HVDC and MVDC; modelling tools; interface technologies; and reduced carbon generation and sustainability. The use of active distribution systems was also discussed in terms of future trends; the role of information technology and communications; and the role of energy storage. The session on smart grids addressed issues such as power utility perspectives; sensing, measurements and controls; advanced interfaces and decision support systems; open-architecture; distributed energy resources; and regulatory issues. Issues concerning the interconnection of non traditional energy sources to the power systems were also discussed along with recent research initiatives related to renewable energy source development. The sessions were entitled: smart grids; distributed energy resources; wind and solar PV; AC systems and HV lines; wide area measurements; power system operation and control; modelling and analysis; substation automation; and HVDC and facts. The conference featured 66 presentations, of which 35 have been catalogued separately for inclusion in this database

  12. A study of point defects created by electron irradiation of dilute iron-carbon alloys; Etude des defauts crees par irradiation electronique dans les alliages de fer carbone dilues

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Leveque, J L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-10-01

    Resistivity and magnetic after effect (m.a.e.) measurements are used to study the influence of carbon atoms on the annealing process of point defects created by electron irradiation (3 MeV) at low temperature (20 deg. K). The presence of the carbon atoms has a strong influence on the recovery sub-stage I{sub E} and stage III. For the former, the carbon impurity traps the freely migrating iron interstitial. For the latter the effect is interpreted as being due to formation during annealing, of a carbon vacancy pair. A pronounced m.a.e. band is attributed to the reorientation of this carbon vacancy complex. All these results are coherent with the interpretation of a low temperature migrating free interstitial. (author) [French] L'influence des atomes de carbone sur le recuit des defauts ponctuels crees par irradiation electronique (3 MeV) a basse temperature (20 deg. K) dans le fer est mise en evidence par des mesures de resistivite electrique, et de trainage magnetique. Cette influence se manifeste principalement au cours du sous stade I{sub E} et du stade III de resistivite. Au sous stade I{sub E} les atomes de carbone piegeraient les interstitiels libres de fer au cours de leur migration. Le stade III est interprete comme etant du a la recombinaison du carbone dans les lacunes. Une importante bande de tramage magnetique etant attribuee a la reorientation de ce complexe. Ces resultats sont coherents avec l'interpretation faisant migrer a basse temperature l'interstitiel libre. (auteur)

  13. Contribution to the study of magnetic fields in a configuration having radial symmetry; Contribution a l'etude des champs magnetiques dans une configuration a symetrie axiale

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bliaux, T; Durand, J P; Giraud-Carrier, C; Merard, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    First, the method for tracing on 'Teledeltos' paper magnetic induction lines (by analogy with electrical equipotential lines) in order to obtain rapid and qualitative results, is recalled. Then the authors present, computed from the law of Biot and Savart, the values of radial and tangential components of the magnetic induction. These results are presented under the form of abaci for a configuration of parallel conductors in a rotational symmetry. Each configuration is defined by the number of conductors 1 {<=} N {<=} 12 and by the the radius R of the circle. The domain of computation of the value of the magnetic induction at point M (r, {theta}) is limited by symmetry in a sector defined by 0 {<=} r {<=} 2,5*R and 0 {<=} {theta} {<=} {theta}{sub max}. (authors) [French] Apres un rappel du trace sur papier semi-conducteur 'Teledeltos' des lignes d'induction magnetique (par analogie avec des lignes equipotentielles electriques), methode rapide qui donne des resultats qualitatifs, les auteurs presentent sous forme d'abaques les valeurs des composantes radiale et tangentielle de l'induction magnetique calculees par la loi de Biot et Savart, pour une configuration de conducteurs paralleles dans une symetrie axiale de revolution. La configuration est definie par le nombre N de conducteurs [1 {<=} N {<=} 12] et par le rayon R du cercle de repartition des conducteurs. Le point courant M (r, {theta}) est limite, pour des raisons de symetrie, dans un secteur defini par [0 {<=} r {<=} 2,5*R] et 0 {<=} {theta} {<=} {theta}{sub max}. (auteurs)

  14. Existence and structure of rare-earth mono-carbides: study of their low-temperature magnetic properties; Existence et structure des monocarbures de terres rares. Etude de leurs proprietes magnetiques a basses temperatures

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lallement, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92 (France)

    1966-07-01

    There are two types of rare earth carbides, the first one is face-centered cubic, stable at high temperature, and very hypo-stoichiometric (formula MC{sub x} with 0.35 < x < 0.65); the other is rhombohedric, stable at lower temperature, with a formula M{sub 2}C. These two carbides are magnetically ordered at low temperatures (ferro or ferri-magnetism). They are highly anisotropic. A great part of the electric and magnetic properties can be explained from the following ideas: the M{sup 3+} ions are coupled via the conduction electrons, there are more conduction electrons in the carbides than in the metals, and there is some local order around the transition temperatures. (author) [French] Nous avons mis en evidence l'existence de deux carbures de terres rares, l'un de formule MC{sub x} (0,35 < x < 0,65) de structure cubique a faces centrees, stable a haute temperature, l'autre de formule M{sub 2}C, de structure rhomhoedrique, stable a temperature moyenne. Ces deux types de carbures presentent des phenomenes d'ordre magnetique a basses temperatures (ferro ou ferrimagnetisme). Ils sont caracterises par une forte anisotropie magnetique. Une grande partie des proprietes electriques et magnetiques s'explique a partir des hypotheses suivantes: a) Les ions M{sup 3+} sont couples entre eux par l'intermediaire des electrons de conduction; b) Le nombre d'electrons de conduction dans les carbures est plus grand que dans les metaux; c) Autour des temperatures de transition se manifestent des phenomenes d'ordre local. (auteur)

  15. Motion of a particle in a radial space-charge field and in an axial magnetic field; Le mouvement d'une particule dans un champ de charge d'espace radial et un champ magnetique axial

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Canobbio, E [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires. Services de Physique Appliquee, Service d' Ionique Generale, Section d' Etudes des Interactions Ondes Plasmas; Finzi, U [Institut de Physique Theorique de Milan (Italy)

    1966-07-01

    The motion of a charged particle in an axial uniform steady magnetic field, under the action of a radial space charge is calculated. A cylindrical symmetric charge distribution similar to the one which is observed in HF plasma accelerators is assumed. The particle motion is discussed with the method of effective potentials. A radial acceleration of ions is shown to be possible if the space charge density is sufficiently high. The displacement of the turning points of the trajectories due to the electrostatic field is calculated in the low plasma density approximation. Finally a HF circularly polarized electric field is introduced, the shift in cyclotron resonance is calculated and a low frequency resonance is found to be possible. (authors) [French] On etudie le mouvement d'une particule dans un champ magnetique axial uniforme et constant en presence d'un champ de charge d'espace radial. On considere une distribution de charge a symetrie cylindrique, semblable a celle qu'on observe dans les accelerateurs de plasma a H.F. On se sert des potentiels effectifs pour discuter les caracteristiques du mouvement. Une acceleration radiale des ions est possible lorsque la densite de charge est assez elevee. On calcule aussi les deplacements des points de rebroussement des trajectoires produits par un champ electrostatique faible. On introduit enfin un champ electrique HF polarise circulairement et on calcule le deplacement de la resonance de cyclotron du au champ de charge d'espace. En meme temps on voit apparaitre dans l'energie cinetique de la particule une resonance a basse frequence. (auteurs)

  16. Annual public information report about the Dampierre-en-Burly nuclear facilities - 2015. This report is written in compliance with articles L. 125-15 and L125-16 of the French environment code

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2016-01-01

    This safety report was established in accordance with articles L. 125-15 and L. 125-16 of the French environmental code. It presents, first, the NPPs (INBs no. 84 and 85). Then, the nuclear safety and radiation protection measures taken regarding the facilities are reviewed: nuclear safety definition, radiation protection of intervening parties, safety and radiation protection improvement paths, crisis management, external and internal controls, technical situation of facilities, administrative procedures in progress. The incidents and accidents which occurred in 2015, if any, are reported as well as the radioactive and non-radioactive effluents discharge in the environment. Finally, the radioactive materials and wastes generated by the facility are presented (type of waste, quantities, conditioning process). The document concludes with a presentation of the actions of communication and public information made by the direction of the facility. A glossary and the list of recommendations from the Committees for health, safety and working conditions are given in appendix

  17. First Modelling Results of the EM Response of a CO2 Storage in the Paris Basin Premières modélisations de la réponse EM d’un stockage de CO2 dans le bassin Parisien

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bourgeois B.

    2010-07-01

    electriques/EM pour surveiller l’injection de CO2 supercritique a 1700 m de profondeur dans un aquifere salin du Bassin Parisien (Carbonates du Dogger. Nous demontrons d’abord l’interet theorique des methodes de resistivite pour une telle surveillance a l’aide des lois fondamentales de la petrophysique dans les roches sedimentaires poreuses, en supposant que le CO2 supercritique est un isolant parfait. Diverses combinaisons de sources et de capteurs sont discutees et il est conclu que le dispositif le plus performant consiste en une source de type galvanique (injection de courant dans le sol a l’aide d’unepaire d’electrodes A et B et d’une grille de capteurs electriques (et peut-etre magnetiques a la surface du sol. Compte tenu de la profondeur et de la finesse des couches reservoir, l’injection du courant en profondeur est envisagee dans le but d’augmenter la densite de courant circulant dans la couche reservoir. L’injection ponctuelle a la profondeur du reservoir, dans une configuration de type « Mise A la Masse » (MAM, etant generalement impossible a cause de la presence de tubages metalliques dans les forages, nous avons etudie la possibilite d’utiliser ces memes tubages comme des longues electrodes distribuant le courant tout le long du forage. Ce type de source est denomme « LEMAM » (Long Electrode Mise A la Masse, pour le distinguer du MAM conventionnel. Des simulations numeriques sont presentees a la fois pour le dispositif LEMAM et pour le dispositif « rectangle » (RECT, lequel emploie une injection de courant ponctuelle a la surface du sol. Le modele geoelectrique utilise est base sur une zone proche du champ petrolier de Saint-Martin-de-Bossenay (SMB, au sud-est du Bassin Parisien. La couche reservoir consideree dans cette etude est la formation de l’“ Oolithe Blanche ” (Dogger qui a une epaisseur de 75 m et se situe a une profondeur de 1700 m sous la surface du sol. Dans les modeles presentes, le panache de CO2 est simplifie en

  18. Against the electric heating. Little calculations and big manipulations; L'offensive contre le chauffage electrique. Petits calculs et grandes magouilles

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nifenecker, H

    2008-02-15

    The author aims to denounce a report presented by the ADEME and the RTE, concerning the electric heating which could lead to the implementing of an electric production by coal and gas power plants. The authors aims to show why this affirmation is wrong. He explains also that this calculation has no sense in the context of the CO{sub 2} emissions, in the framework of the methods used by the European Union to evaluate these emissions. (A.L.B.)

  19. Power frequency electric and magnetic fields: Questions and answers; Champs electriques et magnetiques produits par le courant industriel: Questions et reponses

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1990-10-01

    Power frequency fields are electric and magnetic fields produced by electric power. The first evidence to show that power frequency fields may have an effect on human health was noted in 1972 when it was reported that workers in high voltage switchyards suffered from a number of ailments. Fundamentals of electric and magnetic fields, and methods of their measurement, are explained. Some sources of power frequency fields are reviewed, and measured occupational exposures to these fields by electric utility workers are listed. Possible biological and health effects from power frequency fields are summarized from epidemiological, whole-animal, cellular, and observational studies reported in the literature. These include increased risk of cancer, decrease in melatonin, reproductive and developmental abnormalities, decreased heart rates, changes in calcium flow across cell membranes, and changes in neurotransmitters and corticosterone. Exposure standards for power frequency fields are given and methods for controlling exposure to those fields are noted. 53 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

  20. Report to the parliament. Pluri-annual planning of power production investments; Rapport au parlement. Programmation pluriannuelle des investissements de production electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-01-01

    The article 6 of the law from February 10, 2000, relative to the modernization and development of the electric utility, schedules a pluri-annual planning of the production investments (PPI) which represents a concrete translation of the energy policy in the domain of electricity. The PPI will allow to reach the energy policy goals using a balanced development of the national production means in terms of primary energy sources, techniques of production and geographical distribution of investments. This document is the first PPI report to the parliament. It is based on the scheme of energy collective services and on a provisional status made by the manager of the transportation network (RTE). In 2010, renewable energies should cover 21% of the French electricity needs. This ratio will be reached mainly thanks to the development of wind power (7000 to 14000 MW of installed power, which represents 20 to 35 TWh of additional production). Hydro-power should be increased of 8 TWh max, depending on the public policies implemented, and biomass will have a significant contribution too. On the other hand, actions of mastery of the electricity demand will have to be implemented. From 2008 onward, the decommissioning of several power plants will impose to find new solutions to satisfy the peak power needs. The covering of consumption peaks requires a correlation study of the power peaks at the European scale. Finally, the situation of non-interconnected areas and of areas with fragile supply has been carefully considered. The creation of new power production means must be envisaged in most of these areas. (J.S.)

  1. Etude par resistivite electrique du comportement d'un alliage amorphe Fe 40Ni 38Mo 4B 18 deforme par traction

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hoang, Long Phan; Sacovy, Paulette; Delaplace, Jean

    1983-02-01

    Des rubans d'alliages amorphes Metglas du type Fe 40Ni 38Mo 4B 18 à l'état brut de trempe ont été déformés par traction à la température ambiante et l'on a suivi les variations de la résistance électrique des échantillons au cours de la déformation. Il ressort de ces essais que la déformation plastique qui est de l'ordre de 0.5% avant rupture ne se produit pas de faĉon homogène dans l'échantillon. Les mesures électriques effectuées au cours de la déformation mettent en évidence dans le domaine élastique un effet d'élastorésistance, relativement important ( K ≠ 1); elles montrent que dans le domaine plastique la déformation permanente des échantillons s'accompagne d'une diminution de la résistivité électrique du matériau. Deux hypothèses sont discutées pour expliquer cet effet inattendu, l'un qui fait appel à l'existence de volumes libres, l'autre qui suppose une cristallisation localisée du matériau sous l'effet de la contrainte.

  2. The circular thermo-phoretic spectrometer (CTSM), a new device for the study of the thermophoresis, Application on the fractals soot particles

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Brugiere, E.

    2012-01-01

    This work aims to improve the understanding of soot particle deposition by thermophoresis. In order to show the influence of the morphology of a fractal aggregate on its thermo-phoretic behavior, a new experimental device has been developed; the SpectroMetre Thermophoretique Circulaire (SMTC). This instrument is used to measure the mean thermo-phoretic velocity of particles selected between a hot plate and a cold plate thanks to a transfer function based on the geometry of the radial flow differential mobility analyser RF-DMA or SMEC (Spectrometre de Mobilite Electrique Circulaire). For the experimental validation, effective thermo-phoretic velocities of monodispersed spherical latex particles for diameters ranging from 64 nm to 500 nm and a temperature gradient equal to 50 750 K/m are measured and compared with theoretical values. The good agreement between the experimental results and theoretical values of Beresnev and Chernyak (1995) helps us to validate the operation of the instrument. Then we compare experimental thermo-phoretic velocity obtained with the SMTC for spherical particles and aggregates produced by a combustion aerosol generator. Contrary to the results obtained with the PSL particles, we observe that the thermo-phoretic velocity of aggregates increases with the electrical mobility diameter. Thanks to a morphological study of the aggregates, we showed that the thermo-phoretic velocity depends on the number of primary particles of the aggregate. These experimental results confirm, for the first time, the theoretical data of Mackowski (2006) obtained by a Monte Carlo simulation. Moreover, a comparison with the experimental results of Messerer et al. (2003) shows that the thermo-phoretic velocity of aggregates seems independent of the primary particle size. (author)

  3. Contribution to the study of detonation initiation by shock in solid explosives (1961); Contribution a l'etude de l'initiation de la detonation par choc dans les explosifs solides (1961)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fauquignon, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-05-15

    When a shock wave is induced in an explosive, it can initiate chemical reactions which lead more or less rapidly to a stable detonation state. In this study more particular attention was paid to the transition phase, in which has been evaluated the increases in the wave velocity, the pressure, and the electrical conductivity. The influence of the nature of the medium in front of the wave and in contact with the explosive has also been the subject of an experimental study designed to determine the extent to which its nature can be ignored and, subsequently, to characterise the initiation conditions using only the shock intensity induced in the explosive. Finally, the results were generalized for various explosive compositions and led to the development of a possible mechanism for shock initiation. (author) [French] Lorsqu'une onde de choc est induite dans un explosif, elle peut y amorcer des reactions chimiques qui conduisent plus ou moins rapidement a un regime de detonation stable. Dans cette etude, on s'est interesse plus particulierement a la phase transitoire dans laquelle on a evalue l'accroissement de la vitesse d'onde, de la pression et de la conductibilite electrique. L'influence du milieu amont, au contact de l'explosif, a egalement fait l'objet de recherches experimentales de facon a determiner dans quelle mesure on pouvait s'affranchir de sa nature et, par suite, caracteriser les conditions d'initiation par la seule intensite du choc induit dans l'explosif. Enfin, les resultats ont ete generalises a diverses compositions explosives et ont conduit a l'elaboration d'un schema possible du mecanisme de l'initiation par choc. (auteur)

  4. Transistorized pulse amplifiers (A.I.T.); Amplificateurs d'impulsions a transistors (A.I.T.)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Feyt, J; Couly, J P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1962-07-01

    The two amplifiers whose design and operation are described in this report have been studied for neutron detection units used in piles. They are designed to allow an important reduction of the volume and of the weight of the detector and its amplifier, and to simplify the operation of the detection assembly. To these characteristics can be added the mechanical and electrical robustness and the very reduced micro-phony. The first transistorized amplifier (AIT.1) is simple, very robust, and can be used for radioprotection installations. The second (AIT.4) has a better performance and makes it possible to replace the APT.2 in most of its applications (it has even been used satisfactorily in an apparatus where the micro-phony and the sensitivity to interference of the APT.2 made this latter unusable). (author) [French] Les deux amplificateurs dont ce rapport decrit la conception et le fonctionnement ont ete etudies pour les ensembles de detection des neutrons aupres des piles. Ils ont ete concus pour permettre une reduction importante du volume et du poids du detecteur et de son amplificateur, et pour simplifier le fonctionnement de l'ensemble de detection. A ces caracteristiques s'ajoutent une grande robustesse mecanique et electrique et une microphonie quasi nulle. Le premier amplificateur a transistors (AIT.1) simple, tres robuste, convient pour les installations de radioprotection. Le deuxieme (AIT.4) de performances plus elevees permet de remplacer l'APT.2 dans la plupart de ses applications (il a meme ete utilise avec satisfaction dans un montage ou la microphonie et la sensibilite aux parasites de l'APT.2 rendaient celui-ci inutilisable). (auteur)

  5. Modelling of a Spark Ignition Engine for Power-Heat Production Optimization Modèle de moteur à allumage commandé en vue de l’optimisation de la production chaleur-force

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Descieux D.

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available Spark ignition gas engine is more and more used in order to produce electricity and heat simultaneously. The engine crankshaft drives a synchronous electric generator. The thermal power output is recovered from the engine coolant system and exhaust gas, and is used to produce generally hot water for heating system. In order to have a better adequacy between supply (production of the engine and user demand, good knowledge of the engine and implemented phenomena are necessary. A generic methodology is proposed to simulate the stationary state response of a SI engine. The engine simulation is based on a one zone thermodynamic model, which characterizes each phase of the engine cycle to predict energy performances: exergy efficiency as high as 0.70 is attainable. Le moteur a allumage commande alimente en gaz est un moteur de plus en plus utilise pour la production simultanee d’electricite et de chaleur. Classiquement le moteur entraine sur l’arbre une generatrice electrique. Le flux thermique est recupere principalement sur le systeme de refroidissement du moteur ainsi que sur les fumees chaudes et il est generalement utilise pour produire de la chaleur pour les systemes de chauffage. Pour avoir une meilleure adaptation entre la production du moteur et la demande de l’usager, une bonne connaissance des evolutions dans le moteur et des phenomenes correspondants est necessaire. Une methode thermodynamique generale est proposee pour simulation du fonctionnement dynamique stationnaire d’un MACI. Le modele utilise une analyse monozone et les caracteristiques de chaque transformation du cycle pour etudier les performances energetiques : rendement exergetique de l’ordre de 0,70.

  6. Les vehicules spatiaux a source d'energie solaire Le Projet Phaetan

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. VERNET-LOZET

    1964-06-01

    Full Text Available II est permis, a priori au moins, d'envisager un assez
    grand nombre de mdtliodes pour transformer l'6nergie solaire en energie
    utilisable pour la propulsion d'un vehicule spatial. Toutefois dans la mesure
    ou 1'on s'impose un certain nombre de conditions, entre autres celle de
    produire une poussee qui ne soit pas parfaitement negligeable devant le
    poids du vehicule, on constate que dans l'etat actuel de nos connaissances
    et de nos possibilitcs technologiques, il n'est guere raisonnable de penser
    utiliser une autre methode que celle, bien classique et sans doute demodee
    aux yeux de certains qui eonsiste a passer par l'intermediaire d'une machine
    thermique.
    II apparait clairement d'ailleurs que l'originalite d'un tel mode de
    propulsion ne reside pas dans le systeme de propulsion lui-meme qui pourra
    etre n'importe quel type de propulseur electrique, le clioix pouvant etre
    fait en fonction de la mission que l'on se propose d'effectuer et de la charge
    utile que l'on desire transporter, mais au contraire dans la conception de
    l'ensemble constitue par le miroir, la machine thermique et le condenseur.
    Nous nous proposons sur la base du projet « Phaeton » actuelleinent en
    cours d'etude a la Societe d'Etude de la Propulsion par Reaction, d'examiner
    un peu plus en detail qu'il ne l'a ete fait jusqu'ici, quels iinperatifs regissent
    le dimensionnement d'une telle machine.

  7. Experimental study of an ion cyclotron instability in a magnetic well confined plasma; Etude experimentale d'une instabilite cyclotronique ionique dans un plasma confine dans un puits magnetique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brossier, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-Aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    This report is a contribution to the study of microinstabilities in macroscopically stable plasmas, in the low-{beta} limit. Ion cyclotron instabilities, with k{sub ||} = 0, have been numerically studied in detail; the computation of the density thresholds and growth rates of the different harmonics showed the relative role played by the following energy sources: density gradient, perpendicular distribution function and cold plasma component. This theoretical model has been compared with the results of a detailed study (density thresholds, wave structure, frequency spectrum, wavelengths, growth rate, amplitude of the electric field) of the instability observed in the DECA II device. This comparison gave a good agreement which shows the destabilising role played by the cold plasma component on a hot plasma with a loss cone distribution function. (author) [French] Ce rapport est une contribution a l'etude des microinstabilites dans les plasmas macroscopiquement stables, dans la limite des {beta} << 1. Les instabilites cyclotroniques ioniques, a k{sub ||} = 0, ont ete etudiees numeriquement en detail; le calcul des seuils de densite et taux de croissance des differents harmoniques a permis de preciser l'importance relative des facteurs destabilisants suivants: gradient de densite, fonction de distribution perpendiculaire, presence de plasma froid. Ce modele theorique a ete confronte avec les resultats d'une etude detaillee (seuils de densite, structure de l'onde, spectres de frequence, longueurs d'onde, taux de croissance, amplitude du champ electrique) de l'instabilite observee dans l'experience DECA II, Cette confrontation aboutit a un accord satisfaisant qui montre le role destabilisant joue par le plasma froid sur un plasma chaud presentant une distribution de cone de pertes. (auteur)

  8. Conditions for the Use of Ducts of Disc Geometry in MHD Conversion; Conditions d'Emploi des Tuyeres Disques en Conversion MHD

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Azalbert, J. P.; Zettwoog, P. [Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette (France)

    1966-11-15

    Laplace forces acting on the radial component of the current, fluid rotation was found to occur. It is shown that there is an initial velocity of rotation which optimizes the inlet conditions. . The above calculations presuppose that the electron density at the inlet corresponds to a regime in which the electric field is that of the inlet. This means assuming either that the ionization time is very short vis-a-vis the transit time, or that there is a suitably adapted pre-ionization device. Since the stability of MHD flows cannot be guaranteed beyond a certain critical value of the Hall parameter, the values of this parameter are given for each duct. (author) [French] Le memoire examine les conditions d'emploi des tuyeres disques pour la conversion par voie MHD de l'energie thermique contenue dans un gaz rare ensemence en cesium. On envisage des temperatures de sources.chaudes comprises entre 1600 Degree-Sign K et 2000 Degree-Sign K et des pressions d'helium ou d'argon allant de 1 a 50 bars. La temperature totale du gaz a la sortie de la MHD est fixee a 1250 Degree-Sign K, temperatures partir de laquelle le gaz peut etre pris en charge par des ensembles plus classiques. Pour chaque niveau de pression, on determine la puissance thermique a partir de laquelle les pertes entropiques visqueuses par unite de longueur de parois sont negligeables devant les pertes joules volumiques correspondant a la marche normale de la tuyere. Les champs magnetiques sont obtenus a partir de bonines supraconductrices; on traite les cas 5 et 6 teslas. Pour la gamme des temperatures considerees, seule l'ionisation hors d'equilibre permet une conversion efficace. On suppose donc que l'ionisation est hors d'equilibre sous l'action du champ electrique induit, et on calcule la conductivite a partir d'un modele du plasma a 2 fluides qui donne o connaissant la densite de courant. En tuyere de Hall, les conditions d'echauffement electronique en une section donnee dependent de ce qui se passe dans l

  9. Fuel and Electrical Systems Mechanic. Apprenticeship Training Standards = Mecanicien de systemes d'alimentation en carburant et electriques. Normes de formation en apprentissage.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ontario Ministry of Skills Development, Toronto.

    These training standards for fuel and electrical systems mechanics are intended to be used by apprentice/trainees, instructors, and companies in Ontario, Canada, as a blueprint for training or as a prerequisite for prerequisite for accreditation/certification. The training standards identify skills required for this occupation and its related…

  10. Fostering future organization of French Electric Power. A report to Prime Minister; Reussir la future organisation electrique francaise. Rapport au Premier Ministre

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dumont, Jean Louis [Assemblee Nationale, Paris (France)

    1998-07-02

    This report addressed to the prime minister deals with the main four issues relating to the problem of revamping the French electricity sector. These are featured as: 1. The public electricity supply; 2. The future development of 'Electricite de France'; 3. The social renovation of the electricity sector; 4. Management and the role of policy. In turn these four chapters are detailed. Thus the first one addresses the problems: 1. Customizing the general interest supply; 2. Electricity general supply and the state policy; 3. Sustaining innovation, environmental protection and energy management; 4. The transport and distribution grid, the resistance structure of the public supply. Also, this chapter describes the role of the operators in the public electricity supply and tackles the problem of financing the commitments of the public supply. The second chapter sketches the tasks and management of EDF, considers establishing an agency to ensure accounting transparency, discusses the major significance of local collectivities and personnel. The third chapter addresses the following issues: 1. The range of application of the statute of electric and gas industries; 2. Adaptation of the statute; 3. Development of the statute; 4. Pensioners. The forth chapter deals with the definition of regulation, i.e. the management of the network authority and makes proposals for constituting relating commissions. In conclusion, the author pleads for maintaining and developing a major national operator ensuring public supply requirements as well as promotion of French electricity industry. The proposals made by the report's author concerning the operational ways of renewing the nuclear sector, the management of grid of electric transport, the role of local collectivities, creation of a professional trade, the founding regulation commissions and others are thought to prepare France to cope efficiently to the international competition in the years to come. The report is completed by two appendices containing the proposals of the author and a list of the persons interviewed during the mission.

  11. Modeling of an electric arc transferred on a melted glass bath; Modelisation d`un arc electrique transfere sur un bain de verre

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mehlman, G.; Langlois, A. [SGN, 78 - Saint Quentin en Yvelines (France)

    1997-12-31

    The aim of this study is to propose a methodology allowing the simulation of melting processes involving electromagnetic phenomena. This methodology is based on the use of scientific calculation tools currently used elsewhere. The case considered in this study has been defined in collaboration with Electricite de France (EdF) and concerns more particularly an electric arc vitrification process for wastes. Basic data have been determined in order to obtain results representative of the tests performed by EdF with pilot installations. (J.S.)

  12. Agreement ''power networks and environment'' 2001-2003; Accord ''reseaux electriques et environnement'' 2001-2003

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-01-01

    This agreement, discussed between the French government and Electricite de France (EdF) group, proposes some engagements for the 2001-2003 era for a better environmental integration of power transmission and distribution networks. The agreement is made of two parts: 1 - public distribution networks: realization of new workmanship (medium and low voltage power lines, new lines in dense urban areas), actions on existing workmanship (consequences of December 1999 storms, aesthetical aspects, burial of the main overhead lines in wooded areas, reinforcement of EdF's environmental commitment, remedial actions for environmental 'black points'), general measures of implementation (increasing network safety, protection of birds fauna, coordination of works); 2 - public transportation network (RTE): development and safety improvement of the public transportation network (reinforced arrangement for the establishment of regional development schemes, development of international interconnections, safety improvement of the public transportation network, RTE's environmental plan); line projects (arrangements during projects elaboration, accompanying program); long lived RTE's commitment (environmental management and ISO-14001 certification, vigilance with respect to electromagnetic fields, R and D). (J.S.)

  13. Global Methodology to Integrate Innovative Models for Electric Motors in Complete Vehicle Simulators Méthodologie générale d’intégration de modèles innovants de moteurs électriques dans des simulateurs véhicules complets

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Abdelli A.

    2011-11-01

    . Comment reduire les emissions moyennes de CO2 des vehicules particuliers a 120 g/km en 2012 et 95 g/km en 2020 comme le prevoit l’accord conclu entre la Commission Europeenne et les constructeurs europeens ? Cette question a reponses multiples preoccupe a l’heure actuelle l’ensemble du monde automobile. L’electrification des vehicules semble etre une des solutions les plus pertinentes, ce qui pousse les constructeurs a envisager des vehicules hybrides de plus en plus innovants. Cette solution, theoriquement tres interessante, complexifie encore un peu plus les groupes moto-propulseurs des vehicules, ce qui necessite l’utilisation d’outils de simulation adequats pour reduire les couts et les durees de developpement. La simulation systeme, outil deja primordial dans le processus de developpement des moteurs a combustion interne, devient alors incontournable. Pour etudier ce type d’architectures hybrides complexes, et a l’instar des modeles physiques developpes pour le moteur a combustion interne, la simulation systeme doit se doter de modeles predictifs comparables pour les machines electriques. Des leurs specifications, ces modeles doivent integrer certaines contraintes tres exigeantes sur les temps de simulation, contrainte garantissant par la suite une plus large utilisation des simulateurs, notamment pour le developpement et la validation de strategies de controle. L’objectif de ce papier est donc de presenter une methodologie generale de developpement de modeles de machines electriques, modeles ayant pour objectif final d’etre integres dans un simulateur vehicule complet. Cette methodologie met en scene differents types de modelisations (modeles elements finis, modeles de caracterisation, modele de simulation permettant un compromis temps de calcul – precision adequat. Cette methodologie a ete deployee avec succes pour la modelisation d’un moteur synchrone a aimants permanents. A l’issue du processus de modelisation, ce dernier a ete integre

  14. Protection des ions organiques contre les dommages induits a l'ADN par les electrons de basse energie

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dumont, Ariane

    'ADN de differentes epaisseurs, possedant entre 0 et 32 ions organiques/ nucleotide, ont ete irradies avec des electrons de 10eV. Les dommages induits par les electrons, sous forme de cassures, ont ete detectes par electrophorese. Nous avons demontre que le rendement de cassure simple brin diminuait de facon dramatique en fonction du nombre d'ions organiques/ nucleotide. Aussi peu que 2 ions organiques/ nucleotide sont suffisant pour decroitre le rendement de SSB de 70%. Cet effet radioprotecteur est en partie explique par l'augmentation de l'epaisseur des films, mais surtout par la modification du champ electrique a proximite de l'ADN, due a l'ajout de molecules chargees positivement. La modification du champ electrique pres de l'ADN altere les parametres de resonance comme le temps de vie de l'anion transitoire et la limite de dissociation, qui influent directement sur la section efficace d'attachement dissociatif. L'effet protecteur peut egalement etre explique par la restauration des bases anioniques deshydrogenees induites par l'attachement dissociatif de l'electron sur une base (G(-H)-). Ce sont les molecules Tris qui, en transferant un atome d'hydrogene ou un proton, restaurent les bases deshydrogenees et inhibent par le fait meme la formation de cassures simple brin. Ces resultats indiquent que les histones peuvent egalement participer a la reparation de dommages precoces induits a l'ADN avant qu'elles ne menent a des dommages encore plus nocifs et difficiles a reparer, comme les cassures simples brins. Mots cles : Electrons de basse energie, dommage a l'ADN, ions organiques, attachement dissociatif de l'electron.

  15. Drainage water use from the railway Mont d'Or tunnel in Vallorbe, Switzerland; Centrale du Bief-Rouge. Recuperation des eaux du tunnel du Mont d'Or a Vallorbe - Rapport 2009

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gerodetti, M.

    2009-02-15

    The 6'097 m long Railway Tunnel under the Mont d'Or (western Switzerland, under the Jura mountains) was constructed at the beginning of the 20{sup th} century and inaugurated on 16 May 1915. During the construction there was an important break-in of water in the tunnel that flooded the whole construction area. Since the completion of the tunnel, the water incursion is drained and conveyed to the Swiss entrance. The flow rate coming from the tunnel is constant at about 120 l/s and didn't show any variation during all the past decades. The idea of using the tunnel water energy in a turbine is thought of since a long time. Considering the present situation on the energy sector, the 'Societe electrique du Chatelard' (the local electricity utility) with the support of the municipal authority, decided now to realize this concept and to turbine the water from the tunnel, also known as 'Bief Rouge', for power generation. The 'Bief Rouge' project consists in catching the flow at the Vallorbe entrance of the tunnel and conducting it into a new penstock down to the river Orbe situated some 65 m downhill where electricity will be produced in a new small-scale power plant. The planned scheme will have an electrical power of 54.5 kW and be located in a new building near the existing sewage pumping station of Vallorbe. The total investment cost is 1.3 million CHF and includes the construction of a new headwater basin, a penstock, a power plant and a tailrace channel as well as the electro-mechanical equipment for power production. Based on a mean annual power production of some 465,000 kWh, the retail price of the kWh has been evaluated to 21 Swiss cents/kWh. (author)

  16. Problems of pricing fresh water obtained from a sea water desalination plant; Problemes de tarification de l'eau douce obtenue a partir d'une installation de dessalement d'eau de mer

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gaussens, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-07-01

    Integrating a double-purpose desalination and electricity generating plant into a water supply system alters the conditions in which the other water and electricity sources are used, as the peak and the base load water and electricity demands have to be met at the least cost. This paper attempts to show how the problem of determining optimal water supply structures can be approached, in definite cases, but against a global economic back-ground. It becomes necessary to define the competition between classical resources and desalination plants, as these plants introduce into optimum studies new factors due to the peculiar shape of their production functions. These new factors (fixed and proportional costs structures, flow availabilities) are studied in relation to the production functions in various management cases (private monopoly, public monopoly). (author) [French] L'intervention d'une installation egalement productrice d'energie electrique dans l'alimentation en eau d'une zone modifie les conditions d'utilisation des autres ressources en eau et en electricite, compte tenu de la necessite d'assurer les pointes et la base des diagrammes de demande d'eau et d'electricite au moindre cout. Cet expose se propose de montrer comment on peut approcher le probleme de la determination des structures optimales d'approvisionnement en eau pour des cas precis, mais dans un cadre economique global, II devient en effet necessaire de situer la competition: ressources classiques/installation de dessalement; ces dernieres introduisent, dans les etudes d'optimum, des elements nouveaux dus a la forme particuliere de leurs fonctions de production. On etudie ces elements nouveaux (structures des couts fixes et des couts proportionnels, disponibilite des debits) en liaison avec les fonctions de production dans divers cas de gestion (monopole prive, monopole public). (auteur)

  17. The beam-kicker system of the synchrotron Saturne. Magnetic field and particle orbit computations. Experimental results (1963); Le percuteur de faisceau de Saturne. Calcul du champ magnetique et des trajectoires. Verifications experimentales (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gouttefangeas, M; Katz, A; Rastoix, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    In this report is briefly described the beam-kicker system of the synchrotron Saturne. An analysis of its operation based on the sampling method is given, as well as two methods for computing toe magnetic field produced by a set of endless conductors in the neighbourhood of a conducting shield where eddy currents are circulating. The first method leads to the resolution of a bi-dimensional Laplace equation with first kind boundary conditions (Dirichlet problem); the second one translates to electromagnetism the electrical images method currently used in electrostatics and yields the magnetic field as the sum of a triple series expansion in the general case of a set of conductors located in a parallelepipedal box. Finally are given the results obtained in computing on IBM 7090 the perturbation of the particle motion due to the beam-kicker. These results are compared with the experimental data. (authors) [French] Ce rapport decrit brievement le dispositif percuteur de faisceau mis en place sur le synchrotron Saturne. On y trouvera une analyse de se fonctionnement a partir de la theorie des echantillonnages. On indique egalment deux methodes de calcul du champ magnetique produit par un system de conducteurs indefinis en presence d'un blindage conducteur parcouru par des courants de Foucault: la premiere se ramene a la resolution d'une equation de Laplace a deux dimensions avec des conditions aux limites de premiere espece (probleme de Dirichlet), la seconde transpose en electromagnetisme la methode des images electriques classique en electrostatique et permet d'exprimer le champ magnetique sous la forme de la somme d'une serie triple dans le cas general d'un systeme de conducteurs contenus dans un blindage parallelepipedique. Pour terminer, on mentionne les resultats du calcul numerique de la perturbation de la trajectoire des particules sous l'effet du percuteur et on compare ces resultats aux resultats experimentaux. (auteurs)

  18. Research experiments on striction; Etudes experimentales sur le phenomene de striction

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Aymar, R; Etievant, C; Hubert, P; Samain, A; Taquet, B; Torossian, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1958-07-01

    Research work presented herewith concerns the behaviour of high intensity discharges in low pressure gases and examines the means of using the associated electromagnetic forces to heat the ionized gas and to avoid at the same time the cooling of the gas through contact with the walls of the chamber. We tried to stabilize the discharges by means of the combined action of a longitudinal magnetic field and of eddy currents induced in a conducting sheath. Devices for straight line and toroidal discharges have been tested. Research has been conducted with the aid of measurements of electric magnitudes, of penetrating radiations (x-rays, neutrons), and optical properties. The deformations of the luminous column have been followed by ultra rapid cinematography, whereas the evolution of the optical spectrum with time provided a monitor of the physical state of the plasma at any time. (author)Fren. [French] Les travaux presentes au cours de cette communication ont pour but d'etudier le comportement des decharges a forte intensite dans les gaz sous basse pression et de rechercher le moyen d'utiliser les forces electromagnetiques dont elles sont le siege pour chauffer un gaz ionise tout en lui evitant de se refroidir au contact de parois materielles. La stabilisation des decharges a ete recherchee par l'action conjuguee d'un champ magnetique longitudinal et des courants de Foucault induits dans une enveloppe conductrice. Des dispositifs de decharges rectilignes et toroidales ont ete essayes. Les moyens d'investigation ont comporte des mesures de grandeurs electriques, des mesures de rayonnements penetrants (rayons X-neutrons) et des mesures optiques. Les deformations de la colonne lumineuses ont ete suivies par cinematographie ultra-rapide tandis que l'evolution du spectre optique au cours du temps a permis de controler, a chaque instant, l'etat physique du plasma. (auteur)

  19. Measurement of the purity of graphite and heavy water; Controle de purete du graphite et de l'eau lourde

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hering, H

    1959-02-01

    The analytical methods used by the C.E.A. are described, I -- Graphite. The determination of the change in the neutron capture cross section from sample to sample is determined by, an oscillation method in the Zoe reactor, or by measuring the attenuation of a neutron flux in the subcritical system Mireille. Methods of analysing total ash, B, H, Cl, Na, Ca. Fe, Mo, Ti, V, Sm, Eu, Dy, S, Co and Cd are described and mean results are given. The methods for sampling are indicated. II -- Heavy crater. The isotopic analysis of heavy water is carried out by infra-red absorption measurements. Chemical purity is evaluated by electrical conductivity measurements, B, Na, Mg, K, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd, are determined by spectrographic methods, and Cl{sup -}, NO{sub 3}{sup -}, SO{sub 4}{sup --}, NH{sub 4}{sup +} by chemical methods; finally, sensitive pH measurements are described. [French] On decrit les methodes d'examen en usage au Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique. I -- Graphite. L'evaluation de la capture neutronique se fait par oscillation dans la pile Zoe, ou par mesure de l'attenuation d'un flux neutronique dans l'empilement sous critique Mireille. On indique les methodes de dosages et des resultats de: cendres, B, H, Cl, Na, Ca, Fe, Mo, Ti, V, Sm, Eu, Dy, et de S, Co, Cd, ainsi que les modalites d'echantillonnage. II.- Eau lourde. Le dosage isotopique dans les eaux lourdes se fait par absorptiometrie infrarouge. Leur purete chimique est evaluee par mesure de leur conductibilite electrique; les dosages d'impuretes se font par spectrographie d'emission (B, Na, Mg, K, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd) et par des methodes chimiques (Cl{sup -}, NO{sub 3}{sup -}, SO{sub 4}{sup --}, NH{sub 4}{sup +}). On decrit la delicate mesure de pH. (auteur)

  20. Kinetic equations for an unstable plasma; Equations cinetiques d'un plasma instable

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Laval, G; Pellat, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    In this work, we establish the plasma kinetic equations starting from the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy of equations. We demonstrate that relations existing between correlation functions may help to justify the truncation of the hierarchy. Then we obtain the kinetic equations of a stable or unstable plasma. They do not reduce to an equation for the one-body distribution function, but generally involve two coupled equations for the one-body distribution function and the spectral density of the fluctuating electric field. We study limiting cases where the Balescu-Lenard equation, the quasi-linear theory, the Pines-Schrieffer equations and the equations of weak turbulence in the random phase approximation are recovered. At last we generalise the H-theorem for the system of equations and we define conditions for irreversible behaviour. (authors) [French] Dans ce travail nous etablissons les equations cinetiques d'un plasma a partir des equations de la recurrence de Bogoliubov, Born, Green, Kirkwood et Yvon. Nous demontrons qu'entre les fonctions de correlation d'un plasma existent des relations qui permettent de justifier la troncature de la recurrence. Nous obtenons alors les equations cinetiques d'un plasma stable ou instable. En general elles ne se reduisent pas a une equation d'evolution pour la densite simple, mais se composent de deux equations couplees portant sur la densite simple et la densite spectrale du champ electrique fluctuant. Nous etudions le cas limites ou l'on retrouve l'equation de Balescu-Lenard, les equations de la theorie quasi-lineaire, les equations de Pines et Schrieffer et les equations de la turbulence faible dans l'approximation des phases aleatoires. Enfin, nous generalisons le theoreme H pour ce systeme d'equations et nous precisons les conditions d'evolution irreversible. (auteurs)

  1. Conception and fabrication of a real time automatic correlator (multi-correlator); Etude et realisation d'un correlateur automatique (multicorrelateur) fonctionnant en temps reel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Berthier, D [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-10-01

    The purpose of this work is to elaborate a specific computer able to display the real.time correlation function of two variables represented by two electrical signals. The various functions to be done are dealt with the best suited technology: delays from numerical method, hybrid multiplication, analog integration. This method proved very versatile so that it has been possible to modify the circuits with more performing components without changing the general conception of the whole system. In particular, the bandwidth, which was originally 125 kHz (1966) is now 1 MHz and will be 5 MHz, January 1968. Many results are obtained from the correlator such as: - determination of pulse responses of linear systems (1. and 2. order filters, oscillating circuits); - extraction of signals from noise; - measurement of time and space correlation in a turbulent plasma; - treatment of electro-biological signals. (author) [French] Nous nous sommes proposes de concevoir un calculateur specialise pour l'estimation en temps reel de la fonction de correlation de deux phenomenes representes par deux tensions electriques. Il a ete retenu les procedes de calcul s'adaptant le mieux aux diverses fonctions a realiser: retard par une technique numerique, multiplication hybride, integration analogique. Cette methode s'est revelee tres souple d'emploi: en effet les circuits ont pu etre modifies, sans changer la conception de l'appareil, au fur et a mesure de l'evolution des performances des composants electroniques. Ainsi la bande passante de l'appareil qui initialement etait de 125 KHz (1966) est actuellement de 1 MHz et sera 5 MHz en janvier 1968. De nombreux resultats ont ete obtenus avec l'appareil: - determination de reponses impulsionnelles de systemes lineaires (filtres 1er ordre, 2eme ordre, circuit oscillant, etc... ); - detection de signaux dans le bruit; - mesure de correlation spatiale et temporelle dans le plasma - traitement de signaux electrobiologiques. (auteur)

  2. Contribution to the study of detonation initiation by shock in solid explosives (1961); Contribution a l'etude de l'initiation de la detonation par choc dans les explosifs solides (1961)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fauquignon, C. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-05-15

    When a shock wave is induced in an explosive, it can initiate chemical reactions which lead more or less rapidly to a stable detonation state. In this study more particular attention was paid to the transition phase, in which has been evaluated the increases in the wave velocity, the pressure, and the electrical conductivity. The influence of the nature of the medium in front of the wave and in contact with the explosive has also been the subject of an experimental study designed to determine the extent to which its nature can be ignored and, subsequently, to characterise the initiation conditions using only the shock intensity induced in the explosive. Finally, the results were generalized for various explosive compositions and led to the development of a possible mechanism for shock initiation. (author) [French] Lorsqu'une onde de choc est induite dans un explosif, elle peut y amorcer des reactions chimiques qui conduisent plus ou moins rapidement a un regime de detonation stable. Dans cette etude, on s'est interesse plus particulierement a la phase transitoire dans laquelle on a evalue l'accroissement de la vitesse d'onde, de la pression et de la conductibilite electrique. L'influence du milieu amont, au contact de l'explosif, a egalement fait l'objet de recherches experimentales de facon a determiner dans quelle mesure on pouvait s'affranchir de sa nature et, par suite, caracteriser les conditions d'initiation par la seule intensite du choc induit dans l'explosif. Enfin, les resultats ont ete generalises a diverses compositions explosives et ont conduit a l'elaboration d'un schema possible du mecanisme de l'initiation par choc. (auteur)

  3. Structures and properties of (U,Pu)O{sub 2} containing non-active fission products. A simulation of irradiated nuclear fuel; Structure et proprietes de (U, Pu)O{sub 2} contenant des produits de fission sous forme inactive. Une simulation de combustible nucleaire irradie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schmitz, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    We have made oxides with the same uranium and plutonium content, the same stoichiometry and the same fission product content as an oxide fuel (U{sub 0,8}PuO{sub 2})O{sub 1,96} after 2 per cent burn up. We have calculated the stoichiometry changes due to irradiation and checked the calculation by X rays parameters measurements. We have calculated and measured the contraction of the oxide lattice due to fission products in solid solution. Microprobe analysis of precipitates have been made and have lead to the identification of non metallic barium containing compounds and have shown the particular behaviour of molybdenum. Some physical properties have been measured especially the electrical resistivity, the thermal diffusivity and the vapour pressure of zirconium in solid solution. (author) [French] Nous avons fabrique des oxydes dont la composition en uranium et plutonium, la stoechiometrie et la teneur en produit de fission, sont identiques a celles d'un oxyde (U{sub 0,8}PuO{sub 2})O{sub 1,96} ayant subi 2 pour cent de combustion. Nous avons calcule les changements de stoechiometrie entraines par l'irradiation et controle ces calculs par des mesures de parametre. Nous avons calcule et mesure la contraction du reseau due aux produits de fissions solubles dans la matrice. Des analyses a la microsonde des precipites de produits de fission insolubles ont ete faites et ont conduit a l'identification de composes non metalliques contenant du baryum et a la mise en evidence du role particulier du molybdene. Certaines proprietes physiques ont ete mesurees sur ces composes, en particulier la resistivite electrique, la diffusivite thermique et la tension de vapeur du zirconium dissout dans la matrice. (auteur)

  4. Contribution to the study of vacancies in silver and uranium (1962); Contribution a l'etude des lacunes dans l'argent et l'uranium (1962)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Quere, Y [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-12-15

    In metals, high temperature vacancies can be retained by quenching. Results are given for the quenching of uranium (in liquid helium) and of silver (in liquid nitrogen). In this last case the energy of formation (1.06 eV) and the energy of mobility (0.86 eV) of the vacancies have been measured as well as the energy of mobility of the divacancies (0.58 eV). If the quenching is slow, it is shown that it is possible to trap the vacancies on the impurities of the metal. This leads to increases in the electrical resistivity observed by annealing after quenching, the vacancies being released before disappearing into sinks. The vacancy-impurity binding energy (the impurity being probably oxygen which is present in the silver used at a concentration of 20 ppm. atom.) can thus be estimated to be 0.4 eV. (author) [French] Dans un metal, les lacunes de haute temperature peuvent etre retenues par trempe. On presente des experiences de trempe d'uranium (dans l'helium liquide) et d'argent (dans l'azote liquide). Dans ce dernier cas, on mesure l'energie de formation (1,06 eV) et l'energie de mobilite (0,86 eV) des lacunes ainsi que l'energie de mobilite des bilacunes (0,58 eV). Si la trempe est lente, on montre que l'on peut pieger des lacunes sur les impuretes du metal. On interprete de cette facon des augmentations de resistivite electrique observees par recuit apres trempe, les lacunes se depiegeant avant de disparaitre dans des puits. L'energie de liaison lacune-impurete (l'impurete etant probablement l'oxygene dont l'argent utilise contient 20 ppm. atom.) peut alors etre evalue 0,4 eV. (auteur)

  5. Commercialization of an electric propulsion unit for ecological ice resurfacers

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Giroux, M. [MG Service, L' Assomption, PQ (Canada); Sylvestre, P. [Environment Canada, Montreal, PQ (Canada)

    2000-03-01

    Community health departments (CHD) and the general public are greatly concerned about the air quality at indoor skating rinks. A solution now exists whereby municipalities can convert their internal combustion resurfacers to electricity, using a system proposed by MG Service. This electric propulsion unit was developed and designed by MG Service, in conjunction with the Centre d'experimentation des vehicules electriques du Quebec (CEVEQ) and TPR Inc., an engineering firm. The main advantage of this technology is the ease of integration into the chassis of conventional resurfacers currently in use throughout the various municipalities. The propulsion unit is battery-powered and designed to replace the internal combustion engine. As a result, it eliminates carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions, and more than meets the requirements set by health boards with regard to air quality at indoor skating rinks. Recyclable, maintenance-free and manufactured according to the standards set by the Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC), the gel-sealed batteries display great advantages. The cost effectiveness of the electric propulsion unit is more impressive when considering that electricity is clean and costs five times less than conventional fuels currently in use. Regular verifications and calibrations are not required and the maintenance is minimal. The ventilation requirements are also reduced, leading to savings in energy costs required for the aeration of the indoor skating rink. Finally, the elimination of tank rental and fuel costs represent an added benefit. A detailed description of the components is provided. Following a series of trials, the operators were impressed by the surface gripability, traction and manoeuvrability. The resurfacers also gave an impression of greater raw power and were very quiet and easy to use, resulting in better overall operation when compared to conventional resurfacers. 1 fig.

  6. Theory of a metrology for the earths magnetic field based on the resonance of polarised atomic nuclei (1962); Theorie d'une metrologie du champ magnetique terrestre basee sur la resonance de noyaux atomiques polarises (1962)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bonnet, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-06-15

    The problems presented by the metrology of the earths field are studied from two points of view. a. The first, purely physical, concerns the study of NMR transducers in their role for the transformation of the magnetic field into a frequency. The possibilities and limitations are outlined. The use of an equivalent model is introduced systematically in the considerations of NMR phenomena, this makes it possible to treat all problems of interaction between a spin system and an electric detection system in a unified form. b. The other point of view concerns the restitution of the nuclear signal frequency in the form of a directly perceptible observable. The treatment of information is considered from a statistical angle, which leads to the study of an optimisation process concerning the linearization of the measurement as well as the minimisation of noise effects. (author) [French] Les problemes que pose la metrologie du champ terrestre sont etudies sous un double aspect: a. L'un, purement physique, concerne l'etude des traducteurs a RMN dans leur role de transformation du champ magnetique en une frequence. On en degage les possibilites et les limitations. L'emploi d'un modele equivalent est introduit de maniere systematique pour rendre compte des phenomenes de RMN, ce qui permet de traiter sous forme unifiee tous les problemes d'interaction entre un systeme de spins et un systeme electrique de detection. b. L'autre aspect concerne la restitution de la frequence du signal nucleaire sous la forme d'une observable directement perceptible. On considere le traitement de l'information sous l'aspect statistique, ce qui amene a etudier un processus d'optimisation concernant la linearisation de la mesure aussi bien que la minimisation des effets des bruits. (auteur)

  7. Continuous measurement of neutron flux with the help of a converter; Mesure continue des flux de neutrons a l'aide d'un dispositif convertisseur

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mas, P; Sciers, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    The device described in this report is working from this following principle: an element, the thermal neutron activate of which has a short period and is emitter of a {beta} particle, is surrounded with a dielectric which is itself surrounded by a conducting metal. {beta} particles are stopped in the conducting metal. Thus an electric current rises between the emitter element and the collector metal. The experimental study has been-done with rhodium as emitter. The linearity as function of thermal flux of the power of the pile, the accuracy, the efficiency of the device have been measured and are satisfactory. Just the stability of the measure equipment is not very good. This method gives, us at moment the instantaneous flux and the integrated flux, is well adapted for the measurements in pile to execute on loops. It is possible to continue to perfect the process. (authors) [French] Le dispositif decrit dans ce rapport fonctionne d'apres le principe suivant: un corps, dont le produit d'activation en neutrons thermiques a une courte periode et est emetteur d'une particule {beta}, est entoure d'un dielectrique lui-meme entoure d'un metal conducteur. Les particules {beta} sont arretees dans le metal conducteur. Il y a ainsi naissance d'un courant electrique entre le corps emetteur et le metal collecteur. L'etude experimentale a ete menee avec le rhodium comme emetteur. La linearite en fonction du flux thermique, de la puissance de la pile, la precision, le rendement du dispositif ont ete mesures et sont satisfaisants. Seule la stabilite de l'appareillage de mesure n'est pas tres bonne. Cette methode, qui peut nous donner a tout instant le flux instantane et le flux integre, est tout a fait adaptee aux mesures en pile a effectuer. sur des boucles. On peut poursuivre la mise au point du procede. (auteurs)

  8. Density and electrical conductivity of molten salts. Comparative study of binary mixtures of alkali nitrates with silver nitrate and with thallium nitrate; Densite et conductibilite de sels fondus. Etude comparative des melanges binaires nitrates alcalins-nitrate d'argent et nitrates alcalins-nitrate de thallium

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brillant, S [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-10-01

    The choice of methods and the number of measurements made enable us to give results on the density and electrical conductivity of molten binary mixtures, alkali nitrate and silver nitrate, and alkali nitrate and thallium nitrate, in the form of equations. The deviations from linearity of the volume and the molar conductivity are determined by calculating the corresponding excess values whose variations are analyzed as a function of the Tobolsky parameter. The absence of any relationship in the sign of the entropy and the excess volume is justified. It is shown that the silver and thallium nitrates, in contrast to the thermodynamic properties, behave as the alkali nitrates in so far as the excess conductivity is concerned. This result is confirmed by the study of changes in the activation enthalpy for the partial molar conductivity; this study also shows the particular behaviour of lithium nitrate. (author) [French] Le choix des methodes et le nombre de mesures effectuees nous permettent de donner les resultats de densite et de conductibilite electrique des melanges fondus binaires nitrate alcalin-nitrate d'argent et nitrate alcalin-nitrate de thallium sous forme d'equations. Les ecarts a la linearite des isothermes de volume et de conductibilite molaire sont precises en calculant les grandeurs d'exces correspondantes dont les variations sont analysees en fonction du parametre de Tobolsky. Nous justifions l'absence de relation de signe entre l'entropie et le volume d'exces. Nous montrons que les nitrates d'argent et de thallium, vis-a-vis de la conductibilite d'exces, contrairement aux proprietes thermodynamiques, se conduisent comme les nitrates alcalins. Ce resultat est confirme par l'etude des variations des enthalpies d'activation de conductibilite partielle molaire qui met d'autre part en evidence le comportement particulier du nitrate de lithium. (auteur)

  9. Modeling of a tram power network: from the component to the system; Modelisation d'un reseau electrique de tramway: du composant au systeme

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Morin, E

    2005-01-15

    The study and the modeling of tram power networks require a system analysis. The use of several power-electronic converters in these networks significantly modifies both their topology and their function. Therefore, modeling methods developed in this thesis differ from traditional approaches, since a global analysis of a system should be linked with the study of its components.To satisfy the demands of the tram domain, this thesis develops modeling methods for transmission lines and transformers. Two levels of analysis are considered. Firstly, the tram power network is evaluated in relation to time. Secondly, an Iterative Harmonic Analysis (IHA) program is developed to compute the spectra of the system accurately. (author)

  10. An experimental study of electrical and dielectric properties of consolidated clayey materials; Etude experimentale des proprietes electriques et dielectriques des materiaux argileux consolides

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Comparon, L

    2005-06-15

    This study is devoted to the electrical and dielectric properties of consolidated clays. A better understanding of the conduction and polarization phenomena in clays is necessary to better interpret in situ measurements in terms of water saturation and texture. An experimental study was carried out on synthetic clay samples (kaolinite and smectite) compacted with various water contents, porosities and mineralogical compositions, on a large frequency range, using three laboratory setups. The electrical properties of natural argillites (from ANDRA) were then investigated. We found that the response of the synthetic samples is mainly controlled by water content on the whole frequency range; two polarization phenomena were observed, which were related to the Maxwell-Wagner polarization and the electrical double layer polarization around the clay particles. The electrical response of argillites is more complex; it is controlled by water content but also by the microstructure of the rock. In these rocks, the electrical and dielectric anisotropies are high; anisotropy was also measured for the synthetic clays. The existing models explain the high frequency limit of the dielectric permittivity of the clayey materials, but the low frequency part of the spectra ({<=}1 MHz) needs theoretical developments. (author)

  11. On the calculation of the temperature difference in the wall of an electrically heated circular canal, when the electrical and thermal conductivities vary with temperature; Sur le calcul de l'ecart de temperature dans la paroi d'un canal circulaire, chauffe electriquement, lorsque les conductivites electrique et thermique varient avec la temperature

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gerber, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1959-07-01

    The wall correction is given as a function of the temperature of the insulated face, in the form of a series in which the first terms are presented. The convergence is studied and a maximum estimate is made of the error committed when only the first terms of the developpement are retained. (author) [French] La correction de paroi des donnees, en fonction de la temperature de la face isolee, sous forme d'une serie dont on explicite les premiers termes. La convergence est etudiee et l'on majore l'erreur que l'on commet en ne conservant que les premiers termes du developpement. (auteur)

  12. Thermal ageing of steels; from expertise and understanding of the ageing mechanisms to a maintenance strategy for operating nuclear power plants

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bezdikian, G.; Ould, P.

    2004-01-01

    Some parts of reactor coolant circuit on Nuclear PWR power plants, elbows on primary circuit, are made in cast duplex stainless steel material. It is now identify that the mechanical characteristic of this material should be decrease under thermal ageing mainly after a long time in operation in at reactor coolant circuit temperature conditions. The sensitiveness to the thermal ageing of these components is in relation with chemical composition and the ferrite content, especially the grade of Chromium equivalent (Ceq %Cr + %Si + %Mo). In the context of justification to maintain in operation on the plants these cat duplex components, an important programme of expertises was carried out on cast elbows after removing on the plants during the Steam Generators replacements (SGR). Several expertises, performed in the objective to understand the thermal ageing phenomenon and mechanism on cast components in service on plants, were permit to validate the prediction formulas established from a large database and programme in laboratories. The expertises were based on a lot of metallurgical, mechanical and chemical characteristics of components in operation Small Angle Neutrons Scattering (SANS), Thermal Electric Power (TEP), micro hardness and toughness measurement on small specimens from boat sample (CT10-5) The expertise carried out on one SG inlet elbows from DAMPIERRE, removed a during SGR after 100000 h in operation is shown, the toughness values are very high compared to the prediction formulas. The TEP measurements performed on the specimen cut off on two elbows and the ingots of the same material aged in laboratory in furnace, are very coherent; it is confirmed that this methodology is a good indicator to follow the ageing characteristic of material. The results of expertises on aged material are a mean of validation of the methodology applied on the file of demonstration of maintaining in operation of cast duplex stainless steel sensitive to thermal ageing. So the

  13. Report for the Prime Minister. Making the future French electric power organization a success; Rapport au Premier Ministre. Reussir la future organisation electrique francaise

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dumont, J L

    1999-12-31

    This report from the French Deputy of the Meuse region aims at taking stock of four main questions raised by the future organization of the French electric power industry in the context of the opening of the European power market: the public utility of electric power, the future missions of Electricite de france (EdF) company, the questions in relation with the personnel status in the electric power industry, and the status of the regulating authority. In order to give some elements of answer to these questions, the report has been divided into 2 parts: part 1 presents the power production, transport and distribution in the future electric power regulation (the renewal of nuclear facilities, the building of non-nuclear units, the exploitation of the power distribution network, the accounting dissociation and the transparency of accountancy, the organization of network access, the eligible clients, the direct power lines, the obligations of purchase, the distribution and the role of local authorities). Part 2 presents the four main stakes of the modernization of the French electric power sector: the electric power public utility (public concern and rights, government policy, sustain of innovation, environment protection and energy mastery, the transportation and distribution networks, the role of operators and the financing), the future evolution of EdF (missions and organization, future of the public company), the social modernization of the electric power sector (present day status, adaptation, evolution, pensions), the organization and role of the future regulation authority. The propositions of the author are reported in the appendix. (J.S.)

  14. Reforms in the electrical sector: the case of the Ivory Coast; Les reformes du secteur electrique: le cas de la Cote d'Ivoire

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vei, G. [Compagnie Ivorienne d' Electricite (Cote d' Ivoire)

    1999-09-30

    The electrical industry plays an important role in the economic development of the country by ensuring that the energy needs of the industrial sector are met and by responding to the betterment of the life of the population. After the country achieved its independence in 1960, successive governments organized this important instrument of the economy as a vertically integrated, monopolistic public utility. With the economic crisis of the 1980s, the public enterprise model was quickly reaching its limit of usefulness. This was the result of a slowdown in the growth of demand, difficulties in supporting the existing rates, financing investment through international loans, and servicing the accumulated debt. As a result of the extreme difficulties affecting the industry at the beginning of the 1990s, the government decided to reform the electrical sector by separating generation and transmission from regulation, i. e., it relinquished daily operation of the generation and the transmission system to a private company (la Compagnie Ivoirienne d'Electricite (CIE)) and confined its activities to regulation, strategic policy formulation and rate setting. A second reform was undertaken in 1998 aimed at introducing competition in the production of electricity and separating the generation, transmission and distribution functions. The deregulation is now complete, nevertheless, anxiety remains with regard to the real efficiencies that the introduction of competition in generation and distribution will produce.

  15. Optimal unit sizing of a hybrid renewable energy system for isolated applications; Optimalite des elements d'un systeme decentralise de production d'energie electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Morales, D

    2006-07-15

    In general, the methods used to conceive a renewable energy production system overestimate the size of the generating units. These methods increase the investment cost and the production cost of energy. The work presented in this thesis proposes a methodology to optimally size a renewable energy system.- This study shows that the classic approach based only on a long term analysis of system's behaviour is not sufficient and a complementary methodology based on a short term analysis is proposed. A numerical simulation was developed in which the mathematical models of the solar panel, the wind turbines and battery are integrated. The daily average solar energy per m2 is decomposed into a series of hourly I energy values using the Collares-Pereira equations. The time series analysis of the wind speed is made using the Monte Carlo Simulation Method. The second part of this thesis makes a detailed analysis of an isolated wind energy production system. The average energy produced by the system depends on the generator's rated power, the total swept area of the wind turbine, the gearbox's transformation ratio, the battery voltage and the wind speed probability function. The study proposes a methodology to determine the optimal matching between the rated power of the permanent magnet synchronous machine and the wind turbine's rotor size. This is made taking into account the average electrical energy produced over a period of time. (author)

  16. The independent power production and the reorganization of the electric power sector; La production independante d'electricite et la reconfiguration du secteur electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1998-12-01

    The transformation of the electric power production and distribution sector is in progress thanks to the progressive opening of markets and to the emergence of a new kind of actor: the independent producer. After the USA, the UK, and most of the emerging countries, the continental Europe is actively preparing its mutation. The historical actors try to protect their positions on their own national markets and at the same time to develop their international position. The newcomers (oil companies, independent power producers, collective service companies) have adopted a radically offensive strategy based on an international development and a skimming of the market. This study takes stock of the degree of liberalization of the different markets and analyzes their structuring elements and dynamism. An analytical presentation of the main actors of the electric power market is performed in order to evaluate their forces and feeblenesses in front of this mutation. Finally, ittries to answer the following questions: which are the most promising zones for the newcomers, and which companies will win this new deal? (J.S.)

  17. Performances of a lithium-carbon ``lithium ion``battery for electric powered vehicle; Performances d`un accumulateur au lithium-carbone ``Lithium Ion`` pour vehicule electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Broussely, M.; Planchat, J.P.; Rigobert, G.; Virey, D.; Sarre, G. [SAFT, Advanced and Industrial Battery Group, 86 - Poitiers (France)

    1996-12-31

    The lithium battery, also called `lithium-carbon` or `lithium ion`, is today the most promising candidate that can reach the expected minimum traction performances of electric powered vehicles. Thanks to a more than 20 years experience on lithium generators and to a specific research program on lithium batteries, the SAFT company has developed a 100 Ah electrochemical system, and full-scale prototypes have been manufactured for this application. These prototypes use the Li{sub x}NiO{sub 2} lithiated graphite electrochemical pair and were tested in terms of their electrical performances. Energy characteristics of 125 Wh/kg and 265 Wh/dm{sup 3} could be obtained. The possibility of supplying a power greater than 200 W/kg, even at low temperature (-10 deg. C) has been demonstrated with these elements. A full battery set of about 20 kWh was built and its evaluation is in progress. It comprises the electronic control systems for the optimum power management during charge and output. (J.S.) 9 refs.

  18. Performances of a lithium-carbon ``lithium ion``battery for electric powered vehicle; Performances d`un accumulateur au lithium-carbone ``Lithium Ion`` pour vehicule electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Broussely, M; Planchat, J P; Rigobert, G; Virey, D; Sarre, G [SAFT, Advanced and Industrial Battery Group, 86 - Poitiers (France)

    1997-12-31

    The lithium battery, also called `lithium-carbon` or `lithium ion`, is today the most promising candidate that can reach the expected minimum traction performances of electric powered vehicles. Thanks to a more than 20 years experience on lithium generators and to a specific research program on lithium batteries, the SAFT company has developed a 100 Ah electrochemical system, and full-scale prototypes have been manufactured for this application. These prototypes use the Li{sub x}NiO{sub 2} lithiated graphite electrochemical pair and were tested in terms of their electrical performances. Energy characteristics of 125 Wh/kg and 265 Wh/dm{sup 3} could be obtained. The possibility of supplying a power greater than 200 W/kg, even at low temperature (-10 deg. C) has been demonstrated with these elements. A full battery set of about 20 kWh was built and its evaluation is in progress. It comprises the electronic control systems for the optimum power management during charge and output. (J.S.) 9 refs.

  19. Modeling of a tram power network: from the component to the system; Modelisation d'un reseau electrique de tramway: du composant au systeme

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Morin, E.

    2005-01-15

    The study and the modeling of tram power networks require a system analysis. The use of several power-electronic converters in these networks significantly modifies both their topology and their function. Therefore, modeling methods developed in this thesis differ from traditional approaches, since a global analysis of a system should be linked with the study of its components.To satisfy the demands of the tram domain, this thesis develops modeling methods for transmission lines and transformers. Two levels of analysis are considered. Firstly, the tram power network is evaluated in relation to time. Secondly, an Iterative Harmonic Analysis (IHA) program is developed to compute the spectra of the system accurately. (author)

  20. Plasma Equilibrium in a Torus with High-Frequency Fields and Plasma Heating Resulting from the Development of a Powerful Beam of ''Escaping Electrons''; Plasma Torique: Stabilisation au Moyen de Champs de Haute Frequence et Chauffage par Formation d'un Flux Intense d'Electrons 'Emballes'; Ehksperimental'noe issledovanie ravnovesiya plazmy v tore pri nalichii vysokochastotnykh polej i nagreva plazmy za schet razvitiya moshchnogo puchka ''ubegayushchikh ehlektronov''; Equilibrio del Plasma en un Toro, en Presencia de Campos de Alta Frecuencia, y Calentamiento del Plasma por el Desarrollo de un Haz Potente de 'Electrones Desbocados '

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Demirkhanov, R. A.; Kirov, A. G.; Stotland, M. A.; Malykh, N. I.; Horasanov, G. L.; Vishnevskij, N. K.; Gutkin, T. I.; Jampol' skij, I. R. [Fiziko-Tehnicheskij Institut Gosudarstvennogo Komiteta po Ispol' zovaniju Atomnoj Ehnergii SSSR, Sukhumi, SSSR (Russian Federation)

    1966-04-15

    electron temperature of the order of a few eV. When a rotating quadrupole high-frequency field is applied, the plasma is forced away from the walls and is localized in the centre with an increase in temperature. Attention was also paid to heating by a strong electric field in the absence of a rotating high-frequency quadrupole field. In this case, when the electric field is E{sub z} = 100 to 200 V cm{sup -}{sub 1}, a current Jp=3 to 5 kA is developed in the plasma; on being strongly damped, this current becomes essentially ohmic in character. At the same time the voltage in the bypass is very strongly damped in comparison with the inactive condition, which indicates effective absorption of the loop energy by the plasma. The energy absorbed by the plasma during the first half-cycle of the current, that is during about 1{mu}s, represents about 20 J, and the conductivity of the plasma is anomalously low. When heating is performed by a strong electric field, an intensive burst of X-radiation with an energy of the order of 100 keV is observed, together with the emission of.micro-wave noises at frequencies close to that of the plasma. (author) [French] Le memoire decrit les experiences qui ont ete effectuees dans l'installation RT-0. Cette installation est constituee par un tore ayant un grand diametre de 100 cm et un petit diametre de 10 cm. Le long de la chambre, il se forme un champ magnetique torique d'environ 6 kOe. L'ignition du plasma se fait sous une pression superieure ou egale a 5 x 10{sup -4} Torr au moyen d'un champ electrique longitudinal tournant (8,3 MHz). Au voisinage de la paroi de la chambre se trouve un champ quadripolaire de haute frequence (540 kHz), qui tourne autour du plus petit diametre, avec H{phi} = 200 Oe. Lorsque le banc de condensateurs a faible induction envoie une decharge dans les spires disposees le long du tore, il peut se creer a l'interieur de la chambre un champ electrique turbulent du type decroissant, ayant une intensite maximum E{sub z

  1. Europe-United States: two diverging evolutions of electricity restructuring? a prospective study on the functioning and the regulation of electrical markets on both sides of the Atlantic; Europe - Etats-Unis: des divergences electriques assumees? une perspective sur le fonctionnement et la regulation des marches electriques de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Derdevet, M.; Veyrenc, Th. [Institut d' Etudes Politiques de Paris, 75 (France)

    2008-01-15

    On both sides of the Atlantic, the same broad purpose was at the heart of electricity restructuring policies: substituting competition to the monopolistic organisation as a means of increased efficiency, and transforming sets of local markets into large continental-wide integrated markets. The current diversity between European and American systems is thus intriguing. The relative homogeneity of electrical systems in the old continent, which is being reinforced by the gradual though delicate elaboration of shared principles on the general organisation of the electricity industry at the European level, compares to a genuine diversity on the American side, where each State remains responsible for conducting its own restructuring policy, even if similar rules on wholesale markets are acknowledged and implemented at a federal level. Yet Europe and the United States face the same kind of issues regarding the future of the energy industry: which status for grid operators, how to respond to growing concerns on security of supply, what to do to mitigate the sharp increase in energy prices? Evidence thereof are the similar attempts by some States to retain direct price control methods, rather than to bank on the virtues of competition to prompt investments in generation and lead prices to drop. It currently appears that the answers to these shared challenges are not converging. On behalf of a comparatively strong freedom of action relatively to the initial competitive paradigm, the array of polio/ responses available in the United States seems broader than in Europe, where the approach recommended by the European Commission consists of further deepening the initial model without altering it. The future will show whether that trend is lasting, or if two structurally different models can emerge from such differences. (authors)

  2. Measurement of {beta} Emitters by the Radiated Charge; Mesure des Emetteurs {beta} par la Charge Rayonnee. Mesure de l'activite des emetteurs {beta} a partir de la charge rayonnee; Izmerenie aktivnosti izluchatelya {beta}-chaetits na osnove izluchaemogo zaryada; Medicion de la actividad de los emisores {beta} a partir de la carga irradiada

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Engelmann, J J [Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay (France)

    1960-06-15

    The method is based on the principle recently described by Failla and his associates: Two plane electrodes of the same material are mounted parallel to, and close beside, each other in a vacuum container and the source which is to be measured is laid on one of them. The back-scattering on this electrode is offset by the reflections on the other electrode. A magnetic or electrical field makes it possible to eliminate the effect of low-energy secondary electrons. In the case of magnetic deflection, the apparatus includes an extrapolation chamber and, in the case of electrical deflection, a chamber with a very fine grille. In the case of Sr{sup 90}-Y{sup 90} and P{sup 32} the results obtained tally very well with the measurements made with the 4 {pi} counter (better than {+-} 2%) In the case of S{sup 35} the results are seen to be affected by the atomic number of the substance of which the electrode whereon the source is placed consists; this must therefore be chosen with care. The theories on back-scattering provide an explanation of these results. (author) [French] Le principe de la methode est celui decrit recemment par Failla et ses collaborateurs: Deux electrodes planes paralleles, de meme substance et tres voisines, sont disposees dans une enceinte videe. Sur une des electrodes est deposee la source a mesurer. La retrodiffusion sur l'electrode porte-source est compensee par les reflexions sur l'autre electrode. Un champ magnetique ou electrique permet d'eliminer l'effet des electrons secondaires de faible energie. Le dispositif experimental comporte, dans le cas de la deflexion magnetique, une chambre a extrapolation et dans le cas de la deflexion electrique, une chambre a grille tres fine. L'accord avec des mesures effectuees au compteur 4 {pi} est excellent dans le cas du Sr{sup 90}-Y{sup 90} et du P{sup 32} (mieux que {+-}2%). Dans le cas du S{sup 35}, les experiences mettent en evidence l'influence du nombre atomique du support de source et en imposent le

  3. Dams. Bulletin of the Technical Service of Electric Power and Big Dams; Barrages. Bulletin du Service Technique de l`Energie Electrique et des Grands Barrages

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1996-12-31

    Three papers were selected in this issue of the bulletin of the Technical Service of Electric Power and Big Dams. The first one concerns the experience feedback gained from the accident of the Drac river near Grenoble (France) due to a spillover at the Notre-Dame-de-Commiers` dam and which led to the death of 6 children and their teacher. The second one is a report of the conclusions of decennial and annual safety inspections of French dams, while the third one is a report of the Control Services activities for the third quarter of the year 1996 concerning the French dams in operation. (J.S.)

  4. Dams. Bulletin of the technical service of electric power and big dams; Barrages. Bulletin du service technique de l`energie electrique et des grands barrages

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Davard, J.

    1997-12-31

    The Dams bulletin reports on technical news concerning big French dams in operation. This issue comprises 5 papers. Two of them are examples of granting problems which led to the dismantling of the dams of Kernansquillec (Cotes d`Armor, France) and Maisons-Rouges (Indre-et-Loire, France) for economical and environmental reasons. The 3 other papers concern the life of French dams (technical control reports of the French dams in operation), the activities of the control service (annual inspections, preparation of draining operations, renewing of granting), and some general information (organisation of competent authorities, colloquium reports, hydro-power production during the first quarter of 1997). (J.S.)

  5. Dams. Bulletin of the Technical Service of Electric Power and Big Dams; Barrages. Bulletin du Service Technique de l`Energie Electrique et des Grands Barrages

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1996-12-31

    Four papers were selected in this issue of the bulletin of the Technical Service of Electric Power and Big Dams. The first one concerns the `Catastrophe Medicine` congress which took place in Amiens (France) in December 5 to 7 1996 and during which the analysis of experience feedbacks and lessons gained after dam accidents and organisation of emergency plans was discussed. The second one is a report of the conclusions of the decennial and annual inspections of French dams. The third paper describes the reinforcement of the Lavaud-Gelade dam embankment and the last paper reports on the Control Services activities concerning the French dams in operation for the forth quarter of the year 1996. (J.S.)

  6. Reconstruction de la surface de Fermi dans l'etat normal d'un supraconducteur a haute Tc: Une etude du transport electrique en champ magnetique intense

    Science.gov (United States)

    Le Boeuf, David

    Des mesures de resistance longitudinale et de resistance de Hall en champ magnetique intense transverse (perpendiculaire aux plans CuO2) ont ete effectuees au sein de monocristaux de YBa2Cu3Oy (YBCO) demacles, ordonnes et de grande purete, afin d'etudier l'etat fondamental des supraconducteurs a haute Tc dans le regime sous-dope. Cette etude a ete realisee en fonction du dopage et de l'orientation du courant d'excitation J par rapport a l'axe orthorhombique b de la structure cristalline. Les mesures en champ magnetique intense revelent par suppression de la supraconductivite des oscillations magnetiques des resistances longitudinale et de Hall dans YBa2Cu 3O6.51 et YBa2Cu4O8. La conformite du comportement de ces oscillations quantiques au formalisme de Lifshitz-Kosevich, apporte la preuve de l'existence d'une surface de Fermi fermee a caractere quasi-2D, abritant des quasiparticules coherentes respectant la statistique de Fermi-Dirac, dans la phase pseudogap d'YBCO. La faible frequence des oscillations quantiques, combinee avec l'etude de la partie monotone de la resistance de Hall en fonction de la temperature indique que la surface de Fermi d'YBCO sous-dope comprend une petite poche de Fermi occupee par des porteurs de charge negative. Cette particularite de la surface de Fermi dans le regime sous-dope incompatible avec les calculs de structure de bande est en fort contraste avec la structure electronique presente dans le regime surdope. Cette observation implique ainsi l'existence d'un point critique quantique dans le diagramme de phase d'YBCO, au voisinage duquel la surface de Fermi doit subir une reconstruction induite par l'etablissement d'une brisure de la symetrie de translation du reseau cristallin sous-jacent. Enfin, l'etude en fonction du dopage de la resistance de Hall et de la resistance longitudinale en champ magnetique intense suggere qu'un ordre du type onde de densite (DW) est responsable de la reconstruction de la surface de Fermi. L'analogie de la phenomenologie entourant le comportement des resistances longitudinale et de Hall dans YBa2Cu3Oy, avec des systemes dans lesquels l'existence d'un ordre du type DW est etablie, notamment des cuprates a structure tetragonale a basse temperature ("Low Temperature Tetragonal", LTT), indique que l'ordre causant la reconstruction de la surface de Fermi est stabilise au voisinage du dopage p = 1/8, et est en competition directe avec la supraconductivite.

  7. Electrical infrared in the baking of paints and the drying of coatings; L`infrarouge electrique dans la cuisson des peintures et le sechage des revetements

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1998-12-31

    This conference day was organized by the `industrial electro-thermal engineering` section of the French association of thermal engineers. This book of proceedings contains 11 papers entitled: `recalls about infrared emitters and furnaces technology`; `experimental study of transfer phenomena and of the thermophysical properties of paints during baking under infrared radiation`; `synthetic report of a theoretical and experimental study about drying and reticulation under infrared radiation of a aqueous-based epoxy-amine-type paint on metal support`; `short IR baking as viewed by the paint manufacturer`; `influence of texture and impurities on the radiative properties of materials`; `contribution of modeling to the dimensioning of IR furnaces`; `IR baking of paints`; `experimental studies and testing means of EdF`; `presentation of ABB Capponi Alesina company`; `presentation report of the Infrarouge System company`; `the choice of heat transfer technologies`. (J.S.)

  8. Concession renewal of Kembs' hydroelectric head on the Rhine river; Renouvellement de la concession de la chute hydro-electrique de Kembs sur le Rhin

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baron, P.; Defoug, H.; Petit, D

    2000-07-15

    In order to evaluate the different impacts of the concession renewal of Kembs' water head on the Rhine river, all aspects have been considered and are reported in this document: international aspects, influence of the dam on navigation and floods, hydrology of Alsace plain, ecological, energetic and economical aspects, leisure and safety aspects. Several questions have to be put forward which concern the transfrontier relations, the water rights, the problem of derivations, of Rhine river maintenance, the turbine and water depth warranty problems, the flow rate and the restoration of the Rhine island. All these questions must be tackled by the impact study. The implementation of a local procedure follow up made of a permanent technical working group and of a management committee is recommended. (J.S.)

  9. The narrow-gap TIG welding concerns the electric power plants manufacturers; Le soudage en joint etroit suscite l'interet des constructeurs de centrales electriques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anon

    2009-05-15

    Polysoude, France, played host to an expert forum on narrow gap welding from 5-7 November 2008. The successful event welcomed around one hundred experts.The power plant construction sector is currently booming worldwide. For plant construction this means using more pressure-resistant, thick-walled pipes made from high temperature steels. The key quality features of this new steel grade are the values for high creep rupture strength that also apply without restriction as the benchmark for every weld seam on these pipes. In particular, the forum on narrow gap welding addressed this area of automated welding technology. During the forum, Mr Hans-Peter Mariner (Polysoude's CEO), has offered an in-depth insight into the latest developments in narrow gap welding. This presentation highlighted that with wall thicknesses of over 60 mm, welding time is shortened by a factor of five to ten in comparison to conventional TIG processes with a traditional V seam. The welding characteristics of the parent material are the decisive factor in the application of the narrow gap process. Technical advances in equipment technology such as automatic centring, HF-free ignition, seam preparation and optimised gas protection further increase the application limits. The geometry and gap width of the weld groove are based on the mechanical properties of the materials being joined, with the shrinkage characteristics of the seam being particularly important. Another key part of the programme was a presentation on the three different narrow gap-welding techniques. The first involves a single pass weld per layer and torch or work-piece revolution. The second is dual pass welding next to one another, when the seam preparation or positioning exceed the required narrow tolerances of a few tenths of a millimetre for one stringer bead per layer. TIG narrow gap welding with a shuttle-motion electrode is ideal with very large wall thicknesses of 150-200 mm. This is particularly the case if the necessary boundary conditions such as accuracy of the seam preparation, handling of the shrinkage process and torch design cannot easily be ensured for joining using one stringer bead per layer. (O.M.)

  10. Turbulence in tokamak plasmas. Effect of a radial electric field shear; Turbulence dans les plasmas de tokamaks. Effet d`un cisaillement de champ electrique radial

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Payan, J

    1994-05-01

    After a review of turbulence and transport phenomena in tokamak plasmas and the radial electric field shear effect in various tokamaks, experimental measurements obtained at Tore Supra by the means of the ALTAIR plasma diagnostic technique, are presented. Electronic drift waves destabilization mechanisms, which are the main features that could describe the experimentally observed microturbulence, are then examined. The effect of a radial electric field shear on electronic drift waves is then introduced, and results with ohmic heating are studied together with relations between turbulence and transport. The possible existence of ionic waves is rejected, and a spectral frequency modelization is presented, based on the existence of an electric field sheared radial profile. The position of the inversion point of this field is calculated for different values of the mean density and the plasma current, and the modelization is applied to the TEXT tokamak. The radial electric field at Tore Supra is then estimated. The effect of the ergodic divertor on turbulence and abnormal transport is then described and the density fluctuation radial profile in presence of the ergodic divertor is modelled. 80 figs., 120 refs.

  11. Atom interferometry experiments with lithium. Accurate measurement of the electric polarizability; Experiences d'interferometrie atomique avec le lithium. Mesure de precision de la polarisabilite electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Miffre, A

    2005-06-15

    Atom interferometers are very sensitive tools to make precise measurements of physical quantities. This study presents a measurement of the static electric polarizability of lithium by atom interferometry. Our result, {alpha} = (24.33 {+-} 0.16)*10{sup -30} m{sup 3}, improves by a factor 3 the most accurate measurements of this quantity. This work describes the tuning and the operation of a Mach-Zehnder atom interferometer in detail. The two interfering arms are separated by the elastic diffraction of the atomic wave by a laser standing wave, almost resonant with the first resonance transition of lithium atom. A set of experimental techniques, often complicated to implement, is necessary to build the experimental set-up. After a detailed study of the atom source (a supersonic beam of lithium seeded in argon), we present our experimental atom signals which exhibit a very high fringe visibility, up to 84.5 % for first order diffraction. A wide variety of signals has been observed by diffraction of the bosonic isotope at higher diffraction orders and by diffraction of the fermionic less abundant isotope. The quality of these signals is then used to do very accurate phase measurements. A first experiment investigates how the atom interferometer signals are modified by a magnetic field gradient. An absolute measurement of lithium atom electric polarizability is then achieved by applying a static electric field on one of the two interfering arms, separated by only 90 micrometers. The construction of such a capacitor, its alignment in the experimental set-up and its operation are fully detailed.We obtain a very accurate phase measurement of the induced Lo Surdo - Stark phase shift (0.07 % precision). For this first measurement, the final uncertainty on the electric polarizability of lithium is only 0.66 %, and is dominated by the uncertainty on the atom beam mean velocity, so that a further reduction of the uncertainty can be expected. (author)

  12. Icogne irrigation-network hydro-power installation; Petite centrale hydro-electrique sur le reseau d'irrigation de la commune d'Icogne. Etude de faisabilite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cordonier, N.; Rey, G. [Nicolas Cordonier et Gilles Rey SA, Sierre (Switzerland)

    2007-01-15

    This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) presents the feasibility study for a hydro-power installation that uses an existing municipal irrigation scheme in the alpine region of Icogne, Switzerland. The report takes a look at the present situation which features, apart from the irrigation scheme itself, mountain torrents and artificial compensation lakes. The concept for the use of the available water pressure due to height-difference between these two lakes to drive a turbine and so generate electricity is described. Variants considered are reviewed. Investment and operating costs are examined as are the electricity production and the cost of the power generated. Finally, investments and other financial aspects are looked at and the further course of action is discussed.

  13. Awareness of households to the development of wind energy sites - Reporting on a survey; Receptivite des menages au developpement des sites eoliens. Rapport d'enquete

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Voisard, M

    2000-07-01

    This report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy presents in tables and diagrams the results of a survey involving 421 households in Switzerland, about their awareness to energy issues and, in particular, to all what regards wind energy and wind power plants. Globally, 80% of the persons asked for their opinion believe that electric power demand will continue to increase. 66% of them are in favour of increased use of renewable energy sources and would consequently agree with a 10% more expensive end-user energy price. 89% of the persons taking part to the survey approve the installation of wind energy farms in Switzerland. Moreover, statistics indicates that the households living in regions already equipped with wind farms are significantly more favorable to the creation of new wind energy sites than those not living in these regions. By the end of the day, it turns out that the main reasons for accepting wind energy are environmental concerns as well as the fear of being obliged to use nuclear power. [French] Ce rapport presente par des graphiques et des tableaux le resultat d'un sondage d'opinion aupres de 421 menages en Suisse, sur la sensibilite du public aux problemes de l'energie et plus particulierement sur sa perception de tout ce qui concerne l'energie du vent et son exploitation par l'implantation d'eoliennes. Globalement, 80% des menages pensent que la demande d'energie electrique va poursuivre sa croissance. 66% d'entre eux sont favorables au developpement des energies renouvelables et prets a accepter en consequence une augmentation du prix de l'energie allant jusqu'a 10%. 89% des personnes interrogees sont favorables au developpement des eoliennes en Suisse. De plus, la statistique montre de maniere significative que les menages des regions dans lesquelles sont deja implantes des sites eoliens sont plus favorables au developpement des eoliennes que les autres. Finalement, le respect de l'environnement et la crainte d'avoir a recourir a l

  14. Batteryless {gamma}-Ray Dosimeter; Dosimetre de rayons {gamma}, sans batteries; {gamma}-dozimetr bez batarei; Dosimetro a rayos {gamma} sin bateria

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gross, Bernhard [National Institute of Technology, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)

    1960-06-15

    The Compton current produced by X-rays and {gamma}-rays in the 0.3 to 3 MeV range is proportional to the radiant energy flux. Therefore the intensity of the current can be used as a measure of radiation dose. The present paper describes a radiation receiver and electrical measuring system suitable for Compton current measurements and results obtained with this device under irradiation from a 2000 curie Co{sup 60} source. (author) [French] Le courant de Compton produit par des rayons X et {gamma} dans le domaine d'energies compris entre 0,3 et 3 MeV est proportionnel au flux d'energie rayonnante. C'est pourquoi l'intensite du courant peut servir de mesure de la dose de rayonnements. Le memoire decrit un ensemble, appareil recepteur de rayonnements et appareil de mesure electrique, permettant de mesurer le courant de Compton et il expose les resultats obtenus, au moyen de ce dispositif, sous irradiation par une source de Co{sup 60} de 2000 curies. (author) [Spanish] La corriente de Compton producida por rayos X y rayos {gamma} de energia comprendida entre 0,3 y 3 MeV es proporcional al flujo de energia radiante. Por consiguiente, la intensidad de la corriente puede servir para medir la dosis de radiacion. En este trabajo se describen un receptor de radiaciones y un sistema de medicion electrica apropiados para determinar la intensidad de la corriente de Compton, asi como los resultados obtenidos mediante este dis- positivo cuando se irradia con una fuente de Co{sup 60} de 2000 curies. (author) [Russian] Komptonovskij potok, obrazuemyj rentgenovskim i luchami i {gamma}-luchami v predelakh ot 0,3 do 3 mehv, proportsionale n potoku luchistoj ehnergii. Poehtomu intensivnost' potoka mozhet byt' ispol'zovana dlya izmereniya dozy radiatsii. V nastoyashchem dokumente opisyvayutsya radiatsionny j priemnik i ehlektricheskaya izmeritel'naya sistema, prigodnye dlya izmerenij s pomoshch'yu komptonovskog o potoka, i rezul'taty, poluchennye s pomoshch'yu ehtogo ustrojstva v khode

  15. Model of a plasma without collisions in a cylindrical geometry by the study of the motions of the particles (1960); Modele d'un plasma sans collisions dans une geometrie cylindrique par l'etude des mouvements de particules (1960)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rebut, P H [Association Euratom-CEA Cadarache, 13 - Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (France). Dept. de Recherches sur la Fusion Controlee

    1960-07-01

    The Boltzmann equation for a group of particles in the absence of collisions may be written df/dt = 0, where f is the distribution function in the phase space. This equation means that f is an individual motion constant. This leads to a study, of the paths and to a research of the first integrals of the differential system related to them. This study leads also to a confinement condition on the velocities of a particle. The following step is related to the theoretical study of some distribution functions and of the resulting consequences. A differential system is obtained, giving density and magnetic and electric fields. This system has been in a number of cases solved by a digital computer. This solution allows an experimental comparison to be made. The first integrals obtained are still valid when magnetic 'screw-type' fields are concerned, which results in the obtention of a type of helicoidal deformation and of a stability criteria with respect to these deformations. (author) [French] L'equation de Boltzmann pour un groupe de particules en l'absence de collision peut s'ecrire df/dt = 0, ou f est la fonction de distribution dans l'espace des phases. Cette equation signifie que f est une constante du mouvement individuel. On est donc amene a etudier les trajectoires et a rechercher des integrales premieres du systeme differentiel qui leur est lie; cette etude conduit aussi a une condition de confinement portant sur les vitesses d'une particule. L'etape suivante se rapporte a l'etude theorique de certaines fonctions de distribution et des consequences qui en decoulent. On arrive a un systeme differentiel donnant densite, champs magnetiques et electriques, systeme qui a ete resolu dans un certain nombre de cas par une machine a calculer digitale. Cette resolution permet une confrontation experimentale. Les integrales premieres obtenues restent encore valables lors de champs magnetiques en 'vis'; il en resulte l'obtention d'un type de deformation helicoidale et d

  16. PH measurement under pressure and at high temperatures; Mesure du pH sous pression et a temperature elevee

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fournie, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Le Peintre, M; Mahieu, C [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)

    1961-07-01

    In the first part the development and operation of a glass electrode under pressure at room temperature is described. The pressure equilibrium between the inside and outside of the glass membrane several centimetres thick is obtained instantaneously by means of a siphon. The use of a silicone oil as electrical insulator makes possible the working of the glass electrode with the siphon at high pressures (100 kg/cm{sup 2}). In the second part, we determined the pH of various buffer solutions up to 250 deg. C using a cell of our design having two hydrogen electrodes. The values thus obtained for the buffer solutions make it possible to verify and calibrate the pH electrodes independently of the oxido-reduction potential of the medium. In the third part we give the results obtained up to 200 deg. C with the glass electrodes developed in conjunction with the Societe St Gobain. (author) [French] Dans une premiere partie, nous exposons la mise au point et le fonctionnement d'une electrode en verre sous pression a la temperature ordinaire. L'equilibrage instantane de la pression a l'interieur et a l'exterieur de la membrane en verre de quelques diziemes de millimetres d'epaisseur s'effectue par l'intermediaire d'un siphon. L'emploi d'une huile de silicone comme isolant electrique a permis le fonctionnement de l'electrode en verre a siphon sous haute pression (1000 kg/cm{sup 2}). Dans une deuxieme partie, nous avons determine jusqu'a 250 deg. C les valeurs du pH des diverses solutions tampons avec une cellule de notre conception a deux electrodes d'hydrogene. Les valeurs des solutions tampons ainsi obtenues permettent de verifier et d'etalonner les electrodes a pH independantes du potentiel d'oxydo-reduction du milieu. Dans une troisieme partie, nous relatons les resultats obtenus jusqu'a 200 deg. C avec les electrodes en verre mis au point en collaboration avec la Societe Saint-Gobain. (auteur)

  17. Manipulation coherente de qubits de spin dans une boite quantique triple

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gaudreau, Louis

    Nous presentons dans cette these une etude detaillee du moment magnetique intrinseque de l'electron, i.e. le spin electronique, incluant la manipulation quantique coherente des etats de spin de trois electrons couples. A cette fin, nous utilisons des boites quantiques laterales pour confiner les electrons. Ces nano-structures, d'une grandeur autour de 1 pm, permettent de confiner un nombre precis d'electrons de facon controlee, allant jusqu'a zero electrons. Les developpements technologiques et d'ingeniosite durant la derniere decennie ont permis de coupler trois boites quantiques, ainsi l'interaction entre plusieurs electrons confines peut etre controlee comme par exemple le couplage quantique tunnel et l'interaction d'echange entre les spins de chacun d'entre eux. A l'aide de boites quantiques couplees, il est possible de realiser des experiences dans plusieurs domaines de la physique moderne : les etats up et down du spin des electrons confines peuvent etre utilisees comme etats quantiques binaires (qubits) dans le domaine de l'informatique quantique, la non-localite quantique peut etre testee en separant spatialement deux electrons enchevetres, il est possible de creer des 'courants de spin enchevetres' utiles en spintronique, et bien d'autres. La manipulation coherente des etats de spin du systeme a trois electrons se fait de facon purement electrique grace a des pulses a haute frequence qui permettent d'augmenter le couplage entre les electrons et de faire la mesure de l'etat resultant apres la manipulation. Nous utilisons l'interaction hyperfine entre les spins des electrons et ceux des noyaux du cristal dans lequel ils resident pour creer les rotations quantiques entre les etats, notamment les etats |Q +3/2> et (D+1/2>. Les resultats obtenus indiquent un temps de coherence de l'ordre de 10 ns. Ces experiences demontrent un niveau de controle sans precedant de boites quantiques triples et pavent la voie vers des nano-structures plus sophistiquees dans

  18. Development of an apparatus for measuring the thermal conductivity of irradiated or non-irradiated graphite; Realisation d'un appareil de mesure de la conductibilite thermique du graphite irradie ou non irradie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bocquet, M; Micaud, G

    1962-07-01

    An apparatus was developed for measuring the thermal conductivity coefficient K of irradiated or non-irradiated graphite. The measurement of K at around room temperature with an accuracy of about 6% is possible. The study specimen is placed in a vacuum between a hot and a cold source which create a temperature gradient {delta}{theta}/ {delta}x in the steady state. The amount of heat transferred, Q, is deduced from the electrical power dissipated at the hot source, after allowing for heat losses. The thermal conductivity coefficient is defined as: K = Q/S. {delta}x/{delta}{theta}, S being the cross section of the sample. Systematic studies have made it possible to determine the mean values of the thermal conductivity. (authors) [French] Un appareil de mesure du coefficient de conductibilite thermique K du graphite irradie ou non irradie a ete realise. Utilisant le principe du transfert de chaleur, il permet de mesurer K au voisinage de la temperature ambiante avec une precision de 6 pour cent environ. L'echantillon de graphite etudie est place sous vide entre une source chaude et une source froide qui creent en regime permanent un gradient de temperature {delta}{theta}/{delta}x La quantite de chaleur transferee Q est deduite de la puissance electrique dissipee dans la source chaude en deduisant les pertes thermiques. Le coefficient de conductibilite thermique est defini par: K = Q/S. {delta}x/{delta}{theta} S designant la section de l'echantillon. Des etudes systematiques ont permis de determiner pour differents graphites non irradies les valeurs moyennes des coefficients de conductibilite thermique. Ces etudes ont mis en evidence pour un type de graphite donne, l'influence de la densite apparente sur le coefficient de conductibilite thermique. A partir de mesures effectuees sur des echantillons de graphite irradies preleves par carottage dans les empilements des reacteurs a moderateur de graphite les variations du rapport K0/Ki en fonction de la dose et de la

  19. Shocks in magneto-reactive-gas dynamics with application to the piston problem; Sur les chocs dans un milieu magnetodynamique reactif avec application au probleme du piston

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Soubbaramayer, [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-03-01

    electrique et thermique). Enfin on discute de toutes les solutions possibles du probleme du piston dans un cas simple. Les methodes developpees ici peuvent etre etendues au choc ionisant. (auteur)

  20. Theoretical profiles of the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom; Profils theoriques des raies spectrales de l'atome d'hydrogene

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nguyen, H; Herman, L [Universite de la Sorbonne, Lab. de Recherche Physique, 75 - Paris (France); Drawin, H W [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Association Euratom-CEA, Groupe de Recherches sur la Fusion Controlee (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-07-01

    The line-broadening problem of the hydrogen lines has been formulated in the quasistatic approximation as far as the ions are concerned, and in the classical path approximation as far as the broadening due to collisions with electrons is concerned. These electrons interfere in different numerical results only by the self-correlation function of the fluctuating electrical field strength created at each point in the plasma. The Lewis correction has been applied, but using the whole velocity distribution function of the electrons. The formula which represents the usual impact profile, valid only for frequencies much smaller than the plasma frequency, has been extended using another formula which will be valid up to the neighbourhood of that spectral region where the quasi-static approximation begins to be valid also for the electrons. As an example, the line profile of Ly {alpha} is given by some graphs for T = 10{sup 4} deg. K and electron densities N = 10{sup 17} cm{sup -3} and N = 10{sup 18}cm{sup -3}. (authors) [French] Le probleme d'elargissement des raies de l'atome H est formule dans l'approximation quasi-statique en ce qui concerne les ions et dans l'approximation du chemin classique en ce qui concerne les electrons. Ceux-ci interviennent dans differents resultats uniquement par la fonction auto-correlation du champ electrique fluctuant qu'ils creent en chaque point du plasma. La correction de Lewis a ete appliquee mais en tenant compte de la distribution des vitesses electroniques. La formule donnant les profils d'impact habituels, valable seulement pour des frequences tres inferieures a la frequence du plasma, est ainsi prolongee de maniere continue par une autre formule, valable jusqu'au voisinage de la region spectrale ou l'approximation quasistatique commence a etre egalement justifiee pour les electrons. A titre d'illustration on represente graphiquement le profil de la raie Ly {alpha} pour T = 10{sup 4} deg. K et des densites electroniques de N = 10{sup

  1. Perceptions of the Quebec population regarding the development of the electric power industry in Quebec

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lefebvre, M.; Deland, I.

    2000-04-01

    In March 2000 the Association de l'industrie electrique du Quebec hired the strategic marketing firm of Leger and Leger to conduct a survey of the Quebec population with the following three objectives in mind: (1) to evaluate the general opinion of the Quebec population regarding the development of new hydroelectric projects, (2) to determine the public opinion regarding the exportation of electricity, and (3) to evaluate the public opinion regarding certain hydroelectric projects that were already underway. 1000 adults were polled. It was determined that a large majority (84.2 per cent) of Quebecers are in favour of new hydroelectric development in the province as long as certain conditions are respected, such as maintaining jobs and not incurring an increase in the price of electricity. It was also determined that Quebecers are under the impression that the province exports much more electricity than it actually does. 66 per cent of the population believe that the province is exporting more than 20 per cent of its electric power production outside of the province. In reality, the province exports on average 10 per cent of its production. 71.5 per cent of Quebecers agree to new projects of exportation as long as the projects do not decrease the capacity for the province to fulfill its own power needs. In terms of environmental perceptions, hydroelectric power is considered to be the second least polluting source of energy both from an air pollution and visual pollution point of view. 72.6 per cent of the people said that hydro produces less greenhouse gases than electricity produced by natural gas or coal. Also 83.4 per cent recognized that hydro is a renewable resource. In general, the people surveyed were also in agreement with the development of new transmission lines. 86.8 per cent agreed with the construction of a transmission line between the Laurentians and the Outaouais. The polls are accurate to 3.1 per cent precision 19 times out of 20. tabs., figs

  2. Conception and fabrication of a real time automatic correlator (multi-correlator); Etude et realisation d'un correlateur automatique (multicorrelateur) fonctionnant en temps reel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Berthier, D. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-10-01

    The purpose of this work is to elaborate a specific computer able to display the real.time correlation function of two variables represented by two electrical signals. The various functions to be done are dealt with the best suited technology: delays from numerical method, hybrid multiplication, analog integration. This method proved very versatile so that it has been possible to modify the circuits with more performing components without changing the general conception of the whole system. In particular, the bandwidth, which was originally 125 kHz (1966) is now 1 MHz and will be 5 MHz, January 1968. Many results are obtained from the correlator such as: - determination of pulse responses of linear systems (1. and 2. order filters, oscillating circuits); - extraction of signals from noise; - measurement of time and space correlation in a turbulent plasma; - treatment of electro-biological signals. (author) [French] Nous nous sommes proposes de concevoir un calculateur specialise pour l'estimation en temps reel de la fonction de correlation de deux phenomenes representes par deux tensions electriques. Il a ete retenu les procedes de calcul s'adaptant le mieux aux diverses fonctions a realiser: retard par une technique numerique, multiplication hybride, integration analogique. Cette methode s'est revelee tres souple d'emploi: en effet les circuits ont pu etre modifies, sans changer la conception de l'appareil, au fur et a mesure de l'evolution des performances des composants electroniques. Ainsi la bande passante de l'appareil qui initialement etait de 125 KHz (1966) est actuellement de 1 MHz et sera 5 MHz en janvier 1968. De nombreux resultats ont ete obtenus avec l'appareil: - determination de reponses impulsionnelles de systemes lineaires (filtres 1er ordre, 2eme ordre, circuit oscillant, etc... ); - detection de signaux dans le bruit; - mesure de correlation spatiale et temporelle dans le plasma - traitement de signaux

  3. Market-opening rules and potentialities of destabilization of hierarchical power industries in an open economy: institutional scenarios on the French power industry; Cahier de recherche no.17. Regles d'ouverture de marche et potentialites de destabilisation d'une industrie electrique integree en economie ouverte. Scenarios institutionnels d'evolution de l'industrie electrique francaise

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Finon, D

    1999-08-01

    The purpose of the paper is to analyse the reform of the French power industry, the extreme integration of the industrial organisation of which is deeply rooted in the French institutional particularisms. After the presentation of the main features of the 1999 reform, different elements of instability of the new structure are pointed out: the over-dominant position of the incumbent company which dissuades entries, institutional isomorphism between economies integrated to a regional space (heterogeneity of structures between European Community countries generates problems of reciprocity and fairness), and the end of the traditional capture of the regulator by the incumbent company because of the autonomy of the function of regulation. Two institutional scenarios are defined, which give a different weight to two competition paradigms in conflicts: the traditional ''industrial economics'' which inclines to preserve hierarchy in the national area to gain competitive advantages in the European field, and the neo-classical paradigm. In the first one, in the name of strategic efficiency, the integration of the industrial organisation could be preserved in spite of the asymmetry of structures between countries, and the playing field is the continental Europe on which national champions compete. In the second one the French industrial organisation has to conform to the competitive model, with vertical and horizontal disintegration and creation of a power exchange market. This scenario necessitates to test the force of the institutional determinism of the nuclear legacy. (author)

  4. New Methods and Facilities for the Measurement of Physical Properties of Reactor Components and Irradiated Materials; Nouveaux Procedes et Instruments de Mesure des Proprietes Physiques des Elements de Reacteur et des Matieres Irradiees; Novye metody i sredstva izmereniya fizicheskikh s vojstv komponentov reaktora i obluchennykh materialov; Nuevos Metodos y Equipos para Medir Propiedades Fisicas de Componentes de Reactor y de Materiales Irradiados

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Foerster, F.; Mueller, P. [Institut Dr. Foerster, Reutlingen, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)

    1965-09-15

    direct reading of the permeability and stainless- steel components. The correlation between permeability and {Delta} ferrite content is explained. Measurements of the {Delta} ferrite percentage across welds in stainless-steel tubes and measurements of the {Delta} ferrite precipitations as a function of the plastic strain are discussed (hammer-forging of reactor fuel-elements). (author) [French] Les auteurs decrivent un instrument permettant de mesurer et d'enregistrer automatiquement le module de Young, le module de cisaillement et la capacite d'amortissement en fonction de la temperature et du temps. On mesure le module de Young en excitant des specimens de diverses dimensions a leur frequence propre. On mesure la capacite d'amortissement d'apres la libre decroissance de la vibration ou la largeur a mi-hauteur de la courbe de resonance. Le memoire donne des exemples de mesures de la guerison apres irradiation et apres deformation inelastique, ainsi que des exemples du degre de graphitisation. Les auteurs demontrent que l'on peut detecter des defauts et des variations de densite dans les banes de graphite. Ils expliquent, en outre, une methode d'etude de la fixation de pastilles d' UO{sub 2} sur des tubes en acier austenitique a parois minces. Us decrivent un four special pour l'etude du comportement elastique ou inelastique de specimens 'chauds ' a des temperatures variant entre 20 et 1000 Degree-Sign C. Les auteurs discutent le controle de la qualite de metaux non ferreux par mesure de ia conductivite electrique au moyen de courants de Foucault et decrivent un instrument permettant de mesurer sans aucun contact la conductivite electrique de metaux non ferreux. Ils expliquent la correlation entre la conductivite electrique et l'allongement sous l'effet des contraintes dans le cas de metaux et d'alliages non ferreux. Ils s'attachent particulierement a la mesure d'echantillons de petites dimensions. Ils decrivent un dispositif pour la mesure directe a distance dans la

  5. The Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant; La centrais nucleaire Enrico Fermi; Atomnaya ehlektrostantsiya im Ehnriko Fermi.; La central nucleoelectrica Enrico Fermi

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hartwell, R. W. [Power Reactor Development Company, Detroit, MI (United States)

    1963-10-15

    sodium-water reaction took place in the No. 1 steam generator. The rupture disc, which was installed for such an eventuality, operated correctly. The cause and effect of this failure is currently being investigated. Completion of pre-operational testing. Anticipating the issuance of a low power licence, the final assembly and test programme is being completed in March. (author) [French] La construction de la centrale nucleaire Enrico Fermi, equipee d'un reacteur surgenerateur a neutrons rapides de 100 MWe, a ete virtuellement terminee en decembre 1961. Au cours des derniers 18 mois, on a minutieusement verifie les circuits et les parties constitutives. Ce programme de verifications avant la mise en service a ete tres utile pour verifier les plans et determiner les modifications a y apporter. Tous les problemes ont pu etre resolus. Voici la liste des principales modifications: Bouclier de graphite. En decembre 1960, on a rempli le circuit primaire de sodium liquide et on a procede a des essais tres pousses. Lorsqu'on a rouvert l'enceinte de protection primaire, apres les essais a 540{sup o}C, on a constate que la plus grande partie des blocs de graphite entourant le reacteur s'etait deterioree. Ces blocs, destines a supporter de hautes temperatures, etaient impregnes de bore; ils s'etaient dilates et avaient perdu leur resistance. Une analyse approfondie a montre que le liant du graphite avait cede. On a decide de remplacer tout le graphite, d'utiliser du carbure de bore a la place du bore, d'assujettir les blocs par des dispositifs mecaniques et de maintenir l'humidite a la valeur minimum. Modifications a l'interieur du caisson du reacteur. On a procede a des reparations et modifications pour supprimer la cause du collage des barreaux et les dommages qui en resultaient, et pour prevenir d'autres defaillances du mecanisme de manutention des cartouches. Pour ce faire, on a du retirer le mecanisme de manutention et vider le caisson contenant le sodium. Des specialistes

  6. Quality of electricity service: Evaluation of nuisance index (IGI) of industrial customers; Qualite du service electrique:evaluation de l`indice de gene individuel des clients industriels

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Naggar, R. [Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, PQ (Canada)

    1996-08-01

    The effects of power interruption on individual industrial customers by computing an individual nuisance index (IGI) is one of the tools planned by Hydro-Quebec to measure quality of service to its customers. When fully functioning, IGI will represent a combined value of loss of sales, overtime, lost materials and other direct costs, each IGI tailor-made for a particular company. Data for computing the index will be obtained from Hydro-Quebec`s own customer classification database, plus a commercial technical database (DTC) containing data required for the assessment of the nuisance, and a survey carried out by Hydro-Quebec involving some 1600 industrial customers. As of this date, the DTC is not yet available. A statistical analysis of survey responses was substituted to provide default values based on available parameters. Hydro-Quebec is confident that this new approach to evaluating service quality will open new horizons in quality assurance. 3 refs., 5 tabs.

  7. Dams. Bulletin of the technical service of electric power and big dams; Barrages. Bulletin du service technique de l`energie electrique et des grands barrages (STEEGB)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1997-12-31

    Four papers were selected in this issue of `Barrages` bulletin. The first one concerns the surveillance of medium size dams, the second one deals with the life of French dams in operation (safety decennial and annual inspections). The third paper describes the behaviour of free flow spillways installed on loam dams while the last paper reports on the activities of the control service of the STEEGB for the second quarter of 1997 (decennial and annual inspections, important facts, administrative instructions, draining, floods, granting etc..). (J.S.)

  8. Optimal unit sizing of a hybrid renewable energy system for isolated applications; Optimalite des elements d'un systeme decentralise de production d'energie electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Morales, D

    2006-07-15

    In general, the methods used to conceive a renewable energy production system overestimate the size of the generating units. These methods increase the investment cost and the production cost of energy. The work presented in this thesis proposes a methodology to optimally size a renewable energy system.- This study shows that the classic approach based only on a long term analysis of system's behaviour is not sufficient and a complementary methodology based on a short term analysis is proposed. A numerical simulation was developed in which the mathematical models of the solar panel, the wind turbines and battery are integrated. The daily average solar energy per m2 is decomposed into a series of hourly I energy values using the Collares-Pereira equations. The time series analysis of the wind speed is made using the Monte Carlo Simulation Method. The second part of this thesis makes a detailed analysis of an isolated wind energy production system. The average energy produced by the system depends on the generator's rated power, the total swept area of the wind turbine, the gearbox's transformation ratio, the battery voltage and the wind speed probability function. The study proposes a methodology to determine the optimal matching between the rated power of the permanent magnet synchronous machine and the wind turbine's rotor size. This is made taking into account the average electrical energy produced over a period of time. (author)

  9. Modalities of vegetation management beneath and in the vicinity of overhead power lines; Modalites de gestion de la vegetation sous et aux abords des lignes electriques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2000-07-01

    This guidebook was elaborated in coordination with the French professional national center of forestry property (CNPPF), Electricite de France (EDF), the national federation of contractors of rural agricultural and forestry works (FNETARF), the national federation of the syndicates of sylviculture forestry owners (FNSPFS), the institute for forest development (IDF), the national forest office (ONF), the French manager of the power grid (RTE) and some local agriculture organizations. Its goal is to supply concrete answers to the questions concerning the management of vegetation in the direct vicinity of overhead power lines, and in particular the rights and obligations of land owners with respect to the maintenance of vegetation. This guidebook represents a first step towards the improvement of today's practices in this domain: legal and technical questions and answers, glossary, regulatory texts, useful addresses and bibliography. (J.S.)

  10. Atom interferometry experiments with lithium. Accurate measurement of the electric polarizability; Experiences d'interferometrie atomique avec le lithium. Mesure de precision de la polarisabilite electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Miffre, A

    2005-06-15

    Atom interferometers are very sensitive tools to make precise measurements of physical quantities. This study presents a measurement of the static electric polarizability of lithium by atom interferometry. Our result, {alpha} = (24.33 {+-} 0.16)*10{sup -30} m{sup 3}, improves by a factor 3 the most accurate measurements of this quantity. This work describes the tuning and the operation of a Mach-Zehnder atom interferometer in detail. The two interfering arms are separated by the elastic diffraction of the atomic wave by a laser standing wave, almost resonant with the first resonance transition of lithium atom. A set of experimental techniques, often complicated to implement, is necessary to build the experimental set-up. After a detailed study of the atom source (a supersonic beam of lithium seeded in argon), we present our experimental atom signals which exhibit a very high fringe visibility, up to 84.5 % for first order diffraction. A wide variety of signals has been observed by diffraction of the bosonic isotope at higher diffraction orders and by diffraction of the fermionic less abundant isotope. The quality of these signals is then used to do very accurate phase measurements. A first experiment investigates how the atom interferometer signals are modified by a magnetic field gradient. An absolute measurement of lithium atom electric polarizability is then achieved by applying a static electric field on one of the two interfering arms, separated by only 90 micrometers. The construction of such a capacitor, its alignment in the experimental set-up and its operation are fully detailed.We obtain a very accurate phase measurement of the induced Lo Surdo - Stark phase shift (0.07 % precision). For this first measurement, the final uncertainty on the electric polarizability of lithium is only 0.66 %, and is dominated by the uncertainty on the atom beam mean velocity, so that a further reduction of the uncertainty can be expected. (author)

  11. Public synthesis of the reference costs study of the electric power production; Synthese publique de l'etude des couts de reference de la production electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2008-07-01

    Every 3 or 5 years, the DGEC published the reference costs study of the electric power production which evaluates, in a theoretical framework, the total cost of an electrical MWh, from different production ways. These studies bring information for the definition of the energy policy and the elaboration of the investments program. because of the great competition of the market, it was decided not to publish the absolute value of the hypothesis and the results but under indexed form. (A.L.B.)

  12. Use of powered electric vehicles in automobile fleets. Help elements for decision; Utilisation de vehicules electriques dans les flottes automobiles. Elements d`aide a la decision

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1996-11-01

    One of the primary causes of degradation in the quality of urban life is automobile transportation. The introduction of electric vehicles within automobile fleets can help mitigate some of the associated impacts. This guide has assembled a set of technical tools vital to all fleet managers, whether they be with public-sector agencies or companies, who are involved in vehicle-purchasing decisions. It deals with the specific issues related to the use, maintenance and acquisition of electric vehicles. Besides those elements intended to convince both decision-makers and users alike, the automobile fleet manager will find herein, as a conclusion, some examples of comparative economic assessments. These serve to highlight the opportunities available for using electric vehicles in a wide variety of situations. (authors) 18 refs.

  13. Study of point defects in pure iron by means of electrical resistivity; Etude au moyen de la resistivite electrique des defauts ponctuels dans le fer pur

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Minier-Cassayre, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-04-01

    In the first part of this work, after having reviewed the production, observation and the annealing of point defects In metals, we resume the present state of research. In the second part, we explain the techniques we have employed to produce point defects at low temperatures: irradiation, quenching and cold-work; and go on to the study of their migration and annealing. The experimental results obtained for pure iron and for iron containing certain impurities are presented in the third part. In the fourth part we suggest a model which explains the different stages of annealing observed, and their properties. We then compare the energies of interaction between point defects with the values deduced from the theory of elasticity. (author) [French] Dans la premiere partie de cette etude, apres avoir passe en revue la production, l'observation et les modes de guerison des defauts ponctuels dans les metaux, nous exposons l'etat actuel des recherches. La seconde partie est consacree aux techniques que nous avons employees pour produire des defauts ponctuels a basse temperature: irradiations, trempe et ecrouissage puis a l'etude de leur migration et de leur guerison. Les resultats experimentaux obtenus dans le fer pur et le fer contenant certaines impuretes sont presentes dans le troisieme chapitre. Nous proposons ensuite un modele qui explique les differents stades de guerison observes et leurs nombreuses proprietes: nous comparons les energies d'interaction entre defauts ponctuels aux valeurs que l'on pourrait deduire d'un modele elastique. (auteur)

  14. With the 42 V voltage, the automotive industry enters the all-electrical revolution; Avec le 42V, l'automobile aborde la revolution du tout-electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Landragin, J.P.

    2003-06-01

    The imminent change of the power voltage from 12 to 42 V will revolutionize the automotive industry world. Initially motivated by comfort reasons (space heating and air conditioning accessories), this evolution will have major impacts on the overall architecture of the vehicle, from the engine to the control parts (electric power steering, water and oil pumps, electromagnetic breaking, electrical suspension control, electromagnetic valve operation, air-conditioning compressor, heating of the passenger space, windscreen deicing, preheating of the catalytic converter etc..). The conversion to 42 V will require efficient and reliable power electronic systems (high frequency switching circuits, MOSFET, IGBT) which represent a real challenge for car makers with certainly a transition period during which vehicles will have two batteries: a 12 V one and a 36 V one. Moreover, the proliferation of electronic equipments with different powers and frequencies will lead to complex electromagnetic environments. The entirely powered-controlled vehicle concept ('X-by-wire' technology) is progressively making its way. It will require a perfectly safe and fault tolerant communication system (time-triggered protocol) for the automatic control of the different actuators. (J.S.)

  15. Eurelectric annual conference (electric power industry union) on the energy liberalization; Conference annuelle Eurelectric (Union de l'industrie electrique) sur la liberalisation de l'energie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2004-06-01

    This document is a reprint of the talk given by P. Devedjian, French minister of industry, at the Eurelectric 2004 conference. After a brief recall of the energy situation of the European Union, P. Devedjian treats of the following points: the evolution of electricity prices, the increase of CO{sub 2} emissions despite a courageous environmental policy, the three main goals of the energy policy: European economic competitiveness, European solidarity, fight against greenhouse effect, implementation of a common energy policy based on 4 guidelines: common rules, better convergence of energy policies, reinforcement of research, definition of a common energy diplomacy. (J.S.)

  16. Amelioration de la qualite d'energie d'un systeme de conversion d'energie eolienne a base de machine asynchrone a double alimentation et connecte au reseau electrique =

    Science.gov (United States)

    Abderrahim, Iheb

    Wind power generation has grown strongly in the last decade. This results in the development of Wind Energy Conversion System WECS at the levels of modeling and electrical control. Modern WECS operate at varying wind speeds and are equipped with synchronous and asynchronous generators. Among these generators, the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) offers several advantages and capabilities of active and reactive power in four quadrants. WECS based DFIG also causes less conversion costs and minimum energy losses compared with a WECS based on a synchronous generator powered entirely by full scale of power converters. The connection of such a system to the electrical distribution network involves bidirectional operation of networks. This is clearly established in sub and super synchronous operating modes of DFIG. The grid provides the active power to the rotor of DFIG in sub synchronous operating mode and receives the active power of the rotor in super synchronous operating mode of DFIG. Energy quality is thus of major importance during the integration of wind power to the grid. Poor wave quality can affect network stability and could even cause major problems and consequences. This is even more critical where non-linear loads such as the switching power supplies and variable speed drives, are connected to the grid. The idea of this research work is how to mitigate the problems associated with the wave quality while ensuring better implementation of DFIG so that the whole of WECS remains insensitive to external disturbances and parametric variations. The Grid Side Converter (GSC) must be able to compensate harmonics, current unbalance and reactive power injected by a nonlinear three-phase unbalanced load connected to the grid. In addition to these innovative features to improve the conditions of operation of the grid, it provides also the power flow during different modes of operation of the DFIG. It is considered a simple, efficient and cost competitive solution by saving the use of other power equipment. At the same time, the energy efficiency of wind power conversion chain should be improved by extracting the MPPT. Searching allows us to select vector control and control in synchronous reference to achieve these objectives. WECS based DFIG is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK in the presence of a non-linear balanced and unbalanced three-phase load.

  17. The electric comfort in social housing. EDF is going on. Agreements with concrete results; Le confort electrique en logement social. EDF avance. Des engagements aux resultats concrets

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1999-11-01

    This document deals the wrap-up of the agreement signed between EDF and the HLM Union, in 1997, concerning the quality of the electric heating and warm water in social housing. The convention is described and technical solutions are discussed. The relations with the tenants and the mission of advice are also presented. (A.L.B.)

  18. Systemic design of synchronous traction drives for large speed-range electric vehicle; Conception systemique de chaines de traction synchrones pour vehicule electrique a large gamme de vitesse

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Randi, S.A.

    2003-04-15

    The presented study deals with a systemic approach based design of permanent magnet brush-less actuators. The considered system is the electric vehicle motorized with this actuator on a large speed range. First, the review of vehicles architectures and general specifications put emphasis on the design problem complexity and the interest of a simultaneous design taking account of the whole traction chain driving cycle. Then the IPM plane and lumped parameter models are used to bring out the variables which characterizes the work beyond the base speed and the ability in flux weakening operation. The properties of machines with two rotor parts in such operation are studied. The new degrees of freedom available with these structures bring new solutions for drives with larger speed range. Then a model taking account each subsystem is presented and implemented in a global SABER simulator, involving sizing models of components. This tool enables to study the work of the traction chain over significant driving cycles and the performances evaluation. A last, this simulator is brought into work so as to perform a simultaneous design of the traction chain components as battery, inverter, machine, gear, thanks to an optimisation procedure based on genetic algorithm able to process continuous sizes variations and structure modifications, considering performance criteria on losses and cost. (author)

  19. Contribution to the improvement of VRLA batteries for cycling applications; Contribution a l'amelioration des batteries au plomb fermees pour l'application au vehicule electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perrin, M.

    2001-07-01

    Life time and performance of lead batteries for electric-powered vehicles have been optimized by the application of a mechanical pressure on electrodes blocks with a new separator AJS. On the positive grid, the corrosion decreases as the associated effects because AJS stabilizes mechanically the block. The use of phosphoric acid increases the high discharge currant cells performance if they are loaded by an adequate regime. This effect disappears during the cycle. (A.L.B.)

  20. RTE takes over Houilleres du Bassin de Lorraine's high voltage electricity network; RTE reprend le reseau electrique haute tension des Houilleres du Bassin de Lorraine

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-12-01

    Houilleres du Bassin de Lorraine (HBL) decided to sell their high voltage electricity network to RTE. This takeover by RTE, the French transmission system operator, corresponds to the public service mission entrusted to it by the law of February 10, 2000, concerning the rational distribution of an electricity service in France and the local servicing of customers through the public transmission system.

  1. The reversible air-conditioning: economical and ecological asset recognized by the public authorities; La climatisation reversible electrique: des atouts economiques et ecologiques reconnus par les pouvoirs publics

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1999-05-01

    The reversible air-conditioning allows at once the heating and the cooling of the building. This system is very powerful from an energetic and an environmental point of view. Moreover the government proposes financial assistance to the system implementation with a fiscal amortization. (A.L.B.)

  2. Purification by high vacuum fusion and progressive solidification of uranium from electrolytic origin; Purification par fusion sous vide eleve et solidification progressive d'uranium d'origine electrolytique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Poeydomenge, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-01-15

    grain observed, so-called secondary recrystallisation. in appendix, the method for measuring the electrical resistance by induction (with direct current)is studied from the fundamental and experimental point of view. The author applied it to the particular case of uranium for measuring the low-temperature resistance of the bars from the same which solidified first to the least pure ended the ingot. (author) [French] Dans le cadre de recherches generales sur la purification de l'uranium par fusion de zone, on a entrepris de determiner le degre de purification que l'on pourrait atteindre par une simple solidification progressive a vitesse et direction soigneusement controlees d'un uranium de purete nucleaire courante. Cet uranium de purete intermediaire fournirait un materiau de depart approprie au mode de purification ultime qu'est la fusion a zone verticale, dite ''flottante''. Dans ce but, des lingots d'uranium d'origine electrolytique ont ete refondus sous vide (2 a 5 x 10{sup -6} mm) dans une longue nacelle en UO{sub 2} apres une monte lente en temperature pour eliminer le maximum de gaz et d'impuretes volatiles. Ce degazage et cette volatilisation d'impuretes sont completes par maintien prolonge a haute temperature du bais liquide. Celui-ci est ensuite solidifie d'une extremite a l'autre de la nacelle par deplacement a vitesse lente et constante du front de solidification de facon a obtenir une repartition des impuretes selon les lois etablies par PFANN. Differentes methodes experimentales ont permis de montrer que le metal solidifie en premier lieu est nettement plus pur que celui de la partie solidifie a l'extremite opposee du lingot. Le degre de purification du metal en tete du lingot a ete apprecie, soit quantitativement par mesure du rapport des resistivites electriques a la temperature ambiante et a celle de l'azote liquide, soit qualitativement par l'examen de la structure micrographique et par l'etude de la recristallisation du metal. D'une part, le metal

  3. National debate on the energies: Report of the Senior citizens Committee, report of M. Jean Besson. Our electric system proof against the heat wave. The italian electric network failure; Debat national sur les energies: les suites rapport du comite des Sages, rapport de M. Jean Besson. Notre systeme electrique a l'epreuve de la canicule. La panne du reseau electrique italien

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Castillon, P.; Lesggy, M.; Morin, E.; Besson, J.; Mattatia, St.; Barthe, F.; Bouley, N.; Kahan, J.M. [Direction de la Demande et des Marches Energetiques (DIDEME), 75 - Paris (France)

    2003-07-01

    To preserve the impartiality and the serenity of the discussions, the National Debate on the Energies based on three channels: a Senior Citizens, a consultative Committee and the Parliamentarian Jean Besson. This document published extracts of the reports of the Senior Citizens Committee and Jean Besson. It also provides an analysis of the consequences on the electric power supply during the 2003 summer heat wave in France and the great failure of the italian electric power network during the 28 september 2003. (A.L.B.)

  4. Experimental study of the heat of combustion of electrical cables: Pitcairn/calorimetre test bench; Etude experimentale sur la combustion de cables electriques: le banc d`essais Pitcairn/calorimetre

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gautier, B.; Bosseboeuf, G.

    1995-11-01

    The R and D has been developing for about ten years, through the MAGIC software, a modeling program on the propagation of fire in power plants. The potential fuels in a power plant are mainly limited to the oils existing in engines and control systems, and electric cables. Those cables present a complex combustion due to their fire-resistant design. In order to study that combustion, two test benches, the PITCAIRN oven and the CALORIMETRE EDF/CNRS have been linked. This report presents briefly the experimental installation, then it comments on the first experimental data obtained with two types of samples, a PVC and an EPR-Hypalon cable. The tested cables are selected from those commonly used in French Nuclear Power Plants. They present complex components (fire-retarding chemical agents, mechanical reinforcement). The data show that the behavior of those cables cannot be reduced to a mass loss rate associated to a constant Heat of Combustion. The Heat of Combustion of the PVC cable tested varies little at the beginning of the pyrolysis from 5 kJ.g{sup -1} to 10 kJ.g{sup -1}, then increases quickly up to 30 kJ.g{sup -1}. In the same way, the EPR-Hypalon cable shows a continuous and slow increase of the Heat of Combustion from 1 kJ.g{sup -1} to 20 kJ.g{sup -1} during the pyrolysis, then rises quickly up to 40 kJ.g{sup -1} at the end. Those data corroborate the thesis of the dilution of flammable species by fire-retarding agents, which lower the Heat of combustion but seems to disappear at the end of the pyrolysis. (authors). 7 refs., 6 figs.

  5. Expert system for the real-time management of alarms in an electric grid. Un systeme expert pour la gestion en temps reel des alarmes dans un reseau electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Girouard, P.

    1987-01-01

    A model-base expert system is presented for the processing of alarm messages in power networks' control centers. This alarm processor, called GESTAL, generates concise diagnoses identifying the causes(s) of network disturbances and describing the operation of the protection and alarm systems which operate to isolate faulty components. Essentially, the alarm processor is an agenda driven expert system which is composed of a model of the power network's alarm and protection systems as well as several sets of rules. Based on the nextwork model, graph structures are constructed which represent relationships between alarms as they are received. These graph structures are then analysed in order to diagnose the disturbances(s). The alarm processor has been developed using the ART 3.0 programming language in a Symbolics Lisp-machine environment. Background material on expert systems, electric power networks, and alarm processing software is included, as well as a description of GESTAL'S functional characteristics and design. 51 refs., 28 figs.

  6. Feasibility study for the construction of a methane production plant on the basis of 'green waste' collected in the canton of Ticino; Machbarkeitsstudie Biogasanlage im Tessin -- Studio di fattibilita di un impianto di biometanizzazione per i rifiuti verdi

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2000-07-01

    This report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy presents a feasibility study for the construction of a methane production plant on the basis of 'green waste' collected in the canton of Ticino, in Southern Switzerland. The objective is power generation from compostable organic waste (about 10'000 t/year) and marketing of this electrical energy under a 'clean energy' label. The biogas process together with the technologies used are described. A review of the methane production plants available today on the European market is given, together with a presentation of some manufacturers. The local situation in Ticino, including available volume and composition of green waste as well as the possible usages for the residues from the methane production plants, is discussed. Potential sites for the future production plant are listed. Economic aspects are summarised in the form of diagrams. In annexes, more details on the plant operation cost are given and pictures of the different fermentation installation candidates are presented. [French] Ce rapport est le resultat de l'etude de la faisabilite de l'implantation d'une usine de methanisation des dechets verts pour le canton du Tessin en Suisse. L'objectif est de valoriser l'energie des dechets compostables (typiquement 10'000 t/an) et d'en produire de l'energie electrique qui sera vendue sous un label d'energie propre. Le processus de biomethanisation est presente, de meme que les techniques utilisees. Suit une presentation des diverses installations de methanisation actuellement disponibles sur le marche europeen et des entreprises qui les proposent. La situation propre au Tessin comme la quantite et la composition des dechets verts et les possibilites d'utilisation des masses residuelles est analysee. Le lieu d'implantation de l'usine est aussi discute. Finalement, un bilan economique est presente sous forme graphique. Le document est

  7. Preparation of high critical temperature YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} superconducting coatings by thermal spray; Elaboration par projection a chaud de revetements supraconducteurs a haute temperature critique de type YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lacombe, Jacques

    1991-09-20

    The objective of this research thesis is the elaboration of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} superconducting coatings by thermal spray. These coatings must have a high adherence, a high cohesion, and the best possible electrical characteristics. The author first briefly presents physical-chemical characteristics of this ceramic, and proposes a bibliographical synthesis on thick coatings prepared by thermal spray. In the next parts, he studies and describes conditions of elaboration of poly-granular coatings of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7}, and their structural and electric characteristics [French] Des revetements epais de YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} ont ete elabores par projection a chaud sur des substrats d'acier inoxydable revetus d'une sous-couche de Ni-Cr-Al-Y. Les principales etapes du processus de fabrication sont les suivantes: - preparation de la poudre par voie humide selon un procede mis au point au C.E.R.E.M., - realisation des revetements epais par projection a chaud de cette poudre selon trois differentes techniques: projection plasma atmospherique, projection plasma sous pression reduite, projection flamme oxyacetylenique. - traitement thermique en deux etapes des revetements pour recristalliser la phase YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} et la reoxygener (traitement thermique dans un four sous oxygene). Les depots elabores selon cette voie sont adherents et homogenes a la fois en composition et en morphologie. La phase supraconductrice YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} determinee par diffraction de rayons X est bien cristallisee; elle se presente sous forme de plaquettes d'environ 10 μm de long et 1 μm d'epaisseur sans orientation preferentielle. Les revetements realises par projection plasma atmospherique presentent les meilleures caracteristiques electriques: Tc(R=0) = 90.5K; ΔTc = 1K; ρ (300 K) = 0.7 - 0.8 mΩ.cm; Jc(77 K,0 T) = 1000 A/cm{sup 2}. Les proprietes d'ecrantage magnetique ont ete comparees a celles de materiaux utilises pour le blindage magnetique

  8. Study of the synthesized plasma resulting from forced neutralization of a mercury ions beam; Etude du plasma de synthese resultant de la neutralisation forcee d'un faisceau d'ions Hg{sup +}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Spiess, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    , en l'absence de champ electromagnetique externe. La presence d'un champ electrique longitudinal, cree par une grille polarisee et plongee dans le faisceau, modifie les conditions de stabilite du plasma de synthese. (auteur)

  9. Study of thick, nuclear-compensated silicon detectors; Etude des detecteurs epais au silicium compense nucleairement

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Le Coroller, Y. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-09-01

    A study is made here, from the point of view of the realization and the performance, of thick nuclear-compensated silicon detectors. After recalling the need for compensation and reviewing the existing methods, the author describes in detail the controlled realization of thick detectors by nuclear compensation from the theoretical and experimental points of view. The practical precautions which should be observed are given: control of the homogeneity of the starting material, control of the evolution of the compensation, elimination of parasitic processes. The performances of the detectors obtained are then studied: electrical characteristics (current, life-time) on the one hand, detection and spectrometry of penetrating radiations on the other hand. The results show, that the compensated diodes having an effective thickness of two millimeters operate satisfactorily as detectors for applied voltages of about 500 volts. The resolutions observed are then about 2 per cent for mono-energetic electrons and about 4 per cent for the gamma; they can be improved by the use of a pre-amplifier of very low background noise. (author) [French] Les detecteurs epais au silicium compense nucleairement sont etudies ici du double point de vue realisation et performances. Apres un rappel sur la necessite de la compensation et les procedes existants, la realisation controlee des detecteurs epais par compensation nucleaire est decrite en detail sous l'aspect theorique et l'aspect experimental. On met en evidence les precautions a prendre dans la pratique: controle de l'homogeneite du materiau de base, controle de l'evolution de la compensation, elimination des processus parasites. On etudie ensuite les performances de detecteurs obtenus : caracteristiques electriques (courant, duree de vie) d'une part, d'autre part detection et spectrometrie des rayonnements penetrants. Les resultats montrent que les diodes compensees ayant une epaisseur utile de deux

  10. Study of thick, nuclear-compensated silicon detectors; Etude des detecteurs epais au silicium compense nucleairement

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Le Coroller, Y [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-09-01

    A study is made here, from the point of view of the realization and the performance, of thick nuclear-compensated silicon detectors. After recalling the need for compensation and reviewing the existing methods, the author describes in detail the controlled realization of thick detectors by nuclear compensation from the theoretical and experimental points of view. The practical precautions which should be observed are given: control of the homogeneity of the starting material, control of the evolution of the compensation, elimination of parasitic processes. The performances of the detectors obtained are then studied: electrical characteristics (current, life-time) on the one hand, detection and spectrometry of penetrating radiations on the other hand. The results show, that the compensated diodes having an effective thickness of two millimeters operate satisfactorily as detectors for applied voltages of about 500 volts. The resolutions observed are then about 2 per cent for mono-energetic electrons and about 4 per cent for the gamma; they can be improved by the use of a pre-amplifier of very low background noise. (author) [French] Les detecteurs epais au silicium compense nucleairement sont etudies ici du double point de vue realisation et performances. Apres un rappel sur la necessite de la compensation et les procedes existants, la realisation controlee des detecteurs epais par compensation nucleaire est decrite en detail sous l'aspect theorique et l'aspect experimental. On met en evidence les precautions a prendre dans la pratique: controle de l'homogeneite du materiau de base, controle de l'evolution de la compensation, elimination des processus parasites. On etudie ensuite les performances de detecteurs obtenus : caracteristiques electriques (courant, duree de vie) d'une part, d'autre part detection et spectrometrie des rayonnements penetrants. Les resultats montrent que les diodes compensees ayant une epaisseur utile de deux millimetres fonctionnent

  11. Installation of a bitumen coating plant for high-activity concentrates; Installation pilote d'enrobage par le bitume de concentrats de haute activite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rodier, J; Lefillatre, G; Seyfried, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Chusclan (France). Centre de Production de Plutonium de Marcoule

    1969-07-01

    permettra des etudes de laboratoire sur les enrobes (mesures d'auto-echauffement, des charges electriques, des gaz de radiolyse, essais de lixiviation). Dans l'etat actuel des choses, les donnees que nous avons nous permettent de penser que l'on peut enrober des concentrats d'une activite de 20 Ci/l au prix de 1840 F le metre cube. (auteurs)

  12. Can-rupture detection in gas-cooled nuclear reactors; La detection des ruptures de gaine dans les piles nucleaires refroidies par gaz

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Roguin, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-07-01

    Can-rupture detection (DRG) is one important aspect of pile safety, more particularly so in the case of gas-cooled reactors. A rapid and sure detection constitutes also an improvement as far as the efficiency of electricity-producing nuclear power stations are concerned. Among the numerous can-rupture detection methods, that based on the measurement of the concentration of short-lived fission gases in the heat-carrying fluid has proved to be the most sensitive and the most rapid. A systematic study of detectors based on the electrostatic collection of the daughter products of fission gases has been undertaken with a view to equip the reactors EL 2, G 3, EDF 1, EDF 2 and EDF 3, the gas loops of PEGASE and EL 4. The different parameters are studied in detail in order to obtain a maximum sensitivity and to make it possible to construct detection devices having the maximum operational reliability and requiring the minimum maintenance. The primary applications of these devices are examined in the case of the above-mentioned reactors. (author) [French] La Detection des Ruptures de Gaines (D. R. G.) est un aspect important de la securite des piles et plus particulierement des piles refroidies par un gaz. Une detection rapide et sure constitue aussi un element d'amelioration du rendement des centrales nucleaires productrices d'energie electrique. Parmi les nombreuses methodes de detection des ruptures de gaines, la mesure de la concentration dans le fluide caloporteur des gaz de fission a vie courte s'est revelee comme la plus sensible et la plus rapide. Une etude systematique des detecteurs a collection electrostatique des descendants des gaz de fission a ete entreprise en vue d'equiper les piles EL 2, G 3, EDF 1, EDF 2 et EDF 3, les boucles a gaz de la pile Pegase et la pile EL 4. Les divers parametres sont etudies en detail pour obtenir une sensibilite maximum et permettre la realisation de dispositifs de detection ayant le maximum de securite de fonctionnement et le

  13. Awareness of households to the development of wind energy sites - Reporting on a survey; Receptivite des menages au developpement des sites eoliens. Rapport d'enquete

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Voisard, M.

    2000-07-01

    This report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy presents in tables and diagrams the results of a survey involving 421 households in Switzerland, about their awareness to energy issues and, in particular, to all what regards wind energy and wind power plants. Globally, 80% of the persons asked for their opinion believe that electric power demand will continue to increase. 66% of them are in favour of increased use of renewable energy sources and would consequently agree with a 10% more expensive end-user energy price. 89% of the persons taking part to the survey approve the installation of wind energy farms in Switzerland. Moreover, statistics indicates that the households living in regions already equipped with wind farms are significantly more favorable to the creation of new wind energy sites than those not living in these regions. By the end of the day, it turns out that the main reasons for accepting wind energy are environmental concerns as well as the fear of being obliged to use nuclear power. [French] Ce rapport presente par des graphiques et des tableaux le resultat d'un sondage d'opinion aupres de 421 menages en Suisse, sur la sensibilite du public aux problemes de l'energie et plus particulierement sur sa perception de tout ce qui concerne l'energie du vent et son exploitation par l'implantation d'eoliennes. Globalement, 80% des menages pensent que la demande d'energie electrique va poursuivre sa croissance. 66% d'entre eux sont favorables au developpement des energies renouvelables et prets a accepter en consequence une augmentation du prix de l'energie allant jusqu'a 10%. 89% des personnes interrogees sont favorables au developpement des eoliennes en Suisse. De plus, la statistique montre de maniere significative que les menages des regions dans lesquelles sont deja implantes des sites eoliens sont plus favorables au developpement des eoliennes que les autres. Finalement, le respect de l

  14. Determination of the sanguine iodine content by activation analysis (1962); Determination de l'iode sanguin par analyse d'activation (1962)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kellershohn, C; Comar, D; Le Poec, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1962-07-01

    Two methods of measuring the iodine content of the blood by activation analysis after 30 min irradiation in a flux of 6.10{sup 12} n/cm{sup 2}.s are described. One method includes a chemical separation of iodine before irradiation. The radioactivity of this specimen is determined on the basis of the amplitude of the iodine 128 photoelectric peak measured by {gamma}-spectrometry. The sensitivity of this method is about 10{sup -8} g. The other includes chemical separation after irradiation, and radioactivity is subsequently measured with a Geiger-Muller counter. The sensitivity of this second method is about 10{sup -10} g, sufficient for determination of the plasmatic mineral content. The advantages of activation analysis over the conventional method based on colorimetric measurement of the catalytic action of iodine in the oxidation of arsenious anhydride with ceric sulphate are discussed. Initial results obtained with this new form of analysis are detailed as are also the possibilities of measuring plasmatic proteic iodine by scintillation spectrometry without prior chemical separation. (authors) [French] Deux methodes de dosage de l'iode sanguin par analyse d'activation apres irradiation de 30 minutes a 6.10{sup 12} n/cm{sup 2} s sont decrites. L'une comprend une separation chimique de l'iode avant l'irradiation et la mesure de la radioactivite est effectuee a partir de l'amplitude du pic photo-electrique de l'iode 128 obtenu par spectrometrie-{gamma}. Sa sensibilite est de l'ordre de 10{sup -8} g. L'autre comprend une separation chimique de l'iode apres l'irradiation et la radioactivite de l'iode-128 est mesuree par comptage-{beta} avec un compteur Geiger. Sa sensibilite est de l'ordre de 10{sup -10} g, permettant d'envisager le dosage de l'iode mineral plasmatique. Les avantages de l'analyse d'activation sur la methode classique, basee sur la mesure colorimetrique de l'action catalytique de l'iode dans l'oxydation de l'anhydride arsenieux par le sulfate cerique

  15. Can-rupture detection in gas-cooled nuclear reactors; La detection des ruptures de gaine dans les piles nucleaires refroidies par gaz

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Roguin, A. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-07-01

    Can-rupture detection (DRG) is one important aspect of pile safety, more particularly so in the case of gas-cooled reactors. A rapid and sure detection constitutes also an improvement as far as the efficiency of electricity-producing nuclear power stations are concerned. Among the numerous can-rupture detection methods, that based on the measurement of the concentration of short-lived fission gases in the heat-carrying fluid has proved to be the most sensitive and the most rapid. A systematic study of detectors based on the electrostatic collection of the daughter products of fission gases has been undertaken with a view to equip the reactors EL 2, G 3, EDF 1, EDF 2 and EDF 3, the gas loops of PEGASE and EL 4. The different parameters are studied in detail in order to obtain a maximum sensitivity and to make it possible to construct detection devices having the maximum operational reliability and requiring the minimum maintenance. The primary applications of these devices are examined in the case of the above-mentioned reactors. (author) [French] La Detection des Ruptures de Gaines (D. R. G.) est un aspect important de la securite des piles et plus particulierement des piles refroidies par un gaz. Une detection rapide et sure constitue aussi un element d'amelioration du rendement des centrales nucleaires productrices d'energie electrique. Parmi les nombreuses methodes de detection des ruptures de gaines, la mesure de la concentration dans le fluide caloporteur des gaz de fission a vie courte s'est revelee comme la plus sensible et la plus rapide. Une etude systematique des detecteurs a collection electrostatique des descendants des gaz de fission a ete entreprise en vue d'equiper les piles EL 2, G 3, EDF 1, EDF 2 et EDF 3, les boucles a gaz de la pile Pegase et la pile EL 4. Les divers parametres sont etudies en detail pour obtenir une sensibilite maximum et permettre la realisation de dispositifs de detection ayant le maximum de securite de

  16. A spectrometer using semi-conductor detectors; study and applications (1963); Spectrometre utilisant les detecteurs a semi-conducteur: etudes et applications (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Roux, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    The low average energy, 2.5 to 3.5 eV, required to produce one hole-electron pair in a semiconductor allows an accurate measurement of the energy of the ionizing particles. A high resolution spectrometer has been built using semiconductor detectors. The limit of resolution, due to electronics associated to the detector, to the detector itself and to the source of particles is studied here. The present practical limit of resolution of the spectrometer is 1700 elementary electric charges (full width at half maximum of a ray of a spectrum) or 6 keV in terms of energy lost by a particle in a silicon detector. The physical resolution usually obtained is 20 keV (0.33 per cent) with {alpha} particles of the {sup 212}Bi (6.087 MeV). It depends a lot of the kind of detector used. Some results, concerning the background of the detectors and limit of measurements for low energies are given. Various applications are presented: spectrometry {beta}, spectrometry {gamma} and X, spectrometry of mixtures of {alpha} radioactive elements, collection of {alpha} spectra. (author) [French] La faible energie moyenne, 2,5 a 3,5 eV, necessaire pour produire une paire electron-trou dans un semi-conducteur, permet une mesure precise de l'energie des particules ionisantes. Un spectrometre a haute resolution a ete construit utilisant des detecteurs a semi-conducteur. La limitation en resolution due a l'electronique associee au detecteur, au detecteur lui-meme et a la source de particules, est etudiee. La resolution pratique limite actuelle du spectrometre est 1700 charges electriques elementaires (largeur a mi-hauteur d'une raie de spectre) ou 6 keV exprimee en energie perdue par une particule dans un detecteur au silicium. La resolution physique couramment obtenue est de 20 keV (0,33 pour cent) pour les particules {alpha} du bismuth 212 (6,087 MeV). Elle depend beaucoup du detecteur utilise. Quelques resultats sont donnes concernant le mouvement propre des detecteurs et la limitation des

  17. Stability of a Magnetically Confined 20-KeV Steady-State Plasma; Stabilite d'un Plasma Stationnaire de 20 KeV Confine par un Champ Magnetique; Ustojchivost' 20 KehV-statsionarnoj plazmy, uderzhivaemoj magnitnym polem; Estabilidad en Regimen Estacionario de un Plasma de 20 KeV Confinado Magneticamente

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Futch, Jr., A. H.; Damm, C. C.; Foote, J. H.; Freis, R.; Gordon, F. J.; Hunt, A. L.; Killeen, J.; Moses, K. G.; Post, R. F.; Steinhaus, J. F. [Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, CA (United States)

    1966-04-15

    oscillations at the ion gyrofrequency and with pulsed emission of electrons through the mirror region accompanied by increases in the plasma potential suggests the presence of an electrostatic resonance instability. Differences in gyrofrequency activity among simple mirror, dodecapole and octopole cases are described but specific mode identification is not yet possible. (author) [French] Les auteurs ont etudie la stabilite d'un plasma d'hydrogene stationnaire de 20 keV dans l'appareil a injection d'atomes neutres 'Alice ' de Livermore, dans differents champs magnetiques de confinement. Dans un champ simple a miroirs, l'observation d'oscillations a basse frequence et d'une limite de la densite des ions pieges fait l'objet d'une interpretation en fonction de l'instabilite de derive a basse frequence. Les auteurs ont effectue un traitement theorique de cette instabilite qui porte sur les effets de la dimension finie des orbites des ions, les effets d'un champ electrique d'ordre zero et les effets de la difference entre la densite des ions et celle des electrons. Le champ electrique et le champ magnetique peuvent etre des fonctions arbitraires de la coordonnee spatiale r. Comme il n'est pas possible en general de resoudre analytiquement les equations differentielles ainsi calculees, les auteurs ont resolu numeriquement les equations fondamentales par la methode des differences finies. Ces resultats, qui concordent avec les solutions analytiques obtenues dans le cas limite d'un champ electrique qui n'est pas d'ordre zero, permettent d'expliquer les variations de la densite et de la frequence de la derive observees experimentalement en presence d'un champ electrique fini d'ordre zero. Comme ce traitement theorique part de l'hypothese que le champ magnetique est une fonction arbitraire de r, il est possible d'obtenir des resultats pour des champs ayant un gradient d'abord negatif qui devient ensuite positif lorsque r augmente. Les auteurs comparent les resultats de ces calculs aux

  18. Transverse Injection Experiment; Injection Transversale; Poslednie dostizheniya v oblasti inzhektirovaniya plazmy poperek magnitnogo polya; Inyeccion Transversal

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hammel, J. E.; Baker, D. A. [Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM (United States)

    1966-04-15

    magnetique a fait l'objet de diverses etudes. Au cours des premieres experiences d'injection d'un plasma rapide (50-70 cm/{mu}s) et dense (10{sup 14} ion/cm{sup 3}) transversalement a un champ magnetique, les auteurs ont observe un champ electrique d'autopolarisation et le plasma traversait le champ magnetique avec une derive du type E x B. Le champ magnetique n'etait que faiblement perturbe par le faisceau (| {Delta}B/B | <0.1), tandis que la vitesse de la derive, a travers des champs magnetiques pouvant atteindre 5 kG, etait approximativement egale a celle du plasma injecte. Le plasma derivant dans des regions a champ magnetique eleve, son epaisseur dans la direction de V x B diminue. Simultanement, des mesures de la densite des electrons par des methodes interferometriques avec le laser He-Ne montrent que le champ transversal pouvant atteindre 7 kG ne provoque pas d'etalement notable du plasma dans la direction de B. Il est interessant d'observer le comportement du plasma lorsqu'il traverse une region oh les lignes de champ magnetique changent de sens de part et d'autre d'une ligne d'intensite nulle. Lorsque le plasma traverse la separatrice entre les deux directions, il faut que le champ electrique change de sens pour que la derive du plasma puisse se prolonger. Le plasma s'arrete au voisinage de la separatrice et on mesure des courants importants le long des lignes de champ magnetique reliant la partie frontale du plasma aux parties suivantes. Des isolateurs, placesde maniere a interrompre le courant, permettent au plasma de passer dans la region de champ inverse. En utilisant l'inductance liee au courant de depolarisation lorsque les lignes de champ magnetique sont fixees a une certaine distance de la lisiere du plasma, il a ete possible de Separer les composantes lente et rapide du plasma. Les auteurs ont observe, par des methodes interferometriques, la coupure de la composante lente du plasma, a l'aide d'un laser He-Ne. Des mesures du champ electrique en plusieurs

  19. The economic analysis of power market architectures: application to real-time market design; L' analyse economique des architectures de marche electrique: application au market design du temps reel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Saguan, M

    2007-04-15

    This work contributes to the economic analysis of power market architectures. A modular framework is used to separate problems of market design in different modules. The work's goal is to study real-time market design. A two-stage market equilibrium model is used to analyse the two main real-time designs: the 'market' and the 'mechanism' (with penalty). Numerical simulations show that design applied in real-time is not neutral vis-a-vis of energy markets sequence and the competition dynamic. Designs using penalty (mechanisms) cause distortions, inefficiencies and can create barriers to entry. The size of distortions is given by the temporal position of the gate that closure the forward markets. This model has also allowed us to show the key role of real-time integration between zones and the importance of good harmonization between real-time designs of each zone. (author)

  20. A 20 MW podded ship underwater electromagnetic signature - the alternative electric field; Signature electromagnetique sous-marine d'un paquebot de 20 MW a pods - le champ electrique alternatif

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lucas, B.; Henocq, H.; Rannou, C. [Delegation Generale pour l' Armement, DET/GESMA, 75 - Paris (France); Albert, Th.; Harpin, D. [ALSTOM Marine (France); Bourguet, S.; Guerin, P. [Institut de Recherche en Electrotechnique et Electronique de Nantes Atlantique, 44 (France)

    2006-03-15

    Today, electric podded propulsion is used for many ships, cruise liners and Navy vessels.This propulsion uses high currents in extremely low frequencies (ELFE); currents flow through electrical network, equipment and pods. These alternative currents could generate important underwater electromagnetic field. GESMA has to quantify the level of this field and its impact on the signature of this kind of ship. Then, GESMA carried out electromagnetic measurements using a multi-sensors underwater and autonomous facility named AMI. It was placed on the route of a 20 MW podded ship, at one hundred meters depth from the surface. Especially, AMI observed an alternative radiated electric field... (authors)

  1. Feasibility study for the installation of a small hydro electric power plant; Etude de faisabilite. Petite centrale hydro-electrique au lieu dit 'Sous les Roches' a Sonceboz

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tissot, N. [MHyLab, Mini-Hydraulics Laboratory, Montcherand (Switzerland); Hausmann, H. [Hans Hausmann, Bevilard (Switzerland)

    2003-07-01

    This report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy presents a technical, economical and ecological analysis of the feasibility of a small hydroelectric power plant at Sonceboz, in the Swiss Jura mountains. The power of the planed plant would typically be 500 kW for a water head of about 10 m. The study shows that, compared to one single turbine, a pair of Kaplan type turbines would be operational over a larger range of the river's water flow rate. This solution would be a little bit more costly but offer more flexibility for maintenance. Two maximum water flow rates are considered, 4.5 and 6 m{sup 3}/s respectively. According to the economical study, done with current electric kWh prices, both configurations are viable while the largest flow rate leads to a larger profit. The report is rounded up by a sensitivity analysis considering variations in annual power generation, electro-mechanical and construction cost as well as turbine efficiency. It indicates that this last factor could be crucial for the overall profitability. [French] Ce rapport est le resultat detaille de l'analyse technico-economique et ecologique de faisabilite de la realisation d'une petite centrale hydroelectrique basse chute qui pourrait exploiter une denivellation d'environ 10 m pour une puissance de l'ordre de 500 kW pres de Sonceboz dans le Jura suisse. L'etude montre que le couplage de deux turbines Kaplan offrirait une possibilite de fonctionnement sur une plus grande plage de flux ainsi qu'une plus grande flexibilite de maintenance, ceci pour un cout legerement superieur a l'option a une seule turbine. Les debits de 4.5 et 6 m{sup 3}/s sont consideres. L'etude economique montre que le debit de 6 m{sup 3}/s est plus rentable au prix de vente actuel du kWh. L'article se termine par une analyse de sensibilite sur les incertitudes concernant la production annuelle, les prix de l'electromecanique et du genie civil et le rendement des turbines.

  2. Study and analysis of failure modes of the electrolytic capacitors and thyristors, applied to the protection system of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider); Etude et analyse des modes de defaillances des condensateurs electrolytiques a l'aluminium et des thyristors: appliquees au systeme de protection du LHC (Large Hadron Collider)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perisse, F

    2003-07-15

    The study presented in this thesis is a contribution about the analysis of failures modes of electrolytic capacitors and thyristors. The studied components are main elements of the protection system of the superconductive magnets of the LHC. The study of the ageing of the electrolytic capacitors has shown that their reliability is strongly related to their technological characteristic. Evolution of their principal indicator of ageing (ESR) can be modeled according to different laws chosen according to their running mode. It appears that the prediction of failure of these components other than that due to wear can be only statistical taking into account the many causes of failure involving various modes of failure. In order to be able to evaluate influence of the ageing of the electrolytic capacitors on a system, simple models taking into account this parameters as well as the effective temperature of the component are proposed. An acceptable precision taking into account the simplicity of the models is obtained. The study of the thyristors has shown that these components have little drift of parameters in static ageing, on the other hand of many failures by short-circuit were observed. These failures always have a local origin, and are due to defects of the components. The breakdown voltage strongly depends on the quality of the thyristor as well as the technology employed. (author)

  3. Proceedings of the Prop'Elec 2000 colloquium. Advances of electric drive in urban transportation systems; Actes du colloque Prop'Elec 2000. Progres de la traction electrique dans les transports urbains

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2000-07-01

    This document is the proceedings of Prop'Elec 2000 colloquium on the advances in electric power drive in urban transportation systems. The colloquium comprises 5 sessions dealing with: 1 - public collective electric-powered transportation system: synthesis of urban guided systems (C. Soulas, INRETS), the fast travelator (A. Cote, RATP), the power supply system of METEOR automatic underground railway (P. Lagrange, W. Seiler, RATP); 2 - electrical drive in urban transportation systems: start-up of a thermal engine with super-capacitors (D. Bouquain (CREEBEL), H. Gualous, A. Djerdir, A. Berthon, J.M. Kauffmann (L2ES, IGE)), The LEV (light weight electric vehicle) project in Mendrisio (U. Schwegler, LEV/Suisse), prototype of electrical bike that use a wheel-engine (C. Espanet, F. Gustin, J.M. Kauffmann (IGE), S. Robert, M. Karmous (EICN)), TWIL: a new generation of small electrical bikes (E. Escallot, T. Bontems (EPMI)), thermal and magnetic analysis of a rectilinear movement actuator (J.C. Vannier, M. Kadiri (SUPELEC)), torque undulation and vibrations in automobile electrical drives (A.L. Bui-Van (Renault), A. Fonseca (LEG)); 3 - collective electric-powered transportation systems: STARS: autonomous transportation system with flywheel charging at the station (P. Gibard (Alstom Transport), K. Abuda, J.M. Vinassa (IXL Bordeaux)), Translhor tramway: presentation of the drive system (L. Verdier, LHOR); 4 - electric-powered and hybrid vehicles: batteries for electric-powered vehicles (J.F. Fauvarque, CNAM), Li-ion batteries and their application in automotive industry (T. Faugeras, SAFT), optimized drive systems for electric-powered vehicles (J. Saint-Michel, Leroy Somer), the Citroen Xsara Dynactive (S. Derou, PSA), 5 - electric-powered and hybrid vehicles: the electrical car in tomorrows' city (M. Parent, INRIA), the market of electric-powered vehicles in France and Europe (M. Valet, PSA). (J.S.)

  4. The application of the ISO 14001 environmental management system to small hydropower plants; L'application de l'ISO 14001 systeme environnemental de gestion aux petites centrales hydro-electriques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2010-07-01

    The ISO 14000 environmental management standards exist to help organisations minimise how their operations negatively affect the environment and to comply with applicable laws and regulations. More specifically, ISO 14001 is the international specification for an environmental management system (EMS). It specifies requirements for establishing an environmental policy, determining environmental aspects and impacts of products/activities/services, planning environmental objectives and measurable targets, implementation and operation of programs to meet objectives and targets, checking and corrective action, and management review. The overall idea is to establish an organized approach to systematically reduce the impact of the environmental aspects that an organization can control. Tools are available for the analysis of environmental aspects and for the generation of options for improvement. As with ISO 9000 (quality management), certification is performed by third-party organizations. Hydroelectricity enables to generate clean energy with no direct emissions of greenhouse gases and without consuming fossil fuels. However, this activity is implemented within a sensitive natural environment: the watercourses are shared with several users such as the fishermen, the kayakers, farmers and industry. Generating hydroelectricity induces very little discharges into the environment. Conversely, its implementation on the watercourses can alter the flow rates and the ecosystem: leading to disruption in the free passage of fish, change in the hydrodynamics of a watercourse, emission of noise, production of waste, pollution through oil leak, damage inflicted on the landscape, etc. These environmental impacts form the subject of several monitoring and control operations that are designed to limit and preserve the natural environment. Additionally, relations with the water users and the administrations are sometimes difficult and this would require a dialogue to be established to advance appropriate environmental actions. The process includes six stages: (1) Initial environmental review, (2) Environmental policy, (3) Planning, (4) Implementation and Operation, (5) Checking and Correcting action and (6) Management review. Certification process in practice is also divided in four steps: (1) Analysis of the environment, (2) List of the regulatory requirements and Checking of conformity with the environmental laws, (3) Defining the environmental policy and building the environmental management system and finally (4) Test audit. The output of this process is Certification audit. Experience feedbacks and testimonies of ISO 14001 certification of small hydroelectric power stations are presented in the second part of this document: - The hydroelectric power stations of Mas Naffre (Tarn - 81, France), of Nevache (Hautes Alpes - 05, France), of Couscouillets (Villelongue, Hautes- Pyrenees, France) and other examples in the EU (Switzerland and Sweden). Existing alternative environmental standards, like 'Eugene' and 'Greenhydro' Standards are presented as well

  5. SEE electric systems. The electricity market opens up. New challenges in metering; SEE reseaux electriques. L'ouverture du marche de l'electricite. Un nouveau defi pour le comptage

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bergerot, J.L. [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France); Doulet, A.; Delorme, G. [EDF-GDF Services, 33 - Bordeaux (France). Groupe d' appui et d' assistance gaz] [and others

    2001-07-01

    The application of the European Directive on the opening up of the energy market redefines the role of companies involved in the production, transmission and distribution of electricity so that eligible customers can henceforth take advantage of the opportunities presented by a genuine market. During this conference managers of transmission and distribution networks will explain the actions they intend to put into place to fulfill their mission. Eligible customers will express their expectations in terms of the market transparency, real prices and contract periods as well as explaining their requirements relating to the quality of electricity and service. Electricity suppliers will indicate the fields in which they aim to differentiate their offer, starting with a product which until now seemed banal. A foreign network manager will share his recent experiences, as regards all of these points. Finally, the constructors will show how traditional metering will evolve to become the management tool to monitor the complex relationships between all the players in the electricity market. (authors)

  6. Trading in the rain. Rainfall and European power sector emissions. Research note no. 9; Trading in the rain. Precipitations et emissions du secteur electrique europeen. Note d'etude n.9

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2006-07-01

    Analysts often say that temperature and rainfall have an impact on the price of CO{sub 2}, as they influence the conditions of electric power supply and demand. Rainfall mainly affects the capacity of hydropower production, the third largest source of electricity in Europe and by far the leading source of renewable energy. The variability of hydroelectric volumes is indeed usually offset by other, higher-emitting sources of electricity, which has repercussions on the European allowances trading market. In 2005, rainfall was unusually low in several European countries: in the Iberian peninsula and in France, drought is believed to have brought about a rise of approximately 15 Mt CO{sub 2} in power sector emissions. In contrast, hydrological conditions were particularly good in the Nordic countries, allowing them to reduce CO{sub 2} emissions in the region as a whole through hydropower-based exports. The additional allowances demand would therefore have been 'only' about 9 Mt CO{sub 2}. To make the interaction with the CO{sub 2} market easier to understand, an indicator of rainfall in Europe must include this compensating phenomenon resulting from the heterogeneity of the climatic conditions and volumes produced in Europe.

  7. The study by means of a photomultiplier of the scintillations produced by {alpha} particles striking a zinc sulphide screen; Etude, au photomultiplicateur, des scintillations produites par les particules {alpha} dans un ecran de sulfure de zinc. Application a la numeration precise des particules {alpha}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anthony, J P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1955-06-15

    The object of the study is the accurate counting of {alpha} particles by p-m. detection of their scintillations upon impact with a zinc sulphide screen. The main advantage of the method is the extreme simplicity of the electronics used: the possibility of obtaining a utilizable pulse from the p-m. (EMI5311) without any amplification, and in linear response, is demonstrated. The scintillation produced by an impact on Zn-S has also been studied experimentally. The decrease of light intensity in relation to time may be interpreted by the exponential relation: I = I{sub 0} exp (-t / {tau}) whereby {tau} = (39 {+-} 0,1) 10{sup -6} s. The relation between scintillation intensity and remaining trajectory after travel through a given air-space has also been determined. Possible suitable applications of this method of {alpha} counting are those where good stability and low background are necessary. Results stated bear on air contamination studies, isotopic composition variation measurement of uranium, bismuth content measurement in alloys by irradiation of specimens in a thermal neutron flux and {alpha} count on the Po formed. (author) [French] Ce travail est consacre a l'etude de la numeration precise des particules {alpha} par detection au photomultiplicateur des scintillations produites par ces particules dans un ecran de sulfure de zinc. Le principal avantage de cette methode reside dans l'extreme simplicite de l'appareillage electronique; il est en effet montre qu'il est possible, tout en convoyant une reponse lineaire, d'obtenir du photomultiplicateur (EMI5311) un signal electrique utilisable sans aucune amplification. La scintillation produite par l'impact des particules {alpha} sur un ecran de Zn-S est etudiee experimentalement. La decroissance de l'intensite lumineuse en fonction du temps est interpretable par la relation exponentielle I = I{sub 0} exp (-t / {tau}) avec {tau} = (39 {+-} 0,1) 10{sup -6} s. La relation entre l'intensite de la scintillation et le

  8. The Radiation Induced Graft Copolymerization of Methacrylic Acid to Nylon; Copolymerisation par greffe de l'acide methacrylique sur le nylon, provoquee par irradiation; Obluchenie vyzyvaet graft-kopolimerizats yu metakrilovoj kisloty v nejlone; Injerto del acido metacrilico en el nylon por copolimerizacion radioinducida

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Roberts, R; Thomas, J K

    1960-07-15

    The grafting of methacrylic acid to nylon by the preirradiation technique has been studied. The rate of grafting is appreciably larger than that of homopolymerization. No simple relation exists between reaction rate and total dose. The temperature dependence of the rate of grafting to the fibre, preirradiated in air, indicates that initiation of grafting is likely to take place by decomposition of peroxide groups formed on irradiation. Electrical resistance measurements on the irradiated fibre indicate that this has been reduced by a factor of 10. (author) [French] On a etudie le greffage de l'acide methacrylique sur du nylon par la technique de preirradiation. La vitesse du greffage est sensiblement plus grande que celle de l'homopolymerisation. Il n'existe pas de rapport simple entre la vitesse de reaction et la dose totale. Le fait que la vitesse du greffage sur la fibre, pre-irradiee a l'air, depend de la temperature, indique que l'amorcage de la greffe est susceptible d'etre provoque par la decomposition des groupements de peroxyde formes lors de l'irradiation. Les mesures de resistance electrique effectuees sur la fibre irradiee indiquent que cette resistance a ete reduite au dixieme de la valeur originale. (author) [Spanish] Al estudiar la copolimerizacio n de injerto del acido metacrilico en el nylon por el procedimiento de preirradiacion, los autores comprobaron que la velocidad de injerto es sensiblemente mas elevada que la de homopolimerizacion. No existe una relacion sencilla entre la velocidad de reaccion y la dosis total. La influencia de la temperatura sobre la velocidad de injerto en la fibra previamente irradiada en aire indica que el proceso se inicia por descomposicion de los grupos peroxido formados durante la irradiacion. Las mediciones efectuadas demuestran que la resistencia electrica de la fibra irradiada solo alcanza la decima parte de la correspondiente a la fibra no tratada. (author) [Russian] Bylo provedeno izuchenie prosachivaniya

  9. Contribution to the analysis of light elements using x fluorescence excited by radio-elements; Contribution a l'analyse des elements legers par fluorescence x excitee au moyen de radioelements

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Robert, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    In order to study the possibilities of using radioactive sources for the X-fluorescence analysis of light elements, the principle is given, after a brief description of X-fluorescence, of the excitation of this phenomenon by X, {beta} and {alpha} emission from radio-elements. The operation and use of the proportional gas counter for X-ray detection is described. A device has been studied for analysing the elements of the 2. and 3. periods of the Mendeleev table. It makes it possible to excite the fluorescence with a radioactive source emitting X-rays or a particles; the X-ray fluorescence penetrates into a window-less proportional counter, this being made possible by the use of an auxiliary electric field in the neighbourhood of the sample. The gas detection pressure leading to the maximum detection yield is given. The spectra are given for the K{sub {alpha}} lines of 3. period elements excited by {sup 55}Fe, {sup 3}H/Zr and {sup 210}Po sources; for the 2. period the K{sub {alpha}} spectra of carbon and of fluorine excited by the {alpha} particles of {sup 210}Po. (author) [French] Afin d'etudier les possibilites d'emploi de sources radioactives a l'analyse par fluorescence X des elements legers, on presente apres rappel de notions generales sur la fluorescence X, le principe de l'excitation de ce phenomene par emission X, {beta}, {alpha} de radioelements. Le fonctionnement et l'utilisation du compteur proportionnel a gaz a la detection du rayonnement X est developpe. Un dispositif permettant l'analyse des elements des 2eme et 3eme periodes de la classification de Mendeleev est etudie. Il permet l'excitation de la fluorescence par source radioactive emettrice de rayons X ou de particules {alpha}; le rayonnement X de fluorescence penetre dans un compteur proportionnel depourvu de fenetre, ceci est rendu possible en creant un champ electrique auxiliaire au voisinage de l'echantillon. On definit une pression du gaz de detection pour un rendement de detection maximal

  10. Economic aspects of electricity and industrial heat generating reactors; Aspect economique des reacteurs produisant de l'electricite et de la chaleur industrielle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gaussens, J; Moulle, N; Dutheil, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Aldebert, J [Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires (INSTN), CEA Saclay, 91 - Gif sur Yvette (France)

    1964-07-01

    The economic advantage of electricity-generating nuclear stations decreases when their size decreases. However, when a counter-pressure turbine is joined on to a reactor and the residual heat can be properly used, it can be shown that fairly low capacity nuclear equipment may compete with conventional equipment under certain realistic enough conditions. The aim of this paper is to define these special conditions under which nuclear energy can be profitable. They are connected with the location and the general economic environment of the station, the pattern of the electricity and heat demands it must meet, the level of fuel and specific capital costs, nuclear and conventional. These conditions entail certain technical and economic specifications for the reactors used in this way otherwise they are unlikely to be competitive. In addition, these results are referred to the potential steam and electricity market, which leads us to examine certain uses for the heat generated by double purpose power stations; for example, to supply combined industrial plants, various types of town heating and for removal of salt from sea water. (authors) [French] L'interet economique de centrales nucleaires productrices d'electricite decroit lorsque la puissance decroit. Cependant, lorsqu'on associe une turbine a contrepression a un reacteur et qu'il est possible d'utiliser dans de bonnes conditions la chaleur residuelle, on peut montrer que dans certaines conditions assez realistes, des equipements nucleaires d'une puissance unitaire peu elevee peuvent etre competitifs avec des equipements conventionnels. Cette communication a donc pour but de mettre en evidence quelles sont ces conditions particulieres de rentabilite de l'energie nucleaire. Elles sont liees a la localisation de la centrale et a son contexte economique general, a la structure de la demande d'energie electrique et thermique a laquelle elle doit satisfaire, au niveau des couts des combustibles et des investissements

  11. Contribution to the analysis of light elements using x fluorescence excited by radio-elements; Contribution a l'analyse des elements legers par fluorescence x excitee au moyen de radioelements

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Robert, A. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    In order to study the possibilities of using radioactive sources for the X-fluorescence analysis of light elements, the principle is given, after a brief description of X-fluorescence, of the excitation of this phenomenon by X, {beta} and {alpha} emission from radio-elements. The operation and use of the proportional gas counter for X-ray detection is described. A device has been studied for analysing the elements of the 2. and 3. periods of the Mendeleev table. It makes it possible to excite the fluorescence with a radioactive source emitting X-rays or a particles; the X-ray fluorescence penetrates into a window-less proportional counter, this being made possible by the use of an auxiliary electric field in the neighbourhood of the sample. The gas detection pressure leading to the maximum detection yield is given. The spectra are given for the K{sub {alpha}} lines of 3. period elements excited by {sup 55}Fe, {sup 3}H/Zr and {sup 210}Po sources; for the 2. period the K{sub {alpha}} spectra of carbon and of fluorine excited by the {alpha} particles of {sup 210}Po. (author) [French] Afin d'etudier les possibilites d'emploi de sources radioactives a l'analyse par fluorescence X des elements legers, on presente apres rappel de notions generales sur la fluorescence X, le principe de l'excitation de ce phenomene par emission X, {beta}, {alpha} de radioelements. Le fonctionnement et l'utilisation du compteur proportionnel a gaz a la detection du rayonnement X est developpe. Un dispositif permettant l'analyse des elements des 2eme et 3eme periodes de la classification de Mendeleev est etudie. Il permet l'excitation de la fluorescence par source radioactive emettrice de rayons X ou de particules {alpha}; le rayonnement X de fluorescence penetre dans un compteur proportionnel depourvu de fenetre, ceci est rendu possible en creant un champ electrique auxiliaire au voisinage de l'echantillon. On definit une pression du gaz de detection

  12. Economic aspects of electricity and industrial heat generating reactors; Aspect economique des reacteurs produisant de l'electricite et de la chaleur industrielle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gaussens, J.; Moulle, N.; Dutheil, F. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Aldebert, J. [Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires (INSTN), CEA Saclay, 91 - Gif sur Yvette (France)

    1964-07-01

    The economic advantage of electricity-generating nuclear stations decreases when their size decreases. However, when a counter-pressure turbine is joined on to a reactor and the residual heat can be properly used, it can be shown that fairly low capacity nuclear equipment may compete with conventional equipment under certain realistic enough conditions. The aim of this paper is to define these special conditions under which nuclear energy can be profitable. They are connected with the location and the general economic environment of the station, the pattern of the electricity and heat demands it must meet, the level of fuel and specific capital costs, nuclear and conventional. These conditions entail certain technical and economic specifications for the reactors used in this way otherwise they are unlikely to be competitive. In addition, these results are referred to the potential steam and electricity market, which leads us to examine certain uses for the heat generated by double purpose power stations; for example, to supply combined industrial plants, various types of town heating and for removal of salt from sea water. (authors) [French] L'interet economique de centrales nucleaires productrices d'electricite decroit lorsque la puissance decroit. Cependant, lorsqu'on associe une turbine a contrepression a un reacteur et qu'il est possible d'utiliser dans de bonnes conditions la chaleur residuelle, on peut montrer que dans certaines conditions assez realistes, des equipements nucleaires d'une puissance unitaire peu elevee peuvent etre competitifs avec des equipements conventionnels. Cette communication a donc pour but de mettre en evidence quelles sont ces conditions particulieres de rentabilite de l'energie nucleaire. Elles sont liees a la localisation de la centrale et a son contexte economique general, a la structure de la demande d'energie electrique et thermique a laquelle elle doit satisfaire, au niveau des couts des

  13. Bilateral comparison of 1 V and 10 V standards between the DEFNAT (Tunisia) and the BIPM February to March 2016 (part of the ongoing BIPM key comparison BIPM.EM-K11.a and b)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Solve, S.; Chayramy, R.; Ben Salah, B.; Mallat, A.; Abene, L.; Stock, M.

    2016-01-01

    As part of the ongoing BIPM key comparison BIPM.EM-K11.a and b, a comparison of the 1 V and 10 V voltage reference standards of the BIPM and the Laboratoire de Métrologie Electrique, DEFNAT (Tunisia), was carried out from February to March 2016. Two BIPM Zener diode-based travelling standards (Fluke 732B), BIPMC (ZC) and BIPM6 (Z6), were transported by freight to DEFNAT and back to BIPM. In order to keep the Zeners powered during their transportation phase, a BIPM in-house voltage stabiliser was connected in parallel to the internal battery. The voltage stabiliser consists of a set of two batteries, electrically protected from surcharge-discharge, easy to recharge and is designed to power two transfer standards for 10 consecutive days. At DEFNAT, the reference standard for DC voltage is a Josephson Voltage Standard. The output EMF (Electromotive Force) of each travelling standard was measured by direct comparison with the primary standard. At the BIPM, the travelling standards were calibrated, before and after the measurements at DEFNAT, with the Josephson Voltage Standard. Results of all measurements were corrected for the dependence of the output voltages of the Zener standards on internal temperature and ambient atmospheric pressure. The final result of the comparison is presented as the difference between the values assigned to DC voltage standards by DEFNAT, at the level of 1.018 V and 10 V, at DEFNAT, UDEFNAT, and those assigned by the BIPM, at the BIPM, UBIPM, at the reference date of the 26th of February 2016. UDEFNAT - UBIPM = + 0.07 μV uc = 0.04 μV, at 1.018 V UDEFNAT - UBIPM = + 0.38 μV uc = 0.10 μV, at 10 V where uc is the combined standard uncertainty associated with the measured difference, including the uncertainty of the representation of the volt at the BIPM and at NSAI-NML, based on KJ-90, and the uncertainty related to the comparison. Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which

  14. Forced convection of ammonia. 2. part.: gaseous ammonia - very high wall temperatures (1000 to 3000 K); Convection forcee de l'ammoniac. 2. partie: ammoniac gazeux - cas de tres hautes temperatures de paroi (1000 a 3000{sup 0} K)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perroud, P; Rebiere, J; Strittmatter, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    Heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop of gaseous ammonia in forced convection are experimentally determined. The fluid flows (mass flow rate 0.6 to 2.4 g/s) in a long tungsten tube (d{sub i} = 2.8 mm, d{sub e} = 5.1 mm, L = 700 mm) electrically heated. The temperature of the wall reaches 3000 deg. K and the fluid 2500 deg. K; maximum heat flux 530 w/cm{sup 2}. Ammonia is completely dissociated and the power necessary for dissociation reaches 30 per cent of the total power exchanged. Inlet pressure varies between 6 and 16 bars and the maximum pressure drop in the tube reaches 15 bars. Two regimes of dissociation have been shown: catalytic and homogeneous and the variation of dissociation along the length of the tube is studied. The measured heat transfer coefficients may be about 10 times these calculated by the means of classical formulae. A correlation of experimental results using enthalpy as a driving force for heat transmission is presented. Pressure drops may be calculated by the means of a classical friction factor. (authors) [French] On determine experimentalement les coefficients d'echange thermique et les pertes de charge de l'ammoniac gazeux en convection forcee. Le fluide circule avec un debit en masse compris entre 0.6 et 2.4 g/s (G = 10 a 40 g/cm{sup 2}.s) dans un tube long en tungstene (d{sub i} = 2.8 mm, d{sub e} = 5.1 mm, L = 700 mm), chauffe electriquement. La temperature de paroi atteint 3000 deg. K, celle du fluide 2500 deg. K et le flux de chaleur maximal est de 530 W/cm{sup 2}. L'ammoniac se dissocie completement, la puissance correspondant a la dissociation atteint 30 pour cent de la puissance totale echangee. La pression d'entree varie entre 6 et 16 bars et la chute de pression maximale dans le canal est de 15 bars. On distingue deux regimes de dissociation, catalytique et homogene, et on etudie la variation du taux de dissociation en fonction de la longueur du tube. Les coefficients d'echange thermique mesures peuvent etre environ 10

  15. Massive deployment of electrical vehicles on the horizon 2020: an evaluation of the charging facilities; Deploiement massif des vehicules electriques a l'horizon 2020. Evaluation des infrastructures de recharge necessaires

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mean, P.; Gerbex, S. [Alpiq, Lausanne (Switzerland); Studer, Ch. [Alpiq Netz AG, Niedergoesgen (Switzerland)

    2010-07-01

    If 15% of the Swiss cars (i.e. 720,000 units) would be replaced by electrical vehicles, yearly CO{sub 2} emissions would decrease by about 1.2 million tons. This figure must be compared with the international commitment of Switzerland concerning its reduction of the global greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, i.e. 10.5 million tons of CO{sub 2} equivalent a year. These 720,000 electrical vehicles would increase the electric demand by 1.2 to 1.7 TWh a year, i.e. only 1.8 to 2.6 % of the Swiss power generation (66 TWh a year). Simultaneously charging 50% of these electric vehicles would also demand an output power of about 1.3 GW. In a Vision 2020 study entitled 'Electric vehicle market penetration in Switzerland by 2020 (Lausanne and Olten, July 2009)' the Swiss electric utility Alpiq evaluated the impact of such a measure on production and distribution of electric power. Following assumptions were made: 4/5 of the electrical cars would be Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles and 1/5 Battery Electric Vehicles; each car would run 37 km a day on average, or 13,500 km a year; and the mean electric consumption would be 20 kWh for a guaranteed range of 120 km, with one charging at least each third day, mainly slowly in the night ('Sleep and Charge' with a domestic low input power of 3.5 kW for 8 hours), but also quickly ('Coffee and Charge' with a particularly high input power of 55 kW), and with possible intermediate accelerated charging modes ('Work/Shop and Charge' with a mean input power of 7 to 12 kW). Eventually, the number, type and location of the charging facilities needed were estimated on the basis of a characterization of electrical vehicles owners. On the basis of an electric fleet of 720,000 cars, it is concluded that about 650,000 domestic slow charging points, 80,000 private accelerated charging points at working places, 23,000 public accelerated charging points in cities, and 150 quick charging points with each 6 sockets located in ordinary petrol (gas) service stations would be needed

  16. Vaye-Planaz drinking-water hydro-power installation; Petite centrale hydro-electrique de Vaye-Planaz sur le reseau d'eau potable de la commune de Grone. Etude de faisabilite. Rapport final

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2007-02-15

    This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) presents the concept for a hydro-power installation that uses an existing drinking-water supply system. The report takes a look at the present situation which features ground-water sources, a transport pipeline and two reservoirs. The concept for the use of the available water pressure due to height-difference to drive a turbine and so generate electricity is described. Variants considered are reviewed. Investment and operating costs are examined as are the electricity production and the cost of the power generated. Finally, investments and other financial aspects are looked at and the further course of action is discussed.

  17. Trading in the rain. Rainfall and European power sector emissions. Research note no. 9; Trading in the rain. Precipitations et emissions du secteur electrique europeen. Note d'etude n.9

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2006-07-01

    Analysts often say that temperature and rainfall have an impact on the price of CO{sub 2}, as they influence the conditions of electric power supply and demand. Rainfall mainly affects the capacity of hydropower production, the third largest source of electricity in Europe and by far the leading source of renewable energy. The variability of hydroelectric volumes is indeed usually offset by other, higher-emitting sources of electricity, which has repercussions on the European allowances trading market. In 2005, rainfall was unusually low in several European countries: in the Iberian peninsula and in France, drought is believed to have brought about a rise of approximately 15 Mt CO{sub 2} in power sector emissions. In contrast, hydrological conditions were particularly good in the Nordic countries, allowing them to reduce CO{sub 2} emissions in the region as a whole through hydropower-based exports. The additional allowances demand would therefore have been 'only' about 9 Mt CO{sub 2}. To make the interaction with the CO{sub 2} market easier to understand, an indicator of rainfall in Europe must include this compensating phenomenon resulting from the heterogeneity of the climatic conditions and volumes produced in Europe.

  18. Transportation network development in a liberalized power system, a coordination problem with production; Le developpement du reseau de transport dans un systeme electrique liberalise, un probleme de coordination avec la production

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rious, V

    2007-10-15

    This thesis analyses how the long term coordination between generation and transmission is organised in a liberalized power system. It relies on a modular analysis framework that allows us to separate the coordination mechanisms into distinct modules. The governance structure of the power network completes this analysis framework. In a rationale of institutional complementarity, this governance structure impacts the way the TSOs effectively implement the power flow management. The proactive behaviour of the TSO for the coordination of generation and transmission can be explained in two ways. Firstly, the network investment can be the only effective process of long term coordination between generation and transmission. Secondly, when forecasting network investment, the TSO can prepare the accommodation of the fast-built generation units and detect the potential failures of locational incentive signals. (author)

  19. Feasibility study for the retrofitting a small hydroelectric power station at the mill of Noiraigue, Switzerland; Projet de rehabilitation d'une centrale hydro-electrique au moulin de Noiraigue. Etude de faisabilite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Choulot, A; Chenal, R; Denis, V [MHyLab, Montcherand (Switzerland); Chuat, O [RWB SA, Cernier (Switzerland)

    2006-07-01

    For the time being, the old mill on the left bank of the river Noiraigue, Switzerland is equipped with a small turbine of only a few kW. The present study investigates the technical and economical possibilities for maximizing the electric power production at the site. Two variants were studied: variant A retains the existing construction at the site and comprises a single turbine with a maximum electric power output of 70 kW. The annual energy production would be 348'300 kWh and the production cost 0.13 CHF/kWh. Variant B includes important modifications in the construction - especially the dam and the channels. Two turbines with a total maximum power output of 118 kW are foreseen. The annual energy production would be 448'500 kWh and the production cost 0.15 CHF/kWh. Due to these findings, variant A is preferred and proposed for realization.

  20. Control of the electrical operating point of an electric discharge by mean of its power supply; Controle du point de fonctionnement des decharges electriques par l'intermediaire de leur alimentation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Salanne, J.Ph.

    2005-11-15

    The operating points obtained by the coupling of the power supply with the electric discharge system can be unstable because of the dynamical behaviour of the discharge or because of a change in its length. In this work, the different possible couplings existing between the discharge and the characteristics of its power supply are analyzed in order to optimize the design and control of the power supply and to control the operating point. Analytical and numerical modeling of the system are proposed which allow to simulate the couplings between the power supply and the discharge. This approach is completed by experimental investigations allowing to consider the cases of peak/peak discharges, dielectric barrier discharges (DBD), and gliding arcs. (J.S.)

  1. Study of hydrogenated amorphous silicon devices under intense electric field: application to nuclear detection; Etude de dispositifs electroniques en silicium amorphe hydrogene sous fort champ electrique: application a la detection nucleaire

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ilie, A. [CEA Centre d`Etudes de Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France). Direction des Technologies Avancees]|[Paris-11 Univ., 91 - Orsay (France)

    1996-12-31

    The goal of this work was the study, development and optimization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) devices for use in detection of ionizing radiation. Thick p-i-n devices, capable of withstanding large electric fields (up to 10{sup 6} V/cm) with small currents (nA/cm{sup 2}), were developed. To decrease fabrication time, films were made using the `He diluted` PECVD process and compared to standard a-Si:H films. Aspects connected to specific detector applications as well as to the fundamental physics of a-Si:H were considered: the internal electric field technique, in which the depletion charge was measured as a function of the applied bias voltage; study of the leakage current of p-i-n devices permitted us to demonstrate different regimes: depletion, field-enhanced thermal generation and electronic injection across the p layer. The effect of the electric field on the thermal generation of the carriers was studied considering the Poole-Frenkel and tunneling mechanisms. A model was developed taking under consideration the statistics of the correlated states and electron-phonon coupling. The results suggest that mechanisms not included in the `standard model` of a Si:h need to be considered, such as defect relaxation, a filed-dependent mobility edge etc...; a new metastable phenomenon, induced by prolonged exposure to a strong electric field, was observed and studied. It is characterized by marked decrease of the leakage current and the detector noise, and increase in the breakdown voltage, as well as an improvement of carrier collection efficiency. This forming process appears to be principally due to an activation of the dopants in the p layer; finally, the capacity of thick p-i-n a Si:H devices to detect ionizing radiation has been evaluated. We show that it is possible, with 20-50 micron thick p-i-n devices, to detect the full spectrum of alpha and beta particles. With an appropriate converter, neutron detection then becomes possible. (author). 137 refs.

  2. Control strategy minimizing the converter-alternating current motor losses: application to electric traction; Strategies de commande minimisant les pertes d'un ensemble convertisseur - machine alternative: application a la traction electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bastiani, Ph.

    2001-02-01

    Improving the efficiency of the converter-alternating current motor system is a major task in electric traction. Global energy optimisation implies a specific approach at system scale. To reach this goal, we have chosen an algebraic method using sub-system models. To start with, a synchronous machine Park model is developed to take account magnetic saturation and iron losses. Then, an averaged model of the voltage inverter is used in order to obtain a simplified model of the losses to be implemented in our optimisation method. This is how the global model is built including losses in the synchronous machine along with the losses of the power converter. Experimental results are there to validate our approach. This study proposes a method based on algebraic formulation of the general laws to control torque. Algorithms take into account magnetic circuits saturation and power losses in both the machine and its converter. Here again, experimental results validate the algorithm on several test benches. Achieved efficiency improvement is important compared to existing usual control strategies. The proposed method can be generalised to other machine-converter systems. As a matter of fact we have extended our study to the induction machine. As a complement ti this study we have looked at the effects natural limitations of voltages and currents in the torque-speed plane. Therefore algebraic formulation of the torque-speed plane and optimisation strategies are proposed including those constraints. (author)

  3. Study and analysis of failure modes of the electrolytic capacitors and thyristors, applied to the protection system of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider); Etude et analyse des modes de defaillances des condensateurs electrolytiques a l'aluminium et des thyristors: appliquees au systeme de protection du LHC (Large Hadron Collider)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perisse, F

    2003-07-15

    The study presented in this thesis is a contribution about the analysis of failures modes of electrolytic capacitors and thyristors. The studied components are main elements of the protection system of the superconductive magnets of the LHC. The study of the ageing of the electrolytic capacitors has shown that their reliability is strongly related to their technological characteristic. Evolution of their principal indicator of ageing (ESR) can be modeled according to different laws chosen according to their running mode. It appears that the prediction of failure of these components other than that due to wear can be only statistical taking into account the many causes of failure involving various modes of failure. In order to be able to evaluate influence of the ageing of the electrolytic capacitors on a system, simple models taking into account this parameters as well as the effective temperature of the component are proposed. An acceptable precision taking into account the simplicity of the models is obtained. The study of the thyristors has shown that these components have little drift of parameters in static ageing, on the other hand of many failures by short-circuit were observed. These failures always have a local origin, and are due to defects of the components. The breakdown voltage strongly depends on the quality of the thyristor as well as the technology employed. (author)

  4. Proceedings of the Prop'Elec 2000 colloquium. Advances of electric drive in urban transportation systems; Actes du colloque Prop'Elec 2000. Progres de la traction electrique dans les transports urbains

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2000-07-01

    This document is the proceedings of Prop'Elec 2000 colloquium on the advances in electric power drive in urban transportation systems. The colloquium comprises 5 sessions dealing with: 1 - public collective electric-powered transportation system: synthesis of urban guided systems (C. Soulas, INRETS), the fast travelator (A. Cote, RATP), the power supply system of METEOR automatic underground railway (P. Lagrange, W. Seiler, RATP); 2 - electrical drive in urban transportation systems: start-up of a thermal engine with super-capacitors (D. Bouquain (CREEBEL), H. Gualous, A. Djerdir, A. Berthon, J.M. Kauffmann (L2ES, IGE)), The LEV (light weight electric vehicle) project in Mendrisio (U. Schwegler, LEV/Suisse), prototype of electrical bike that use a wheel-engine (C. Espanet, F. Gustin, J.M. Kauffmann (IGE), S. Robert, M. Karmous (EICN)), TWIL: a new generation of small electrical bikes (E. Escallot, T. Bontems (EPMI)), thermal and magnetic analysis of a rectilinear movement actuator (J.C. Vannier, M. Kadiri (SUPELEC)), torque undulation and vibrations in automobile electrical drives (A.L. Bui-Van (Renault), A. Fonseca (LEG)); 3 - collective electric-powered transportation systems: STARS: autonomous transportation system with flywheel charging at the station (P. Gibard (Alstom Transport), K. Abuda, J.M. Vinassa (IXL Bordeaux)), Translhor tramway: presentation of the drive system (L. Verdier, LHOR); 4 - electric-powered and hybrid vehicles: batteries for electric-powered vehicles (J.F. Fauvarque, CNAM), Li-ion batteries and their application in automotive industry (T. Faugeras, SAFT), optimized drive systems for electric-powered vehicles (J. Saint-Michel, Leroy Somer), the Citroen Xsara Dynactive (S. Derou, PSA), 5 - electric-powered and hybrid vehicles: the electrical car in tomorrows' city (M. Parent, INRIA), the market of electric-powered vehicles in France and Europe (M. Valet, PSA). (J.S.)

  5. RHP{sup 2} project : development and implementation of a heat management system for electric vehicles; Projet RHP{sup 2} : developpement et implantation d'un systeme de gestion thermique pour vehicule electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bilodeau, S. [Groupe Enerstat, Sherbrooke, PQ (Canada)

    2002-02-01

    A project for the development and the implementation of a climate control system for electric vehicles, called the RHP{sup 2} adapted to cold climates was undertaken by the Groupe Enerstat. It offers an emission-free solution which combines the utilization of a heat pump with heat storage as the central component. Integrating various innovative technologies such as the compact air exchanger, phase transformation heat storage and a passive regenerator allows for the heat management of the electric vehicle as a whole. The project progressed from laboratory tests to the implementation of the system in a postal delivery vehicle to pilot vehicle tests in a climatic chamber. It was revealed that the performance of the system is less dependent on climatic conditions. The RHP{sup 2} system can perform under temperatures reaching minus 25 Celsius without any significant performance decrease, contrary to conventional air-to-air heat pumps. The whole heating and cooling load requirements of the vehicle were met. Continuous air renewal is allowed through energy regeneration, ensuring maximum air quality and efficient defrosting capabilities of the windows without resulting in a significant energy loss. The performance coefficient exceeded 3.0 at temperatures of minus 20 Celsius, as revealed by the results obtained. Comfort level, air renewal and minimum defrosting can be maintained without having to use fossil energy. The optimization of some components still requires some work, such as start-up power and the weight of the system. Some possible solutions are being investigated to meet these objectives. 25 refs., 4 tabs., 20 figs.

  6. Feasibility study for the retrofitting a small hydroelectric power station at the mill of Noiraigue, Switzerland; Projet de rehabilitation d'une centrale hydro-electrique au moulin de Noiraigue. Etude de faisabilite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Choulot, A.; Chenal, R.; Denis, V. [MHyLab, Montcherand (Switzerland); Chuat, O. [RWB SA, Cernier (Switzerland)

    2006-07-01

    For the time being, the old mill on the left bank of the river Noiraigue, Switzerland is equipped with a small turbine of only a few kW. The present study investigates the technical and economical possibilities for maximizing the electric power production at the site. Two variants were studied: variant A retains the existing construction at the site and comprises a single turbine with a maximum electric power output of 70 kW. The annual energy production would be 348'300 kWh and the production cost 0.13 CHF/kWh. Variant B includes important modifications in the construction - especially the dam and the channels. Two turbines with a total maximum power output of 118 kW are foreseen. The annual energy production would be 448'500 kWh and the production cost 0.15 CHF/kWh. Due to these findings, variant A is preferred and proposed for realization.

  7. Ozone production by pulsed dielectric barrier discharges in air at atmospheric pressure; Efficacite de production d'ozone par decharge electrique pulsee sur barriere isolante dans l'air a pression atmospherique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Odic, E.; Karimi, Ch. [Supelec, Service Electrotechnique et Electronique Industrielle, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France); Dhainaut, M.; Goldman, A.; Goldman, M. [Supelec, Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas (Univ. Paris-Sud/CNRS), Equipe Decharges Electriques et Environnement, 91 - Gif sur Yvette (France)

    2005-02-01

    Non-thermal plasmas have been extensively studied these past 20 years from a theoretical point of view, but also for practical applications. Atmospheric pressure electrical discharges appear as promising technologies for gas phase and aqueous phase pollution control applications. In such arrangements, arcing i.e. transition to thermal plasma, is classically prevented either by application of short high voltage pulses or by insulating one or both electrodes with a dielectric material. The aim of this paper is to report recent results on ozone formation indicating a significant increase of the energy yields by coupling these two techniques. The chemical behaviour of the discharge is correlated to its electrical characteristics. The physical role plaid by the dielectric surface is highlighted and an interpretation is proposed. (authors)

  8. National measures fostering alternative vehicles: electric, natural gas, liquefied oil gas vehicles; Dispositions nationales en faveur des vehicules alternatifs: vehicules electriques, au gaz naturel (GNv) et au gaz de petrole liquefie (GPLc)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2000-02-07

    This document, issued by the French Ministry of Economy, Finances and Industry, presents national measures fostering alternative vehicles, i.e., electric, natural gas and liquefied oil gas vehicles. Financial supports for studies aiming at optimizing the fleet and choosing the alternative vehicles as well as for purchasing vehicles both by counter procedure and for demonstration programmes are provided. Amount of subsidies, conditions of obtaining and categories of addressees are indicated. The document contains also two relating studies. The first one is titled 'the policy of developing alternative vehicles'. The following four items are addressed: - the present frame favouring the alternative vehicles; - the electric vehicles; - natural gas fuelled vehicles (GNV); - liquefied oil gas fuelled vehicles (GPLc). Although non-polluting the electric vehicles are not tempting because of their rather limited range (80 Km at a battery charging). So far only around 3,000 vehicles were sold. Fifty GNV buses were ordered by RATP and the figure raised at 70 in 1998 and 1999. The GPLc fleet amounts up to 70,000 vehicles and by the end of 2000 it is foreseen to reach the level of 300,000 vehicles. The second study addresses to the issue of natural gas for vehicles. It presents: - its advantages; - its peculiarities; - the action of public authorities; -the current state and trends of GNV vehicles. In a joint effort public authorities and partners of this option are aiming at a fleet of 2500 light service vehicles and 300 bus for urban transport by the end of 1999.

  9. Contribution to the theoretical and experimental study of the electron-volt effect in N-P junctions; Contribution a l'etude theorique et experimentale de l'effet electronvoltaique dans les jonctions N-P

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nguyen Van, Dong [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1959-07-15

    , taking into account other phenomena which occur at low temperature. In the fourth part, results concerning the healing of the defects and protection measures against too energetic {beta} rays are described. A healing difference was observed between the lifetime and the conductivity. Finally, interesting results were obtained from experiments using a cadmium sulphide film to transform the {beta} particles of {sup 90}Sr-{sup 90}Y into photons. (author) [French] Le but propose dons le cadre de ce travail est d'etudier le comportement d'une jonction semi-conductrice sous l'action des rayons {beta}. L'etude a porte d'une part sur la conversion directe de l'energie rayonnee par une source radioactive en energie electrique utilisable a l'aide des jonctions N-P, et d'autre part sur la cinetique des defauts produits dans les cristaux de semi-conducteur par les rayons {beta} de grande energie. Dans la premiere partie du travail, on a essaye de completer les theories anterieures de l'effet electron-voltaique dans les jonctions en faisant une analyse mathematique de l'effet. Ceci a permis d'atteindre une equation unique dans laquelle figurent les parametres electriques et geometriques du semi-conducteur, de la jonction et les proprietes du rayonnement incident. D'autre part, on a etudie d'une maniere plus approfondie le courant de diffusion des porteurs de charge crees par le bombardement en tenant compte de tous les facteurs intervenant dans l'expression de l'efficacite de collection de charge d'une jonction. Dans la deuxieme partie, ou des experiences d'irradiation des jonctions N-P ont ete effectuees avec une source de {sup 90}Sr- {sup 90}Y, on a signale l'interet particulier d'une jonction d'arseniure de gallium susceptible de travailler a des temperatures relativement elevees (voisines de 100 deg. C). La troisieme partie presente l'etude des defauts crees dans un cristal de semi-conducteur par les rayons {beta} de grande energie, selon la methode de l'effet electron

  10. Contribution to the theoretical and experimental study of the electron-volt effect in N-P junctions; Contribution a l'etude theorique et experimentale de l'effet electronvoltaique dans les jonctions N-P

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nguyen Van, Dong [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1959-07-15

    , taking into account other phenomena which occur at low temperature. In the fourth part, results concerning the healing of the defects and protection measures against too energetic {beta} rays are described. A healing difference was observed between the lifetime and the conductivity. Finally, interesting results were obtained from experiments using a cadmium sulphide film to transform the {beta} particles of {sup 90}Sr-{sup 90}Y into photons. (author) [French] Le but propose dons le cadre de ce travail est d'etudier le comportement d'une jonction semi-conductrice sous l'action des rayons {beta}. L'etude a porte d'une part sur la conversion directe de l'energie rayonnee par une source radioactive en energie electrique utilisable a l'aide des jonctions N-P, et d'autre part sur la cinetique des defauts produits dans les cristaux de semi-conducteur par les rayons {beta} de grande energie. Dans la premiere partie du travail, on a essaye de completer les theories anterieures de l'effet electron-voltaique dans les jonctions en faisant une analyse mathematique de l'effet. Ceci a permis d'atteindre une equation unique dans laquelle figurent les parametres electriques et geometriques du semi-conducteur, de la jonction et les proprietes du rayonnement incident. D'autre part, on a etudie d'une maniere plus approfondie le courant de diffusion des porteurs de charge crees par le bombardement en tenant compte de tous les facteurs intervenant dans l'expression de l'efficacite de collection de charge d'une jonction. Dans la deuxieme partie, ou des experiences d'irradiation des jonctions N-P ont ete effectuees avec une source de {sup 90}Sr- {sup 90}Y, on a signale l'interet particulier d'une jonction d'arseniure de gallium susceptible de travailler a des temperatures relativement elevees (voisines de 100 deg. C). La troisieme partie presente l'etude des defauts crees dans un cristal de

  11. Approches pour la reduction de l'impact de defaut dans le transport d'energie du parc eolien offshore via VSC-HVDC =

    Science.gov (United States)

    Benadja, Mounir

    Dans ce travail est presente un systeme de generation d'energie d'un parc eolien offshore et un systeme de transport utilisant les stations VSC-HVDC connectees au reseau principal AC onshore. Trois configurations ont ete etudiees, modelisees et validees par simulation. Dans chacune des configurations, des contributions ameliorant les cotes techniques et economiques sont decrites ci-dessous : La premiere contribution concerne un nouvel algorithme MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) utilise pour l'extraction de la puissance maximale disponible dans les eoliennes des parcs offshores. Cette technique d'extraction du MPPT ameliore le rendement energetique de la chaine de conversion des energies renouvelables notamment l'energie eolienne a petite et a grande echelles (parc eolien offshore) qui constitue un probleme pour les constructeurs qui se trouvent confrontes a developper des dispositifs MPPT simples, moins couteux, robustes, fiables et capable d'obtenir un rendement energetique maximal. La deuxieme contribution concerne la reduction de la taille, du cout et de l'impact des defauts electriques (AC et DC) dans le systeme construit pour transporter l'energie d'un parc eolien offshore (OWF) vers le reseau principal AC onshore via deux stations 3L-NPC VSCHVDC. La solution developpee utilise des observateurs non-lineaires bases sur le filtre de Kalman etendu (EKF). Ce filtre permet d'estimer la vitesse de rotation et la position du rotor de chacune des generatrices du parc eolien offshore et de la tension du bus DC de l'onduleur DC-AC offshore et des deux stations 3L-NPC-VSC-HVDC (offshore et onshore). De plus, ce developpement du filtre de Kalman etendu a permis de reduire l'impact des defauts AC et DC. Deux commandes ont ete utilisees, l'une (commande indirect dans le plan abc) avec EKF integre destinee pour controler le convertisseur DC-AC offshore et l'autre (commande d-q) avec EKF integre pour controler les convertisseurs des deux stations AC-DC et DC-AC tout en

  12. Dynamics of competitive strategies in de-regulated industries: the case of the electricity industry in France; Dynamique des strategies concurrentielles dans un contexte de liberalisation: le cas de l'industrie electrique en France

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cateura, O

    2007-11-15

    This research work is focused on the competitive dynamics approach and rivalry studies between competitors. It develops theses recent perspectives and particularly multi-market competition (also called multipoint competition) in de-regulated industries (network utilities). Indeed, competitive behaviours in liberalized industries are still badly-known. To conduct this research, we decided to analyze a selection of companies (EDF, Electrabel, Endesa, Enel, Gaz de France, Poweo, Direct Energie..) settled on the French electricity market presently in the course of liberalization (1996 - 2006). This qualitative research, through longitudinal case studies, has been developed thanks to a CIFRE agreement (between the French Ministry of Research and the firm Electrabel France) including action research and participant observation. Using multidimensional strategic sequences, we identified two periods, the first one characterized by a confrontation movement and a second one by mutual forbearance. We argue that after learning the rules of a newly liberalized market (confrontation, diversification, internationalization), competitors rapidly and collectively shift there positions towards a focused European strategy based on the gas-electricity convergence. The development of multi-market competition has conducted to mutual forbearance, which was particularly profitable to the major participants. Integrated strategy (market and non-market) appears as an important driver for legitimizing theses behaviours. (author)

  13. Deregulation of the electric power industry in Europe and in the USA: a decomposition-recombining process; La deregulation de l'industrie electrique en Europe et aux Etats-Unis: un processus de decomposition-recomposition

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Percebois, J

    1997-07-01

    The deregulation of electric industry in Europe and in the U.S.A. assumes various aspects according to each country. Several institutional, economic and political reasons explain this evolution. Electric firms take this opportunity to merge and to implement offensive strategies on global markets. A lot of questions remains unsolved, in particular the problem of TPA pricing and the problem of planning of network infrastructures over the long run. (authors)

  14. Drinking-water hydropower station 'Loye' in Grone, Switzerland - Feasibility study; Petite centrale hydro-electrique de Loye sur le reseau d'eau potable de la commune de Grone. Etude de faisabilite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2007-11-15

    This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) describes a small hydropower project to be realised in Grone, southern Switzerland. The system planed is described. This provides the necessary pressure reduction in the drinking-water supply system between the springs in the mountains and the reservoir in the valley whilst generating electrical power at the same time. A one-injector Pelton turbine that meets all drinking-water quality requirements is used to generate 48 kW of electrical power using the pressure obtained from the height-difference of around 164 metres. The forecast electricity production amounts to 283,000 kWh/y, of which 88,000 kWh in the wintertime. The expected production cost is 0.219 CHF/kWh. A 550 m long pipeline has to be replaced.

  15. Animal experimentation contribution to the study of electric and magnetic fields (50/60 Hz) effects; Contribution de l`experimentation animale a l`etude des effets des champs electriques et magnetiques (50/60 Hz)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lambrozo, J. [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France); Brugere, H. [Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d`Alfort, 94 - Maison-Alfort (France)

    1996-10-01

    Since 20 years, studies have been made on the biological effects of 50 / 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields, due to environmental exposure. Two topic have been studied, thanks to rat experimentation. For the first topic: mutagen and reproduction impacts, no obvious effect appeared. For the second one, concerning carcinogen effects for the different organs, a slight tumor promoting effect appeared with magnetic fields for cerebral cortex, and a slightly more significant one for mammary glands. (D.L.)

  16. Is the cooling of coils of pulsed accelerators profitable?; Le refroidissement des bobines des accelerateurs pulses est-il avantageux?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Neyret, G.; Parain, J.; Schnuriger, J. C.

    1960-05-15

    In this report, the authors recall how metal resistivity decreases at low temperatures, and give some indications about the power and price of cryogenic installations. They report the study of the cooling of coils in accelerators displaying an alternate gradient with a 15 GeV energy, with or without a magnetic circuit in iron. They establish that cooling does not result in a decrease in the cost price for an hour of operation. They also state that it is not even sure that this cooling would result in a dimension reduction while increasing the maximum achievable induction [French] On rappelle comment la resistivite des metaux diminue aux basses temperatures, et on donne des indications sur la puissance et le prix des installations cryogeniques. On etudie le refroidissement des bobines d'accelerateurs a gradient alterne d'une energie de 15 GeV, avec ou sans circuit magnetique en fer; on trouve que le refroidissement ne permet pas de diminuer le prix de revient de l'heure de fonctionnement; il n'est meme pas sur qu'il puisse permettre de reduire les dimensions en elevant l'induction maximum realisable. L'idee de refroidir les bobines sans fer jusqu'a la temperature de l'air liquide est ancienne: Jean Perrin des 1907, puis Charly Fabry en 1910 l'avaient deja proposee. Recemment, cette idee est revenue a l'actualite: en 1958, R.F. Post a suggere de l'appliquer a la production de champs intenses en vue du confinement des plasmas thermonucleaires; en 1959, N.C. Christofilos a publie un projet d'accelerateur refroidi a 80 deg. K. Nous voulons examiner l'interet de refroidir les bobines d'un accelerateur, d'une part pour augmenter l'induction maximum (dans le cas de machines sans fer) et d'autre part pour diminuer l'importance de l'alimentation electrique. Cet examen est precede de generalites sur le refroidissement des bobines, generalites qui s'appliquent d'ailleurs a tous les champs magnetiques. Les trois metaux etudies sont ceux retenus comme les meilleurs par Post: le

  17. Effets thermoelectrique et thermomagnetique du yttrium barium copper oxide monocristallin

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ghamlouche, Hassan

    1998-09-01

    Des la decouverte des supraconducteurs a haute temperature critique, les recherches se sont intensifiees afin de comprendre les mecanismes qui sont a l'origine des proprietes de ces materiaux L'etat mixte, tout comme l'etat supraconducteur pur et l'etat normal, a fait l'objet de nombreux travaux de recherche. En particulier, la structure des vortex a l'etat mixte, et leur mouvement sous l'effet d'une force quelconque, etaient et restent le centre de preoccupation. Les effets thermoelectrique (Seebeck) et thermomagnetique (Nernst) sont parmi les differentes mesures qui peuvent donner de l'information sur les etats des vortex a l'etat mixte. L'avantage essentiel de ces deux effets est l'absence d'un courant electrique applique. Ce dernier peut donner des perturbations indesirables durant les mesures. D'autre pari, nous avons utilise la methode CA (Courant Alternatif) pour effectuer nos mesures. Cette methode est caracterisee par une meilleure resolution par rapport a la methode CC (Courant Continu) conventionnelle. Nous avons etudie autant des echantillons macles que des echantillons sans macles. D'abord nous avons teste notre montage a champ magnetique nul. Nous avons alors montre que le pic rapporte par certains dans l'effet Seebeck a la transition supraconductrice ne correspond pas a une realite physique mais a un artefact experimental. On avait associe ce pic aux fluctuations. Par la suite, nous avons mis en evidence et etudie pour la premiere fois avec les effets Seebeck et Nernst le phenomene de la fusion du reseau de vortex grace a des mesures sur les echantillons sans macles. Cette etude s'est faite pour deux concentrations d'oxygene differentes et pour un gradient de temperature parallele, consecutivement, aux deux axes cristallographiques dans le plan ab. Finalement, nous avons etudie l'effet des plans de maclage sur le mouvement des vortex. Ceci a ete realise en appliquant le gradient de temperature selon trois directions differentes (0, 45 et 90°) avec

  18. Corrosion of metallic materials by uranium hexafluoride at high temperatures (1963); Corrosion de materiaux metalliques par l'hexafluorure d'uranium a haute temperature (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Langlois, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    The corrosion of the following metals or alloys by UF{sub 6}: nickel, monel, Inconel, gold, platinum, stainless steel, is studied in the temperature range from 300 to 1000 deg. C. The test method, designed to avoid heating the apparatus containing the corrosive fluid to a high temperature, consists in using threadlike samples heated by the Joule effect, the rest of the apparatus being maintained close to room temperature. This technique makes it possible also to determine continuously the penetration of the corrosion by measuring the electrical resistance of the sample with a double Thomson bridge. A series of rapid comparison tests shows that stainless steel, precious metals and Inconel are attacked far too rapidly to be used above 500 deg. C; only monel and especially nickel appear capable of resisting at high temperatures. The detailed examination of the behaviour of nickel shows that the metallic fluoride is volatilized and that this influences the corrosion rate. It shows also the existence of a temperature zone situated between 550 and 700 deg. C in which occurs A strong intergranular corrosion the cause of which appears to be the presence of impurities in the metal. (author) [French] La corrosion par l'UF{sub 6} des metaux ou alliages suivants: lickel, monel, inconel, or, platine, acier inoxydable, est etudiee dans le un domaine de temperature compris entre 300 et 1000 deg. C. La methode d'essai, destinee a eviter le chauffage de l'enceinte contenant le fluide corrosif a temperature elevee, consiste a utiliser des eprouvettes filiformes, echauffees par effet Joule, le reste de l'appareillage etant maintenu a une temperature proche de l'ambiance. Cette technique permet en outre de determiner en continu la penetration de la corrosion, par mesure de la resistance electrique de l'eprouvette, au moyen d'un pont double de Thomson. Une serie d'essais comparatifs, assez sommaires, montre que l'acier inoxydable, les metaux precieux et l'inconel sont attaques beaucoup

  19. The use of tracers in the study of the ionic permeability of the nerve; Utilisation des indicateurs nucleaires dans l'etude de la permeabilite ionique du nerf

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guinnebault, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-07-01

    The use of the radioactive tracers {sup 24}Na and {sup 42}K, and the electrophysiological fine study carried out on the plant Cephalopods nervous cells have made it possible, during ten years, to study the relationships between the electrical phenomena observed during the propagation of the nervous impulse and the ionic movements which occur at the cell membrane between the intra- and extra-cellular media. In the state of rest, the nerve fibres present a certain permeability towards sodium and potassium, a permeability which allows the renewal, from the extra-cellular medium, of the cations contained in the cytoplasm. At the moment of the passage of the nervous impulse, it is possible to demonstrate a temporary increase in the permeability towards the sodium which causes the entry of Na{sup +} ions into the nerve fibre, whilst, a few milliseconds later, the increase in the potassium permeability causes the departure of an equivalent quantity of K{sup +} ions. A recovery phase follows the passage of the nervous impulse, during which the original ionic conditions are re-established. If the potassium movements can be considered as passive, the expulsion of Na{sup +} requires, on the part of the cell, the use of a part of the metabolic energy. (author) [French] L'utilisation des indicateurs radioactifs {sup 24}Na et {sup 42}K, et l'etude electrophysiologique fine realisee sur des cellules nerveuses geantes de Cephalopodes a permis, depuis une dizaine d'annees, d'etudier les rapports entre les phenomenes electriques observes lors de la propagation de l'influx nerveux et les mouvements ioniques qui s'effectuent au niveau de la membrane cellulaire entre milieux intracellulaire et extracellulaire. A l'etat de repos, les fibres nerveuses possedent pour le sodium et le potassium, une permeabilite qui permet le renouvellement, a partir du milieu extracellulaire des cations contenus dans le cytoplasme. Au moment du passage de l'influx nerveux, on peut mettre en evidence une

  20. Forced convection of ammonia. 2. part.: gaseous ammonia - very high wall temperatures (1000 to 3000 K); Convection forcee de l'ammoniac. 2. partie: ammoniac gazeux - cas de tres hautes temperatures de paroi (1000 a 3000{sup 0} K)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perroud, P.; Rebiere, J.; Strittmatter, R. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    Heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop of gaseous ammonia in forced convection are experimentally determined. The fluid flows (mass flow rate 0.6 to 2.4 g/s) in a long tungsten tube (d{sub i} = 2.8 mm, d{sub e} = 5.1 mm, L = 700 mm) electrically heated. The temperature of the wall reaches 3000 deg. K and the fluid 2500 deg. K; maximum heat flux 530 w/cm{sup 2}. Ammonia is completely dissociated and the power necessary for dissociation reaches 30 per cent of the total power exchanged. Inlet pressure varies between 6 and 16 bars and the maximum pressure drop in the tube reaches 15 bars. Two regimes of dissociation have been shown: catalytic and homogeneous and the variation of dissociation along the length of the tube is studied. The measured heat transfer coefficients may be about 10 times these calculated by the means of classical formulae. A correlation of experimental results using enthalpy as a driving force for heat transmission is presented. Pressure drops may be calculated by the means of a classical friction factor. (authors) [French] On determine experimentalement les coefficients d'echange thermique et les pertes de charge de l'ammoniac gazeux en convection forcee. Le fluide circule avec un debit en masse compris entre 0.6 et 2.4 g/s (G = 10 a 40 g/cm{sup 2}.s) dans un tube long en tungstene (d{sub i} = 2.8 mm, d{sub e} = 5.1 mm, L = 700 mm), chauffe electriquement. La temperature de paroi atteint 3000 deg. K, celle du fluide 2500 deg. K et le flux de chaleur maximal est de 530 W/cm{sup 2}. L'ammoniac se dissocie completement, la puissance correspondant a la dissociation atteint 30 pour cent de la puissance totale echangee. La pression d'entree varie entre 6 et 16 bars et la chute de pression maximale dans le canal est de 15 bars. On distingue deux regimes de dissociation, catalytique et homogene, et on etudie la variation du taux de dissociation en fonction de la longueur du tube. Les coefficients d'echange thermique mesures

  1. Perturbation analysis of cyclotron resonance in the electromagnetic field of a TE{sub 011} mode; Analyse par perturbation de la resonance cyclotronique dans le champ electromagnetique en mode TE{sub 011} mode

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dreicer, H [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    The motion of an electron orbiting under the combined action of a static magnetic field and the AC azimuthal electric field of a cylindrical TE{sub 011} mode is analyzed with help of a perturbation technique. The first and second order perturbation results indicate that at cyclotron resonance the electron's center of gyration oscillates slowly at right angles to the magnetic field between two turning points. We find that superimposed upon this nearly static Exb drift the electron cyclically undergoes the process of cyclotron absorption and induced emission. Our results indicate that it is possible to insure maser action (i.e. induced emission rather than absorption) without special preparation of the electron's velocity provided that the electron is introduced into the field in certain special regions of space pervaded by the TE mode. This is a case where over-population of the upper state is accomplished through 'pumping' in real space. The relation between an electron cyclotron resonance maser based upon this principle and one based upon the principle of velocity space pumping, due to Twiss, is examined. This treatment provides physical interpretations and verifies the numerical results found earlier by Le Gardeur. (author) [French] Le mouvement d'un electron soumis a l'action combinee d'un champ magnetique statique et d'un champ electrique haute frequence azimutal engendre dans une cavite cylindrique en mode TE{sub 011} est analyse a partir d'une methode de perturbation. Les resultats des perturbations au premier et deuxieme ordre indiquent qu'a la resonance cyclotronique, le centre de giration de l'electron oscille lentement dans le plan perpendiculaire au champ magnetique entre deux points de rebroussement. En plus de la derivee quasi-statique ExB, l'electron passe par des etats d'absorption et emission cyclotronique. Les resultats du calcul confirment la possibilite d'avoir une action maser (c'est-a-dire: emission au lieu d'absorption) sans que la vitesse des

  2. Preparation and study of the properties of lead telluride and cadmium telluride diodes for use in nuclear spectrometry; Preparation et etude des proprietes de diodes au tellurure de plomb et au tellurure de cadmium en vue d'une utilisation en spectrometrie nucleaire

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lancon, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    This work studies the possibility of using high atomic number compound semiconductors, like lead telluride and cadmium telluride as to realize nuclear radiation detectors, specially in gamma ray spectrometry because of their high absorption coefficient. The problems related to the preparation of binary compounds are exposed. Experiments on PbTe show the influence of the conditions of preparation on the electrical properties of the semiconductor which are greatly dependent on the stoichiometry of the compound. PbTe surface-barrier diodes were realized and have been used to study the surface properties of this semiconductor. These diodes cannot detect nuclear radiations because of the too weak resistivity of our material. Different types of devices made of Cd Te have been studied. One of these diodes has been used as an alpha particle detector. We explain the relative poor performances of that detector by the presence of lattice defects in Cd Te where charge carriers may recombine themselves. By analysing the properties of gold diffused Cd Te diodes we identified this defect, the cadmium vacancy, the presence of which is due to the deviation from stoichiometry during the preparation of the material. (author) [French] Ce travail etudie la possibilite d'utiliser des semiconducteurs composes d'elements a numero atomique eleve, tels que le tellurure de plomb et le tellurure de cadmium pour la realisation de detecteurs de rayonnements nucleaires, grace notamment a la section efficace de capture elevee qu'ils presentent vis-a-vis des rayons gamma. On souligne les problemes relatifs a la preparation des composes binaires. Les experiences realisees sur PbTe mettent en evidence l'influence des conditions de preparation sur les proprietes electriques du semiconducteur qui dependent fortement de la stoechiometrie du compose. Nous avons realise des diodes au PbTe a barriere de surface qui ont permis de preciser les proprietes de surface de ce semiconducteur. La trop faible

  3. Setting-Up of a Neutron Dosimeter Using Ionographic Tracks in an Insulating Solid; Realisation d'un Dosimetre a Neutrons Utilisant les Traces Ionographiques dans un Solide Isolant

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Carfi, N.; Dugnani Lonati, R.; Mangialajo, M. [Centro Informazioni Studi Esperienze, Segrate, Milan (Italy)

    1971-06-15

    The use of dielectrics such as mica, glasses and plastic materials for charged particle track recording has been developed in the past years; track recording of fission fragments produced in fissile materials under neutron irradiation is particularly interesting. The method has not as yet been applied to neutron dosimetry owing to the difficulties of track observation and counting using optical microscopes. A method has recently been proposed which results in markedly reduced counting times, electronic counting of the electric discharges between two electrodes through the dielectric which was perforated by the fission fragments. The reasons for adopting this new technique to set-up a neutron dosimeter are: (a) economic advantages, since a rather simple electronic instrumentation will give a reading of the dosimeter, preparation of which can be carried out immediately and at a modest cost; (b) fast reading, since the response can be obtained in less than two hours from irradiation; (c) dosimetric advantages owing to the lack of fading and insensitivity to {beta} or {gamma} radiations. The present work describes the method adopted and the equipment used to set up the dosimeter. Results are reported and briefly discussed. (author) [French] Au cours des dernieres annees on a assiste a un developpement remarquable de l' utilisation d' isolants tels que le mica, les verres et les materiaux plastiques pour l' enregistrement des traces de particules chargees; l' enregistrement des traces de fragments de fission produits dans les materiaux fissiles sous irradiation neutronique est particulierement interessant. Cette methode n'a pas, jusqu a present, ete appliquee a la dosimetrie des neutrons a cause des difficultes que presentent l' observation et le comptage des traces au microscope optique. On a propose recemment une methode qui permet de reduire considerablement la duree de l' operation en comptant electroniquement les decharges electriques qui se produisent entre deux

  4. SAETTA: high resolution 3D mapping of the lightning activity around Corsica Island

    Science.gov (United States)

    Coquillat, Sylvain; Defer, Eric; Lambert, Dominique; Pinty, Jean-Pierre; Pont, Véronique; Prieur, Serge

    2017-04-01

    In the frame of the French atmospheric observatory CORSiCA (http://www.obs-mip.fr/corsica), a total lightning activity detection system called SAETTA (Suivi de l'Activité Electrique Tridimensionnelle Totale de l'Atmosphère) has been deployed in Corsica Island in order to strengthen the potential of observation of convective events causing heavy rainfall and flash floods in the West Mediterranean basin. SAETTA is a network of 12 LMA stations (Lightning Mapping Array) developed by New Mexico Tech (USA). The instrument allows observing lightning flashes in 3D and real time, at high temporal (80 µs) and spatial resolutions. It detects the radiations emitted by cloud discharges in the 60-66 MHz band, in a radius of about 350 km from the centre of the network, in passive mode and standalone (solar panel and batteries). Initially deployed in May 2014, SAETTA operated from July 13 to October 20 in 2014 and from April 19 to December 1st in 2015. It is now in permanent operation since 16 April 2016. Many high quality observations have been performed so far that provide an accurate location in space and time of the convective events. They also bring interesting dynamical and microphysical features of those events. For example the intensity of the convective surges, the transport of charged ice particles in the stratiform area of the thunderclouds can be deduced from SAETTA observations. Specific events have also been detected as well: bolts-from-the-blue, inter cloud discharges, high level discharges in convective but also in stratiform areas, inverted dipoles. The specific lightning patterns of 2015 illustrate the complex influence of the relief, probably via slope and valley winds over Corsica and via induced lee-side convergences over the sea. SAETTA is expected to operate for at least a decade over Corsica so it will participate to the calibration/validation of upcoming lightning detectors from space such as MTG-LI. It will also be a key instrument during the field

  5. Corrosion of metallic materials by uranium hexafluoride at high temperatures (1963); Corrosion de materiaux metalliques par l'hexafluorure d'uranium a haute temperature (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Langlois, G. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    The corrosion of the following metals or alloys by UF{sub 6}: nickel, monel, Inconel, gold, platinum, stainless steel, is studied in the temperature range from 300 to 1000 deg. C. The test method, designed to avoid heating the apparatus containing the corrosive fluid to a high temperature, consists in using threadlike samples heated by the Joule effect, the rest of the apparatus being maintained close to room temperature. This technique makes it possible also to determine continuously the penetration of the corrosion by measuring the electrical resistance of the sample with a double Thomson bridge. A series of rapid comparison tests shows that stainless steel, precious metals and Inconel are attacked far too rapidly to be used above 500 deg. C; only monel and especially nickel appear capable of resisting at high temperatures. The detailed examination of the behaviour of nickel shows that the metallic fluoride is volatilized and that this influences the corrosion rate. It shows also the existence of a temperature zone situated between 550 and 700 deg. C in which occurs A strong intergranular corrosion the cause of which appears to be the presence of impurities in the metal. (author) [French] La corrosion par l'UF{sub 6} des metaux ou alliages suivants: lickel, monel, inconel, or, platine, acier inoxydable, est etudiee dans le un domaine de temperature compris entre 300 et 1000 deg. C. La methode d'essai, destinee a eviter le chauffage de l'enceinte contenant le fluide corrosif a temperature elevee, consiste a utiliser des eprouvettes filiformes, echauffees par effet Joule, le reste de l'appareillage etant maintenu a une temperature proche de l'ambiance. Cette technique permet en outre de determiner en continu la penetration de la corrosion, par mesure de la resistance electrique de l'eprouvette, au moyen d'un pont double de Thomson. Une serie d'essais comparatifs, assez sommaires, montre que l'acier inoxydable, les metaux

  6. Special equipment for processing can-rupture measurements; Equipement specialise de traitement des mesures de rupture de gaines

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kaiser, J.; Phalippou, J.; Dumont, D.; Viellard, R. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    installees sur des reacteurs nucleaires utilisent dans la partie du traitement des mesures en totalite ou en partie un calculateur numerique. La fiabilite du systeme est limitee par celle du calculateur, celui-ci representant un point commun pour tout le traitement DRG. Pour satisfaire aux exigences de la securite de fonctionnement il faudrait envisager dans certains cas de doubler le calculateur. L'utilisation d'un calculateur necessite comme interface entre l'equipement de detection et lui-meme des echelles fonctionnant en integrateur pour les impulsions sortant du detecteur. En ajoutant un certain nombre de circuits a ces echelles on est capable d'effectuer le travail demande actuellement au calculateur, en ce qui concerne le calcul. Ce raisonnement nous a conduit a une solution dite ''decentralisee'' en realisant des equipements specialises au niveau du prospecteur meme. Nous croyons que cette solution represente, en dehors de l'aspect de fiabilite, surtout un interet economique. Dans notre solution, le point commun dans le traitement d'information se situe maintenant non plus au niveau d'elaboration du resultat comme dans le cas du calculateur, mais a un niveau plus bas, dans l'impression des resultats. Meme dans le cas d'une defaillance du point commun, les resultats sont elabores, affiches et compares aux seuils d'alarme. Dans le cas d'une panne d'un equipement specialise les resultats de ce prospecteur ne sont plus disponibles, les autres restent en fonction. Il semble que cette solution represente un degre de fiabilite meilleur que la solution utilisant les calculateurs universels. L'utilisation d'une technique a tiroir interchangeable (MULTIBLOC) permet un remplacement rapide de l'equipement specialise en panne. L'emploi systematique des circuits integres (TTL) assure une fiabilite accrue de l'equipement. (auteur)

  7. Deregulation of the electric power industry in Europe and in the USA: a decomposition-recombining process; La deregulation de l'industrie electrique en Europe et aux Etats-Unis: un processus de decomposition-recomposition

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Percebois, J

    1997-07-01

    The deregulation of electric industry in Europe and in the U.S.A. assumes various aspects according to each country. Several institutional, economic and political reasons explain this evolution. Electric firms take this opportunity to merge and to implement offensive strategies on global markets. A lot of questions remains unsolved, in particular the problem of TPA pricing and the problem of planning of network infrastructures over the long run. (authors)

  8. Simulation of the thermal behaviour of electric industrial resistance furnaces using the I-DEAS/TMG code; Simulation du comportement thermique des fours electriques industriels a resistances a l`aide du code I-DEAS/TMG

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Plard, Ch; Branchu, K; Le Cloirec, B [Electricite de France, 77 - Moret sur Loing (France). Direction des Etudes et Recherches

    1997-12-31

    In order to answer the modeling needs of manufacturers and users of electrical resistance furnaces, Electricite de France (EdF) has been appealed to search for a numerical simulation tool for the modeling of thermal phenomena and to carry out its qualification. The TNG software has been retained according to its modeling characteristics of radiant heat transfers and to the coupling with thermal conduction. After a description of the main characteristics of this code, two examples of application to electrical furnaces are presented. The first example illustrates how it can be possible to accurately reproduce the behaviour of a big industrial furnace. The second example is an illustration of numerical simulation possibilities for the optimization of processes performed with an electric furnace. (J.S.)

  9. Application of a radiant heat transfer model to complex industrial reactive flows: combustion chambers, electric arcs; Application d`un modele de transfert radiatif a des ecoulements reactifs industriels complexes: chambres de combustion, arcs electriques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mechitoua, N; Dalsecco, S; Delalondre, C; Simonin, O [Electricite de France (EDF), 78 - Chatou (France). Lab. National d` Hydraulique

    1997-12-31

    The direction of studies and researches (DER) of Electricite de France (EdF) has been involved for several years in a research program on turbulent reactive flows. The objectives of this program concern: the reduction of pollutant emissions from existing fossil-fueled power plants, the study of new production means (fluidized beds), and the promotion of electric power applications in the industry. An important part of this program is devoted to the development and validation of 3-D softwares and to the modeling of physical phenomena. This paper presents some industrial applications (furnaces, boilers, electric arcs) for which radiant heat transfers play an important role and the radiation models used. (J.S.) 8 refs.

  10. Dynamics of competitive strategies in de-regulated industries: the case of the electricity industry in France; Dynamique des strategies concurrentielles dans un contexte de liberalisation: le cas de l'industrie electrique en France

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cateura, O

    2007-11-15

    This research work is focused on the competitive dynamics approach and rivalry studies between competitors. It develops theses recent perspectives and particularly multi-market competition (also called multipoint competition) in de-regulated industries (network utilities). Indeed, competitive behaviours in liberalized industries are still badly-known. To conduct this research, we decided to analyze a selection of companies (EDF, Electrabel, Endesa, Enel, Gaz de France, Poweo, Direct Energie..) settled on the French electricity market presently in the course of liberalization (1996 - 2006). This qualitative research, through longitudinal case studies, has been developed thanks to a CIFRE agreement (between the French Ministry of Research and the firm Electrabel France) including action research and participant observation. Using multidimensional strategic sequences, we identified two periods, the first one characterized by a confrontation movement and a second one by mutual forbearance. We argue that after learning the rules of a newly liberalized market (confrontation, diversification, internationalization), competitors rapidly and collectively shift there positions towards a focused European strategy based on the gas-electricity convergence. The development of multi-market competition has conducted to mutual forbearance, which was particularly profitable to the major participants. Integrated strategy (market and non-market) appears as an important driver for legitimizing theses behaviours. (author)

  11. Simulation of the thermal behaviour of electric industrial resistance furnaces using the I-DEAS/TMG code; Simulation du comportement thermique des fours electriques industriels a resistances a l`aide du code I-DEAS/TMG

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Plard, Ch.; Branchu, K.; Le Cloirec, B. [Electricite de France, 77 - Moret sur Loing (France). Direction des Etudes et Recherches

    1996-12-31

    In order to answer the modeling needs of manufacturers and users of electrical resistance furnaces, Electricite de France (EdF) has been appealed to search for a numerical simulation tool for the modeling of thermal phenomena and to carry out its qualification. The TNG software has been retained according to its modeling characteristics of radiant heat transfers and to the coupling with thermal conduction. After a description of the main characteristics of this code, two examples of application to electrical furnaces are presented. The first example illustrates how it can be possible to accurately reproduce the behaviour of a big industrial furnace. The second example is an illustration of numerical simulation possibilities for the optimization of processes performed with an electric furnace. (J.S.)

  12. Application of a radiant heat transfer model to complex industrial reactive flows: combustion chambers, electric arcs; Application d`un modele de transfert radiatif a des ecoulements reactifs industriels complexes: chambres de combustion, arcs electriques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mechitoua, N.; Dalsecco, S.; Delalondre, C.; Simonin, O. [Electricite de France (EDF), 78 - Chatou (France). Lab. National d`Hydraulique

    1996-12-31

    The direction of studies and researches (DER) of Electricite de France (EdF) has been involved for several years in a research program on turbulent reactive flows. The objectives of this program concern: the reduction of pollutant emissions from existing fossil-fueled power plants, the study of new production means (fluidized beds), and the promotion of electric power applications in the industry. An important part of this program is devoted to the development and validation of 3-D softwares and to the modeling of physical phenomena. This paper presents some industrial applications (furnaces, boilers, electric arcs) for which radiant heat transfers play an important role and the radiation models used. (J.S.) 8 refs.

  13. Electric power quality analysis methods. Application to voltage dips and harmonic disturbances; Methodes d'analyse de la qualite de l'energie electrique. Application aux creux de tension et a la pollution harmonique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vanya, Ignatova

    2006-10-15

    The power quality concerns all the actors in the energy domains, that they are network administrators, suppliers, producers, or consumers of electricity. The research work presented in this PhD thesis is situated in the field of the power quality monitoring. Its objective is to introduce new techniques for analysis of power quality problems. There are different methods designed for the analysis of the power quality disturbances. This method reaches very good performances in the voltage dips analysis, as it allows segmenting, classifying and characterising these power quality disturbances. The periodic systems method allows the theoretical study of the generation and the propagation of harmonic disturbances in the network. Finally, the statistical matrix method has the objective to represent statistically electrical signals without loss of important information. (author)

  14. Analyzing the operation safety of the power grid: towards a more exhaustive approach of the possible futures; Analyser la surete d'exploitation du reseau electrique: vers une approche plus exhaustive des futurs possibles

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Paul, J.Ph.; Pompee, J. [Reseau de Transport d' Electricite, Dept. Methodes et Appui, 92 - La Defense (France); Testud, G. [Reseau de Transport d' Electricite, Dept. Exploitation du Systeme Electrique, 92 - La Defense (France)

    2004-09-01

    The general trend in Europe is to push the operation of power system towards their limits. The European electricity market, now fully operational, has increased the variability of operation conditions. As a result, the estimation of security level of the system is a more and more difficult task. This estimation needs to investigate a big number of various situations and sometimes to take into account some transient phenomena. NGT and RTE, the English and the French Transmission System Operators, have commonly developed a method and an associated tool, adapted to this type of analysis. In order to extract the important information, which is hidden in a very big volume of results, they use statistical techniques, such as 'data-mining', initially tuned for... marketing studies. This article is followed by a complementary article written by NGT, which present the ASSESS usages at NGT. (author)

  15. Reading wiring diagrams made easier for maintenance operators: contribution from research in visual attention and visual search; Aide a la lecture des schemas electriques pour le depannage: apport de la recherche sur l`attention visuelle

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ponthieu, L; Wolfe, J M

    1994-07-01

    This work has been carried out while the author was visiting the Visual Psychophysics lab at the Center for Ophthalmic Research, Harvard Medical School. The general framework is the design of a wiring diagrams visualization system for maintenance operators in electric plants. This study concentrates on how knowledge and experimental techniques from visual attention can help this goal. From this standpoint, the visualization system must best exploit the human visual system abilities. As electronic databases containing all the diagrams will soon be available, it is important to think in advance the display techniques. Presently, maintenance operators favor working with paper printouts even where such databases are already available. The study shows why such an approach is valuable for the design of a display that fits the operator`s tasks. Beyond that, this work has been a mean to learn the experimental techniques of cognitive sciences in an applied frame. (authors). 9 figs., 5 annexes.

  16. Corrosion mechanism of T91 steel by Pb-Bi eutectic used as spallation target:importance for accelerator driven system; Caracterisation de l'endommagement de parois de galeries par tomographie electrique: application en laboratoire souterrain

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Grislin-Mouezy, A

    2005-07-01

    The electrical tomography monitoring is one of the basic technique used in applied geophysics. This method allows to obtain the electrical resistivity distribution from the electrical potential measurements. The excavation of a new gallery in the underground rock laboratory at Mont Terri offers the possibility to follow and characterize the damaged zone in a spatial and temporal way. Successive acquired data sets have been carried out during several months and the results have been compared with the geological observations and the studies of the stress field. These results show that the resistivity changes are correlated with the local tectonics, the bedding and the stress field near the barriers. On account of the cylindrical geometry of the gallery, a modelling program has been developed in cylindrical co-ordinates. A program of inversion by simulated annealing has been developed too and tested on synthetical data sets. (O.M.)

  17. On some uses of the recording op fission fragments occurring in insulators; Sur quelques utilisations de l'enregistrement des fragments de fission dans les isolants

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mory, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-07-01

    thermiques: on peut mesurer des flux integres s'etendant de 10{sup 3} a 10{sup 21} n/cm{sup 2}, suivant la methode utilisee; - dosimetrie de neutrons rapides: en utilisant des sources de fragments de fission a seuil, on peut facilement mesurer des doses d'interet biologique de l'ordre du rem; - dosage d'impuretes fissiles en tres faible concentration: on peut determiner des concentrations atomiques de l'ordre de 10{sup 9}, limite jamais atteinte par les procedes usuels; - etude des elements fissiles contenus dans les poussieres atmospheriques. On donne ensuite brievement les resultats d'un essai d'automatisation du comptage des traces par mesure de la resistivite electrique de la membrane irradiee. On expose enfin les avantages et les inconvenients de ces detecteurs solides, notamment par rapport aux emulsions nucleaires dont les utilisations sont a peu pres identiques. (auteur)

  18. Improvement of heat transfer by the use of corrugated surfaces; Amelioration du transfert de chaleur par l'emploi de surfaces corruguees

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gargaud, J; Paumard, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    noyau corrugue chauffe electriquement a flux constant et un canal exterieur lisse. 2. des essais sur tubes corrugues interieurement, chauffes par une circulation d'eau exterieure et refroidis par un courant interne de CO{sub 2} sous pression. Le premier type d'essais necessite des sondages de vitesses et de temperatures dans le fluide afin d'obtenir un coefficient de frottement et un nombre de Margoulis caracteristiques de la surface corruguee. Par contre, ces coefficients sont fournis directement par le second type d'essais. Cette etude fait apparaitre le role et l'importance des divers parametres geometriques et aerodynamiques tels que la rugosite relative, le pas reduit (rapport du pas a la hauteur de corrugation) et le nombre de Reynolds. (auteurs)

  19. Experimental study of heat exchange coefficients, critical heat flux and charge losses, using water-steam mixtures in turbulent flow in a vertical tube; Etude experimentale des coefficients d'echanges thermiques, des flux de chaleur critiques et des pertes de charge avec des melanges eau-vapeur en ecoulement turbulent dans un tube vertical

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perroud, P; De La Harpe, A; Rebiere, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1960-12-15

    Two stainless steel tubes were used (with diameters of 5 and 10 mm, lengths 400 and 600 mm respectively), heated electrically (50 Hz). The mixture flows from top to bottom. The work was carried out mainly on mixtures of high concentration (x > 0.1), at pressures between 50 and 60 kg/cm{sup 2}, flowing as a liquid film on the walls of the tube with droplets suspended in the central current of steam. By analysis of the heat transfer laws the exchange mechanisms were established, and the conditions under which the critical heat flux may be exceeded without danger of actual burnout were determined. In this way high output concentrations (x{sub s} > 0.9) may be obtained. An attempt has been made to find out to what extent existing correlation formulae can be used to account for the phenomena observed. It is shown that those dealing with exchange coefficients can only be applied in a first approximation in cases where exchange by convection is preponderant, and only below the critical flux. The formulae proposed by WAPD and CISE do not give a satisfactory estimation of the critical heat flux, and the essential reasons for this inadequacy are explained. Lastly, the Martinelli and Nelson method may be used to an approximation of 30 per cent for the calculation of charge losses. (author) [French] On a utilise deux tubes en acier inox (avec des diametres de 5 et 10 mm, et des longueurs respectives 400 et 600 mm) chauffes electriquement (50 Hz). Le melange s'ecoule de haut en bas. Les etudes ont porte plus specialement sur des melanges de titres eleves (x > 0,1) a des pressions comprises entre 60 et 90 kg/cm{sup 2} dont l'ecoulement se fait avec film liquide annulaire et gouttelettes en suspension dans le coeur de vapeur. Par l'analyse des lois de transfert de chaleur, on a precise les mecanismes d'echanges et l'on a d'autre part determine dans quelles conditions le flux de chaleur critique peut etre depasse sans danger de 'burnout' proprement dit. On peut ainsi obtenir des

  20. The nuclear power stations of the French atomic energy programme (1960); Les centrales nucleaires de puissance du programme francais (1960)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Leduc, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Roux, J P [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France)

    1960-07-01

    After recalling the entry of nuclear energy into energy production in France, the paper emphasizes the evolution of techniques applied in the designing of French nuclear power plants and describes the means employed for reducing costs per kWh of EDF2 and EDF3 compared with EDF1: the electric power per ton of uranium varies from 493 kW/t for EDF1 to 970 kW/t for EDF3. For this purpose the thermal power and electric power of units are changed respectively from 290 MWt for EDF1 to 1200 or 1600 MWt for EDF3 and from 28 to 250 MW. The results are obtained by an improvement in neutronic characteristics, developments in nuclear fuel technology, and simplification of the system of charging the reactor, whose means of maintenance are increased; the EDF2 heat-exchangers have been so designed as to increase the unit power of the elements, which will attain 9 MWt, as against 3 for EDF1. For EDF3 an advance project forecasts a thermodynamic layout with only one pressure stage. The paper ends with a description of the burst-slug detection systems, and an appendix gives a detailed comparative table of EDF1, EDF2 and EDF3 plant characteristics. (author) [French] Apres avoir rappele l'integration de l'energie nucleaire parmi les moyens de production de l'energie en France, les auteurs se penchent surtout sur l'evolution des techniques appliquees dans l'equipement des centrales nucleaires francaises et decrivent les moyens mis en oeuvre pour reduire les prix de revient du kWh d'EDF2 et d'EDF3 par rapport a EDF1: la puissance electrique par tonne d'uranium varie de 493 kW/t pour EDF1 a 970 kW/t pour EDF3. C'est dans ce but que les puissances thermiques et la puissance unitaire des groupes turbo-alternateurs passent respectivement de 290 MWt pour EDF1 a 1200 ou 1600 MWt pour EDF3 et de 82 a 250 MW. Les resultats sont obtenus par une amelioration des caracteristiques neutroniques, des progres realises sur la technologie des elements combustibles, une simplification du systeme de

  1. Heat transfer by liquids in suspension in a turbulent gas stream (1960); Transfert de chaleur par liquides entraines dans un ecoulement gazeux turbulent (1960)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Grison, E [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Lab. de Physique-Chimie et basses temperatures, Grenoble (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1960-07-01

    mouillants) introduits dans un tube d'acier inoxydable de 4 mm de diametre interieur, chauffe electriquement sur 320 mm de longueur. On a fait varier le debit de gaz (Reynolds jusqu'a 50 000), le rapport debit en masse liquide, le debit en masse de gaz (jusqu'a 15), la pression (jusqu'a 10 kg/cm{sup 2}), les temperatures (jusqu'a l'ebullition) et le flux de chaleur (jusqu'a 250 W/cm{sup 2}). Deux modes de burnout ont ete observes. On donne une formule de correlation du flux de chaleur provoquant le burnout. On etablit une formule de correlation sans dimension des coefficients d'echanges locaux en utilisant l'analogie entre tranfert de masse et transfert de chaleur. (auteur)

  2. Fabrication de transistors monoelectroniques pour la detection de charge

    Science.gov (United States)

    Richard, Jean-Philippe

    'averent quasi identiques a celles calculees en conception. Les mesures electriques a basse temperature de SET fabriques demontrent un blocage de Coulomb avec une energie de charge de 10 meV et une temperature d'operation maximale de 10 K. Un effet de grille est aussi observe par l'application d'une tension sur la grille laterale et les electrodes d'un SET a proximite. Les parametres extraits a partir du diamant de Coulomb sont en accord avec les geometries du transistor fabrique, a l'exception de la capacite degrille et de couplage. Enfin, l'etude de la detection de charge est realisee par simulation a partir de ces parametres. Elle permet de conclure que la detection de charge peut etre optimisee en augmentant les surfaces de couplage de l'electrometre. Mots-cles : detection de charge, electrometre, transistor monoelectronique, nanodamascene, nanoelectronique, informatique quantique

  3. Liquid state behaviour of semi-conducting materials; Comportement a l'etat liquide des materiaux semiconducteurs

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vandevyver, M. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-07-01

    } qui est lie a la dilatation du cristal est en general positif tandis que {delta}E{sub g2} lie a la modification de l'ordre a courte distance est negatif. Selon l'importance relative de ces deux phenomenes {delta}E{sub g} est donc soit positif, soit negatif, entrainant une augmentation ou au contraire une diminution du caractere semiconducteur a la fusion du materiau. Divers exemples sont presentes, en particulier celui de solutions selenium-tellure. L'etude experimentale des proprietes electriques des liquides se heurte par ailleurs a de graves difficultes (effet Hall en particulier). On montre toutefois que les etudes theoriques rendent compte de facon semi-quantitative des resultats experimentaux connus. (auteur)

  4. Study of the catalytic activity of mixed non-stoichiometric uranium-thorium oxides in carbon monoxide oxidation; Etude de l'activite catalytique des oxydes mixtes d'uranium et de thorium non stoechiometriques dans l'oxydation du monoxyde de carbone

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brau, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-06-01

    chimique massique et superficielle, texture, structure, conductivite electrique) ont ete etudiees, ainsi que leurs proprietes d'adsorption vis-a-vis des partenaires gazeux de la reaction catalytique. Cette analyse a permis d'avancer un mecanisme reactionnel fonde sur des oxydations et reductions successives de la surface active par les reactifs. L'etude cinetique de la reaction a confirme l'existence de ce mecanisme par oxydo-reduction, qui n'a lieu que pour les oxydes dont la teneur en uranium depasse 0,0014. Le dioxyde de carbone engendre par la reaction a un role inhibiteur par blocage des sites d'adsorption du monoxyde de carbone. Ces oxydes mixtes non stoechiometriques sont un exemple particulierement net d'une catalyse par echange d'oxygene entre le solide et la phase gazeuse. (auteur)

  5. Forced convection of ammonia. Part.1. Liquid ammonia. Small temperature differences between the fluid and the wall; Convection forcee de l'ammoniac. Premiere partie. Ammoniac liquide. Cas de faibles ecarts de temperatures entre fluide et paroi

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perroud, P; Rebiere, J; Rowe, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, 38 - Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1966-07-01

    Experiments have been performed in a cylindrical smooth Inconel tube: 3 mm ID, 3.5 mm OD, electrically heated (50 Hz) along 300 mm length. Pressure varied from 5 to 100 bars (P{sub c} = 113 bars) mass velocity from 40 to 500 g/cm{sup 2}. s, inlet temperature from - 33 deg C to 95 deg C, heat fluxes to 315 W/cm{sup 2}, maximum wall temperatures 850 deg C, quality 0 to 0.80. The correlation Nu = CRe{sup 0.8} Pr{sup 0.4} is found available for homogeneous liquid-phase heat transfer coefficients with C = 0.021. Influences of P, G, t{sub e} and x on critical heat fluxes is discussed. A correlation of the type q{sub c} = A(P)G{sup m} {delta}t{sub sub}{sup n} (Jens and Lottes) is chosen for the negative qualities and for positive qualities we propose q{sub c} = B(P)/G{sup b(P)} x (1000/H{sub c}){sup 2.5}. Two-phase pressure drops can be calculated by Martinelli-Nelson method with a good approximation. Experimental results are presented in tables (burn-out) and measured temperatures profiles are separately published. (authors) [French] Les experiences ont ete realisees a l'aide d'un tube cylindrique lisse en inconel de 3 x 3,5 mm de diametre, chauffe electriquement (50 Hz) sur une longueur de 300 mm. Domaine explore - pression P: de 5 a 100 bars (P{sub c} = 113 bars); vitesse massique G: de 40 a 500 g/cm{sup 2}. s; temperature d'entree t{sub e}: de - 33 deg C a + 95 deg C; densite de flux de chaleur q: jusqu'a 315 W/cm{sup 2}; temperature maximale de paroi tp: 850 deg C; titre de vapeur x jusqu'a 0,80. La correlation classique Nu = C Re{sup 0,8} Pr{sup 0,4} se trouve etre confirmee pour les coefficients d'echange en phase liquide homogene avec C = 0,021. On discute l'influence de P, G, t{sub e} et x sur le flux de chaleur critique q{sub c}. Pour les titres negatifs on a adopte une correlation du type Jens et Lottes q{sub c} = A(P) G{sup m} {delta}{sub sub}{sup n} et pour les titres positifs, on propose q{sub c} B(P)/G{sup b(P)} x (1000/H{sub c}){sup 2.5}. Les pertes de

  6. Experimental study of the hydrodynamic instabilities occurring in boiling-water reactors; Etude experimentale des instabilites hydrodynamiques survenant dans les reacteurs nucleaires a ebullition

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fabreca, S [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-10-01

    The subjects is an experimental out-of pile loop study of the hydrodynamic oscillations occurring in boiling-water reactors. The study was carried out at atmospheric pressure and at pressure of about 8 atmospheres, in channels heated electrically by a constant and uniform specified current. In the test at 8 atmospheres the channel was a round tube of approximately 6 mm interior diameter. At 1 atmosphere a ring-section channel was used, 10 * 20 mm in diameter, with an inner heating tube and an outer tube of pyrex. It was possible to operate with natural convection and also with forced convection with test-channel by-pass. The study consists of 3 parts: 1. Preliminary determination of the laws governing pressure-drop during boiling. 2. Determination of the fronts at which oscillation appears, within a wide range of the parameters involved. 3. A descriptive study of the oscillations and measurement of the periods. The report gives the oscillation fronts with natural and forced convection for various values of the singular pressure drop at the channel inlet and for various riser lengths. The results are presented in non-dimensional form, which is available, in first approximation, for all geometric scales and for all fluids. Besides the following points were observed: - the wall (nature and thickness) can be an important factor ; - oscillation can occur in a horizontal channel. (author) [French] II a ete effectue une etude experimentale, en boucle hors-pile, des oscillations hydrodynamiques survenant dans les reacteurs a ebullition. L'etude a ete effectuee a la pression atmospherique et a une pression voisine de 8 atmospheres dans des canaux chauffes electriquement a puissance imposee constante et uniforme. Dans les essais a 8 atmospheres le canal etait un tube circulaire de diametre interieur 6 mm environ. A 1 atmosphere le canal etait de section annulaire 10 * 20 mm avec un tube interieur chauffant et un tube exterieur en pyrex. Le fonctionnement etait possible en

  7. SAETTA: fine-scale observation of the total lightning activity in the framework of the CORSiCA atmospheric observatory

    Science.gov (United States)

    Coquillat, Sylvain; Defer, Eric; Lambert, Dominique; Martin, Jean-Michel; Pinty, Jean-Pierre; Pont, Véronique; Prieur, Serge

    2015-04-01

    Located in the West Mediterranean basin, Corsica is strategically positioned for atmospheric studies referred by MISTRALS/HyMeX and MISTRALS/CHARMEX programs. The implementation of the project of atmospheric observatory CORSiCA (supported by the Collectivité Territoriale de Corse via CPER/FEDER funds) was an opportunity to strengthen the potential observation of convective events causing heavy rainfall and flash floods, by acquiring a total lightning activity detection system adapted to storm tracking at a regional scale. This detection system called SAETTA (Suivi de l'Activité Electrique Tridimensionnelle Totale de l'Atmosphère) is a network of 12 LMA stations (Lightning Mapping Array). Developed by New Mexico Tech (USA), the instrument allows observing lightning flashes in 3D and real time, at high temporal and spatial resolutions. It detects the radiations emitted by cloud discharges in the 60-66 MHz band, in a radius of about 300 km from the centre of the network, in passive mode and standalone (solar panel and battery). Each LMA station samples the signal at high rate (80 microseconds), records data on internal hard disk, and transmits a decimated signal in real-time via the 3G phone network. The decimated data are received on a server that calculates the position of the detected sources by the time-of-arrival method and manages a quasi real-time display on a website. The non decimated data intended for research applications are recovered later on the field. Deployed in May and June 2014, SAETTA operated nominally from July 13 to October 20, 2014. It is to be definitively re-installed in spring 2015 after a hardware updating. The operation of SAETTA is contractually scheduled until the end of 2019, but it is planned to continue well beyond to obtain longer-term observations for addressing issues related to climatic trends. SAETTA has great scientific potential in a broad range of topics: physics of discharge; monitoring and simulation of storm systems

  8. Experimental study of heat transfer for parallel flow in tube bundles with constant heat flux and for medium Prandtl numbers; Etude experimentale du transfert de chaleur dans des faisceaux tubulaires en ecoulement parallele pour une densite de flux thermique constante dans le domaine des nombres de Prandtl moyens

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rieger, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, 91 - Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-06-01

    The heat transfer parameters were determined experimentally in electrically heated tube bundles for turbulent flow parallel to the axis. The tubes were arranged in a pattern of equilateral triangles. The ratios of the distance between the axes of the tubes to their external diameter were 1.60 and 1.25 in the two test sections studied. The experiments were carried out with distilled water and with a mixture of 60 per cent ethylene glycol and 40 per cent water. The values obtained for the Prandtl numbers in this way fell within the range from 2.3 to 18. The Reynolds numbers were varied between 10{sup 4} and 2.10{sup 5}. The relation between the mean heat transfer coefficients and the friction factor in the tube bundles was found from the experiments as: Nu = [Re Pr {zeta}/8]/[1+{radical}({zeta}/8) 8.8 (Pr-1.3) Pr{sup -0.22}]. The experimentally determined mean Nusselt numbers were also given by the following function: Nu = (0.0122 + 0.00245 p/d) Re{sup 0.86} Pr{sup 0.4}, with a maximum deviation of {+-}4 per cent. For certain local Nusselt numbers, deviations of up to 20 per cent with respect to the relations given were observed. (author) [French] Dans des faisceaux tubulaires a chauffage electrique parcourus par un ecoulement turbulent parallele a l'axe, on a determine experimentalement les parametres du transfert de chaleur. Les centres des sections droites des tubes etaient des sommets de triangles equilateraux. Les rapports de la distance a l'axe des tubes et leur diametre exterieur dans les deux veines de mesure etudiees etaient de 1.60 et 1.25. Des essais furent effectues avec de l'eau distillee ainsi qu'avec un melange de 60 pour cent de glycol ethylenique et 40 pour cent d'eau. Les valeurs des nombres de Prandtl obtenues ainsi etaient situees entre 2.3 a 18. On a fait varier les nombres de Reynolds entre 10{sup 4} et 2.10{sup 5}. La relation entre les nombres caracteristiques de transfert de chaleur moyens et la perte de charge dans les faisceaux tabulaires

  9. Mobility of Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +} ions in gases at high pressures; Mobilite des ions Rb{sup +} et Cs{sup +} dans les gaz a haute pression

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bacconnet, E [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-07-01

    A theoretical study and mobility measurements have been made of Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +} ions moving in gases at high pressures (10{sup -2} to 25 kg/cm{sup 2}). The theoretical study has been effected using the results of P. Langevin who considers the ions and molecules as elastic spheres and takes into account the electrical polarization forces. The practical work has been carried out using the Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +} ions emitted by a thermal source; for the measurement of their velocity the method using an ionic beam cut by four grids was employed. Since the source does not work in atmospheres containing oxygen (even in the combined state) the tests only involved pure gases: nitrogen, argon, helium at pressures of from 10{sup -2} to 12 kg/cm{sup 2}. The overall results show that the Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +} ionic mobilities are very similar and that for fairly-short times spent by the ions in the gas, the measurement results are in agreement with theory. An increase in these times favours a degradation of the ions, which always leads to a decrease in the mobility. This effect is most marked in helium. The gases argon and nitrogen behave identically towards Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +} ions. (author) [French] Une etude theorique et des mesures de mobilite ont ete effectuees pour des ions Rb{sup +} et Cs{sup +} se deplacant dans des gaz a haute pression (10{sup -2} a 25 kg/cm{sup 2}). L'etude theorique a ete effectuee en utilisant les resultats de P. Langevin qui assimile les ions et les molecules a des spheres elastiques et tient compte des forces de polarisation electrique. L'etude pratique a ete realisee en utilisant des ions Rb{sup +} et Cs{sup +} emis par une source thermique et pour la mesure de leur vitesse, la methode de coupure du faisceau ionique au moyen de quatre grilles a ete adoptee. La source ne fonctionnant pas dans des atmospheres contenant de l'oxygene (meme a l'etat combine) les essais ont seulement porte sur des gaz purs: azote, argon, helium et pour

  10. Electrical characteristics of sphere-plane type spark counters; Caracteristiques electriques de compteurs a etincelles du type sphere-plan; Ehlektricheskie kharakteristiki iskrovykh schetchikov tipa shar-ploskost'; Caracteristicas electricas de los contadores de chispas del tipo esfera-plano

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Laborie, P; Blanc, D [Centre de Physique Nucleaire, Faculte des Sciences de Toulouse (France)

    1962-04-15

    The authors describe here the mechanical construction and operating characteristics of spark detectors using a small (0.30 mm) diameter sphere as anode, set opposite to a plane cathode and working by the ''corona'' effect, in air at atmospheric pressure. Counting characteristics are very similar to those of Rosenblum-type anode wire detectors. However, the sphere counter has a certain superiority over the Rosenblum counter inherent in its geometry : (a) there sidual current (background) is low and the release of ozone and nitrous oxides during the spark is not of great significance; (b) its self-capacity being very small, the detector gives a faster response; (c) unlike in the case of wire counters, efficiency is independent of particle incidence direction; (d) its sensitive volume, that of a solid of revolution around the axis of symmetry of the detector, amounts to a few cubic millimetres and, being very clearly defined, permits realization of accurate telescopic devices. (author) [French] Les auteurs decrivent la realisation mecanique et les caracteristiques de fonctionnement de detecteurs a etincelles utilisant comme anode une sphere de petit diametre (0,30 mm), disposee en regard d'une cathode plane, et fonctionnant en regime d'effet , dans l'air sous la pression atmospherique. Les caracteristiques de comptage sont voisines de celles des detecteurs a fil anodique, du type Rosenblum. Le compteur a sphere presente cependant sur le compteur de Rosenblum un certain nombre d'avantages lies a sa geometrie: a) le courant residuel (bruit de fond) est faible, et le degagement d'ozone et d'oxydes de l'azote lors des etincelles est peu considerable; b) sa capacite propre etant tres petite, le detecteur presente une reponse plus rapide; c) l'efficacite est independante de la direction d'incidence de la particule, contrairement a ce qui a lieu pour les compteurs a fil; d) le volume sensible de revolution autour de l'axe de symetrie du detecteur, qui est de quelques millimetres cubes, est tres bien defini, ce qui permet la construction de telescopes precis. (author) [Spanish] Los autores describen los detalles mecanicos y las caracteristicas de funcionamiento de unos detectores de chispas en que se utiliza como anodo una esfera de pequeno diametro (0,30 mm), dispuesta frente a un catodo plano y que funcionan en regimen de efecto , en aire a presion atmosferica. Las caracteristicas de contaje son semejantes a las de los detectores de anodo de alambre, de tipo Rosenblum. No obstante, el contador de esfera presenta, con respecto a dicho contador Rosenblum, cierto numero de ventajas derivadas de su geometria: a) la corriente residual (ruido de fondo) es debil y el desprendimiento de ozono y de oxidos de nitrogeno, con las chispas, es poco considerable; b) como su capacidad propia es muy pequena, el detector ofrece una respuesta mas rapida; c) la eficiencia es independiente de la direccion de incidencia de la particula, al reves de lo que ocurre con los contadores de alambre; d) el volumen sensible de revolucion en torno del eje de simetria del detector es de algunos milimetros cubicos y esta muy bien definido, lo que permite la construccion de telescopios de gran precision. (author) [Russian] Avtory opisyvayut mekhanicheskuyu konstruktsiyu i rabochie kharakteristiki iskrovykh schetchikov, v kotorykh v kachestve anoda ispol'zuetsya shar malogo diametra (0,30 mm), raspolozhennyj protiv ploskogo katoda. Ehti schetchiki rabotayut v rezhime ''kol'tsevogo'' yavleniya (''korony'') v vozdukhe pri atmosfernom davlenii. Schetnye kharakteristiki blizki k kharakteristikam schetchikov Rozenblyuma s anodnym provodom. Sharovoj schetchik imeet, odnako, nekotorye preimushchestva po sravneniyu so schetchikom Rozenblyuma, chto svyazano s ego geometriej: 1. ostatochnyj tok (fon) slabyj, a vydelenie ozona i okisi azota vo vremya iskreniya neznachitel'no. 2. Poskol'ku ego sobstvennaya emkost' ochen' mala, schetchik daet bolee bystryj otvet. 3. Ehffektivnost' ne zavisit ot napravleniya padeniya chastitsy v protivopolozhnost' tomu, chto kharakterno dlya provodnykh schetchikov. 4. Chuvstvitel'nyj ob'em vrashcheniya vokrug osi simmetrii schetchika ravnyaetsya neskol'kim kubicheskim millimetram; on ochen' tochno opredelen, chto pozvolyaet sooruzhat' tochnye teleskopy. (author)

  11. Contribution to the conception, the modelling and the control of automotive power train and of electric converters; Contribution a la conception, la modelisation et la commande du groupe motopropulseur automobile et de convertisseurs d`energie electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bidan, P.

    1998-12-14

    The overall work presented in this thesis globally deals with the conception, the modelling and the control of some applied systems. The first part is devoted to the automotive domain. It concerns the still actualized context of energy savings and reduction of atmospheric pollution, by the improvement of the engine/drive-train control and more particularly of the spark-ignition engine control. In this aim, a first investigation deals with the fuel/air ratio control during the transient phases and suggests the use of an intake manifold pressure control by means of an electric throttle actuator, in order to control the air filling. An original strategy of simultaneous control of fuel and air fillings is then proposed. Another improvement method by an electrical assistance of the engine using a self-controlled synchronous machine drive, is also developed. In the frame of idle-speed control, a prototype allows to show the contribution of this assistance in term of stability and consumption reduction. The second part of the report principally deals with the modelling and the control of electric converters. After a first section describing a methodology of a control-oriented modelling for some classes of static converters, an example of a design of the whole converter-controller is suggested. On the basis of a fourth order voltage switched-mode inverter which should operate as a function generator, the close interaction between filtering quality, structure design and control performances is analyzed and a solution is proposed. For every subject taken up, some prospective features are suggested as well. (author) 37 refs.

  12. The reform of the Indian power sector: administrations for sale. Transforming the state electricity boards into enterprises; La reforme du secteur electrique de l'Inde: administrations a vendre. Transformer les state electricity boards en entreprises

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ruet, J

    2001-10-01

    The present thesis is about the reforms in the electricity sector in India, and more specifically about those in the State Electricity Boards (SEBs), organisations responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity at the level of each of the States of India. The thesis is interested in practical questions of industrial economy such as: what is the impact of de-integration on the functioning of the SEBs?, impact of the creation of regulatory committees?, of privatisation?. Going beyond the critical analysis of the proposed reforms, the thesis also puts forward certain practical propositions as regards the way of reforming the SEBs. The thesis is divided in two parts (of four chapters each). The first part analyses and characterizes the functioning of a SEB. It presents practical description of the organisational characteristics, but also of their linking to the decision making mechanisms at work. On the theoretical plane, it settles the debate on the validity of the analytical concept of soft budget constraint for a SEB, and specifies the modalities of an analysis in terms of property rights, as well as the pertinence of several concepts derived from that of cost. The second part deals with the ongoing reforms and those to be implemented. It defines the concept of enterprising and proposes a critical discussion of the ongoing reforms, in the light of the normative criterion of enterprisation. It distinguishes conceptually and in the practical analysis, the 'structural' reforms (corporatisation, de-integration, and setting up of regulatory commissions) on the one hand and the questions of privatisation on the other. It proposes a model explaining the 'trade off' between public enterprisation and rapid privatisation. The first chapter situates the SEBs in the Indian power sector, shows the limit of the analyses in terms of lack of funds or political interference. Chapter 2 makes a critical presentation of the various tools offered to the analysis of the problem: soft budget constraint, property rights, behaviouralism and organisational analysis. It describes the method of investigation used, derived from the works of James March. Chapter 3 applies this approach, by characterising the systems of internal allocation of the SEBs and studying the type of rationality structuring the decision making process. It reconstructs the practical objectives of the SEB, expresses its different internal characteristics, and brings to light the profound internal coherence of the system, its systemic rationality. Chapter 4 concludes this first part by answering the question of the organisational nature itself of the SEBs - the administration - and by showing how the SEBs own rationality follows from its nature. It rules on the choice of analytical concepts and on the conditions of application of the theories founded on the concepts of soft budget constraint and property rights. Chapter 5 draws the consequences from the administrative nature of the SEBs for their reform, by introducing the concept of enterprisation in a theoretical way, as a norm, and specifies what enterprising must signify in terms of analysis by the creation - and not relocation - of property rights. Likewise, the characterisation and practical analysis of the decision making processes serves to provide the first paths of for an enterprisation as a process, in order to give the measure of the stakes. Chapter 6 shows that the structural reforms do not lead to enterprisation. Chapter 7 takes up in a critical way the economic foundations of the supporters of the necessity of a privatisation. It studies the practical and theoretical difficulties specifically related to the 'privatisation' of an organisation not enterprised beforehand. By underlining these difficulties, it responds in the Indian case to the promoters of structural reforms necessarily completed by (in reality, in their political economy: 'ordered by and subordinated to') privatisation, and shows the interest of keeping considering an enterprisation without necessary recourse to privatisation. Chapter 8 analyses the possibilities of reforming an SEB in a purely public framework. It shows that measures such as plan contracts or sole decentralization mechanisms do neither present a credibility nor a sustainability sufficient enough. On the contrary, it shows the advantages of a mechanism adapted to SEBs, based on a management contract, signed between the State and a private partner.

  13. Extensions of I{sub X}T{sub E}T and its application to electric power network supervision; Extensions d`I{sub X}T{sub E}t pour son application a la supervision d`un reseau electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Despouys, O.; Ingrand, F.; Ghallab, M.; Gouyon, J.P.

    1997-07-01

    A chronicle model describes a set of possible behaviours for a given dynamic system. I{sub X}T{sub E}T uses a reified logic and temporal constraints to describe chronicles. It also uses algorithms which allow it to recognize all the instances of theses chronicles through a stream of time-stamped events given as an input. I{sub X}T{sub E}T is used in a number of complex supervision applications. Recent extensions to I{sub X}T{sub E}T, enabling its application at the national utility Electricite de France for electric network supervision and more especially for event and fault diagnosis. The new approach, notably based on facultative events or non-events, is compared to the FONSYNT previous supervision approach used at EDF

  14. Study of heat transfer in superconducting cable electrical insulation of accelerator magnet cooled by superfluid helium; Etude des transferts de chaleur dans les isolations electriques de cables supraconducteurs d'aimant d'accelerateur refroidi par helium superfluide

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baudouy, B

    1996-10-04

    Heat transfer studies of electrical cable insulation in superconducting winding are of major importance for stability studies in superconducting magnets. This work presents an experimental heat transfer study in superconducting cables of Large Hadron Collider dipoles cooled by superfluid helium and submitted to volume heat dissipation due to beam losses. For NbTi magnets cooled by superfluid helium the most severe heat barrier comes from the electrical insulation of the cables. Heat behaviour of a winding is approached through an experimental model in which insulation characteristics can be modified. Different tests on insulation patterns show that heat transfer is influenced by superfluid helium contained in insulation even for small volume of helium (2 % of cable volume). Electrical insulation can be considered as a composite material made of a solid matrix with a helium channels network which cannot be modelled easily. This network is characterised by another experimental apparatus which allows to study transverse and steady-state heat transfer through an elementary insulation pattern. Measurements in Landau regime ({delta}T{approx}10{sup -5} to 10{sup -3} K) and in Gorter-Mellink regime ({delta}T>10{sup -3} K) and using assumptions that helium thermal paths and conduction in the insulation are decoupled allow to determine an equivalent channel area (10{sup -6} m{sup 2}) and an equivalent channel diameter (25 {mu}). (author)

  15. Report of the French Energy Regulator on electricity interconnection management and use in 2006; Rapport de la Commission de Regulation de l'Energie sur la gestion et l'utilisation des interconnexions electriques en 2006

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2007-07-01

    This report aims at, first, evaluating the congestion management methods in force at interconnected power systems managed by the French transmission system operator RTE as required by article 1.10 of the guidelines of 1228/2003 European regulation which foresees that: 'the national regulation authorities regularly evaluates the congestion management methods, in particular by controlling the respect of rules and principles established by the European regulation, and of trends, modalities and conditions fixed by the regulation authorities according to the above principles and rules'. It aims also at sharing the opinions of the commission of energy regulation (CRE) with other European regulating authorities and with all stakeholders involved in the domestic power market, about the management and use of European power interconnections in 2006. Content: 1 - 2005-2006, the turning point for congestion management; 2 - consequences of 2055-2006 changes in interconnections with Germany, Belgium, Spain and Italy; 3 - further improvements still required: allocation system, capacity bids, short-term trades, capacity management in compliance with European law; 4 - conclusion: an indispensable regional approach. (J.S.)

  16. The limited worldwide opening of the electric power sector: from States pre-eminence to the relative comeback of the Centre; La mondialisation limitee du secteur electrique: de la preeminence des Etats au retour relatif du Centre

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ruet, J.

    2002-07-01

    There are at least two reasons for undertaking a study of the political economy of India's electrical sector. Given that it is placed under the joint responsibility of the Centre and the States, its evolution reflects the relations between these two levels of the Indian federal system. Besides, the recent implementation of guidelines which have found favour with a large number of foreign countries could camouflage a subtle relationship with globalization which, in the case of India, is determined largely by the power equations within the country. Indeed, the reform path chosen integrates two elements: the argument that reforms have become necessary on account of the inefficiency of public sector organisations whose modes of functioning are inherited from the Indian bureaucratic system; secondly, there are political and economic forces who demand reforms as an essential element of their political strategy. In particular, contrary to the classical view in India that with liberalization there has been an emancipation of the States with regard to the Centre and the creation of expanding markets for foreign investments, the 'globalization' of the electricity sector, understood here as the opening up to the foreign private sector, could in reality be equated to a relative strengthening of the Centre vis-a-vis the States. It could also turn out to be to the advantage of some very local components, such as consumers' associations, whether rural or of local communities. (author)

  17. The electrical charging of inactive aerosols in high ionised atmosphere, the electrical charging of artificial beta radioactive aerosols; Le processus de charge electrique: des aerosols non radioactifs en milieu fortement ionise, des aerosols radioactifs artificiels emetteurs beta

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gensdarmes, F

    2000-07-01

    The electrical properties of aerosols greatly influence their transport and deposition in a containment. In a bipolar ionic atmosphere, a neutral electric charge on aerosols is commonly assumed. However, many studies report a different charge distribution in some situations, like highly ionised atmosphere or in the case of radioactive aerosols. Such situations could arise from a hypothetical accident in a nuclear power plant. Within the framework of safety studies which are carried out at IPSN, our aims were the study of electrical properties of aerosols in highly ionised atmosphere, and the study of artificial radioactive aerosols, in order to suggest experimental validation of available theories. For this purpose, we designed an experimental device that allows us to measure non-radioactive aerosol charge distribution under high gamma irradiation, up to 10{sup 4} Gy/h. With our experimental device we also studied the properties of small ions in the medium. Our results show a variation of the charge distribution in highly ionised atmosphere. The charge increases with the dose of gamma ray. We have related this variation with the one of the small ions in the gases, according to theoretical prediction. However, the model overestimates slightly our experimental results. In the case of the radioactive aerosols, we have designed an original experimental device, which allows us to study the charge distribution of a {sup 137}Cs aerosol. Our results show that the electric charging of such aerosols is strongly dependent on evolution parameters in a containment. So, our results underline a great enhancement of self-charging of particles which are sampled in a confined medium. Our results are qualitatively in agreement with the theoretical model; nevertheless the latter underestimates appreciably the self-charging, owing to the fact that wall effects are not taken into account. (author)

  18. Users, uses and potential of electric-assisted bicycles - Results of a survey in the Canton of Geneva; Usagers, usages et potentiel des velos a assistance electrique. Resultats d'une enquete menee dans le canton de Geneve

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bernardoni, S.; Iseli, A.; Munafo, S.

    2009-12-15

    The municipal, regional and national authorities wanted to assess the potential of electric-assisted bicycles in the Geneva region. A survey performed by the University of Geneva is reported. The following points were investigated: (i) Who uses an electric bicycle? (ii) How is an electric bicycle used? (iii) Why is an electric bicycle purchased? (iv) How many people could potentially use an electric bicycle in the Geneva region? (v) How much energy would be saved and what fraction of the carbon dioxide emissions would be avoided thanks to electric bicycles in the region? Some interesting results: Most current electric bicycle users are women and live in Geneva outskirts. Most users have an academic degree or equivalent and have a good job. Most of them have also a car and other bicycles without electric motor. The main uses of electric bicycles is commuting between house and job locations, leisure activities and shopping. The average annual distance per electric bicycle is about 3000 km. The majority of the electric bicycles in use are limited to 25 km/h and can be driven without any license. The users wish an extension of the bicycle track network along the roads and of the protected parking areas. The number of potential users in the City of Geneva is estimated to 9% or 15,600 new users and to 10% or 43,000 new users in the suburbs. In 2030, 7,500,000 litres-equivalent of gasoline could be annually saved in the region and more than 16,000 tons CO{sub 2} emissions avoided.

  19. International seminar on biomass and fossil fuels co-firing in power plants and heating plants in Europe; Seminaire international sur la cocombustion de biomasse et d'energies fossiles dans les centrales electriques et les chaufferies en Europe

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2001-07-01

    The aim of the European commission which has fixed to 12% the share of renewable energies in the total energy consumption up to 2010, is to develop the biomass sector. Co-firing is a solution that allows to increase significantly the use of biomass because it does not require important investments. Today, about 150 power plants in Europe use co-firing. An Altener project named 'Cofiring' has ben settled in order to bring together and analyze the European experience in this domain and to sustain and rationalize the design of future projects. The conclusions of this study, coordinated by VTT Energy and which involves CARMEN (Germany), CBE (Portugal), the Danish centre for landscape and planning, ITEBE (France), KOBA (Italy), SLU (Sweden), and EVA (Austria), were presented during this international seminar. (J.S.)

  20. Study of heat transfer in superconducting cable electrical insulation of accelerator magnet cooled by superfluid helium; Etude des transferts de chaleur dans les isolations electriques de cables supraconducteurs d'aimant d'accelerateur refroidi par helium superfluide

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baudouy, B

    1996-10-04

    Heat transfer studies of electrical cable insulation in superconducting winding are of major importance for stability studies in superconducting magnets. This work presents an experimental heat transfer study in superconducting cables of Large Hadron Collider dipoles cooled by superfluid helium and submitted to volume heat dissipation due to beam losses. For NbTi magnets cooled by superfluid helium the most severe heat barrier comes from the electrical insulation of the cables. Heat behaviour of a winding is approached through an experimental model in which insulation characteristics can be modified. Different tests on insulation patterns show that heat transfer is influenced by superfluid helium contained in insulation even for small volume of helium (2 % of cable volume). Electrical insulation can be considered as a composite material made of a solid matrix with a helium channels network which cannot be modelled easily. This network is characterised by another experimental apparatus which allows to study transverse and steady-state heat transfer through an elementary insulation pattern. Measurements in Landau regime ({delta}T{approx}10{sup -5} to 10{sup -3} K) and in Gorter-Mellink regime ({delta}T>10{sup -3} K) and using assumptions that helium thermal paths and conduction in the insulation are decoupled allow to determine an equivalent channel area (10{sup -6} m{sup 2}) and an equivalent channel diameter (25 {mu}). (author)

  1. Guideline on dependability management for the power industry: detailed description of international power plant equipment dependability indicators; Guide de gestion de la surete de fonctionnement dans l`industrie electrique: description detaillee d`indicateurs de surete de fonctionnement internationaux

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Procaccia, H.; Silberberg, S.

    1997-10-01

    Dependability Management involves the management of reliability, availability maintainability and maintenance support, and in the power industry is necessary to ensure that plant meets the Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) targets set by the Utilities. In 1993, a joint (Standard on Dependability Programme Management - Part 1: Dependability Programme Management), ISO 9000-`: 1993 (Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards - Part 4: Guide to Dependability Programme Management). UNIPEDE established a group of experts (Nulethermaint) to produce guidelines on its implementation specifically for use in the power industry. The present document comprises Part 2 OF THE UNIPEDE plant performance indicators and can be applied to both nuclear and fossil plant. There are five different equipment dependability indicators, all relating to equipment maintenance activities and the impact that these activities have on the loss of both system function and unit capability. Per year, each of the indicators can be applied separately to both preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance, giving rise to as many as ten indicator values for each item of equipment. Used in this way, the indicators provide a comprehensive picture of the maintenance strategy employed for key pieces of equipment, and its effectiveness. They are, therefore, a valuable managerial tool for improving maintenance activities at the unit level within a utility. This document provides guidance on the division of both nuclear and fossil power plant into their component parts and in each case the types of equipment having the most dominant effect on dependability are identified. These are the items which merit the greatest attention with regard to the equipment dependability indicators. (authors).

  2. National arrangements in favour of the alternative vehicles: electrical , natural gas (NGV) and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) vehicles; Dispositions nationales en faveur des vehicules alternatifs: vehicules electriques, au gaz naturel (GNv) et au gaz de petrole liquefie (GPLc)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anon.

    2000-01-01

    The public will find in this document all the financial assistances concerning the acquisition and the maintenance of an alternative vehicle, at the date of january 2000. The vehicles concerned are: all type of electrical vehicles, NGV vehicles and LPG vehicles. (A.L.B.)

  3. Project of law relative to the electricity and gas public utilities and to the power and gas companies; Projet de loi relatif au service public de l'electricite et du gaz et aux entreprises electriques et gazieres

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2004-07-01

    This document is the definitive text of this project of law adopted by the French house of commons. The aim of this law is to allow the administrations to avoid to use their eligibility right with the opening of the electricity and gas markets to competition. It changes the juridical status of the two public utilities Electricite de France (EdF) and Gaz de France (GdF) into two anonymous companies and creates two additional companies for the management of the power and gas networks. It ensures also the transposition of the European directives from June 26, 2003 (2003/54/CE and 2003/55/CE). It contains some proper dispositions and modifies various existing French laws, in particular the law no. 46-628 from April 8, 1946 about the electricity and gas nationalization and the law no. 2000-108 from February 10, 2000 relative to the modernization and development of the electric public utility. (J.S.)

  4. Contribution to the study of the conductivity of high purity water; Contribution a l'etude de la conductivite de l'eau de haute purete

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nens, Ch [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    'un equilibre avec apparitions d'ions HCO{sub 3}{sup -}, CO{sub 3}{sup --}. Ces ions sont retenus au cours du passage de l'eau sur les resines. Il en apparait de nouveau a la sortie de la colonne par deplacement de l'equilibre d'hydratation du CO{sub 2} si bien que l'on constate une augmentation en fonction du temps de la conductivite de cette eau. L'eau obtenue par distillations ne presente pas cette particularite car elle est exempte de gaz carbonique. Neanmoins la distillation est un procede de purification co eux a l'echelle industrielle surtout si les quantites d'eau a traiter sont importantes. La mesure de ces faibles conductivites est delicate. La methode de mesure utilisant le courant continu donne des resultats reproductibles a condition de se proteger des champs electriques parasites par un blindage approprie de l'appareillage. (auteur)

  5. Scattering of electromagnetic waves by an non-uniform cylindrical plasma; Diffusion coherente d'une onde electromagnetique par un cylindre de plasma inhomogene

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Faugeras, P E [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires. Groupe de recherches sur la fusion controlee

    1967-07-01

    The problem of the scattering of plane electromagnetic waves from a non-uniform, cylindrically symmetrical plasma is solved analytically, by a self-consistent field method, for a wave with the electric field parallel to the cylinder axis. Numerical results for the diffracted field are plotted for interesting ranges of the parameters involved: diameter, density on the axis, radial profile of the density, and collision frequencies. The case where the incident field is cylindric (waves surfaces parallel to the cylinder axis) is examined - this permits to connect theoretical calculations and experimental diffraction patterns, and also to explain the diffraction effects observed in a classical microwave interferometry experiment. These results, and the possibility of measuring exactly the diffracted field (showed by experiments with dielectric and metallic rods) lead to a new plasma diagnostic method, based on the diffraction, which has no theoretical limitations and it usable when the classical free-space wave methods are not (plasma diameter lower than 10 wave lengths). The feasibility of this method is tested with a plasma at atmospheric pressure and a 2 mm incident wavelength. The plasma is obtained by the laminar flow of a plasma torch, with a working gas (He or Ar) seeded by potassium (density continuously variable between 10{sup 11} and 10{sup 15} e/cm{sup 3}. Some diffraction patterns by this plasma and for various incident waves, are also given and explained with theoretical calculations. (author) [French] On etudie la diffusion coherente d'une onde electromagnetique par un cylindre de plasma inhomogene par une methode de champ self-consistant, et pour une onde de vecteur electrique parallele a l'axe du cylindre. On a calcule le champ diffracte en faisant varier le diametre du cylindre, la densite sur l'axe, le profil de densite et les frequences de collisions, et on donne ici les principaux resultats. On examine ensuite le cas d'une onde incidente cylindrique

  6. Mobility of Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +} ions in gases at high pressures; Mobilite des ions Rb{sup +} et Cs{sup +} dans les gaz a haute pression

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bacconnet, E. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-07-01

    A theoretical study and mobility measurements have been made of Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +} ions moving in gases at high pressures (10{sup -2} to 25 kg/cm{sup 2}). The theoretical study has been effected using the results of P. Langevin who considers the ions and molecules as elastic spheres and takes into account the electrical polarization forces. The practical work has been carried out using the Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +} ions emitted by a thermal source; for the measurement of their velocity the method using an ionic beam cut by four grids was employed. Since the source does not work in atmospheres containing oxygen (even in the combined state) the tests only involved pure gases: nitrogen, argon, helium at pressures of from 10{sup -2} to 12 kg/cm{sup 2}. The overall results show that the Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +} ionic mobilities are very similar and that for fairly-short times spent by the ions in the gas, the measurement results are in agreement with theory. An increase in these times favours a degradation of the ions, which always leads to a decrease in the mobility. This effect is most marked in helium. The gases argon and nitrogen behave identically towards Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +} ions. (author) [French] Une etude theorique et des mesures de mobilite ont ete effectuees pour des ions Rb{sup +} et Cs{sup +} se deplacant dans des gaz a haute pression (10{sup -2} a 25 kg/cm{sup 2}). L'etude theorique a ete effectuee en utilisant les resultats de P. Langevin qui assimile les ions et les molecules a des spheres elastiques et tient compte des forces de polarisation electrique. L'etude pratique a ete realisee en utilisant des ions Rb{sup +} et Cs{sup +} emis par une source thermique et pour la mesure de leur vitesse, la methode de coupure du faisceau ionique au moyen de quatre grilles a ete adoptee. La source ne fonctionnant pas dans des atmospheres contenant de l'oxygene (meme a l'etat combine) les essais ont seulement porte sur des gaz purs: azote

  7. Experimental study of the hydrodynamic instabilities occurring in boiling-water reactors; Etude experimentale des instabilites hydrodynamiques survenant dans les reacteurs nucleaires a ebullition

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fabreca, S. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-10-01

    The subjects is an experimental out-of pile loop study of the hydrodynamic oscillations occurring in boiling-water reactors. The study was carried out at atmospheric pressure and at pressure of about 8 atmospheres, in channels heated electrically by a constant and uniform specified current. In the test at 8 atmospheres the channel was a round tube of approximately 6 mm interior diameter. At 1 atmosphere a ring-section channel was used, 10 * 20 mm in diameter, with an inner heating tube and an outer tube of pyrex. It was possible to operate with natural convection and also with forced convection with test-channel by-pass. The study consists of 3 parts: 1. Preliminary determination of the laws governing pressure-drop during boiling. 2. Determination of the fronts at which oscillation appears, within a wide range of the parameters involved. 3. A descriptive study of the oscillations and measurement of the periods. The report gives the oscillation fronts with natural and forced convection for various values of the singular pressure drop at the channel inlet and for various riser lengths. The results are presented in non-dimensional form, which is available, in first approximation, for all geometric scales and for all fluids. Besides the following points were observed: - the wall (nature and thickness) can be an important factor ; - oscillation can occur in a horizontal channel. (author) [French] II a ete effectue une etude experimentale, en boucle hors-pile, des oscillations hydrodynamiques survenant dans les reacteurs a ebullition. L'etude a ete effectuee a la pression atmospherique et a une pression voisine de 8 atmospheres dans des canaux chauffes electriquement a puissance imposee constante et uniforme. Dans les essais a 8 atmospheres le canal etait un tube circulaire de diametre interieur 6 mm environ. A 1 atmosphere le canal etait de section annulaire 10 * 20 mm avec un tube interieur chauffant et un tube exterieur en pyrex. Le fonctionnement etait possible

  8. Measurement of radioactive isotopes by {gamma} and x rays spectrometry with INa crystals. application to radiochemistry of some fission and activation products; Mesures d'isotopes radioactifs par spectrometrie {gamma} et x a l'aide de cristaux INa. application a la radiochimie de certains produits de fission et d'activation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Simonet, P; Boile, G; Simonet, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-07-01

    The measurement of an number of atoms N may be obtained by detection of one {gamma} ray emitted if its branching ratio K{sub E} is known (number of E energy {gamma} transitions/number of disintegrations). N = A/{lambda} N{sub {gamma}}{sub E} / (K{sub E} * {lambda}) This measurement is effectuated in well-defined geometry, {gamma} rays emitted by the source are detected by a calibrated NaI crystal which is connected to a photomultiplier delivering electric impulses analysed by a multichannel analyser. Crystals are chosen according to energy, intensity of measured rays and of background. Calibration is established with standard sources or by total absolute efficiency of a definite crystal. Half-life, energy of measured photopeak branching ratio have been determined for these isotopes: Fission products: {sup 95}Zr, {sup 95}Nb, {sup 99}Mo, {sup 103}Ru, {sup 106}Ru, {sup 111}Ag, {sup 115}Cd, {sup 115m}Cd, {sup 132}Te, {sup 129m}Te, {sup 134}Cs, {sup 136}Cs, {sup 137}Cs, {sup 140}Ba, {sup 140}La. Rare earth elements: {sup 91}Y, {sup 141}Ce, {sup 144}Ce, {sup 147}Nd, {sup 156}Eu. Products from reactions (n, {gamma}) (n, 2n): 1{sup 10}Ag, {sup 124}Sb, {sup 239}Np, {sup 237}U, {sup 241}Am. (authors) [French] La mesure du nombre d'atomes N d'un isotope peut s'effectuer sur un rayonnement {gamma} si l'on connait le rapport d'embranchement K{sub E} (nombre de rayonnements {gamma} d'energie E/nombre de desintegrations). N = A/{lambda} N{sub {gamma}}{sub E} / (K{sub E} * {lambda}) La mesure s'effectue en geometrie definie; les rayonnements {gamma} emis par la source sous mylar sont detectes par un cristal INa etalonne en fonction de l'energie, lequel est relie a un photomultiplicateur delivrant des impulsions electriques qui seront analysees par un selecteur multicanaux. La connaissance de la distribution theorique (effet photoelectrique, compton, paires, retrodiffusion, echappement... ) permet de determiner qualitativement si les elements sont purs, et de faire une mesure sur

  9. Electrical conductivity of oxides from molten state to glassy. Effect on the incorporation of RuO{sub 2} particles; Conductivite electrique des verres et fontes d'oxides. Effets de l'incorporation de particules RuO{sub 2}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Simonnet, C

    2004-07-01

    This study concerns the electrical conductivity of oxides from molten state to glassy state and, in particular, the effect of the incorporation of RuO{sub 2} particles in the context of vitrification of radioactive waste. The material of interest in the nuclear field is basically a viscous or vitreous borosilicate containing a dispersion of RuO{sub 2} microcrystals. A very simple model of this heterogeneous material has been studied in particular (SiO{sub 2}, B{sub 2}O{sub 3}, Na{sub 2}O, RuO{sub 2}). An original method of impedance measurement in the liquid at high temperature yields reliable electrical conductivity values over a temperature range covering the liquid and vitreous phases of the borosilicates studied. In the borosilicate matrix, alkaline transport is mainly responsible for the ionic conduction. The temperature dependence of the conductivity may thus be represented by an equation combining a VFT law and an Arrhenius law to represent the electrical conductivity above and below T{sub g}. Beyond a critical volume fraction V{sub c} {approx} 0.01 of RuO{sub 2}, an electronic contribution is added to the ionic contribution of the matrix and the electrical conductivity increases significantly with the RuO{sub 2} content. This effect is described in terms of electrical percolation of the particle network. An electronic mechanism by tunnel transfer between particles is demonstrated. A mathematical model is developed to describe this mechanism in the solid composite. Beyond T{sub g}, conduction by the tunnel effect persists and the partial solubilization of RuO{sub 2} appears to be mainly responsible for the significant increase in electronic conductivity with the temperature. (author)

  10. Report about the contribution of new technologies to the burial of high and very-high voltage power lines; Rapport sur l'apport de nouvelles technologies dans l'enfouissement des lignes electriques a haute et tres haute tension

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kert, Ch. [Assemblee Nationale, 75 - Paris (France)

    2001-12-01

    Today, high voltage overhead power lines are badly perceived by the population in particular in urban areas and in areas with remarkable landscapes, for their visual impact on the environment and for their possible effect on human health. With the increase of the domestic and foreign power demand, the high voltage grid will develop in the future and the partial burial of power lines can be the first steps towards a solution to these problems. This report makes a worldwide status of the state-of-the-art of power line burial technologies, all voltages considered, and then focusses on the very-high voltage challenge which encounters the most important technological and economical constraints. The technical feasibility has been proven but the lowering of costs needs the development of a real European market of power lines burial. (J.S.)

  11. The French Electricity Company (EDF) and GEC ALSTHOM have signed the agreement for Chinese Laibin B electric power plant; Electricite de France (EDF) et GEC ALSTHOM signent l'accord de la centrale electrique de Laibin B en Chine

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1997-09-03

    EDF and GEC ALSTHOM together with the government of Chinese Province Guangxi have organized in Pekin on 3 september 1997 a ceremony for signing a BOOT (Build, Own, Operate, Transfer) contract for the Coal Power Plant (2 x 360 MW) at Laibin B. This is the first Chinese BOOT contract in the power domain entirely financed by foreign capital. The two western companies which were retained for this project, following an international call for offers, invest USD 150 million of its own founds in this USD 600 million project. They will hold 60% and 40% of the capital of the company created for this project, respectively. The construction power plant is planned to be completed at the end of 1999 - beginning of 2000. After 15 years of industrial operation the power plant will be transferred to the autonomous government of the Province Guangxi. The communique contains the following 8 files: 1. The Laibin B power plant; 2. Build, Own, Operate, Transfer; 3. The autonomous Guangxi Province; 4. An outline of EDF in China; 5. Profile/activities of GEC ALSTHOM in China; 6. The 'Credit Agricole Indosuez' in China; 7. BZW Barclays PLC; 8. HSBC Investment Banking in China.

  12. Fast Plasma from a Coaxial Gun; Plasma Rapide Produit par un Canon Coaxial; Bystraya plazma iz koaksial'nogo inzhektora; Produccion de Plasma Rapido Mediante un Inyector Coaxial

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Marshall, J.; Henins, I. [Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM (United States)

    1966-04-15

    volume around the jet. Fast plasma is emitted in a narrow conical distribution with an open centre. The high voltage which accelerates the fast deuterohs also accelerates wall material ions if the fast plasma bombards a glass wall and evaporates it. (author) [French] Le canon coaxial utilise dans cette experience est une source de deux plasmas differents produits par des mecanismes separes. Un plasma de deuterium abondant et lent ( Tilde-Operator 10{sup 7} cm/s) est produit directement par l'interaction du type j xli ou j est le courant de plasma radial et if le champ magnetique produit par le courant d'alimentation le long de l'electrode centrale. La perturbation de courant se deplace, a travers le gaz injecte, vers l'ouverture du canon, a une vitesse d'environ 2,5 * 10{sup 7} cm/s et emmagasine de l'energie a l'arriere sous forme de champ magnetique et d'energie cinetique de plasma. Par son energie emmagasinee, le canon fonctionne comme un generateur electrique de basse impedence et de grande puissance de maniere a lancer dans le vide au-dela de l'ouverture du canon un jet de courant qui est la source de plasma rapide ( Tilde-Operator 5 x 10{sup 17} deuterons, Tilde-Operator 10{sup 8} cm/s). Le jet de courant ainsi que le plasma qu'il produit font l'objet des experiences decrites dans ce memoire. Le mecanisme de l'acceleration est complique et n'est pas parfaitement connu, mais beaucoup d'enseignements ont ete tires d'un grand nombre d'experiences dans lesquelles ont ete utilises les diagnostics suivants: boucles de captage diamagnetique externes, boucles Rogowsky sous vide, sondes electriques, electrode de captage capacitive externe, analyse de la deflection magnetique et electrostatique de particules, spectroscopic, photographie de la lumiere emise par les cibles, mesure de temps de vol avec ou sans champ de guidage, neutrons emis par le volume,du plasma par suite de la reaction d-d, etc. Il en resulte que le mecanisme d'acceleration consiste en un processus magneto-electrique

  13. Study and realization of the electronic power supply of a variable reluctance motor for electric-powered vehicle - motor experimenting; Etude et realisation de l'alimentation electronique d'un moteur a reluctance variable pour vehicule electrique - experimentation du moteur

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mouchoux, J.C.

    1994-10-15

    This work deals with the development of a propulsion system comprising a 27 kW double salience variable reluctance motor supplied by a tri-phase inverter with asymmetrical half-bridges capable to switch 400 A under 120 V. Control is ensured by a numerical control system based on a digital signal processor. The control strategy comprises two control modes: a torque trapeze one in order to minimize the undulations at low speed, and a full voltage wave one for high speeds (up to 10000 rpm) in order to use the full motor efficiency. This study presents: the operation principle of the motor and the control laws chosen, the converter design and testing, the elaboration of a single-phase numerical model of the motor, the analysis of the power supply simulation results for each control mode chosen, and the measurements of the control-converter-motor efficiencies. (J.S.)

  14. Methodology of system design in electrical engineering with Bond Graph: application on a railway traction system; Methodologie de conception systemique en genie electrique a l'aide de l'outil Bond Graph: application a une chaine de traction ferroviaire

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gandanegara, G.

    2003-11-15

    In Electrical Engineering, the global analysis of systems is difficult because of their heterogeneity and their multi-domain nature. Nevertheless, this system approach is essential because it underlines couplings between elements of different physical fields. To facilitate this analysis, the unified formalism Bond Graph is used. This modeling method illustrates the energetic transfers in the system. Moreover, this methodology offers interesting solutions in terms of system analysis. Two simplification methods have been investigated and compared, i.e. the Singular Perturbations Method (SPM), based on the dynamic analysis of elements, and the Model Order Reduction Algorithm (MORA), based on the energetic activity. By these methods, a simplified bond graph model can be obtained for a given frequency range. The stability analysis by the root locus method and the Lyapunov's second method have been examined and applied with the Bond Graph formalism support. An industrial railway traction system is considered as the case study in the application of these different analysis techniques. (author)

  15. Neutron scattering techniques for betaine calcium chloride dihydrate under applied external field (temperature, electric field and hydrostatic pressure); Etude par diffusion de neutrons du chlorure de calcium et de betaine dihydrate sous champ externe applique (temperature, champ electrique et pression hydrostatique)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hernandez, O

    1997-11-17

    We have studied with neutron scattering techniques betaine calcium chloride dihydrate (BCCD), a dielectric aperiodic crystal which displays a Devil`s staircase type phase diagram made up of several incommensurate and commensurate phases, having a range of stability very sensitive to temperature, electric field and hydrostatic pressure. We have measured a global hysteresis of {delta}(T) of about 2-3 K in the two incommensurate phases. A structural study of the modulated commensurate phases 1/4 and 1/5 allows us to evidence that the atomic modulation functions are anharmonic. The relevance of the modelization of the modulated structure by polar Ising pseudo-spins is then directly established. On the basis of group theory calculation in the four dimensional super-space, we interpret this anharmonic modulation as a soliton regime with respect to the lowest-temperature non modulated ferroelectric phase. The continuous character of the transition to the lowest-temperature non modulated phase and the diffuse scattering observed in this phase are accounted for the presence of ferroelectric domains separated by discommensurations. Furthermore, we have shown that X-rays induce in BCCD a strong variation with time of irradiation of the intensity of satellite peaks, and more specifically for third order ones. This is why the `X-rays` structural model is found more harmonic than the `neutron` one. Under electric field applied along the vector b axis, we confirm that commensurate phases with {delta} = even/odd are favoured and hence are polar along this direction. We have evidenced at 10 kV / cm two new higher order commensurate phases in the phase INC2, corroborating the idea of a `complete` Devil`s air-case phase diagram. A phenomenon of generalized coexistence of phases occurs above 5 kV / cm. We have characterized at high field phase transitions between `coexisting` phases, which are distinguishable from classical lock-in transitions. Under hydrostatic pressure, our results contradict the pressure - temperature phase diagrams previously determined or extrapolated above room-temperature. (author) 122 refs.

  16. The EL 3 project; Projet EL 3

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Raievski, V [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1959-07-01

    ensuite les problemes de radioactivite: activite du circuit d'eau lourde, tenue des joints, activite du circuit d'air, doses au voisinage de la cheminee d'evacuation. On decrit le dispositif de controle et les raisons qui ont conduit au choix de leurs caracteristiques, l'utilisation des neutrons absorbes par les barres de controle pour obtenir des isotopes utiles a ete envisagee. On etudie ensuite le probleme du transfert de chaleur entre la gaine et le fluide de refroidissement, ce probleme est essentiel dans une pile froide a haut flux, sa resolution a necessite des experiences sur des elements chauffes electriquement. Enfin, les problemes de securite sont evoques, en particulier le choix pendant une excursion accidentelle de la puissance provoquant une rupture de la cuve. La charge initialement prevue etait realisee avec de l'uranium enrichi a 1,4 pour cent et alliee a 5/1000 en poids d'aluminium. La premiere charge utilisee etait constituee par de l'uranium enrichi a 1,35 pour cent et alliee a 1,5 pour cent en poids de molybdene, ce qui conduit a augmenter les masses critiques calculees dans ce projet. (auteur)

  17. The cryogenic installations for irradiation in the reactors Melusine and Siloe; Les installations cryogeniques pour irradiations des reacteurs Melusine et Siloe

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bochirol, L; Le Calvez, J; Doulat, J; Verdier, J; Lacaze, A; Weil, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    vaporized in the atmosphere and without any pollution of the refrigerating circuit. Lastly, a few words are said about the liquid helium loop, a prototype of which has worked, and which is being rebuilt with an increased power. (authors) [French] L'etude des defauts crees par l'irradiation dans les solides est d'un interet theorique et pratique, considerable. L'irradiation a basse temperature permet d'obtenir les defauts dans leur etat le plus simple, leur etat 'primaire' sans que l'agitation thermique permette leur annihilation ou leur rearrangement. L'irradiation en pile a basse temperature pose un certain nombre de problemes techniques provenant de la puissance de refrigeration necessaire, qui est quelquefois considerable, des reactions chimiques possibles sous rayonnement et du manque d'espace dans un reacteur. Enfin, la necessite de faire toute l'irradiation et les mesures ulterieures sans rechauffer les; echantillons impose que le dispositif fonctionne en continu sans defaillance et qu'il soit equipe de facon a permettre la recuperation des echantillons froids, ou bien leur mesure et leur rechauffage controle 'in situ'. On decrit la facon dont ces problemes ont ete resolus a Grenoble, pour des dispositifs d'irradiation a 78 deg. K, 28 deg. K et 4 deg. K dans les deux piles piscines Melusine et Siloe. Quelques resultats d'exploitation sont donnes sur la boucle a azote liquide, dite type A, qui fonctionne depuis plusieurs annees dans Melusine. En particulier certaines observations sont faites sur les reactions chimiques qui peuvent se produire sous irradiation dans l'azote liquide impur. On decrit assez en detail la boucle a azote liquide, dite type A, qui vient d'etre installee dans le reacteur Siloe. Les traits essentiels de cet appareil sont: qu'il permet l'irradiation dans des flux plus eleves que le precedent et que son exploitation est grandement facilitee grace a un mode de realisation qui permet l'acces aux echantillons sans demontage ni deconnexion de l

  18. Study of protection devices against the effects of electric discharges inside a very high voltage generator: the Vivitron accelerator; Etude de dispositifs de protection contre les effets des decharges electriques au sein d`un generateur de tres haute tension: l`accelerateur Vivitron

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nolot, E

    1996-10-31

    The Vivitron tandem is a large electrostatic accelerator comprising a Van de Graaff generator designed to reach terminal voltages of around 30 MV. The machine is limited at rather lower nominal voltages (about 20 MV) due to the sensitivity of the insulating column structure to transient overvoltages. These are induced by electrical discharges in compressed SF{sub 6}. This thesis first aims at analysing the fundamental reasons of electrical discharges in order to limit the probability of their occurrence. Then we simulate the transient overvoltages induced and present some improvements which may lead to a stable behaviour of the Vivitron at nominal voltages higher than 20 MV. Initially we deduce discharge onset voltages and actual breakdown field limitations in the different gap geometries from analysis of possible breakdown mechanisms in compressed SF{sub 6}. In a second part, some electrical characteristics of the insulating column structure are measured at high voltage. Fast rising oscillating waves induced by sparking in the Vivitron, along with the associated energies,are determined in the third part. The last part deals with new surge protections of the insulating column structure. Spark gaps with precise onset voltage and optimized shielding electrodes are discussed. ZnO-based varistors designed for operation at very high fields have also been developed in order to reduce transient overvoltage values. (author). 122 refs.

  19. Optimization of electrical conduction and passivity properties of stainless steels used for PEM fuel cell bipolar plates; Opmisation des proprietes de conduction electrique et de passivite d'aciers inoxydables pour la realisation de plaques bipolaires de pile a combustible de type PEMFC

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andre, J

    2007-10-15

    Among the new technologies for energy for sustainable development, PEMFC (proton exchange membrane fuel cells) offer seducing aspects. However, in order to make this technology fit large scale application requirements, it has to comply with stringent cost, performance, and durability criteria. In such a frame, the goal of this work was to optimize electrical conduction properties and passivity of stainless steels for the conception of PEMFC bipolar plates, used instead of graphite, the reference material. This work presents the possible ways of performance loss when using stainless steels and some methods to solve this problem. Passive film properties were studied, as well as their modifications by low cost industrial surface treatments, without deposition. Ex situ characterizations of corrosion resistance and electrical conduction were performed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, water analysis, surface analysis by microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy allowed to study the impact of ageing on two alloys in different states, and several conditions representative of an exposure to PEMFC media. Correlations between semi-conductivity properties, composition, and structure of passive layers were considered, but not leading to clear identification of all parameters responsible for electrical conduction and passivity. The plate industrial state is not convenient for direct use in fuel cell to comply with durability and performance requirements. A surface modification studied improves widely electrical conduction at initial state. The performance is degraded with ageing, but maintaining a level higher than the initial industrial state. This treatment increases also corrosion resistance, particularly on the anode side. (author)

  20. Determination of the 20 MeV linear accelerator, new injector for the synchrotron Saturne. Choice of the electrical and dynamical particle parameters; Determination de l'accelerateur lineaire de 20 MeV, nouvel injecteur du synchrotron Saturne. Choix des parametres electriques, dynamique des particules

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Prome, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1968-12-15

    This report takes place in the general determination of the 20 MeV linear accelerator which will be the new Saturne injector; it deals with particle dynamics. Starting from beam requirements at the output of the linac, cells lengths with variable synchronous phase angle, buncher and de-buncher parameters, beam emittances at the output in several phase spaces are successively determined. (author) [French] Dans le contexte general de la determination de l'accelerateur lineaire de 20 MeV, nouvel injecteur du synchrotron Saturne, ce rapport traite de la partie relative au mecanisme de l'acceleration des particules; a partir des caracteristiques souhaitees pour le faisceau a la sortie de cet accelerateur, on determine successivement les longueurs des cellules, compte tenu du choix d'un angle de phase synchrone variable, les caracteristiques du groupeur et du degroupeur et les emittances du faisceau en sortie dans les differents plans de phase. (auteur)

  1. Optimization of electrical conduction and passivity properties of stainless steels used for PEM fuel cell bipolar plates; Opmisation des proprietes de conduction electrique et de passivite d'aciers inoxydables pour la realisation de plaques bipolaires de pile a combustible de type PEMFC

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andre, J

    2007-10-15

    Among the new technologies for energy for sustainable development, PEMFC (proton exchange membrane fuel cells) offer seducing aspects. However, in order to make this technology fit large scale application requirements, it has to comply with stringent cost, performance, and durability criteria. In such a frame, the goal of this work was to optimize electrical conduction properties and passivity of stainless steels for the conception of PEMFC bipolar plates, used instead of graphite, the reference material. This work presents the possible ways of performance loss when using stainless steels and some methods to solve this problem. Passive film properties were studied, as well as their modifications by low cost industrial surface treatments, without deposition. Ex situ characterizations of corrosion resistance and electrical conduction were performed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, water analysis, surface analysis by microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy allowed to study the impact of ageing on two alloys in different states, and several conditions representative of an exposure to PEMFC media. Correlations between semi-conductivity properties, composition, and structure of passive layers were considered, but not leading to clear identification of all parameters responsible for electrical conduction and passivity. The plate industrial state is not convenient for direct use in fuel cell to comply with durability and performance requirements. A surface modification studied improves widely electrical conduction at initial state. The performance is degraded with ageing, but maintaining a level higher than the initial industrial state. This treatment increases also corrosion resistance, particularly on the anode side. (author)

  2. Evaluation experimentale et theorique du comportement a la flexion de nouveaux poteaux en materiaux composites

    Science.gov (United States)

    Metiche, Slimane

    La demande croissante en poteaux pour les differents reseaux d'electricite et de telecommunications a rendu necessaire l'utilisation de materiaux innovants, qui preservent l'environnement. La majorite des poteaux electriques existants au Canada ainsi qu'a travers le monde, sont fabriques a partir de materiaux traditionnels tel que le bois, le beton ou l'acier. Les motivations des industriels et des chercheurs a penser a d'autres solutions sont diverses, citons entre autre: La limitation en longueur des poteaux en bois ainsi que la vulnerabilite des poteaux fabriques en beton ou en acier aux agressions climatiques. Les nouveaux poteaux en materiaux composites se presentent comme de bons candidats a cet effet, cependant; leur comportement structural n'est pas connu et des etudes theoriques et experimentales approfondies sont necessaires avant leur mise en marche a grande echelle. Un programme de recherche intensif comportant plusieurs projets experimentaux, analytiques et numeriques est en cours a l'Universite de Sherbrooke afin d'evaluer le comportement a court et a long termes de ces nouveaux poteaux en Polymeres Renforces de Fibres (PRF). C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit la presente these, et notre recherche vise a evaluer le comportement a la flexion de nouveaux poteaux tubulaires coniques fabriques en materiaux composites par enroulement filamentaire et ce, a travers une etude theorique, ainsi qu'a travers une serie d'essais de flexion en "grandeur reelle" afin de comprendre le comportement structural de ces poteaux, d'optimiser la conception et de proposer une procedure de dimensionnement pour les utilisateurs. Les poteaux en Polymeres Renforces de Fibres (PRF) etudies dans cette these sont fabriques avec une resine epoxyde renforcee de fibres de verre type E. Chaque type poteaux est constitue principalement de trois zones ou les proprietes geometriques (epaisseur, diametre) et les proprietes mecaniques sont differentes d'une zone a l'autre. La difference

  3. Forced convection of liquid hydrogen - part 2 - case of large temperature differences between the fluid and the wall - final report (cylindrical channel); Convection forcee de l'hydrogene liquide - 2. partie - cas de grands ecarts de temperatures entre fluide et paroi - rapport final (canal cylindrique)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perroud, P; Rebiere, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    Measurements have been performed in a smooth Inconel tube of 2 mm ID and 2.5 mm OD, electrically heated on 300 mm by Joule effect (AC) The liquid enters the test section subcooled at the constant temperature of 25 deg. K of average; then it is heated till, most-often, complete vaporization. The conditions are: inlet pressure (subcritical) 8 atm (a number of experiences have been made under supercritical pressure of 16 atm), mass velocity 11 to 115 g/cm{sup 2}.s, heat flux density 9 to 385 W/cm{sup 2}, wall temperature reaching 800 deg. K. The liquid hydrogen used was composed of about 60 per cent of para-hydrogen (the transformation para-ortho does not happen in the process). A flow model, connected with the wall temperatures observed, is established. In the region of two-phase flow, the wall temperature highly decreases and passes through a minimum just when the steam quality reaches unity. A correlation for the heat transfer coefficients is given, in the two-phase flow region (steam quality from 0 to 1) and in the region of homogeneous gaseous phase (Reynolds varying from 15 000 to 420 000). Comparison with former correlations is also given. In the mixed-phase region, head losses due to friction are negligible with the respect to the pressure drop due to the variation of momentum. This latter can be calculated with good approximation using one-dimensional model. The head losses in gaseous phase follows the classical laws. Physical properties of liquid hydrogen extracted from the most recent literature, are given in supplement. (authors) [French] Les mesures ont ete effectuees a l'aide d'un tube cylindrique lisse en inconel de 2 x 2,5 mm de diametre, chauffe electriquement sur une longueur de 300 mm par effet Joule (courant alternatif). Le liquide entre sous-refroidi a la temperature de 25 deg. K en moyenne; il est ensuite chauffe jusqu'a vaporisation complete le plus souvent. Le domaine explore est le suivant: pression d'entree (subcritique) 8 atm en moyenne (un

  4. Study of recombination processes for 'electron-hole' pairs in germanium irradiated by {gamma} rays from {sup 60}Co using the photovoltaic effect in P-N junctions; Etude du processus de recombinaison des paires ''electron-trou'' dans le germanium irradie par les rayons {gamma} du cobalt 60 a l'aide de l'effet photovoltaique dans les jonctions P-N

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zahedi-Mochadam, A A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-10-01

    de conduction et les sections efficaces de capture des trous et des electrons ont respectivement pour valeurs: {sigma}{sub p} = 4 x 10{sup -15} cm{sup 2} et {sigma}{sub n} = 3 x 10{sup -15} cm{sup 2}. La valeur de {sigma}{sub n} semble sous-estimee, du fait que le nombre des defauts dans les echantillons de type P parait plus faible que dans ceux de type N. Ces resultats laissent a penser que les interstitiels sont responsables de la recombinaison. A 80 K, nous avons trouve dans les echantillons de type N, un niveau peu profond situe a 0,05 eV au-dessous de la bande de conduction avec la section de capture des trous {sigma}{sub p} {>=} 10{sup -14} cm{sup 2}. Nous pensons que dans ce cas, la recombinaison des porteurs de charge est controlee par des paires 'lacune-instertitiels' proches. Dans les echantillons de type P a basse temperature, la duree de vie reste pratiquement constante au cours de l'irradiation. Ce fait est attribue a une guerison spontanee des defauts d'origine purement electrique. Dans la derniere partie du travail, l'etude de l'effet photovoltaique applique au probleme de la dosimetrie des rayons gamma est consideree. On montre que de tels dosimetres bases sur ce principe permettent de mesurer l'intensite des rayons gamma dans une gamme tres etendue.

  5. A study of the fluorescence of the rare gases excited by nuclear particles. Use of the principle for the detection of nuclear radiation by scintillation; Etude de la fluorescence des gaz rares excites par des particules nucleaires. Utilisation pour la detection des rayonnements nucleaires par scintillation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Koch, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1959-12-15

    composantes, l'une tres breve due a la desexcitation directe du gaz rare, l'autre relativement plus lente, due au transfert d'energie sur les impuretes. La mesure des durees de vie des etats excites a confirme l'hypothese precedente, la partie breve de l'impulsion est extremement courte: inferieure a 2,25.10{sup -9} s dans le cas du xenon, la partie plus lente a une duree qui depend etroitement de la concentration d'azote, l'azote etant l'impurete dont le role est preponderant dans tous les cas. L'etude des gaz rares soumis a un champ electrique a permis de montrer que la quantite de lumiere produite par une particule {alpha} peut etre multipliee (par 60 dans un champ de 600 V/cm par exemple) ce qui correspond a un rendement de luminescence superieur a celui de INa TI. Dans la deuxieme partie on a etudie les caracteristiques des gaz rares comme scintillateurs, la plus importante est l'absence de saturation de la fluorescence lorsque la densite d'excitation transmise au gaz devient tres grande. Ceci joint au temps de scintillation tres court a permis d'etudier un certain nombre d'applications a la physique nucleaire (mesure d'energie des particules lourdes, etude cinetique des reacteurs nucleaires, spectroscopie des neutrons...). (auteur)

  6. Texture study of divided solids by gas adsorption: application to beryllia, alumina and to gels and oxides; Contribution a l'etude, par adsorption gazeuse, de la texture des solides divises. Application a l'alumine, a la glucine et a differents gels et oxydes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rouquerol, F. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-12-01

    particulier dans le cas des solides mtcroporeux) pour la determination du volume de gaz adsorbe dans une couche monomoleculaire et que l'azote est sensible aux interactions chimiques ou electriques avec l'adsorbant: il convient de le remplacer par l'argon. Les methodes de calcul de la distribution de taille des pores sont analysees et discutees. Nos resultats experimentaux ont montre que l'epaisseur de la couche multimoleculaire doit etre calculee a partir du nombre de couches donne par Shull et d'une epaisseur de 3,6 angstrom par couche. Enfin, nous proposons une nouvelle methode d'analyse de la branche de desorption. Nous montrons que certains systemes lamellaires, non poreux, tels que Be(OH){sub 2}, donnent une hysteresis sur une isotherme d'adsorption du type I ou II. En nous basant sur les resultats numeriques fournis par notre methode ainsi que sur des observations obtenues par microscopie electronique, nous concluons que cette hysteresis est due au manque de rigidite du solide. Inversement, nous avons caracterise des solides poreux qui ne donnent pas lieu au phenomene d'hysteresis. C'est le cas des echantillons de glucine de texture microporeuse (r < 20 A). Les conclusions precedentes nous permettent de decrire l'evolution de texture subie par deux series d'echantillons (glucine et alumine) au cours de leur deshydratation progressive (traitement thermique allant de 150 a 1100 C). (auteur)

  7. Effect of divalent impurities on some physical properties of LiF and NaF; Influence des impuretes divalentes sur quelques proprietes physiques du LiF et du NaF

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Laj, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-05-01

    par RPE des echantillons dopes au Mn{sup 2+} a permis de montrer que le pic observe dans LiF et son correspondant dans NaF sont dus a la relaxation de dipoles formes par l'association d'une impurete d'une lacune en second voisin. La connaissance des proprietes des dipoles permet, de montrer que la conductibilite electrique a temperature ambiante du LiF est regie par l'equilibre: M{sup ++} {open_square}+ {yields} M{sup ++} + {open_square}+. On montre aussi que la lacune libre provenant de cette dissociation est responsable de l'augmentation de la vitesse de coloration par rayonnement {gamma} des cristaux de LiF dopes avec cations divalents. On etudie ensuite un centre paramagnetique du a la presence de Mn{sup 0} isole dans le reseau. La valeur de l'interaction hyperfine et sa variation avec la temperature sont en bon accord avec la theorie et les autres resultats experimentaux existants. Enfin nous montrons que la disparition des dipoles par recuit est liee a la formation de complexes contenant des ions OH{sup -}, probablement du type M(OH){sub 2}, avec les deux ions OH{sup -} occupant un seul site de fluor. (auteur)

  8. Problems and energy choices in Burkina Faso[Energie ; Economie domestique ; Bois de feu ; Produits petroliers ; Legislation fonciere ; Electricite]; Burkina : Problemes et choix energetiques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1986-01-15

    Burkina sont lies a la cuisson des aliments, aux combustibles liquides destines aux transports routier et ferroviaire et aux combustibles utilises dans l industrie et pour la production de l electricite. En ce qui concerne le secteur des transports, il n existe a present aucune possibilite de substitution aux produits petroliers, hormis l utilisation de l ethanol dilue dans l essence. Au niveau industriel la bagasse et les autres residus agro- industriels constituent d ores et deja la principale source d energie tant pour la production de chaleur industrielle que pour celle de l electricite. Pour le reseau public d'alimentation en electricite, la production repose exclusivement sur des centrales diesel. Face donc aux immenses besoins de ses populations en energie, le Burkina ne dispose que de ressources tres limitees. La biomasse utilisee a des fins domestiques ne peut continuellement assurer aux menages, l approvisionnement energetique necessaire a la cuisson des aliments. Quant aux residus agro- industriels, ils ne peuvent reduire la consommation industrielle de produits petroliers. Il y a aussi les ressources hydrauliques dont l'exploitation judicieuse pourrait contribuer a diminuer la consommation de fuel pour la production de l electricite. En somme, il faudrait ameliorer la reglementation en matiere d approvisionnement en bois de feu, promouvoir l utilisation des foyers a bois ameliores, planifier les approvisionnements en produits petroliers et assister la SONABEL dans le renforcement des capacites de production electrique de ses centrales au fuel.

  9. In-situ test of the static behaviour of a pile foundation subjected to thermo-mechanical solicitations. Intermediate report of January 1999; Test en conditions reelles du comportement statique d`un pieu soumis a des sollicitations thermo-mecaniques. Rapport intermediaire de janvier 1999

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Moreni, M.; Laloui, L.; Steinmann, G. [and others

    1999-10-01

    , le transformant ainsi en pieu echangeur. Des capteurs de force, de deformation et de temperature ont ete installes afin d`evaluer l`effet de sollicitations thermiques sur la statique du pieu. La phase initiale du projet, terminee en mai 1998, comprenait la conception et la realisation du pieu echangeur ainsi que son instrumentation; la phase suivante, qui se termine un mois apres la parution du present rapport, concerne une serie de sollicitations thermiques appliquees au pieu, appelees tests, pendant cette phase de construction du batiment. Le poids supporte par le pieu a ainsi augmente d`un test a l`autre. Cette double sollicitation produit le couplage thermo-mecanique. Ce rapport presente toutes les mesures effectuees au cours des 6 tests, entre la construction de chaque etage. La variation de temperature appliquee au pieu etait de 15 K a chaque test, sauf pour le premier pour lequel elle etait de 22 K (la base du batiment n`etant pas encore construite). Les temperatures, les contraintes et les deformations ont ete mesurees a differentes profondeurs du pieu. Un enregistrement continu des mesures thermiques relatives au chauffage du pieu (temperatures, debit, puissances electrique et thermique) a egalement ete realise. Des carottages soniques et un controle par la methode de reflexion ont ete effectues pour determiner le module d`elasticite du pieu et la qualite de son beton. La derniere phase du projet (mars - decembre 1999) portera sur l`interpretation des mesures et l`evaluation de l`influence de variations de temperature sur la portance du pieu

  10. Texture study of divided solids by gas adsorption: application to beryllia, alumina and to gels and oxides; Contribution a l'etude, par adsorption gazeuse, de la texture des solides divises. Application a l'alumine, a la glucine et a differents gels et oxydes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rouquerol, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1965-12-01

    solides mtcroporeux) pour la determination du volume de gaz adsorbe dans une couche monomoleculaire et que l'azote est sensible aux interactions chimiques ou electriques avec l'adsorbant: il convient de le remplacer par l'argon. Les methodes de calcul de la distribution de taille des pores sont analysees et discutees. Nos resultats experimentaux ont montre que l'epaisseur de la couche multimoleculaire doit etre calculee a partir du nombre de couches donne par Shull et d'une epaisseur de 3,6 angstrom par couche. Enfin, nous proposons une nouvelle methode d'analyse de la branche de desorption. Nous montrons que certains systemes lamellaires, non poreux, tels que Be(OH){sub 2}, donnent une hysteresis sur une isotherme d'adsorption du type I ou II. En nous basant sur les resultats numeriques fournis par notre methode ainsi que sur des observations obtenues par microscopie electronique, nous concluons que cette hysteresis est due au manque de rigidite du solide. Inversement, nous avons caracterise des solides poreux qui ne donnent pas lieu au phenomene d'hysteresis. C'est le cas des echantillons de glucine de texture microporeuse (r < 20 A). Les conclusions precedentes nous permettent de decrire l'evolution de texture subie par deux series d'echantillons (glucine et alumine) au cours de leur deshydratation progressive (traitement thermique allant de 150 a 1100 C). (auteur)

  11. Effect of divalent impurities on some physical properties of LiF and NaF; Influence des impuretes divalentes sur quelques proprietes physiques du LiF et du NaF

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Laj, C. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-05-01

    . Une etude parallelle par RPE des echantillons dopes au Mn{sup 2+} a permis de montrer que le pic observe dans LiF et son correspondant dans NaF sont dus a la relaxation de dipoles formes par l'association d'une impurete d'une lacune en second voisin. La connaissance des proprietes des dipoles permet, de montrer que la conductibilite electrique a temperature ambiante du LiF est regie par l'equilibre: M{sup ++} {open_square}+ {yields} M{sup ++} + {open_square}+. On montre aussi que la lacune libre provenant de cette dissociation est responsable de l'augmentation de la vitesse de coloration par rayonnement {gamma} des cristaux de LiF dopes avec cations divalents. On etudie ensuite un centre paramagnetique du a la presence de Mn{sup 0} isole dans le reseau. La valeur de l'interaction hyperfine et sa variation avec la temperature sont en bon accord avec la theorie et les autres resultats experimentaux existants. Enfin nous montrons que la disparition des dipoles par recuit est liee a la formation de complexes contenant des ions OH{sup -}, probablement du type M(OH){sub 2}, avec les deux ions OH{sup -} occupant un seul site de fluor. (auteur)

  12. On the Conversion of UF{sub 6} to UO{sub 2}; Conversion de UF{sub 6} en UO{sub 2}; O prevrashchenii UF{sub 6} v UO{sub 2}; Transformacion del UF{sub 6} en UO{sub 2}

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kolar, D.; Slivnik, J.; Volavsek, B. [Jozef Stefan Nuclear Institute, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia (Slovenia)

    1963-11-15

    A complex ammonium uranium fluoride was prepared by the reduction of uranium hexafluoride with ammonia in the gaseous phase at 40 deg. C. The very fine product was retained in electrical precipitators and converted into uranium dioxide by pyrohydrolysis with water vapour and hydrogen in the temperature interval between 500 and 600 deg. C. The reaction was followed by differential thermal and thermogravimetrical analysis. The uranium dioxide was analysed for fluorine and oxygen content and the crystal structure was checked by X-ray analysis. Several physico-chemical characteristics, such as specific surface area, particle size and tap density of the powder, have been determined. From the powder, the pellets have been pressed and sintered at 1350 deg. C. Depending on the various conditions of preparation, densities up to 94% of the theoretical values were achieved. (author) [French] Les auteurs ont prepare un fluorure complexe d'uranium et d'ammonium par reduction d'hexafluorure d'uranium avec du gaz ammoniac a 40 deg. C. Le produit obtenu, tres fin, a ete retenu dans des precipitateurs electriques et transforme en bioxyde d'uranium par hydrolyse a chaud avec de la vapeur d'eau et de l'hydrogene, a des temperatures se trouvant entre 500 et 600 deg. C. La reaction a ete suivie d'une analyse thermique et thermogravimetrique differentielle. Les auteurs ont aussi analyse le bioxyde d'uranium pour determiner la teneur en oxygene et en fluor et ils ont verifie la structure des cristaux par une analyse aux rayons X. Ils ont determine plusieurs caracteristiques physico-chimiques de la poudre, telles que la surface specifique, la grosseur des particules et la densite apparente apres vibration. A partir de cette poudre, les pastilles ont ete frittees sous pression a 1350 deg. C. Les densites obtenues atteignaient 94% des valeurs theoriques, suivant les diverses conditions de preparation. (author) [Spanish] Los autores prepararon un fluoruro de uranio y amonio complejo por

  13. Mechanical design of a free-wheel clutch for the thermal engine of a parallel hybrid vehicle with thermal and electrical power-train; Conception mecanique d'un accouplement a roue libre pour le moteur thermique d'un vehicule hybride parallele thermique et electrique

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Santin, J.J.

    2001-07-01

    This thesis deals with the design of a free-wheel clutch. This unit is intended to replace the automated dry single-plate clutch of a parallel hybrid car with thermal and electric power-train. Furthermore, the car is a single shaft zero emission vehicle fitted with a controlled gearbox. Chapter one focuses on the type of hybrid vehicle studied. It shows the need to isolate the engine from the rest of the drive train, depending on the driving conditions. Chapter two presents and compares the two alternatives: automated clutch and free-wheel. In order to develop the free-wheel option, the torsional vibrations in the automotive drive line had to be closely studied. It required the design of a specific modular tool, as presented in chapter three, with the help of MATLAB SIMULINK. Lastly, chapter four shows how this tool was used during the design stage and specifies the way to build it. The free-wheel is then to be fitted to a prototype hybrid vehicle, constructed by both the LAMIH and PSA. (author)

  14. The coordination of research and innovation activities relative to an emergent technology: the case of batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles; La coordination des activites de recherche et d'innovation dans les phases d'emergence: le cas des batteries pour vehicules electriques et hybrides

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Larrue, Ph

    2000-05-23

    In this thesis, we try to provide elements of a non-deterministic view of the coordination of research activities in the phase of emergence. Firstly, we try to identify the variables that determinate the strength and the characteristics of the imperative of coordination in this very preliminary period of an innovation process. Secondly, we try to evaluate the institutional arrangements that can effectively sustain the coordination of the activities of the various interdependent actors more or less involved in the innovation process. The basic idea of the thesis is that technological innovations do not originate as isolated according to a hypothetical underlying 'nature of the technology', especially when they are controversial and subject to great uncertainties as is the case with regard to batteries for Electric and hybrid Vehicles (EVs). Innovations appear to be generated by means of the interactions of a number of organizations belonging to different 'spheres' (different industries, scientific disciplines, public institutions, etc.). In order to validate a new area of opportunity which is still very uncertain at this preliminary stage, the competences and interests of these different organizations must be coordinated. Because of the complex mix of economic and technological barriers faced by the actors taking part in this innovation process, the area of batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles is the 'perfect laboratory' to investigate the institutional arrangements that can sustain the coordination of research and innovation activities relating to an emerging technology. The empirical and theoretical investigations are mainly focused on pre-competitive research consortia such as the United-States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC). This case study is conducted through in-depth interviews with key-actors of the area of batteries and electric vehicles. We also use the results of an on-line experts opinions survey we performed. (author)

  15. The 'Ball children' juggle with ''solar'' and ''all-electrical'' energy...; Les ''enfants de la balle'' jonglent avec le ''solaire'' et le ''tout electrique''...

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anon.

    2005-05-01

    The Fratellini circus academy, settled in the north of Paris (France), has chosen technical energy solutions adapted to each building with respect to its vocation. These solutions combine helio-atmospheric solar collectors, heat pumps, convectors and radiant heating systems. (J.S.)

  16. Declaration and authorization forms for the fabrication, distribution or use of radioactive sources or electric generators of ionizing radiation; Formulaires de declaration et d'autorisation de fabrication, de distribution ou d'utilisation de sources radioactives ou de generateurs electriques de rayonnements ionisants

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2010-07-01

    This document gathers all the forms to be completed when declaring or when asking for an authorization for the fabrication, retailing or use of radioactive sources or electric equipment generating ionizing radiation. These forms can concern all domains (use of sealed radioactive sources, possession and use of a particle accelerator or of radionuclides, import or export of radionuclides or of products containing radionuclides), or the use of such materials or equipment in the medical sector, or the fabrication and use in industry or research, or in user's guides for radioactive sources

  17. The coordination of research and innovation activities relative to an emergent technology: the case of batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles; La coordination des activites de recherche et d'innovation dans les phases d'emergence: le cas des batteries pour vehicules electriques et hybrides

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Larrue, Ph.

    2000-05-23

    In this thesis, we try to provide elements of a non-deterministic view of the coordination of research activities in the phase of emergence. Firstly, we try to identify the variables that determinate the strength and the characteristics of the imperative of coordination in this very preliminary period of an innovation process. Secondly, we try to evaluate the institutional arrangements that can effectively sustain the coordination of the activities of the various interdependent actors more or less involved in the innovation process. The basic idea of the thesis is that technological innovations do not originate as isolated according to a hypothetical underlying 'nature of the technology', especially when they are controversial and subject to great uncertainties as is the case with regard to batteries for Electric and hybrid Vehicles (EVs). Innovations appear to be generated by means of the interactions of a number of organizations belonging to different 'spheres' (different industries, scientific disciplines, public institutions, etc.). In order to validate a new area of opportunity which is still very uncertain at this preliminary stage, the competences and interests of these different organizations must be coordinated. Because of the complex mix of economic and technological barriers faced by the actors taking part in this innovation process, the area of batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles is the 'perfect laboratory' to investigate the institutional arrangements that can sustain the coordination of research and innovation activities relating to an emerging technology. The empirical and theoretical investigations are mainly focused on pre-competitive research consortia such as the United-States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC). This case study is conducted through in-depth interviews with key-actors of the area of batteries and electric vehicles. We also use the results of an on-line experts opinions survey we performed. (author)

  18. Electric properties of organic and mineral electronic components, design and modelling of a photovoltaic chain for a better exploitation of the solar energy; Proprietes electriques des composants electroniques mineraux et organiques, conception et modelisation d'une chaine photovoltaique pour une meilleure exploitation de l'energie solaire

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Aziz, A

    2006-11-15

    The research carried out in this thesis relates to the mineral, organic electronic components and the photovoltaic systems. Concerning the mineral semiconductors, we modelled the conduction properties of the structures metal/oxide/semiconductor (MOS) strongly integrated in absence and in the presence of charges. We proposed a methodology allowing characterizing the ageing of structures MOS under injection of the Fowler Nordheim (FN) current type. Then, we studied the Schottky diodes in polymers of type metal/polymer/metal. We concluded that: The mechanism of the charges transfer, through the interface metal/polymer, is allotted to the thermo-ionic effect and could be affected by the lowering of the potential barrier to the interface metal/polymer. In the area of photovoltaic energy, we conceived and modelled a photovoltaic system of average power (100 W). We showed that the adaptation of the generator to the load allows a better exploitation of solar energy. This is carried out by the means of the converters controlled by an of type MPPT control provided with a detection circuit of dysfunction and restarting of the system. (author)

  19. Opening of the first CO{sub 2} capture installation on the fumes of a coal power plant - european project Castor, Denmark; Inauguration de la premiere installation de captage du CO{sub 2} sur les fumees d'une centrale electrique au charbon - Projet europeen Castor, Danemark

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2006-03-15

    The 15 March 2006, was launched the first industrial pilot of CO{sub 2} capture of the Castor project, coordinated by the IFP and financed by the european commission, on the site of the Esbjerg (Denmark) power plant. It is the first world installation allowing the CO{sub 2} capture on the fumes of a coal power plant. This document presents the pilot installation, discusses the european project Castor, the advantages of the CO{sub 2} capture and storage for a better use of the fossil energies, where and how capturing the CO{sub 2} and the Denmark energy context. (A.L.B.)

  20. Electrical limitations to energy resolution in semiconductor particle detectors; Limitations electriques du pouvoir de resolution en energie des detecteurs a semi-conducteurs; Ehlektricheskie ogranicheniya razreshayushchej sposobnosti po ehnergii v poluprovodnikovykh detektorakh chastits; Limitaciones electricas en la resolucion energetica de detectores de particulas a base de semiconductores

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hansen, W L; Goulding, F S [Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)

    1962-04-15

    Based on the assumption that the noise contribution of a semiconductor detector is due solely to its bulk properties, equations are presented which indicate the theoretical limits of noise in detectoramplifier combinations. These equations show that an optimum amplifier time-constant and detector bias voltage exist for which condition the minimum noise is independent of the semiconductor resistivity. The optimum performance of a detector-amplifier system is shown to depend only upon detector area, input capacity (less detector capacity), semiconductor minority carrier lifetime and the transconductance of the amplifier input tube. A new detector structure which includes a guard-ring electrode as an integral part of the detector structure is described which has the effect of largely eliminating noise due to surface leakage. Experimental results for detector leakage and energy resolution which agree well with theory are presented. The theoretical limit of noise, expressed as full width at half maximum, is from 7 to 10 keV for 1-cm{sup 2} p-type silicon detectors at 25{sup o}C. (author) [French] Partant de l'hypothese que le bruit imputable au detecteur a semi-conducteur est du exclusivement aux proprietes fondamentales du semi-conducteur, les auteurs etablissent des equations donnant les limites theoriques du bruit dans les combinaisons detecteur-amplificateur. Ces equations montrent qu'il existe une constante de temps optimum de l'amplificateur et une tension de polarisation du detecteur, pour lesquelles le bruit minimum est independant de la resistivite du semi-conducteur. Les auteurs prouvent que l'optimum de fonctionnement d'un ensemble detecteur-amplificateur ne depend que de la surface du detecteur, de la capacite a l'entree (deduction faite de la capacite du detecteur), du porteur minoritaire du semi-conducteur, de la duree de vie et de la transconductance du tube d'entree de l'amplificateur. Ils decrivent un modele nouveau de detecteur qui comprend une electrode avec anneau de garde qui fait partie integrante de l'instrument et qui a pour effet d'eliminer dans une large mesure le bruit du aux fuites en surface. Le memoire fournit des donnees experimentales relatives aux fuites et au pouvoir de resolution en energie qui concordent parfaitement avec la theorie. La limite theorique du bruit, exprimee en largeur totale a mi-hauteur du maximum, est de l'ordre de 7 a 10keV pour les detecteurs au silicium type p de 1 cm{sup 2}, a une temperature de 25{sup o}C. (author) [Spanish] Los autores parten de la suposicion de que el ruido de fondo de un detector basado en un semiconductor se debe unicamente a este ultimo, y presentan ecuaciones que indican los limites teoricos del ruido en las combinaciones detector-amplificador. Estas ecuaciones demuestran la existencia de valores optimos en las constantes de tiempo del amplificador y en la polarizacion del detector, para los que el ruido minimo es independiente de la resistividad del semiconductor. Los autores demuestran que el funcionamiento optimo de un sistema detectoramplificador depende unicamente del area del detector, de la capacidad de entrada (menos la capacidad del detector), de la vida media de los portadores minoritarios del semiconductor, y de la transconductancia de la valvula de entrada del amplificador. La memoria describe la estructura de un nuevo detector que incluye como parte integral un electrodo de anillo de guarda cuyo efecto es eliminar en gran parte el ruido que ocasionan las fugas superficiales. Presentan los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente para las perdidas en el detector y la resolucion energetica, que concuerdan satisfactoriamente con los valores teoricos. El limite teorico del ruido expresado como anchura del pico a la mitad de su amplitud esta comprendido entre 7 y 10keV para detectores de silicio del tipo p, de 1 cm{sup 2} a 25{sup o}C. (author) [Russian] Iskhodya iz gipotezy, chto proizvodimyj poluprovodnikovym detektorom shum vyzyvaetsya isklyuchitel'no svojstvami massy poluprovodnika, privodyatsya uravneniya, dayushchie teoreticheskie predely shuma pri sovmeshchenii detektorov s usilitelyami. Iz ehtikh uravnenij vidno, chto imeyutsya optimal'naya konstanta vremeni dlya usilitelya i napryazhenie smeshcheniya dlya detektora; pri soblyudenii ehtikh uslovij minimal'nyj shum ne zavisit ot udel'nogo soprotivleniya poluprovodnika. Dokazyvaetsya, chto nailuchshie rezul'taty raboty sistemy detektor-usilitel' zavisyat tol'ko ot ploshchadi detektiruyushchej poverkhnosti, vkhodnoj emkosti (za vychetom emkosti samogo detektora), sroka zhizni naimenee mnogochislennogo iz nositelej v poluprovodnike i ot krutizny vkhodnoj ehlektronnoj lampy usilitelya. Opisyvaetsya novaya konstruktsiya detektora s kol'tsevym ograditel'nym ehlektrodom v kachestve neot{sup e}mlemoj chasti konstruktsii detektora, chto v shirokoj mere ustranyaet shum, vyzyvaemyj poverkhnostnoj utechkoj. Soobshchayutsya ehksperimental'nye rezul'taty opredeleniya utechki detektora i razreshayushchej sposobnosti po ehnergii, khorosho sovpadayushchie s teoreticheskimi dannymi. Teoreticheskij predel shuma, vyrazhennogo v vide polnoj shiriny na polovine maksimuma, lezhit dlya kremnievykh detektorov tipa ''p'' v intervale ot 7 do 10 kev na 1 kv.cm pri 25{sup o}C. (author)

  1. Law no. 2004-803 from August 9, 2004 relative to electricity and gas public utilities and to the power and gas companies; Loi no. 2004-803 du 9 aout 2004 relative au service public de l'electricite et du gaz et aux entreprises electriques et gazieres

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2004-09-01

    The aim of this law is to allow the administrations to avoid to use their eligibility right with the opening of the electricity and gas markets to competition. It changes the juridical status of the two public utilities Electricite de France (EdF) and Gaz de France (GdF) into two anonymous companies and creates two additional companies for the management of the power and gas networks. It ensures also the transposition of the European directives from June 26, 2003 (2003/54/CE and 2003/55/CE). It contains some proper dispositions and modifies various existing French laws, in particular the law no. 46-628 from April 8, 1946 about the electricity and gas nationalization and the law no. 2000-108 from February 10, 2000 relative to the modernization and development of the electric public utility. (J.S.)

  2. Project of law modified by the Senate relative to the electric and gas public utilities and to the electric and gas companies; Projet de loi modifie par le Senat relatif au service public de l'electricite et du gaz et aux entreprises electriques et gazieres

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2004-07-01

    This project of law aims to adapt the electricity and gas sector to the new economical context of opening of the energy markets to competition. It gives to energy companies the internal organization base necessary to warrant a high level of service and a transparent and non-discriminatory access of third parties to transport and distribution networks. These evolutions will allow Electricite de France (EdF) and Gaz de France (GdF) companies to compete on equal terms with their European competitors. It confirms first the prime role of public utility of both companies and then transposes the dispositions of the European directives relative to the organization of EdF and GdF integrated companies. It foresees the creation of two daughter companies for the management of energy transport activities. The project of law foresees also the change of the status of EdF and GdF companies and the reform of the retirement pensions of the personnel. This report presents the modifications added by the Senate to the text of law adopted at first reading by the House of Commons. (J.S.)

  3. Ion transport under the effect of an electric field in porous medium: application to the separation of rare earths by focalization electrophoresis; Transport d'ions sous l'effet d'un champ electrique en milieu poreux: Application a la separation de terres rares par electrophorese a focalisation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vieira-Nunes, A I

    1999-01-15

    Trivalent ions of rare earth elements have very similar properties and their difficult separation each from another is usually carried out by liquid-liquid extraction or ion exchange. Focalization electrophoresis represents an alternative route to the usual techniques. The purpose of this work consisted of the fundamental investigation of ion transport phenomena in electrophoretic processes. Focalization electrophoresis is suitable for separation of amphoteric species such as rare earth ions, using a pH gradient in the cell and upon addition of a complexed agent e. g. EDTA. This technique relies upon the difference in iso-electrical points of the considered species, being under the form of free cation near the anode, and in the form of anionic complexed species closer to the cathode. Rare earth species are submitted to the antagonist effects of diffusion and migration, enabling their focalization to occur at the iso-electrical point, corresponding to nil value of their effective mobility. Following a literature survey on rare earth elements and electrophoresis processes, the document describes theoretical and experimental investigations of complexation equilibria of some rare earth elements, namely lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium and cerium, depending on pH. Values for the iso-electrical points could be estimated. Transport and focalization phenomena in view of rare earth separation, are dealt in the last chapter. Investigations were first carried out without forced circulation of the electrolyte solution and the transient behavior of the system allowed operating conditions to be design and built-up of a continuous device, more suitable to separation, and provided with 42 potential and 42 temperature sensors: the results of the preliminary runs, in form of variable profiles, are presented and discussed. (author)

  4. Electric properties of organic and mineral electronic components, design and modelling of a photovoltaic chain for a better exploitation of the solar energy; Proprietes electriques des composants electroniques mineraux et organiques, conception et modelisation d'une chaine photovoltaique pour une meilleure exploitation de l'energie solaire

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Aziz, A

    2006-11-15

    The research carried out in this thesis relates to the mineral, organic electronic components and the photovoltaic systems. Concerning the mineral semiconductors, we modelled the conduction properties of the structures metal/oxide/semiconductor (MOS) strongly integrated in absence and in the presence of charges. We proposed a methodology allowing characterizing the ageing of structures MOS under injection of the Fowler Nordheim (FN) current type. Then, we studied the Schottky diodes in polymers of type metal/polymer/metal. We concluded that: The mechanism of the charges transfer, through the interface metal/polymer, is allotted to the thermo-ionic effect and could be affected by the lowering of the potential barrier to the interface metal/polymer. In the area of photovoltaic energy, we conceived and modelled a photovoltaic system of average power (100 W). We showed that the adaptation of the generator to the load allows a better exploitation of solar energy. This is carried out by the means of the converters controlled by an of type MPPT control provided with a detection circuit of dysfunction and restarting of the system. (author)

  5. Ion transport under the effect of an electric field in porous medium: application to the separation of rare earths by focalization electrophoresis; Transport d'ions sous l'effet d'un champ electrique en milieu poreux: Application a la separation de terres rares par electrophorese a focalisation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vieira-Nunes, A.I

    1999-01-15

    Trivalent ions of rare earth elements have very similar properties and their difficult separation each from another is usually carried out by liquid-liquid extraction or ion exchange. Focalization electrophoresis represents an alternative route to the usual techniques. The purpose of this work consisted of the fundamental investigation of ion transport phenomena in electrophoretic processes. Focalization electrophoresis is suitable for separation of amphoteric species such as rare earth ions, using a pH gradient in the cell and upon addition of a complexed agent e. g. EDTA. This technique relies upon the difference in iso-electrical points of the considered species, being under the form of free cation near the anode, and in the form of anionic complexed species closer to the cathode. Rare earth species are submitted to the antagonist effects of diffusion and migration, enabling their focalization to occur at the iso-electrical point, corresponding to nil value of their effective mobility. Following a literature survey on rare earth elements and electrophoresis processes, the document describes theoretical and experimental investigations of complexation equilibria of some rare earth elements, namely lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium and cerium, depending on pH. Values for the iso-electrical points could be estimated. Transport and focalization phenomena in view of rare earth separation, are dealt in the last chapter. Investigations were first carried out without forced circulation of the electrolyte solution and the transient behavior of the system allowed operating conditions to be design and built-up of a continuous device, more suitable to separation, and provided with 42 potential and 42 temperature sensors: the results of the preliminary runs, in form of variable profiles, are presented and discussed. (author)

  6. Research document no. 24. The integration of european electric markets: from the national markets juxtaposition to the establishment of a regional market; Cahier de recherche no. 24. L'integration des marches electriques europeens: de la juxtaposition de marches nationaux a l'etablissement d'un marche regional

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Finon, D

    2000-11-01

    After the transcription of the electricity directive in national legislations, the European electricity market appears to be a vast set of juxtaposed markets which are weakly connected at the level of their wholesale contracts compartment. Referring to the technological peculiarities of electricity as a commodity, the paper identifies the direct conditions of regional integration of the electricity markets, those which would favour cross-border trade and allow to be near the normal functioning of a regional commodity market. The infrastructure network dependence and the need of a stringent technical coordination necessitate to unify the operation of the different systems and the rules of access, or at the least to come near this unification by strong coordination. A second major condition, which is not fully debated, is the increasing connexion of short-term markets, via daily physical trade and emergence of a European financial market, which could trade various standardised contracts referring to a single hourly spot price, or to prices in various delivery points. To reach such an integration, two paths are possible: either concentration into one single organised power exchange as the Nordic pool, or rules harmonization of the various power exchanges which would be a minimal requirement to allow arbitrations between them. (author)

  7. Amplitude-measuring devices for electric pulses in the nanosecond region; Dispositifs de mesure d'amplitude d'impulsions electriques dans le domaine de la nanoseconde; Pribory dlya izmereniya amplitudy ehlektricheskikh impul'sov v sfere nanosekundy; Dispositivos para medir la amplitud de los impulsos electricos en la region del nanosegundo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Samueli, J J; Sarazin, A [Institut d' Etudes Nucleaires d' Alger (France)

    1962-04-15

    Two electronic circuits are described which permit measurement of the maximum amplitude of fast pulses. These circuits are usually required, if possible, to give independent indication of the duration and shape of the signal being studied. The first circuit is a pulse expander, i.e. an apparatus for converting fast signals into pulses of constant width and of amplitude proportional to the amplitude sought, thus permitting the study of fast signals with a conventional amplitude selector. The circuit can accept signals of width greater than two nanoseconds and of amplitude between 1 and 15 V. It delivers two signals of constant width 100 ns and 1 {mu}s. The second circuit is a fast amplitude-discriminator with an adjustable threshold from 1 to 30 V and a reading space of approximately 18% for pulses of 100 and 2 ns. The output signal has an amplitude of 1.5 V and a standard width of 0.2 {mu}s. (author) [French] Les auteurs decrivent deux circuits electroniques permettant d'effectuer des mesures d'amplitude maximum d'impulsions rapides. On demande en general a ces circuits de donner une indication independante, si possible, de la duree et de la forme du signal etudie. Le premier circuit est un allongeur d'impulsions, c'est-a-dire un appareil qui convertit des signaux rapides en impulsions de largeur constante et d'amplitude proportionnelle a l'amplitude cherchee et qui permet donc l'etude des signaux rapides par un selecteur d'amplitude conventionnel. Le circuit accepte des signaux de largeur superieure a 2 ns et d'amplitude comprise entre 1 et 15 V. Il delivre deux signaux de largeur constante, 100 ns et 1 {mu}s. Le second circuit est un discriminateur d'amplitude rapide, de seuil ajustable de 1 a 30 V et dont l'ecart de lecture pour des impulsions de largeur de 100 et 2 ns est de l'ordre de 18%. Le signal de sortie a une amplitude de 1,5 V et une largeur standard de 0,2 {mu}s. (author) [Spanish] Los autores describen dos circuitos electronicos que permiten medir la amplitud maxima de impulsos rapidos. En general, estos circuitos deben poder dar una indicacion independiente, de ser posible, de la duracion y de la forma de la senal estudiada. El primer circuito es un alargador de impulsos, es decir un aparato que transforma las senales rapidas en impulsos de duracion constante y de amplitud proporcional a la amplitud inicial, y que, por tanto, permite estudiar las senales rapidas con un selector de amplitudes convencional. El circuito admite senales de duracion superior a 2 ns y de amplitud comprendida entre 1 y 15 V. Emite dos senales de duracion constante de 100 ns y de 1 {mu}s. El segundo circuito es un discriminador de amplitudes rapido, de umbral graduable entre 1 y 30 V y cuya desviacion de lectura para impulsos de 100 y de 2 ns de duracion es del orden de 18%. La senal de salida tiene una amplitud de 1,5 V y una duracion standard de 0,2 {mu}s. (author) [Russian] Daetsya opisanie dvukh ehlektronnykh priborov, dayushchikh vozmozhnost' proizvodit' izmerenie maksimal'noj amplitudy bystrykh impul'sov. V obshchem ot ehtikh priborov trebuyut predostavleniya, po vozmozhnosti, nezavisimoj indikatsii dlitel'nosti i formy izuchaemogo signala. Pervyj pribor predstavlyaet soboj rasshiritel' impul'sov, t.e ustanovku, kotoraya preobrazuet bystrye signaly v impul'sy postoyannoj shiriny i proportsional'noj amplitudy po sravneniyu s nuzhnoj amplitudoj i kotoraya poehtomu pozvolit izuchit' bystrye signaly pri pomoshchi obychnogo amplitudnogo selektora. Pribor prinimaet signaly shirinoj svyshe dvukh nanosekund, a amplituda kolebletsya mezhdu odnoj i 15 vol'tami. On daet dva signala postoyannoj shiriny v 100 nanosekund i v 1 {mu}s. Vtoroj pribor predstavlyaet iz sebya bystryj amplitudnyj diskriminator s reguliruyushchim porogom ot 1 do 30 vol't, i otschetnoe otklonenie kotorogo dlya impul'sov shirinoj v 100 i dve nanosekundy sostavlyaet 18%. Vykhodnoj signal imeet amplitudu v poltora vol'ta i standartnuyu shirinu v 0,2 {mu}s. (author)

  8. The First Two Years of Operating Experience of the Kahl Nuclear Power Station; Experience acquise pendant les deux premieres annees de fonctionnement de la centrale nucleaire de Kahl; Opyt pervykh dvukh let ehkspluatatsii atomnoj ehlektrostantsii v Kale; Experiencia adquirida en los primeros cuatro anos de funcionamiento de la central nucleoelectrica de Kahl

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bruchner, H. J. [Aeg-Kernenergieanlagen, Frankfurt-am-Main (Germany); Weckesser, A. [Versuchs-Atomkraftwerk Kahl Gmbh, Kahl (Germany)

    1963-10-15

    Kahl, being the first European private atomic power station, has been operating at load since June 1961. Kahl is equipped with a boiling-water reactor, operating in an indirect cycle and with natural circulation. Its electrical net capacity is 15 MW, and the power produced until February 1963 amounts to 140 million kWh. In the paper the operating experience, particularly the extensive testing programme such as concerning transient behaviour and gammascanning, will be reviewed. Results about the operating performance of certain plant components such as control-rod-drive system, off-gas system and turbine will be presented. After this testing programme the plant has been operated at base load for some time in order to obtain realistic experience on fuel performance. After completion of the base-load phase of operation a nuclear superheating test loop will be installed and run in the Kahl reactor. (author) [French] La centrale de Kahl, la premiere en Europe dont l'exploitation soit assuree par une entreprise privee, alimente le secteur depuis juin 1961. Elle est equipee d'un reacteur a eau bouillante, en cycle indirect, a circulation naturelle. Avec une puissance electrique nette de 15 MW, elle avait produit, jusqu'a fevrier 1963, 140 millions de kWh. Le memoire rend compte de l'experience acquise concernant le fonctionnement de la centrale, notamment du programme etendu des essais effectues sur son comportement en regime transitoire et sur la detection gamma. Il donne, en particulier, des renseignements sur le fonctionnement de certains elements de la centrale tels que le mecanisme de commande des barres de controle, le dispositif d'echappement des gaz et la turbine. A la suite de ce programme d'essais, on fait fonctionner depuis quelque temps la centrale comme centrale de base afin de rassembler des donnees pratiques sur les performances du combustible. A l'expiration de la periode prevue pour le fonctionnement comme centrale de base, on amenagera, dans le reacteur

  9. On the solution of a few problems of multiple scattering by Monte Carlo method; Sur la solution de quelques problemes de diffusions multiples par la methode de Monte-Carlo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bluet, J C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Cadarache (France)

    1966-02-01

    Three problems of multiple scattering arising from neutron cross sections experiments, are reported here. The common hypothesis are: - Elastic scattering is the only possible process - Angular distributions are isotropic - Losses of particle energy are negligible in successive collisions. In the three cases practical results, corresponding to actual experiments are given. Moreover the results are shown in more general way, using dimensionless variable such as the ratio of geometrical dimensions to neutron mean free path. The FORTRAN codes are given together with to the corresponding flow charts, and lexicons of symbols. First problem: Measurement of sodium capture cross-section. A sodium sample of given geometry is submitted to a neutron flux. Induced activity is then measured by means of a sodium iodide cristal. The distribution of active nuclei in the sample, and the counter efficiency are calculated by Monte-Carlo method taking multiple scattering into account. Second problem: absolute measurement of a neutron flux using a glass scintillator. The scintillator is a use of lithium 6 loaded glass, submitted to neutron flux perpendicular to its plane faces. If the glass thickness is not negligible compared with scattering mean free path {lambda}, the mean path e' of neutrons in the glass is different from the thickness. Monte-Carlo calculation are made to compute this path and a relative correction to efficiency equal to (e' - e)/e. Third problem: study of a neutron collimator. A neutron detector is placed at the bottom of a cylinder surrounded with water. A neutron source is placed on the cylinder axis, in front of the water shield. The number of neutron tracks going directly and indirectly through the water from the source to the detector are counted. (author) [French] On traite dans ce rapport de trois problemes avec les hypotheses communes suivantes: 1.- Le seul processus de collision possible est la diffusion electrique. 2.- La distribution angulaire est

  10. Safety report concerning Melusine (after power increase to 4 MW). Descriptive part. Volumes 1 and 2; Rapport de surete de ''melusine'' (apres augmentation de puissance a 4 MW). Partie descriptive. Tomes 1 et 2

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baas, C; Delcroix, V; Jacquemain, M; Marouby, R; Meunier, C; De Robien, E; Rossillon, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-03-01

    'avril 1960; 2 MW A partir de septembre 1961; 4 MW a partir de decembre 1965. Diverses modifications ont ete apportees depuis la construction. Elles concernent: - L'adjonction d'une cellule chaude. - Les effluents: 2 cuves de 15 m{sup 3} pour effluents liquides ont ete mises en place. L'installation de regeneration des resines a ete entierement modifiee. - Le batiment: des bureaux ont ete ajoutes - des aires experimentales ont ete construites dans le hall. - L'alimentation electrique. - Les circuits de refroidissement et d'epuration (mise en place d'un second echangeur, remplacement des pompes primaires, creation d'une couche chaude, etc... ). - Les elements combustibles (actuellement elements type MTR enrichis a 90 pour cent). - La piscine (qui a ete munie partiellement d'un revetement en acier inoxydable). - Le coeur (mise en place de 'tabourets', d'un plongeoir, etc...). - La ventilation: le hall a ete mis en depression en fonctionnement normal, en cas d'incident, le hall peut etre isole et un circuit de secours peut etre demarre. Une cheminee a ete installee. - Le hall (qui a ete renforce et dont l'etancheite a ete amelioree). - L'electronique de controle (modifiee dans son principe et maintenant entierement transistorisee). L'ensemble a si profondement evolue que le reacteur n'a plus que de lointains rapports avec la realisation initiale. Il a paru necessaire de faire une breve synthese de ces ameliorations afin de mieux permettre de juger des caracteristiques de surete actuelles de l'installation, caracteristiques du reste beaucoup mieux connues du fait des experiences realisees tant a GRENOBLE au Service des Transferts Thermiques qu'a CADARACHE (Cabri) et TOULON (travaux de M. PASCOUET). (auteurs)

  11. Safety report concerning Melusine (after power increase to 4 MW). Descriptive part. Volumes 1 and 2; Rapport de surete de ''melusine'' (apres augmentation de puissance a 4 MW). Partie descriptive. Tomes 1 et 2

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Baas, C.; Delcroix, V.; Jacquemain, M.; Marouby, R.; Meunier, C.; De Robien, E.; Rossillon, F. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1967-03-01

    d'avril 1960; 2 MW A partir de septembre 1961; 4 MW a partir de decembre 1965. Diverses modifications ont ete apportees depuis la construction. Elles concernent: - L'adjonction d'une cellule chaude. - Les effluents: 2 cuves de 15 m{sup 3} pour effluents liquides ont ete mises en place. L'installation de regeneration des resines a ete entierement modifiee. - Le batiment: des bureaux ont ete ajoutes - des aires experimentales ont ete construites dans le hall. - L'alimentation electrique. - Les circuits de refroidissement et d'epuration (mise en place d'un second echangeur, remplacement des pompes primaires, creation d'une couche chaude, etc... ). - Les elements combustibles (actuellement elements type MTR enrichis a 90 pour cent). - La piscine (qui a ete munie partiellement d'un revetement en acier inoxydable). - Le coeur (mise en place de 'tabourets', d'un plongeoir, etc...). - La ventilation: le hall a ete mis en depression en fonctionnement normal, en cas d'incident, le hall peut etre isole et un circuit de secours peut etre demarre. Une cheminee a ete installee. - Le hall (qui a ete renforce et dont l'etancheite a ete amelioree). - L'electronique de controle (modifiee dans son principe et maintenant entierement transistorisee). L'ensemble a si profondement evolue que le reacteur n'a plus que de lointains rapports avec la realisation initiale. Il a paru necessaire de faire une breve synthese de ces ameliorations afin de mieux permettre de juger des caracteristiques de surete actuelles de l'installation, caracteristiques du reste beaucoup mieux connues du fait des experiences realisees tant a GRENOBLE au Service des Transferts Thermiques qu'a CADARACHE (Cabri) et TOULON (travaux de M. PASCOUET). (auteurs)

  12. Detection de la fin de la compaction des anodes par le son

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sanogo, Bazoumana

    ete le lieu de tests finaux a l'usine en fabriquant des anodes avec differents criteres (variation du temps de compaction, taux de brai, arret manuel du compacteur, variation de la pression des ballons du haut du compacteur). Ces anodes ont ete ensuite analysees au laboratoire a l'UQAC. En parallele a ces travaux precites, l'amelioration de l'application d'analyse du son a ete faite avec le choix des parametres d'analyse et leur standardisation. Les resultats des premiers tests au laboratoire et ceux de la campagne de juin 2014 ont montre que la formation des anodes se fait suivant trois etapes : rearrangement des particules et du brai, compaction et consolidation et enfin la finition. Ces travaux ont montre en outre que le temps de compaction joue un role tres important dans la definition des proprietes finales des anodes. Ainsi, en plus du type de brai, du taux de brai et du type de coke, il faut tenir compte du temps de sur-compaction et de sous-compaction. En effet, ceci a ete demontre a travers les deux validations qui ont ete realisees. Les resultats de la caracterisation des echantillons (venant des anodes de la campagne de decembre 2015) ont montre qu'une anode compactee a un temps optimal acquiert une bonne resistance a la compression et sa resistivite electrique baisse. En outre, on note que le temps de compaction dans notre cas a baisse legerement avec l'augmentation de la pression des ballons de haut du vibrocompacteur. Ce qui a eu pour effet d'augmenter la densite crue de l'anode. Toutefois, il faut s'abstenir de generaliser ce constat car le nombre d'anodes testees est faible dans notre cas. Par ailleurs, cette etude montre que le temps necessaire pour le formage d'une anode croit avec l'augmentation du taux de brai et baisse legerement avec l'augmentation de la pression des ballons. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).

  13. Engineering reviews. Quality of electric power supply. Guide of overvoltages desensitization in industrial and tertiary environment. Part 1: origin and effects of overvoltages; Les cahiers de l`ingenierie. Qualite de l`alimentation electrique. Guide de desensibilisation aux surtensions en milieu industriel et tertiaire. 1. partie: origine et effets des surtensions

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schmitt, A; Deflandre, T

    1994-03-01

    The aim of this guide is to describe the various overvoltage phenomena that can occur on power distribution and users network and to propose suitable solutions to these problems. The study of several cases taken in the industrial and tertiary sectors illustrates the description of these phenomena. The following topics are described successively: the definitions relative to overvoltages (classification, consequences, modes, electromagnetic coupling, harmonic deformation of the voltage wave, choice of low voltage materials for users), the permanent and temporary low frequency overvoltages (adjustment of AC HV/LV transformers, different neutral regimes, single-phase ground defect, electric resonance, ferro-resonance), the overvoltages due to maneuvering, the coupling of internal or external user`s network origin, the overvoltages and power electronics, the harmonic voltages (effects, impedance, standards), the electrostatic discharges, the effects of lightning etc.. (J.S.) 9 refs.

  14. Electric and energy modelling of the super-condenser and method of characterization: application to the cycling of a module of super-condensers low tension in great power; Modelisation electrique et energetique des supercondensateurs et methodes de caracterisation: application au cyclage d'un module de supercondensateurs basse tension en grande puissance

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rizoug, N.

    2006-02-15

    This document presents a study of the electrical and energetic behaviour of super-capacitors under conditions similar to industrial applications' ones. For that, a test bench has been developed in our laboratory in order to characterize a super-capacitors' module (112 F-48 V) composed of 24 elements of 2700 F/2,3 V. The goal of this work was firstly to evaluate the precision of the existing model about the electrical and energetic characteristics and secondly to improve this precision. For that, two models representing the energetic and electrical behaviour of these components are developed. These models are obtained by a simple identification of the data measured during the cycling tests using frequency and temporal approaches. Numerous electrical and thermal data are obtained during the cycling test of the module. These data are used to observe the evolution of the equivalent capacity and resistance of several super-capacitor elements of the tested module according to the temperature. For the first 200.000 cycles, the ageing process of super-capacitors and the variation of the module parameters during all the life of this tested module are presented. This study allowed to obtain information about the degradation (R, rs and C) according to the number of cycles carried out. Finally, the tests of cycling done without balancing device (except the impedance of the measurement system) allow to observe a natural dispersion of the voltage according to the position of the components in the module. (author)

  15. Contribution to design and to integrate a flywheel-based storage system in a test bench for electric vehicles with hybrid source; Contribution a la conception et a l'integration d'un accumulateur cinetique d'energie dans une plate-forme de test pour vehicules electriques a source hybride

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Briat, O.

    2002-11-01

    This work deals with the design and the integration of a flywheel-based storage system in a test bench for EV with hybrid source. The flywheel used to supply/recover the peak power during acceleration/braking is associated to a battery which supplies the average power. The main goal is to prove the interest of such a sources hybridization for heavy duty EV. First, a simulation tool has been used for EV studies. Models have been validated thanks to on-board vehicle measurements. Then, a EV test bench has been designed on a reduced power scale. The representativeness of this experimental tool has allowed us to validate simulation models. A flywheel module has been integrated and associated to a battery in order to validate the hybridization principle. Experimental results have shown the performances of the battery power limitation and have proved the interest of a systematic regenerative braking on the battery. In these conditions, an increase of the vehicle payload can be expected. (author)

  16. Contribution to the asymptotic estimation of the global error of single step numerical integration methods. Application to the simulation of electric power networks; Contribution a l'estimation asymptotique de l'erreur globale des methodes d'integration numerique a un pas. Application a la simulation des reseaux electriques

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Aid, R.

    1998-01-07

    This work comes from an industrial problem of validating numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations modeling power systems. This problem is solved using asymptotic estimators of the global error. Four techniques are studied: Richardson estimator (RS), Zadunaisky's techniques (ZD), integration of the variational equation (EV), and Solving for the correction (SC). We give some precisions on the relative order of SC w.r.t. the order of the numerical method. A new variant of ZD is proposed that uses the Modified Equation. In the case of variable step-size, it is shown that under suitable restriction, on the hypothesis of the step-size selection, ZD and SC are still valid. Moreover, some Runge-Kutta methods are shown to need less hypothesis on the step-sizes to exhibit a valid order of convergence for ZD and SC. Numerical tests conclude this analysis. Industrial cases are given. Finally, an algorithm to avoid the a priori specification of the integration path for complex time differential equations is proposed. (author)

  17. Engineering reviews. Quality of electric power supply. Guide of overvoltages desensitization in industrial and tertiary environment. Part 2: diagnosis of overvoltages and remedies; Les cahiers de l`ingenierie. Qualite de l`alimentation electrique. Guide de desensibilisation aux surtensions en milieu industriel et tertiaire. 2. partie: diagnostic des surtensions et remedes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schmitt, A; Deflandre, T

    1994-03-01

    The aim of this guide is to describe the various overvoltage phenomena that can occur on power distribution and users network and to propose suitable solutions to these problems. The study of several cases taken in the industrial and tertiary sectors illustrates the description of these phenomena. The following topics are described successively: the equipotentiality, the choice of a neutral regime, the lightning and overvoltage arresters, the protection means against lightning, the decoupling of circuits, the LF and HF harmonics filtering, the limitation of maneuvering overvoltages, the adjustment of voltage, the diagnosis and measurement methods, and the study of concrete cases. (J.S.) 9 refs.

  18. Personnel Dosimeters with Radiation Elements; Dosimetres Individuels Comportant des Elements Emetteurs; 0418 041d 0414 0418 0412 0418 0414 ; Dosimetros Individuales Provistos de Elementos Emisores

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hosemann, R.; Warrikhoff, H. F.H. [Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin-Dahlem, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)

    1965-06-15

    'electrons differents par unite d'irradiation. Etant donne que l'une des electrodes emet des electrons ayant une energie elevee, on peut obtenir a l'autre electrode des tensions proportionnelles sans faire appel a une source d'energie auxiliaire. En raison de cette propriete, ces appareils a lecture directe ont recu le nom d'elements emetteurs. Pour mesurer les rayons X ou y, il faut que l'une des electrodes soit en plomb et l'autre en carbone. En vue de rendre l'unite de mesure en roentgen independante de la longueur d'onde, on a utilise la methode des electrons filtres. La sensibilite est de l'ordre de 0, 5 V/r {+-} 8% entre 80 keV et 1, 25 MeV. (L'echelle complete de 200 a 2000 r est soit lineaire, soit quasi-logarithmique.) Pour la mesure des neutrons lents et rapides, l'electrometre incorpore est charge par l'activite 6 induite des electrodes. Il est possible de mesurer les rayons y et les neutrons en rem a l'aide d'un seul instrument. La sensibilite d'un element y aux neutrons peut etre pratiquement reduite a zero, mais celle d'un element neutronique aux rayons y suscite certaines difficultes. Les principaux avantages de ces instruments sont les suivants : 1. Sources d'energie autonomes, toujours pretes a fonctionner, duree d'entreposage illimitee, absence de piles electriques ou autres sources d'alimentation; 2. Evanouissement tres faible du fait que l'fsolement est assure par le vide et le quartz; 3. Mesure quantitative des debits de dose les plus eleves, en raison de l'absence de tout effet de recombinaison (vide) ; 4. Lecture directe ou indirecte, selon les modeles. Dans l'instrument a lecture directe, l'element emetteur et l'electrometre se trouvent dans la meme chambre a vide. L'instrument ne comporte aucun contact electrique a l'exterieur; il doit avoir de preference une forme cylindrique ou spherique. Les dimensions exterieures de l'instrument sont les memes que celles des stylo-dosimetres classiques. Chaque type d'instrument comporte un commutateur de decharge et un

  19. Law project modified by the Senate after urgency declaration relative to the electric and gas public utilities and to the power and gas companies; Projet de loi modifie par le Senat apres declaration d'urgence relatif au service public de l'electricite et du gaz et aux entreprises electriques et gazieres

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2004-07-01

    This document is the modifications made by the French Senate after the first reading of the law project adopted by the House of Commons and relative to the change of status of the power and gas public utilities in the framework of the deregulation of European energy markets. This law changes the juridical status of the two state monopolies Electricite de France (EdF) and Gaz de France (GdF) into two anonymous companies and creates two additional companies for the management of the power and gas networks. It ensures also the transposition of the European directives from June 26, 2003 (2003/54/CE and 2003/55/CE). It contains some proper dispositions and modifies various existing French laws, in particular the law no. 46-628 from April 8, 1946 about the electricity and gas nationalization and the law no. 2000-108 from February 10, 2000 relative to the modernization and development of the electric public utility. The document lists the modifications made by the Senate article by article. (J.S.)

  20. The integration of the periodic production in the liberalized electric power markets: from the technic expenditures to the economic taxes imposed by the operating rules of the markets; L'integration de la production intermittente dans les marches electriques liberalises: des surcouts techniques aux penalites economiques imposees par les regles de fonctionnement des marches

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Menanteau, Ph.; Finon, D.; Lamy, M.L

    2003-03-01

    In the framework of the climatic change and the energy supply safety, the european directive aims to promote the renewable energy production in Europe. Some of the renewable energy sources, as the wind power or the micro-hydroelectric power, are naturally periodic. Their introduction in the electric networks will create problems because of this periodic nature, problems which are new for the electric network producers and managers. These problems generate technical expenditures, which may be compensate by the economic penalties of the electric power market operating. In this context the document details the expenditures associated to the periodicity, the economic penalties by an analysis of the british market and analyses the possibilities to limit these economic penalties in order to reduce the conflicts between the electric market liberalization and the promotion of the renewable energies development. (A.L.B.)

  1. The liberalization of the European electric and gas industries through the firms' M and A and investment strategies: propositions for a better energy security; Le processus de liberalisation des industries electriques et gazieres europeennes a travers les strategies de fusion - acquisition et d'investissement des firmes - propositions pour une securite energetique renforcee

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Benhassine, W.

    2009-04-15

    The electric and gas industries have been traditionally managed by public monopolies. The post World War II context was supportive to such an industrial organization. In fact, Europe was getting engaged in a long period of economic growth and was benefiting a favorable energetic context. At the end of the 90's, Europe decides to liberalize the national energy industries in order to create a unique European energy market. This liberalization has occurred in a context that as dramatically changed from the economic and energetic perspective. Indeed, the globalization phenomenon has strengthened the competitiveness of the emerging economies. The strong growth of the energy demand and the stagnation of the supply on the offer side have created tensions which have been increasingly frequent and important on the energy markets. Besides, facing greater budget restrictions and financial difficulties, the states have wished to get financially disengaged from these industries. Many factors show that the economic and energetic context will not get better in the next decades. Hence, in this new context, the liberalization of the energy industries should respond to two major stakes for the energy security of the European countries: the sustainability of the investments and the control of the energy demand. After having studied the merger and investment strategies of the energy firms, operating within a freshly liberalized sector, we make some propositions to draw up a new industrial organization which would allow a more efficient response to these two stakes. (author)

  2. Some Possibilities of the Eddy-Current Method for Multi-Parameter Testing of Structural Components; Quelques Possibilites Offertes par la Methode des Courants de Foucault pour le Controle de Nombreux Parametres des Elements de Construction; Nekotorye vozmozhnosti metoda vikhrevykh tokov dlya mnogoparametrovogo kontrolya ehlementov konstruktsij; Algunas Posibilidades que Brinda el Metodo de las Corrientes de Foucault para Controlar Numerosos Parametros de los Elementos de Construccion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vjahorev, V. G.; Gerasimov, V. G.; Deniskin, V. P.; Trahtenberg, L. I.; Shkarlet, Ju. M. [Gosudarstvennyj Komitet po Ispol' zovaniju Atomnoj Jenergii SSSR, Moskva, SSSR (Russian Federation)

    1965-09-15

    The paper discusses the pattern of occurrence of problems of non-destructive multiparameter testing in nuclear technology and the advisability of approaching these problems by the eddy-current method. The application of electric models is justified for solving testing problems using a long follow-through coil. Design formulae are given and the principles of designing applied eddy-current probes are explained. An arrangement for testing tube-wall thickness is described: in this apparatus the effect of movement of the tube under testing on the measurement results is eliminated with the aid of a servo-system controlled by a signal depending on the probe voltage phase. The paper describes how a self-oscillating circuit containing a test-coil is used as the probe of an apparatus for testing tubes. On the basis of calculated and experimental data various possibilities are indicated for the construction of single-frequency applied eddy-current testing probes for simultaneous measurement of more than two parameters. (author) [French] Les auteurs montrent que les problemes du controle non-destructif de plusieurs parametres en technologie nucleaire surgissent selon certaines lois et que la methode des courants de Foucault convient particulierement a la solution de plusieurs d'entre eux. Ils justifient l'utilisation de modeles electriques pour la solution des problemes de controle au moyen d'une longue bobine creuse. Us donnent des formules et exposent une methode pour le calcul de detecteurs a courants de Foucault. Us decrivent le schema d'un dispositif permettant de verifier l'epaisseur des parois de tubes, dans lequel le deplacement du tube a controler n'exerce aucune influence sur les resultats des mesures grace a l'emploi d'un moniteur actionne par un signal qui depend de la phase de tension du detecteur. Comme detecteur, on a employe un dispositif destine au controle des tubes d'un autogenerateur, apres avoir inclus dans son circuit une bobine d'essai. En partant des

  3. Point defects in nickel; Les defauts ponctuels dans le nickel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Peretto, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    The defects in electron irradiated nickel (20 deg. K) or neutron irradiated nickel (28 deg. K) are studied by simultaneous analysis using the magnetic after-effect, electron microscopy and electrical resistivity recovery. We use zone refined nickel (99.999 per cent) which, for some experiments, is alloyed with a small amount of iron (for example 0.1 per cent Fe). The temperature dependant electrical recovery may be divided in four stages. The sub-stages I{sub B} (31 deg. K), I{sub C} (42 deg. K), I{sub D} (from to 57 deg. K) and I{sub E} (62 deg. K) of stage I are due to the disappearance of single interstitials into vacancies. The interstitial defect has a split configuration with a migration energy of about 0.15 eV. In the close pair which disappears in stage I{sub B} the interstitial is found to be in a 3. neighbour position whilst in stage I{sub D} it is near the <110> direction from the vacancy. In stage I{sub E} there is no longer any interaction between the interstitial and the vacancy. The stage II is due to more complicated interstitial defects: di-interstitials for stage II{sub B} (84 deg. K) and larger and larger interstitial loops for the following sub-stages. The loops may be seen by electron microscopy. Impurities can play the role of nucleation centers for the loops. Stages III{sub A} (370 deg. K) and III{sub B} (376 deg. K) are due to two types of di-vacancies. During stage IV (410 deg. K) the single vacancies migrate. Vacancy type loops and interstitial type loops grow concurrently and disappear at about 800 deg. K as observed by electron microscopy. (author) [French] Les defauts crees dans le nickel par irradiation avec des electrons a la temperature de 20 deg. K et par irradiation avec des neutrons a la temperature de 28 deg. K sont etudies par l'analyse simultanee du trainage magnetique, de la microscopie electronique et de la restauration de la resistivite electrique. Les echantillons sont en nickel, purifie par la methode de la zone fondue

  4. Techno-economic study of hydrogen production by high temperature electrolysis coupled with an EPR-water steam production and coupling possibilities

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tinoco, R. R.; Bouallou, C.; Mansilla, C.; Werkoff, F.

    2007-01-01

    the emission of hazard materials and electrolyser damage. Further information about electric and thermal energy production cost, electrolyser cost, heat exchangers costs, etc. has been considered and used in the technoeconomic study. Concerning the electrolyser, we considered that electric needs are supplied by the electric network. An optimisation method, based on genetic algorithms has been used to estimate the lowest hydrogen production cost. Results from the optimisation method were confronted with potential steam water production, using or drawing off an EPR, to find the best coupling for hydrogen production. The drawing off of EPR secondary circuit seems to be more viable than total water production. Even pilot plant court-dated construction could be considered. Besides, the cost of 1 kilogramme of hydrogen for different water steam conditions has been estimated, being between 2.26 and 2.50 euros. This cost production seems to be near to the international goal of 2 euros. References (1) Palier W-1300, Centrale de Nogent, Tranches 1-2, Region d'equipement Paris. EDF, France. December 1986 (2) L'EPR, AREVA, France. January 2006, (3) http://www.areva-np.com/scripts/info/publigen/content/templates/show.asp? P=494 and LFR and SYNC=Y and ID C AT=305, date accessed: 15/11/2006 (4) IAEA-TECDOC-1505 Data processing technologies and diagnostics for water chemistry and corrosion control in nuclear power plants (DAWAC) Report of a coordinated research project 2001-2005, Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Section, Austria. June 2006 (5) Jon SIGURVINSSON, Christine MANSILLA et al. Heat transfer problems for the production of hydrogen from geothermal energy. Energy Conversion and Management 47 (2006) 3543-3551 (6) Christine MANSILLA et al. Heat management for hydrogen production by high temperature steam electrolysis, Energy (2006), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2006.07.033 (7) DGEMP-DIDEME. Couts de reference de la production electrique. Secretariat d'Etat a l'Industrie-Ministere de l

  5. Volatility of ruthenium during vitrification operations on fission products. part 1. nitric solutions distillation concentrates calcination. part 2. fixation on a steel tube. decomposition of the peroxide; Volatilite du ruthenium au cours des operations de vitrification des produits de fission. 1. partie distillation des solutions nitriques calcination des concentrats 2. partie fixation sur un tube d'acier decomposition du peroxyde

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ortins de Bettencourt, A.; Jouan, A. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    fission, un gros pourcentage de ruthenium initialement present dans ces solutions sous forme de nitrates de nitrosylruthenium est volatilise en donnant du peroxyde qui se decompose lui-meme en bioxyde de ruthenium. Ce travail a pour but l'etude de la volatilite du ruthenium au cours des procedes de vitrification : Durant la distillation des solutions nitriques, nous avons etudie en particulier l'influence sur la volatilite de la temperature, de la forme chimique du ruthenium introduit, du barbotage d'un gaz a travers la solution, de la concentration nitrique et de la concentration en nitrates. Durant la calcination, nous avons observe l'influence de la temperature, du temps, du debit et de la nature du gaz d'entrainement ainsi que l'action du bioxyde de ruthenium et de l'oxyde de fer sur la volatilite du ruthenium. Partie 2. Ce rapport concerne l'etude de la decomposition thermique du peroxyde de ruthenium, RuO{sub 4}, et de son depot sur les conduites en acier. Apres un rappel bibliographique des diverses proprietes de ce corps, nous etudions, dans une premiere partie, son depot sur un tube d'acier. Pour cela nous faisons passer un courant gazeux contenant du RuO{sub 4} marque au {sup 106}Ru dans un tube en acier inoxydable soumis a un gradient de temperature decroissant dans le sens du debit gazeux. Nous determinons la temperature a laquelle RuO{sub 4} se depose ou se fixe sur le tube et nous etudions l'influence de la vitesse des gaz sur ce depot. Dans une deuxieme partie nous essayons d'etudier par une methode statique la cinetique de la reaction de decomposition du peroxyde de ruthenium en son bioxyde: RuO{sub 4} {yields} RuO{sub 2} + O{sub 2}. Nous essayons pour cela d'introduire RuO{sub 4} gazeux dans un recipient place dans un four electrique et tentons de suivre l'evolution de la reaction par comptage {gamma}. (auteur)

  6. Point defects in nickel; Les defauts ponctuels dans le nickel

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Peretto, P. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    The defects in electron irradiated nickel (20 deg. K) or neutron irradiated nickel (28 deg. K) are studied by simultaneous analysis using the magnetic after-effect, electron microscopy and electrical resistivity recovery. We use zone refined nickel (99.999 per cent) which, for some experiments, is alloyed with a small amount of iron (for example 0.1 per cent Fe). The temperature dependant electrical recovery may be divided in four stages. The sub-stages I{sub B} (31 deg. K), I{sub C} (42 deg. K), I{sub D} (from to 57 deg. K) and I{sub E} (62 deg. K) of stage I are due to the disappearance of single interstitials into vacancies. The interstitial defect has a split configuration with a migration energy of about 0.15 eV. In the close pair which disappears in stage I{sub B} the interstitial is found to be in a 3. neighbour position whilst in stage I{sub D} it is near the <110> direction from the vacancy. In stage I{sub E} there is no longer any interaction between the interstitial and the vacancy. The stage II is due to more complicated interstitial defects: di-interstitials for stage II{sub B} (84 deg. K) and larger and larger interstitial loops for the following sub-stages. The loops may be seen by electron microscopy. Impurities can play the role of nucleation centers for the loops. Stages III{sub A} (370 deg. K) and III{sub B} (376 deg. K) are due to two types of di-vacancies. During stage IV (410 deg. K) the single vacancies migrate. Vacancy type loops and interstitial type loops grow concurrently and disappear at about 800 deg. K as observed by electron microscopy. (author) [French] Les defauts crees dans le nickel par irradiation avec des electrons a la temperature de 20 deg. K et par irradiation avec des neutrons a la temperature de 28 deg. K sont etudies par l'analyse simultanee du trainage magnetique, de la microscopie electronique et de la restauration de la resistivite electrique. Les echantillons sont en nickel, purifie par la methode de la zone

  7. Volatility of ruthenium during vitrification operations on fission products. part 1. nitric solutions distillation concentrates calcination. part 2. fixation on a steel tube. decomposition of the peroxide; Volatilite du ruthenium au cours des operations de vitrification des produits de fission. 1. partie distillation des solutions nitriques calcination des concentrats 2. partie fixation sur un tube d'acier decomposition du peroxyde

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ortins de Bettencourt, A; Jouan, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    fission, un gros pourcentage de ruthenium initialement present dans ces solutions sous forme de nitrates de nitrosylruthenium est volatilise en donnant du peroxyde qui se decompose lui-meme en bioxyde de ruthenium. Ce travail a pour but l'etude de la volatilite du ruthenium au cours des procedes de vitrification : Durant la distillation des solutions nitriques, nous avons etudie en particulier l'influence sur la volatilite de la temperature, de la forme chimique du ruthenium introduit, du barbotage d'un gaz a travers la solution, de la concentration nitrique et de la concentration en nitrates. Durant la calcination, nous avons observe l'influence de la temperature, du temps, du debit et de la nature du gaz d'entrainement ainsi que l'action du bioxyde de ruthenium et de l'oxyde de fer sur la volatilite du ruthenium. Partie 2. Ce rapport concerne l'etude de la decomposition thermique du peroxyde de ruthenium, RuO{sub 4}, et de son depot sur les conduites en acier. Apres un rappel bibliographique des diverses proprietes de ce corps, nous etudions, dans une premiere partie, son depot sur un tube d'acier. Pour cela nous faisons passer un courant gazeux contenant du RuO{sub 4} marque au {sup 106}Ru dans un tube en acier inoxydable soumis a un gradient de temperature decroissant dans le sens du debit gazeux. Nous determinons la temperature a laquelle RuO{sub 4} se depose ou se fixe sur le tube et nous etudions l'influence de la vitesse des gaz sur ce depot. Dans une deuxieme partie nous essayons d'etudier par une methode statique la cinetique de la reaction de decomposition du peroxyde de ruthenium en son bioxyde: RuO{sub 4} {yields} RuO{sub 2} + O{sub 2}. Nous essayons pour cela d'introduire RuO{sub 4} gazeux dans un recipient place dans un four electrique et tentons de suivre l'evolution de la reaction par comptage {gamma}. (auteur)

  8. France's nuclear power programme; Le programme nucleaire francais

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cabanius, J [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France); Horowitz, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    -increasing importance, by using the country's resources of natural uranium, and later plutonium, to the best ends. (authors) [French] Les perspectives d'evolution de la consommation d'energie electrique francaise confirment l'aggravation du deficit des ressources energetiques metropolitaines. Les centrales nucleaires doivent permettre de diminuer ce deficit si un certain nombre d'incertitudes actuelles sont levees. Le premier programme presente par MM AILLERET et TARANGER a la Conference de Geneve en 1955 visait la mise en service pour 1965 de 850 MWe; il a ete consacre au developpement de la filiere uranium naturel - graphite - gaz et s'acheve avec la realisation d'EDF 3, premiere unite capable de 500 MWe engagee dans le monde. Avant de passer du stade des prototypes a celui des duplications, ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE a decide, en accord avec le COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE, la realisation d'EDF 4 qui, en reprenant la partie reacteur d'EDF 3 ainsi que l'appareil de chargement et de dechargement, l'ensemble de controle et divers materiels, apporte une innovation importante en incorporant les echangeurs et les soufflantes a l'interieur du caisson en beton precontraint contenant le coeur. En meme temps, les etudes se poursuivent dans cette meme filiere et laissent entrevoir les possibilites d'utiliser un nouvel element combustible annulaire dont l'emploi ameliorerait notablement les performances d'EDF 5. Dans la filiere eau lourde, la realisation d'EL 4 a Brennilis par le COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE et ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE se poursuit. Les etudes d'un reacteur de 500 MWe de cette filiere ont deja commence. Dans la filiere a eau pressurisee, la centrale de CHOOZ est realisee en association par ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE et les Producteurs Belges. Enfin, le COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE poursuit a Cadarache la realisation du surgenerateur 'Rapsodie' et les etudes d'un reacteur de puissance plus important. Ainsi, les connaissances techniques et economiques acquises dans ces diverses

  9. Behaviour of semiconductor nuclear-particle detectors; Comportement des semi-conducteurs comme detecteurs de particules nucleaires; Povedenie detektorov yadernykh chastits na poluprovodnikakh; Propiedades de los detectores de particulas nucleares a base de semiconductores

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Walter, F J; Dabbs, J W.T.; Roberts, L D [Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

    1962-04-15

    . Matched expansion-coefficient fabrication techniques which have been successfully used to make detectors up to 8 cm{sup 2} in active area are also described. (author) [French] Les auteurs ont fait des etudes theoriques et experimentales sur le comportement des semi-conducteurs comme detecteurs de particules nucleaires a des temperatures allant de 0,2{sup o} K a 300{sup o} K. Ils presentent un modele theorique simple du comportement du detecteur qui correspond au comportement observe pour toute une gamme de valeurs des parametres. Ils examinent quelle est l'importance de la purete du semi-conducteur et de la tension de polarisation en ce qui concerne l'amplitude de l'impulsion, le temps de montee de l'impulsion et la surface du detecteur. Des etudes empiriques sur le bruit et la resolution en energie montrent que, pour des particules alpha, les plus petites largeurs de crete observees sont tres nettement plus importantes que les largeurs que l'on avait prevues en tenant compte du bruit d'origine electrique provenant du detecteur et de l'amplificateur. A 77{sup o}K, on a releve pour un detecteur a barriere de surface au silicium, d'une surface de 40 mm{sup 2}, des intensites de bruit equivalant a {<=} 3 keV (largeur totale a mi-hauteur du maximum). Les semi-conducteurs presentent un a l'egard des fragments de fission. On a tout lieu de penser que ce defaut n'est pas du a une . Si des champs electriques insuffisants pour assurer une complete sont la cause de ce defaut, le gradient de champ necessaire (a la surface) est superieur a 3 {center_dot} 10{sup 4} V/cm dans le cas de fragments de fission contre 2 {center_dot} 10{sup 3} V/cm dans le cas de particules alpha de Ge et de Si. Des etudes detaillees sur le temps de montee des impulsions au niveau de l'amplificateur ont montre que pour des substances de grande resistivite le temps de relaxation dielectrique et la resistance propres aux substances de base non appauvries peuvent

  10. Gas-flow detector for uranium contamination on finned-can surface of a reactor fuel; Detecteur a courant gazeux pour deceler la contamination en uranium des nervures des gaines de combustible nucleaire; Gazopotochnyj detektor zagryazneniya uranom rebristoj poverkhnosti obolochki reaktornykh teplovydelyayushchikh ehlementov; Detector de flujo gaseoso para medir la contaminacion de uranio en la superficie de la vaina de aletas de los elementos combustibles para reactores

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Miwa, H; Shiojiri, T; Maeda, Y [Kobe Kogyo Corporation, Okubo, Akashi, Hyogo (Japan)

    1962-04-15

    Calder Hall-type reactor-fuel and all JRR-3 fuels are to be inspected by this counter. (author) [French] Le detecteur a courant gazeux presente par les auteurs est un compteur proportionnel a grille, specialement concu pour deceler la contamination en uranium des nervures des gaines de combustible nucleaire. Un compteur proportionnel classique, compose seulement d'une cathode et d'un collecteur, n'est guere capable de deceler les particules alpha emises par l'uranium contaminant une surface rugueuse telle que les nervures d'une gaine de combustible nucleaire, par suite du manque d'uniformite du champ electrique pres de la surface. C'est pourquoi les auteurs ont construit un compteur proportionnel a grille. Cet appareil, de forme cylindrique, comprend le combustible, une grille, des collecteurs et une cathode, tous les elements etant disposes suivant le meme axe. Le combustible est place au centre de la grille a laquelle on applique une tension negative. L'espace entre le combustible et la grille sert de collecteur d'ions. La grille, faite de fils paralleles minces en tungstene, disposes suivant un cylindre autour du combustible, est reliee a la terre. Les collecteurs sont constitues de 16 minces fils de tungstene disposes de la meme maniere que la grille, mais chaque fil est isole electriquement des autres. Tous les collecteurs sont interconnectes par des resistances de 5 x 10{sup 4} ohms et relies au positif de la haute tension par une resistance. L'espace entre la grille, les collecteurs et la cathode sert a la multiplication du gaz, tout comme dans un compteur proportionnel classique. Chaque resistance de 5 x 10{sup 4} ohms isole la capacite parasite de chaque collecteur. La sortie du detecteur est couplee a un amplificateur a faible impedance d'entree. La faible impedance d'entree diminue aussi l'influence facheuse de la capacite parasite du circuit d'entree. Il en resulte un rapport favorable signal/bruit de fond, ce qui permet une bonne detection des particules

  11. The Technical Training Programme for Nuclear Power Station Personnel; Programme de formation technique du personnel des centrales nucleaires; Programma tekhnicheskoj podgotovki personala yadernoj ehlektrostantsii; El programa de formacion tecnica del personal de una central nucleoelectrica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Howey, G. R. [Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario (Canada)

    1963-10-15

    .), responsible for maintenance of all mechanical equipment; and (5) Service maintainers: responsible for a wide variety of less skilled tasks requiring lower qualifications. In addition to these general categories a few specialists are required, such as chemists and radiation protection officers. Organization of the NPD staff and training for future nuclear-power needs will be discussed. (author) [French] La centrale nucleaire de demonstration canadienne (NPD), creee par un organisme federal, l'Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, est exploitee par une compagnie provinciale de distribution d'electricite, la Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, qui pourvoit aussi aux besoins en personnel. Le recrutement et la formation du personnel de la centrale ont ete difficiles du fait que, recemment encore, la plupart des besoins en electricite de l'Ontario pouvaient etre satisfaits par les abondantes ressources hydro-electriques de cette province. La multiplication des centrales thermiques, depuis 1950, a cree une enorme demande de personnel. Pour faire face a cette situation, on a organise la formation de personnel pour les centrales nucleaires de la maniere suivante: a) un groupe initial d'ingenieurs a ete selectionne parmi des specialistes ayant une vaste experience des travaux dans le domaine nucleaire de l 'exploitation des centrales thermiques et de la production d'electricite; b) on a selectionne un autre groupe d'operateurs et d'agents des services d'entretien hautement qualifies; c) ces groupes ont recu une formation systematique comprenant l'exploitation de centrales nucleaires et de centrales thermiques a charbon, un enseignement theorique et pratique et des instructions donnees par les specialistes qui ont concu les plans de NPD ; d) un centre de formation nucleaire a ete cree et charge de la selection et de la formation du personnel supplementaire ainsi que de l 'organisation des examens officiels; il doit s'assurer, d'une maniere generale, de la competence du personnel

  12. Contribution to the development of numerical tools for the hardening of electronic devices to the neutronic and electromagnetic environment induced by a high power gain shot; Contribution a la mise en oeuvre de moyens de simulation numerique pour l'etude de la vulnerabilite des systemes electriques soumis a l'environnement radiatif et electromagnetique du Laser Megajoule

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gazave, J

    2007-12-15

    When fusion ignition will be attained inside the target chambers of high energy laser facilities (LMJ-France and NIF-Usa), a harsh environment, composed of nuclear particles and an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) will be induced. All electronic devices located in the vicinity will be sensitive to this environment. In the first part of this work, a simulation method has been developed to evaluate transient currents that will be induced in coaxial cables. The relevance of this model is then discussed thanks to comparisons with experimental results. In a second part, the possibility to simulate the propagation of the EMP, inside and outside such a big structure as a target chamber, using the finite difference in time and domain (FDTD) method is evaluated. The use of a classic FDTD method is impossible for this kind of simulation because of the huge computer resources needed. It is the reason why a 3-dimensional space-time sub-grid method for FDTD has been developed and some massively parallel FDTD calculations have also been performed. (author)

  13. Contribution to the development of numerical tools for the hardening of electronic devices to the neutronic and electromagnetic environment induced by a high power gain shot; Contribution a la mise en oeuvre de moyens de simulation numerique pour l'etude de la vulnerabilite des systemes electriques soumis a l'environnement radiatif et electromagnetique du Laser Megajoule

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gazave, J

    2007-12-15

    When fusion ignition will be attained inside the target chambers of high energy laser facilities (LMJ-France and NIF-Usa), a harsh environment, composed of nuclear particles and an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) will be induced. All electronic devices located in the vicinity will be sensitive to this environment. In the first part of this work, a simulation method has been developed to evaluate transient currents that will be induced in coaxial cables. The relevance of this model is then discussed thanks to comparisons with experimental results. In a second part, the possibility to simulate the propagation of the EMP, inside and outside such a big structure as a target chamber, using the finite difference in time and domain (FDTD) method is evaluated. The use of a classic FDTD method is impossible for this kind of simulation because of the huge computer resources needed. It is the reason why a 3-dimensional space-time sub-grid method for FDTD has been developed and some massively parallel FDTD calculations have also been performed. (author)

  14. Study of the use of an electric discharge for hollow cathodes used as optical excitation sources in the spectrographic measurement of fluorine in thorium, uranium and plutonium; Etude de l'utilisation de la decharge electrique en cathode creuse comme source d'excitation optique pour le dosage spectrographique du fluor dans le thorium, l'uranium et le plutonium

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bufpereau, M; Crehange, G; Poublan, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    Previous works and phenomena concerned with a hollow cathode excitation are reviewed. Experiments aimed specially on the determination of the best conditions for an analysis of fluorine in oxides-metals and solutions. In that purpose, several factors have been pointed out. One started some researches about others elements that fluorine. Carrying fluorine into discharge and excitation have been more specially studied. A quantitative analysis method is given. The analysis limit is 45 ppm about but the detection limit is 5 ppm about. As a conclusion, various ways for optical excitation of fluorine are reviewed as other analytical possibilities a hollow cathode discharge offers. (authors) [French] On rappelle les travaux effectues jusqu'alors ainsi que les phenomenes mis en jeu dans l'excitation cathode creuse. Les experiences effectuees ont eu pour but essentiel la determination des conditions optima du dosage du fluor dans les oxydes, metaux et solutions. Pour cela de nombreux facteurs ont ete mis en evidence. Certaines etudes concernant d'autres elements que le fluor ont ete amorcees. Le passage du fluor dans la decharge et son excitation ont ete plus particulierement etudies. Une methode d'analyse quantitative est degagee, la limite de dosage est de l'ordre de 45 ppm, la limite de detection de 5 ppm. En conclusion, on passe en revue les differentes methodes d'excitation optique du fluor ainsi que les autres possibilites analytiques que peut offrir la cathode creuse. (auteurs)

  15. Long term developments in irradiated natural uranium processing costs. Optimal size and siting of plants; Perspectives a long terme des couts de traitement de l'uranium naturel irradie. Tailles et localisations optimales des usines

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Thiriet, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Oger, C; Vaumas, P de [Saint-Gobain Nucleaire, 92 - Courbevoie (France)

    1964-07-01

    processing plants are shown, different from those in part two. The indirect effect of these reprocessing programmes on the availability of plutonium, and therefore on the possibility.of undertaking plutonium burning reactor programmes, must be taken into account. (authors) [French] L'objet de cette communication est d'apporter une contribution a la solution du probleme du choix des tailles et des localisations optimales des usines de traitement des combustibles nucleaires irradies, associees a des programmes de puissance electrique installee. Dans une premiere partie, on etudie la structure des couts d'investissements et d'exploitation des usines de traitement de l'uranium naturel irradie, l'influence de la taille des usines sur ces couts et ces structures de couts. Au cout de traitement de l'uranium naturel irradie s'ajoute d'autre part le cout du transport des combustibles irradies des lieux de production aux sites des usines de traitement. La recherche du cout minimum pour la production d'un pays ou d'un ensemble de pays fait donc intervenir a la fois la taille et la localisation des usines. On indique les couts de transport previsibles pour l'uranium naturel irradie et la structure de ces couts (transport, assurance, couts et amortissement des containers). Dans une deuxieme partie, et pour differents echeanciers de combustibles irradies a traiter chaque annee, on determine les tailles et les localisations optimales des usines de traitement et la sensibilite de ces resultats, aux hypotheses de base concernant le cout du traitement, le cout du transport, l'annee de demarrage du programme d'usines, l'horizon choisi. - le probleme de nature combinatoire, assez complexe, est resolu par l'application des methodes de la programmation dynamique. - on montre que les methodes sont egalement applicables au probleme du choix des tailles et des localisations optimales des usines de traitement des elements du type MTR, associees aux programmes de reacteurs de recherche ainsi qu

  16. Methods for continuous or semi-continuous analysis of gases dissolved in pressurized water; Methodes d'analyses continue et semi-continue de gaz dissous dans l'eau surpressee

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vignet, P; Gabilly, R; Lutz, J; Zermizogilou, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1964-07-01

    }/kg of water. (authors) [French] Trois appareils ont ete mis au point pour permettre la mesure de gaz en solution dans l'eau sous une pression pouvant atteindre 200 kg/cm{sup 2}. 1 - Analyseur d'hydrogene: On mesure la variation relative de resistance d'un filament immerge dans l'eau, constitue par du palladium pur ou par un alliage palladium-platine 75.25, lors de l'absorption de l'hydrogene. On a trace les courbes d'etalonnage pour un fil de palladium pour des temperatures allant de 180 a 280 deg. C. A temperature ambiante, on a utilise un ruban en alliage palladium-platine. L'etude theorique et experimentale de la cinetique d'absorption de l'hydrogene dissous dans l'eau par un metal a permis de definir les meilleures conditions de fonctionnement de l'analyseur pour obtenir une reponse rapide, de l'ordre de quelques minutes. On utilise actuellement pour la mesure un pont alimente en courant alternatif (pont de Kohlrausch) avec compensation de temperature et systeme de regeneration periodique du filament. 2 - Analyseur d'oxygene: On sait que l'oxygene dissous dans l'eau reagit sur le thallium pour former l'hydroxyde de thallium, compose soluble dont la presence augmente la conductibilite electrique de l'eau. Pour realiser une methode de dosage basee sur ce principe, on a mis au point un conductimetre differentiel dont les caracteristiques permettent d'atteindre une excellente precision dans une gamme de 0,001 ppm a quelques dizaines de ppm d'oxygene. On examine dans quelles conditions le bruit de fond de l'appareil, du a des reactions parasites, peut etre rendu negligeable; puis on etudie la cinetique de la reaction d'oxydation du thallium par l'oxygene dissous, qui est de type diffusionnel. On a ainsi pu relier quantitativement le taux de transformation aux parametres physiques et hydrodynamiques. 3 - Analyse globale des gaz en solution: On isole, dans une bombe placee en derivation sur un circuit surpresse un volume d'eau a pression et temperature elevees. Apres

  17. Linear capacity storage devices; Memoires lineaires a condensateurs; Linejnye kondensatornye nakopitel'nye ustrojstva; Dispositivos de almacenamiento de condensador, con caracteristicas lineales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brovchenko, V G [Ordena Lenina Institut Atomnoj Ehnergii Imeni I.V. Kurchatova AN, SSSR (Russian Federation)

    1962-04-15

    The linearity of information storage in capacitor storage circuits is discussed. The paper describes two storage circuits whose operation is linear over a wide range of output-signal amplitudes. In one of the circuits the error signal is measured by a differential amplifier and, thanks to the high amplification factor of the amplifier, good linearity is obtained. The second circuit was designed for work in the nanosecond pulse-width range. Input pulses of standard width cut off a pentode, in the anode of which there is a memory capacitor. Since the capacitor is charged from the anode supply through a current generator, the charging current remains almost constant during measurement of the capacitor voltage. The pentode has a large internal resistance so that after the end of the input pulse the magnitude of the current through the pentode is almost equal to its initial value, and the charge stored by the capacitor is remembered. The width of the information memory is limited by the output resistance of the current generator and the internal resistance (R{sub i}) of the pentode. To increase the memory width, a diode may be inserted before the capacitor. (author) [French] L'auteur examine les questions que pose la linearite du stockage des informations par des memoires a condensateurs. Il decrit deux circuits de memoires dont le fonctionntement est lineaire pour une vaste gamme d'amplitude des signaux de sortie. Dans l'un des circuits, le signal d'erreur est mesure par un amplificateur differentiel. Le coefficient d'amplification eleve permet d'obtenir une grande linearite dans le fonctionnement du dispositif. Le deuxieme circuit est construit pour des impulsions dont la duree est de l'ordre d'une nanoseconde. Les impulsions incidentes de duree normalisee bloquent la penthode, a l'anode de laquelle est dispose le condensateur de la memoire. Comme le condensateur est charge par' une alimentation anodique au moyen d'une generatrice electrique, le courant de chargement

  18. Etudes optiques de nouveaux materiaux laser: Des orthosilicates dopes a l'ytterbium: Le yttrium (lutetium,scandium) pentoxide de silicium

    Science.gov (United States)

    Denoyer, Aurelie

    mecanisme d'excitation de l'Yb3+ par le Tm3+ (impurete presente dans le materiau). Ces transferts sont plutot nefastes pour la fabrication d'un laser mais sont interessants pour l'optique non lineaire (doublage de frequence, memoires optiques). Enfin, plusieurs elements (le couplage magnetique de paire, le couplage electron-phonon et l'emission cooperative) nous ont permis de conclure sur le caractere covalent de la matrice. Nous avons d'ailleurs demontre ici le role de la covalence dans l'emission cooperative, transition habituellement attribuee aux interactions multipolaires electriques.

  19. Results obtained from the 'Bille en tete A' Experiment. Part 1. Collisions in homogeneous magnetic field. Part 2. Collisions in magnetic mirror bottle; Resultats experimentaux sur bille en tete 'A'. Partie I: Collisions en champ magnetique homogene. Partie II: Collisions en bouteille magnetique a miroir

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Evrard, P; Jacquinot, J; Leloup, C; Poffe, J -P; Waelbroeck, F

    1966-07-01

    . (authors) [French] Partie I: Collisions en champ magnetique homogene. Nous etudions, dans un champ magnetique longitudinal et uniforme, la collision de bouffees de plasma dont les caracteristiques de vitesse et de densite couvrent un large domaine. Apres avoir verifie que les bouffees se rencontrent de plein fouet, nous montrons que les collisions de bouffees denses (n{sub i} >= 4.10{sup 14} cm{sup -3}) et relativement lentes (V{sub 0} <= 10{sup 7} cm.s{sup -1}) sont efficaces et qu'on retrouve pratiquement toute l'energie cinetique initiale des bouffees en energie thermique ionique du plasma arrete. Les bouffees plus rapides et moins denses interagissent peu: conversion incomplete d'energie cinetique en energie thermique. La limite entre collisions efficaces et inefficaces correspond a celle qu'on attend en utilisant le modele des particules temoins. Ce sont donc les collisions entre particules qui assurent le freinage des bouffees. L'emploi des sondes electriques et l'etude de l'evolution du plasma forme par collision montrent que ce dernier ne manifeste pas de mouvements radiaux importants. Partie II: Collisions en bouteille magnetique a miroir. Dans la bouteille magnetique de Bille-en-Tete A (B{sub c}entre = 2000 G, R = 2), la collision de 2 bouffees peu denses a permis de pieger un litre de plasma dont la densite n{sub i} vaut 2.10{sup 13} cm{sup -3} et la temperature ionique Ti = 106 K. Le diamagnetisme de ce plasma persiste pendant 50 a 150 {mu}s et on ne decele pas d'instabilites en flutes. L'evolution de T{sub i} a ete mesuree par effet Doppler sur la raie 4686 Angstrom de He'+ (melange a 5 pour cent au D{sup +} injecte) et l'evolution relative de n{sub i} par l'intensite du fond continu spectral T{sub i} decroit rapidement, atteint 5.10'5 et 10'5 K, respectivement 15 et 120 {mu}s apres le maximum du signal diamagnetique de la collision. n{sub i} croit lentement de 25 pour cent pendant les 100 premieres {mu}s apres la collision. La presence de plasma froid

  20. G2 and G3 reactors design; Description des reacteurs G2 et G3

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Herreng,; Ertaud,; Pasquet, [Societe Alsacienne de Constructions Mecaniques (France)

    1958-07-01

    operating power levels of reactor. The regulating system has brought about difficult problems; experimental examination, while operating, will solve them. Special meetings will be held concerning the burst slug system and fuel elements. (author) [French] La construction des reacteurs G2 et G3, dans le cadre du premier plan quinquennal francais, a ete confiee par le C.E.A. au groupement d'industriels FRANCE-ATOME. Bien que ces reacteurs restent essentiellement plutonigenes, on a accole a chacun d'eux une centrale electrique devant fournir 40 MW, dont la responsabilite a ete assumee par l'E.D.F. Le coeur du reacteur adopte la plupart des solutions du reacteur G1 (excepte la fente centrale): canaux horizontaux, empilement de briques parallelepipediques de graphite, protection thermique en acier. Le refroidissement est assure par du gaz carbonique sous 15 atmospheres. Cette pression est tenue par un caisson en beton precontraint, ayant la forme d'un cylindre horizontal. Des cables d'acier sous tension entourent le cylindre de beton, dont ils sont isoles par des patins. Les fonds du cylindre ont pose des problemes particuliers qui ont conduit a la forme hemispherique adoptee. L'etancheite du caisson est assuree par une tole de 30 mm liee a la face interne du beton. Un des aspects les plus originaux de ces reacteurs est la possibilite de charger et decharger en marche. Cote chargement, des sas a barillets, pesant chacun 50 tonnes; permettent de faire passer les cartouches neuves sous la pression de 15 atmospheres. Ces cartouches progressent de facon quasi continue dans le canal pour tomber finalement par des goulottes inclinees et des toboggans helicoidaux dans un nouveau sas. La circulation du gaz carbonique est assuree par trois turbo-soufflantes, actionnees elles-memes par la vapeur moyenne pression obtenue dans echangeurs, chaque reacteur alimente quatre echangeurs ayant pose de difficiles problemes de construction et de mise en place. Le cycle secondaire est un cycle