WorldWideScience

Sample records for cuba durante 2001-2004

  1. La prohibición norteamericana y el contrabando entre Cuba y los Estados Unidos durante los años veinte y treinta

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eduardo Sáenz Rovner

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available La prohibición de los Estados Unidos entre 1920 y 1933 estimuló el contrabando de licor desde varios países, incluido Cuba. La Habana se convirtió en destino del turismo norteamericano, no sólo por su posición geográfica, sino también por su desarrollo urbano, el rápido crecimiento económico y la riqueza de Cuba, el carácter cosmopolita del país, sumado a la vitalidad de las corrientes migratorias internacionales, y el desarrollo de las comunicaciones entre la isla y los Estados Unidos. El contrabando de licor desde Cuba hacía parte de una tradición -socialmente aceptada- de tráfico de diversos bienes desde épocas de la Colonia. Al contrabando de licor se sumaron el de inmigrantes ilegales y narcóticos durante los años veinte y treinta.

  2. Workforce issues in nursing in Queensland: 2001 and 2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hegney, Desley; Eley, Robert; Plank, Ashley; Buikstra, Elizabeth; Parker, Victoria

    2006-12-01

    The aim of the study was to identify the factors having an impact upon nursing work and to use the results to inform strategic planning of the Queensland Nurses Union. In 2001 and 2004, a study was undertaken to gather data on the level of satisfaction of nurses with their working life. This paper reports the 2004 results on workload, skill mix, remuneration and morale. Where applicable, the results are compared with 2001 data. A questionnaire was mailed to 3000 Assistants-in-Nursing, Enrolled and Registered Nurses in October 2004. All participants were members of the Queensland Nurses Union. The results are reported in three sectors - public, private and aged care. A total of 1349 nurses responded to the survey, a response rate of 45%. Nurses in the 2004 study believed: their workload was heavy; their skills and experience poorly rewarded; work stress was high; morale was perceived to be poor and, similar to 2001, deteriorating; the skill mix was often inadequate; and the majority of nurses were unable to complete their work in the time available. Nursing morale was found to be associated with autonomy, workplace equipment, workplace safety, teamwork, work stress, the physical demand of nursing work, workload, rewards for skills and experience, career prospects, status of nursing and remuneration. Overall the findings of the study are consistent with those determined by the 2001 survey. The findings of this study indicate the importance of factors such as workplace autonomy, teamwork, the levels of workplace stress, workload and remuneration on nursing morale. The data also indicate that workplace safety and workplace morale are linked. These findings provide information for policy makers and nurse managers on areas that need to be addressed to retain nurses within aged care, acute hospital and community nursing.

  3. Quality of the cardiovascular drugs prescribing in Zagreb during the period 2001- 2004

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dražen Stojanović

    2009-02-01

    Full Text Available Aim To investigate the outpatient utilisation of cardiovasculardrugs in Zagreb, during the 2001-2004 period, and to identify thepossible association between the increase in the utilisation of particulardrug groups and decrease in the number of hospital admissions.Methods The number of DDD per thousand inhabitants per day(DDDs/TID was calculated from data on the number and size ofdispensed drug packages, obtained from the Zagreb Pharmacies.Drug Utilisation 90% (DU90% method was used on assessmentof drug prescribing quality.Results Total utilisation of the cardiovascular drugs was high inZagreb during the 2001-2004 period (between 402.9 DDDs/TIDand 406.9 DDDs/TID. Agents acting on the renin-angiotensinsystem (C09 (121.3 DDDs/TID and calcium channel blockers(C08 (87.5 DDDs/TID accounted for more than 50% of drugsused for the treatment of hypertension in 2004. The greatest utilisationincrease was observed for statins (78.3%. Comparison ofDU90% segment between 2001 and 2004 revealed pentoxifyllineand amiodarone to be absent, whereas cilazapril and ramipril intheir combination with HCTZ, bisoprolol, valsartan and losartanalone or in their combination with HCTZ were added in 2004,DU90% segment still contain doxazosin and propafenone, whichhad no grounds in therapeutic guidelines.Conclusion The outpatient utilisation of cardiovascular drugs washigh during the 2001-2004 period. The utilization pattern was improved.The result was a decrease in the number of hospital admissionsfor main cardiovascular events.

  4. Metales pesados en tejido muscular del bagre Ariopsis felis en el sur del golfo de México (2001-2004 Heavy metals in muscular tissue of the catfish, Ariopsis felis, in the southern Gulfof México (2001-2004

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    Felipe Vázquez

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available Se analizó el contenido de metales pesados en tejido muscular del bagre, Ariopsis felis en el sur del golfo de México durante el período 2001-2004. La investigación fue efectuada buscando establecer un marco de referencia ambiental para este organismo. La concentración metálica siguió el orden: Hg We analyzed the heavy metal content in the muscular tissue of the catfish, Ariopsis felis, in the southern Gulf of México between 2001 and 2004. The research was done in order to establish an environmental frame of reference for this organism. The metal concentration was as follows: Hg < Co < Pb < Ni < V < Cr. Cobalt and vanadium contents were found to decrease and those of nickel, mercury, and chromium to ulerease; however, neither of these trends was observed for the lead content. One-way analyses of variance con-firm significant temporal variation only for cobalt, mercury, lead, and vanadium. Significant linear correlation coefficients (p ≤ 0.05 were found for Co-V, Cr-Ni, Cr-Pb, Co-Hg, Ni-V, and V-Pb. The first three associa-tions showed positive correlations, whereas the remaining ones had negative correlations. A factor analysis grouped the studied metals depending on their origins. The metal levels found in the muscular tissue of A. felis from the southern Gulf of México were lower than those set by national and international regulations.

  5. Evidence for the presence of bluetongue virus in Kosovo between 2001 and 2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Osmani, A; Murati, B; Kabashi, Q; Goga, I; Berisha, B; Wilsmore, A J; Hamblin, C

    2006-03-25

    In 2001, clinical cases of bluetongue were observed in Kosovo, and in that year and in 2003 and 2004, serum samples were collected from cattle and small ruminants and tested for antibodies to bluetongue virus. The results provide evidence that bluetongue virus was not present in Kosovo before the summer of 2001, but that the virus circulated subclinically among the cattle and sheep populations of Kosovo in 2002, 2003 and 2004.

  6. Strengthening the Radiation Protection System in Cuba (SRPS - Cuba). A co-operation project between Cuban and Swedish institutions, February 2001 - June 2003

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Avila, Rodolfo; Larsson, Carl-Magnus; Prendes, Miguel; Zerquera, Juan Tomas

    2004-02-01

    This project results from the co-operation between a number of Cuban and Swedish institutions. It started in February 2001 and ended in June 2003 and was made possible thanks to the contributions of the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (SIDA), the Centro de Proteccion e Higiene de las Radiaciones, Cuba (CPHR), and the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority (SSI). The overall objective was to strengthen the radiation protection system in Cuba, and in this way contribute with the control and reduction of risks to man and the environment from exposures to ionizing radiation. The project focused on four priority areas: 1) Protection of workers and patients exposed to radiation in radiation practices; 2) Preparedness for response to an emergency situation; 3) Environmental radiological protection; and, 4) Exposure to radiation in areas with high levels of natural radioactivity. The present report summarizes the findings of the whole project period, providing an overview of the overall achievements, as well as listing its deliverables. The results of an evaluation of the project, conducted during the final workshop, are also included. The report ends with a list of generic and specific conclusions and recommendations for implementation of the project's achievements and for further development of co-operation

  7. Strengthening the Radiation Protection System in Cuba (SRPS - Cuba). A co-operation project between Cuban and Swedish institutions, February 2001 - June 2003

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Avila, Rodolfo; Larsson, Carl-Magnus; Prendes, Miguel; Zerquera, Juan Tomas

    2004-02-01

    This project results from the co-operation between a number of Cuban and Swedish institutions. It started in February 2001 and ended in June 2003 and was made possible thanks to the contributions of the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (SIDA), the Centro de Proteccion e Higiene de las Radiaciones, Cuba (CPHR), and the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority (SSI). The overall objective was to strengthen the radiation protection system in Cuba, and in this way contribute with the control and reduction of risks to man and the environment from exposures to ionizing radiation. The project focused on four priority areas: 1) Protection of workers and patients exposed to radiation in radiation practices; 2) Preparedness for response to an emergency situation; 3) Environmental radiological protection; and, 4) Exposure to radiation in areas with high levels of natural radioactivity. The present report summarizes the findings of the whole project period, providing an overview of the overall achievements, as well as listing its deliverables. The results of an evaluation of the project, conducted during the final workshop, are also included. The report ends with a list of generic and specific conclusions and recommendations for implementation of the project's achievements and for further development of co-operation.

  8. AFSC/ABL: Lynn Canal Echo-Integrated Trawl Surveys, 2001-2004

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The acoustic trawl database for Lynn Canals echo-trawl survey was conducted from 2001 to 2004 throughout southern Lynn Canal in southeast Alaska. Acoustic surveys...

  9. International petroleum agreements : Republic of Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Skinner, M.A.

    2002-01-01

    Foreign investment in the oil and gas sector has had a profound impact on the development of crude oil production in Cuba. In 1982, in order to encourage economic development, the Cuban government adopted a form of Production Sharing Contract (PSC) for international petroleum agreements. In 1990, the first PSC was negotiated with a consortium of European companies. This was followed in 1992 through 1994 with companies from Canada, Europe and Latin America. Then in 1995, a more comprehensive foreign investment law was enacted to further encourage foreign investment in Cuba. Onshore and shallow water regions of Cuba were divided into 45 blocks, 19 of which were under licence in 2001. In addition, in 1999 the government of Cuba offered 53 blocks in the deep water zones of the Cuban sector of the Gulf of Mexico to foreign investment, of which 6 are already under licence. Most exploration for oil and gas since 1991 has been carried out by foreign companies. Crude oil production in 1991 totalled 11,000 bopd of heavy oil production from the north coast of Cuba. By 2001, domestic crude oil production increased to more than 50,000 bopd, mostly due to foreign investment in exploration and development. This paper described the model form for Cuban Production Sharing Contracts with reference to parties, rights granted, terms, relinquishments, minimum exploration commitments, discovery of hydrocarbons and recovery of petroleum operation expenses. The paper also discussed gross production, cost recovery for contractors, and sharing of profits with contractors and the state oil company, CubaPetroleo. 1 fig

  10. «Ala y Raíz». Identidad y nacionalismo en Cuba durante la República a través de Revista de Avance (1927-1930

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    Ramírez Chicharro, Manuel

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available The following study deals with how the cultural elites defined the paradigm of identity in Cuba during the first third of the twentieth century by one of the most important publications by the time in Cuba, but also in Latin America: Revista de Avance (1927-1930. Firstly, it is exposed the historiography about the identity in Cuba. Then, It is explained the historical context in which it was Cuba, when the editorial team was formed. Finally, taking into account the social origins and ideological affinities of the editorial team and the other essayist, it is tried to be drawn what characterizes and constitutes, according to them, the “cuban nature”.El estudio aborda los modos a través de los cuales parte de la elite cultural esbozó y definió la identidad en Cuba durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. Para ello se ha analizado una de las publicaciones más relevantes del momento en Cuba, cuyo impacto también se extendió a otros países de Hispanoamérica: Revista de Avance (1927-1930. En primer lugar se expone la historiografía sobre la identidad cubana. A continuación, se esboza el contexto histórico en el cual se conformó el equipo editorial. Por último, teniendo siempre en cuenta los orígenes sociales y las afinidades ideológicas tanto de la dirección como de los demás autores, se establecen las líneas maestras de lo que para estos intelectuales caracterizaba y constituía «el ser cubano».

  11. AFSC/ABL: Frederick Sound Echo-integrated Trawl Survey, 2001 to 2004

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The acoustic trawl database for Frederick Sounds echo-trawl survey was conducted from 2001 to 2004. The surveys were conducted throughout most of the southern part...

  12. Through the looking glass on Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jean Stubbs

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available [First paragraph] State Resistance to Globalisation in Cuba. Antonio Carmona Báez. Sterling VA: Pluto Press, 2004. vii + 264 pp. (Paper US$ 29.95 La Lucha for Cuba: Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami. Miguel A. de la Torre. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. xi + 181 pp. (Paper US$ 21.95 By Heart/De Memoria: Cuban Women’s Journeys in and out of Exile. María de los Angeles Torres (ed.. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press, 2003. vii + 192 pp. (Paper US$ 19.95 Looking at Cuba: Essays on Culture and Civil Society. Rafael Hernández. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. vii + 145 pp. (Cloth US$ 24.95 In the politically charged world of scholarship on Cuba, it is salutary to comment in one review essay on four quite different volumes, each complementing the others. Three are single-authored, two on island Cuba (by Antonio Carmona Báez and Rafael Hernández and one on Miami (by Miguel A. de la Torre. All three draw on theory and concepts and are male-authored and place-centric (Cuba/Miami. The fourth (by María de los Angeles Torres is an edited collection of the personal testimonies of women seeking a place in between the hardened politics of Cuba and Miami.

  13. Government/Andra 2001/2004 quadrennial contract; Contrat quadriennal 2001/2004 Etat/Andra

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-07-01

    The French national agency for the management of radioactive wastes (ANDRA) was created on December 31, 1991 with the objective of carrying out research works in the domain of the long term management of radioactive wastes: research programs, management of waste disposal facilities, realisation and exploitation of underground laboratories for the design and setting up of new disposal facilities, definition of safety rules, conditioning and disposal specifications, inventory and localization of all radioactive wastes inside the French territory. This documents aims at defining the missions of the Andra for the 2001-2004 era, ten years after its creation: classification of radioactive wastes; positioning and missions of the Agency; objectives for the industrial mission (safety, storage and disposal solutions, management solutions, continuation of the inventory work, optimization of disposal costs, memory and surveillance); objectives of the research mission (high scientific level projects, structuration of researches, reinforcement of the coordination between the 3 axes of the 1991 law, exploitation and management of underground laboratories, spreading out of scientific results); objectives of the information mission (inventory and localization of wastes, realization of a reference inventory, contribution to the local information, proposal for a clear and verifiable information); international policy objectives (promotion of contacts and cooperations with foreign partners, representation of the Agency among the big international organizations, punctual missions for the valorization of the Agency competencies); evaluation and quality assurance inside the Agency (safety evaluation, scientific and technical evaluation, quality policy and environment, ethics, contract follow up). (J.S.)

  14. Reading the Revolution: Where Has the Literature Taken Us in Understanding Cuba?

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    Antoni Kapcia

    2005-10-01

    Full Text Available – Cuba. A New History, by Richard Gott. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. – The Cuban Revolution. Past, Present and Future Perspectives, by Geraldine  Lievesley. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. – People’s Power. Cuba’s Experience with Representative Government, by Peter  Roman. (Updated edition Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford:  Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.  – Cuba. A Revolution in Motion, by Isaac Saney. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Books; London: Zed Books, 2003.

  15. La vacuna en Cuba durante el gobierno de Someruelos

    OpenAIRE

    Vázquez Cienfuegos, Sigfrido

    2004-01-01

    La Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna (1803-1806), dirigida por Francisco Javier de Balmis, se dirigió al Nuevo Mundo para paliar las epidemias de viruelas que habían venido asolando América desde casi el mismo momento del Descubrimiento. Para entonces en la isla de Cuba ya se había iniciado una labor con el mismo objetivo por el médico cubano Tomás Romay, apoyado en el fomento de la introducción y aplicación de la vacuna por el marqués de Someruelos gobernador y capitán general de la ...

  16. 75 FR 8791 - Continuation of the National Emergency Relating to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority Relating...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-02-25

    ... to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of... February 23, 2010 Continuation of the National Emergency Relating to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority....-registered civilian aircraft in international airspace north of Cuba. On February 26, 2004, by Proclamation...

  17. 76 FR 11071 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-02-28

    ...--Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority Relating to the... Respect to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of... north of Cuba. On February 26, 2004, by Proclamation 7757, the national emergency was extended and its...

  18. 78 FR 13207 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-02-26

    ...--Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority Relating to the... Respect to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of... north of Cuba. On February 26, 2004, by Proclamation 7757, the national emergency was extended and its...

  19. Benthic data from rapid assessment transects, 2001-2004, in the Hawaiian Islands (NODC Accession 0002464)

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — This dataset consists of CRAMP Rapid Assessment Transect surveys taken in 2001-2004 and includes quantitative estimates of substrate type and species. The types and...

  20. Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1985-08-01

    Cuba's population characteristics, geography, history, government, political conditions, and foreign relations were briefly described. Cuba, the largest island in the East Indies, has a tropical climate and is made up of a large area of rolling plains and a smaller mountainous region. Cuba's current population of 9.946 million (1983) is 70% urban and 30% rural. The annual population growth rate is 1.1%. The literacy rate among those aged 10-49 years is 96%, and school is compulsory for 6 years. The infant mortality rate is 21/1000 live births, and life expectancy is 74.7 years. 47% of the work force is engaged in industry and commerce, 28% in services and government, and 25% in agriculture. Since the revolution, Cuba has had a centrally planned, nonmarket economy. Large state enterprises run all segments of the economy, and economic policy is formulated by a central planning board. Farmers are allowed to privately market some of their produce. The government provide a wide range of social services. Most of the services are free, but some entail a minimal fee. Cuba's economy is depressed and overly dependent on the production of sugar. Since the revolution, Cuba's sugar production has increased by only 1.1% annually. In addition to sugar production, the country is engaged in some food processing and other light forms of industry. Cuba has a large reserve of nickle. Cuba's economic indicators are calculated differently than those used in market countries and are not comparable to those used in market countries. In 1983, disposable national income was US$15.8 billion, and per capita income was US$2,590. Cuba's imports exceed her exports. In 1983 exports totalled US$6.5 billion and imports amounted to US$7.2 billion. Cuba's foreign debt is increasing annually, and Cuba is highly dependent on economic assistance from Russia. Between 1961-83, the USSR provided Cuba with US$30 billion in economic aid and US$10 billion in military aid. The country's serious economic

  1. Determinants of self-rated health in women: a population-based study in Armavir Marz, Armenia, 2001 & 2004

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    Thompson Michael E

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background The former soviet Republic of Armenia entered a turbulent and long-lasting economic transition when it declared its independence in 1991. This analysis sought to identify the determinants of poor self-rated health as an indirect measure of health status and mortality prognosis in an adult female population during a period of socio-economic transition in Armenia. Methods Differences in self-rated health in women respondents were analyzed along three main dimensions: social, behavioral/attitudinal, and psychological. The data used were generated from cross-sectional household health surveys conducted in Armavir marz in 2001 and 2004. The surveys utilized the same instruments and study design (probability proportional to size, multistage cluster sampling with a combination of interviewer-administered and self-administered surveys and generated two independent samples of households representative of Armavir marz. Binary logistic regression models with self-rated health as the outcome were fitted to the 2001 and 2004 datasets and a combined 2001/2004 dataset. Results Overall, 2 038 women aged 18 and over participated in the two surveys (1 019 in each. The rate of perceived "poor" health was relatively high in both surveys: 38.1% in 2001 and 27.0% in 2004. The sets of independent predictors of poor self-rated health were similar in all three models and included severe and moderate material deprivation, probable and possible depression, low level of education, and having ever smoked. These predictors mediated the effect of women's economic activity (including unemployment, ethnicity, low access to/utilization of healthcare services, and living alone on self-rated health. Conclusion Material deprivation was the most influential predictor of self-rated health. Thus, social reforms to decrease the gap between the rich and poor are recommended as a powerful tool for reducing health inequalities and improving the health status of the

  2. Identificación de infección primaria y secundaria al virus de la rubéola mediante la detección de la avidez de la IgG en muestras de un brote en el 2004 en Cuba

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    Yahisel Tejero

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available La rubéola es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa que afecta a niños y adultos jóvenes, y cuando esta se produce en el primer trimestre del embarazo ocasiona malformaciones congénitas en el feto. En el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Sarampión, Rubéola y Parotiditis del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", se realizó la detección del índice de avidez relativo (IAR de la IgG en 15 pares de sueros correspondientes a igual número de pacientes adultos que enfermaron durante un brote de rubéola ocurrido en dos provincias de Cuba en el 2004, los cuales fueron positivos a anticuerpos de tipo IgM específicos al virus, y en algunos se encontró seroconversión o un aumento de cuatro veces el título entre los sueros de la fase aguda y convaleciente con la técnica de inhibición de la hemaglutinación. En 13 (86,6% de los pacientes estudiados se detectó infección primaria, mientras que en dos (13,3% de ellos la infección fue secundaria. La detección de la avidez de la IgG constituye un método alternativo útil para distinguir una infección primaria de una secundaria al virus de la rubéola y fortalece el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad en Cuba.

  3. Haemophilus influenzae : Caracterización de aislamientos recuperados de enfermedades invasivas en Cuba durante el período 2008-2011

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gilda Toraño

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Con el objetivo de caracterizar los aislamientos de Haemophilus influenzae, responsables de enfermedades invasivas en Cuba, en la etapa posterior a la vacunación se estudió el total de los recuperados durante el período 2008-2011, remitidos al Instituto "Pedro Kourí" desde diferentes provincias del país. La confirmación de especie y determinación de serotipos se realizó atendiendo al requerimiento de los factores V y X y empleando el método de aglutinación en lámina, respectivamente. Se definieron los biotipos a través de las pruebas de indol, urea y ornitina; se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI mediante la prueba del elipsómetro para la ampicilina, la ceftriaxona, el cloranfenicol y la rifampicina. Para 23 aislamientos se corroboró la identificación como H. influenzae : 21 fueron serotipables y 2 no tipables (HNT. El 90,4% de los serotipables fueron serotipo b y se detectaron dos serotipos a. Nueve aislamientos de H. influenzae b pertenecieron al biotipo I y los aislamientos, serotipo a y HNT, al biotipo II. En una cepa se demostró producción de la enzima ß-lactamasa y resistencia para la ampicilina y el cloranfenicol, con valores de CMI= 8 y 12 µg/mL, respectivamente. Se puso en evidencia que a pesar de la disminución de la incidencia de la enfermedad invasiva por Hib, este serotipo aún constituye el más frecuente y se alerta sobre la necesidad de una vigilancia sostenida que permita detectar fallos vacunales. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana demostrada para este período pudiera considerarse como un beneficio adicional de la introducción de la vacunación en Cuba.

  4. Acute myocardial infarction mortality in Cuba, 1999-2008.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Armas, Nurys B; Ortega, Yanela Y; de la Noval, Reinaldo; Suárez, Ramón; Llerena, Lorenzo; Dueñas, Alfredo F

    2012-10-01

    Acute myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in the world. This is also true in Cuba, where no national-level epidemiologic studies of related mortality have been published in recent years. Describe acute myocardial infarction mortality in Cuba from 1999 through 2008. A descriptive study was conducted of persons aged ≥25 years with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction from 1999 through 2008. Data were obtained from the Ministry of Public Health's National Statistics Division database for variables: age; sex; site (out of hospital, in hospital or in hospital emergency room) and location (jurisdiction) of death. Proportions, age- and sex-specific rates and age-standardized overall rates per 100,000 population were calculated and compared over time, using the two five-year time frames within the study period. A total of 145,808 persons who had suffered acute myocardial infarction were recorded, 75,512 of whom died, for a case-fatality rate of 51.8% (55.1% in 1999-2003 and 49.7% in 2004-2008). In the first five-year period, mortality was 98.9 per 100,000 population, falling to 81.8 per 100,000 in the second; most affected were people aged ≥75 years and men. Of Cuba's 14 provinces and special municipality, Havana, Havana City and Camagüey provinces, and the Isle of Youth Special Municipality showed the highest mortality; Holguín, Ciego de Ávila and Granma provinces the lowest. Out-of-hospital deaths accounted for the greatest proportion of deaths in both five-year periods (54.8% and 59.2% in 1999-2003 and 2004-2008, respectively). Although risk of death from acute myocardial infarction decreased through the study period, it remains a major health problem in Cuba. A national acute myocardial infarction case registry is needed. Also required is further research to help elucidate possible causes of Cuba's high acute myocardial infarction mortality: cardiovascular risk studies, studies of out-of-hospital mortality and quality of care

  5. CUBA: TRANSICIÓN, SUCESIÓN, ESTABILIDAD, SEGURIDAD

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Joaquín ROY

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Este análisis trata de la relación entre la estabilidad del presente gobierno cubano y la necesidad de seguridad en su territorio y en la zona circundante. Este vínculo se produce en un momento político de Cuba, entre un primer paso de la sucesión de Fidel Castro a Raúl, sin que se den señales claras de una transición hacia otro tipo de sistema político. Mientras tanto, el gobierno de Estados Unidos ha declarado que su prioridad estriba en el reestablecimiento de la democracia en Cuba, tanto durante el último periodo de la administración de George W. Bush como con Barack Obama ya asentado en la Casa Blanca. Sin embargo, las delicadas circunstancias de Cuba (precariedad económica, desastres naturales, dependencia alimentaria y energética, etc. señalan que la prioridad de los intereses nacionales de Estados Unidos se centran primero en la estabilidad del escenario. Incluso al precio del retraso de la evolución del régimen, un cierto grado de seguridad es necesario para enfrentarse a los riesgos de una emigración incontrolada y las hipotéticas tensiones internas que provoquen confrontaciones.

  6. Magnetic Field Measurements of the Spotted Yellow Dwarf DE Boo During 2001-2004

    Science.gov (United States)

    Plachinda, S.; Baklanova, D.; Butkovskaya, V.; Pankov, N.

    2017-06-01

    Spectropolarimetric observations of DE Boo have been performed at Crimean astrophysical observatory during 18 nights in 2001-2004. We present the result of the longitudinal magnetic field measurements on this star. The magnetic field varies from +44 G to -36 G with mean Standard Error (SE) of 8.2 G. For full array of the magnetic field measurements the difference between experimental errors and Monte Carlo errors is not statistically significant.

  7. Distribución de Aedes albopictus (Skuse en Nuevo León, México, 2001-2004 Distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse in Nuevo Leon, México, 2001-2004

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Héctor Orta-Pesina

    2005-04-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Determinar la distribución de Aedes albopictus (Skuse en Nuevo León, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Entre 2001 y 2004, utilizando métodos estandarizados de recolección de larvas de mosquitos, se analizaron 6 371 muestras, de 167 localidades. Se estimaron proporciones de muestras positivas de Ae. albopictus, por municipio, por año, utilizando Excel. RESULTADOS: Hubo 1 179 muestras positivas para larvas de Ae. albopictus distribuidas en 10 municipios: cinco localizados en la llanura costera del Golfo de México, con clima semicálido, subhúmedo y con lluvias casi todo el año (Allende, Montemorelos, Linares, General Terán y Santiago; otros, Sabinas Hidalgo y Cadereyta, se localizan en las grandes llanuras del norte de América, con clima cálido, semiseco y con lluvias poco frecuentes y, finalmente, Apodaca, San Nicolás y Escobedo en el área metropolitana de la ciudad de Monterrey. CONCLUSIONES: Hasta noviembre de 2004, el segundo vector de mayor importancia epidemiológica en el ciclo de la transmisión de Ae. albopictus a escala mundial se encontró en 10 municipios del estado de Nuevo León.OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse in Nuevo Leon between 2001 and 2004. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Standardized methods were used to collect 6371 samples of mosquito's larvae from 167 sites. The proportions of samples positive for Ae. albopictus were obtained by municipality and year, using the software program Excel. RESULTS: There were 1 179 samples positive for Ae. albopictus. This species was distributed over 10 municipalities, as follows: Five on the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plains, which predominantly have a semi-warm, sub-humid climate, and precipitations almost year round (Allende, Montemorelos, Linares, General Teran, and Santiago; two (Sabinas Hidalgo, and Cadereyta localized on the North American Great Plains, which have a warm, semiarid climate, and scarce precipitations. The final three were Apodaca

  8. Caracterización final y lecciones de la epidemia de dengue 3 en Cuba, 2001-2002 Final characterization of and lessons learned from the dengue 3 epidemic in Cuba, 2001-2002

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    María G. Guzmán

    2006-04-01

    Full Text Available Over the past 10 years, the American Region has witnessed the reintroduction and dissemination of dengue virus serotype 3. In this paper we describe the main clinical and epidemiologic features of the dengue 3 epidemic that broke out in Cuba between June 2001 and March 2002, as well as the measures that were undertaken to eliminate it. A total of 14 524 confirmed cases were reported, 12 889 (88,7% of them in the City of Havana. Eighty-one cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were confirmed, three of which died. Secondary infection, white skin color, sickle cell anemia, and bronchial asthma were risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever. Active clinical and epidemiologic surveillance and laboratory support were critical to the early detection of transmission and to the monitoring of the epidemic. Widespread involvement of the community and its different sectors, participation of the mass media with a single leadership in command, and strong political will were the key factors that made it possible to eliminate transmission. This epidemic was one more example of the risk of dengue epidemics faced by countries in the area, including those that have strong surveillance and control programs. It also served to show that by applying the principles established by the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization for dengue control, transmission can be stopped.

  9. Causes of mortality in laying hens in different housing systems in 2001 to 2004

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    Etterlin Pernille

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background The husbandry systems for laying hens were changed in Sweden during the years 20012004, and an increase in the number of submissions for necropsy from laying hen farms was noted. Hence, this study was initiated to compare causes of mortality in different housing systems for commercial laying hens during this change. Methods Based on results from routine necropsies of 914 laying hens performed at the National Veterinary Institute (SVA in Uppsala, Sweden between 2001 and 2004, a retrospective study on the occurrence of diseases and cannibalism, i.e., pecking leading to mortality, in different housing systems was carried out. Using the number of disease outbreaks in caged flocks as the baseline, the expected number of flocks with a certain category of disease in the other housing systems was estimated having regard to the total number of birds in the population. Whether the actual number of flocks significantly exceeded the expected number was determined using a Poisson distribution for the variance of the baseline number, a continuity correction and the exact value for the Poisson distribution function in Excel 2000. Results Common causes of mortality in necropsied laying hens included colibacillosis, erysipelas, coccidiosis, red mite infestation, lymphoid leukosis and cannibalism. Less common diagnoses were Newcastle Disease, pasteurellosis and botulism. Considering the size of the populations in the different housing systems, a larger proportion of laying hens than expected was submitted for necropsy from litter-based systems and free range production compared to hens in cages (P P P Conclusion The results of the present study indicated that during 20012004 laying hens housed in litter-based housing systems, with or without access to outdoor areas, were at higher risk of infectious diseases and cannibalistic behaviour compared to laying hens in cages. Future research should focus on finding suitable prophylactic

  10. Evaluation of the occupational exposure to external sources of ionizing radiation in Cuba in the period 2001-2005; Evaluacion de la exposicion ocupacional a fuentes externas de radiacion ionizante en Cuba en el periodo 2001-2005

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Molina P, D.; Martinez H, E.; Castro S, A. [Laboratorio de Dosimetria Externa, CPHR, A.P. 6195, C.P. 10600, La Habana (Cuba)]. e-mail: daniel@cphr.edu.cu

    2006-07-01

    The single radiological surveillance of the occupational exposure to external radiation sources in Cuba it is carried out by the Radiation Protection and Hygiene Center (CPHR). The data corresponding to the external exposure are presented. The service it covers to all the occupationally exposed workers (TOEs) of the country that work fundamentally the radiodiagnostic practices, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy and research. The purpose of this work is to carry out an analysis of the occupational exposures of the TOE of the country starting of the results registered by the service of single radiological surveillance in the period 2001 to 2005, keeping in mind the indicators used by the UNSCEAR. The annual average effective dose (E) for each practice is shown. The obtained results showed that the values of annual average effective dose (E) its are bigger for the radiodiagnostic practices, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine. In a general way, all the E values are inferior to 2.00 mSv. The number of TOEs that overcame the 20 mSv established as annual dose limit, it went inferior to 1% of the controlled total universe. (Author)

  11. Government/Andra 2001/2004 quadrennial contract

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2002-01-01

    The French national agency for the management of radioactive wastes (ANDRA) was created on December 31, 1991 with the objective of carrying out research works in the domain of the long term management of radioactive wastes: research programs, management of waste disposal facilities, realisation and exploitation of underground laboratories for the design and setting up of new disposal facilities, definition of safety rules, conditioning and disposal specifications, inventory and localization of all radioactive wastes inside the French territory. This documents aims at defining the missions of the Andra for the 2001-2004 era, ten years after its creation: classification of radioactive wastes; positioning and missions of the Agency; objectives for the industrial mission (safety, storage and disposal solutions, management solutions, continuation of the inventory work, optimization of disposal costs, memory and surveillance); objectives of the research mission (high scientific level projects, structuration of researches, reinforcement of the coordination between the 3 axes of the 1991 law, exploitation and management of underground laboratories, spreading out of scientific results); objectives of the information mission (inventory and localization of wastes, realization of a reference inventory, contribution to the local information, proposal for a clear and verifiable information); international policy objectives (promotion of contacts and cooperations with foreign partners, representation of the Agency among the big international organizations, punctual missions for the valorization of the Agency competencies); evaluation and quality assurance inside the Agency (safety evaluation, scientific and technical evaluation, quality policy and environment, ethics, contract follow up). (J.S.)

  12. RESULTADOS DE LA VALVULOPLASTIA MITRAL PERCUTÁNEA. EXPERIENCIA EN EL INSTITUTO DE CARDIOLOGÍA Y CIRUGÍA CARDIOVASCULAR DE CUBA (1998-2004 / Results of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. Experiences at the Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Institute in Cuba (1998-2004

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    Raymid García Fernández

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available Antecedents and Objectives: The percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty is the procedure of choice in patients with mitral stenosis and an adequate valvular anatomy. The cases treated in Cuba were few until 1998, and the first ones were carried out by foreign medical professionals. This article aims at showing the results of the development of this technique in Cuba. Method: A total of 110 consecutive percutaneous mitral valvuloplasties were carried out in 107 patients (three of them were repeated due to restenosis at the Cuban Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Institute, between June 17th 1998 and June 30th 2004 (106 using the Inoue method and 4 by Multi-track. The average evolution time was 24.6 months (72 maximum and 1,93 minimum. Results: Before the procedure, 94.54 percent of the patients were within the functional classification III and IV of the NYHA; after the procedure 96,36 percent were within functional classification I and II. Using the Wilkins score ≤ 8, average areas of 2,18 cm2 were obtained; and between 9 and 12, areas of 1,81 cm2. The initial success of the procedure was 96,36 percent, and without complications 92,72 percent. Mortality was 0,9 percent, survival 100 percent, and 91,74 percent of the patients were free from complications. As an adverse event in the follow-up it was determined a mitral reestenosis in 5 patients (4,54 %. The average stay in hospital was of 1,36 days. The savings concerning hospitalization was of $ 4136775.39. Conclusions: Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty is a safe and effective method in patients with mitral stenosis; its results remain in the sort, medium or long run.

  13. Evolución y perspectivas del registro de medicamentos en Cuba

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    Celeste A Sánchez González

    2002-12-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó una evaluación de las autoridades sanitarias a cargo de la autorización para la comercialización de medicamentos en Cuba desde 1959 hasta el 2001 y de su nivel de subordinación. Se describió la evolución de los documentos normativos y legales que dan la base al Registro de Medicamentos en Cuba y a su evaluación, con lo que se caracterizó el enfoque nacional de los requerimientos y procedimientos exigidos para registrar un medicamento. Se identificaron etapas en la evolución de las autoridades y se enumeraron los aspectos que han marcado saltos de calidad en la espiral de desarrollo de la actividad. Se identificó la situación actual y perspectivas para garantizar la elevación del nivel normativo y legal del Sistema Regulador de Medicamentos.The health authorities in charge of authorizing the commercialization of drugs in Cuba from 1959 to 2001, as well as their subordination level were evaluated. The evolution of the normative and legal documents, which are the basis of the Drug Registry in Cuba and of its evaluation, was described in order to characterize the national approach of the requirements and procedures demanded to register a drug. Some stages in the evolution of the authorities were identified and those aspects considered as quality leaps in the development spiral of this activity were approached. Emphasis was made on the present situation and on the outlooks to guarantee the improvement of the normative and legal level of the Drug Control System.

  14. Corrupción, burocracia colonial y veteranos separatistas en Cuba, 1868-1910

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    Quiroz, Alfonso W.

    2001-04-01

    Full Text Available Administrative corruption in Cuba during the nineteenth century was a serious problem addressed both by Spanish authorities and the critics of the colonial system in Cuba. In the long run the fiscal, financial, institutional, and ideological costs of corruption undermined Spanish colonial control in Cuba. While the state and Cuban taxpayers had to pay for the increased costs of corruption, corrupt public officials and private contractors and financiers benefited. This study uses both archival manuscript administrative sources and published sources to assess the impact of corruption and its institutional bases during the final phase of Spanish colonialism in Cuba and the early period of post-colonial transition.

    La corrupción administrativa en Cuba durante el siglo XIX constituyó un problema reconocido como muy grave tanto por las autoridades españolas como por los críticos del sistema colonial cubano. Los costos fiscales, institucionales, e ideológicos de la corrupción contribuían a la erosión del dominio español en Cuba. A causa de la corrupción el Estado percibía menos ingresos y los contribuyentes cubanos se veían forzados a llevar a cuestas una creciente deuda pública. Los funcionarios corruptos y los contratistas y financistas privilegiados por el rígido sistema colonial, por el contrario, percibían los beneficios informales a que se creían acreedores por defender el dominio territorial español en Cuba. Utilizando fuentes administrativas manuscritas de archivos cubanos y españoles, así como fuentes públicas impresas, este trabajo evalúa el impacto de la corrupción y sus particulares bases institucionales en la fase final del colonialismo español en la isla y la transición post-colonial temprana.

  15. Cuba: transición, sucesión, estabilidad, seguridad

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    Joaquín ROY

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Este análisis trata de la relación entre la estabilidad del presente gobierno cubano y la necesidad de seguridad en su territorio y en la zona circundante. Este vínculo se produce en un momento político de Cuba, entre un primer paso de la sucesión de Fidel Castro a Raúl, sin que se den señales claras de una transición hacia otro tipo de sistema político. Mientras tanto, el gobierno de Estados Unidos ha declarado que su prioridad estriba en el reestablecimiento de la democracia en Cuba, tanto durante el último periodo de la administración de George W. Bush como con Barack Obama ya asentado en la Casa Blanca. Sin embargo, las delicadas circunstancias de Cuba (precariedad económica, desastres naturales, dependencia alimentaria y energética, etc. señalan que la prioridad de los intereses nacionales de Estados Unidos se centran primero en la estabilidad del escenario. Incluso al precio del retraso de la evolución del régimen, un cierto grado de seguridad es necesario para enfrentarse a los riesgos de una emigración incontrolada y las hipotéticas tensiones internas que provoquen confrontaciones

  16. Internet cigarette purchasing among 9th grade students in western New York: 2000-2001 vs. 2004-2005.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fix, Brian V; Zambon, Margaret; Higbee, Cheryl; Cummings, K Michael; Alford, Terry; Hyland, Andrew

    2006-09-01

    To assess trends and correlates of youth cigarette purchasing behavior on the Internet. In 2000-2001, Roswell Park Cancer Institute conducted a survey asking 7,019 ninth grade students in Erie and Niagara Counties in New York State about their tobacco use and purchasing habits, including use of the Internet to buy cigarettes. The 2004-2005 survey is a replication of the 2000-2001 survey. Both surveys used an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire survey. These data were combined in order to examine trends in youth smoking behavior. Students surveyed in 2004-2005 were 2.6 times more likely (95% CI: 1.5, 4.6) to have purchased cigarettes over the Internet in the 30 days prior to the survey than those surveyed in 2001 (5.2% to 1.6%); however, the intention to use the Internet as a cigarette source in the future did not change between survey periods. Youth online cigarette purchasing has increased but intention to use the Internet to purchase cigarettes in the future has remained the same, suggesting that this trend may be reaching a plateau. Recent public efforts to reduce online cigarette sales will need to be evaluated in order to determine which policy or combination of policies are most effective.

  17. Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP): Benthic Data from Rapid Assessment Transects 2001-2004 (NODC Accession 0002464)

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — This dataset consists of CRAMP Rapid Assessment Transect surveys taken in 2001-2004 and includes quantitative estimates of substrate type and species. The types and...

  18. Lo público y lo privado en los escritos de Alexander Von Humboldt sobre Cuba

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    Rebok, Sandra

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available This study seeks to collect the comments and judgements that Humboldt makes about Cuba and evaluate their character. The resulting analysis and interpretation will be undertaken on two different levels: One refers to the information that can be found in his unofficial works, which means the letters Humboldt sent during or shortly after of his visits to Cuba, as well as the diaries he used during his expedition. The other is based on the official works, which include his travel description, his famous Essay on Cuba and his autobiographical text written in 1804. Constrasting these descriptions, we will compare the evaluations of this Prussian traveller elaborated in the moment he visited the island, with the works he wrote 22 years after his return to Europe.

    Este trabajo tiene el objeto de recopilar los comentarios y juicios que hace Humboldt sobre Cuba y valorar su carácter. El análisis e interpretación que resultará de ello se realiza en dos niveles distintos: uno se refiere a las informaciones que se encuentran en escritos no oficiales, es decir, en las cartas que Humboldt envió durante o poco tiempo después de sus visitas a Cuba, y en los diarios que utilizó a lo largo de su expedición. El otro se fundamenta en los escritos oficiales, que comprenden su narración del viaje, el famoso Ensayo sobre Cuba y la memoria autobiográfica escrita en 1804. Mediante el contraste de estas descripciones se pretende comparar las apreciaciones de este viajero prusiano elaboradas en el preciso momento que visita la isla, cotejándolas con las obras que redactó 22 años después de su vuelta a Europa. Este trabajo tiene el objeto de recopilar los comentarios y juicios que hace Humboldt sobre Cuba y valorar su carácter. El análisis e interpretación que resultará de ello se realiza en dos niveles distintos: uno se refiere a las informaciones que se encuentran en escritos no oficiales, es decir, en las cartas que Humboldt envi

  19. Comportamiento del asma bronquial en Cuba e importancia de la prevención de las enfermedades alérgicas en infantes Behavior of bronchial asthma in Cuba and importance of the prevention from allergic diseases in infants

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    Anselmo Abdo Rodríguez

    2006-02-01

    Full Text Available El asma es una enfermedad frecuente que continúa siendo difícil de diagnosticar, sobre todo en la primera infancia; y además, es de difícil tratamiento, a pesar de los avances medicamentosos de los últimos años. Por tales razones, las organizaciones de salud pública y los organismos que se ocupan de ella a nivel mundial, cada día enfocan su atención, fundamentalmente, al capítulo de la prevención, particularmente, en el niño propenso a ser asmático. Se analizan las estadísticas relacionadas con el asma bronquial de los años 2001-2004 en Cuba, específicamente en lo referente a: prevalencia en pacientes dispensarizados por asma según grupos de edad y sexo; número de pacientes dispensarizados por asma según grupos de edad; tasa de prevalencia de pacientes dispensarizados por asma según provincias; así como las principales causas de egresos hospitalarios con diagnóstico de asma según estado al egreso. Se presentan recomendaciones prácticas para la prevención de enfermedades alérgicas en infantes con riesgo.Asthma is a frequent disease that is still difficult to diagnose, mainly in early childhood. It is also difficult to treat, in spite of the medical advances attained in the last years. For these reasons, the health public organizations and the bodies having to do with it at the world level focus their attention mainly on prevention, particularly in the child that is prone to be asthmatic. The statistics related to bronchial asthma from 2001 to 2004 in Cuba, specially what refers to the prevalence in patients suffering from asthma categorized by age and sex, the number of asthmatic patients categorized by age groups, the rate of prevalence of asthmatic patients categorized by province, as well as the main causes of hospital discharges with asthma diagnosis according to their state at discharge, are analyzed. Practical recommendations are given for the prevention of allergic diseases in infants at risk.

  20. Epiphytic dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera in the northwestern coast of Cuba

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    Gilma Delgado

    2006-06-01

    Full Text Available The spatial and temporal abundance of epiphytic dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera was studied over two annual cycles (March 1999 to March 2000 and March 2001 to March 2002 in the northwestern coast of Cuba. From 14 species of macroalgae (Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta, and Rhodophyta, 1340 samples were obtained identifying seven species as potentially noxious; five of them are new reports for Cuba’s phytobenthos: Prorocentrum belizeanum Faust, P. concavum Fukuyo, P. mexicanum Tafall, Coolia monotis Meunier, and Ostreopsis lenticularis Fukuyo. ANOVA/MANOVA analysis showed significant spatial differences: lower cell abundance near the shoreline adjacent to a river inlet and higher cell abundance in the deepest area. Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg Dodge 1975 was found mainly on Phaeophyta followed by Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta. Gambierdiscus toxicus was found mainly on Phaeophyta followed by Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta. All the species reported in the study area were mainly on Padina spp. (Phaeophyta. Acanthophora spicifera (Rhodophyta did not host dinoflagellate species. Environmental conditions in summer (higher temperature, more nutrients, greater water transparency, and low wind intensity are suitable for macroalgae development, which serves as a substrate for potentially harmful dinoflagellates, and possibly the main vector for spreading ciguatera along the coast of Cuba. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2: 299-310. Epub 2006 Jun 01.Se estudió la abundancia espacial y temporal de dinoflagelados epífitos asociados a la ciguatera durante dos ciclos anuales (marzo 1999 a marzo 2000, y marzo 2001 a marzo 2002 en la costa del noroeste de Cuba. Recolectamos 14 especies de macroalgas (Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta y Rhodophyta y obtuvimos 1340 muestras. Identificamos siete especies de dinoflagelados potencialmente nocivas, cinco de ellas nuevos registros para el fitobentos cubano: Prorocentrum belizeanum Faust, P. concavum Fukuyo, P. mexicanum Tafall, Coolia monotis

  1. Trends of Maternal Health Services Implementation in Indonesia (Data Analysis Susenas 2001, 2004 and 2007

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    Ika Dharmayanti

    2015-03-01

    Full Text Available ABSTRAKLatar Belakang:Status kesehatan ibu dan anak di Indonesia sampai saat ini masih harus menjadi perhatian karena angka kematian ibu dan angka kematian bayi yang masih tinggi. Rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat akan pelayanan kesehatan oleh tenaga kesehatan yang terampil merupakan faktor yang perlu diperhatikan dalam menangani persoalan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui trend pemanfaatan tenaga kesehatan penolong kelahiran di Indonesia tahun 2001–2007. Metode: Analisis menggunakan data Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas Kor tahun 2001, 2004 dan 2007. Disain penelitian menggunakan disain Cross Sectional. Ruang lingkup wilayah penelitian meliputi seluruh provinsi di Indonesia. Hasil:penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam kurun waktu tujuh tahun (2001–2007, pola pemanfaatan penolong kelahiran di Indonesia menunjukkan kecenderungan penggunaan tenaga kesehatan (dokter dan bidan sebagai penolong kelahiran Hasil analisis bivariat pada faktor kepulauan, pendidikan ibu, usia ibu, kepemilikan jaminan pembiayaan/asuransi kesehatan, dan sosial ekonomi terhadap klasifikasi desa/kota ikut berperan dalam pemilihan tenaga persalinan. Saran:mengupayakan kerja sama lintas sektor untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat serta perbaikan akses pelayanan kesehatan di perdesaan akan sangat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat.Kata kunci: penolong kelahiran, dokter, bidan, dukun bayiABSTRACTBackground:The health status of mothers and children in Indonesia is still need special attention of concern because maternal and infant mortality rates are still high. The low public awareness of health services by trained health worker is a factor to consider in addressing these issues. This study aims to determine the trends in the use of maternal health services in Indonesia in 2001–2007. Methods:This analysis used National Socio-Economic Survey (NSES Core 2001, 2004 and 2007. The design of NSES was descriptive cross sectional cover all provinces in Indonesia as

  2. Caracterización fenotípica de cepas invasivas de Neisseria meningitidis aisladas en Cuba durante 20 años

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    Isabel Martínez

    2006-04-01

    Full Text Available Se investigaron los marcadores epidemiológicos (serogrupos, serotipos, subtipos, inmunotipos de 429 cepas invasivas, aisladas en Cuba durante 20 años (1982-2002. Basándonos en el comportamiento de la incidencia de la Enfermedad Meningocócica (EM en el período investigado, las cepas se distribuyeron en dos etapas: epidémica y postepidémica. La epidémica, comprendió 279 cepas aisladas entre 1982-1992 y la ostepidémica, incluyó 150 aislamientos pertenecientes al período comprendido entre 1993-2002. Todas se cultivaron en Agar Mueller Hinton con suero fetal bovino (5% y se incubaron 24-48 horas, 37 0C, en atmósfera húmeda con 5% de C02. La identificación de género, especie y serogrupo, se realizó mediante métodos convencionales; para la caracterización de los sero/subtipos e inmunotipos, se utilizó el ensayo inmunoenzimático (ELISA de células enteras con anticuerpos monoclonales. En ambas etapas predominó el serogrupo B (97,90%: epidémica (96,77% y postepidémica (100%. Sin embargo, el serogrupo C (1,43% y cepas no agrupables (1,8%, sólo se observaron en aislamientos de la etapa epidémica. Los otros marcadores prevalentes fueron: serotipo 4 (86,48%, subtipo P1.19,15 (78,32%, inmunotipo L3,7,9 (90,2% , todos mostraron cifras similares en ambos períodos.Predominó el fenotipo B:4:P1.19,15:L3,7,9 (69,69%, aunque, en la etapa postepidémica (77,34%, el porcentaje fue superior al de la etapa epidémica (65,66% (p<0,05; además, en las cepas de este período, se observó una mayor diversidad de asociaciones fenotípicas. Los resultados obtenidos de esta caracterización fenotípica de las cepas de Neisseria meningitidis aisladas de enfermos aporta datos valiosos al estudio, prevención y control exitoso de la EM en Cuba.

  3. Evidence-based medical review update: pharmacological and surgical treatments of Parkinson's disease: 2001 to 2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Goetz, Christopher G; Poewe, Werner; Rascol, Olivier; Sampaio, Cristina

    2005-05-01

    The objective of this study is to update a previous evidence-based medicine (EBM) review on Parkinson's disease (PD) treatments, adding January 2001 to January 2004 information. The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) Task Force prepared an EBM review of PD treatments covering data up to January 2001. The authors reviewed Level I (randomized clinical trials) reports of pharmacological and surgical interventions for PD, published as full articles in English (January 2001-January 2004). Inclusion criteria and ranking followed the original program and adhered to EBM methodology. For Efficacy Conclusions, treatments were designated Efficacious, Likely Efficacious, Non-Efficacious, or Insufficient Data. Four clinical indications were considered for each intervention: prevention of disease progression; treatment of Parkinsonism, as monotherapy and as adjuncts to levodopa where indicated; prevention of motor complications; treatment of motor complications. Twenty-seven new studies qualified for efficacy review, and others covered new safety issues. Apomorphine, piribedil, unilateral pallidotomy, and subthalamic nucleus stimulation moved upward in efficacy ratings. Rasagiline, was newly rated as Efficacious monotherapy for control of Parkinsonism. New Level I data moved human fetal nigral transplants, as performed to date, from Insufficient Data to Non- efficacious for the treatment of Parkinsonism, motor fluctuations, and dyskinesias. Selegiline was reassigned as Non-efficacious for the prevention of dyskinesias. Other designations did not change. In a field as active in clinical trials as PD, frequent updating of therapy-based reviews is essential. We consider a 3-year period a reasonable time frame for published updates and are working to establish a Web-based mechanism to update the report in an ongoing manner. Copyright 2005 Movement Disorder Society.

  4. Variaciones de la infracomunidad parásita durante la ontogenia de Chromis cyanea(Perciformes: Pomacentridae en la costa norte de La Habana, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ramón Alexis Fernández Osorio

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available Chromis cyaneaes una de las especies marinas más comunes y abundantes de los arrecifes cubanos. En este estudio se cuantifica la infracomunidad de parásitos durante el desarrollo ontogenético de Chromis cyanea(Pisces: Pomacentridae de la costa norte de La Habana, Cuba. Los objetivos son probar que las especies núcleo son responsables de la estructura en la infracomunidad y aparecen antes que las especies raras y estocásticas. Determinar si existe relación entre los descriptores ecológicos de la infraco-munidad parásita con la longitud total. Se capturaron 278 ejemplares de C. cyaneadurante la estación de seca (Abril del 2010. Se analizó un rango de tallas de 1.5 a 11.5 cm de largo total y se incluyeron ejemplares juveniles y adultos. Se recolectaron 2 861 especímenes parásitos pertenecientes a 20 taxa: Crustacea (5, Nematoda (5, Trematoda (4, Cestoda (2, Monogenea (2, Turbellaria (1 y Ciliophora (1. Los taxa Tetraphyllidea y Anilocra chromisconstituyen el núcleo de la infracomunidad parásita. La secuencia de aparición y la persistencia de estos taxa durante el desarrollo ontogenético apoyan la hipótesis de las especies núcleo. Los cambios en la infracomunidad, a partir de la talla de 6 cm, podrían ser el resultado de un efecto acumulativo unido a cambios en la dieta que provocan la ingestión de nuevos estadíos infectivos. Se concluye que el desarrollo ontogenético de C. cyaneaconstituye una variable importante en la formación de la infracomunidad parásita.

  5. "La conexión francesa" y el narcotráfico en cuba a mediados del siglo XX

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eduardo Sáenz Rovner

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available El desarrollo económico y el avance de las comunicaciones tanto marítimascomo aéreas contribuyeron al contrabando y al narcotráfico en Cuba, llegándosea convertir la isla en uno de los principales puntos en el tráfico de drogasilegales en el mundo durante

  6. Distribuição do parto vaginal e da cesariana no município do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2001 a 2004 Distribución del parto vaginal y de la cesarea en el municipio del Rio de Janeiro en el periodo de 2001 hasta 2004 Distribution of the vaginal birth and of the cesarean in the city of Rio de Janeiro from 2001 to 2004

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Virginia Maria de Azevedo Oliveira Knupp

    2008-03-01

    Full Text Available O parto vaginal é um processo natural que acontece por si mesmo, não necessitando da intervenção de terceiro. A cesariana é uma intervenção médica sobre um processo que a natureza resolve e regula sem artifícios. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar a distribuição do parto vaginal e da cesariana no Município do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2001 a 2004 e estudálos segundo as variáveis: raça da parturiente, área de planejamento de residência, local de ocorrência, natureza jurídica do hospital, faixa etária, estado civil e escolaridade da mãe, consulta pré-natal e Apgar no 1º minuto. Estudo descritivo de base populacional, que analisou as Declarações de Nascidos Vivos do Município do Rio de Janeiro em 2001 a 2004 através do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. As altas taxas de cesariana foram observadas nas regiões com maior poder econômico, instituições privadas, em mulheres acima de 35 anos, em casadas e com maior escolaridade.El parto vaginal es un proceso que acontece por si mismo, no habiendo necesidad de intervención de terceros. La cesarea es una intervención médica sobre un proceso que la naturaleza resolve sin artificios. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la distribución del parto vaginal y de la cesarea en el Municipio del Rio de Janeiro en el periodo de 2001 hasta 2004 y estudiar según las variables: raza de la parturiente, área de planificación de residencia, ubicación de ocurrencia, naturaleza jurídica del hospital,edad, estado civil y escolaridad de la madre, consulta prenatal y Apgar en el primer minuto. Estudio descriptivo de base poblacional, que analisó las Declaraciones de Nacidos Vivos del Municipio del Rio de Janeiro en 2001 hasta 2004 a través del Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos. Las altas tazas de cesarea fueron observadas en las regiones con mayor poder económico, instituciones privadas, en mujeres con más de 35 años, en casadas y con mayor escolaridad

  7. El apoyo real. Relaciones político-militares entre dos ciudades realistas: Santa Marta y la Habana durante 1810- 1815

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Enrique Elías Caro

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se hará un análisis de las relaciones político-militares que se suscitaron durante el proceso independentista entre Santa Marta en el Caribe Neogranadino y la Habana en Cuba. Así mismo, se explicarán ciertas particularidades de las guerras navales, fluviales y terrestres que sostuvieron estas ciudades realistas con otras que defendían la causa emancipadora, durante el periodo comprendido entre 1810-1815.

  8. Evaluation of the occupational exposure to external sources of ionizing radiation in Cuba in the period 2001-2005

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Molina P, D.; Martinez H, E.; Castro S, A.

    2006-01-01

    The single radiological surveillance of the occupational exposure to external radiation sources in Cuba it is carried out by the Radiation Protection and Hygiene Center (CPHR). The data corresponding to the external exposure are presented. The service it covers to all the occupationally exposed workers (TOEs) of the country that work fundamentally the radiodiagnostic practices, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy and research. The purpose of this work is to carry out an analysis of the occupational exposures of the TOE of the country starting of the results registered by the service of single radiological surveillance in the period 2001 to 2005, keeping in mind the indicators used by the UNSCEAR. The annual average effective dose (E) for each practice is shown. The obtained results showed that the values of annual average effective dose (E) its are bigger for the radiodiagnostic practices, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine. In a general way, all the E values are inferior to 2.00 mSv. The number of TOEs that overcame the 20 mSv established as annual dose limit, it went inferior to 1% of the controlled total universe. (Author)

  9. [Distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Nuevo León, México, 2001-2004].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Orta-Pesina, Héctor; Mercado-Hernández, Roberto; Elizondo-Leal, José Fernando

    2005-01-01

    To determine the distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Nuevo Leon between 2001 and 2004. Standardized methods were used to collect 6371 samples of mosquito's larvae from 167 sites. The proportions of samples positive for Ae. albopictus were obtained by municipality and year, using the software program Excel. There were 1179 samples positive for Ae. albopictus. This species was distributed over 10 municipalities, as follows: Five on the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plains, which predominantly have a semi-warm, sub-humid climate, and precipitations almost year round (Allende, Montemorelos, Linares, General Teran, and Santiago); two (Sabinas Hidalgo, and Cadereyta) localized on the North American Great Plains, which have a warm, semiarid climate, and scarce precipitations. The final three were Apodaca, San Nicolas, and Escobedo distributed over the metropolitan area of Monterrey City. Up to January 2004, the second most important epidemiological vector in the transmission cycle of Ae. albopictus worldwide was found in ten municipalities of Nuevo Leon State, Mexico.

  10. Delivering democracy? An analysis of New Zealand's District Health Board elections, 2001 and 2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gauld, Robin

    2005-08-01

    The district health board (DHB) system is New Zealand's present structure for the governance and delivery of publicly-funded health care. An aim of the DHB system is to democratise health care governance, and a key element of DHBs is elected membership of their governing boards. This article focuses on the electoral component of DHBs. It reports on the first DHB elections of 2001 and recent 2004 elections. The article presents and discusses data regarding candidates, the electoral process, voter behaviour and election results. It suggests that the extent to which the DHB elections are contributing to aims of democratisation is questionable.

  11. Factores de riesgo del bajo peso al nacer, Hospital Gineco-Obstétrico Provincial de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marcos Aurelio Grau Espinosa

    1999-08-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar algunos factores de riesgo que pudiera presentar la madre durante el embarazo, asociados con la incidencia de bajo peso al nacer (menos de 2500 g. Se diseñó un estudio con 378 casos y 649 controles del Hospital Gineco-Obstétrico Provincial de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, durante el año 1994. Los datos se obtuvieron de la historia clínica, el registro de partos y una entrevista personal con la madre. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y se controlaron los posibles factores de confusión utilizando la regresión logística dicotómica, mediante los programas Epi Info 5 y SPSS. Por medio del modelo multivariado final se identificaron como factores de riesgo significativos de bajo peso al nacer la hipertensión arterial durante el embarazo, la consulta extemporánea de evaluación del embarazo, los abortos anteriores, último intervalo intergenésico menor de 2 años y el aumento de peso materno menor de 8 kg. Se debe dar prioridad a estas tres últimas variables para mantener buenos indicadores en el programa maternoinfantil de la Provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba.

  12. Cuba y Francia: Transparencias fugaces de un desencuentro (1808-1814)

    OpenAIRE

    Figueredo Cabrera, Katia

    2015-01-01

    El presente trabajo realiza un análisis histórico del corpus poético generado en Cuba durante la ocupación napoleónica a España. Los poemas seleccionados no representan su totalidad, pero dentro del nivel ilustrado son una muestra notoria del cultivo de la diversidad métrica en sus más variadas manifestaciones, así como de la francofobia atizada por la emotiva carga “patriótica” y la voluntad creadora de los poetas residentes en la mayor de las Antillas. Cet article analyse le corpus poéti...

  13. Los primeros tiempos de Cuba en la ruta antillana del café

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    García Álvarez, Alejandro

    2015-04-01

    Full Text Available The author analizes the historical process of Cuban coffee along two and a half centuries (until the end of Spanish colonial era, its transformation in a international commoditie from the end of XVIIIth century (after Saint Domingue revolution, its phases, the coffee cultivated land dismiss for sugar production and coffee popular difussion in Cuban cities and villages.En el presente artículo se da a conocer el proceso cafetalero en Cuba durante siglo y medio de actividad (desde su introducción al fin del dominio español sobre la isla, su transformación en objeto de comercio internacional desde finales del siglo XVIII tras la destrucción de Saint Domingue, sus etapas de auge y decadencia en la isla, el abandono de sus tierras de cultivo en favor del azúcar y la rápida difusión de su ingesta por la población de ciudades y pueblos de Cuba.

  14. Radioactivity measurements of soil samples in the Region Vranje (Bratoselce Village) for the period 2001-2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Eremic-savkovic, M.; Pantelic, G.; Tanaskovic, I.; Vuletic, V.; Javorina, L.

    2006-01-01

    Systematic examination of radioactive contamination of soil samples was established at the Institute for Occupational and Radiological Health. With the bombing of our country (Spring 1999) the monitoring of radioactivity has changed. We also measured the activities of uranium and it descendants. This paper presents the results of radioactivity monitoring of the soil in small area 700 m near village Bratoselce in region Vranje during the period 2001 - 2004. From 2001 to 2004, we collected different samples from this fenced area as well as outside this area assuming not to be contaminated, before, during and after decontamination. Some soil samples were made as a mix of small samples from a large area of location. Other samples were taken at the points formerly designated as contaminated or from shell-craters seen on the fenced area surface. All samples were analyzed by gamma spectrometry and measurements of alpha and beta activity. On the basis of measurements of soil activities, analysis of 238 U and 235 U, as well as in comparison with natural activity ratio being 21.4, it may be concluded that depleted uranium contamination was present both in the fenced area and outside it, because this ratio in the samples of soil was found to be 34 to 73. Natural activity in soil samples was slightly higher in relation to mean soil activity in Serbia. (authors)

  15. El ingreso en el hogar y su costo directo en Cuba The direct costs of home care in Cuba

    OpenAIRE

    Isabel M. Barroso Utra; Anai García Fariñas; Armando Rodríguez Salvá; Pol de Vos; Mariano Bonet Gorbea; Patrick Van Der Stuyft

    2007-01-01

    OBJETIVOS: Analizar el tiempo de estadía en ingreso en el hogar (IH) y su costo diario y por paciente en Cuba, según el diagnóstico al ingreso y la zona donde se brinda el servicio. MÉTODOS: Se analizó la información de los 837 pacientes en IH entre julio de 2001 y junio de 2002 en un área del municipio Playa, en Ciudad de La Habana (zona urbana metropolitana), una del municipio Cruces, en Cienfuegos (zona urbana no metropolitana), otra del Municipio Unión de Reyes, en Matanzas (zona rural) y...

  16. Accidentes urológicos en gineco-obstetricia. Pinar del Río. 2001-2004 Urologic accidents in gynecology and obstetrics

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedro Ricardo Hernández Campo

    2005-09-01

    Full Text Available La cirugía ginecológica es la causa mas frecuente de accidentes urológicos en los Estados Unidos y en muchos otros países desarrollados en el mundo y la vejiga es el sitio más común de lesión del tractus urinario durante la cirugía ginecológica. En Gineco-obstetricia se cometen varios accidentes quirúrgicos que se convierten posteriormente en patologías urológicas que para su resolución la mayoría tienen que ser a través del acto quirúrgico. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal retrospectivo de enero del 2001 a diciembre del 2004 de todas las pacientes que habían sido atendidos en el servicio de Urología General del Hospital Universitario Abel Santamaría Cuadrado de la provincia de Pinar del Río por presentar patologías urológicas producto a intervenciones Gineco-obstétricas. Los resultados fueron expresados en tablas y a las mismas se le aplico Chi Cuadrado. Encontrando como principales resultados las fístulas vesico-vaginales como las principales patologías accidentales en histerectomías abdominales y vaginales, la ubicación de las fístulas eran a nivel post-trigonal, la mayoría se repararon a través de la fistelectomia abdominal con muy pocas complicaciones post-quirúrgicas.The gynecological surgery is the most frequent cause of urologic insults in the United Status and in many other developed countries in the world and the bladder is the most common site of insults in the urinary tract during gynecological surgical procedure. During the procedure several surgical insults take place which will further become urologic pathologies whose solution is only posible through surgery. A longitudinal and retrospective study was carried out, from January 2001 to December 2004, with all the patients being assisted by the General Urologic Department at Abel Santamaría Cuadrado University Hospital in Pinar del Río Province. These patients had urologic pathologies because of gyneco-obstetric surgical procedures. Results were

  17. EL LARGO COMPROMISO DE CANADÁ CON CUBA: PARADOJAS Y POSIBILIDADES

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Thomas LEGLER

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Tanto la Unión Europea como América Latina, e incluso Estados Unidos, han iniciado distintos procesos de diálogo con Cuba. ¿Cuáles lecciones relevantes se pueden extraer de la larga historia canadiense de compromiso con la Revolución Cubana? Este artículo documenta la evolución de las relaciones entre Canadá y Cuba desde la década de 1940, centrándose en sus altibajos desde que se lanzó, a mediados de la década de 1990, una política de «compromiso constructivo ». Se argumenta que este acercamiento (en sus diversas formas no ha tenido mayor influencia en la liberalización de la política cubana. Además, la poca influencia que Canadá pudo haber tenido durante el «Periodo Especial» ha disminuido con la recuperación económica y diversificación de las relaciones exteriores de Cuba en la última década. En ese sentido, los autores concluyen que la estrategia más apropiada para Canadá y otros actores es llevar a cabo un acercamiento coordinado y de largo plazo que brinde apoyo a una variedad de procesos endógenos de cambio en Cuba. Una estrategia realista debería incluir diálogo de bajo perfil con el régimen actual, cooperación con un amplio espectro de posibles reformadores dentro y fuera del Estado y apoyo para la realización de cambios sociales más extensos a través del comercio, la inversión extranjera, el turismo así como los intercambios académicos y culturales.

  18. CASE STUDY: Cuba — Farmers and Researchers Reshape Cuba's ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    2011-01-05

    Jan 5, 2011 ... But working together with groups of farmers, a team of young plant breeders is turning things around. ... English · Français ... CASE STUDY: Cuba — Farmers and Researchers Reshape Cuba's Agriculture ... One method the researchers used to introduce farmers to new or unknown varieties or lines was the ...

  19. Connecting NSF funding to patent innovation in nanotechnology (2001-2004)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Huang Zan; Chen Hsinchun; Li Xin; Roco, Mihail C.

    2006-01-01

    Nanotechnology research has experienced growth rapid in knowledge and innovations; it also attracted significant public funding in recent years. Several countries have recognized nanotechnology as a critical research domain that promises to revolutionize a wide range of fields of applications. In this paper, we present an analysis of the funding for nanoscale science and engineering (NSE) at the National Science Foundation (NSF) and its implications on technological innovation (number of patents) in this field from 2001 to 2004. Using a combination of basic bibliometric analysis and content visualization tools, we identify growth trends, research topic distribution, and the evolution in NSF funding and commercial patenting activities recorded at the United States Patent Office (USPTO). The patent citations are used to compare the impact of the NSF-funded research on nanotechnology development with research supported by other sources in the United States and abroad. The analysis shows that the NSF-funded researchers and patents authored by them have significantly higher impact based on patent citation measures in the four-year period than other comparison groups. The NSF-authored patent impact is growing faster with the lifetime of a patent, indicating the long-term importance of fundamental research

  20. El largo compromiso de Canadá con Cuba: paradojas y posibilidades

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Thomas LEGLER

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Tanto la Unión Europea como América Latina, e incluso Estados Unidos, han iniciado distintos procesos de diálogo con Cuba. ¿Cuáles lecciones relevantes se pueden extraer de la larga historia canadiense de compromiso con la Revolución Cubana? Este artículo documenta la evolución de las relaciones entre Canadá y Cuba desde la década de 1940, centrándose en sus altibajos desde que se lanzó, a mediados de la década de 1990, una política de «compromiso constructivo ». Se argumenta que este acercamiento (en sus diversas formas no ha tenido mayor influencia en la liberalización de la política cubana. Además, la poca influencia que Canadá pudo haber tenido durante el «Periodo Especial» ha disminuido con la recuperación económica y diversificación de las relaciones exteriores de Cuba en la última década. En ese sentido, los autores concluyen que la estrategia más apropiada para Canadá y otros «actores» es llevar a cabo un acercamiento coordinado y de largo plazo que brinde apoyo a una variedad de procesos endógenos de cambio en Cuba. Una estrategia realista debería incluir diálogo de bajo perfil con el régimen actual, cooperación con un amplio espectro de posibles reformadores dentro y fuera del Estado y apoyo para la realización de cambios sociales más extensos a través del comercio, la inversión extranjera, el turismo así como los intercambios académicos y culturales

  1. Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Atlas: Alaska, Prince William Sound-2000, Aleutians-2001, Bristol Bay-2004, maps and geographic information systems data (NODC Accession 0014162)

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — This data set comprises the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) data for Alaska; Prince William Sound (2000), Aleutians (2001), and Bristol Bay (2004). ESI data...

  2. La mortalidad feto-infantil y de menores de 5 años en Cuba: período 2000-2010. The fetal- infant mortality and under 5 years in Cuba: 2000-2010

    OpenAIRE

    Lorenzo I. Herrera León

    2015-01-01

    La etapa fetal es vital para el desarrollo y bienestar del futuro ser humano, de ahí que el presente trabajo se haya propuesto como objetivo analizar la evolución de la mortalidad feto-infantil y de menores de 5 años durante el decenio 2000-2010, en Cuba. Para el logro de este se realizaron estimaciones de los eventos vitales que acompañan al proceso del embarazo (abortos e interrupciones, embarazos, mortinatos y nacimiento). A raíz de dichas estimaciones y aplicando técnicas estadísticas de ...

  3. ANÁLISIS ESPACIAL DE LA MORBIMORTALIDAD DEL CÁNCER DE MAMAY CÉRVIX. VILLA CLARA. CUBA. 2004-2009

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Norma E. Batista Hernández

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Fundamentos: El cáncer de mama y el de cérvix continúan siendo un problema de salud, a pesar de la existencia de programas de prevención y de diagnóstico precoz. Por no existir en nuestra provincia estudios similares, se decidió realizar esta investigación, con el objetivo de identificar conglomerados espaciales y/o espacio-temporales que permitan el análisis de la morbimortalidad por cáncer de mama y cérvix en la provincia Villa Clara. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo, focalizado en la detección de conglomerados espaciales y espacio-temporales de la incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer de mama y cérvix en Villa Clara, utilizando la técnica estadística de exploración espacio-temporal (programa SatScan v .7.01. La muestra abarcó la totalidad de mujeres diagnosticadas durante el año 2004 y de ellas las fallecidas hasta el cierre del año 2009. Resultados: El cáncer de mama mostró concordancia en los resultados tanto espaciales como espacio-temporales con un riesgo de padecer la enfermedad de 1,63 y 1,91 respectivamente, los municipios que conformaron conglomerados significativos se ubicaron hacia el centro y noreste de la provincia, encabezados por Santa Clara, cabecera provincial. El cáncer de cérvix evidenció desde el punto de vista temporal el diagnóstico de 100 casos frente a 68,8 esperados durante los meses de marzo a julio del 2004. El estudio espacio-temporal mostró un conglomerado de incidencia en los municipios ubicados al noreste de la provincia. El riesgo relativo de presentar la enfermedad para las mujeres que vivían en estas zonas fue 3,46 frente a las del resto de la provincia. Conclusiones: Se mostró la presencia de conglomerados estadísticamente significativos tanto espaciales como espacio-temporales en las áreas de mayor riesgo de enfermar por estos cánceres. No hubo conglomerados de muertes y diagnósticos tardíos.

  4. Evaluación de la sostenibilidad de fincas de café administradas por Tropical El Salvador, durante el período 2004 - 2009.

    OpenAIRE

    Laínez Reyes, Carlos Eduardo

    2011-01-01

    Laínez Reyes, C. E. 2011. Evaluación de la sostenibilidad de fincas de café administradas por Tropical El Salvador, durante el periodo 2004 - 2009. Tesis Mag. Sc. Universidad de El Salvador, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas. Universidad de El Salvador. San Salvador, SV. 124 p. Cuando el subsector café en El Salvador afrontaba una de sus peores crísis de la historia, generada por el desequilibrio estructural entre la oferta y la demanda mundial, Tropical Farm Management El Salvador S.A. de ...

  5. An Island Called Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jean Stubbs

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available Review of: An Island Called Home: Returning to Jewish Cuba. Ruth Behar, photographs by Humberto Mayol. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007. xiii + 297 pp. (Cloth US$ 29.95 Fidel Castro: My Life: A Spoken Autobiography. Fidel Castro & Ignacio Ramonet. New York: Scribner/Simon & Schuster, 2008. vii + 724 pp. (Paper US$ 22.00, e-book US$ 14.99 Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know. Julia E. Sweig. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. xiv + 279 pp. (Paper US$ 16.95 [First paragraph] These three ostensibly very different books tell a compelling story of each author’s approach, as much as the subject matter itself. Fidel Castro: My Life: A Spoken Autobiography is based on a series of long interviews granted by the then-president of Cuba, Fidel Castro, to Spanish-Franco journalist Ignacio Ramonet. Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know, by U.S. political analyst Julia Sweig, is one of a set country series, and, like Ramonet’s, presented in question/answer format. An Island Called Home: Returning to Jewish Cuba, with a narrative by Cuban-American anthropologist Ruth Behar and photographs by Cuban photographer Humberto Mayol, is a retrospective/introspective account of the Jewish presence in Cuba. While from Ramonet and Sweig we learn much about the revolutionary project, Behar and Mayol convey the lived experience of the small Jewish community against that backdrop.

  6. ANÁLISIS PROBABILÍSTICO DE LA PERSISTENCIA DE LOS DÍAS DE LLUVIA EN VILLENA (ALICANTE DURANTE LA PRIMAVERA DE 2004

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    César Azorín Molina

    2005-01-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se aborda un breve análisis acerca del carácter extraordinariamente anómalo que presentó la precipitación en forma de lluvia durante la primavera de 2004. El estudio se centra en el examen detallado del grado de persistencia de este hidrometeoro en Villena (Alicante, en los meses de marzo, abril y mayo. Se emplean sencillos métodos de análisis probabilístico con objeto de verificar el estado de inercia de los días lluviosos, algo muy poco común en los climas de filiación mediterránea.

  7. Prescripción de vacunas no incluidas en el calendario vacunal en la Comunitat Valenciana durante el período 2004-2009

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Ruiz Palacio

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Fundamentos, En el marco de las políticas de uso racional del medicamento, y al objeto de conseguir una gestión eficiente de los programas de vacunaciones, el objetivo de este trabajo es conocer el número de envases de las vacunas prescritas no incluidas en los programas de vacunación en la Comunitat Valenciana y en sus departamentos de salud, así como el gasto que produjeron en 2009, y analizar la evolución desde 2004, centrando el análisis en la vacuna heptavalente conjugada frente al Streptococcus pneumoniae en menores de dos años. Método, Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de las vacunas prescritas mediante receta en la Comunitat Valenciana durante el año 2009 y su evolución desde 2004. Variables, número de envases, tipo de beneficiario (activo/pensionista, departamento y gasto generado. Fuentes, Gestor de Prestación Farmacéutica (GAIA y Sistema Información Poblacional (SIP. Resultados: En 2009 la prescripción mediante receta de vacunas no incluidas en los programas de vacunación generó un gasto de 683.445,71 ] correspondiente a 17.353 envases, lo que supuso el 87! del total del gasto en vacunas recetadas. La vacuna frente al S. pneumoniae generó el 72! del gasto total de las vacunas no incluidas en el calendario. La evolución 2004-2009 muestra un aumento del gasto de 735.334 ] (24,66! en 2005 a partir del cual se produjo un descenso acusado y paulatino que alcanzó los 1.562.650,67 ] (-228.64!. El gasto por departamentos para la vacuna del neumococo conjugada heptavalente por mil niños/as menores de dos años osciló entre 17.377 y 324 ]. Conclusiones: La tendencia descendente del gasto en recetas prescritas se mantuvo durante 2009, fundamentalmente de vacunas conjugadas frente a neumococo. No obstante, se observó gran variabilidad interdepartamental en las tasas de prescripción que debe ser corregida.

  8. [Trophic webs of reef fishes in northwestern Cuba. I. Stomach contents].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hernández, Ivet; Aguilar, Consuelo; González Sanón, Gaspar

    2008-06-01

    Trophic webs of reef fishes in northwestern Cuba. I. Stomach contents. Studies on the reef fishes of Cuba are not rare, but most have two basic limitations: small sample sizes and exclusion of small species. Our study sampled more species and larger samples in the sublitoral region of Havana city (23 degrees 7.587' N, 82 degrees 25.793' W), 2-18 m deep. We collected fish weekly from October 2004 through February 2006 with traps and harpoon. Overfishing has modified the fish communities. We used the relative importance index to describe the diets of carnivore and omnivore species, and a modification of the relative abundance method for the herbivores and sponge-eating species. The main food items are benthonic crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, copepods) and bony fish (mainly demersal species). Most species are eurifagous and thus, less affected by anthropic disturbance than specialist feeders.

  9. Prediction of electric energy consumption in Cuba for the period 2000-2015; Pronostico del consumo de electricidad en Cuba durante el periodo 2000-2015

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Garcia Rodirguez, B [Centro Nacional de Seguridad Nuclear, La Habana (Cuba)

    1999-06-01

    This paper consists on a prediction of the growth in electric energy consumption in Cuba, for the period 2000-2015 and with respect to 1990, it also considers the specific features of the National Electroenergetic System. Validated Guidelines in accordance with the Delphi method, which incorporates the basis characteristics considered by international programs for these predictions, were used for this purpose. From the analysis of the behaviour in power consumption of the different consumers and of the expected changes in them according to the expected scenarios, a prediction on the growth in the demand of electric energy is made.

  10. El desarrollo de la competencia intercultural en el contexto cubano: estrategias para la superación de estereotipos en la clase de E/LE a través de la propuesta didáctica «¡Cuba, qué linda es Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tania Abella Fernández

    2015-10-01

    Full Text Available La propuesta didáctica «¡Cuba, qué linda es Cuba!» está dirigida a grupos multiculturales de E/LE (Español como lengua extranjera con nivel A2 en el contexto cubano. Surge a partir de la experiencia directa con estos grupos los cuales presentaban problemas de identificación intercultural durante el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Se supuso que esto era un obstáculo para el desarrollo de las competencias generales y lingüísticas de los estudiantes. Por tanto, se persigue como objetivo activar determinadas estrategias de aprendizaje para propiciar un mayor acercamiento entre estos aprendientes que favorezca el desarrollo de su competencia intercultural y comunicativa. Para ello se proponen actividades concebidas desde un enfoque comunicativo e intercultural.

  11. Patch-testing North American lip dermatitis patients: data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2001 to 2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zug, Kathryn A; Kornik, Rachel; Belsito, Donald V; DeLeo, Vincent A; Fowler, Joseph F; Maibach, Howard I; Marks, James G; Mathias, C G Toby; Pratt, Melanie D; Rietschel, Robert L; Sasseville, Denis; Storrs, Frances J; Taylor, James S; Warshaw, Erin M

    2008-01-01

    The most common differential diagnoses for patients presenting with lip dermatitis or inflammation include atopic, allergic, and irritant contact dermatitis. Patch testing can be performed to identify the allergic contact conditions. To report North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) patch-test results of patients who presented for patch testing with only lip involvement from 2001 to 2004. Patient characteristics, allergen frequencies, relevance, final diagnoses, and relevant allergic sources not in the NACDG screening series were evaluated. The NACDG 2001-2004 database was used to select patients presenting with only lip involvement. Of 10,061 patients tested, 2% (n = 196) had lips as the sole involved site. Most (84.2%) were women. After patch testing, 38.3% (n = 75) were diagnosed with allergic contact cheilitis. Fragrance mix, Myroxilon pereirae, and nickel were the most common relevant allergens. Of 75 patients, 27 (36%) had relevant positive patch-test reactions to items not on the NACDG series; lipstick and cosmetics were the predominant sources. Patch testing is valuable in the evaluation and identification of contact allergy in patients referred for lip dermatitis. The use of supplementary allergens based on history and exposure is important in the identification of additional relevant allergens. Over a third of patients with contact allergy had other factors, such as irritant dermatitis, considered relevant to their condition.

  12. Meio século de artes plásticas em Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Adelaida de Juan

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Durante as recentes décadas, as artes plásticas em Cuba desenvolveram diversas tendências como a abstração, o fotorrealismo, o neoexpressionismo, o conceitualismo etc., enquanto algumas temáticas e alguns caracteres cuja base remete às culturas afro-cubanas são mantidos. Às manifestações com antecedentes nacionais se agregará, como manifestação orgânica, o design gráfico, que vem se constituindo numa escola de particularidades próprias. Na atualidade proliferam as instalações e as performances, muitas vezes com caráter interdisciplinar, como no caso da video art.Durante las recientes décadas, las artes plásticas en Cuba han desarrollado diversas tendencias como la abstracción, el fotorrealismo, el neoexpresionismo, el conceptualismo, etc., mientras mantienen algunas temáticas y caracteres cuya base se remite a las culturas afrocubanas. A las manifestaciones con antecedentes nacionales se añadirá, como manifestación orgánica, el diseño gráfico que se ha constituido en una escuela de caracteres propios. En la actualidad proliferan las instalaciones y los performances, a menudo con carácter interdisciplinario, así como el video art.During recent decades, several trends have emerged in the Cuban visual arts, e.g., abstraction, photorealism, neoexpressionism and conceptualism, among others, without losing sight of certain themes and characters based on Afro-Cuban cultures. To the manifestations of a national heritage should be added, as an organic expression, graphic design, which is becoming a school with unique features. Today, we have a proliferation of performances and installations, often of interdisciplinary nature, as is the case of video art.

  13. Desarrollo social y mortalidad infantil, 1977-1986, Cuba: un análisis regional Desenvolvimento social e mortalidade infantil, 1977-1986, Cuba: análise regional Social development and infant mortality, 1977-1986, Cuba: a regional analysis

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Guillermo Gonzalez Perez

    1990-06-01

    Full Text Available En Cuba, la tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI se redujo entre 1970 y 1986 en un 65%. La TMI alcanzada en 1986 -13,6%o - ubica al país a la vanguardia de Latinoamérica en cuanto a salud materno-infantil. Sin embargo, subsisten diferencias interprovinciales en la mortalidad durante el primer año de vida. Mediante el empleo de técnicas de regresión múltiples, se intenta identificar los factores sociodemográficos o relacionados con los servicios de salud que más han incidido en el descenso de la TMI en Cuba y provincias en el decenio estudiado, así como las variables que mejor explican las diferencias interprovinciales en cada año. Son factores sociodemográficos los que mayoritariamente explican la evolución de la TMI; por otra parte, si bien la proporción de nacidos vivos con bajo peso y la tasa bruta de natalidad explican en primera instancia las diferencias interprovinciales en el nivel de la mortalidad infantil en cada año, un análisis más cuidadoso permite establecer que son variables eminentemente socieconómicas las que están detrás de tales diferencias.Em Cuba, entre os anos de 1970 a 1986 a taxa de mortalidade infantil (TMI reduziu em 65%. A TMI obtida em 1986 -13,6%o - foi a mais baixa no contexto lationamericano, embora a nível regional o comportamento da taxa não tem sido homogêneo. Com o emprego da técnica de regressão múltipla, pretendeu-se identificar aqueles fatores socio-demográficos e dos serviços de saúde que mais têm incidido no declínio da mortalidade infantil em Cuba, no período acima descrito, bem como as variáveis que melhor explicam as diferenças inter-regionais do referido indicador. Os fatores socio-demográficos explicam a evolução da TMI em Cuba. Embora a queda da natalidade e a redução da proporção de recém-nascidos com baixo peso ao nascer expliquem - em princípios - as diferenças inter-regionais quanto a TMI, outros fatores socio-econômicos podem explicar tais diferen

  14. 31 CFR 515.420 - Travel to Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Travel to Cuba. 515.420 Section 515....420 Travel to Cuba. The prohibition on dealing in property in which Cuba or a Cuban national has an interest set forth in § 515.201(b)(1) includes a prohibition on the receipt of goods or services in Cuba...

  15. Soil and Terrain Database for Cuba, primary data (version 1.0) - scale 1:1 million (SOTER_Cuba)

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Dijkshoorn, J.A.; Huting, J.R.M.

    2014-01-01

    The Soil and Terrain database for Cuba primary data (version 1.0), at scale 1:1 million (SOTER_Cuba), was compiled of enhanced soil informtion within the framework of the FAO's program Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA). Primary soil and terrain data for Cuba were obtained from the

  16. Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the North Cuba Basin, Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schenk, Christopher J.

    2010-01-01

    Petroleum generation in the North Cuba Basin is primarily the result of thrust loading of Jurassic and Cretaceous source rocks during formation of the North Cuba fold and thrust belt in the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene. The fold and thrust belt formed as Cuban arc-forearc rocks along the leading edge of the Caribbean plate translated northward during the opening of the Yucatan Basin and collided with the passive margin of southern North America in the Paleogene. Petroleum fluids generated during thrust loading migrated vertically into complex structures in the fold and thrust belt, into structures in the foreland basin, and possibly into carbonate reservoirs along the margins of the Yucatan and Bahama carbonate platforms. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) defined a Jurassic-Cretaceous Composite Total Petroleum System (TPS) and three assessment units (AU)-North Cuba Fold and Thrust Belt AU, North Cuba Foreland Basin AU, and the North Cuba Platform Margin Carbonate AU-within this TPS based mainly on structure and reservoir type (fig. 1). There is considerable geologic uncertainty as to the extent of petroleum migration that might have occurred within this TPS to form potential petroleum accumulations. Taking this geologic uncertainty into account, especially in the offshore area, the mean volumes of undiscovered resources in the composite TPS of the North Cuba Basin are estimated at (1) 4.6 billion barrels of oil (BBO), with means ranging from an F95 probability of 1 BBO to an F5 probability of 9 BBO; and (2) 8.6 trillion cubic feet of of gas (TCFG), of which 8.6 TCFG is associated with oil fields, and about 1.2 TCFG is in nonassociated gas fields in the North Cuba Foreland Basin AU.

  17. Citation analysis of the Chinese Journal of Radiation Ocology from 2001 to 2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yang Hua; Li Li

    2005-01-01

    Objective: To study the information absorbency of Chinese Journal of Radiation Oncology and it's half-citing life, find out the core journals and characteristics of literature requested by scientists, and analyze the trend of Radiation Oncology research. Methods: The citation analysis is used to analyze the references cited in 475 articles in Chinese Journal of Radiation Oncology from 2001-2004. Results: Citation rate is 70.5%, and there are 8.6 citations per article. Main types of citations are journals (91.7%) and books (7.8%). The Price Index is 41.6%, and the self-citation rate is 6.2%. The percent of citations from the high-ranked 20 journals are 57.0%. Conclusions: The articles in Chinese Journal of Radiation Oncology concern most journals in the medicine, the most citations are from the English journals. The half-citing life becomes longer than research in 2003. It shows that the use of newly-published articles should be improved. (authors)

  18. Põllumajanduslike väikemajapidamiste struktuuri uuring, 2004 = Structure survey of agricultural small units, 2004 / Eve Valdvee, Andres Klaus

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Valdvee, Eve, 1975-

    2005-01-01

    2004. aastal Statistikaameti korraldatud põllumajanduslike väikemajapidamiste struktuuri uuringu tulemustest. Analüüsi eesmärgiks oli saada andmeid ettevõtete struktuuris toimunud muutustest aastatel 2001-2004. Tabelid. Diagrammid

  19. De Tihosuco a La Habana: la venta de indios yucatecos a Cuba durante la Guerra de Castas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Izaskun ÁLVAREZ CUARTERO

    2009-03-01

    Full Text Available Como consecuencia de la Guerra de Castas desatada en Yucatán (1847-1901 las autoridades locales decidieron «limpiar el territorio de indios». Una de las soluciones elegidas fue la de llevar a Cuba a colonos mayas bajo un régimen de trabajo semiesclavo. La escasez de mano de obra en la isla proporcionó el acuerdo entre las elites de ambos territorios para organizar el comercio de mayas. El presente artículo repasa el origen y los aspectos más destacados de este negocio.

  20. Situación de la gestión de inventarios en Cuba/Situation of Stock Management in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Igor Lopes-Martínez

    2012-09-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la situación de la gestión de inventarios en Cuba, a partir de las experiencias obtenidas durante más de 10 años en entidades de los sectores de servicios, comerciales y producción. En nuestro país existen problemas como: la falta de disponibilidad, la inestabilidad de suministros, la baja rotación de inventarios, los deficientes estudios realizados sobre demanda y productos obsoletos; todos los cuales están relacionados directamente con los inventarios. Es por ello que se propone analizar estos problemas desde la perspectiva de la empresa y tratarlos a nivel de cadena de suministro, integración débilmente estructurada en nuestras entidades. Se realiza un análisis de la relación entre la legislación vigente en Cuba y la gestión del inventario, por lo que se recomienda la utilización, en próximos estudios, de un modelo de referencia para evaluar la situación de la gestión de los inventarios en las empresas y cadenas de forma más integral./The main objective of this article is to analyze the stock management situation in Cuba, taking into account the experiences obtained for more than 10 years in several enterprises which develop their activities in connection with the service, commercial and production fields. Cuban companies are facing problems such as: lack of availability, supply instability, low rotation of the stock, poor studies of demand, and obsolete productions; which have in common their relation with the stock management. That is why this research proposes to make an assessment of these problems from the point of view of the enterprise in connection with their supply chains. Such a comprehensive analysis is poorly developed in Cuban enterprises so far. It is also proposed an analysis of the laws and their connection with stock management. Finally, it is suggested the introduction of a reference model in order to assess, with more integrality, the status of the stock

  1. Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances

    Science.gov (United States)

    2009-03-31

    office. In January 2006, OFAC suspended a South Florida travel agency, La Estrella de Cuba, from booking travel to Cuba. The agency reportedly was one...plans to conduct 25 on-site audits in 2006 at agencies that do business with Cuba.22 In addition to La Estrella de Cuba, OFAC suspended the service

  2. Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress

    Science.gov (United States)

    2006-12-19

    from Cuban nationals outside of the United States. CRS-4 On January 23, 2006, OFAC suspended a South Florida travel agency, La Estrella de Cuba...one of the largest licensed travel service providers in Florida, La Estrella de Cuba, from booking travel to Cuba. Another three agencies had their

  3. Characterizing the Fish Passage Environment at The Dalles Dam Spillway: 2001-2004

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Richmond, Marshall C.; Carlson, Thomas J.; Serkowski, John A.; Cook, Chris B.; Duncan, Joanne P.; Perkins, William A.

    2007-10-10

    The spill environment at The Dalles Dam in 2001-2004 was characterized using a field-deployed autonomous sensor (the so-called Sensor Fish), computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and Lagrangian particle tracking. The sensor fish has a self-contained capability to digitally the record pressure and triaxial accelerations it was exposed to following its release into the spillway. After recovery downstream of the tailrace, the data stored in the memory of the sensor are downloaded and stored for analysis. The spillway, stilling basin, and tailrace hydrodynamics were simulated using an unsteady, free-surface, three-dimensional CFD code that solved the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with a two-equation turbulence model. The results from the CFD simulations were then used in a Lagrangian particle tracking model that included the effects of mass, drag, and buoyancy in the particle equation of motion. A random walk method was used to simulate the effects of small-scale turbulence on the particle motion. Several operational and structural conditions were evaluated using the Sensor Fish, CFD, and particle tracking. Quantifying events such as strike and stilling basin retention time characterized exposure conditions in the spill environment.

  4. Las Haloragaceae de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Betancourt Gandul, Martha

    1999-12-01

    Full Text Available A study of the Haloragaceae in Cuba is presented. The presence of Proserpinaca palustris, P. pectinata. Myriophyllum laxum and M. pinnatum is confirmed, and the possible extinction of M. sparsiflorum is suggestedEstudio de la familia Haloragaceae en Cuba. Se confirma la existencia de Proserpinaca palustris, P. pectinata. Myriophyllum laxum y M, pinnatum, y se plantea la posible extinción de M. sparsiflorum.

  5. 14 CFR 91.709 - Operations to Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Operations to Cuba. 91.709 Section 91.709... Board Such Aircraft § 91.709 Operations to Cuba. No person may operate a civil aircraft from the United States to Cuba unless— (a) Departure is from an international airport of entry designated in § 6.13 of...

  6. Cuba's oil crisis spells trouble for Castro

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Anon.

    1992-01-01

    This paper reports on Cuba's oil crisis which presents long term woes for the government of Fidel Castro but new opportunities for foreign petroleum investment. That's the main thesis of a study by East-West Center (EWC), Honolulu. Since the cutoff of subsidized oil supplies from the former Soviet Union at the first of the year, Cuba has endured a crippling loss of export revenues and draconian energy rationing measures at home. The Soviets had reduced oil supplies to Cuba since 1989 after decades of providing the Castro government with subsidized oil supplies. Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev exempted Cuba from paying market prices for Soviet oil in 1991 while requiring that of Soviet trading partners in eastern Europe. With the collapse of Communism in the former U.S.S.R., however, oil supplies from that region are available to Cuba only at market prices and for hard currency. That has triggered a crisis in the Western Hemisphere's sole Communist regime as Cuba's gross special product - equivalent to GNP - fell by 5% in 1990 and a further 20% in 1991. The foreign exchange loss of $1.6 billion stemming from the loss of Soviet subsidized oil supplies exceeds that of total foreign exchange earnings from all other sources. If Cuba imports oil in 1989 volumes at current prices, its oil import tab alone will be $1.3 billion, EWC projects

  7. Area Handbook Series: Cuba; a Country Study,

    Science.gov (United States)

    1986-01-01

    xix Chapter 1. Historical Setting. ...................................... Elizabeth de Lima ...Guane Rio Santo L F AntonClarao -22 % Fei ienfuegos Moron kNulvo Gerona Playa Sancti 11-,Giron Spirntu Jhoi ~~ ~Trinidad Cg a Tunas de Zaza * National...schol- arly literature. xi Country Profile 0 0l Country _ Formal Name: Cuba (Rep6blica de Cuba). Short Form: Cuba. Term for Citizens: Cubans. Capital

  8. THE CUBA COMPANY AND EASTERN CUBA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, 1900-1959

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Carlos Santamarina

    2001-01-01

    Full Text Available This artide evaluates the Cuba Company’s impact on eastern Cuban economic development. It argues that the Cuba Company’s railroads, together with its development plans and strategies, helped stimulate the extraordinary economic growth of eastern Cuba between 1900 and 1959, especially in the production of sugar. Sugar was king in Cuba before 1900 but only inwestern Cuba; eastern Cuba produced only a minuscule fraction of total Cuban sugar production. Moreover, the Cuban Independence War of 1895-1898 had destroyed the industry. Due to the Cuba Company’s strategy, however, by the 1920s Cuba was once again the largest producer of sugar in the world and eastern Cuba represented over 50% of total Cuban sugarproduction.

  9. Pediatric Gastroenterology in Cuba: Evolution and Challenges.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Castañeda-Guillot, Carlos

    2016-10-01

    INTRODUCTION The professional practice of pediatric gastroenterology arose in Cuba as an expression of the specialty's development internationally and Cuba's new strategies in public health, and in response to national needs for health care expertise in digestive diseases of infants, older children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES Describe the history of pediatric gastroenterology's development in Cuba since its inception at the National Gastroenterology Institute in the early 1970s, its contributions, and efforts to extend it to pediatric hospitals throughout Cuba. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This is a historical review based on document analysis. Institutional sources from the National Gastroenterology Institute and Ministry of Public Health were reviewed, as well as international and national literature on the history of pediatric gastroenterology and unpublished texts since its emergence in 1972. DEVELOPMENT Although pediatric gastroenterology has not been formally recognized as a medical specialty in Cuba, there have been important achievements in establishing a network of specialized health care services for digestive diseases of children and adolescents. Gastrointestinal endoscopy and other auxiliary diagnostic modalities have been introduced for children and play a major role in clinical trials and research. This article describes the international context that promoted the specialty's development in Cuba. Reference is made to specialized training from its initial stages in 1972, its consolidation as an emerging discipline in Cuban medicine, and its diffusion in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Professional development and specialized training to meet health human resource needs in pediatric hospitals are described, as well as Cuban participation in the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. National and international milestones, publications, awards and recognitions that indicate advances despite difficulties are also

  10. Algunos factores epidemiológicos relacionados con la tuberculosis en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba (2005-2007 Some epidemiologic factors related to tuberculosis in Santiago de Cuba province (2005-2007

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ernestina del Campo Mulet

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal para caracterizar a los 155 pacientes con tuberculosis en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba durante los años 2005-2007. Hubo un ligero incremento de la tasa de incidencia de la enfermedad en ese trienio, con predominio en los municipios de Santiago de Cuba, Palma Soriano y Julio Antonio Mella (en este último aumentó de forma significativa en el 2007. Se observó, de forma general, que los afectados tenían entre 2 y 3 factores de riesgo y la mayoría pertenecieron a los grupos etarios de más de 55 años. Primaron la tuberculosis pulmonar y la positividad del bacilo ácido-alcohol resistente. En la atención primaria se diagnosticó el mayor número de personas infectadas, las cuales tenían menos de 23 días de haber estado experimentando los síntomas. Hubo 5 pacientes que presentaron coinfección con el virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida.A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out to characterize the 155 patients with tuberculosis in Santiago de Cuba province during the years 2005-2007. There was a slight increase of the incidence rate of the disease in that triennium, with prevalence in Santiago de Cuba, Palma Soriano and Julio Antonio Mella municipalities (in this last one it increased in a significant way in 2007. In general it was observed, that the affected ones had between 2 and 3 risk factors and most of them were in the age group of more than 55 years. The lung tuberculosis and the positivity of the acid-alcohol resistant bacillus prevailed. The highest number of infected people who had less than 23 days of experiencing the symptoms, was diagnosed in the primary care. There were 5 patients that presented co-infection with the acquired immunodeficiency virus.

  11. Diseño y desarrollo de un sistema de información geográfica para la gestión de la información geológica y geofísica de Cuba nororiental

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alina Rodríguez-Infante

    2007-03-01

    Full Text Available La información geológica y geofísica generada por el Departamento de Geología durante más de 25 años se encontraba dispersa en formato analógico, en diversos informes de investigación, tesis doctorales, de maestría y de diploma, fundamentalmente. Esta situación hacía muy trabajoso el manejo y utilización de esta información durante el desarrollo de las investigaciones que se llevan a cabo en el territorio nororiental de Cuba. En este trabajo se exponen los resultados del diseño y desarrollo de un SIG en la región nororiental de Cuba, en el cual se almacenan los principales datos geológicos y geofísicos de esta región. Con el mismo se logra generalizar e interpretar dicha información, obteniéndose nuevas regularidades geológicas, que enriquecen el conocimiento geológico 

  12. Waterfowl in Cuba: Current status and distribution

    Science.gov (United States)

    Blanco Rodríquez, Pedro; Vilella, Francisco; Sánchez Oria, Bárbara

    2014-01-01

    Cuba and its satellite islands represent the largest landmass in the Caribbean archipelago and a major repository of the region’s biodiversity. Approximately 13.4% of the Cuban territory is covered by wetlands, encompassing approximately 1.48 million ha which includes mangroves, flooded savannas, peatlands, freshwater swamp forests and various types of managed wetlands. Here, we synthesise information on the distribution and abundance of waterfowl on the main island of Cuba, excluding the numerous surrounding cays and the Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth), and report on band recoveries from wintering waterfowl harvested in Cuba by species and location. Twenty-nine species of waterfowl occur in Cuba, 24 of which are North American migrants. Of the five resident Anatid species, three are of conservation concern: the West Indian Whistling-duck Dendrocygna arborea (globally vulnerable), White-cheeked Pintail Anas bahamensis (regional concern) and Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus(regional concern). The most abundant species of waterfowl wintering in Cuba include Blue-winged Teal A. discors, Northern Pintail A. acuta, and Northern Shoveler A. clypeata. Waterfowl banded in Canada and the United States and recovered in Cuba included predominantly Blue-winged Teal, American Wigeon and Northern Pintail. Banding sites of recovered birds suggest that most of the waterfowl moving through and wintering in Cuba are from the Atlantic and Mississippi flyways. Threats to wetlands and waterfowl in Cuba include: 1) egg poaching of resident species, 2) illegal hunting of migratory and protected resident species, 3) mangrove deforestation, 4) reservoirs for irrigation, 5) periods of pronounced droughts, and 6) hurricanes. Wetland and waterfowl conservation efforts continue across Cuba’s extensive system of protected areas. Expanding collaborations with international conservation organisations, researchers and governments in North America will enhance protection

  13. ÉTUDE DE CAS — Cuba : Le logement et le capital humain à Cuba ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    10 janv. 2011 ... ÉTUDE DE CAS — Cuba : Le logement et le capital humain à Cuba ... Centre de recherches pour le développement international (CRDI) du Canada révèle ... Les ressources déjà limitées sont devenues encore plus rares. ... de l'Institut national pour l'hygiène, l'épidémiologie et la microbiologie (INHEM), ...

  14. 31 CFR 515.566 - Religious activities in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Religious activities in Cuba. 515.566..., Authorizations, and Statements of Licensing Policy § 515.566 Religious activities in Cuba. (a) Specific license... involving transactions (including travel-related transactions) in which Cuba or a Cuban national has an...

  15. Tratamiento de la leucemia mieloide aguda del niño en Cuba Treatment of children acute myeloid leukemia in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Andrea Menéndez Veitía

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Introducción: la leucemia mieloide aguda representa alrededor del 20 % de las leucemias agudas de la niñez con una respuesta al tratamiento y supervivencia menores que la leucemia linfoide aguda. Objetivo: describir los resultados obtenidos con el tratamiento de la leucemia mieloide aguda del niño en algunos centros de Cuba en el período 2000-2008. Métodos: se trataron 46 pacientes con leucemia mieloide aguda, se excluyeron los casos con leucemia promielocítica, diagnosticados a partir del año 2000 en las provincias occidentales, Sancti Spíritus y Villa Clara. Se aplicaron dos esquemas de tratamiento tipo BFM en dos períodos: en el primero (2000 -2003 se incluyeron 27 enfermos y en el segundo (2004-2008, 19. La diferencia fundamental entre los dos períodos consistió en la consolidación que en la segunda etapa fue de ciclos más intensos y cortos. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino (n = 32 y la mediana de edad fue de 9 años. La remisión inicial fue del 71 % en la primera etapa y 89 % en la segunda. La supervivencia libre de eventos (SLE en todos los pacientes fue del 40 % a los 5 años y la supervivencia global (SV fue del 44 % en igual período. En la SLE en las dos etapas se encontraron diferencias significativas siendo mayor en la segunda. En los años comprendidos entre el 2000 y el 2003 la SV a los 5 años fue del 31 %, mientras que entre 2004 y 2008 fue del 63 %. No se empleó el trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas de forma sistemática. Conclusiones: estos resultados muestran un nivel comparable a los alcanzados a internacionalmente, lo que representa un importante logro del Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba.Introduction. acute myeloid leukemia represents about 20 % of all leukemias in childhood with results and survival smaller than in acute lymphoid leukemia. Objectives: to describe the results obtained with the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in children in some Cuban centers in from 2000 to 2008

  16. Waste statistics 2001

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-01-01

    Reports to the ISAG (Information System for Waste and Recycling) for 2001 cover 402 Danish waste treatment plants owned by 295 enterprises. The total waste generation in 2001 amounted to 12,768,000 tonnes, which is 2% less than in 2000. Reductions are primarily due to the fact that sludge for mineralization is included with a dry matter content of 20% compared to 1,5% in previous statistics. This means that sludge amounts have been reduced by 808,886 tonnes. The overall rate of recycling amounted to 63%, which is 1% less than the overall recycling target of 64% for 2004. Since sludge has a high recycling rate, the reduction in sludge amounts of 808,886 tonnes has also caused the total recycling rate to fall. Waste amounts incinerated accounted for 25%, which is 1% more than the overall target of 24% for incineration in 2004. Waste going to landfill amounted to 10%, which is better than the overall landfill target for 2004 of a maximum of 12% for landfilling. Targets for treatment of waste from the different sectors, however, are still not complied with, since too little waste from households and the service sector is recycled, and too much waste from industry is led to landfill. (BA)

  17. Waste statistics 2001

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2004-07-01

    Reports to the ISAG (Information System for Waste and Recycling) for 2001 cover 402 Danish waste treatment plants owned by 295 enterprises. The total waste generation in 2001 amounted to 12,768,000 tonnes, which is 2% less than in 2000. Reductions are primarily due to the fact that sludge for mineralization is included with a dry matter content of 20% compared to 1,5% in previous statistics. This means that sludge amounts have been reduced by 808,886 tonnes. The overall rate of recycling amounted to 63%, which is 1% less than the overall recycling target of 64% for 2004. Since sludge has a high recycling rate, the reduction in sludge amounts of 808,886 tonnes has also caused the total recycling rate to fall. Waste amounts incinerated accounted for 25%, which is 1% more than the overall target of 24% for incineration in 2004. Waste going to landfill amounted to 10%, which is better than the overall landfill target for 2004 of a maximum of 12% for landfilling. Targets for treatment of waste from the different sectors, however, are still not complied with, since too little waste from households and the service sector is recycled, and too much waste from industry is led to landfill. (BA)

  18. Prevención del suicidio en adolescentes de un área de salud de Santiago de Cuba

    OpenAIRE

    Rodríguez Almaguer, Flavia; Mok Olmo, Yasmín; Cuervo Bello, Licet; Rodríguez Arias, Orestes Dominador

    2013-01-01

    Se realizó una investigación exploratoria en algunos miembros del personal sanitario (una psicóloga y 6 médicos de familia) perteneciente al área de salud del Policlínico Universitario "Julián Grimau García" de Santiago de Cuba, de diciembre de 2011 a marzo de 2012, que presentó los índices más elevados de intento de suicidio en la adolescencia durante el 2011, a fin de determinar los problemas existentes en la prevención de ese comportamiento, para lo cual se utilizó la metodología cualitati...

  19. 48 Human Rights in and around Cuba

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Gustafsson, Jan

    2015-01-01

    The article takes point of department in the current reform process in Cuba and its perspectives regarding human rights. To understand the background of the fundamental human rights' problems in Cuba, an analysis of the 'constituting dichotomy' is included and discussed in relation to its represe...... representation in the film, 'Strawberry and Chocolate'. The further perspectives for human rights in Cuba in relation to other Developments in Latin America constitutes the last part....

  20. A política educacional do primeiro governo Petista de São Carlos-SP (2001-2004 La política educativa del primer gobierno del Partido de los Trabajadores de São Carlos - ciudad del interior de San Pablo (2001-2004 The educational policy of the Workers Party's first government in São Carlos - SP (2001-2004

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Paula Rodrigues da Silva

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available O artigo propõe uma avaliação da política educacional implementada pelo primeiro governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores no município de São Carlos (SP, entre 2001 e 2004. Nesse período, o panorama educacional brasileiro já estava marcado, desde a ditadura militar (1964-1985, por uma ampla gama de experiências e reformas, as quais tiveram como um de seus resultados mais importantes a universalização do acesso à escolaridade obrigatória já no final da década de 90. Resolvida a questão quantitativa, o grande problema a ser enfrentado passou a ser o da qualidade do ensino ofertado na escola pública. Apesar da situação privilegiada da cidade de São Carlos, situada numa das regiões economicamente mais ricas do país e com forte tradição educacional, nossas pesquisas nos levam a afirmar que a primeira gestão petista do município deveria ter materializado uma política educacional mais efetiva do que aquela implementada, a fim de atingir a melhoria da qualidade do ensino ofertado à população.El artículo propone una evaluación de la política educativa implementada por el primer gobierno del Partido de los Trabajadores (PT en la ciudad de São Carlos (SP, entre 2001 y 2004. En este período, el panorama educativo brasileño ya estaba marcado, desde la dictadura militar (1964-1985, por una amplia variedad de experiencias y reformas, las cuales tuvieron como uno de sus resultados más importantes la universalización del acceso a la escolaridad obligatoria, a finales de la década de los años 90. Una vez resuelta la cuestión cuantitativa, el gran problema que quedaba fue el de la calidad de la enseñanza ofrecida en la escuela pública. A pesar de la situación privilegiada de São Carlos, situada en una de las regiones económicamente más ricas del país y con una fuerte tradición educativa, nuestras investigaciones nos llevan a afirmar que la primera gestión del PT en la ciudad debería haber materializado una pol

  1. La mortalidad feto-infantil y de menores de 5 años en Cuba: período 2000-2010

    OpenAIRE

    Herrera León, Lorenzo I.

    2015-01-01

    La etapa fetal es vital para el desarrollo y bienestar del futuro ser humano, de ahí que el presente trabajo se haya propuesto como objetivo analizar la evolución de la mortalidad feto-infantil y de menores de 5 años durante el decenio 2000-2010, en Cuba. Para el logro de este se realizaron estimaciones de los eventos vitales que acompañan al proceso del embarazo (abortos e interrupciones, embarazos, mortinatos y nacimiento). A raíz de dichas estimaciones y aplicando técnicas estadísticas de ...

  2. Cáncer de tiroides en Cuba: estudio de 14 años Thyroid cancer in Cuba: A 14-year study

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Luis Valenciaga Rodríguez

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available El Registro Nacional del Cáncer en Cuba (RNCC aporta la información para el análisis de incidencia de cáncer en nuestro país. Constituye una herramienta para identificar necesidades asistenciales, planificar el uso adecuado de recursos y plantear estrategias en cuanto a las acciones de salud a desarrollar. Su objetivo es exponer y analizar la incidencia del cáncer de tiroides (CT en Cuba. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y retrospectiva sobre el CT en el período de 1988 al 2001. Se emplearon las variables: edad, sexo, provincia de procedencia, diagnóstico histológico y etapa clínica, aportadas por el RNCC. Se calcularon distribuciones de frecuencia y tasas ajustadas y se expusieron los datos en tablas y gráficos. De 4 183 casos, el 81,3 % perteneció al sexo femenino y la media de edad calculada fue 45,9 ±17,5 años. La incidencia aumentó bruscamente en 1996, y mantuvo cifras estables, pero superiores a años precedentes. En general y en los varones la afectación fue mayor, coincidentemente, en mayores de 60 años (23,7 y 33,2 % pero en las féminas fue entre 30 y 39 (22,2. Cienfuegos tuvo más casos notificados. El 42 % fue bien diferenciado y el 40,4 perteneció a la etapa clínica I. Se desconoció el grado de diferenciación histológica y la etapa clínica en un 52 y un 41,8 % respectivamente. Se concluye que por su tendencia creciente en los últimos años es preciso mejorar la calidad en la notificación del CT para contribuir al mejor conocimiento de este en nuestro medio, y así plantear estrategias adecuadas de prevención y control.The National Cancer Registry of Cuba (NCRC provides information for the analysis of the incidence of this disease in our country, which is a tool to identify medical assistance needs, to plan the adequate use of resources and lay out strategies on the health care actions to be taken. The objective of this study was to present and analyze the incidence of thyroid cancer (TC in Cuba. A

  3. Science and Technology Diplomacy with Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Colon, Frances

    President Obama's announcement of U. S. policy change toward Cuba and increased freedom of interaction with the Cuban people opens unprecedented and long-awaited opportunities for the scientific and engineering communities in the U. S. and in Cuba to establish and expand collaborative efforts that will greatly advance U.S. and Cuba science and technology agendas. New rules for export of donated-only items for scientific use will bring researchers closer to the level of their professional peers around the world. Increasing Cubans' access to information will result in greater interactions between scientific communities and enable the sharing of ideas and discoveries that can fuel entrepreneurship on the island. The scientific community has expressed an extraordinary level of interest in the wide range of scientific opportunities that the new policy presents, in collaborating with their Cuban counterparts, and in supporting the development of scientific capacity in Cuba. In response to numerous expressions of interest and inquiries from the scientific community, the Office of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State (STAS) has engaged in public outreach to inform the U.S. science and technology community of the implications of the new policy for collaborative research, emerging scientific opportunities, and the standing limitations for engagement with the people of Cuba.

  4. Factibilidad económico-ambiental para el cultivo sostenible de ostión de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae (Güilding, 1828, en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Abel Betanzos-Vega

    2014-11-01

    Full Text Available Se analizaron dos variantes en la producción de ostión de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae en Cuba: 1 extracción pesquera tradicional (EP en bancos naturales, apoyada en menor grado con acuicultura artesanal por agregación de colectores de mangle suspendidos en el manglar, y 2 cultivo artesanal (CA, obteniendo semillas del medio natural en colectores de "concha madre", con engorde y cosecha en el mismo colector y en canastas o cajas ostrícolas. Se determinó la factibilidad económico-ambiental de ambas variantes proyectadas a cinco años, a partir del análisis de costo-beneficio económico basado en datos de operación pesquera y se incluyeron costos estimados por daño ambiental. La variante extractiva (EP mostró una rentabilidad negativa durante el periodo proyectado (US$-1.388,39 en el quinto año, con impacto negativo sobre el ecosistema de manglar. La variante productiva (CA mostró ganancias a partir del tercer año y una rentabilidad positiva durante el periodo proyectado (US$731,78 al quinto año, con reducción de daños al ecosistema de manglar. De acuerdo a estos resultados, se recomienda desarrollar el cultivo y manejo sustentable de la ostra nativa C. rhizophorae en Cuba.

  5. The history of physics in Cuba

    CERN Document Server

    Renn, Jürgen; Wendt, Helge

    2014-01-01

    This book brings together a broad spectrum of authors, both from inside and from outside Cuba, who describe the development of Cuba's scientific system from the colonial period to the present. It is a unique documentation of the self-organizing power of a local scientific community engaged in scientific research on an international level. The first part includes several contributions that reconstruct the different stages of the history of physics in Cuba, from its beginnings in the late colonial era to the present. The second part comprises testimonies of Cuban physicists, who offer lively insights from the perspective of the actors themselves. The third part presents a series of testimonies by foreign physicists, some of whom were directly involved in developing Cuban physics, in particular in the development of teaching and research activities in the early years of the Escuela de Física. The fourth part of the volume deals with some of the issues surrounding the publishing of scientific research in Cuba. C...

  6. What we heard within WPDD on stakeholder involvement in decommissioning, 2001-2004. A Compilation of Papers

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2006-01-01

    At its sixth meeting, the WPDD held a topical session on Stakeholder Involvement in Decommissioning Projects. The topical session was jointly planned and run with members of the NEA Forum on Stakeholder Confidence (FSC). The Topical Session provided a stimulus to review the contributions in the area of stakeholder involvement that the WPDD have received since its inception. This report contains a compilation of all papers regarding stakeholder involvement in decommissioning given at WPDD meetings and workshops between 2001 and the end of 2004. The compilation, together with other relevant material collected by FSC, will serve as background material for a review, focusing on lessons to be learnt and including examples of key statements by representatives from different NEA member states involved in or affected by decommissioning projects. The review is intended to be published during 2006 in a NEA brochure

  7. Cuba: The Next Unanticipated Anticipated Strategic Crisis?

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Gorrell, Tim

    2005-01-01

    ...; and the current Bush administration with the global war on terrorism (GWOT). Cuba, specifically post-Castro Cuba, could very well trigger the next unanticipated crisis even though the writing is on the...

  8. Evolución histórica de las farmacias en Santiago de Cuba en la primera mitad del siglo XX

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Clara Aurora Zúñiga Moro

    Full Text Available Se expone la evolución de las farmacias en Santiago de Cuba durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, con sus características, auge y desarrollo; la organización del Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la ciudad; así como la participación en la vida social y política de los farmacéuticos en el territorio. Se mencionan las farmacias que prestaban servicio de guardia en caso de urgencias y se ofrece información sobre algunas dirigidas por graduadas de la especialidad en ese período, durante el cual la actividad farmacéutica en Santiago evolucionó, desde las farmacias iniciales al estilo colonial, hasta alcanzar un desarrollo superior vinculado con servicios de dispensario, patentes de medicamentos, atención a domicilio y horario de guardias nocturnas.

  9. Herbal mixtures in the traditional medicine of Eastern Cuba

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Hernández, J.; Volpato, G.

    2004-01-01

    Herbal mixtures in the traditional medicine of Eastern Cuba. Traditional herbal mixtures in Eastern Cuba are investigated through interviews with 130 knowledgeable people and traditional healers of the provinces of Santiago de Cuba and Guantanamo. One hundred seventy plant species and other products

  10. Erametsandus : [2002-2004] / Monika Lublo

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Lublo, Monika, 1976-

    2005-01-01

    Ilmunud ka: Agriculture and the development of rural life : overview 2004/2005. - Tallinn, 2005, lk. 112-118. 2001. a põllumajandusloenduse andmeil kuulus metsamaast 91% füüsilistele ja 9% juriidilistele isikutele. Tabelid

  11. Actividad reproductiva de Chelonia mydas (Testudines: Cheloniidae en Isla de Aves, Venezuela (2001-2008

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vicente Vera

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available Isla de Aves, una isla a 650km de La Guaira, Venezuela, protegida como Refugio de Fauna Silvestre, constituye el segundo sitio de mayor anidación de la tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus 1758 en el Caribe. El seguimiento de la población comenzó en 1972 y de manera más continua desde 1978. Los datos históricos indican que la captura de hembras en la isla, afectó severamente la población hasta 1978, cuando fue construida una base científico-naval. Durante las temporadas de anidación entre 2001-2008 con excepción de 2003 y 2004, las hembras fueron marcadas con placas metálicas y medidas. Asimismo, se muestreó durante 458 noches, en donde se observaron 5 154 eventos, con un máximo de 53 por noche. Los posibles eventos no observados fueron calculados ajustando la distribución temporal de eventos observados a una curva normal. El total de eventos estimados varió de =637.1±106.6 en 2001 a =2 853±42.5 en 2008 (ANOVA F(6.5gl=60.37, p<0.0001. El intervalo entre reanidaciones fue de =10.7±1.32 días. La frecuencia de anidación se calculó en =1.71±1.6 veces por hembra. El número de hembras estimadas varió entre =373±12.5 para 2001 y =1 669±56.1 para 2008 (ANOVA F(5.6gl=89.42, p<0.0001. La tendencia es significativa (r=0.842, p=0.036. Los resultados indican que el número de hembras que anidan en Isla de Aves ha aumentado, y se sugiere que más de 30 años de protección del área de reproducción está resultando en un creciente número de hembras.

  12. ENVIRONMENTAL TAX IN CUBA, CONTROL YOUR FUND IN SANTIAGO DE CUBA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maira Vázquez-Díaz

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available By issuing the Law 73 of the Tax System in 1994, the taxation on the usage and exploitation of natural resources began to be applied to promote a rational usage of these resources on the protection of the environment. This article refers to the application of this tax in Cuba based on records of imprinted and digital bibliography containing considerations of environmental economists about the subject on a legal approach. It also offers the reader a general view of the application of this tax in the province of Santiago de Cuba as well as information for the specialists incharge of collecting its income which is used to encourage the protection of the environment. 

  13. Preparing for Post-Embargo Cuba: Effects on Businesses and Consumers.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ray, Nina M.; And Others

    1995-01-01

    Discusses a brief history of U.S. trade with Cuba, the current status of Cuba's role in world trade, and the effects the U.S. embargo has on American businesses and U.S. and Cuban citizens. The article presents suggestions on how U.S. businesses can prepare for an open Cuba and argues for the lifting of the U.S. embargo against Cuba. (84…

  14. Birth planning in Cuba: a basic human right.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Swanson, J M

    1981-01-01

    This paper reports on the development of birth planning in Cuba and strategies that are relevant to nurses in the communities of Cuba. Cuba reduced its crude birth rate by 40% from 1964-75 without formal family planning programs and resources. By 1975, Cuba had achieved the lowest birth rate in Latin America (21/1000) except Barbados (19/1000). By 1978, Cuba's crude birth rate declined to a low of 15.3/1000. The demographic transition in Cuba has been a process of equalization by: 1) community participation to ensure basic human rights for everyone, 2) increasing the status of women while providing child care centers, 3) providing equal availability of health care services including contraceptive services, sterilization, and abortion, and 4) focusing on individual birth choice, not on limiting population growth. Emphasis in Cuba for reducing fertility has been put on literacy, education, and infant mortality. The illiteracy rate in 1961 decreased from 20% to 4%. Infant mortality decreased from 38.8/1000 live births in 1970 to 22.3/1000 in 1978. 1/3 of Cuban women were participating fully in the labor force in 1978. Polyclinics have been established as preventive care medical centers throughout Cuba and health care is free. Family planning options are integrated into routine primary health care at polyclinics and assure equal access to the total Cuban population. Abortion is freely available and increased to 61/1000 in 1976. The implications for nursing are that: 1) the traditional work of nurses places them in a key position to help extend basic human rights beyond current levels, 2) nurses can initiate discussions of birth planning with women and men in a variety of settings, and 3) nurses can increase case-finding related to birth planning needs both in health care classes or within established groups in the community.

  15. Concurrent Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hahn, T.

    2016-10-01

    The parallel version of the multidimensional numerical integration package Cuba is presented and achievable speed-ups discussed. The parallelization is based on the fork/wait POSIX functions, needs no extra software installed, imposes almost no constraints on the integrand function, and works largely automatically.

  16. An educator's perspective on the emerging Cuba and multiculturalism.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Washington, Carla D

    2006-01-01

    Plagued by many years of frequent leadership changes, and influences from power brokers whose policies and politics were oftentimes detrimental to Cuba's emerging as an industrialized and diverse economy nation, Cuba is now attempting to move beyond the survival mode. After the symbiotic relationship between the Soviet Union was dismantled in the 90s, Cuba is now undergoing metamorphoses of growth and change, socially, politically and culturally, while still remaining a mixture of worlds both rural and urban. This narrative article describes the multicultural experiences that an American university professor recently experienced while visiting Cuba.

  17. Diccionario del español de Cuba

    OpenAIRE

    Werner, Reinhold

    2000-01-01

    Diccionario del español de Cuba : español de Cuba - español de España / Günther Haensch ; Reinhold Werner. - Madrid : Gredos, 2000. - LVIII, 606 S. - (Diccionarios contrastivos del español de América)

  18. 31 CFR 515.570 - Remittances to Nationals of Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Remittances to Nationals of Cuba. 515..., Authorizations, and Statements of Licensing Policy § 515.570 Remittances to Nationals of Cuba. (a) Family... older are authorized to make remittances to nationals of Cuba who are close relatives, as defined in...

  19. Energy situation. January 2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-02-01

    This report makes a status of the French energy expenses, prices, production, consumption, demand, import and export since January 2001 and up to December 2003 or January 2004. Details are given separately for primary energy, solid mineral fuels, petroleum products, natural gas and electric power. (J.S.)

  20. Joint Ventures in Cuba: Opportunities for Direct Foreign Investment.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tancer, Robert S.

    1995-01-01

    Presents a brief history of direct foreign investment in Cuba since 1982. This investment currently plays an important role in Cuba as a replacement to Soviet aid and as a means to earn foreign exchange. Tourism and mining are the preferred area for foreign investment because both of these sectors offer hard currency returns for Cuba. (20…

  1. Nuclear safety. Concerns about the nuclear power reactors in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wells, Jim; Aloise, Gene; Flaherty, Thomas J.; Fitzgerald, Duane; Zavala, Mario; Hayward, Mary Alice

    1992-09-01

    In 1976, the Soviet Union and Cuba concluded an agreement to construct two 440-megawatt nuclear power reactors near Cienfuegos on the south central coast of Cuba, about 180 miles south of Key West, Florida. The construction of these reactors, which began around 1983, was a high priority for Cuba because of its heavy dependence on imported oil. Cuba is estimated to need an electrical generation capacity of 3,000 megawatts by the end of the decade. When completed, the first reactor unit would provide a significant percentage (estimated at over 15 percent) of Cuba's need for electricity. It is uncertain when Cuba's nuclear power reactors will become operational. On September 5, 1992, Fidel Castro announced the suspension of construction at both of Cuba's reactors because Cuba could not meet the financial terms set by the Russian government to complete the reactors. Cuban officials had initially planned to start up the first of the two nuclear reactors by the end of 1993. However, before the September 5 announcement, it was estimated that this reactor would not be operational until late 1995 or early 1996. The civil construction (such as floors and walls) of the first reactor is currently estimated to be about 90 percent to 97 percent complete, but only about 37 percent of the reactor equipment (such as pipes, pumps, and motors) has been installed. The civil construction of the second reactor is about 20 percent to 30 percent complete. No information was available about the status of equipment for the second reactor. According to former Cuban nuclear power and electrical engineers and a technician, all of whom worked at the reactor site and have recently emigrated from Cuba, Cuba's nuclear power program suffers from poor construction practices and inadequate training for future reactor operators. One former official has alleged, for example, that the first reactor containment structure, which is designed to prevent the accidental release of radioactive material into

  2. Baculovirus potential for agricultural pests management in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Luis Ayala Sifontes

    2017-10-01

    Full Text Available Cuba has an international reputation for implementing widespread biological control of pests, and microbial biocontrol is an integral component of most pest management programs. One class of microbial pesticides however, has not been developed in Cuba, bio-insecticides based on the Baculoviridae. This class of safe and environmentally protective microbial pesticides is used ever more commonly worldwide as an alternative to chemical pesticides. The characteristics of the viruses of this family, particularly their high host specificity, safety to non-target organisms, capacity to persist in nature and create epizootics, and the economy with which they can be produced "in vivo", all make them attractive for incorporation into pest management programs along with other pesticides developed in Cuba. The mass production technology is well understood in Cuba and biofactories already exist for a number of microbial biocontrol products. In the province of Sancti Spíritus, the Plant Protection Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, with the cooperation of the Institute for Sustainable Horticulture, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, are resuming the work which began in the 90´s to develop baculovirus products in support of sustainable agriculture in Cuba. This work is being carried out with the participation of young Canadian and Cuban students and professionals. The program includes research with the multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Spodoptera frugiperda (SfMNPV and S. exigua (SeMNPV and the search for native isolates of Baculovirus in Plutella xylostella, three priority pests in Cuba. In other jurisdictions they are well controlled by baculoviruses, and the expectation is that this same result is possible in Cuba.

  3. Principios generados a partir de la evolución del manejo en pastoreo para la producción de leche bovina en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Milagros de la C Milera

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evolución de los resultados científicos más importantes durante los últimos 40 años de investigación, obtenidos en estudios sobre sistemas de manejo con pastos para la producción de leche bovina en Cuba. La recopilación realizada permitió generar un grupo de principios que rigen el manejo con gramíneas mejoradas, leguminosas volubles y árboles para ramoneo. Se analizaron los retos en la concepción de los sistemas para la producción de leche en Cuba, que constituyen el nuevo paradigma: la producción de alimento y de energía a partir de gramíneas mejoradas, en pastoreo o en asociación con árboles forrajeros, energéticos, maderables y otros, que cubran el 80 % de los requerimientos de los animales.

  4. Violencia sexual en jóvenes de 10 a 19 años. cali, 2001-2006

    OpenAIRE

    Restrepo-Gutiérrez, Ana C.; Salcedo-Cifuentes, Mercedes; Bermúdez-Escobar, Amparo

    2009-01-01

    Objetivo Caracterizar la violencia sexual denunciada por jóvenes entre 10 a 19 años en Cali durante los años 2001 a 2006.Material y Métodos Se definió como presunta víctima denunciante de delito sexual a los jóvenes entre 10 a 19 años usuarios del servicio de Clínica Forense remitidopor autoridad competente durante los años 2001-2006 y se compararon variables de tiempo, lugar y persona de los delitos sexuales cometidos por un familiar (intrafamiliar) y por conocido no familiar o desconocido (...

  5. DISTRIBUCIÓN TEMPORAL DE SÍNTOMAS DEL AMARILLAMIENTO DE LA HOJA EN LA CAÑA DE AZÚCAR EN CUBA

    OpenAIRE

    Osmany de la Caridad Aday-D\\u00EDaz; Jos\\u00E9 Mar\\u00EDa Mesa-L\\u00F3pez; Mar\\u00EDa de La O-Hechavarr\\u00EDa; F\\u00E9lix Ren\\u00E9 D\\u00EDaz- Mujica; Irenaldo Delgado-Mora; Mayelin Morales-Sarmiento

    2012-01-01

    El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la distribución temporal de los síntomas fi siológicos de la enfermedad amarillamiento de la hoja (SCYP) y su relación con las variables climáticas en la región central de Cuba. Las evaluaciones mensuales de campo se efectuaron en tres experimentos ubicados en dos localidades, durante el período del 2003 al 2007 desde el comienzo de los primeros síntomas. Con un refractómetro de mano se registraron los valores de brix refractométrico del tercio ...

  6. Muerte fetal en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza durante el periodo agosto 2003-noviembre 2004.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Miguel Milla Vera

    2005-10-01

    Full Text Available Objetivos: Identificar las causas de los casos de muerte fetal, así como sus características sociodemográficas, clínicas, patológicas, y la tasa. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo. Se buscaron los casos de muerte fetal en el libro de registros del servicio de obstetricia del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza entre agosto 2003 y noviembre 2004. Se buscaron las historias clínicas e informes anatomopatológicos correspondientes recopilándose los hallazgos. Resultados: Se encontraron 61 casos de muerte fetal, 47 se incluyeron en el estudio. Se registraron 4 524 nacidos vivos. La tasa de muerte fetal fue 13,48 por 1 000 nacidos vivos. Edad gestacional promedio fue de 28,29 semanas y peso promedio de 1 277,86 g. La edad menor a 35 años (76,59%, ausencia de control prenatal o control prenatal inadecuado (66,66%, paridad menor a 4 (86,96%, antecedente de aborto (21,73%, pequeño para edad gestacional (PEG (28,26%, hemorragia del tercer trimestre (HTT (17,39%, preeclampsia (8,69% y hallazgos anormales placentarios (23,28% fueron las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y patológicas más frecuentes. El 59,27% de los casos presentaba informe de patología. No se logró inferir causa alguna en 36,2%. Conclusiones: Los casos de muerte fetal durante el periodo de estudio no contenían los datos tanto clínicos como patológicos suficientes para identificar claramente las causas de muerte fetal. (Rev Med Hered 2005;16:260-265.

  7. Uienrassenkeuze 2004 - rassenonderzoek biologische zaaiuien

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Lammerts Van Bueren, E.

    2004-01-01

    Gegevens over het aanbod van biologisch uitgangsmateriaal voor ui in 2004, en de resultaten van het rassenonderzoek biologische zaaiuien teelt 2001 en 2002 en bewaring 2002 en 2003. Voor belangrijke gewas- en bewaareigenschappen lijkt de rasvolgorde niet te veranderen wanneer uien gangbaar of

  8. Powering Cuba: A Possible Action Plan For Creating Cuba's Sustainable Energy Future

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yeh, Brandon; Hess, Matt; Sloane, Taylor; Harris, Zach

    2017-01-01

    While Cuba enjoys a high rate of electrification, 82% of its electricity today is generated from oil with an overall estimated levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.27 per kWh. Moreover, Cuba is experiencing increased electricity demand driven by a burgeoning tourism industry and an emerging small-medium size business sector. If the current power mix persists until 2040, power generation costs and carbon emissions would nearly double to US$9.8B and 24M MT CO2 per year respectively. This paper presents an overall strategy for Cuba to ensure its energy security and provide the Cuban people with clean, affordable and reliable access to electricity. With a total estimated cost of $14.1B, our proposal aims to reduce the overall cost of electricity generation to $0.14 per kWh by 2040. We recommend: Implementing a comprehensive renewable energy strategy that includes an energy mix of: (1) community-solar for small cooperative business (8.5%); (2) long-term investments for utility-scale solar IPPs (8.5%); (3) development of wind farms by IPPs (17.5%); and (4) maintaining supplementary biomass generation (6%); Installing complementary reliable sources of grid power from natural gas combined cycle plants (NGCC) via domestic production and LNG imports from a floating storage regasification unit (FSRU), accounting for 35% of Cuba’s energy; Attracting $700 million in infrastructure investment necessary to decrease transmission and distribution (T&D) losses; and Enacting reforms that increase regulatory certainty, investor protection, and the ease of doing business in Cuba for foreign investors. (author)

  9. CASE STUDY: Cuba — Housing and human capital in Cuba | IDRC ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    2011-01-10

    Jan 10, 2011 ... Less than half the population had access to safe drinking water. ... talking about Cuba's recent efforts to restore its collapsing urban environment. ... by a team of international researchers, working directly with neighbourhood ...

  10. CASE STUDY: Cuba — Farmers and Researchers Reshape Cuba's ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Faced with a unique economic crisis, Cuba's national agriculture system was near ... But working together with groups of farmers, a team of young plant breeders is turning ... "Sometimes when we plant and we expect good results, we actually get poor results. .... "For me, when I think about varieties, they are like people.

  11. Análisis estadístico exploratorío sobre casos de maltrato a la mujer registrados en la comisaría de la mujer de la ciudad de Guayaquil durante los años 2003 - 2004

    OpenAIRE

    Jaramillo Gina, Triana; Saad De Janon, Julia Graciela

    2009-01-01

    En este análisis se conocerá todo lo referente a los maltratos que recibe la mujer dentro del círculo familiar. Los datos se recopilaron de la Comisaría de la Mujer y la Familia de la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador, registrados durantes los años 2003 y 2004. Para este estudio se investigaron y estudiaron 32 variables en el análisis univariado se determinó que en el año 2003, el 91.40 % de las personas maltratadas fueron mujeres y el 8.60% fueron hombres. En cambio, en el año 2004 el 80.90% de l...

  12. 31 CFR 515.561 - Persons visiting close relatives in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... Cuba. 515.561 Section 515.561 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... Cuba. (a) General license. (1) Persons subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and persons... close relative, as defined in § 515.339 of this part, who is a national of Cuba, as defined in § 515.302...

  13. DIVERSIDAD DEL MICROFITOPLANCTON EN LAS AGUAS OCEÁNICAS ALREDEDOR DE CUBA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sandra Loza Álvarez

    2011-07-01

    Full Text Available Se evalúa la diversidad de la comunidad microfitoplanctónica en las aguas oceánicas alrededor de Cuba durante cuatro cruceros (febrero-marzo de 1999, julio-agosto del 2003, marzo del 2005 y agosto del 2005. Las muestras se recolectaron con botellas Nansen de 10 L de capacidad, a nivel subsuperficial y se concentraron mediante filtración invertida, a través de una malla de 20 mm de diámetro de poro. El volumen de agua filtrado por estaciones osciló entre 5 y 10 L.  Se reportan un total de 181 especies de microalgas ubicadas en las diferentes categorías taxonómicas. El microfitoplancton estuvo dominado en cuanto al número de especies por diatomeas 85 y dinoflagelados 47, seguidas por cianobacterias con 23 especies y las dictiocofita y primnesiofitas con 23 especies (mayormente cocolitofóridos. De las diatomeas, las familias Bacillariaceae, Chaetoceraceae y Rhizosoleniaceae aportan el mayor número de especies con los géneros Nitzschia, Chaetoceros y Rhizosolenia. En los dinoflagelados se distinguen las familias Ceratiaceae, Protoperidiniaceae y Oxytosaceae y los géneros Ceratium, Protoperidinium y Oxytoxum. Las aguas oceánicas al norte de Cuba presentan mayor diversidad de especies (136 con respecto a las del sur (103, como lo demuestra el índice de riqueza (R1 que en el norte fue de 48.35, mientras en el sur fue de 28.19.   The structure of the microphytoplankton community was evaluated in oceanic waters around Cuba during four cruises (February-March 1999, July-August 2003, March 2005 and August 2005. Samples were collected with 10 L Nasen bottles sub-surface level and were concentrated by inverse filtration through a 20 mm mesh-size net. The volume of filtered water per station ranged from 5-10 L. A total of 181 species of microalgae belonging to different taxonomic categories are reported. The microphytoplankton community, in terms of number of species, was dominated by diatoms (85 and dinoflagellates (47. Cianobacteria

  14. Una reflexión acerca de la notificación de lesiones laborales en Cuba A reflection on the notification of occupational lesions in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Caristina Robaina Aguirre

    2008-03-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo tiene como objetivo fundamental realizar un análisis cerca del comportamiento de la morbi-mortalidad por accidentes del trabajo notificada en Cuba en los años 1995-2004. Se puntualiza además en el concepto de lesión y no accidentes para resaltar el carácter preventivo de esta definición. Se destacan algunos sectores de la economía como la construcción, la industria, la agricultura y el transporte como los de mayor índice de incidencia y mortalidad en el período estudiado, y entre las provincias que presentan los indicadores más elevados en el país tenemos a Villa Clara, Cienfuegos y Sancti Spíritus, entre las centrales, y además Las Tunas y Granma en la región oriental del país. Se realiza un análisis crítico de la tendencia a la disminución de la incidencia de las lesiones en este período, aunque no se comportó así la mortalidad.The main objective of this article was to make an analysis of the behavior of morbimortality from occupational accidents reported in Cuba from 1995 to 2004. Emphasis was given to the concept of lesion and not of accidents to stress the preventive character of this definition. Construction, industry, agriculture and transportation were some of the economic sectors with the highest rate of incidence and mortality in the studied period. Villa Clara, Cienfuegos and Sancti Spiritus, in the centre of the country, and Las Tunas and Gramma, in the eastern region, were the provinces with the most elevated indicators at the national level. A critical analysis of the trend to the reduction of the incidence of the lesions in this period is made, although mortality had a different behavior.

  15. Valoraciones sobre la gestión del sistema de seguridad vial en Cuba.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tania Ivón Sosa Ibarra

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo valorar con enfoque crítico el cumplimiento de la agenda del Observatorio Iberoamericano para la Seguridad Vial (OISEVI que evidencie los aciertos y desaciertos en esta actividad, se analiza en la literatura los enfoques de los autores Tony Bliss y Jeanne Breen que enfatizan en la concepción de sistema no solo a la seguridad vial sino también a la gestión de esta como sistema y se realiza una aplicación de los aspectos de la encuesta del OISEVI a la gestión de la seguridad vial en Cuba por el grupo de asesores de la Comisión Nacional de seguridad vial, pertenecientes a la Universidad de Sancti Spíritus, que durante los últimos años estudian esta problemática, detallando los argumentos que conciben para otorgar los valores en las respuestas al cuestionario. Con esta encuesta se obtiene una primera aproximación del estado de la gestión de la seguridad vial en el país, y se arriban a valoraciones acerca de cómo se encuentra Cuba respecto a los lineamientos básicos y generales que hacen exitosa a la gestión en seguridad vial, basada en los cinco pilares del Plan Mundial para el Decenio de Acción para la Seguridad Vial 2011-2020.

  16. Potential Transportation Impacts of Expanded U.S.-Cuba Trade, Final Report

    Science.gov (United States)

    2018-02-02

    Before 1960, the United States and Cuba were major trading partners. At that time, Cuba was the seventh largest export market for U.S. products. In the years since then, U.S. trade with Cuba has been highly regulated. Exports have been mostly prohibi...

  17. Caracterización limnológica de la laguna de Cashibococha (UcayaliPerú durante el año 2001

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Riofrío

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Durante el año 2001 se realizaron muestreos bimensuales en tres estaciones fijas en la laguna de Cashibococha (Ucayali, Perú. Cashibococha presenta aguas de color verdoso a café oscuro, con pH entre 6 a 6,8, Conductividad entre 10 y 30µS.cm −1 , Transparencia de 21 a 59 cm y Alcalinidad Total entre 14 y 22 mg CaCO3 / L . La temperatura superficial del agua osciló entre 24,4 y 37 ºC y el Oxígeno Disuelto entre 1,3 y 7,4 mg/ L. Los análisis bacteriológicos registraron recuentos de aerobios mesófilos entre 350 y 3600 UFC/ mL. Los coliformes totales oscilaron entre 3 y 43 NMP/ 100 mL. Se diferenciaron 47 especies pertenecientes a 20 familias de macrófitas acuáticas; el mayor número de especies se reportó durante la época de Transición − Creciente (octubre − noviembre, debido a la inundación del bosque. Fueron identificadas 52 especies de fitoplancton, la División Chlorophyta fue la mas dominante. La comunidad fitoplanctónica está dominada por las especies Actinastrum hantzschi, Spirogyra sp., Eudorina elegans, Pandorina morum y Closterium kuetzingui. Se diferenciaron 54 especies de Zooplancton. Los rotíferos fue el taxa dominante. La densidad de zooplancton está dominada por Brachionus patulus macracanthus y Polyarthra vulgaris. Fueron identificadas 66 especies de peces, pertenecientes a 55 géneros, 11 familias y 4 órdenes. El orden dominante en diversidad y abundancia fue el de Characiformes, Curimata vittata fue la especie dominante en la comunidad de peces en éstas áreas litorales. Los índices de diversidad fueron superiores a 3,0 bits. ind –1 , en todas las estaciones y lugares de muestreo. De igual manera los valores de equitabilidad fueron superiores a 0,8 en todas las estaciones y lugares de muestreo.

  18. A democracia em Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Julio César Guanche Zaldívar

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available O triunfo revolucionário de 1959 consagrou em Cuba um novo conceito de democracia, com o intuito de garantir o acesso à vida política ativa de grandes setores da população, antes excluídos. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma política de inclusão social com caráter universal. A prática política popular deixou as riquezas do país em mãos da população carente e gerou uma grande mobilidade social, fato que foi central para o aumento da participação popular. O contexto de agressão imperialista e o próprio desenvolvimento do processo produziram a consolidação de noções que limitaram a participação popular: o apogeu da burocracia, a compreensão da unidade como unanimidade e o seguimento, em certa medida, de correntes do marxismo soviético. Os desafios atuais para aprofundar a democracia em Cuba se apresentam em três planos: socializar o poder, promover a sociodiversidade e desenvolver a ideologia revolucionária.El triunfo revolucionario de 1959 consagró en Cuba un nuevo concepto de democracia, basado en garantizar acceso a la vida política activa a grandes sectores poblacionales, antes excluidos de ella. Para ello desarrolló una política de inclusión social con carácter universal. La práctica política popular puso las riquezas del país en manos de los desposeídos y generó gran movilidad social, hecho que resultó clave para el aumento de la participación popular. El contexto de agresión imperialista y el propio desarrollo del proceso produjo el afianzamiento de nociones que limitaron la participación popular: el auge de la burocracia, la comprensión de la unidad como unanimidad y el seguimiento, en parte, de corrientes del marxismo soviético. Los desafíos actuales se presentan en tres planos para profundizar la democracia en Cuba: socializar el poder, promover la sociodiversidad y desarrollar la ideología revolucionaria.The revolutionary triumph of 1959 established in Cuba a new concept of democracy, one that

  19. Principales características clinicoepidemiológicas de pacientes con fibrosis quística en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba Main clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients with cystic fibrosis in Santiago de Cuba province

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kenia Guzmán Pileta

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal durante el 2008 para determinar las principales características clinicoepidemiológicas de los 34 pacientes con fibrosis quística en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, atendidos por el Grupo Provincial de esta especialidad. En la casuística primaron las siguientes variables: sexo masculino, piel amarilla, procedentes del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, bajo peso, con síntomas y diagnóstico de la enfermedad en la primera década de la vida e infección respiratoria; esta última como principal complicación. Entre los síntomas más frecuentes figuraron: tos, expectoración, dolor abdominal, apetito voraz, así como forma mixta según tipo de presentación, que fue además la causante del mayor número de ingresos; entre los resultados de otras pruebas predominaron, por citar algunos: disfunción ventilatoria obstructiva moderada, mutación genética DF 508 homocigótico, así como aislamiento de la Pseudomonas aeuruginosa en el esputo y estreptococo beta hemolítico en el exudado nasofaríngeo.A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out during 2008 in order to determine the main clinical-epidemiological characteristics of 34 patients with cystic fibrosis in Santiago de Cuba province assisted by the Provincial Group of this field. In the case material, the following variables: male sex, yellow skin, residents in Santiago de Cuba municipality, low weight, presenting symptoms and the diagnosis of a disease during the first decade of life and respiratory infection, the latter as main complication, were relevant. Among the symptoms, the most frequent were cough, expectoration, abdominal pain, voracious appetite, as well as the mixed form according to the occurrence type which also was the cause of the major number of admissions. Among the results of some other tests, just for quoting some examples, mild obstructive breathing malfunction, homozygotic DF 508 genetic mutation as well as

  20. Uso de medicamentos durante el embarazo en diferentes áreas de salud

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Germán Vergel Rivera

    2000-12-01

    Full Text Available Para describir los motivos de prescripción, los prescriptores y la exposición a medicamentos durante el embarazo se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo en 8 áreas de salud (5 de Ciudad de La Habana y 3 de Santiago de Cuba. Se incluyeron las gestantes captadas (347, del 1ro. de octubre al 31 de diciembre de 1995. El Médico de Familia recogió la información. Los motivos de prescripción más frecuentes fueron: suplementación vitamineral, anemia, profilaxis del tétanos y preeclampsia, cefalea, náuseas y/o vómitos, sepsis urinaria y vaginal con variaciones en frecuencia, según trimestre del embarazo. La exposición a 2 o menos medicamentos y a 4 principios activos fue lo más frecuente. El médico de atención primaria fue el principal prescriptor. Llama la atención, la posible exposición a elevadas concentraciones de vitamina A, en todas las áreas y el uso frecuente de ácido acetilsalicílico para la profilaxis de la preeclampsia en las áreas de Santiago de Cuba. Cualquier intervención, para mejorar la prescripción en la embarazada, debe ser dirigida al médico de atención primariaAn observational and descriptive study was conducted in 8 health areas (5 from Havana City and 3 from Santiago de Cuba in order to describe the reasons for prescribing drugs, the prescribers and the exposure to drugs during pregnancy. 347 pregnant women who were recruited from October lst, to December 31st, 1995, were included. The family physician was in charge of collecting the information. The commonest reasons for prescribing were: vitamin supplementation, anemia, tetanus and preeclampsia prophylaxis, headache, nauseas and/or vomits, and urinary and vaginal sepsis with varying frequency, according to the trimester of pregnancy. The exposure to 2 or less drugs and to 4 active principles was the most frequent. The possible exposure to elevated concentrations of vitamin A in all the areas and the usual administration of acetylsalicylic acid

  1. National Program of Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alonso Samper, J. L.; Dominguez Hung, L.; Morales Lopez, J. L.; Alfonso Laguardia, R.; Garcia Yip, F.

    2001-01-01

    It tries on the establishment of a Quality Assurance Nacional System, a Quality Assurance Committee implemented in Cuba, and a Quality Auditory National Program implemented in Cuba to control and assure radiotherapy quality

  2. Empoderamiento sanitario en entidades laborales de la zona industrial de Santiago de Cuba Health empowerment in working entities of the industrial area of Santiago de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Soraya Victoria Samada Durán

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó una intervención comunitaria en los trabajadores de 30 entidades laborales ubicadas en la zona industrial del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, durante el bienio 2009-2010, para establecer el empoderamiento sanitario en ellos. Entre los principales resultados figuró el logro de la capacitación de todos los líderes sindicales y políticos, así como de la brigada de vigilancia y lucha antivectorial, por el contrario de los dirigentes administrativos, de los cuales solo 86,6 % participó en el estudio porque no lo consideraban una responsabilidad inherente a su cargo. Respecto a la situación ambiental, se observó un incremento de los criaderos de Aedes aegypti durante la temporada lluviosa, asociado a una mayor acumulación de agua en los depósitos naturales o artificiales, o ambos; no obstante, hubo un impacto social en el ordenamiento del medio en 9 de estas instituciones a través de la integración de los intereses comunitarios, la planificación en conjunto y la evaluación participativa, que conformó la principal estrategia. Finalmente, se recomendó implementar este proceso de empoderamiento sanitario en el resto de los centros de trabajo de la zona industrial con vistas a prevenir las enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos y roedores.A community intervention was performed in workers of 30 entities located in the industrial area of Santiago de Cuba municipality during the biennium 2009 -2010 to establish the health empowerment in them. Among the main results was the training for all union and political leaders and antivectorial surveillance and control brigade, unlike administrative leaders, of whom only 86.6% participated in the study because they considered it was not their responsibility. Regarding the environmental conditions, an increment of Aedes aegypti breeding sites was observed during the rainy season, associated with increased accumulation of water in natural or artificial reservoirs or both. However, there was

  3. Vigilancia de la resistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a las drogas antituberculosas en Cuba, 1995-1998.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ernesto Montoro

    2004-06-01

    Full Text Available La vigilancia de la resistencia a fármacos a través del cultivo y de las pruebas de susceptibilidad in vitro permite conocer la magnitud regional y mundial de la resistencia en tuberculosis. En el presente trabajo se determinó la prevalencia de la resistencia a fármacos antituberculosos en Cuba, durante el periodo 1995-1998 en casos nuevos y en aquéllos que han recibido tratamiento previo. Los resultados incluidos en este estudio forman parte de los dos proyectos mundiales organizados por la OMS/UICTER. La resistencia a los medicamentos se evaluó usando el método de las proporciones en 1.379 cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a los fármacos de primera línea (isoniacida, rifampicina, estreptomicina y etambutol. La resistencia en casos nuevos fue del 8,3% y 6,5% y la resistencia múltiple a fármacos (multidrug-resistance, MDR fue del 0,7% y 0% en el primer y segundo estudio, respectivamente. Estos resultados permitieron demostrar la escasa circulación de cepas MDR en Cuba; se reconoció a nivel mundial el buen funcionamiento del Programa Nacional de Control y el éxito de la aplicación en nuestro país de la estrategia del tratamiento estrictamente supervisado desde 1971.

  4. 31 CFR 515.337 - Prohibited officials of the Government of Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... Government of Cuba. 515.337 Section 515.337 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS General Definitions § 515.337 Prohibited officials of the Government of Cuba. For purposes of this part, the term prohibited officials of the Government of Cuba means Ministers and Vice-ministers...

  5. Historical Overview of Leprosy Control in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Beldarraín-Chaple, Enrique

    2017-01-01

    INTRODUCTION Leprosy, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, affects the nervous system, skin, internal organs, extremities and mucous membranes. Biological, social and environmental factors influence its occurrence and transmission. The first effective treatments appeared in 1930 with the development of dapsone, a sulfone. The main components of a control and elimination strategy are early case detection and timely administration of multidrug therapy. OBJECTIVES Review the history of leprosy control in Cuba, emphasizing particularly results of the National Leprosy Control Program, its modifications and influence on leprosy control. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The historiological method was applied using document review, complemented by interviews with experts on leprosy and its control. Archived documents, medical records, disease prevalence censuses conducted since 1942, and incidence and prevalence statistics for 1960-2015 from the Ministry of Public Health's National Statistics Division were reviewed. Reports and scientific literature published on the Program and the history of leprosy in Cuba were also reviewed. DEVELOPMENT Leprosy has been documented in Cuba since 1613. In 1938, the Leprosy Foundation was created with ten dispensaries nationwide for diagnosis and treatment. The first National Leprosy Control Program was established in 1962, implemented in 1963 and revised five times. In 1972, leper colonies were closed and treatment became ambulatory. In 1977, rifampicin was introduced. In 1988, the Program instituted controlled, decentralized, community-based multidrug treatment and established the criteria for considering a patient cured. In 2003, it included actions aimed at early diagnosis and prophylactic treatment of contacts. Since 2008, it prioritizes actions directed toward the population at risk, maintaining five-year followup with dermatological and neurological examination. Primary health care carries out diagnostic and treatment

  6. Seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in various populations in Cuba Seroprevalencia del herpesvirus asociado con el sarcoma de Kaposi en diversas poblaciones en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vivian Kourí

    2004-05-01

    , Jamaica, and the United States of America, our results suggest that KSHV infection is uncommon in some populations in the Western Hemisphere and that KSHV is largely confined to patients with AIDS-associated KS.OBJETIVO: Se sabe poco acerca de la prevalencia y distribución en el Caribe de la infección por el herpesvirus asociado con el sarcoma de Kaposi (HVSK. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las tasas de seropositividad a HVSK en diversas poblaciones en Cuba. MÉTODOS: Durante el período de 1998 a 2002 se examinaron muestras de suero de 410 personas en Cuba. El tamizaje serológico de los anticuerpos contra HVSK se realizó en dos pasos con las siguientes técnicas: 1 ensayo de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI con reactividad específica a la porción del antígeno de HVSK asociado a la latencia (ANAL que está codificada por la plantilla de lectura abierta 73 (ORF73, y 2 inmunoblot (Western confirmatorio, usando como antígeno blanco la proteína ORF65.2 de HVSK recombinante, que tiene 20 kilodaltones y se expresa durante la infección lítica. Cinco poblaciones diferentes fueron estudiadas: 1 45 pacientes de sida con sarcoma de Kaposi (sida-KS; 2 154 pacientes infectados por VIH-1 pero sin signos clínicos de sarcoma de Kaposi (SK; 3 171 donantes de sangre con seronegatividad a VIH; 4 27 receptores consecutivos de transplantes renales con seronegatividad a VIH y 5 13 contactos (sexuales o por parentesco de los pacientes de sida con SK. RESULTADOS: De las 45 personas con sida y SK, 35 (77,8% mostraron seropositividad a HVSK. Treinta y dos (20,8% de los 154 pacientes con seropositividad a VIH pero sin SK mostraron seropositividad a HVSK, y 6 de los 13 contactos (46,2% de pacientes con SK estaban infectados por HVSK. A diferencia de otros investigadores, los autores del presente estudio no encontraron ninguna asociación entre la seropositividad a HVSK y la actividad homosexual o bisexual en personas de sexo masculino en las poblaciones cubanas

  7. Cuba's 100-year plan for climate change

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stone, Richard

    2018-01-01

    On its deadly run through the Caribbean last September, Hurricane Irma lashed northern Cuba, inundating coastal settlements and scouring away vegetation. Irma lent new urgency to a Cuban national plan, called Tarea Vida, or Project Life, that bans construction of new homes in threatened coastal areas, mandates relocating people from communities doomed by rising sea levels, calls for an overhaul of the country's agricultural system to shift crop production away from saltwater-contaminated areas, and spells out the need to shore up coastal defenses, including by restoring degraded habitat. Project Life stands out for taking a long view: It intends to prepare Cuba for climatological impacts over the next century. Much of the initial funding could come from a $100 million proposal that Cuba plans to submit soon to the Global Climate Fund.

  8. La recepción de las noticias de la Guerra de la Independencia en Cuba y la reacción de los ciudadanos (1807-1812)

    OpenAIRE

    Vázquez Cienfuegos, Sigfrido

    2008-01-01

    [ES]La llegada de noticias a la isla de Cuba sobre lo que ocurrió en la Península durante la Guerra de la Independencia fue posible, a pesar de las dificultades en las comunicaciones oficiales por el dominio británico del mar, gracias a la puesta en práctica de todo un servicio de información por parte del capitán general de La Habana, marqués de Someruelos, que obtuvo noticias fehacientes desde los Estados Unidos. La llegada de prensa desde Europa, rumores y comunicaciones privad...

  9. Perspectivas para la lexicografía especializada en Cuba

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Tarp, Sven

    1995-01-01

    En diskussion af muligheder for at udvikle et fagleksikografisk arbejde på Cuba og i det øvrige Latinamerika......En diskussion af muligheder for at udvikle et fagleksikografisk arbejde på Cuba og i det øvrige Latinamerika...

  10. Historia de la Puericultura en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Joaquín Román Lafont

    Full Text Available En la Edad Media los niños eran tratados como adultos pequeños. A partir del Renacimiento surge mayor interés en la infancia. En 1722 aparece el término Pediatría en la Europa Central, y en 1865, por primera vez, es acuñado el término Puericultura por Alfred Pierre Caron, profesor en la Universidad de París. Realizar consultas de Puericultura en la primera mitad del siglo XX en Cuba era prácticamente un lujo. Con el sistema único de salud y cobertura total de la atención primaria a partir de 1959, se lograron establecer consultas de Pediatría (1960 y Puericultura (1963 en los policlínicos. El nuevo enfoque de la práctica médica preventivo-curativa influyó en el desarrollo de la Puericultura, con programas como: Atención integral al niño y la mujer, la normación de las especialidades, la reducción de la mortalidad infantil, la medición de indicadores de salud en la población cubana de 0 a 19 años, la dispensarización de niños y adolescentes, Puericultura prenatal, así como la evaluación de "Hospitales y policlínicos Amigos de la madre y el niño". En 2004 fue creado un grupo multidisciplinario para el rescate de la calidad de las consultas de Puericultura, y se inauguró el Centro de Referencia Nacional de Puericultura en el año 2007, con funciones docentes, de investigación, asistenciales-metodológicas y administrativas. Sorprende la búsqueda de cómo se introdujo en Cuba la Puericultura, a través de Infomed e Internet, visitas a bibliotecas especializadas y la Oficina del Historiador del Ministerio de Salud Pública.

  11. Turkey vulture surveys in Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wotzkow, C.; Wiley, J.W.

    1988-01-01

    Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura), were surveyed monthly in Cuba from March 1982-January 1983. A total of 25371 vultures were tallied in 7186 km (3.5 vultures/transect km) of roadside counting along main highways leading from the city of La Habana (northwestern Cuba) to the city of Las Tunas (southeast). Numbers of vultures counted declined substantially beyond 200 m from the transect road. Density of vultures observed within 200 m of the road along the transect route was 0.06/ha. Highest counts were obtained in March, April and June. Turkey Vulture flying activity was greatest during the periods 0900-1200 H and 1400-1700 H.

  12. Biothechnology conferences held in Cuba. Cuba no biotechnology gakkai ni sankashite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Murata, M. (Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Tokyo, (Japan))

    1990-04-25

    Three biotechnology conferences including Cuba International Interferon Conference were held at Havana in April 1989, and the author participated in them. The number of participants was about 3,000. Most of them were from the Middle and the Central America, but there were also those from Europe, the USSR and the USA. The three conferences were composed of 16 symposiums and they covered a wide range of field such as medical science, agriculture and industry. High leveled reports were read in the conferences: on the application of interferons to medical treatments, curing effects of infections caused by herpes virus and B type hepatitis virus, anti-tumor effects, and anti-virus effects against AIDS virus; on the production of protein and vaccini by gene engineering, large quantity production of interleukin and epithelium cell multiplication genes. Especially impressing were the efforts the whole nation of Cuba makes to promote biotechnology and its modern facilities. 3 figs.

  13. Estudio de la fecha del paso de la temperatura media del aire por encima y por debajo de 25°C en la zona occidental de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luisa M. Zayas Valdés

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available Las evidencias observacionales indican que durante las últimas décadas el clima de Cuba se ha hecho más cálido, se ha observado un incremento de los totales de precipitación en el período poco lluvioso y un cierto decrecimiento en el período lluvioso, y la frecuencia de sequías se ha incrementado significativamente desde 1960. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar, en las marchas anuales de la temperatura del aire de cada estación meteorológica en la zona más occidental de Cuba, las fechas del paso de la temperatura media del aire por encima y por debajo de 25°C y la duración de esos períodos, enmarcar los períodos lluvioso y poco lluvioso, y obtener su relación con la fecha del paso de la temperatura media del aire por el umbral señalado. Se comprobó que las regularidades encontradas en las relaciones "paso de la temperatura por encima de 25°C - inicio del período lluvioso" y "paso de la temperatura por debajo de 25°C - inicio del período poco lluvioso" durante el período de referencia 1950-1975 ya no constituyen regularidades en el período de referencia 1976-2005, principalmente en el período en que la temperatura media del aire pasa por debajo de los 25°C, donde los desaciertos alcanzaron las mayores desviaciones. La duración media del período con temperaturas superiores a 25°C muestra una tendencia al aumento, obteniéndose una longitud mayor durante este período que la observada en el período con temperaturas inferiores a 25°C.

  14. Supervivencia de las cucarachas. Kafka en Cuba a finales de siglo XX

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Irina Garbatzky

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available El artículo aborda tres recuperaciones kafkianas en Cuba durante los años ochenta y noventa estableciendo una serie entre el ensayo de Reinaldo Arenas sobre Virgilio Piñera, “La isla en peso con todas sus cucarachas”, con la poesía y la prosa de Rolando Sánchez Mejías y Carlos A. Aguilera, y sus textos en Diáspora(s, la revista que ambos coordinaron, entre 1997 y 2002. Si la obra de Kafka funciona como llave de paso a un pensamiento que desbarata los límites de lo humano (Yelin 2015, mi hipótesis sostiene que su lectura en la literatura de estos autores habilita una figura de escritor anómala (el escritor-bicho, cuestión relevante en el contexto de crisis de la figura del Hombre Nuevo, a la vez que abre nuevas cartografías para el imaginario cubano

  15. Ascensão e queda do pacto populista em Cuba, 1934-1959

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gillian McGillivray

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available O regime que pôs fim aos "100 dias de reforma" em Cuba é rotulado com frequência como "contrarrevolução" quando, na verdade, a expressão mais apropriada seria a de "populismo autoritário". O novo regime não reverteu a Revolução de 1933; muito pelo contrário, suas lideranças valeram-se da violência combinada com reformas revolucionárias como forma de incorporar, de maneira compulsória, um número cada vez maior de pessoas em um novo e ampliado sistema estatal de liderança. Fulgencio Batista recebeu o apoio de parte da classe trabalhadora ao longo do período democrático que vigorou durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, mas o anticomunismo da Guerra Fria desestabilizou seu regime, esvaziando o populismo cubano de grande parte da sua substância.

  16. Aportación española a la farmacia cubana decimonónica Spain's contribution to pharmacy in 19th century Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Manuel González de la Peña Puerta

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available La llegada de los españoles a Cuba supuso una organización que fue un reflejo de la establecida en la metrópoli. En materia farmacéutica, se intentó regularizar el ejercicio de la misma y formar profesionales. Con este objetivo, entre otros, se constituyó en 1711 el Real Tribunal del Protomedicato de La Habana, sustituido en 1833 por las Reales Juntas Superiores Gubernativas de Medicina y Cirugía y de Farmacia hasta 1842, cuando quedaron en manos de la Universidad de La Habana sus competencias en lo relativo a la enseñanza. Durante este tiempo, la Facultad de Farmacia en Cuba permaneció unida a la de medicina, hasta 1863. No podemos dejar sin mencionar la Real Academia de Ciencias Médicas, Físicas y Naturales de La Habana y las publicaciones científicas sobre farmacia de mediados de siglo.With the arrival of the Spanish in Cuba, society was organized along the lines of what already existed in the metropolis. In the area of pharmacy, this meant standardizing the practice of pharmacy and training professionals. It was with this and other purposes in mind that the Real Tribunal del Protomedicato de La Haban was established in 1711. In 1833 it was replaced by the Reales Juntas Superiores Gubernativas de Medicina y Cirugía y de Farmacia until 1842, when educational responsibilities were transferred to the Universidad de La Habana. Throughout this period, the Facultad de Farmacia in Cuba kept its links with the Facultad de Medicina, until 1863. Another contribution are the Real Academia de Ciencias Médicas, Físicas y Naturales de La Habana and the scientific publications on pharmacy in the midle the century.

  17. Intelectualidad criolla y nación en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Miguel GARCÍA MORA

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: En este artículo se analizan las interacciones entre las posiciones intelectuales de los autonomistas cubanos y su idea de la nacionalidad, y la utilización que de la "raza" hicieron los científicos criollos. En una primera parte, se estudian los debates en torno a los pobladores "ideales" con los que constituir una nación moderna y "civilizada", que alejara de Cuba el fantasma de la "africanización". La segunda parte del trabajo se centra en el análisis de la publicación cultural más importante del momento, como fue la Revista de Cuba (1877-1884. Una publicación al servicio de una ciencia criolla, en la que se expuso el concepto de nacionalidad y el proyecto político de los autonomistas, compartido por la mayoría de los científicos cubanos. Palabras Clave: Cuba, ciencia criolla, autonomismo, intelectuales, nacionalidad. ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the interactions between the Cuban Autonomists, their intellectual positions and their ideas about "nationality", and the use of the concept of "race" made by the Criollo scientists. The first part studies debates on the "ideal" settlers for the forming of a modern and "civilized" nation, which would remove the spectre of "Africanization" from Cuba. The second part of this work is focused on the analysis of the most important cultural review of the time, the Revista de Cuba (1877-1884. It was in this publi- cation —which acted as the voice of Criollo science— that the concept of nationality and the political project of the Autonomists, which was shared by most of the Cuban scientists, was expressed. Key words: Cuba, Criollo Science, Autonomism, Intellectuals, Nationality.

  18. Demographic and circumstantial accounts of burn mortality in Cape Town, South Africa, 2001-2004: An observational register based study

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Laflamme L

    2009-10-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Burns are a persisting public health problem in low- and middle-income countries; however, epidemiologic data for these settings is scarce. South Africa is no exception although there is an emerging knowledge base, especially for paediatric burns. The current study describes the epidemiology of burn mortality across the lifespan in Cape Town (2.9 million inhabitants in 2001, one of the six South African metropolitan centres. Methods The distribution of burn mortality across socio-demographic groups and also their circumstances of occurrence were investigated using four year (2001 to 2004 surveillance data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (n = 1024 cases. Results Burn mortality occurred at a rate of 7.9 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI: 7.3-8.3. Males sustained fatal rates 2.2 times more than that for females (p Conclusion Besides paediatric burns, the high prevalence and circumstances of occurrence of burns among middle age men are a source of concern. There are reasons to believe that this over-representation is a reflection of detrimental living conditions, life-style and poor socio-economic status. It is recommended that there be greater prioritisation of prevention activities that involve the control or management of kerosene heat sources, the provision of alternatives to flammable housing materials, and the implementation of strategies to reduce harmful drinking practices.

  19. 75 FR 54594 - Effectiveness of Licensing Procedures for Agricultural Commodities to Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-09-08

    ...] Effectiveness of Licensing Procedures for Agricultural Commodities to Cuba AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and... Administration Regulations for the export of agricultural commodities to Cuba. BIS will include a description of...), to Cuba. Requirements and procedures associated with such authorization are set forth in section 740...

  20. Vaccinatietoestand Nederland per 1 januari 2004

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Abbink F; Oomen PJ; Zwakhals SLN; Melker HE de; Ambler-Huiskes A; Landelijke Vereniging van; IGZ; CIE

    2005-01-01

    This report describes the progress of the National Immunization Programme (NIP) in the Netherlands. Immunization coverage figures as at 1 january 2004 are presented for all vaccines used in the NIP for agecohorts born in 1993, 1998 and 2001.For years national immunization coverage in the Netherlands

  1. Cuba: Issues for the 111th Congress

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-03-25

    Comisión Cubana de Derechos Humanos y Reconciliacion Nacional, “Cuba a Inicios del 2010: Continúa empeorando la situación de derechos humanos,” January 19...market-based economy. The report also outlined a series of preparatory steps in the areas of government organization, electoral preparation, and...Policy During the electoral campaign, President Obama had pledged to lift restrictions on family travel to Cuba as well as restrictions on Cuban

  2. 77 FR 55183 - Effectiveness of Licensing Procedures for Agricultural Commodities to Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-09-07

    ...] Effectiveness of Licensing Procedures for Agricultural Commodities to Cuba AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and... Administration Regulations for the export of agricultural commodities to Cuba. BIS will include a description of...), to Cuba. Requirements and procedures associated with such authorization are set forth in Sec. 740.18...

  3. Avances del mejoramiento genético participativo del frijol en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodobaldo Ortiz-P\\u00E9rez

    2006-01-01

    Full Text Available Las actividades de Fitomejoramiento Participativo fueron conducidas con agricultores del municipio de San Antonio de los Baños de la provincia La Habana y campesinos de la comunidad la Palma de la provincia de Pinar del Río durante 2001 al 2004. En la fase de diagnóstico en las áreas de intervención del proyecto, más del 80 % de los agricultores no utilizaban la semilla del sistema formal; por lo tanto, las variedades obtenidas por los programas de mejoramiento no llegaban a la mayoría de los agricultores. Se buscó un mecanismo alternativo para introducir diversidad genética a las localidades mediante las ferias de diversidad, cuyo objetivo principal ha estado dirigido a facilitar el flujo de semilla de los institutos de investigaciones hacia el agricultor y viceversa. Posterior al desarrollo de las ferias de diversidad se continúa con la experimentación campesina en fincas y cooperativas, desarrollándose una amplia red experimental difícil de lograrse sin la participación de los productores. La experimentación campesina, el aumento de la eficiencia en la finca, incluyendo el aumento del rendimiento de sus parcelas, el aumento de la diversidad por el uso de mayor número de variedades, y una mayor proporción de área dedicada a estas variedades; todo lo cual redunda en un mejoramiento de la vida del campesino y su familia

  4. Comercialización, prescripción y dispensación de medicamentos con nombres genéricos en Cuba: un enfoque regulador

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Celeste Aurora Sánchez González

    2003-08-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó una caracterización de los nombres de las especialidades farmacéuticas aprobadas en Cuba desde 1959 al 2001 y se evaluó el empleo de las Denominaciones Comunes Internacionales y genéricos como herramientas de apoyo a la prescripción y dispensación que favorecen su uso racional. Se definieron y se mostraron en el tiempo las disposiciones de la reglamentación farmacéutica nacional al respecto. Se concluyó el amplio uso de esta nomenclatura en los medicamentos producidos por la industria farmacéutica nacional y la activa regulación sanitaria en los últimos años, en concordancia con las recomendaciones de la OMS.A characterization of the names of the pharmaceutical specialties approved in Cuba from 1959 to 2001 was performed and the use of the International Nonproprietary Names as tools supporting drug prescription and dispensation and their rational use was evaluated . Provisions of the national pharmaceutical regulations about this subject were defined and shown in the course of time. It was concluded that in the last few years the use of this nomenclature in drugs manufactured by the Cuban Pharmaceutical Industry was extensive and that the implementation of sanitary regulation was very active in compliance with WHO recommendations.

  5. 31 CFR 515.415 - Travel to Cuba; transportation of certain Cuban nationals.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Travel to Cuba; transportation of... CONTROL REGULATIONS Interpretations § 515.415 Travel to Cuba; transportation of certain Cuban nationals... or a returning resident of the United States, from Cuba to the United States, unless otherwise...

  6. Toxocariasis in Cuba: A Literature Review

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sariego, Idalia; Kanobana, Kirezi; Rojas, Lázara; Speybroeck, Niko; Polman, Katja; Núñez, Fidel A.

    2012-01-01

    Human toxocariasis (HT) is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with the larval stage of Toxocara canis, the intestinal roundworm of dogs. Infection can be associated with a wide clinical spectrum varying from asymptomatic to severe organ injury. While the incidence of symptomatic human toxocariasis appears to be low, infection of the human population is widespread. In Cuba, a clear overview on the status of the disease is lacking. Here, we review the available information on toxocariasis in Cuba as a first step to estimate the importance of the disease in the country. Findings are discussed and put in a broader perspective. Data gaps are identified and suggestions on how to address these are presented. The available country data suggest that Toxocara infection of the definitive dog host and environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs is substantial, but information on HT is less conclusive. The availability of adequate diagnostic tools in the country should be guaranteed. Dedicated studies are needed for a reliable assessment of the impact of toxocariasis in Cuba and the design of prevention or control strategies. PMID:22389726

  7. El envejecimiento poblacional en Cuba.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rosario Bernal Sánchez

    2008-10-01

    Full Text Available En todo el mundo las poblaciones de los distintos países están envejeciendo, por tanto, la gente vive más tiempo y el número de personas adultas es cada vez mayor. Esto requiere de la toma de medidas con el fin de lograr mantener a estas personas vinculadas a la sociedad. Cuba teniendo en cuenta esta realidad se ha enfrascado en una serie de programas al respecto en lo cual Sancti Spíritus no se ha quedado detrás, llegando a cada rincón del país. Este trabajo presenta la investigación llevada a cabo de un estudio referativo sobre el envejecimiento poblacional en Cuba, cuyos objetivos son, profundizar en las diferentes aristas del tema así como valorar las dimensiones del mismo, para lo cual se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico y empírico. Entre los resultados obtenidos se encuentra diseño de un trabajo referativo que abarca doce dimensiones del envejecimiento poblacional en Cuba. La realización de este documento facilita el estudio del tema ya que permite profundizar en el contenido sobre Adulto Mayor visto como un sistema desde múltiples aristas.

  8. Vaccinatietoestand Nederland per 1 januari 2004

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Abbink F; Oomen PJ; Zwakhals SLN; de Melker HE; Ambler-Huiskes A; CIE

    2005-01-01

    In dit rapport treft u de cijfers aan van de vaccinatietoestand in Nederland per 1 januari 2004 voor zuigelingen, kleuters (4-jarigen) en schoolkinderen (9-jarigen) van de cohorten 2001, 1998 en 1993.De vaccinatiegraad in Nederland is al jaren zeer goed te noemen. Het afgelopen verslagjaar is de

  9. 31 CFR 515.548 - Services rendered by Cuba to United States aircraft.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Services rendered by Cuba to United... REGULATIONS Licenses, Authorizations, and Statements of Licensing Policy § 515.548 Services rendered by Cuba to United States aircraft. Specific licenses are issued for payment to Cuba of charges for services...

  10. Visiting the Republic of Cuba: An Experience to Remember.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Brown, Geraldine

    2015-01-01

    A few years ago, I was privileged to visit the Republic of Cuba as a summer vacation. Officially, this Spanish island is the largest island in the Caribbean, with more than 12 million people. It is only second as being most populous after Hispaniola with its people, culture and customs. Havana is the capital and Cuba's largest city. The United States lies to the immediate north only about 95 miles away, and the Bahamas and Mexico to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are on the southern end, and Haiti and the Dominion Republic are in the southeastern area. The history of this island is truly amazing. I was able to vist a hospital, and ride public transportation (bus). The trip was made at the time when Cuba was not open to travelers coming direct from the United States. I traveled to Montreal, Canada to board Cabana Arlines to Havana, Cuba.

  11. El Programa de Medicina Transfusional de Cuba The Transfusion Medicine Program in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José M. Ballester Santovenia

    2003-03-01

    Full Text Available Cuba's Transfusion Medicine Program (TMP is a subsystem of the country's National Health System. The TMP's objective is to ensure hemotherapy with blood that is safe and sufficient for all the individuals who need it. The TMP subsystem is made up of the National Commission on Transfusion Medicine, the Institute of Hematology and Immunology, 37 clinical services, 44 blood banks, 120 collection centers, 19 mobile units, and 37 blood certification laboratories. Additional facilities include a laboratory for plasma separation, a laboratory that produces leukocyte interferon and transfer factor, and two laboratories that produce reagents for blood classification and blood diagnosis systems. In Cuba, blood donation is voluntary. Since 1997 approximately 5% of the population per year has donated blood, thus meeting the goal recommended by the Pan American Health Organization of one voluntary blood donation annually for every 20 persons. During 2002, 563 204 blood donations were received, and there were 445 898 transfusions of blood or blood components. All donations are individually screened for HIV 1 and 2, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis, thus meeting the country's current regulations. In 2002 these screening measures led to discarding, respectively, 0.12%, 0.60%, 0.71%, and 1.8% of the blood donations. Although the prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus I and II in Cuba is very low, this test will soon be added to the screening process.

  12. COMPORTAMIENTO DE LAS REACCIONES ADVERSAS A MEDICAMENTOS EN CUBA. AÑO 2007

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ashley Chao Cardeso

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Introducción. La farmacovigilancia es una actividad de salud pública destinada a la identificación, evaluación y prevención de los riesgos asociados a los medicamentos una vez comercializados. En Cuba existe un sistema de Farmacovigilancia con una tasa elevada de reporte de efectos adversos por medicamentos (7000 a 10 000 casos anuales. Desarrollo. Se realizó un estudio farmacovigilancia, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo, que utilizo la Metodología y Procedimientos de Trabajo de la Unidad Coordinadora Nacional de Farmacovigilancia, donde se analizaron todos los reportes de RAM llegados a la unidad durante el 2007 procedentes de todo el país. Resultados: Se analizaron 6928 notificaciones de reacciones adversas medicamentosas (RAM, notificándose 12963 RAM a razón de 1.9 RAM por notificación, de ellas 4251 fueron reacciones importantes (61.3% según criterios establecidos por la unidad coordinadora nacional de farmacovigilancia de Cuba. Los sistemas de órganos más afectados durante el año fueron piel y anejos (1774, 25.6% seguido del tracto gastrointestinal (1438, 20.7%. Entre los fármacos con mayor numero de reportes se encontró captopril (418/6.03%, el ibuprofeno 289 / 4.2% y ciprofloxacina 259/3.7%. Predominaron las RAM probables (68.7% y moderadas 47.1% y las más frecuentes fueron erupción cutánea, vómitos y fiebre. Entre las asociaciones fármaco - RAM muy importantes y con baja frecuencia de aparición se reportaron en total unas 2953 (35.9% en el año, de ellas el 9.1% fueron reacciones no descritas en la literatura revisada. Conclusiones: se detectaron entre una o dos reacciones adversas a medicamentos por cada notificación realizada. Dejando claro la importancia en la selección de los medicamentos y su uso racional. Los fármacos más asociados a las reacciones adversas notificadas fueron captopril, ciprofloxacina e ibuprofeno, la piel y el sistema digestivo fueron los sistemas más afectados y las reacciones

  13. [Eugenic abortion could explain the lower infant mortality in Cuba compared to that in Chile].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Donoso S, Enrique; Carvajal C, Jorge A

    2012-08-01

    Cuba and Chile have the lower infant mortality rates of Latin America. Infant mortality rate in Cuba is similar to that of developed countries. Chilean infant mortality rate is slightly higher than that of Cuba. To investigate if the lower infant mortality rate in Cuba, compared to Chile, could be explained by eugenic abortion, considering that abortion is legal in Cuba but not in Chile. We compared total and congenital abnormalities related infant mortality in Cuba and Chile during 2008, based on vital statistics of both countries. In 2008, infant mortality rates in Chile were significantly higher than those of Cuba (7.8 vs. 4.7 per 1,000 live born respectively, odds ratio (OR) 1.67; 95% confidence intervals (Cl) 1.52-1.83). Congenital abnormalities accounted for 33.8 and 19.2% of infant deaths in Chile and Cuba, respectively. Discarding infant deaths related to congenital abnormalities, infant mortality rate continued to be higher in Chile than in Cuba (5.19 vs. 3.82 per 1000 live born respectively, OR 1.36; 95%CI 1.221.52). Considering that antenatal diagnosis is widely available in both countries, but abortion is legal in Cuba but not in Chile, we conclude that eugenic abortion may partially explain the lower infant mortality rate observed in Cuba compared to that observed in Chile.

  14. Actividad reproductiva de Chelonia mydas (Testudines: Cheloniidae en Isla de Aves, Venezuela (2001-2008 Reproductive activity of Chelonia mydas (Testudines: Cheloniidae in Isla de Aves, Venezuela (2001-2008

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vicente Vera

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available Isla de Aves, una isla a 650km de La Guaira, Venezuela, protegida como Refugio de Fauna Silvestre, constituye el segundo sitio de mayor anidación de la tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus 1758 en el Caribe. El seguimiento de la población comenzó en 1972 y de manera más continua desde 1978. Los datos históricos indican que la captura de hembras en la isla, afectó severamente la población hasta 1978, cuando fue construida una base científico-naval. Durante las temporadas de anidación entre 2001-2008 con excepción de 2003 y 2004, las hembras fueron marcadas con placas metálicas y medidas. Asimismo, se muestreó durante 458 noches, en donde se observaron 5 154 eventos, con un máximo de 53 por noche. Los posibles eventos no observados fueron calculados ajustando la distribución temporal de eventos observados a una curva normal. El total de eventos estimados varió de =637.1±106.6 en 2001 a =2 853±42.5 en 2008 (ANOVA F(6.5gl=60.37, pReproductive activity of Chelonia mydas (Testudines: Cheloniidae in Isla de Aves, Venezuela (2001-2008. The second major nesting-site for green turtles in the Caribbean is Isla de Aves, an island protected as a wildlife refuge since 1972, located at 650km Northeast from La Guaira, Venezuela. In this island, the nesting population monitoring started in 1972 and in a more continuous way after 1978, when a Scientific-Naval Station was established and scientific observations started. Since historical data show that female captures had severely affected population levels in this island before 1978, this study aim to describe recent reproductive activities. For this, during the nesting seasons of 2001-2002 and 2005-2008, nesting females were measured and tagged using metal flipper tags. A total of 458 nights were sampled observing 5 154 female emergences, with a maximum of 53 in a single night. Non-observed emergences were calculated fitting the temporal distribution of observed emergences to a normal curve

  15. Calidad de vida relativa a salud en la población urbana de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodolfo Jova Morel

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal durante el 2010, de 5 936 personas de 15 años y más como muestra representativa del país, con muestreo por conglomerado en varias etapas, con vistas a determinar la calidad de vida relativa a salud en la población urbana de Cuba. Las variables sociodemográficas utilizadas resultaron ser: edad, sexo y color de la piel; las del cuestionario genérico EuroQol: movilidad, cuidado personal, actividades cotidianas, dolor/malestar y ansiedad/depresión. La mayoría de las personas presentaron movilidad, cuidado personal y actividades cotidianas conservadas. Se concluye que los mestizos del sexo masculino menores de 45 años, mostraron mayor calidad de vida relativa a salud y que dicho cuestionario puede ser válido para describir este indicador en la citada población.

  16. Estudio del empleo de los pronombres clíticos en un corpus oral de La Habana (Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Milagros Aleza

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Esta investigación tiene por objeto un estudio del uso de los pronombres átonos (clíticos en un corpus oral de La Habana (Cuba: El habla culta de la generación joven de La Habana. Materiales para su estudio (tomo 2 de la obra El habla culta de la generación joven de San Juan, La Habana y Santo Domingo. Materiales para su estudio, publicada en 2001. Dado que Cuba es uno de los países considerados distinguidores de caso, resulta especialmente interesante conocer qué verbos y qué estructuras pronominalizan en ambos casos o se inclinan por el uso del dativo en lugar del acusativo, con el fin de analizar las posibles opciones y determinar qué estructuras o tipos de verbo determinan y condicionan la elección del pronombre. Para ello, abordaremos el uso de los clíticos de tercera persona en verbos o construcciones transitivas y de caso reinterpretado, así como otros fenómenos interesantes como la inmovilización del pronombre le y la duplicación del complemento mediante clítico.

  17. 31 CFR 515.207 - Entry of vessels engaged in trade with Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... with Cuba. 515.207 Section 515.207 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 515.207 Entry of vessels engaged in trade with Cuba. Except as specifically... place in Cuba to engage in the trade of goods or the purchase or provision of services, may enter a U.S...

  18. Cuba in Transition: Communism vs Charisma "Who Will Emerge as Cuba's Next Leader"

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Colmenares, Antonio

    2001-01-01

    .... The beliefs of communism has shaped the hearts and minds of thousands of cubans. This paper provides a future perspective on Cuba's transition as well as identifies potential actors who will emerge as potential leaders once Fidel Castro is gone...

  19. Captura de tiburones en la región noroccidental de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Consuelo Aguilar

    2014-07-01

    Full Text Available Los tiburones han sido una importante fuente de alimento e ingresos en Cuba. A pesar de esto, es muy escasa la información sobre este grupo y, en las últimas décadas, no han sido objeto de una investigación organizada. De octubre 2009 a junio 2011 se recolectaron datos biológicos (229 tiburones examinados y pesqueros en cuatro sitios de desembarque de la región noroccidental de Cuba. En esta región, los tiburones son capturados en pesquerías comerciales multiespecíficas en la plataforma insular y de manera incidental en pesquerías deportivas de corto radio de acción durante la captura de grandes especies pelágicas de mar abierto. Se registró un total de 17 especies; seis en pesca comercial, dominada por Carcharhinus perezii, Sphyrna mokarran y Carcharhinus leucas, y 14 en pesca deportiva (artesanal de pequeña escala, no propiamente recreacional, dominada por Isurus oxyrinchus, Isurus paucus, Carcharhinus longimanus, Carcharhinus falciformis, Galeocerdo cuvier y Prionace glauca. La CPUE mensual en las pesquerías deportivas, varió de 0,43 a 4,44 tiburones capturados por diez viajes de pesca. La mayoría de los tiburones oceánicos capturados en las pesquerías deportivas son especies altamente migratorias y sus poblaciones muestran gran conectividad ecológica en el Golfo de México y aguas adyacentes. Este hecho y la presencia de una gran proporción de individuos de C. longimanus y C. falciformis por debajo de la longitud de madurez, son resultados que deben ser considerados en los planes regionales de conservación y uso racional de los tiburones.

  20. Far beyond the Line: Corsairs, Privateers, Buccaneers, and Invading Settlers in Cuba and the Caribbean (1529-1670

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Martínez-Fernández, Luis

    2015-04-01

    Full Text Available This essay connects the course of war and peace in Europe with a variety of forms of European incursion in the Caribbean during the 1500s and 1600s. With special attention to Cuba, it traces the emergence and evolution of piracy and privateering as well as European colonial expansion by settlers and buccaneers. This essay also provides a systematic analysis of how belligerence in the Old World impacted the Caribbean. Lastly, it explores Spain’s efforts to protect its colonies through fortifications, fleet systems, and increased military presence.Este ensayo estudia la interconexión entre las guerras en Europa y una variedad de formas de incursión en el Caribe durante el siglo XVI y XVII. Con atención espacial a sucesos en la isla de Cuba este estudio recorre la evolución de actividades piraticas y la creación y desarrollo de colonias no-españolas y el establecimiento de enclaves bucaneros. Este también provee un análisis sistemático sobre el impacto de los conflictos europeos en la cuenca del Caribe. Por último, aquí se exploran los mecanismos defensivos españoles, tales como la militarización, construcción de fortificaciones y el establecimiento del sistema de flotas.

  1. Fascioliasis: can Cuba conquer this emerging parasitosis?

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rojas, Lázara; Vazquez, Antonio; Domenech, Ingrid; Robertson, Lucy J

    2010-01-01

    Fascioliasis, an emerging parasitic infection, impacts significantly on both veterinary and human health worldwide. Endemic foci are not limited only to areas of extensive livestock farming, but owing to the parasite's abilities to colonise new intermediate hosts and adapt to new environments, also occur in other places, including Cuba. In Cuba, despite a high prevalence of fascioliasis in livestock, and the widespread occurrence of two potential intermediate hosts, human infection has decreased steadily over the past 10 years. In other parts of the world, human fascioliasis is apparently becoming more frequent. Problems in counteracting the spread of fascioliasis, and approaches used in Cuba to limit zoonotic transmission are discussed, with emphasis on diagnostic and treatment problems, malacological initiatives, and the importance of an integrated control programme. Such programmes may be of benefit in other countries where the prevalence of human fascioliasis is increasing, and lessons may perhaps be learned from the Cuban approach. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  2. Oncology nursing in Cuba: report of the delegation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sheldon, Lisa Kennedy; Leonard, Kathleen; Gross, Anne; Hartnett, Erin; Poage, Ellen; Squires, Jennifer; Ullemeyer, Vicki; Schueller, Mary; Stary, Susan; Miller, Mary Alice

    2012-08-01

    In December 2011, the first delegation of oncology nurses from the United States visited Havana, Cuba. The delegation included oncology nurses, educators, and leaders from across America and provided opportunities to learn about the healthcare system, cancer, and oncology nursing in Cuba. Delegation members attended lectures, toured facilities, and enjoyed Cuban culture. This exchange highlighted the similarities in cancer care and oncology nursing between countries and opened doors for future collaborations.

  3. Cuba's Strategy for Alzheimer Disease and Dementia Syndromes.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bosch-Bayard, Rodolfo I; Llibre-Rodríguez, Juan J; Fernández-Seco, Alberto; Borrego-Calzadilla, Carmen; Carrasco-García, Mayra R; Zayas-Llerena, Tania; Moreno-Carbonell, Carmen R; Reymond-Vasconcelos, Ana G

    2016-10-01

    Dementia is a great challenge to public health in Cuba due to its impact on society and families. Cuba's National Intervention Strategy for Alzheimer Disease and Dementia Syndromes is designed to address this challenge. The Strategy includes working guidelines for primary and secondary care, education about rights of people with cognitive impairment, professional development, research, and health promotion and dementia prevention. An associated action plan, focused on primary care, includes proposals for creation of memory clinics, day centers and comprehensive rehabilitation services for cognitive stimulation. Short-term measures proposed include increasing early detection; creating a dementia morbidity and mortality registry; promoting professional training; providing support for families; and promoting basic and clinical research on dementia. Medium-term proposals aim to reduce dementia incidence and mortality by controlling risk factors and promoting healthy lifestyles, offering new treatment options and optimizing early detection. A set of indicators has been developed to evaluate strategy implementation. With this strategy, Cuba joins the small number of developing countries that have responded to WHO's call to improve care for patients with dementia and alleviate its impact on society and families. KEYWORDS Dementia, Alzheimer disease, aging, national health programs, social stigma, primary prevention, health promotion, civil rights, Cuba.

  4. Courting the future: cancer and genetics in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2014-01-01

    Describing this double issue of MEDICC Review could be an exercise for a first-year philosophy course in logic. It's not about "cancer and genetics" in Cuba. It's about cancer in Cuba and about genetics in Cuba, not about exploring relationships between them. Nevertheless, while the marriage of the two themes was fortuitous, in that the two had long been scheduled for the journal in 2014, there is a certain felicity to their sharing an issue. To date, the outstanding accomplishments of genetics have been most helpful for conditions occurring at the beginning of life and cancer is largely (though not exclusively) a disease related to aging. But the two are intrinsically connected: Although only a few of the more than 100 different diseases grouped under the term cancer are known to be hereditary, every cancer begins with a mutation in one or more genes, whether the mutation is inherited, due to an exposure, or is simply a random error in the millions of cell divisions that are part and parcel of cellular reproduction. Our cover image, a stained-glass window by Cuban artist Rosa María de la Terga at Cuba's National Medical Genetics Center, illustrates the elegance of the DNA molecule, the intricate key to life.

  5. Los empresarios estadounidenses y su relación con Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cristina Padilla Dieste

    1999-01-01

    Full Text Available Desde los primeros meses después del triunfo de la Revolución en Cuba, los empresarios estadounidenses desempeñaron un activo papel para incidir en la decisiones que tomaría el gobierno de Estados Unidos para declarar el bloqueo económico, el cual desde entonces es el eje de la disputa entre esas dos naciones. Ya durante los años setenta, enmedio de las sanciones, algunos empresarios tuvieron diversos acercamientos tendientes a suavizar el conflicto. A inicios de los noventa, a raíz de los cambios en materia económica que experimenta la isla, de nueva cuenta los hombres de negocios del país del norte vuelven a tener un papel protagónico en las posiciones que juegan para propiciar las condiciones que pongan fin al bloqueo y se reanuden así las relaciones económicas entre ambos países. La intervención de los empresarios en este momento del proceso permite calificarlos como uno de los actores económicos externos más relevantes cuya influencia pueda cambiar las relaciones políticas entre los dos países.

  6. AFSC/ABL: Lynn Canal Overwinter Acoustic Survey, 2004-2005

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The acoustic trawl database for Lynn Canals echo-trawl survey was conducted from 2001 to 2004 throughout southern Lynn Canal in southeast Alaska. Acoustic surveys...

  7. Cáncer de ovario en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de Cuba: 2001 a 2005 Ovarian cancer at the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology of Cuba: 2001-2005

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Edmundo Rodríguez Reigosa

    2009-03-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUCCIÓN. El cáncer de ovario ocupa el tercer lugar entre los cánceres ginecológicos y a él se debe el 5 % de todas las muertes por cáncer. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la incidencia hospitalaria, la respuesta al tratamiento y la supervivencia global del cáncer de ovario en nuestra institución, durante un quinquenio. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, lineal con 192 mujeres con tumores de ovario. Se excluyeron aquellas con tumores benignos o tumores no extirpables, y las que no recibieron tratamiento oncoespecífico o lo recibieron y fueron seguidas en otros hospitales. RESULTADOS. Los grupos etarios más afectados correspondieron al quinto y sexto decenios de la vida (40,4 % y la media de edad fue de 48 años. La etapa clínica más frecuente fue la III (261 % de las mujeres, y el 44,2 % estaba en estadio IIIc. El tipo histológico más frecuente fue el adenocarcinoma papilar seroso (H" 70 %, entre los cánceres epiteliales (49; 94,23 %. La supervivencia global media de las pacientes que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico fue de 31 meses. Al finalizar el estudio la tasa de supervivencia era menor del 40 %. En las pacientes que no respondieron a la quimioterapia la supervivencia a los 36 meses fue nula. CONCLUSIONES. El comportamiento del cáncer ovárico en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de Cuba no difiere mucho de lo reportado en la literatura médica mundial.INTRODUCTION. Ovarian cancer occupies the third place among the gynecological cancers, and it causes 5 % of all the deaths from cancer. The objective of this study is to know the hospital incidence, the response to the treatment and the global survival of ovarian cancer in our institution during a five-year term. METHODS. A descriptive, retrospective and lineal study was carried out among 192 females with ovarian tumors. Those with benign or non resectable tumors were excluded, as well as the patients that did not

  8. Agreement between the Republic of Cuba and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-01-01

    The text of the Agreement between the Republic of Cuba and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is reproduced in the Annex to this document for the information of all Members. The Agreement was approved by the Board of Governors on 9 September 2003. It was signed on 18 September 2003. Pursuant to Article 25 of the Agreement, the Agreement entered into force on 3 June 2004, the date on which the Agency received from Cuba written notification that Cuba's statutory and/or constitutional requirements for entry into force had been met

  9. Sobre la presencia de Cneorum (Cneoraceae en Cuba: ¿ejemplo de disyunción biogeográfica Mediterráneo-Caribe?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Brull, Gabriel

    2009-06-01

    the presence of Cneorum in Cuba. Hence, we conclude that Cneorum can no longer be used as an example of biogeographical disjunction between the floras of the Mediterranean and the Caribbean.El objetivo del presente estudio es esclarecer la, hasta ahora, enigmática distribución mundial de la familia Cneoraceae y confirmar la existencia de un posible taxon de esta familia en Cuba, el cual es frecuentemente usado como ejemplo de conexión entre la floras del Mediterráneo y el Caribe. Para ello, durante los últimos cinco años, se han realizado intensas prospecciones de campo en aquellas áreas donde previamente se había documentado la presencia de una especie de Cneorum (identificada inicialmente como C. trimerum y como C. tricoccon posteriormente en Sierra Maestra, Cuba. Además, se ha revisado material de herbario y bibliografía diversa. La presencia de antiguos asentamientos de cafeteros franceses en las localidades donde se colectó esta especie, junto con el hecho de presentar propiedades medicinales (en hojas y frutos, hace posible que fuera introducida intencionadamente en Cuba desde el sur de Francia por los propios colonos a mediados del siglo XIX. Concluimos que esta especie no se encuentra ya en Cuba, y creemos que nunca llegó a establecerse y naturalizarse en la isla. Además, debido a un sutil parecido en las hojas, y a identificaciones realizadas a partir de materiales de herbarios, se ha estado confundiendo, hasta muy recientemente, C. tricoccon con Schoepfia stenophylla Urb. (Olacaceae, un endemismo amenazado y sobre el que ya hay actualmente un plan de conservación in situ. Dicha confusión de especies ha contribuido a mantener y transmitir diferentes errores a lo largo de la historia taxonómica sobre la supuesta presencia de Cneorum en Cuba, y por tanto, de una aparente conexión de las floras mediterráneas y caribeñas en relación a Cneoraceae.

  10. Risk factors for cancer of the oral cavity and oro-pharynx in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Garrote, L F; Herrero, R; Reyes, R M; Vaccarella, S; Anta, J L; Ferbeye, L; Muñoz, N; Franceschi, S

    2001-07-06

    In terms of worldwide levels, Cuba has an intermediate incidence of cancer of the oral cavity and oro-pharynx. We studied 200 cases of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, of whom 57 women (median age = 64) and 200 hospital controls, frequency matched with cases by age and sex, in relation to smoking and drinking history, intake of 25 foods or food groups, indicators of oral hygiene and sexual activity, and history of sexually transmitted diseases. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from unconditional multiple logistic regressions and adjusted for age, sex, area of residence, education, and smoking and drinking habits. In the multivariate model, high educational level and white-collar occupation, but not white race, were associated with halving of oral cancer risk. Smoking > or =30 cigarettes per day showed an OR of 20.8 (95% CI: 8.9-48.3), similar to smoking > or =4 cigars daily (OR = 20.5). Drinking > or = 70 alcoholic drinks per week showed an OR of 5.7 (95% CI: 1.8-18.5). Hard liquors were by far the largest source of alcohol. Increased risk was associated with the highest tertile of intake for maize (OR = 1.9), meat (OR = 2.2) and ham and salami (OR = 2.0), whereas high fruit intake was associated with significantly decreased risk (OR = 0.4). Among indicators of dental care, number of missing teeth and poor general oral condition at oral inspection showed ORs of 2.7 and 2.6, respectively. Number of sexual partners, marriages or contacts with prostitutes, practice of oral sex and history of various sexually transmitted diseases, including genital warts, were not associated with oral cancer risk. 82% of oral cancer cases in Cuba were attributable to tobacco smoking, 19% to smoking cigars or pipe only. The fractions attributable to alcohol drinking (7%) and low fruit intake (11%) were more modest. Thus, decreases in cigarette and cigar smoking are at present the key to oral cancer prevention in Cuba. Copyright 2001 Cancer Research

  11. Powernext futuresTM statistics 31st, July 2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-07-01

    The introduction of a power exchange in France is a direct response to the opening up of the European electricity markets. Powernext SA is a Multilateral Trading Facility in charge of managing an optional and anonymous organised exchange offering: - Day-ahead contracts for the management of volume risk on Powernext Day-Ahead TM since 21 November 2001, - Medium term contracts for the management of price risk on Powernext Futures TM since 18 June 2004. This document presents in a series of tables and graphics the July 31, 2004 update of Powernext Futures TM statistics: year, quarter and month contracts for July 2004, base-load and peak-load contracts overview from June 2004 to July 2004 (daily volume in lots, open interest by delivery year in MWh, daily settlement price of the upcoming delivery period, base-load and peak-load price spreads), and market liquidity from mid-June to end of July 2004 (average bid ask spread and availability). (J.S.)

  12. Nuclear cardiology in Cuba present and perspectives

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Peix González, Amalia

    2016-01-01

    Heart Diseases represent the first cause of death worldwide (WHO, 2011); 80% of these deaths in developing countries (WHO, 2011); Coronary Heart Disease is responsible of 69% of all cardiovascular deaths. In Cuba, National programs have been developed to control the most important associated coronary risk factors; Research projects have been also carried out as part of the Ministry of Public Health’s program on non-transmissible chronic diseases; Strengthening of Nuclear Cardiology in Cuba, as well as its adequate integration in a diagnosis algorithm, focusing on improving the quality of medical care, in accordance with the principles of evidence-based medicine. Recommendations: Extend Nuclear Cardiology throughout the country; Conduct cost-effectiveness studies comparing different imaging techniques in cardiology; Develop coronary flow and metabolic studies with PET; Introducing studying adrenergic innervation; Develop hybrid imaging in cardiology; Set up committees of experts to analyze the value of different imaging techniques in cardiology in accordance with the possibilities and resources of Cuba, aimed at the implementation of a medicine individualized for patients. (author)

  13. Experience in Cuba in the licensing during import, commissioning and operation of an Irradiator LLCo ISOGAMMA; Experiencia en Cuba en el licenciamiento durante la importacion, puesta en servicio y operacion de un irradiador ISOGAMMA LLCo

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Forteza, Yamil Lopez; Reyes, Yolanda Perez; Garcia, Jose R. Quevedo; Molina, Igor I. Sarabia; Gonzalez, Leonel Omarovich; Zubiaur, Omar Cruz, E-mail: yamil@orasen.co.cu, E-mail: yolanda@orasen.co.cu, E-mail: quevedo@orasen.co.cu [Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Medio Ambiente (CNSN/CITMA), La Habana (Cuba). Centro Nacional de Seguridad Nuclear

    2013-07-01

    This work presented the experiences during the process of licensing an irradiator ISOGAMMA LLCo model according to the recommendations of the International Atomic Energy (IAEA). Aspects of the safety assessment are detailed, as well as control and verification requirements for radiation safety and security at different stages of the process (import, transportation, installation irradiator loading 60Co sources, commissioning and operation) of irradiator recently installed in Cuba. The results of the evaluation carried a source of reference and consultation necessary for the work of the regulator to consider for similar processes that lie ahead in other facilities irradiation.

  14. ÉTUDE DE CAS — Cuba : L'innovation agricole à Cuba | CRDI ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    5 janv. 2011 ... La recherche de solutions de rechange viables. ... Ces observations résument bien une nouvelle approche et une nouvelle attitude à l'égard de la recherche agricole à Cuba, .... principal au CRDI, et Bob Stanley, rédacteur scientifique. ... voir le site de l'Institut international des ressources phytogénétiques ...

  15. 31 CFR 515.553 - Bank accounts of official representatives in Cuba of foreign governments.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... representatives in Cuba of foreign governments. 515.553 Section 515.553 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations... Bank accounts of official representatives in Cuba of foreign governments. Specific licenses are issued authorizing payments from accounts of official representatives in Cuba of foreign governments for transactions...

  16. U.S. nuclear plant decommissioning funding adequacy - by individual funds, utilities, reactors, and industry-wide - assessed by Monte Carlo and baseline trend methods: 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Williams, Daniel G.

    2007-01-01

    This paper assesses, over years 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2004 - using varying sets of assumption values - the adequacy of decommissioning funding (year-end) for United States' nuclear electric power plants. I assess each of the 222 individual trust funds and 99 utility owners (as of August 2003), as well as each of the 122 reactors, and industry-wide. Individual trust fund results are the most important because, in general, dollars may not be transferred from one fund to another to strengthen a less-adequately financed fund. Using stochastic (Monte Carlo) analysis (20,000 iterations) to incorporate risk, or uncertainty, in my simulation modeling, I assess funding adequacy for 2004, but with estimated balances and contributions data for 2004. The paper also assesses the baseline (most likely) trends in funding adequacy, using 'point' estimates for years 1998, 2000, 2001, and stochastic medians for 2004. I compute two measures of funding adequacy relative to two respective benchmark levels: (1) adequacy of 'current year' fund balances; and (2), adequacy of 'recent-year' fund contributions. The former is a more 'looking-backward' measure relative to a benchmark (i.e., current balance embodies all past year contributions and rates of return on fund assets); the latter, more 'looking-forward' relative to a forward benchmark. I use decommissioning fund balances data for 2000 and 1998, as reported by the utilities to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), as well as additional balances, yearly contributions, rates of return, and cost escalation data over 1997-2001 obtained in a 2002 survey of owners by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). The most fundamental conclusion that one should draw from my simulation modeling results - whether using Monte Carlo or baseline trend analysis - is that these decommissioning adequacy percentages for the 222 funds are extremely variable, although a sizable majority of funds are likely above benchmark. Reduced variability

  17. Where Does Cuba Stand?

    Science.gov (United States)

    1994-01-14

    number of foreign tourists visiting the island, which has resulted in the virtual exclusion of the criollos from the choice spots in the littoral, and has...Anallsis Infurmativo de la Realidad ," paper delivered at the Annual Congress of the Partido Democrat. Cristlano de Cuba, Miami, June 4, 1993, pp. 19-23. 25

  18. Poliomyelitis and its elimination in Cuba: an historical overview.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Beldarraín, Enrique

    2013-04-01

    Polio was first detected in Cuba in the late 19th century among residents of the US community on the Isla de Pinos (Isle of Pines, now Isle of Youth), apparently introduced through migration from the USA. The first outbreak was reported in 1906 on the Isle, with the first epidemic reported in the former province of Las Villas in 1909. The epidemics subsequently intensified, by 1934 becoming periodic every four to five years, and accompanied by high morbidity, mortality and crippling sequelae, primarily among children. To review and analyze the history of polio and its control in Cuba, from the disease's first appearance in 1898 until WHO/PAHO certification of elimination in 1994. The historiological method was used; archival documents, medical records, and available polio morbidity and mortality statistics from the Ministry of Public Health's National Statistics Division before 1959 and from 1959 through 2000 were reviewed. Crude morbidity and mortality rates were calculated using population estimates at mid-period. Reports and scientific publications describing polio vaccination campaigns and their results were also reviewed, and key informants were interviewed. After initial introduction of polio in Cuba, five major epidemics occurred between 1932 and 1958: in 1934 (434 cases, 82 deaths); 1942 (494 cases, 58 deaths); 1946 (239 cases, 33 deaths), 1952 (492 cases, 15 deaths) and 1955 (267 cases, 8 deaths). Between 1957 and 1961 the disease's endemicity reached epidemic levels, with the last outbreak occurring in 1961, with 342 cases, 30% of them in children aged >4 years. In 1962, Cuba launched a nationwide polio vaccination campaign, the first of annual campaigns thereafter carried out in the framework of a coherent national program aimed at polio elimination. Using the Sabin oral vaccine and targeting the entire pediatric population in a single time period, five million doses were administered in the first campaign, reaching 87.5% of the target population aged 1

  19. Análisis de criticidad de grupos electrógenos de la tecnología fuel oil en Cuba

    OpenAIRE

    María Bárbara Hourné Calzada; María Lucía Brito-Vallina; Alfredo Manuel del Castillo-Serpa; Elena Fraga-Guerra; Armando Díaz-Concepción

    2012-01-01

    En el 2004, Cuba pone en marcha un nuevo programa que consiste en un esquema de generación eléctrica distribuida que emplea la instalación de emplazamientos compuestos por grupos electrógenos, que operan con diesel o fuel-oil, constituyendo uno de los más profundos cambios conceptuales en esta esfera. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo la obtención del modelo matemático para el Análisis de Criticidad que permita la clasificación jerarquizada de los sistemas en este proceso de generación ...

  20. Study on prevalence of neoplastic lesions of the esophagus in patients referred to health centers of Ahvaz in the years 2001-2004

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ahmad Ebrahimi

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available Introduction: Esophageal cancer is a common malignancy that is fatal to a large extent. The incidence of esophageal cancer is significantly variable worldwide and squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type. About 15% of cancer cases raise in the region of the upper 1/3, 35% in the middle and 50% are in the area. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study on 102 pathology reports for 4 years between the years 2001-2004 from the Department of Pathology University of Medical Sciences carried out and the following results were obtained. This is a retrospective study conducted on 102 pathology reports for 4 years between the years 2001-2004 from the Department of Pathology in Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences and the following results were obtained. Findings: 102 cases develop 49% cancer cases and 18.5% pre-cancerous cases and normal cases developed only 12%. The most common age group has been the eighth decade of life (40% and 92% of their age has been above 50 years old. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma with 68% and adenocarcinoma developed 22% of cases. Among 35 cases that their area had been specified, cases develop from 11.5% upper 1/3 area, 34% middle area, 40% lower area and 14.5% of gastroesophageal junction. The average age of individuals with esophageal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, Barrett's esophagus and Esophagitis has been 68.12, 67.4, 68.3, 50.8 and 46.3 years old, respectively. Male-to-female sex ratio was obtained for Esophageal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma equal to 1.27/1, 1/1, 1.75/1, respectively. Conclusion: with regard to the results from this study, rate of incidence of esophageal cancer has reduced in men than other population and/or the rate of incidence of esophageal cancer has increased in women. The most area involved with 11 cases has been in the middle area of esophagus and by squamous cell carcinoma.

  1. En el reino de la ambivalencia. La Cuba de Alejandro de Humboldt

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    Oliver Lubrich

    2001-04-01

    Full Text Available Article in Spanish, Abstracts in English and German.In the Realm of Ambivalence.The Question of Cuba in Alexander von Humboldt’s American TravelogueCuba has a special role in Alexander von Humboldt’s American travel narrative: Humboldt’s experience of colonial slave economy drives his optimistic philosophy, inspired by European Enlightenment, into a crisis, and brings to surface the inherent contradictions of his discourse. This phenomenon is particularly interesting from the perspective of literary criticism: Alexander von Humboldt conceives Cuba as a poetic space, where contradictions and ambivalences coexist. Already on the boat to the island from Venezuela he creates destablizing effects of sensual perceptions. He stages his landing in Havana as a moment of oppositional impressions. Within the symbolic topography of his geographic fantasy, Cuba functions as an imaginary in-between space. And Humboldt’s philosophical and aesthetic terminology undergoes a semantic recoding in Cuba: what was once used in a philosophical and aesthetic sense, now has become charged with an economic and political meaning.

  2. First report of a Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Alvarez-Aleman, Anmari; Beck, Cathy A.; Powell, James A.

    2010-01-01

    Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in Florida utilize intake and effluent canals of power plants as resting and thermoregulatory habitat. We report the use of a power plant canal in Cuba by a known Florida manatee, the first documented case of movement by a manatee between Florida and Cuba. In January, February, and April 2007, two manatees (mother and calf) were reported entering a power plant canal in north Havana, Cuba. The larger manatee had several distinctive scars which were photographed. Digital images were matched to a previously known Florida manatee (CR131) with a sighting history dating from December 1979 to July 2006. Exchanges of individuals between Florida and Cuba may have important genetic implications, particularly since there appears to be little genetic exchange between the Florida manatee subspecies with populations of the Antillean manatee subspecies (T. m. manatus) in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.

  3. The United States and Cuba: Past, Present and Future

    Science.gov (United States)

    2000-04-01

    Cooperativas Independenties: Medio Ambiente , Ecologia, y Su Impacto al Campesino Cubano, CubaNet, [article on- line accessed 4 May 2000], available from http...Independientes: Medio Ambiente , Ecologia y Su Impacto al Campesino Cubano.” CubaNet News. Available at http://www.cubanet.org/cooperativa...after his release. While in Mexico , Castro met Che Guevara with whom he collaborated in organizing the July 26 Movement named in commemoration of

  4. Cuba y las fronteras de la utopía

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Gustafsson, Jan

    2015-01-01

    Artiklen indeholder nogle generelle overvejelser om den sociale utopi som fænomen samt en række empiriske observationer og del analyser af dette fænomen i ft det revolutionære Cuba.......Artiklen indeholder nogle generelle overvejelser om den sociale utopi som fænomen samt en række empiriske observationer og del analyser af dette fænomen i ft det revolutionære Cuba....

  5. Lonely planet: affect and authenticity in guidebooks of Cuba

    OpenAIRE

    Ogden, Rebecca

    2017-01-01

    Record numbers of international visitors to Cuba in recent years amidst dramatic political and economic shifts have reinforced the island's reputation as a destination to visit urgently, ‘before it changes’. In foregrounding a normalised framework of affect and authenticity and directing tourists towards intimate experiences and encounters, bestselling English-language guidebooks contribute towards a selective interpretation of Cuba and of Cubans. However, their recommendations obscure the wo...

  6. 76 FR 5058 - Airports of Entry or Departure for Flights to and From Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    2011-01-28

    ... [CBP Dec 11-05] RIN 1651-AA86 Airports of Entry or Departure for Flights to and From Cuba AGENCY: U.S... (DHS) regulations, direct flights between the United States and Cuba must arrive at or depart from one... Border Protection (CBP) to process authorized flights between the United States and Cuba. These...

  7. Las actuales transformaciones en Cuba y sus efectos en las relaciones Cuba-CARICOM

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jacqueline Laguardia Martínez

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available En 2011 Cuba aprobó una nueva política económica con el objetivo de relanzar su economía sin comprometer los principales logros sociales asociados a su modelo socialista. La apuesta es lo suficientemente ambiciosa como para generar dudas sobre la posibilidad real de instrumentar con éxito una transformación socioeconómica de tales dimensiones. Lo cierto es que, a pesar de los temores y resistencias a la “actualización” del modelo económico cubano, los cambios internos son obligatorios con el fin de construir un socialismo “próspero y sostenible”, idea que el presidente Raúl Castro ha promovido como objetivo central de los cambios. El artículo analiza las relaciones de Cuba y los países del CARICOM en el contexto de la cambiante realidad cubana actual y examina las posibles modificaciones que esta relación podría experimentar en un futuro próximo como consecuencia de la actualización económica cubana.

  8. Density and reproduction of the Queen Conch Eustrombus gigas (Mesogastropoda: Strombidae at Cabo Cruz, Desembarco del Granma National Park, Cuba Densidad y reproducción de la concha reina Eustrombus gigas (Mesogastropoda: Strombidae en Cabo Cruz, Parque Nacional Desembarco del Granma, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yuself R. Cala

    2013-06-01

    y frentes fríos en tres zonas: Farito, Guafe y Laguna. La mayor densidad de adultos se observó en frentes fríos (468.5ind./ha y la menor en seca (268.5ind./ ha. Por zonas, la mayor densidad de adultos se reportó en Laguna (520.4ind./ha y la menor en Farito (290.9ind./ha. Se observaron 158 evidencias reproductivas. La mayor frecuencia se reportó en lluvias (36%. La temperatura se relacionó con la frecuencia de desove y cantidad de masas de huevos, y el fotoperiodo con la cantidad de agregaciones y frecuencia de cópula. Se observó actividad reproductiva intensa durante todo el año, lo que sugiere una importante reserva de la especie en la región sur-oriental de Cuba y una aparente autosuficiencia de la población para el reclutamiento. La explotación sostenible de la población es viable y Laguna debe ser protegida como zona de reproducción.

  9. Tuberculosis pediátrica en un hospital de referencia durante el período 2004-2008 Pediatric tuberculosis at a reference hospital during the 2004-2008 period

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mónica G. Rodríguez

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de las muestras de pacientes pediátricos remitidas al laboratorio del Hospital Piñero durante el período 2004-2008 para el cultivo de micobacterias por sospecha de tuberculosis. Durante dicho período ingresaron un total de 8409 muestras, de las cuales 1542 (18% fueron pediátricas; de ellas 1407 (91% pulmonares y 135 extrapulmonares (9%. El procesamiento de las muestras incluyó baciloscopía, cultivo, identificación y prueba de sensibilidad. La nacionalidad de los pacientes pediátricos se distribuyó del siguiente modo: argentinos, 1218 (79%; extranjeros, 247 (16%, representados estos últimos por paraguayos, peruanos y sobre todo bolivianos. Para un 5% de los pacientes no fue informada la nacionalidad. La distribución por sexo fue: femenino, 787 pacientes (51%; masculino, 755 pacientes (49%. De acuerdo con la edad de los pacientes se obtuvo la siguiente distribución: 0 a 4 años, 674 niños (grupo A, 45%, 5 a 9 años, 354 niños (grupo B, 24%; y 10 a 15 años, 464 pacientes (grupo C, 31%. Las principales asociaciones mórbidas fueron desnutrición e infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. La baciloscopía fue positiva en 41 muestras (2,6%, en tanto que la recuperación mediante cultivo alcanzó las 84 muestras (5,4%, 78 de ellas pulmonares y 6 extrapulmonares. Todas las cepas fueron identificadas como complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Los aislamientos fueron sensibles a estreptomicina, isoniazida, rifampicina y etambutol, excepto una cepa resistente a etambutol y estreptomicina y otra resistente a isoniazida. La confirmación bacteriológica de la tuberculosis pediátrica es difícil de alcanzar debido a la presentación paucibacilar de las muestras, pero juega un papel fundamental en el diagnóstico de certeza, ya que permite la identificación y la realización de las pruebas de sensibilidad del aislamiento.Samples of pediatric patients suspected of tuberculosis

  10. Invasive Meningococcal Disease. Cuba, 1983- 2006

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Antonio E. Pérez

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD is a worldwide health problem. In Cuba, vaccination against meningococcal B-C has been carried out since 1989. The study aimed at describing the epidemiology of IMD in Cuba from 1983 to 2006 and at contributing to the immunization strategy. A descriptive and analytical study was carried out. Epidemiological data was obtained from the National Surveillance System at the Institute "Pedro Kourí". More than 1 000 cases were reported in 1986 and the overall incidence was above 10/100 000 inhabitants. Since 1989 a remarkable and continuous decline in the incidence was observed. In the last nine years a strong association of IMD to boarding school students (OR=9.4; confidence interval 95%: 5.1-17.4, recluses (OR=5.9; CI 95%: 1.5 -24.3 and day students (OR=3.9; CI 95%: 2.8-5.6 was observed. Housewife (OR=4.9; CI 95%: 1.9-12.4 and pensioned (OR=4.5; CI 95%: 1.2-16.8 showed association with mortality. Previous vaccination was a protective factor against morbidity (OR=0.6; CI 95%: 0.4-1.0 and mortality (OR=0.4; CI 95%: 0.2-0.9 by IMD. Neisseria meningitidis B4:P1.15 was the main circulating strain. Incidence of IMD declined markedly in Cuba by using group BC strain-specific meningococcal vaccine.

  11. “La posición de la Gran Logia de la Isla de Cuba ante la crisis de 1929 a 1933: su reflejo en la revista La Gran Logia”

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Haens Beltrán Alonso

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available La Gran Logia de la Isla de Cuba, principal organismo simbólico de la masonería cubana sufrió durante los años 1929-1933 la grave crisis que afectó a la sociedad cubana. El presente trabajo aborda el posicionamiento de este gobierno masónico ante la situación política, utilizando como fuente fundamental los planteamientos vertidos en su órgano de prensa oficial la revista La Gran Logia. Se parte de la premisa de que la masonería no es una institución política, pero que su funcionamiento la obliga a adoptar una posición ante los problemas que la afectan. ¿Cuál fue la posición de la Gran Logia de la Isla de Cuba sobre la crisis imperante? ¿Cómo expresó su posición sin violar los preceptos masónicos de no discutir sobre política? Estas son las preguntas que en este trabajo se pretenden responder.

  12. [Consumption of antidepressants in Chile from 1992 to 2004].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jirón, Marcela; Machado, Márcio; Ruiz, Inés

    2008-09-01

    Data from the Ministry of Health show that in Chile in 2004, 17% of the population had some form of depression, and mood disorders are the tenth cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) loss. To determine consumption of antidepressants (ADs) in Chile from 1992 to 2004. National sales data were obtained from the company IMS Health Chile and converted into defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1,000 inhabitants per day. Available ADs were classified in four pharmacological groups (i.e., serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, SNRLs; selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRLs; tricyclic antidepressants, TCAs; and others). Total economic burden of ADs utilization and cost per DDDs were also calculated. Trends over time were analyzed using Pearson-R2. Total ADs consumption in Chile measured by DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DHD) increased linearly (y =0.901x + 1.9129; R2 =0.9296; p economic burden of ADs in Chile (total cost of DDDs consumed) increased from US$65.4 million in 2001 to US$74.6 million in 2004 (14% increase). Average cost per DDD of all AD increased linearly, however not significantly from US$ 0.94 in 2001 to US$ 1.04 in 2004 (y =0.0362x + 0.8784; R2 =0.7382; p =0,262). DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day increased linearly over 470% from 1992-2004. SSRLs were the most commonly consumed drugs in Chile. Future research should evaluate the cost-effectiveness of antidepressants in Chile, comparing the results with drug utilization, and determining if unnecessary expenditures have been paid out.

  13. The tourism model in Post-Castro Cuba: Challenges and opportunities

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Balslev, Helene; Velázquez, Mario

    2018-01-01

    This chapter explores tourism in Cuba within the framework of alternative economies to tap into the debate about the diversity of modes of exchange. Cuba is at a crossroad in the country’s transition from socialist to capitalist economy. The death of Fidel Castro and the steps taken by Raúl Castr...... increasing tourism, and since 1999 has been UNESCO World Cultural Landscape....

  14. MÚSICA CAMPESINA Y CULTURA POPULAR EN CUBA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Radisbel Galán Rizo

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Resumen La música campesina en Cuba constituye la base fundamental para el estudio de la cultura del país. En ella confluye junto a escasos elementos de la población aborigen las culturas de diferentes etnias que conformaron el amplio mosaico cultural de la Isla siendo la música campesina síntesis inequívoca de este proceso. A través de un análisis crítico, se tomaron en consideración ideas planteadas por varios autores, lo que permite enriquecer los términos y la comprensión del tema. El estudio de la realidad posibilitó analizar la presencia de la música campesina en el contexto nacional a través de sus componentes étnicos, motivaciones, características, rasgos originales, evolución histórica y social como parte indisoluble en la conformación de la nación y su salvaguarda como reafirmación de identidad. De esta forma, el presente texto responde a la insuficiencia de información acerca de los esfuerzos para la salvaguarda y rescate de la tradición musical campesina en Cuba. PALABRAS CLAVE: Música campesina; cultura popular; identidad. THE CONTRY MUSIC AND POPULAR CULTURE IN CUBA ABSTRACT The country music in Cuba is the fundamental for the study of the country's culture base. It converges with few elements of Aboriginal people from different ethnic cultures that shaped the broad cultural mosaic of the island country music being unequivocal synthesis of this process. Through critical analysis, were taken into consideration ideas raised by several authors, allowing enrich the terms and understanding of the subject. The study of reality allowed analyze the presence of country music in the national context through its ethnic components, motivations, characteristics, original features, historical and social evolution as an indissoluble part in shaping the nation and its protection as a reaffirmation of identity. Thus, this text responds to insufficient information on efforts to safeguard and rescue of peasant musical

  15. Increased sex ratio in Russia and Cuba after Chernobyl: a radiological hypothesis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Scherb, Hagen; Kusmierz, Ralf; Voigt, Kristina

    2013-08-15

    The ratio of male to female offspring at birth may be a simple and non-invasive way to monitor the reproductive health of a population. Except in societies where selective abortion skews the sex ratio, approximately 105 boys are born for every 100 girls. Generally, the human sex ratio at birth is remarkably constant in large populations. After the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in April 1986, a long lasting significant elevation in the sex ratio has been found in Russia, i.e. more boys or fewer girls compared to expectation were born. Recently, also for Cuba an escalated sex ratio from 1987 onward has been documented and discussed in the scientific literature. By the end of the eighties of the last century in Cuba as much as about 60% of the food imports were provided by the former Soviet Union. Due to its difficult economic situation, Cuba had neither the necessary insight nor the political strength to circumvent the detrimental genetic effects of imported radioactively contaminated foodstuffs after Chernobyl. We propose that the long term stable sex ratio increase in Cuba is essentially due to ionizing radiation. A synoptic trend analysis of Russian and Cuban annual sex ratios discloses upward jumps in 1987. The estimated jump height from 1986 to 1987 in Russia measures 0.51% with a 95% confidence interval (0.28, 0.75), p value Cuba the estimated jump height measures 2.99% (2.39, 3.60), p value Cuba and by radiological analyses of remains in Cuba for Cs-137 and Sr-90. If the evidence for the hypothesis is strengthened, there is potential to learn about genetic radiation risks and to prevent similar effects in present and future exposure situations.

  16. Morbilidad geriátrica en el Hospital Provincial Clinicoquirúrgico Docente "Saturnino Lora" de Santiago de Cuba Geriatric morbidity in "Saturnino Lora" Provincial Clinical Surgical Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Graciela Trinidad Tejera Ibarra

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y transversal de 130 pacientes mayores de 65 años, seleccionados a través del método aleatorio simple durante su ingreso en la Sala de Geriatría del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, de junio a diciembre del 2011, con vistas a identificar las principales causas de morbilidad en estos ancianos. En la serie la mayoría de los integrantes correspondieron al sexo masculino, con predominio del grupo etario de 65-69 años, y se destacaron las enfermedades respiratorias como originarias de morbilidad, fundamentalmente la bronconeumonía, seguidas en menor frecuencia de las afecciones cardiovasculares y las neoplásicas, de las cuales sobresalieron, con un número superior de afectados, la hipertensión arterial y el cáncer de pulmón, respectivamente. Se calculó la tasa de prevalencia para expresar la morbilidad y como unidad de resumen estadístico se empleó el porcentaje.A retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in 130 patients older than 65 years, selected through simple random method during their admission to the Geriatrics Department of "Saturnino Lora" Provincial Clinical Surgical Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from June to December 2011, in order to identify the main causes of morbidity in these elderly. In the series most of the patients were male with prevalence of the age group of 65-69 years, and respiratory diseases as cause of morbidity, mainly bronchopneumonia, followed by a lesser frequency of cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases predominated, of them hypertension and lung cancer prevailed with a higher number of patients, respectively. Rate of prevalence was estimated to express the morbidity and as statistical summary unit, percentage was used.

  17. Caries dental asociada a factores de riesgo durante el embarazo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Antonio Cecilio Pérez Oviedo

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available El periodo gestacional se relaciona con una mayor incidencia de caries dental, aunque la asociación entre gestación e incremento de caries no ha podido aún ser científicamente demostrada. Se propuso realizar un estudio para determinar la presencia de caries dental y algunos factores de riesgo asociados en el primer y tercer trimestre del embarazo, para detectar la aparición de lesiones cariosas nuevas y cambios relacionados con los factores de riesgo entre ambos trimestres. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal desde diciembre de 2006 a febrero de 2008 en el municipio de Florida, Camagüey, Cuba. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 38 embarazadas y la muestra por 21, que fueron interrogadas y examinadas en ambos trimestres con el objetivo de determinar la presencia de caries y los factores de riesgo asociados como: higiene bucal deficiente, dieta cariogénica, pH salival bajo, ocurrencia de vómitos y embarazo previo. La información necesaria fue recogida en un formulario confeccionado al efecto. En el primer trimestre el 80,95 % estaban afectadas por caries dental y se observó aparición de lesiones nuevas en 6 embarazadas, en el tercer trimestre. Los factores de riesgo presentados con mayor frecuencia en el primer trimestre fueron la dieta cariogénica en el 66,66 % y la higiene bucal deficiente en el 47,61 % de las pacientes. Ninguna embarazada modificó la dieta durante el embarazo, sin embargo la higiene bucal deficiente persistió en el 14,28 %. El 52,38 % de las embarazadas afectadas en el primer trimestre consumían dieta cariogénica y el 47,61 % habían tenido embarazo previo. Se concluyó que hubo afectación por nuevas caries durante el embarazo, los factores de riesgo que predominantes fueron la dieta cariogénica, la higiene bucal deficiente y el embarazo previo. Las pacientes no modificaron la dieta durante el embarazo, pero sí mejoraron la higiene bucal. Todas las que presentaban vómitos y pH salival

  18. Baseline research for action: adolescent alcohol consumption in Los Palacios Municipality, Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Díaz, Yolanda; Espinosa, Yairelis

    2013-04-01

    In Cuba, alcohol is an important contributor to morbidity, mortality and social problems. The foundation of Cuba's universal primary health care coverage, family doctor-and-nurse offices play a critical role in prevention, early detection and treatment of alcohol abuse. Los Palacios Municipality of the westernmost province of Pinar del Río, Cuba, is a socially complex, periurban area where alcohol abuse and alcoholism have been identified as important health problems. Adolescents constitute a population at high risk for alcohol abuse because of their receptivity to social influences, but the precise extent of the problem is unknown. This paper reports baseline findings from a survey and direct observation of alcohol consumption in the catchment area of a primary care center, conducted to inform planning for an educational intervention. KEYWORDS Alcohol, alcoholism, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, adolescence, primary health care, Cuba.

  19. Tramas tróficas de peces de arrecifes en la región noroccidental de Cuba: I. Contenido estomacal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ivet Hernández

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available Se analizó el contenido estomacal de los peces arrecifales más abundantes de una zona del sublitoral rocoso de Ciudad de La Habana, desde octubre del 2004 hasta febrero del 2006. Para describir las dietas de las especies de peces carnívoras y omnívoras se empleó el índice de importancia relativa. Para los herbívoros y consumidores de esponjas se usó una modificación del método de abundancia relativa. La mayoría de las especies estudiadas son eurífagas y consumen principalmente otros peces y crustáceos bénticos.Trophic webs of reef fishes in northwestern Cuba. I. Stomach contents. Studies on the reef fishes of Cuba are not rare, but most have two basic limitations: small sample sizes and exclusion of small species. Our study sampled more species and larger samples in the sublitoral region of Havana city (23º7.587´ N, 82º25.793´ W, 2-18 m deep. We collected fish weekly from October 2004 through February 2006 with traps and harpoon. Overfishing has modified the fish communities. We used the relative importance index to describe the diets of carnivore and omnivore species, and a modification of the relative abundance method for the herbivores and sponge-eating species. The main food items are benthonic crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, copepods and bony fish (mainly demersal species. Most species are eurifagous and thus, less affected by anthropic disturbance than specialist feeders. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2: 541-555. Epub 2008 June 30.

  20. Four decades of kidney transplantation in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Alfonzo, Jorge P

    2013-01-01

    This article describes the background, beginnings, development, evolution and outcomes of kidney transplantation in Cuba. Nephrology as a medical specialty in Cuba began in 1962 and was formalized in 1966. Conditions were created to implement renal replacement therapy (including transplants), bring nephrology care to the entire country and train human resources who would assume this responsibility, making Cuba one of the first countries with a comprehensive program for renal patient care. After three unsuccessful cadaveric-donor kidney transplantations in 1968-69, the ensuing history of kidney transplantation can be summarized in the following three stages. 1970-1975: In January 1970, cadaveric-donor kidney transplantation began at the Nephrology Institute. That year, 17 kidney transplantations were performed; four of these patients lived with functional kidneys for 15-25 years; 10-year graft survival was 23.5% (Kaplan-Meier survival curve); HLA typing began in 1974. By December 1975, 170 grafts had been done in three hospitals. 1976-1985: Seven transplantation centers performed 893 grafts during this period. HLA-DR typing was introduced in 1976 and the National Histocompatibility Laboratory Network was founded in 1978. The first related living-donor kidney transplantation was done in 1979. 1986-2011: The National Kidney Transplantation Coordinating Center and the National Kidney Transplantation Program were created in 1986; the first combined kidney-pancreas transplantation was performed the same year. In 1990, cyclosporine and the Cuban monoclonal antibody IOR-T3 were introduced for immunosuppression to prevent rejection, as were other Cuban products (hepatitis B vaccine and recombinant human erythropoietin) for transplant patients. By December 2011, the cumulative number of transplants was 4636 (384 from related living donors). With over 40 years of experience, kidney transplantation is now well established in Cuba; it is free and universally accessible, on the

  1. Energy in Sweden 2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-11-01

    Energy in Sweden is published annually by the Swedish Energy Agency. Energy in Sweden 2004, together with its statistics supplement, Energy in Sweden: Facts and Figures 2004, is intended to provide decision-makers, journalists and the public with a single source of easily available information on conditions and developments in the energy sector. In recent years, Swedish energy and environmental policy has been increasingly concentrated on establishing or improving the long-term conditions for efficient energy markets and efficient use of energy. Restructuring of the Swedish electricity market, greater internationalisation and the effects of the energy system on the wider environment and on climate are important factors that influence the direction of energy policy and so also development of the energy markets. The line that was started by the 2002 Energy Policy Agreement, under the name of Working Together for a Reliable, Efficient and Environmentally Aware Energy Supply (Bill no. 2001/02:143), continues. The shift in taxation policy to encourage the move towards a sustainable energy system and reduced environmental impact continues, as exemplified by the introduction of the electricity certificate system on 1st May 2003. The negotiations that were started in 2003 with a view to progressive shut-down of nuclear power generation were broken off in October 2004 without having reached agreement with the nuclear power companies. As soon as the breakdown of the negotiations was announced, the Government, together with the Left Party and the Centre Party, stated that Barsebaeck 2 will be closed in 2005. Sweden's climate policy is based on the Climate Strategy Act (Bill no. 2001/02:55), which was adopted by Parliament in March 2002. It is expected that trading in emission rights, in accordance with the EU Emissions Trading Directive, will start in January 2005, with publication of national emission rights allocations on 30th September 2004. One of the more important tasks

  2. Cuba After Castro: Implications of Change

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Bullington, Johnny R

    2005-01-01

    .... In addition, the biological aging of Fidel Castro, as well as the downward spiral of the Cuban economy and well-being of Cuban citizens point to what may be a ripening chance for democracy in Cuba...

  3. Internet and e-Commerce Use by Agribusiness Firms: 2004

    OpenAIRE

    Henderson, Jason R.; Akridge, Jay T.; Dooley, Frank J.

    2006-01-01

    In 2001, the dot.com bubble burst and U.S. e-commerce growth slowed. Slower e-commerce growth may signal changes in the use and perceptions of the Internet and e-commerce in agribusiness companies. Agribusiness firm managers were surveyed in 2004 to identify agribusiness use of the Internet and e-commerce and to solicit their perceptions about the Internet and e-commerce. The survey was developed from a similar survey conducted in 1999. In 2004, agribusiness firms were using e-commerce more w...

  4. Protocol Additional to the Agreement between the Republic of Cuba and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-01-01

    The text of the Protocol Additional to the Agreement between the Republic of Cuba and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is reproduced in the Annex to this document for the information of all Members. The Additional Protocol was approved by the Board of Governors on 9 September 2003. It was signed on 18 September 2003. Pursuant to Article 17 of the Additional Protocol, the Protocol entered into force on 3 June 2004, the date on which the Agency received from Cuba written notification that Cuba's statutory and/or constitutional requirements for entry into force had been met

  5. Protocol Additional to the Agreement between the Republic of Cuba and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2004-08-18

    The text of the Protocol Additional to the Agreement between the Republic of Cuba and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is reproduced in the Annex to this document for the information of all Members. The Additional Protocol was approved by the Board of Governors on 9 September 2003. It was signed on 18 September 2003. Pursuant to Article 17 of the Additional Protocol, the Protocol entered into force on 3 June 2004, the date on which the Agency received from Cuba written notification that Cuba's statutory and/or constitutional requirements for entry into force had been met.

  6. La drepanocitosis en Cuba. Estudio en niños: Study in children Drepanocytosis in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eva Svarch

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available La drepanocitosis es la anemia hemolítica determinada genéticamente más frecuente en el mundo. En Cuba, la frecuencia del estado de portador es del 3,08 % en la población general. La fisiopatología de la oclusión vascular es muy compleja; involucra la polimerización de la Hb S, las alteraciones de la membrana del hematíe, las moléculas de adhesión, las citocinas inflamatorias, los factores de la coagulación y lesiones del endotelio vascular. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son: las crisis vasooclusivas dolorosas, el síndrome torácico agudo, la crisis de secuestro esplénico, la crisis aplástica, la necrosis aséptica de la cabeza del fémur y la úlcera maleolar. El cuadro clínico es muy variable: desde niños que mueren temprano en la vida hasta pacientes que alcanzan la sexta década de la vida. En el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología existe un Programa de Atención Integral que incluye: seguimiento sistemático desde temprano en la vida en una consulta especializada, la administración de ácido fólico de forma permanente y de penicilina oral profiláctica los primeros 5 años de la vida; así como la educación del niño y de sus padres. Desde 1986 se realiza esplenectomía parcial en la crisis de secuestro esplénico con excelentes resultados. Entre 2004-2008 fallecieron solamente 16 enfermos en todo el país y en 397 adultos la sobrevida fue de 53 años en la anemia drepanocítica y de 58 en la hemoglobinopatía SC. Como resultado de este programa, en los últimos años la sobrevida ha aumentado, la calidad de vida del paciente ha mejorado y han disminuido los costos invertidos en el tratamiento de las complicaciones.Drepanocytosis is the hemolytic anemia more frequent genetically determined in the world. In Cuba, the frequency of carrier status is of 3,08% in general population. The pathophysiology of vascular occlusion is very complex; includes the polymerization of the Hb S, the alterations of red

  7. Análisis paleoambiental de sedimentos lateríticos del depósito Camarioca, Moa, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Adrian Martínez-Vargas

    2008-03-01

    Full Text Available En el yacimiento niquelífero Camarioca, Cuba Oriental, hay sedimentos lateríticos bien documentados, que contienen un registro paleontológico espacialmente distribuido. Tomando como base las entidades taxoregistráticas en el área, se hizo la reconstrucción paleoambiental del sistema deposicional. Se realizó el análisis de la diversidad de las asociaciones registradas, el estudio de las variaciones de los factores de estrés, las reconstrucciones paleobatimétrica y paleoecológica y la correlación taxonómica. La combinación de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas de análisis de datos paleontológicos, arrojó resultados que evidencian el establecimiento en la región, durante el Mioceno–Plioceno, de un sistema deposicional de plataforma interna protegida con mayor energía de deposición hacia el sur, y profundidades que se incrementaron de 0-30 m al sur hasta los 100 m al norte.

  8. Advenimiento del Comunismo en América Latina. Los casos de México, Brasil y Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Caridad Massón Sena

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available Resumen. El advenimiento de Comunismo en América Latina ha sido un tema tratado por los historiadores, de modo generalizado, atendiendo a puntos de vista esencialmente políticos. Prejuicios y apologías han coexistido durante muchos años para explicar el fenómeno. El presente artículo trata de ubicarse en un punto intermedio y, al mismo tiempo, más objetivo. Partiendo de un estudio minucioso de la bibliografía existente y de los recientes hallazgo de conocimiento surgidos con la apertura de los archivos de la Comintern en Moscú, la autora pretende valorar tanto los factores internos como los internacionales que hicieron posible el nacimiento de los Partidos Comunistas en este continente y realizar estudio de los casos específicos de México, Brasil y Cuba en el período comprendido entre 1919 y 1925. Palabras Claves Comunismo, Anarco-sindicalismo, proletariado, revolución mundial.

  9. Una rareza bibliográfica escrita en Cuba sobre fiebre amarilla A bibliography rarity on yelow fever written in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Antonio López Espinosa

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available Se brinda una síntesis biográfica del cirujano de origen escosés John Holliday Heragod (Juan Tomás José Agustín Domínguez, quien fue el autor de una de las primeras obras escritas en Cuba sobre la fiebre amarilla, y se ofrecen algunas observaciones en relación con el proceso de convalidación de su título ante el Real Tribunal del Protomedicato de La Habana. Se emiten varias consideraciones referentes a las circunstancias que rodearon la redacción en español del citado documento en 1794, su presentación en la Real Sociedad Patriótica de Amigos del País en 1796 y su publicación en inglés fuera de Cuba el mismo año, como elementos para ubicarlo en el lugar adecuado en el contexto de la historia de la bibliografía médica cubanaA brief bibliography on the Scoth surgeon John Holliday Heragod (Juan Tomás José Agustín Domínguez is given. Dr. Heragod was one of the first authors who wrote about the yellow fever in Cuba. Some observations are made concerning the process for validating his diploma at the Real Tribunal del Protomedicato de la Habana. Some considerations are made referring the Spanish equivalent of the document in 1794, its presentation at the Real Sociedad Patriótica Amigos del País in 1794, and its publication in the English languaje outside Cuba in the same year, as well as its palce in the history of the Cuban bibliography on Medicine

  10. WATER PRODUCTION IN COMETS 2001 Q4 (NEAT) AND 2002 T7 (LINEAR) DETERMINED FROM SOHO/SWAN OBSERVATIONS

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Combi, M. R.; Lee, Y.; Maekinen, J. T. T.; Bertaux, J.-L.; Quemerais, E.

    2009-01-01

    The SWAN all-sky camera on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft detected the hydrogen Lyman-alpha (Lyα) comae of comets 2001 Q4 NEAT and 2002 T7 LINEAR for large portions of their perihelion apparitions in 2003 and 2004. C/2001 Q4 NEAT was observed from 2003 September 14 through 2004 November 2, covering heliocentric distances from 3.23 AU before perihelion to 2.75 AU after, and C/2002 T7 LINEAR was observed from 2003 December 4 through 2004 August 6, covering heliocentric distances from 2.52 AU before perihelion to 2.09 AU after. We combined the full set of comet specific and full-sky observations and used our time-resolved model (TRM), which enables us to extract continuous values of the daily-average value of the water production rate throughout most of this entire period. The average power-law fit to the production rate variation of C/2001 Q4 NEAT with heliocentric distance, r, gives 3.5 x 10 29 r -1.7 and that for C/2002 T7 LINEAR gives 4.6 x 10 29 r -2.0 . Both comets show roughly a factor of 2 asymmetry in activity about perihelion, being more active before perihelion. C/2001 Q4 NEAT showed a production rate outburst about 30 days before perihelion (2004 April 15) and then a large extended increase above the nominal trend from 50 to 70 days after perihelion (2004 July 5-July 25).

  11. Slave resistance and the politics of slavery: Brazil and Cuba, 1791-1825

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Parron, Tâmis

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available This article examines the political impact of slave activism in Brazil and Cuba from 1790 to 1825, covering the period from the beginning of the Revolution of Saint-Domingue to the establishment of the Constitution of Brazil (1824 and the granting of absolute power to the captains general of Cuba (1825, in the immediate context of the end of the wars of independence on the continent. Instead of discussing and classifying the specific character of the different expressions of collective slave resistance in a typological order, this article tries to understand the effect of those actions on the macro-political dynamic of these two aspects by verifying to what extent they made up the political and institutional framework of slavery in Brazil and Cuba.

    El artículo examina el impacto político del activismo esclavo, en Brasil y Cuba, de 1790 a 1825, esto es, desde el inicio de la Revolución de Saint-Domingue al otorgamiento de la Constitución del Brasil (1824 y al decreto de facultades omnímodas para los capitanes generales de Cuba (1825, en el contexto inmediato del término de las guerras de independencia en el continente. En lugar de discutir y clasificar en un orden tipológico el carácter específico de las diversas expresiones de resistencia esclava colectiva, el artículo intenta comprender el efecto de esas acciones en la dinámica macropolítica de los dos espacios, verificando en qué medida aquéllas conformaron el cuadro político e institucional de la esclavitud en Brasil y en Cuba. [pt] O artigo examina o impacto político do ativismo escravo, no Brasil e Cuba, de 1790 a 1825, isto é, do início da Revolução de Saint-Domingue à outorga da Constituição do Brasil (1824 e à decretação das faculdades onímodas para os capitães generais de Cuba (1825, no contexto imediato do término das guerras de independência no continente. Ao invés de discutir e classificar em uma ordem tipológica o caráter específico das

  12. Las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en la Cuba prerrevolucionaria.: su prevención, control y tratamiento

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Teresa Fariñas Reinoso

    2001-06-01

    Full Text Available Se describe el comportamiento de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS, así como las actividades de prevención, control y tratamiento realizadas en Cuba durante los períodos colonial y republicano burgués. Las técnicas de trabajo más utilizadas fueron la revisión bibliográfica y documental, las entrevistas semiestructuradas y el testimonio. Los principales resultados reflejan que desde la época colonial se relacionó la prostitución con las enfermedades venéreas, período en que se creó el primer hospital especial para atender a los pacientes con ETS, se reglamentó el control del ejercicio de la prostitución, y el tratamiento de estas enfermedades se caracterizó por el uso de medicamentos autóctonos como la copaiba. Durante la república mediatizada el control de estas enfermedades se concentró en la capital del país, extendiéndose posteriormente a otras cabeceras provinciales. Se realizaron y aplicaron las primeras medidas preventivas, se instauró la notificación obligatoria y se utilizaron por primera vez a los enfermos como promotores de salud.The behavior of sexually transmitted diseases (STD, as well as the activities of prevention, control and treatment carried out in Cuba during the colonial and republican burgeois periods are described. The most used working techniques were the bibliographic and documentary review, the semistructured interviews and the testimony. The main results show that prostitution was connected with venereal diseases since the colonial period, when the first special hospital for patients with STD was founded, the control of prostitution was regulated and the treatment of these diseases was characterized by the use of autochthonous drugs as Copaiba. During the mediatized republic the control of these diseases was concentrated in the capital of the country and it was later extended to other provincial capitals. The first preventive measures were taken and applied, the compulsory

  13. Fifty years of Cuba's medical diplomacy: from idealism to pragmatism.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Feinsilver, Julie M

    2010-01-01

    Medical diplomacy, the collaboration between countries to simultaneously produce health benefits and improve relations, has been a cornerstone of Cuban foreign policy since the outset of the revolution fifty years ago. It has helped Cuba garner symbolic capital (goodwill, influence, and prestige) well beyond what would have been possible for a small, developing country, and it has contributed to making Cuba a player on the world stage. In recent years, medical diplomacy has been instrumental in providing considerable material capital (aid, credit, and trade), as the oil-for-doctors deals with Venezuela demonstrates. This has helped keep the revolution afloat in trying economic times. What began as the implementation of the one of the core values of the revolution, namely health as a basic human right for all peoples, has continued as both an idealistic and a pragmatic pursuit. This article examines the factors that enabled Cuba to conduct medical diplomacy over the past fifty years, the rationale behind the conduct of this type of soft power politics, the results of that effort, and the mix of idealism and pragmatism that has characterized the experience. Moreover, it presents a typology of medical diplomacy that Cuba has used over the past fifty years.

  14. Increased sex ratio in Russia and Cuba after Chernobyl: a radiological hypothesis

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-01-01

    Background The ratio of male to female offspring at birth may be a simple and non-invasive way to monitor the reproductive health of a population. Except in societies where selective abortion skews the sex ratio, approximately 105 boys are born for every 100 girls. Generally, the human sex ratio at birth is remarkably constant in large populations. After the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in April 1986, a long lasting significant elevation in the sex ratio has been found in Russia, i.e. more boys or fewer girls compared to expectation were born. Recently, also for Cuba an escalated sex ratio from 1987 onward has been documented and discussed in the scientific literature. Presentation of the hypothesis By the end of the eighties of the last century in Cuba as much as about 60% of the food imports were provided by the former Soviet Union. Due to its difficult economic situation, Cuba had neither the necessary insight nor the political strength to circumvent the detrimental genetic effects of imported radioactively contaminated foodstuffs after Chernobyl. We propose that the long term stable sex ratio increase in Cuba is essentially due to ionizing radiation. Testing of the hypothesis A synoptic trend analysis of Russian and Cuban annual sex ratios discloses upward jumps in 1987. The estimated jump height from 1986 to 1987 in Russia measures 0.51% with a 95% confidence interval (0.28, 0.75), p value < 0.0001. In Cuba the estimated jump height measures 2.99% (2.39, 3.60), p value < 0.0001. The hypothesis may be tested by reconstruction of imports from the world markets to Cuba and by radiological analyses of remains in Cuba for Cs-137 and Sr-90. Implications of the hypothesis If the evidence for the hypothesis is strengthened, there is potential to learn about genetic radiation risks and to prevent similar effects in present and future exposure situations. PMID:23947741

  15. Cuban experience in management of radiological events in the period of 2000-2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lopez Forteza, Yamil; Jerez Vegueria, Pablo F.; Diaz Guerra, Pedro I.; Quevedo Garcia, Jose R.; Hernandez Alvarez, Ramon; Dumenigo Gonzalez, Cruz; Fuente Puch, Andres de la

    2005-01-01

    In the development of practices associated with the use of ionizing radiation, while all the required protection and safety measures are taken, there is always a probability of occurrence of situations of accidents for which it must be prepared and organized with a system of emergencies both at the level of regulatory authority and other organizations and of users. In the frames of this system the comprehensive assessment of radiological events constitutes a basic element of feedback for its further development. The objective of this work is to make an analysis of the behavior of the events in Cuba in the period 2000-2004

  16. Physics and Women: A Challenge Being Successfully Met in Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Arias de Fuentes, Olimpia

    The history of physics in Cuba, like all the country's educational and scientific development, cannot be understood without taking into account its close relationship with the social changes that took place in Cuba during the five decades elapsed since 1959. This should include due consideration to the role played by women in this process, all the more since the link between science and gender is now generally regarded as a subject of growing special interest

  17. An overview of sugarcane brown rust in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María La O

    Full Text Available ABSTRACT: Multiple pathogens affect sugarcane, among them Puccinia melanocephala, the causal agent of brown rust. This disease was first reported in Cuba in 1979 when it was responsible for a severe attack on the main sugarcane variety B4362. The aims of the present study were to give an overview of sugarcane brown rust in Cuba and show the current disease situation in the country. A retrospective analysis regard to sugarcane cultivar composition resistant to brown rust in Cuba was carried out. In addition 154 genotypes, including the most used progenitors in the breeding program and commercial varieties were evaluated under natural infection conditions. The identity of P. melanocephala was verified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR and by sequencing the ITS1 region. After the introduction of P. melanocephala into Cuba, the susceptible variety, B4362, was replaced by Ja60-5 which remained resistant until 1998. Since 2002, a varietal policy supported by a governmental resolution establishing that any single cultivar cannot occupy more than 20 % of the production area for each production company, local area and province, has been applied. Out of the genotypes evaluated, 49 showed resistance to the disease and 35 intermediate behavior, while 39 were susceptible and 31, highly susceptible. P. melanocephala was detected by PCR in all symptomatic samples and its identify confirmed by sequencing the ITS1 region. The adopted measurement together with permanent phytosanitary monitoring and commercial release of resistant or intermediate cultivars succeeded in avoiding any new epidemic. Inoculum pressure was reduced, even on susceptible and highly susceptible varieties since, by resolution, they cannot occupy more than 10 % of the planted area.

  18. STRUCTURAL HETEROGENEITIES AND PALEO FLUID FLOW IN AN ANALOG SANDSTONE RESERVOIR 2001-2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pollard, David; Aydin, Atilla

    2005-01-01

    Fractures and faults are brittle structural heterogeneities that can act both as conduits and barriers with respect to fluid flow in rock. This range in the hydraulic effects of fractures and faults greatly complicates the challenges faced by geoscientists working on important problems: from groundwater aquifer and hydrocarbon reservoir management, to subsurface contaminant fate and transport, to underground nuclear waste isolation, to the subsurface sequestration of CO2 produced during fossil-fuel combustion. The research performed under DOE grant DE-FG03-94ER14462 aimed to address these challenges by laying a solid foundation, based on detailed geological mapping, laboratory experiments, and physical process modeling, on which to build our interpretive and predictive capabilities regarding the structure, patterns, and fluid flow properties of fractures and faults in sandstone reservoirs. The material in this final technical report focuses on the period of the investigation from July 1, 2001 to October 31, 2004. The Aztec Sandstone at the Valley of Fire, Nevada, provides an unusually rich natural laboratory in which exposures of joints, shear deformation bands, compaction bands and faults at scales ranging from centimeters to kilometers can be studied in an analog for sandstone aquifers and reservoirs. The suite of structures there has been documented and studied in detail using a combination of low-altitude aerial photography, outcrop-scale mapping and advanced computational analysis. In addition, chemical alteration patterns indicative of multiple paleo fluid flow events have been mapped at outcrop, local and regional scales. The Valley of Fire region has experienced multiple episodes of fluid flow and this is readily evident in the vibrant patterns of chemical alteration from which the Valley of Fire derives its name. We have successfully integrated detailed field and petrographic observation and analysis, process-based mechanical modeling, and numerical

  19. Influence of Diadema antillarum populations (Echinodermata: Diadematidae on algal community structure in Jardines de la Reina, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Félix Martín Blanco

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available The 1983-1984 mass mortality of Diadema antillarum produced severe damages on Caribbean reefs contributing to substantial changes in community structure that still persist. Despite the importance of Diadema grazing in structuring coral reefs, available information on current abundances and algal-urchin interactions in Cuba is scarce. We analyzed spatial variations in Diadema abundance and its influence on algal community structure in 22 reef sites in Jardines de la Reina, in June/2004 and April/2005. Urchins were counted in five 30x2m transects per site, and algal coverage was estimated in randomly located 0.25m side quadrats (15 per site. Abundances of Diadema were higher at reef crests (0.013-1.553 ind/m², while reef slope populations showed values up to three orders of magnitude lower and were overgrown by macroalgae (up to 87%, local values. Algal community structure at reef slopes were dominated by macroalgae, especially Dictyota, Lobophora and Halimeda while the most abundant macroalgae at reef crests were Halimeda and Amphiroa. Urchin densities were negatively and positively correlated with mean coverage of macroalgae and crustose coralline algae, respectively, when analyzing data pooled across all sites, but not with data from separate habitats (specially reef crest, suggesting, along with historical fish biomass, that shallow reef community structure is being shaped by the synergistic action of other factors (e.g. fish grazing rather than the influence of Diadema alone. However, we observed clear signs of Diadema grazing at reef crests and decreased macroalgal cover according to 2001 data, what suggest that grazing intensity at this habitat increased at the same time that Diadema recruitment began to be noticeable. Furthermore, the excessive abundance of macroalgae at reef slopes and the scarcity of crustose coralline algae seems to be due by the almost complete absence of D. antillarum at mid depth reefs, where local densities of this

  20. Leucemias agudas en ancianos de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lidia Clara Suárez Beyríes

    2015-04-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de 64 pacientes mayores de 60 años con leucemia aguda, atendidos en el Servicio de Hematología del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, durante el quinquenio 2006-2011, para determinar las principales características clínicas y hematológicas en el momento del diagnóstico, así como la supervivencia global de los afectados, aunque los tratamientos administrados no tenían criterio curativo. La edad promedio de los ancianos fue de 70 años, en un rango etario de 60 a 90; en tanto, la variedad no linfoblástica representó 98,4 %, y todos los pacientes presentaron anemia y trombocitopenia como alteraciones hematológicas, con incremento en los requerimientos transfusionales. De igual forma, la presencia de blastos en la sangre periférica se demostró en 50 % y la hiperleucocitosis en 59,4 %, mientras las principales causas de muerte estuvieron relacionadas con la hemorragia cerebral y la progresión de la enfermedad con la infiltración multiorgánica, lo cual condujo a una supervivencia muy corta de los integrantes de la serie

  1. El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, tratado axiológico para el profesional de la salud El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, an axiological treatise for health professionals

    OpenAIRE

    Yunexis Teresa Nobalbo Aguilera; Maritza Yuliet Téllez Cabrera; Yohaysa Pérez Alfonso

    2011-01-01

    El estudio del El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, de Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, tiene una gran importancia para el análisis de la concepción del hombre nuevo. En este trabajo se brinda una nueva visión desde un enfoque axiológico. Asimismo, se divulga el sistema de valores presentes en la obra que contribuyen a la formación del profesional de la salud, a partir de la figura del Che.The study of El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba (Socialism and man in Cuba) of Ernesto Guevara de la Serna is o...

  2. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents from Serbia in the period 2001-2004 and 2011-2014.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rakić, Rada; Pavlica, Tatjana; Jovičić, Dubravka

    In recent years an increasing prevalence in overweight and obesity of children and adolescents has been recorded worldwide. Childhood obesity is a risk factor for adulthood obesity. The aim of the study is to examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 7-19 in a 10-year long period in Serbia. Cross sectional investigation was conducted in the periods 2001-2004 and 2011-2014. The first investigation included 8965 individuals, 4344 schoolboys and 4621 schoolgirls aged 7-19, while the second investigation included 2507 schoolboys and 3083 schoolgirls. The body mass index (BMI kg m(-2)) was obtained from the recorded height and weight and the assessment of overweight and obesity was based on IOTF reference values. In the first period investigation overweight prevalence was detected in 18% of subjects (21.1% in boys and 15.1% in girls) and obesity prevalence in 5.5% of subjects (6.7% in boys and 4.4% in girls). In the second investigation the overweight and obesity prevalence was observed in 17.4% and 4.5% of subjects, respectively (20.6% in boys and 14.8% in girls; 5.3% in boys and 3.9% in girls). The results indicate that in the ten-year period there has been no increase in the number of overweight and obese children and adolescents in Serbia.

  3. LBA-ECO LC-22 Post-deforestation Land Use, Mato Grosso, Brazil: 2001-2005

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration — ABSTRACT: This data set provides (1) areal estimates of deforestation events (>25 ha) that were identified from 2001-2004 in Mato Grosso by the Brazilian...

  4. Especies nuevas del género Gibberula (Mollusca: Cystiscidae de Cuba y Venezuela New species of the genus Gibberula (Mollusca: Cystiscidae from Cuba and Venezuela

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Espinosa

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available Se describen 3 especies nuevas de moluscos marinos: Gibberula palmasola sp. n., recolectada en la vegetación asociada a rocas rodeadas de sedimentos blandos en una laguna costera cercada por mangle en la península de Guanahacabibes, Cuba, y caracterizada por presentar, el animal vivo, la cabeza negra y una distribución típica de bandas negras y pardas con lunares anaranjados en el manto bajo la concha; Gibberula dosmosquises sp. n., recolectada en fondos rocosos del Caribe insular de Venezuela, se caracteriza por una discreta coloración del manto y un patrón de manchas en el pie, y Gibberula thetisae sp. n, proveniente de los pastos marinos del golfo de Batabanó, Cuba, con 3 pliegues en la columela, el último muy débil, y un labio externo casi cortante, caracteres que permiten separarla de todas las demás especies conocidas en el área antillana, aunque se desconozca la anatomía del animal. Se discute la lista de especies válidas del género para Cuba y Venezuela, y se hacen adiciones y consideraciones al complejo de especies en torno a Gibberula ubitaensis Espinosa y Ortea, 2000.Three new species of marine molluscs are described. Gibberula palmasola new species, collected in vegetation associated with rocks surrounded by soft sediments in a coastal lagoon surrounded by mangroves in Guanahacabibes Peninsula, Cuba, and characterized by a black head and typical distribution of black and brown bands and orange spots in the mantle. Gibberula dosmosquises new species, collected in rocky bottoms of a Caribbean island from Venezuela, characterized by a simple staining in the mantle and a pattern of spots on the foot, and Gibberula thetisae new species, from sea grass in the gulf of Batabano, Cuba, with shell having 3 columellar folds, the last very weak, and a sharp outer lip; although, its anatomy is not known, these conchological characters separate it from all other known species in the Antilles. Aditionally, the list of valid species

  5. Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Sullivan, Mark P

    2006-01-01

    Since the early 1960s, U.S. policy toward Cuba under Fidel Castro has consisted largely of isolating the communist nation through comprehensive economic sanctions, which have been significantly tightened by the Bush Administration...

  6. Dinámica de la fuerza de trabajo en Cuba 1846-1931 (II

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Orestes Gárciga Gárciga

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available En «Dinámica de la fuerza de trabajo en Cuba 1846-1931» se estudia el procesamiento de los datos estadísticos que, acerca de la actividad laboral de la población, presentaron los censos de 1846, 1862, 1899, 1907, 1919 y 1931. Debido a su extensión, la obra ha sido dividida en tres partes para ser publicada en Novedades en Población. El presente artículo examina la evolución de la fuerza de trabajo en Cuba de 1846 a 1931, a través de diversas clasificaciones internacionales empleadas en estos estudios, y da continuidad a «Dinámica de la fuerza de trabajo en Cuba 1846-1931 (I», incluido en el número anterior de la revista (Año 9, Número 17, 2013. Abstract In «Dynamic of the workforce in Cuba 1846-1931» is studied the processing of statistical data showed by the 1846, 1862, 1899, 1907, 1919 and 1931 censuses about labor activity of the population. Due to its extension, this work has been divided in three parts so it can be published in Novedades en Población (News on Population. The current paper reviews the evolution of the work force in Cuba from 1846 to 1931, taking to account diverse international classifications used in this studies. It is the continuation of «Dynamic of the workforce in Cuba 1846-1931 (I», included in the previous number of this magazine.

  7. Cuba's transition to market-based energy prices

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Perez-Lopez, J.F.

    1992-01-01

    Since 1960 the Soviet Union has been, for all practical purposes, Cuba's exclusive supplier of energy products. For certain time periods, Soviet sales of oil and oil products to Cuba were made at concessional prices; prior to 1991, they were priced using transferable rubles and were essentially bartered for Cuban goods, especially sugar. Effective January 1, 1991, the Soviet Union shifted to world market prices and convertible currency payments for all traded commodities, including energy products. The shift to market prices and convertible currencies in Cuban-Soviet energy trade has already brought - or is likely to bring - a number of adjustments in four areas: (1) the trade balance; (2) the ability to reexport oil and oil products; (3) energy consumption patterns; (4) and the structure of energy supplies. 33 refs., 8 tabs

  8. A review of the genus Berosus Leach of Cuba (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Deler-Hernández, Albert; Fikáček, Martin; Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn

    2013-01-01

    Abstract The Cuban fauna of the genus Berosus Leach, 1817 is reviewed based on newly collected material as well as historical and type specimens. Nine species are recognized, including three recorded from Cuba for the first time: Berosus infuscatus LeConte, 1855, Berosus interstitialis Knisch, 1924 (= Berosus stribalus Orchymont, 1946 syn. n.) and Berosus metalliceps Sharp, 1882. Only one of the nine Cuban species, Berosus chevrolati, remains endemic to Cuba, as two other species previously considered as endemic to Cuba are recorded from elsewhere: Berosus quadridens from Mexico and Central America and Berosus trilobus from the Dominican Republic. Notes on biology and Cuban distribution are provided for all nine species. Berosus quadridens Chevrolat, 1863, stat. restit. is removed from synonym with Berosus truncatipennis and considered a valid species. PMID:23794806

  9. LBA-ECO LC-22 Post-deforestation Land Use, Mato Grosso, Brazil: 2001-2005

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration — This data set provides (1) areal estimates of deforestation events (>25 ha) that were identified from 2001-2004 in Mato Grosso by the Brazilian Institute for...

  10. Phylodynamics of the HIV-1 epidemic in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Delatorre, Edson; Bello, Gonzalo

    2013-01-01

    Previous studies have shown that the HIV-1 epidemic in Cuba displayed a complex molecular epidemiologic profile with circulation of several subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRF); but the evolutionary and population history of those viral variants remains unknown. HIV-1 pol sequences of the most prevalent Cuban lineages (subtypes B, C and G, CRF18_cpx, CRF19_cpx, and CRFs20/23/24_BG) isolated between 1999 and 2011 were analyzed. Maximum-likelihood analyses revealed multiple introductions of subtype B (n≥66), subtype C (n≥10), subtype G (n≥8) and CRF18_cpx (n≥2) viruses in Cuba. The bulk of HIV-1 infections in this country, however, was caused by dissemination of a few founder strains probably introduced from North America/Europe (clades B(CU-I) and B(CU-II)), east Africa (clade C(CU-I)) and central Africa (clades G(CU), CRF18(CU) and CRF19(CU)), or locally generated (clades CRFs20/23/24_BG). Bayesian-coalescent analyses show that the major HIV-1 founder strains were introduced into Cuba during 1985-1995; whereas the CRFs_BG strains emerged in the second half of the 1990s. Most HIV-1 Cuban clades appear to have experienced an initial period of fast exponential spread during the 1990s and early 2000s, followed by a more recent decline in growth rate. The median initial growth rate of HIV-1 Cuban clades ranged from 0.4 year⁻¹ to 1.6 year⁻¹. Thus, the HIV-1 epidemic in Cuba has been a result of the successful introduction of a few viral strains that began to circulate at a rather late time of the AIDS pandemic, but then were rapidly disseminated through local transmission networks.

  11. Masculinities studies in eastern Cuba: imaginaries significations. Estudios de masculinidades en la región oriental de Cuba: develando imaginarios. Estudios de masculinidades en la región oriental de Cuba: develando imaginarios.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Denise Regina Quaresma da Silva

    2013-07-01

    Full Text Available In this paper we approached a study about masculinities imaginaries significations in eastern Cuba. Firstly, we rescued relevant moments of the masculinities studies in the country and some theoretical contributions to understand the social production of the masculinities. Besides, we show the qualitative results from the groups with men.En este artículo abordamos un estudio sobre significaciones imaginarias en torno a las masculinidades en la región oriental de Cuba. Primeramente, rescatamos momentos relevantes del desarrollo de los estudios de masculinidades en el país y algunas contribuciones teóricos que consideramos necesarias para comprender la producción de las masculinidades. Presentamos, además, los resultados cualitativos que emergieron de grupos de discusión realizados con hombres.En este artículo abordamos un estudio sobre significaciones imaginarias en torno a las masculinidades en la región oriental de Cuba. Primeramente, rescatamos momentos relevantes del desarrollo de los estudios de masculinidades en el país y algunas contribuciones teóricos que consideramos necesarias para comprender la producción de las masculinidades. Presentamos, además, los resultados cualitativos que emergieron de grupos de discusión realizados con hombres.

  12. A New Look at U.S. Foreign Policy toward Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    1992-04-01

    profit. Stories abound that all the Burger King franchises are sold to Cuban exiles ( Burger King and McDonald Invasion). Many industries have granted...similar franchises in Cuba to those who have put money forth to attain those franchises .’ They also fear Cuban exiles will return ready to control the...the manufacturing of radios (FIGURE 22). 5. In the agricultural products area "sugar was not king ," largely due to Cuba’s failure to meet their 1990

  13. LOS HIDROZOOS (CNIDARIA, HYDROZOA DE LA CAYERÍA SUR DEL GOLFO DE BATABANÓ, CUBA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Susel Castellanos Iglesias

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Hidrozoos de aguas poco profundas fueron recolectados en 17 estaciones, en julio del 2004. Las estaciones se localizaron en manglares, pastos marinos y arrecifes coralinos. Se encontraron hidrozoos de dos subclases (Anthoathecata y Leptothecata, 11 familias, 27 géneros y 34 especies. Se indican la localidad de recolecta, la profundidad, el tipo de sustrato, la descripción y las figuras de 15 especies de hidrozoos  tecados. Se confirma la presencia de Hebellopsis communis Calder, 1991a y Antennella siliquosa (Hincks, 1877 para el Mar Caribe. Se expresa la abundancia relativa en tres categorías: abundante, común y rara. Las especies más abundantes fueron Dynamena crisioides Lamouroux, 1824 en el hábitat de manglar, Cnydoscyphus marginatus (Allman, 1877 y Sertularella diaphana (Allman, 1885 en los arrecifes. Monostaechas quadridens (McCrady, 1859 y Diphasia tropica Nutting, 1904 fueron de baja representación en las muestras. Los sustratos más colonizados fueron la raíz sumergida de mangle rojo y las esponjas en arrecife. El hidrozoo más colonizado fue C. marginatus. El material fue depositado en la colección de invertebrados marinos del Acuario Nacional de Cuba. ABSTRACT Hydrozoans from shallow waters were collected at 17 stations in July 2004. Stations were located in mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and coral reefs. Two subclases (Anthoathecata and Leptothecata of hydrozoans were found, including 11 families, 27 genera and 34 species. The collection site, depth, type of substrate, description and pictures are recorded for the fifteenth thecate hydrozoan species. The presence of Hebellopsis communis Calder, 1991a and Antennella siliquos (Hincks, 1877 is confirmed for the Caribbean Sea. The relative abundance is expressed in three categories: abundant, common and rare. Most abundant species were Dynamena crisioides Lamouroux, 1824 in mangrove habitat, Cnydoscyphus marginatus (Allman, 1877 and Sertularella diaphana (Allman, 1885 in

  14. Desembarque artesanal en Ilo Moquegua: Flota espinelera. 1994-2001

    OpenAIRE

    Treviño Bernal, Hugo; Tejada Cáceres, Alex; Zambrano Pinto, Martín; Huamaní Delgado, Isaac

    2016-01-01

    La flota espinelera artesanal de Ilo-Moquegua, durante los años 1994-2001 desembarcó especies oceánicas. La información sobre áreas de pesca, volúmenes de captura, composición por especies, número de anzuelos, tipo de carnada y días de pesca se obtuvo de los pescadores espineleros. Se desembarcaron 11 especies, destacando: perico (Coryphaena hippurus), tiburón azul (Prionace glauca), tiburón diamante (Isurus oxyrinchus), pez espada (Xiphias gladius) y tiburón martillo (Sphyrna zygaena). Otras...

  15. Algunos relatos sobre santería, magia y etnomedicina en Cuba

    OpenAIRE

    Carrascosa Palomera, Cruz

    2008-01-01

    Este artículo presenta una colección de relatos sobre santería, magia y etnomedicina en Cuba. Incluye información sobre ritos y prácticas de iniciación, de purificación, de curación. This paper offers a selection of stories about santería, magic and folk medicine in Cuba. Includes reports on iniciation, purification and curation rites and practices

  16. Human thermal comfort conditions and urban planning in hot-humid climates-The case of Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rodríguez Algeciras, José Abel; Coch, Helena; De la Paz Pérez, Guillermo; Chaos Yeras, Mabel; Matzarakis, Andreas

    2016-08-01

    Climate regional characteristics, urban environmental conditions, and outdoors thermal comfort requirements of residents are important for urban planning. Basic studies of urban microclimate can provide information and useful resources to predict and improve thermal conditions in hot-humid climatic regions. The paper analyzes the thermal bioclimate and its influence as urban design factor in Cuba, using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET). Simulations of wind speed variations and shade conditions were performed to quantify changes in thermal bioclimate due to possible modifications in urban morphology. Climate data from Havana, Camagüey, and Santiago of Cuba for the period 2001 to 2012 were used to calculate PET with the RayMan model. The results show that changes in meteorological parameters influence the urban microclimate, and consequently modify the thermal conditions in outdoors spaces. Shade is the predominant strategy to improve urban microclimate with more significant benefits in terms of PET higher than 30 °C. For climatic regions such as the analyzed ones, human thermal comfort can be improved by a wind speed modification for thresholds of PET above 30 °C, and by a wind speed decreases in conditions below 26 °C. The improvement of human thermal conditions is crucial for urban sustainability. On this regards, our study is a contribution for urban designers, due to the possibility of taking advantage of results for improving microclimatic conditions based on urban forms. The results may enable urban planners to create spaces that people prefer to visit, and also are usable in the reconfiguration of cities.

  17. Energy in Sweden. Facts and figures 2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-12-01

    Energy in Sweden 2004: Facts and Figures contains the tabular data for most of the diagrams in the main publication. These data consist primarily of the results of the Agency's processing of basic data from Statistics Sweden. Facts and Figures is available at www.stem.se in pdf- and excel file formats. Since the year 2001 statistics for the period 1983-1998 are revised compared to data for previous editions. With effect from the 2001 edition, statistics are of preliminary character for the two preceding years. Breakdowns into certain types of fuels vary somewhat depending on whether preliminary or final data has been used. Further information about the statistics can be found in Energy in Sweden, chapter 8 Energy Facts.

  18. Tricontinental Routes of Solidarity: Stokely Carmichael in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sarah Seidman

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Stokely Carmichael’s visit to Cuba for three weeks in the summer of 1967 illustrates a convergence in the transnational routes of the African American freedom struggle and the Cuban Revolution. African American activists saw Cuba as a model for resisting US power, eradicating racism, and enacting societal change, while the Cuban government considered African Americans allies against US imperialism and advocates of Cuba’s antiracist stance. Amidst racial violence in the United States and Cuba’s efforts to inspire revolution, Carmichael’s presence at the Organization of Latin American Solidarity conference in Havana—and in particular his interactions with Fidel Castro—caused ripples worldwide. A shared “tricontinental” vision that promoted unity in the Global South against imperialism, capitalism, and racism facilitated Carmichael’s solidarity with Castro. Yet divergent views on the role of race in fighting oppression limited their solidarity. Carmichael and Castro’s spectacular alliance demonstrated their personal affinity and ideological commonalities but did not result in an institutional alliance between the black liberation movement and the Cuban state. Instead Carmichael’s connection with the Cuban Revolution left an underexplored legacy. Examining Carmichael’s visit to Cuba illustrates the possibilities and pitfalls of transnational solidarity and furthers our understanding of postwar struggles for change.

  19. Case Study in International Cooperation: Cuba's Molecular Immunology Center and Roswell Park Cancer Institute.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Evans, Rachel; Reid, Mary; Segal, Brahm; Abrams, Scott I; Lee, Kelvin

    2018-04-01

    In 1961, the USA severed diplomatic relations with Cuba, and in 1962 an embargo was imposed on trade and financial relations with that country. It was not until five decades later that the USA and Cuba would reestablish relations. This opened the way for the New York State Trade Mission to Cuba in April 2015, during which Cuba's Molecular Immunology Center and Buffalo, New York's Roswell Park Cancer Institute signed a formal agreement that would set in motion biotechnology research collaboration to address one of the most important causes of death in both countries. Significant research from Cuba led to this groundbreaking collaboration. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of this cooperation, from the Molecular Immunology Center's initial investigations, through the opening of a phase I clinical trial at Roswell Park Cancer Institute with therapies developed at the Center. This cooperation was responsible for the first clinical trial for CIMAvax-EGF involving advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients in the USA. A license was also approved by the US Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control authorizing a commercial partnership for development of biotechnology products, combining the cancer research efforts of both institutions. This unusual collaboration between Cuba and the USA-the US economic embargo and travel restrictions not withstanding-opens good prospects for expanded medical research between the two countries. While political and logistical challenges remain, the shared mission and dedication of these Cuban and US scientists points the way towards relationships that can lead to development, testing, approval and use of promising new therapies for cancer patients. KEYWORDS Biotechnology, clinical trials, cancer vaccines, cancer immunotherapy, non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC, Cuba, USA.

  20. Protecting the Marine Environment in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gorisek, Alexandra Sasa

    2013-01-01

    The Cienfuegos Environmental Studies Centre (CEAC) in Cuba is a marine environmental research centre with expertise in nuclear and isotopic technologies. Cuba’s food security, transportation and tourism depend upon a healthy marine environment. CEAC scientists master resource challenges to produce the validated data needed for better environmental management

  1. Homicidios en la población menor de cinco años en México, 1992-2001

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alfonso S. González Cervera

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo central de este estudio fue analizar la información disponible sobre los homicidios de niños menores de cinco años de edad en México. Se utilizaron las bases de datos de mortalidad de los diez años más recientes al momento de iniciar el estudio (1992 -2001. Los resultados indican que la tasa por homicidios en la niñez disminuyó en 38 por ciento durante el periodo analizado; aun así, la tasa de infanticidio en 2001 (3.81 por 100 mil y la de homicidio en niños de 1 a 4 años (1.37 por 100 mil están entre las más altas si se comparan con las de otros países occidentales, excepto Estados Unidos; invariablemente los homicidios de niños fueron más frecuentes que los de niñas (la relación niños/niñas fue 1.13 en 2001. Sobresale el hecho de que, durante todo el periodo, al menos 45 por ciento de todos los homicidios de niños de cero a cuatro años se registraron en el estado de México.

  2. Storm Warnings for Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    1994-01-01

    Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Internet : order@rand.org. al Accesion For "Ni %&’ Storm WarningsDTI’ TAB E03 --- - - -for...reaction leading to an uncontrol- lable burgeoning of private entrepreneurial activity. As one observer 14See Acuerdo del Buro Politico , "Para llevar a...34 10Comisi6n de Relaciones Internacionales, Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular, Datos, Reflexiones y Argumentos Sobre la Actual Situaci6n de Cuba, n.p

  3. Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1 therapy-naive patients in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pérez, Lissette; Kourí, Vivian; Alemán, Yoan; Abrahantes, Yeisel; Correa, Consuelo; Aragonés, Carlos; Martínez, Orlando; Pérez, Jorge; Fonseca, Carlos; Campos, Jorge; Álvarez, Delmis; Schrooten, Yoeri; Dekeersmaeker, Nathalie; Imbrechts, Stijn; Beheydt, Gertjan; Vinken, Lore; Soto, Yudira; Álvarez, Alina; Vandamme, Anne-Mieke; Van Laethem, Kristel

    2013-06-01

    In Cuba, antiretroviral therapy rollout started in 2001 and antiretroviral therapy coverage has reached almost 40% since then. The objectives of this study were therefore to analyze subtype distribution, and level and patterns of drug resistance in therapy-naive HIV-1 patients. Four hundred and one plasma samples were collected from HIV-1 therapy-naive patients in 2003 and in 2007-2011. HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping was performed in the pol gene and drug resistance was interpreted according to the WHO surveillance drug-resistance mutations list, version 2009. Potential impact on first-line therapy response was estimated using genotypic drug resistance interpretation systems HIVdb version 6.2.0 and Rega version 8.0.2. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Neighbor-Joining. The majority of patients were male (84.5%), men who have sex with men (78.1%) and from Havana City (73.6%). Subtype B was the most prevalent subtype (39.3%), followed by CRF20-23-24_BG (19.5%), CRF19_cpx (18.0%) and CRF18_cpx (10.3%). Overall, 29 patients (7.2%) had evidence of drug resistance, with 4.0% (CI 1.6%-4.8%) in 2003 versus 12.5% (CI 7.2%-14.5%) in 2007-2011. A significant increase in drug resistance was observed in recently HIV-1 diagnosed patients, i.e. 14.8% (CI 8.0%-17.0%) in 2007-2011 versus 3.8% (CI 0.9%-4.7%) in 2003 (OR 3.9, CI 1.5-17.0, p=0.02). The majority of drug resistance was restricted to a single drug class (75.8%), with 55.2% patients displaying nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), 10.3% non-NRTI (NNRTI) and 10.3% protease inhibitor (PI) resistance mutations. Respectively, 20.7% and 3.4% patients carried viruses containing drug resistance mutations against NRTI+NNRTI and NRTI+NNRTI+PI. The first cases of resistance towards other drug classes than NRTI were only detected from 2008 onwards. The most frequent resistance mutations were T215Y/rev (44.8%), M41L (31.0%), M184V (17.2%) and K103N (13.8%). The median genotypic susceptibility score for the

  4. Diversidad haplotípica en el manatí Trichechus manatus en Cuba: resultados preliminares

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hernandez-Martinez, Damir; Alvarez-Aleman, Anmari; Bonde, Robert K.; Powell, James A.; Garcia-Machado, Erik

    2013-01-01

    The aim of this analysis was to obtain information regarding the mtDNA haplotype composition of the manatee (T. manatus) occupying the Cuban archipelago. A fragment of 410 bp of the non-coding region was analyzed for 12 individual manatees from Cuba and one from Florida, USA. Only two haplotypes were identified. Haplotype A1, found exclusively in Florida (including in the sample analyzed here) but also found in Mexico, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, was the most frequent haplotype (11 of the 12 samples from Cuba) and widely distributed. The second haplotype A3, previously referred to as endemic from Belize, was identified from an individual stranded in Isabela de Sagua, north of Cuba. These preliminary results provide information about three major aspects of manatee biology: (1) the mtDNA genetic diversity of T. manatus in Cuba seems low as compared to other regions of the Caribbean; (2) the Cuban population likely belongs to the group comprising Florida and the portions of the Greater Antilles; and (3) the territories of Belize and Cuba have exchanged individuals at present or in a relatively recent past.

  5. Los estudios de farmacia en Cuba desde 1833 hasta 1863 Synercidâ: a combination of streptogramins A and B for the treatment of grampositive multiresistant pathogens

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pilar Marchante Castellanos

    2007-04-01

    Full Text Available Se exponen los aspectos esenciales sobre la enseñanza de la Farmacia que asumió y puso en práctica en Cuba la Real Junta Superior Gubernativa de la Facultad de Farmacia en la etapa comprendida entre la desaparición del Real Tribunal del Protomedicato, en 1833, hasta la incorporación de los estudios de esa especialidad en el Plan Estudios de la Real Universidad de La Habana, en 1842. Los conceptos aplicados en la enseñanza de la Farmacia durante esta etapa pueden considerarse como precursores de lo que constituyó el primer plan de estudios de la carrera de Farmacia en Cuba. Se presenta este primer plan, así como los requisitos para la obtención de los diferentes grados universitarios de la especialidad y los datos de algunas tesis presentadas en opción del grado de Doctor en Farmacia. Aunque formando parte de la Facultad de Medicina, y bajo la dirección del mismo decano, la carrera de Farmacia estuvo asociada con el nombre de Facultad y dirigida por un Consiliario hasta la reforma general de la enseñanza que tuvo lugar en la Isla en 1863, mediante la cual nace con identidad propia la Facultad de Farmacia en la Real Universidad de La Habana.The essential aspects about Pharmacy teaching, adopted and implemented by the Royal Higher Board of Directors of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Cuba since the Royal Board of the Protomedicate disappeared in 1833, until the studies of this specialty were included in the Curriculum of the Royal University of Havana, in 1842, are exposed. The concepts about the teaching of Pharmacy applied during this stage could be considered as predecessors of the first curriculum of Pharmacy in Cuba. This first curriculum, as well as the requirements to obtain the various university degrees of this specialty and the data on some theses submitted to obtain the Doctor in Pharmacy degree, are presented. As part of the Faculty of Medicine, and under the direction of the same Dean, the Pharmacy course was associated with the

  6. Speciose opportunistic nectar-feeding avifauna in Cuba and its association to hummingbird island biogeography

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Dalsgaard, Bo; Baquero, Andrea C.; Rahbek, Carsten

    2016-01-01

    Island organisms often have wider feeding niches than mainland organisms, and migratory birds breeding on continents often widen their niches when overwintering on islands. Cuba's low hummingbird richness has puzzled ornithologists for decades. Here, we show that the Cuban hummingbird fauna is less...... rich than expected based on Cuba's elevation, when compared to the rest of the West Indian islands. Thereafter, we report nectar-feeding behaviour by 26 non-Trochilidae bird species in Cuba, encompassing pigeons/doves, woodpeckers and passerines, and endemic, resident and migratory species. We discuss...

  7. Drinking water in Cuba and seawater desalination

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Meneses-Ruiz, E.; Turtos-Carbonell, L.M.; Oviedo-Rivero, I.

    2004-01-01

    The lack of drinking water has become a problem at world level because, in many places, supplies are very limited and, in other places, their reserves have been drained. At the present time there are estimated to be around two thousand million people that don't have drinking water for several reasons, such as drought, contamination and the presence of saline waters not suitable for human consumption. Because of the human need for water, they have always taken residence in areas where the supply was guaranteed, sometimes impeding the exploitation of other areas that can be economically very interesting. However, this resource is usually very close and in abundance in the form of seawater but its salinity makes it unusable for many basic requirements. Humanity has been forced, therefore, to take into consideration the possibilities of the economic treatment of seawater. Cuba has regions where the supplies of drinking water are scarce and others where the lack of this resource limits economic exploitation. The present work is approached with regard to the situation of hydro resources in Cuba, it includes: a description of the main hydrographic basins of the country; the contamination levels of the waters and the measures for mitigation; analysis of the supplies and demand for drinking water and its quality; regulatory aspects. The state of seawater desalination in Cuba is also included and the possibility of its realisation using nuclear energy and the advantages that this would bring is evaluated. (author)

  8. CUBA Y LA TRANSICIÓN POLÍTICA: TAN CERCA Y... TAN LEJOS. REFLEXIONES 2009 SOBRE EL FUTURO POLÍTICO EN CUBA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos Manuel RODRÍGUEZ ARECHAVALETA

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Partiendo de una revisión teórica de autores fundamentales sobre democratizaciones en la tercera ola, el artículo intenta analizar los escenarios del poder actual en Cuba, tanto formales como informales, la singularidad institucional y los posibles reacomodos en la nueva élite política cubana. Asumimos la premisa de que la sociedad civil y la presión exterior no han logrado impactos relevantes en estos años; por tanto, nuestra unidad de observación será la composición de la élite política a partir de la estructura del régimen, las reglas electorales y el diseño institucional, y la definición de actores cuyas decisiones e interacciones puedan afectar los resultados políticos futuros; por tanto, intentamos formalizar las interacciones estratégicas de Raúl y la oposición moderada para valorar el potencial de negociación de una transición política en Cuba. Entonces, ¿es posible una alianza entre reformistas moderados en el gobierno y una oposición moderada en Cuba que permita una transición política?

  9. Perspectivas de la generación de electricidad en Cuba a partir de la gasificación de biomasa; Perspectives of Electricity Generation in Cuba from Biomass Gasification

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniel Travieso Pedroso

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available Los efectos de la explotación descontrolada de los recursos naturales, han colocado a la humanidad alborde de la extinción. La concientización de esta situación por la comunidad internacional, se ha materializadoen un gran número de países, incluida Cuba. Entre las medidas implementadas en el pais, está el incrementoen la explotación de las fuentes de energía a partir de recursos renovales, así como en la eficienciade su uso. En el trabajo se analizan dos de las tecnologías de gasificación de biomasa en estudio, paraser implementadas en Cuba, a corto plazo, para la generación de electricidad, y se propone otra para suaplicación a menor escala.The effects of the historical over exploitation of the natural resources have placed the humanity on the limitof its extinction. The magnitude of this situation and its degree of advance, has been taken into account forthe majority of the international community, and it has been materialized an important number of solution tomitigate this situation in a great number of countries; included Cuba. Among the measures implemented inCuba, it is the increment in the exploitation of the energy sources, from renewable resources, as well as inthe efficiency of their use. In this work are analyzed, two of the gasification technologies of biomass, thatare in study, to be implemented in Cuba, in a short term, for the electricity generation and its intendsanother for their application to smaller scale.

  10. Energy balances of non-OECD countries, 2001-2002. 2004 edition

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-01-01

    This volume contains data on the supply and consumption of coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste presented as comprehensive energy balances, expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent for over 100 non-OECD countries. Historical tables summarize production, trade and final consumption data as well as key energy and economic indicators. This book includes definitions of products and flows, explanatory notes on the individual country data and conversion factors from original units to tonnes of oil equivalent. More detailed data in original units are published in Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries 2001-2002, the sister volume of this publication. Bi-lingual edition: English - French. In general the CD-Rom and on-line service contain detailed time-series back to 1971

  11. [Serotype distribution of enteroviruses isolated from paediatric cases prediagnosed as aseptic meningitis between 2001-2004 period].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ozkaya, Etem; Uysal, Gülnar; Atak, Tunca; Alkan, Mehmet

    2005-01-01

    Enteroviruses have major clinical and public health importance and are one of the leading causes of aseptic meningitis. There are many diseases with similar clinical symptoms and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings of aseptic meningitis, thus virus isolation and identification is crucial for definitive diagnosis. Virological diagnosis is nonetheless important to distinguish between induced meningitis and other treatable causes of disease with a similar clinical picture. A total of 249 samples obtained from 246 cases (age range: 0-15 years), prediagnosed as aseptic meningitis, were sent to Virology Laboratory of Refik Saydam Hygiene Center. The patients were followed at Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases in the Social Security Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, between 2001 and 2004. Stool (n: 180), CSF (n: 54) and throat swab (n: 15) samples have been inoculated to RD (rhabdomyosarcoma), Hep-2 (human epithelioma) and L20B (transgenic mice) cell lines, and followed up for the presence of cytopathic effects. A total of 95 enterovirus strains were isolated from 85 (34.6%) cases, and serotyped by using RIVM (National Institute of Public and the Environment, Nederlands) antisera with microneutralization method. As a result, the most frequently isolated types were found as echovirus type 30 (n: 24) and coxsackievirus type B (n: 19), which were most frequently isolated between July to October. This is the first report from Turkey for aseptic meningitis cases due to echovirus type 25 (n:3), 18 (n:2), 14 (n:1), 13 (n:4), 11 (n:6), 9 (n:1), 6 (n:9), 5 (n:1), 4 (n:1) and coxsackievirus type A9 (n:1).

  12. Cuba: Issues for 111th Congress

    Science.gov (United States)

    2009-04-14

    Humanos y Reconciliacion Nacional, “Cuba en el año 2009: la situacíon de derechos civiles, políticos y económicos,” February 2, 2009. 13 Anita Snow...park. On April 21, 2008, ten members of the Ladies in White were 12 Comision Cubana de Derechos

  13. Factores de riesgo socioeconómicos de la tuberculosis pulmonar en el municipio de Santiago de Cuba Social and economic risk factors of the lung tuberculosis in Santiago de Cuba municipality

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Luis Lozano Salazar

    2009-08-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles (con 12 integrantes en cada grupo sobre los principales factores de riesgo socioeconómicos de la tuberculosis pulmonar en la población de 15 y más años del municipio de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2005. Las variables de interés analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, escolaridad, ocupación, per cápita familiar, condiciones de la vivienda, hacinamiento, evaluación nutricional, hábito de fumar y alcoholismo. Se determinaron la asociación entre variables cualitativas mediante la prueba estadística de Ji al cuadrado, la fuerza de asociación a través de la razón de productos cruzados y el cálculo de los intervalos de confianza al 95 %, así como el impacto de la exposición por medio del riesgo atribuible porcentual. Los factores de riesgo socioeconómicos asociados causalmente con la tuberculosis pulmonar resultaron ser: el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, la evaluación nutricional con un índice de masa corporal de ≤19,9 y la exposición al tabaco.A case-control study (12 people in each group on main social and economic risk factors of the lung tuberculosis was carried out in the population aged 15 and over of Santiago de Cuba municipality during 2005. The analyzed variables of interest were age, sex, educational status, occupation, family income, and housing conditions, overcrowding, nutritional evaluation, smoking habit and alcoholism. Association among qualitative variables by means of the chi-square test, association strength through the odds ratio and estimate of 95 % confidence intervals were determined, as well as the exposure impact by means of the percentage attributable risk. The social and economic risk factors causally associated with the lung tuberculosis were consumption of alcoholic drinks, nutritional evaluation with a 19,9 body mass index and exposure to the cigar.

  14. Factores de riesgo socioeconómicos de la tuberculosis pulmonar en el municipio de Santiago de Cuba Social and economic risk factors of the lung tuberculosis in Santiago de Cuba municipality

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Luis Lozano Salazar

    2009-02-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles (con 12 integrantes en cada grupo sobre los principales factores de riesgo socioeconómicos de la tuberculosis pulmonar en la población de 15 y más años del municipio de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2005. Las variables de interés analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, escolaridad, ocupación, per cápita familiar, condiciones de la vivienda, hacinamiento, evaluación nutricional, hábito de fumar y alcoholismo. Se determinaron la asociación entre variables cualitativas mediante la prueba estadística de Ji al cuadrado, la fuerza de asociación a través de la razón de productos cruzados y el cálculo de los intervalos de confianza al 95 %, así como el impacto de la exposición por medio del riesgo atribuible porcentual. Los factores de riesgo socioeconómicos asociados causalmente con la tuberculosis pulmonar resultaron ser: el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, la evaluación nutricional con un índice de masa corporal de ≤19,9 y la exposición al tabaco.A case-control study (12 people in each group on main social and economic risk factors of the lung tuberculosis was carried out in the population aged 15 and over of Santiago de Cuba municipality during 2005. The analyzed variables of interest were age, sex, educational status, occupation, family income, and housing conditions, overcrowding, nutritional evaluation, smoking habit and alcoholism. Association among qualitative variables by means of the chi-square test, association strength through the odds ratio and estimate of 95 % confidence intervals were determined, as well as the exposure impact by means of the percentage attributable risk. The social and economic risk factors causally associated with the lung tuberculosis were consumption of alcoholic drinks, nutritional evaluation with a 19,9 body mass index and exposure to the cigar.

  15. La postemancipación y trabajo en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Michael Zeuske

    2015-02-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo analiza los procesos de transculturación y fecundación mutua entre los espacios de trabajo en la postemancipación. El caso de Cuba es complejo, pues se dio en una época de desestructuración progresiva de la esclavitud, jalonada por guerras anticoloniales y una modernización tecnológica ininterrumpida. Se argumenta que aunque las condiciones de trabajo no mejoraron en lo sustancial, sí lo hizo la división sexual del trabajo, los patrones de movilidad, y el acceso a la propiedad informal de la tierra. La modernización de Cuba como productor azucarero introdujo fuerzas de inmenso calado en las luchas sociales del período.

  16. Alimentación de la ascidia Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae en dos áreas de manglar de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aida Hernández-Zanuy

    2007-06-01

    Full Text Available Se estudiaron los contenidos estomacales de 88 zooides de Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman 1880 y la composición cualitativa y cuantitativa del fitoplancton en la columna de agua en Santa Fe (Litoral Norte de la Habana y Punta del Este (SW de Cuba. En el contenido estomacal de la ascidia se identificaron 59 especies de microalgas y cuatro tintínidos. El tamaño de las células varió entre 75 y 165 µm de largo y de 2 a 105 µm de ancho. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la diversidad de especies de microalgas en la columna de agua de las dos localidades. Las diatomeas tuvieron la mayor cantidad de especies y el mayor número de individuos, tanto en los estómagos como en la columna de agua en ambas localidades. La biomasa de dinoflagelados en Santa Fe fue mayor en agua y estómagos. En Punta del Este el aporte de cada grupo al contenido estomacal es similar al encontrado en la columna de agua. Esta especie filtra de forma constante e irregular durante las 24 horas del día, independientemente de la disponibilidad de alimento.Diet of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae in two mangrove areas of Cuba. Stomach contents of 88 zooids of Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman 1880 and the qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton in the water column were studied in Santa Fe (North Coast of Havana and Punta del Este (SW of Cuba. We identified 59 microalgal species and four tintinnids in the stomachs. Cell size was 75-165 µm in length and 2-105 µm in width. There were not significant differences in microalgal diversity in the water column in the two locations. In both locations, the diatoms had the largest number of species and individuals in stomachs and water. In Santa Fe, dinoflagellate biomass was larger in water and stomach contents, while in Punta del Este the contribution of each group to the stomach content was similar to that of the water column. This species filters in a constant and

  17. LAS RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS Y POLÍTICO-PARTIDISTAS ÍTALO-CHILENAS DURANTE EL GOBIERNO DE EDUARDO FREÍ MONTALVA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Raffaele Nocera

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available El ensayo explora los enlaces que se instauraron, durante la década de los sesenta del siglo pasado, entre la Democrazia Cristiana italiana y el Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile y, en términos generales, entre el gobierno italiano y el chileno, a través de una documentación de archivo que, hasta ahora, ha quedado bastante escondida. En este sentido, destacan los intercambios epistolares entre Eduardo Frei Montalva y algunos representantes y líderes del partido italiano (Fanfani, Moro, Bernassola y Freato. El ensayo se propone ofrecer temas de debate sobre las razones que movieron a la DC italiana a invertir muchos recursos -sobre todo financieros- y abnegación, en un escenario geopolítico lejano y, con excepción de Cuba, de competencia exclusiva de EE.UU.This work explores the links established between the Italian Christian Democracy and Chile's Christian Democrat Party during the sixties. Moreover, it considers the relationships between the Italian and Chilean governments, based on documentation that was, until now, unknown. Of particular interest is the regular mail correspondence between Eduardo Frei Montalva and some of the representatives and leaders of the Italian Christian Democracy (Fanfani, Moro, Bernassola and Freato. The article offers insights to debate about the reasons that encouraged the Italian Christian Democracy to invest financial resources and time in a distant Latin American geopolitical scenario, which was, with the exception of Cuba, part of United States sphere of influence.

  18. Rivulus berovidesi, a new killifish species (Teleostei: Rivulidae) from western Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Silva, Rodet Rodriguez

    2015-04-24

    Rivulus berovidesi, a new killifish species, is described from a small stream in Sierra de Cajalbana, northwestern Cuba. It is readily distinguished from Rivulus cylindraceus Poey by the combination of an exclusive color pattern and meristic characters such as a d-type frontal scalation pattern (versus e-type pattern in Rivulus cylindraceus). The current diagnosis of Rivulus berovidesi based on chromatic, morphological and meristic characters is consistent with a recent molecular analysis of this genus in Cuba.

  19. The Telephony in the City of Santiago of Cuba (1893 - 1959

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maithe Sánchez-Garrido

    2016-02-01

    Full Text Available In spite of the substantial advantages which it specifically contributed the restoration of the telephone in Cuba and in the oriental locality, like an element of modernity that contributed to improve the form of life of the population, as well as the quality of mass media, the subject from its arrival to Santiago of Cuba is very little disclosed and/or not known, to grief that with the triumph of the Cuban Revolution considerably spread the use of the same one and some writings were published on the matter. The present research shows an analysis of the historical evolution of the telephony in the Island, but having like attention center the city of Santiago of Cuba. For it the antecedents of this phenomenon consider, the political, economic-social and cultural circumstances that influenced in their evolution and development, as well as their within the framework local incidence.

  20. ÉTUDE DE CAS — Cuba : Le logement et le capital humain à Cuba ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    10 janv. 2011 ... Colin Campbell. Des projets communautaires améliorent la santé du cœur de La Havane. La vie en plein centre-ville peut mettre à rude épreuve la résistance des gens. Lorsque les quartiers périclitent, le dépérissement de la santé humaine suit de près. Un projet mené à Cuba avec l'appui du Centre de ...

  1. Goal Programming for the Optimization of the Harvest´s Structurein the Sugar Factory “Paquito Rosales” from Province Santiago de Cuba, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Elio David Zaldívar-Linares

    2015-11-01

    Full Text Available The organizational deficiencies impact negatively in the sugar sector in Cuba. The roots of these deficiencies arise from the activity that precedes it: the planning. The objective of this paper is to perfect the planning of the transportation of the cane like part of the process of production of the sugar. For this a model of Goal Programming will be built, in order to optimize the mentioned planning and the same one will be validated in the Managerial Unit of Base (MUB sugar station "Paquito Rosales" of the county Santiago de Cuba. This model will facilitate an improvement of the economic and industrial meters.

  2. Producción científica sobre derechos sexuales y reproductivos, Colombia 1994-2004 A scientific review about sexual and reproductive rights on Colombia, 1994-2004

    OpenAIRE

    Doris Elena Ospina Muñoz; Rosa Amalia Castaño López

    2009-01-01

    Estudio realizado entre julio/2005 y julio/2008 siguiendo la Base de Productos Nacionales de COLCIENCIAS (X-acta). Objetivo: caracterizar el conocimiento producido sobre derechos sexuales y reproductivos en Colombia durante 1994-2004. Metodología: se consulta X-acta utilizando descriptores. Los artículos son organizados en tres grupos según la revista en que se publican: nacionales indexadas (T1), nacionales no indexadas (T2), extranjeras (T3). Se construyen categorías. Resultados: se identif...

  3. Social and Behavioral Risk Marker Clustering Associated with Biological Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease: NHANES 20012004

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nicholas J. Everage

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Background. Social and behavioral risk markers (e.g., physical activity, diet, smoking, and socioeconomic position cluster; however, little is known whether clustering is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD risk. Objectives were to determine if sociobehavioral clustering is associated with biological CHD risk factors (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, and diabetes and whether associations are independent of individual clustering components. Methods. Participants included 4,305 males and 4,673 females aged ≥20 years from NHANES 20012004. Sociobehavioral Risk Marker Index (SRI included a summary score of physical activity, fruit/vegetable consumption, smoking, and educational attainment. Regression analyses evaluated associations of SRI with aforementioned biological CHD risk factors. Receiver operator curve analyses assessed independent predictive ability of SRI. Results. Healthful clustering (SRI = 0 was associated with improved biological CHD risk factor levels in 5 of 6 risk factors in females and 2 of 6 risk factors in males. Adding SRI to models containing age, race, and individual SRI components did not improve C-statistics. Conclusions. Findings suggest that healthful sociobehavioral risk marker clustering is associated with favorable CHD risk factor levels, particularly in females. These findings should inform social ecological interventions that consider health impacts of addressing social and behavioral risk factors.

  4. ¿Eran ciudadanos los afrodescendientes libres en las sociedades esclavistas? Cuba, Brasil y Estados Unidos en el siglo XIX

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jochen Kemner

    2012-09-01

    Full Text Available Se analiza el tema del estatus de los afrodescendientes libres en las sociedades esclavistas más pobladas de América, desde el punto de vista de los derechos políticos y sociales de súbditos y ciudadanos. Con la carta de libertad, los antiguos esclavos y sus descendientes libres adquirieron teóricamente los mismos derechos y obligaciones que la población blanca eurodescendiente. Sin embargo, por razones de “seguridad pública” y de “mantención del orden establecido”, en la práctica, se establecieron restricciones y privilegios para mantener la distancia social entre blancos y afrodescendientes. Desde una perspectiva comparada se estudian Brasil, Cuba y los Estados Unidos, las tres sociedades esclavistas más notorias en América durante el siglo XIX, y se examina este proceso tomando como objetos de análisis los derechos de libre movimiento, el acceso a la enseñanza superior, el sufragio y la propiedad.

  5. CUBA: socialismo de mercado ou planificação socialista?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marcelo Dias Carcanholo

    2006-01-01

    Full Text Available Cuba, a small caribbean island, located a few kilometers from United States coast, insist on preserving socialism. During a catastrophic crisis that they had gone through between 1989-1993, the cubans have deepened the development of a long series of economic reforms as to answer to the new international scenery. Despite of crises depth, north american pressions, globalization advances and neoliberal policies, which have taken almost ali Latin American couritries to submit to american imperialism, Cuba has searched its replace in world system, protecting its sovereignty and going ahead with the struggle to socialism. The question is: up to which moment Cuba wili manage? In this article it is mainly discussed the market and the money roles and also the socialism planned role in the relorms developed in 1990 decade. We had evaluated which are the money and market functions that have helped in the planning and which are incompatible with socialists ideas. In doing so we will be abie to acquire a brief notion of which are the Iimits and difticulties of this transition period.

  6. Sistema de salud de Cuba The health system of Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Emma Domínguez-Alonso

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se describen las condiciones de salud de Cuba y el sistema cubano de salud, incluyendo su estructura y cobertura, sus fuentes de financiamiento, su gasto en salud, los recursos físicos, materiales y humanos de los que dispone, y las actividades de rectoría e investigación que desarrolla. También se discute la importancia de sus instituciones de investigación y se describe el papel de los usuarios de los servicios en la operación y evaluación del sistema, así como las actividades que en este sentido desarrollan la Federación de Mujeres Cubanas y los Comités de Defensa de la Revolución. La parte final de este trabajo se dedica a discutir las innovaciones más recientes dentro de las que destacan las redes de cardiología, la Misión Milagro y la Batalla de Ideas.This paper describes the health conditions in Cuba and the general characteristics of the Cuban health system, including its structure and coverage, its financial sources, its health expenditure, its physical, material and human resources, and its stewardship functions. It also discusses the increasing importance of its research institutions and the role played by its users in the operation and evaluation of the system. Salient among the social actors involved in the health sector are the Cuban Women Federation and the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution. The paper concludes with the discussion of the most recent innovations implemented in the Cuban health system, including the cardiology networks, the Miracle Mission (Misión Milagro and the Battle of Ideas (Batalla de Ideas.

  7. HIV-1 Genetic Variability in Cuba and Implications for Transmission and Clinical Progression.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Blanco, Madeline; Machado, Liuber Y; Díaz, Héctor; Ruiz, Nancy; Romay, Dania; Silva, Eladio

    2015-10-01

    INTRODUCTION Serological and molecular HIV-1 studies in Cuba have shown very low prevalence of seropositivity, but an increasing genetic diversity attributable to introduction of many HIV-1 variants from different areas, exchange of such variants among HIV-positive people with several coinciding routes of infection and other epidemiologic risk factors in the seropositive population. The high HIV-1 genetic variability observed in Cuba has possible implications for transmission and clinical progression. OBJECTIVE Study genetic variability for the HIV-1 env, gag and pol structural genes in Cuba; determine the prevalence of B and non-B subtypes according to epidemiologic and behavioral variables and determine whether a relationship exists between genetic variability and transmissibility, and between genetic variability and clinical disease progression in people living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS Using two molecular assays (heteroduplex mobility assay and nucleic acid sequencing), structural genes were characterized in 590 people with HIV-1 (480 men and 110 women), accounting for 3.4% of seropositive individuals in Cuba as of December 31, 2013. Nonrandom sampling, proportional to HIV prevalence by province, was conducted. Relationships between molecular results and viral factors, host characteristics, and patients' clinical, epidemiologic and behavioral variables were studied for molecular epidemiology, transmission, and progression analyses. RESULTS Molecular analysis of the three HIV-1 structural genes classified 297 samples as subtype B (50.3%), 269 as non-B subtypes (45.6%) and 24 were not typeable. Subtype B prevailed overall and in men, mainly in those who have sex with men. Non-B subtypes were prevalent in women and heterosexual men, showing multiple circulating variants and recombinant forms. Sexual transmission was the predominant form of infection for all. B and non-B subtypes were encountered throughout Cuba. No association was found between subtypes and

  8. Critical discourse analysis of the arguments about Cuba present on the New York Times Editorial (2008-2015

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leyden Figueredo-Portuondo

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available Nineteen months after the proclamation of Fidel Castro in which the president of Cuba for almost half a century left her post due to an illness that placed him between life and death, the New York Times, published on its opinion page on February 20, 2008 editorial "Twilight of the Dictators: And a Chance for Cuba -and the US". This article is an argumentative discourse study of Cuba in New York Times editorials (2008-2015, whose main objective is to analyze the construction of journalistic discourse in this American newspaper about Cuba regarding diplomatic relations between the two countries. This work aims to take steps in order to articulate the historical-cultural approach in psychology to Discourse Analysis (AD, and from an integrated and holistic perspective plan a discourse analysis as a fulcrum to a better understanding of journalistic discourse about Cuba in Internet.

  9. Cuba-guatemala cooperation: building viable models for health.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gorry, Conner

    2009-07-01

    The intertwined history of Cuba and Guatemala goes back almost five centuries. In 1536, Friar Bartolom� de las Casas sailed from Cuba to Guatemala with material for his book, A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, seared upon his conscience. Documenting atrocities against Cuba's indigenous populations, the book persuaded Guatemala's colonial powers to rewrite abusive labor laws that were killing the Maya; the book also earned De las Casas the nickname 'apostle of the Indians.' Over 300 years later, the apostle of Cuban independence, Jos� Mart�, cut his journalistic teeth in Guatemala, while Cuban poet Jos� Joaqu�n Palma authored Guatemala's national anthem. More recently, in the 1950s, Dr Ernesto ('Che') Guevara's time in the country solidified his belief in the need for radical social change a few years before he would join Fidel Castro's Rebel Army. And in 1998, Guatemala, like Cuba so many times before and since, was struck by a fierce, fatal hurricane, opening in its wake a new chapter in the countries' shared history. Hurricane Mitch took over 30,000 lives in Central America and is widely considered the deadliest hurricane to hit the Western Hemisphere in 200 years. The storm made landfall in Guatemala on October 26, 1998 killing 268 people and displacing 106,000. Losses were estimated at US$750 million, with 6,000 homes completely destroyed and another 20,000 damaged. Seven health centers and 48 rural health stations serving 50,000 people were affected.[1] Within days, a team of 19 Cuban doctors landed in Puerto San Jos� in the southern department of Escuintla to provide medical assistance. Working alongside Spanish, US, and Guatemalan relief workers, the Cuban contingent set broken bones, treated some 900 cases of cholera[2] and 14,000 of malaria,[3] evacuated pregnant women, and delivered babies. Implementing vector control, safeguarding food supplies, and providing potable water were other measures taken by the Cuban volunteers, who

  10. Review of 'Where the action is, by Paul Dorish, MIT Press 2001

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Wentzer, Helle

    2008-01-01

    Bogen til human-computer interaction, HCI er ikke helt ny (MIT 2001/2004), men dog filosofisk aktuel som baggrund for nye tanker, forventninger og krav til sundhedsinformatikken. Den foranker forskningprogrammerne til ’tangible computing’ og ’social computing’ paradigmatisk i fænomenologien og...

  11. HIV/AIDS among women in Havana, Cuba: 1986-2011.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Oliva, Dinorah C; Viñas, Arturo L; Saavedra, Clarivel; Oliva, Maritza; González, Ciro; de la Torre, Caridad

    2013-10-01

    Women are being diagnosed with HIV infection in increasing numbers, and now account for 50% of cases worldwide. In Cuba, HIV is more frequent in men, but in recent years, a growing number of women have been diagnosed. Describe patterns of HIV among women in Havana, Cuba, 1986-2011. Descriptive study of women with HIV aged >14 years, residents of Havana, Cuba, who were diagnosed with HIV from 1 January 1986 through 31 December 2011. Information was obtained from the limited-access HIV/AIDS database of Cuba's Ministry of Public Health. Data were studied from all reported cases, a total of 1274 women. Variables selected were age at diagnosis, education, municipality of residence, screening group, year of HIV diagnosis, late presentation, AIDS-defining condition, year of diagnosis as AIDS case, vital status at the end of 2011, and year of death (if applicable). Incidence of HIV and AIDS, cumulative incidence by municipality of residence, and case fatality rates were calculated. Those aged 20-29 years were most affected by HIV. Almost half (46.7%) the women had completed middle school, and a further 35.4% had completed high school or middle-level technical studies. HIV incidence began to increase more steeply starting in 1998, as did AIDS incidence by year of diagnosis, though to a lesser extent. Central Havana and Old Havana municipalities had the highest cumulative incidence. Late presentation was seen in 7.4% of cases; mean age of those diagnosed late was 38.9 years. Wasting syndrome and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia were the most frequent AIDS-defining conditions. Case fatality rates started to decline in 1998. HIV infection in women is occurring in a predominantly young, relatively well-educated population. Increasing rates of HIV and AIDS in the past decade are a warning sign of the possible expansion of HIV infection in women, even though mortality is declining.

  12. Development and current state of dosimetry in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Prieto Miranda, E.F.; Cuesta Fuente, G.; Chavez Ardanza, A.

    1999-01-01

    In Cuba, the application of the radiation technologies has been growing in the last years, and at present there are several dosimetry systems with different ranges of absorbed dose. Diverse researches were carried out on high dose dosimetry with the following dosimetry systems: Fricke, ceric-cerous sulfate, ethanol-chlorobenzene, cupric sulfate and Perspex (Red 4034 AE and Clear HX). In this paper the development achieved during the last 15 years in the high dose dosimetry for radiation processing in Cuba is presented, as well as, the current state of different dosimetry systems employed for standardization and for process control. The paper also reports the results of dosimetry intercomparison studies that were performed with the Ezeiza Atomic Center of Argentine and the International Dose Assurance Service (IDAS) of IAEA. (author)

  13. China, Global Governance and the Future of Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Adrian H. Hearn

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available China’s deepening engagement with Latin America has been accompanied by concerns about the Chinese government’s regard for international conventions of economic governance. Critics claim that across Latin America and the Caribbean, Chinese aid and trade are characterised by excessive state intervention. This article argues that, for two reasons, the rationale for these misgivings is dissipating. First, since the onset of the global financial crisis, China has gained influence in multilateral institutions, prompting them toward greater acceptance of public spending in developing countries. Second, recent developments in Cuba show that China is actively encouraging the Western hemisphere’s only communist country to liberalise its economy. China sits at the crossroads of these local and global developments, prompting Cuba toward rapprochement with international norms even as it works to reform them.

  14. Forest nursery pest management in Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rene Alberto Lopez Castilla; Angela Duarte Casanova; Celia Guerra Rivero; Haylett Cruz Escoto; Natividad Triguero Issasi

    2002-01-01

    A systematic survey of methods to detect pests in forest nurseries before they damage plants was done. These surveys recorded the most important forest nursery pests during 18 years (from 1980 to 1998) and their geographical and temporal distribution in the principal enterprises in Cuba. Approximately a dozen insect species and three fungi species responsible for the...

  15. A New Approach to Health Services and Pharmacy in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sánchez, Alina M

    2015-12-01

    In December 17, 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama surprised the world by announcing his intention to enter into negotiations aimed at reestablishing diplomatic relations with Cuba. Since then, expectations and interest regarding the health system of that country have increased. This report focuses on the Cuban health and pharmacy systems from a practical and educational standpoint. Pharmaceutical services, strengths, opportunities, and challenges are described. Cuba's new trends toward patient-centered care are analyzed to provide insights for developing pharmaceutical care practice and implementing policies suitable for practice in all health care settings. © 2015 Pharmacotherapy Publications, Inc.

  16. Arqueofauna del Nororiente de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lourdes Pérez Iglesias

    2011-07-01

    Full Text Available La región nororiental de Cuba, que abarca el norte de los territorios de las provincias Las Tunas, Holguín y Guantánamo, posee un potencial arqueológico de alrededor de 220 sitios, de ellos se posee información zooarqueológica de 35 localidades. Esta información se ha reunido en un sistema de información geográfica(SIG denominado Arqueofauna del Nororiente de Cuba, que permite el manejo de los datos a través de entradas como: nombre del sitio, coordenadas, provincia, municipio, categoría, filiación, lista de taxones presentes (Moluscos, Crustáceos, Peces, Reptiles, Aves, Mamíferos, número de especies respectiva a cada taxón, fechado del sitio, persona y fecha en que fue trabajado. Este levantamiento zooarqueológico ofrece además, una aproximación del uso de los recursos faunísticos por parte de las comunidades aborígenes, en esta área geográfica, así como datos sobre el uso de especies extintas, variaciones en la distribución de especies en el pasado, cuestión tratada en el presente trabajo.

  17. [A battle won: the elimination of poliomyelitis in Cuba].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chaple, Enrique Beldarraín

    2015-01-01

    Poliomyelitis was introduced in Cuba in the late nineteenth century by American residents in Isla de Pinos. The first epidemics occurred in 1906 and 1909 and increased in intensity between 1930 and 1958. The scope of the paper is to reconstruct the history of the disease and its epidemics in Cuba prior to 1961, the first National Polio Vaccination Campaign (1962) and its results, as well as analyze the ongoing annual vaccination campaigns through to certified elimination of the disease (1994). The logical historical method was used and archival documents and statistics from the Ministry of Health on morbidity and mortality through 2000 were reviewed. Gross morbidity and mortality rates were calculated and interviews with key figures were conducted.

  18. Immigration, Galician and Santiago de Cuba: a Vision from the Notarial Protocols (1850-1898

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mónica García-Salgado

    2016-02-01

    Full Text Available The present research intends to approach the topic of the Galician presence in the jurisdiction of Santiago de Cuba, declared as such from the year 1847. It includes a balance on the factors of attraction and repulsion that facilitate the Galician immigrant's establishment in Cuba and Santiago de Cuba in the period 1850-1898, as well as characteristic some of their main ones. The study has been carried out starting from the information that offers the Notarial Protocols among those that Manuel Caminero´s Clerkships, Heraclio García, José Knot, the Real one Public of Government and of Guerra, and those of Caney and Copper.

  19. Data supporting the assessment of biomass based electricity and reduced GHG emissions in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sagastume Gutiérrez, Alexis; Cabello Eras, Juan J; Vandecasteele, Carlo; Hens, Luc

    2018-04-01

    Assessing the biomass based electricity potential of developing nations like Cuba can help to reduce the fossil fuels dependency and the greenhouse gas emissions. The data included in this study present the evolution of electricity production and greenhouse gas emissions in Cuba. Additionally, the potentialities to produce biomass based electricity by using the most significant biomass sources in Cuba are estimated. Furthermore, estimations of the potential reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, resulting from implementing the biomass based electricity potential of the different sources discussed in the study, are included. Results point to the most promising biomass sources for electricity generation and their potential to reduce GHG emissions.

  20. A review of fast reactor program in Japan (April 2001 - March 2002)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nagata, T.; Ieda, Y.

    2002-01-01

    This report describes the research and development activities on fast reactors in Japan thru April 2001 to March 2002. In December 2001, the Cabinet decided the Plan for Reorganization of Government-funded Corporations including the merger of JNC and the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). A law to set up a new entity is supposed to be submitted to the National Diet by the Japanese Fiscal Year (JFY) 2004. In the Experimental Fast Reactor Joyo, thirty-five duty cycle operations and thirteen special tests with the MK-II core were completed by June 2000 without any fuel pin failures or serious plant trouble. The reactor is currently being upgraded to the MK-III core. Though a fire broke out in the maintenance building of Joyo in October 2001, the Mk-III construction work was restarted in February 2002. In the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor Monju, countermeasures against sodium leakage have already been drawn up based on Monju comprehensive safety review. The safety licensing examination for the plant modification of Monju is undergoing. As for the Feasibility Study on Commercialized Fast Reactor Cycle Systems, JFY2001 was the first year of its second phase. A three-year period from JFY2001 to 2003 is the initial term of this phase. During this term, research activities are being focused on the design of the candidate concepts and fundamental tests of key technologies. An interim summary of these activities will be checked and reviewed, and based on the results; the research for JFY 2004 to 2005 will be conducted in order to narrow down the number of alternatives for the fast reactor cycle. (author)

  1. Geological interpretation of Eastern Cuba Laterites from an airborne magnetic and radioactive isotope survey

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Batista, J.A; Blanco, J [Departamento de Geologia, Instituto Superior Minero Metalurgico de Moa, (Cuba); Perez-Flores, M.A [Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (Mexico)

    2008-04-15

    In eastern Cuba area several geophysical techniques have been applied to distinguish the main geological characteristics of the laterites which are of economical importance for the extraction of iron, nickel and chrome. The geophysical measurements include an aeromagnetic survey and thorium (eTh), potassium (K) and uranium (eU) isotope measurements. The results of gamma spectrometer measurements make a distinction between laterite reservoirs. The application of the magnetic and isotope methods allowed the determination of the distribution and development of the laterite crust, as well as the determination of hydrothermal alterations affecting the laterites, which is very useful for mining exploration and exploitation. Such alterations indicate the presence of silicates, which have negative effects on the metallurgic process. It is known that laterite crust has a high content of eU and eTh. [Spanish] Se han utilizado varias tecnicas geofisicas en la region oriental de Cuba para distinguir las principales caracteristicas geologicas de las lateritas, que poseen importancia economica para la extraccion de hierro, niquel y cobalto. Las mediciones geofisicas incluyen un estudio aeromagnetico y mediciones de isotopos de torio (eTh), potasio (K) y uranio (eU). Los resultados de las mediciones espectrometricas establecen diferencias entre los yacimientos de lateritas. De la aplicacion del metodo magnetico e isotopico se determino la distribucion y desarrollo de las cortezas lateriticas, asi como la ubicacion de alteraciones hidrotermales que afectan a las lateritas, lo cual es muy util durante la exploracion y explotacion minera. Esas alteraciones indican la presencia de silicatos, que tienen un efecto negativo en el proceso metalurgico. Se conoce que las cortezas lateriticas tienen altos contenidos de eU y eTh. De los contenidos de eU y eTh se infiere que las lateritas de la region de Moa se formaron antes que las de Mayari. De estas mediciones fue posible inferir el

  2. Comportamento de variáveis fisiológicas em atletas de nado sincronizado durante uma sessão de treinamento na fase de preparação para as Olimpíadas de Atenas 2004 Comportamiento de variábles fisiológicas en atletas de nado sincronizado durante una sesion de entrenamiento en la fase de preparación para las Olimpíadas de Atenas 2004 Behavior of physiological variables in synchronized swimming athletes during a training session preparing for the Athens 2004 Olympic Games

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marina Guimarães Antunes Pazikas

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de variáveis fisiológicas durante uma sessão de treino de nado sincronizado realizada na fase de preparação para as Olimpíadas de Atenas 2004. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A amostra utilizada foi constituída pelo dueto (24 ± 0 anos representante do Brasil em Atenas 2004. A coleta de dados foi realizada durante uma sessão de treinamento com duração de 198 minutos. O treino se iniciou com a parte física, seguida da parte técnica. Para a determinação da glicemia e da concentração de beta-hidroxibutirato foi utilizado o monitor Optium® com suas respectivas tiras. As concentrações de cortisol e das enzimas lactato desidrogenase (LDH e creatina quinase (CK foram determinadas por radioimunoensaio (DPC© e kits comerciais (CELM®, respectivamente. O acompanhamento da freqüência cardíaca (FC foi realizado com o freqüêncimetro Advantage Polar®. RESULTADOS: Foi observada redução (~2% do peso corporal. A glicemia também apresentou queda (~30% em comparação ao valor obtido no início do treino. Em contrapartida, foi observada elevação na concentração de cortisol (salivar 22% e plasmática 29% e de beta-hidroxibutirato (~340%. Não foi observada alteração significativa na concentração plasmática de CK e de LDH. O acompanhamento da FC demonstrou que dos 198 minutos que constituíram a sessão de treino, 36,5 ± 0,7 minutos foram realizados em intensidade leve; 103,5 ± 0,7 minutos em intensidade moderada, 54,0 ± 2,1 minutos em intensidade alta e 4,0 ± 0,0 minutos em intensidade muito alta. CONCLUSÕES: A perda de peso indica que a reposição hídrica não foi adequada. A redução na glicemia e o aumento na concentração de corpos cetônicos e de cortisol reforçam a importância da suplementação de carboidrato durante o treino de longa duração. O comportamento da FC demonstra que a sessão de treinamento foi realizada em uma intensidade moderada, porém com

  3. Neoclasicismo, cementerios e Ilustración en Cuba en las primeras décadas del siglo XIX

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Martha Elizabeth Laguna Enrique

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available La historia de la arquitectura funeraria en La Habana, comenzó con laconstrucción del Cementerio General (1806, auspiciado por el obispo vasco Juan José Díaz de Espada, primer campo santo que se construyó en Hispanoamérica, como consecuencia de la Real Cédula de Carlos III, fechada el tres de abril de 1787, que obligó a todos los ayuntamientosa erigir necrópolis municipales en lugares apartados de los núcleos urbanos y que acabó con la costumbre de enterrar en las iglesias y conventos.Ese recinto funerario inicial, ya desaparecido, fue realizado por el arquitecto francés Étienne-Sulpice Hallet, figura poco estudiada en el contexto cubano y que introdujo el neoclasicismo dentro de la arquitectura habanera. La presente comunicación plantea un acercamiento al tema del desarrollo de las ideas ilustradas en Cuba y la difusión del neoclasicismo como estilo dominante en la arquitectura funeraria de la isla, durante las primeras décadasdel siglo XIX.

  4. Aerosol modelling and validation during ESCOMPTE 2001

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cousin, F.; Liousse, C.; Cachier, H.; Bessagnet, B.; Guillaume, B.; Rosset, R.

    The ESCOMPTE 2001 programme (Atmospheric Research. 69(3-4) (2004) 241) has resulted in an exhaustive set of dynamical, radiative, gas and aerosol observations (surface and aircraft measurements). A previous paper (Atmospheric Research. (2004) in press) has dealt with dynamics and gas-phase chemistry. The present paper is an extension to aerosol formation, transport and evolution. To account for important loadings of primary and secondary aerosols and their transformation processes in the ESCOMPTE domain, the ORISAM aerosol module (Atmospheric Environment. 35 (2001) 4751) was implemented on-line in the air-quality Meso-NH-C model. Additional developments have been introduced in ORganic and Inorganic Spectral Aerosol Module (ORISAM) to improve the comparison between simulations and experimental surface and aircraft field data. This paper discusses this comparison for a simulation performed during one selected day, 24 June 2001, during the Intensive Observation Period IOP2b. Our work relies on BC and OCp emission inventories specifically developed for ESCOMPTE. This study confirms the need for a fine resolution aerosol inventory with spectral chemical speciation. BC levels are satisfactorily reproduced, thus validating our emission inventory and its processing through Meso-NH-C. However, comparisons for reactive species generally denote an underestimation of concentrations. Organic aerosol levels are rather well simulated though with a trend to underestimation in the afternoon. Inorganic aerosol species are underestimated for several reasons, some of them have been identified. For sulphates, primary emissions were introduced. Improvement was obtained too for modelled nitrate and ammonium levels after introducing heterogeneous chemistry. However, no modelling of terrigeneous particles is probably a major cause for nitrates and ammonium underestimations. Particle numbers and size distributions are well reproduced, but only in the submicrometer range. Our work points out

  5. Technical project of a solar water heating system for Hostal FRATERNIDAD, Santiago de Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Arzuaga Machado, Yusnel; Torres Ten, Alonso; Fonseca Fonseca, Susana; Fuetes lombá, Osmanys; Massipe Hernández, J. Raúl; Gonzalez, Wagner Roberto

    2017-01-01

    It is presented the technical project of a solar water heating system for Hostal FRATERNIDAD, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 20 Cabannas type tourism and a one of 2 square meter flat solar collector will be used, with a storage tank of 200 liters capacity, that is to say one system per cabin. (author)

  6. Basicladia chelonum (Collins W.E. Hoffmann et Tilden (Chlorophyta, Cladophorophyceae from Cuba (Caribbean: new observation of the ultrastructure of its vegetative cells

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Joanna Czerwik-Marcinkowska

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Basicladia chelonum (Collins W.E. Hoffmann and Tilden (1930 principally known from North America and Hawaii was recently (2004 found in Cuba (Caribbean from artificial pool growing on shells of musk turtles (Trachemys decussata Gray. Specimens collected in Cuba were subjected to detailed examinations also using a transmission electron microscope. On one hand, these studies confirmed many features of this species previously described by earlier authors in the specimens from Texas. On the other hand, the present studies revealed structures unknown so far (pyrenoid structure, which allowed for new analysis of this species. These investigations also have shown that Basicladia chelonum exhibits close similarity to the genus Cladophora and other representatives of the class Cladophorophyceae. The similarities include : siphonocladous level of organization of thallus, numerous chloroplasts forming a network and other structures. Conversely, the pyrenoid in vegetative cells of Basicladia chelonum distinguishes it markedly from representatives of the genus Cladophora, which have bilenticular pyrenoids divided into two hemispheres by a single thylakoids and each hemisphere is covered by a bowlshaped starch grain (Van Hoek et al. 1995. Since in Cladophora the ultrastructure of the pyrenoid is highly constant and characteristic, this contrasts with the genus Basicladia and, therefore, more firmly establishes position of the latter as an independent unit within Cladophorophyceae.

  7. Multi-scale landslide risk assessment in Cuba

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Castellanos Abella, E.A.

    2008-01-01

    Landslides cause a considerable amount of damage in the mountainous regions of Cuba, which cover about 25% of the territory. Until now, only a limited amount of research has been carried out in the field of landslide risk assessment in the country. This research presents a methodology and its

  8. Causes of death in U.S. Special Operations Forces in the global war on terrorism: 2001-2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Holcomb, John B; McMullin, Neil R; Pearse, Lisa; Caruso, Jim; Wade, Charles E; Oetjen-Gerdes, Lynne; Champion, Howard R; Lawnick, Mimi; Farr, Warner; Rodriguez, Sam; Butler, Frank K

    2007-06-01

    Effective combat trauma management strategies depend upon an understanding of the epidemiology of death on the battlefield. A panel of military medical experts reviewed photographs and autopsy and treatment records for all Special Operations Forces (SOF) who died between October 2001 and November 2004 (n = 82). Fatal wounds were classified as nonsurvivable or potentially survivable. Training and equipment available at the time of injury were taken into consideration. A structured analysis was conducted to identify equipment, training, or research requirements for improved future outcomes. Five (6%) of 82 casualties had died in an aircraft crash, and their bodies were lost at sea; autopsies had been performed on all other 77 soldiers. Nineteen deaths, including the deaths at sea were noncombat; all others were combat related. Deaths were caused by explosions (43%), gunshot wounds (28%), aircraft accidents (23%), and blunt trauma (6%). Seventy of 82 deaths (85%) were classified as nonsurvivable; 12 deaths (15%) were classified as potentially survivable. Of those with potentially survivable injuries, 16 causes of death were identified: 8 (50%) truncal hemorrhage, 3 (19%) compressible hemorrhage, 2 (13%) hemorrhage amenable to tourniquet, and 1 (6%) each from tension pneumothorax, airway obstruction, and sepsis. The population with nonsurvivable injuries was more severely injured than the population with potentially survivable injuries. Structured analysis identified improved methods of truncal hemorrhage control as a principal research requirement. The majority of deaths on the modern battlefield are nonsurvivable. Improved methods of intravenous or intracavitary, noncompressible hemostasis combined with rapid evacuation to surgery may increase survival.

  9. Prevención del suicidio en adolescentes de un área de salud de Santiago de Cuba Suicide prevention in adolescents in a health area of Santiago de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Flavia Rodríguez Almaguer

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó una investigación exploratoria en algunos miembros del personal sanitario (una psicóloga y 6 médicos de familia perteneciente al área de salud del Policlínico Universitario "Julián Grimau García" de Santiago de Cuba, de diciembre de 2011 a marzo de 2012, que presentó los índices más elevados de intento de suicidio en la adolescencia durante el 2011, a fin de determinar los problemas existentes en la prevención de ese comportamiento, para lo cual se utilizó la metodología cualitativa, específicamente el diseño de campo y los métodos: observación, entrevista en profundidad y cuestionario. Los resultados evidenciaron una atención psicológica sin adecuados enfoques preventivo y comunitario, irregularidades en la atención por psiquiatría, poca implicación de la familia y desvinculación de la escuela. En general, hubo dificultades en la aplicación del Programa Nacional para la Prevención y Atención de la Conducta Suicida, lo que estuvo unido a la necesidad de aprendizaje sobre el tema y de mayor sensibilización al respecto, así como a la sobrecarga laboral en los profesionales.Exploratory research was conducted in some medical personnel (a psychologist and 6 family doctors belonging to the health area of "Julián Grimau García" University Polyclinic of Santiago de Cuba, from December 2011 to March 2012, which had the highest rates of suicide attempt in the adolescence during 2011, in order to identify problems in the prevention of such behavior, so that the qualitative methodology was used, specifically the field design and methods: observation, interviews in depth and questionnaire. The results showed a psychological treatment without appropriate preventive and community approaches, irregularities in psychiatry care, little family involvement and disengagement from school. Overall, there were difficulties in the implementation of the National Program for the Prevention and Treatment of Suicidal Behavior, which

  10. Origin of invasive Florida frogs traced to Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Heinicke, Matthew P.; Diaz, Luis M.; Hedges, S. Blair

    2011-01-01

    Two of the earliest examples of successful invasive amphibians are the greenhouse frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris) and the Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Florida. Although both are generally assumed to be recent introductions, they are widespread on Caribbean islands and also have been proposed as natural colonizers. We obtained nucleotide sequence data for both species and their closest relatives in their native and introduced ranges. Phylogenetic analyses trace the origin of E. planirostris to a small area in western Cuba, while O. septentrionalis is derived from at least two Cuban sources, one probably a remote peninsula in western Cuba. The tropical-to-temperate invasion began with colonization of the Florida Keys followed by human-mediated dispersal within peninsular Florida. The subtropical Keys may have served as an adaptive stepping stone for the successful invasion of the North American continent. PMID:21270024

  11. 8 CFR 1245.13 - Adjustment of status of certain nationals of Nicaragua and Cuba under Public Law 105-100.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... of Nicaragua and Cuba under Public Law 105-100. 1245.13 Section 1245.13 Aliens and Nationality... nationals of Nicaragua and Cuba under Public Law 105-100. (a) Aliens eligible to apply for adjustment. An... Nicaragua or Cuba; (2) Except as provided in paragraph (o) of this section, has been physically present in...

  12. Technical Cooperation Report for 2004. Report by the Director General; Informe de Cooperacion Tecnica para 2004. Informe del Director General

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2005-08-15

    than $10 million for the second year in a row. This provided support to 17% of the approved footnote-a/ programme for 2004. In addition, receipt in 2004 of $8.1 million against earlier target years allowed the Secretariat to reinstate, during the second quarter of the year, programme budgets which had been curtailed as a result of the lower than expected resources received in 2003. During the year, the Secretariat has been heavily involved in a review of TC processes, with a view to streamline and strengthen them. The main part of the change process is planned to be completed in 2005. While the implementation rate for the programme dropped four percentage points to 68%, compared with 2003, the total disbursements for the programme in 2004 were slightly higher than in 2003 by nearly $120 000. A further challenge to the programme has been the replacement of assessed programme costs with national participation costs as approved by the Board of Governors in 2004. (author) [Spanish] En el Informe de cooperacion tecnica para 2004 se destacan las actividades y los logros del programa de cooperacion tecnica en el ultimo ano. Durante 2004, la Secretaria ultimo el programa de cooperacion tecnica para el bienio 2005-2006 que la Junta de Gobernadores aprobo en noviembre de 2004. En relacion con el programa para 2005-2006, se llevo a cabo un proceso revisado de evaluacion de los proyectos que aporto informacion adicional en cuanto al compromiso de los gobiernos, las capacidades nacionales, los indicadores de ejecucion de los proyectos y los resultados de esos proyectos. En el bienio 2005-2006 se incluye un programa fortalecido de mejoramiento de la infraestructura de proteccion radiologica. La Secretaria utilizo la experiencia acumulada en los ultimos diez anos, asi como las conclusiones de las evaluaciones, para crear un programa que se basase en los exitos y las ensenanzas deducidas a fin de garantizar el uso seguro de la tecnologia nuclear en el marco de infraestructuras

  13. The Cuba-United States Thaw: Building Bridges Through Science and Global Health.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bausch, Daniel G; Kouri, Vivian; Resik, Sonia; Acosta, Belsy; Guillen, Gerardo; Goraleski, Karen; Espinal, Marcos; Guzman, Maria G

    2017-06-01

    AbstractBeginning in 2014, there has been significant progress in normalization of relations between Cuba and the United States. Herein, we discuss the history and recent progress in scientific collaboration between the two countries as well as the continued challenges. Science and global health diplomacy can be key tools in reestablishing a trusting and productive relationship of mutual and global benefit, bringing about better and healthier lives for people in both Cuba and the United States.

  14. In Defense of Clinical Autopsy and Its Practice in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Espinosa-Brito, Alfredo D; de Mendoza-Amat, José Hurtado

    2017-01-01

    There has been a notable decrease in the global practice of clinical autopsy; the rate has fallen to below 10%, even in high-income countries. This is attributed to several causes, including increased costs, overreliance on modern diagnostic techniques, cultural and religious factors, the emergence of new infectious diseases and negative attitudes on the part of doctors, even pathologists. Alternative methods to autopsy in postmortem studies have been developed based on imaging, endoscopy and biopsy (all quite expensive). These methods have been used in developed countries but never as effectively as the classic autopsy for identifying cause of death and potential medical errors. Although Cuba has also seen a decrease in its autopsy rates, they remain comparatively high. Between 1996 and 2015, there were 687,689 hospital deaths in Cuba and 381,193 autopsies, 55.4% of the total. These autopsies have positively affected medical care, training, research, innovation, management and society as a whole. Autopsies are an important tool in the National Health System's quest for safe, quality patient care based on the lessons learned from studying the deceased. KEYWORDS Autopsy, postmortem examination, postmortem diagnosis, quality of care, patient safety, medical error, Cuba.

  15. Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Legislative Initiatives

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Sullivan, Mark P

    2003-01-01

    .... In March 2003, the Administration eased restrictions on those visiting close family members in Cuba, while at the same time it eliminated travel for people-to-people educational exchanges unrelated...

  16. Use of electroconvulsive therapy for Asian patients with schizophrenia (2001-2009): Trends and correlates.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Xiang, Yu-Tao; Ungvari, Gabor S; Correll, Christoph U; Chiu, Helen F K; Lai, Kelly Y C; Wang, Chuan-Yue; Si, Tian-Mei; Lee, Edwin H M; He, Yan-Ling; Yang, Shu-Yu; Chong, Mian-Yoon; Kua, Ee-Heok; Fujii, Senta; Sim, Kang; Yong, Michael K H; Trivedi, Jitendra K; Chung, Eun-Kee; Udomratn, Pichet; Chee, Kok-Yoon; Sartorius, Norman; Tan, Chay-Hoon; Shinfuku, Naotaka

    2015-08-01

    Little is known about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) use in Asian inpatients with schizophrenia. This study examined trends of ECT use for schizophrenia patients in Asia between 2001 and 2009 and its independent demographic and clinical correlates. Data on 6761 hospitalized schizophrenia patients (2001 = 2399, 2004 = 2136, and 2009 = 2226) in nine Asian countries and territories were collected by either chart review or interviews during a 1-month period. Patients' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, prescriptions of psychotropic drugs and ECT use were recorded using a standardized protocol and data-collection procedure. The frequency of ECT was 3.3% in the whole sample; rising from 1.8% in 2001 to 3.3% in 2004 and 4.9% in 2009 (P < 0.0001). However, this increased trend was driven solely by increased ECT use in China (P < 0.0001), and the inclusion of India in the 2009 survey. There were wide inter-country variations: 2001, 0% (Hong Kong, Korea) to 5.9% (China); 2004, 0% (Singapore) to 11.1% (China); 2009, 0% (Hong Kong) to 13.8% (India) and 15.2% (China). Multiple logistic regression analysis of the whole sample revealed that patients receiving ECT were less likely in the 35-64-year age group, had shorter length of current hospitalization and fewer negative symptoms, and were more likely to receive second-generation antipsychotic medications compared to those who were not treated with ECT (R(2)  = 0.264, P < 0.001). ECT use for schizophrenia has increased over the past decade in China, being low/relatively stable in other Asian countries/regions. Reasons for substantial variations in ECT frequency in Asia require further study. © 2015 The Authors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2015 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.

  17. 31 CFR 515.560 - Travel-related transactions to, from, and within Cuba by persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ..., and within Cuba by persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction. 515.560 Section 515.560 Money and Finance... Licensing Policy § 515.560 Travel-related transactions to, from, and within Cuba by persons subject to U.S... guidelines with respect to Cuba or engaged in by U.S.-owned or -controlled foreign firms (general and...

  18. Cuba: Multidimensional numerical integration library

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hahn, Thomas

    2016-08-01

    The Cuba library offers four independent routines for multidimensional numerical integration: Vegas, Suave, Divonne, and Cuhre. The four algorithms work by very different methods, and can integrate vector integrands and have very similar Fortran, C/C++, and Mathematica interfaces. Their invocation is very similar, making it easy to cross-check by substituting one method by another. For further safeguarding, the output is supplemented by a chi-square probability which quantifies the reliability of the error estimate.

  19. El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, tratado axiológico para el profesional de la salud El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, an axiological treatise for health professionals

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yunexis Teresa Nobalbo Aguilera

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available El estudio del El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, de Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, tiene una gran importancia para el análisis de la concepción del hombre nuevo. En este trabajo se brinda una nueva visión desde un enfoque axiológico. Asimismo, se divulga el sistema de valores presentes en la obra que contribuyen a la formación del profesional de la salud, a partir de la figura del Che.The study of El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba (Socialism and man in Cuba of Ernesto Guevara de la Serna is of great importance to analyze the concept of the new man. The article reviews the book from an axiological approach, as well as pointing out its system of values, which is a contribution to the education of health professionals.

  20. High proportion of mannosidosis and fucosidosis among lysosomal storage diseases in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Menéndez-Sainz, C; González-Quevedo, A; González-García, S; Peña-Sánchez, M; Giugliani, R

    2012-08-13

    Although lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are considered individually rare, as a group they present a non-negligible frequency. Few studies have been made of populational occurrence of LSDs; they have been conducted predominantly on Caucasian populations. We studied the occurrence of LSDs in Cuba. Data from individuals who had been referred to the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Havana from hospitals all over the country between January 1990 and December 2005 were analyzed. This institute was the only laboratory to provide enzyme-based diagnostic testing for 19 LSDs in Cuba during this period. Occurrence rates were calculated by dividing the number of postnatal diagnoses by the number of births during the study period. The combined occurrence of LSDs in Cuba was 5.6 per 100,000, lower than that reported in other studies conducted on Caucasian populations. The most frequent individual LSDs were: mucopolysaccharidosis type I (1.01 per 100,000) and, surprisingly, alpha-mannosidosis (0.72 per 100,000) and fucosidosis (0.62 per 100,000). These findings may be related to specific genetic characteristics and admixture of the Cuban population. This is the first comprehensive study of the occurrence of LSDs in Cuba. We conclude that the epidemiology of these diseases can vary regionally, and we stress the need for similar surveys in other Latin American countries.

  1. Infauna monitoring Horns Rev offshore wind farm. Annual state report 2004

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bech, M.; Frederiksen, R.; Pedersen, John; Leonhard, S.B.

    2005-04-15

    A total of 40 species were identified from the surveys in the Horns Rev area in September 2004 while 42 species were identified in 2003 and 47 species in September 2001. The decline in the number of species occurred both inside the wind farm and reference areas, which indicates that the decline could be a combination of changes in sediment characteristics and natural variation rather than an effect from the establishment of the wind farm. More species were not associated with the hard substrate at the turbine sites in 2004 compared to 2003, while in 2001, more species were associated with fine-grained sand. The median sediment grain size increased from 2001 to 2003 to 2004, which suggests that the velocity of the current increased, but modelling calculations on current speed predicted a 2% reduction in the wind farm area and up to a 15% reduction very close to the scour protection. These results agreed with the grain sizes found at the stations 5, 25 and 100 metres from the scour protection. At most stations, the medium grain size was 5 metres lower from the scour protection compared with the station 100 metres from the scour protection, which indicates that the velocity of the current was lower close to the scour protection. No significant impact on the infauna in the wind farm area was detectable concerning distance-related effects. Though general reductions in the population size of some of the character species in the surveyed areas might be related to changes in the sediment structure, the infauna community at Horns Rev showed no obvious sign of stress response as a consequence of possible impact from construction and operating activities. New species were observed in 2003 and 2004 and some of these might be a result of sediment characteristics, less predation or natural variation. The recording of other species might be a result of the introduction of hard bottom habitants in the wind farm area. The density of the most abundant bivalves and bristle worms was

  2. Infauna monitoring Horns Rev offshore wind farm. Annual status report 2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bech, M.; Frederiksen, R.; Pedersen, John; Leonhard, S.B.

    2005-04-01

    A total of 40 species were identified from the surveys in the Horns Rev area in September 2004 while 42 species were identified in 2003 and 47 species in September 2001. The decline in the number of species occurred both inside the wind farm and reference areas, which indicates that the decline could be a combination of changes in sediment characteristics and natural variation rather than an effect from the establishment of the wind farm. More species were not associated with the hard substrate at the turbine sites in 2004 compared to 2003, while in 2001, more species were associated with fine-grained sand. The median sediment grain size increased from 2001 to 2003 to 2004, which suggests that the velocity of the current increased, but modelling calculations on current speed predicted a 2% reduction in the wind farm area and up to a 15% reduction very close to the scour protection. These results agreed with the grain sizes found at the stations 5, 25 and 100 metres from the scour protection. At most stations, the medium grain size was 5 metres lower from the scour protection compared with the station 100 metres from the scour protection, which indicates that the velocity of the current was lower close to the scour protection. No significant impact on the infauna in the wind farm area was detectable concerning distance-related effects. Though general reductions in the population size of some of the character species in the surveyed areas might be related to changes in the sediment structure, the infauna community at Horns Rev showed no obvious sign of stress response as a consequence of possible impact from construction and operating activities. New species were observed in 2003 and 2004 and some of these might be a result of sediment characteristics, less predation or natural variation. The recording of other species might be a result of the introduction of hard bottom habitants in the wind farm area. The density of the most abundant bivalves and bristle worms was

  3. Back to the Future?: Timor-Leste, Cuba and the return of the mass literacy campaign

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bob Boughton

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available In December 2005, eleven Cuban educational advisers arrived in Timor-Leste to begin work on a national literacy campaign. Adapting the program known in Latin America as Yo, Sí Puedo (Yes I Can, the Cubans trained over 400 local tutors to run classes in every part of the country, using a method they call ‘alphanumeric’, delivered via audiovisual technology. The campaign was launched in March 2007, and the first classes began in June of that year. By September 2010, three years later, over 70,000 adults, over one fifth of the total illiterate population, had successfully completed a thirteen week basic literacy course. Drawing on original research undertaken in Timor-Leste between 2004 and 2009, followed by further investigations in May 2010 in Havana, Cuba, this paper describes the Timor-Leste campaign, locating it within the historical commitment of the country’s independence movement to adult literacy, and the broader context of Cuba’s international literacy work.

  4. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001-2004; associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Koumans, Emilia H; Sternberg, Maya; Bruce, Carol; McQuillan, Geraldine; Kendrick, Juliette; Sutton, Madeline; Markowitz, Lauri E

    2007-11-01

    Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a disturbance of vaginal microflora, is a common cause of vaginal symptoms and is associated with an increased risk of acquisition of sexually transmitted infections, HIV, and with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We determined prevalence and associations with BV among a representative sample of women of reproductive age in the United States. Women aged 14-49 years participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004 were asked to submit a self-collected vaginal swab for Gram staining. BV, determined using Nugent's score, was defined as a score of 7-10. The prevalence of BV was 29.2% (95% confidence interval 27.2%-31.3%) corresponding to 21 million women with BV; only 15.7% of the women with BV reported vaginal symptoms. Prevalence was 51.4% among non-Hispanic blacks, 31.9% among Mexican Americans, and 23.2% among non-Hispanic whites (P model, BV only remained positively associated with race/ethnicity, increasing lifetime sex partners (chi2 P <0.001 for trend), increasing douching frequency (chi2 P for trend <0.001), low educational attainment (P <0.01), and inversely associated with current use of oral contraceptive pills (P <0.005). BV is a common condition; 84% of women with BV did not report symptoms. Because BV increases the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections, BV could contribute to racial disparities in these infections.

  5. 8 CFR 245.13 - Adjustment of status of certain nationals of Nicaragua and Cuba under Public Law 105-100.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... of Nicaragua and Cuba under Public Law 105-100. 245.13 Section 245.13 Aliens and Nationality... PERMANENT RESIDENCE § 245.13 Adjustment of status of certain nationals of Nicaragua and Cuba under Public... section 241(a)(5) of the Act, if the alien: (1) Is a national of Nicaragua or Cuba; (2) Except as provided...

  6. Diseño por simulación de un sistema híbrido eólico fotovoltaico para una vaquería en Cuba//Design by simulation of a PV Wind hybrid system for an isolated dairy farm in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Antonio Werner-de Dios-Ortega

    2013-05-01

    Full Text Available En este artículo se diseñó por simulación un sistema híbrido eólico-fotovoltaico de producción de energía eléctrica, para una vaquería aislada de la red eléctrica en Cuba. Las variables meteorológicas usadas fueron medidas durante un año. Estas son el punto de partida para la simulación usando el software HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable. Como resultado de la simulación HOMER muestra en una tabla de resultados con la combinación de todas las posibles variantes, ordenadas usando el capital inicial (Initial Capital. Combinando criterios técnico-económicos como el costo de la energía y la demanda insatisfecha se seleccionó la variante que mejor se ajusta a las necesidades de la vaquería.Palabras claves: sistema híbrido eólico-fotovoltaico, simulación, electrificación rural, HOMER._______________________________________________________________________________AbstractIn this article a design by simulation of a wind-photovoltaic hybrid system for an off-grid dairy in Cuba was made. The meteorological variables used were measured during one year. These are the starting point for the simulation using the software HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable. As a result of the simulation HOMER displays a table of results with the combination of all possible variants, sorted using the initial capital (Initial Capital. Combining technical and economic criteria as the cost of energy and the unmet load a variant was selected that best fits to the dairy needs.Key words: hybrid wind-photovoltaic, simulation, rural electrification, HOMER.

  7. A scientific review about sexual and reproductive rights on Colombia, 1994-2004

    OpenAIRE

    Ospina Muñoz, Doris Elena; Castaño López, Rosa Amalia

    2009-01-01

    Estudio realizado entre julio/2005 y julio/2008 siguiendo la Base de Productos Nacionales de COLCIENCIAS (X-acta). Objetivo: caracterizar el conocimiento producido sobre derechos sexuales y reproductivos en Colombia durante 1994-2004. Metodología: se consulta X-acta utilizando descriptores. Los artículos son organizados en tres grupos según la revista en que se publican: nacionales indexadas (T1), nacionales no indexadas (T2), extranjeras (T3). Se construyen categorías. Resultados...

  8. A recepção de Machado de Assis nos Estados Unidos durante as décadas de 1950 e 1960

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Earl Fitz

    Full Text Available Na literatura, a questão da recepção é extremamente complexa e, ao mesmo tempo, essencial, sobretudo se quisermos compreender melhor o impacto que tem em outra uma cultura literária pouco conhecida. Neste artigo, estudo a recepção de Machado de Assis nos Estados Unidos durante os anos 1950, quando três de seus romances - Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, Dom Casmurro e Quincas Borba - apareceram pela primeira vez em tradução para o inglês. Também considero a recepção de Machado nos anos 1960, período do chamado "boom", quando o autor brasileiro, apesar de ter sido muito admirado pelo crítico e escritor norte-americano John Barth, não recebeu a aclamação geral que merecia.

  9. Cuba in Transition: Communism vs Charisma Who Will Emerge as Cuba’s Next Leader

    Science.gov (United States)

    2001-04-04

    38 Olivo Verde, Defense of the Socialist Homeland, 6 March 1986. 26 MajGen Frias LtGen Espinosa MajGen Sola Cuban forces.39 The FAR is...comprised of three separate branches: the Army (Ejercito 150,000 troops strong), the Navy [Marina de Guerra Revolucionaria (MG) 5,000 troops strong] and...Cintro Frias , and is headquartered in Havana. The Eastern Army Corps, is led by General Ramon Espinosa Martin, and is headquartered in Santiago de Cuba

  10. Radiological control of the junk exports in Cuba; Control radiologico de las exportaciones de chatarra en Cuba

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dominguez L, O; Capote F, E; Carrazana G, J A; Zerquera, J T; Ramos V, O; Alonso A, D; Fernandez, I M; Caveda R, C A; Madrazo M, S; Barroso P, I [CPHR, Calle 20 No. 4113 e/41 y 47, Playa, C.P. 11300, A.P. 6195, C.P. 10600 La Habana (Cuba)

    2006-07-01

    Even when in Cuba a strict control exists on the radiation sources that enter to the country to be used in the different applications, it can be given the case that sources or contaminated materials that never were under this control due fundamentally to that entered to the country before the same one existed, appear in the junk that is marketed. In our country it is effective the Combined Resolution CITMA-MINCEX dated on April, 2002 that settles down the necessity and obligation that has all that manipulates, imports, exports or process junk of carrying out it a radiological control. From April, 2002 making use of a minimum of resources, an own methodology, a properly qualified personnel and the support of a credited laboratory by the ISO 17025 standard, the radioactivity measurement service in junk belonging to the Center of Protection and Hygiene of the Radiations (CPHR), it has reduced the risks that sources or contaminated materials are found in the junk that is exported in the main exporter companies of this line in Cuba avoiding possible radiological emergency situations that affect the population and the environment. (Author)

  11. Cuba y la transición política: tan cerca y... tan lejos. Reflexiones 2009 sobre el futuro político en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos Manuel RODRÍGUEZ ARECHAVALETA

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Partiendo de una revisión teórica de autores fundamentales sobre democratizaciones en la tercera ola, el artículo intenta analizar los escenarios del poder actual en Cuba, tanto formales como informales, la singularidad institucional y los posibles reacomodos en la nueva élite política cubana. Asumimos la premisa de que la sociedad civil y la presión exterior no han logrado impactos relevantes en estos años; por tanto, nuestra unidad de observación será la composición de la élite política a partir de la estructura del régimen, las reglas electorales y el diseño institucional, y la definición de actores cuyas decisiones e interacciones puedan afectar los resultados políticos futuros; por tanto, intentamos formalizar las interacciones estratégicas de Raúl y la oposición moderada para valorar el potencial de negociación de una transición política en Cuba. Entonces, ¿es posible una alianza entre reformistas moderados en el gobierno y una oposición moderada en Cuba que permita una transición política?

  12. Risk factors for wheezing in infants born in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Venero-Fernández, S J; Suárez-Medina, R; Mora-Faife, E C; García-García, G; Valle-Infante, I; Gómez-Marrero, L; Abreu-Suárez, G; González-Valdez, J; Fabró-Ortiz, D Dania; Fundora-Hernández, H; Venn, A; Britton, J; Fogarty, A W

    2013-11-01

    Cuba is a unique country, and despite limited economic development, has an excellent health system. However, the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children in Havana, Cuba, is unusually high. As early life exposures are critical to the aetiology of asthma, we have studied environmental influences on the risk of wheezing in Cuban infants. Cross-sectional study. A random sample of 2032 children aged 12-15 months living in Havana was selected for inclusion in the cohort. Data were collected using questionnaires administered by researchers. Of 2032 infants invited to participate, 1956 (96%) infants provided data. The prevalence of any wheeze was 45%, severe wheeze requiring use of emergency services was 30% and recurrent wheeze on three or more occasions was 20%. The largest adjusted risk factors for any wheeze were presence of eczema [odds ratio (OR) 2.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.48-2.94], family history of asthma (OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.60-2.62), poor ventilation in the house (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.48-2.67), attendance at nursery (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.24-2.57), male sex (OR1.52; 95% CI 1.19-1.96) and the number of smokers in the house (P Cuba. As the prevalence of smoking in the house is high (51%), intervention studies are required to determine effective strategies to improve infant health.

  13. La producción científica cubana en la bibliografía española de ciencia y tecnología 1995-2001

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Arencibia Jorge, Ricardo

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available The present work is a bibliometric analysis about the Cuban scientific output in the Spanish Bibliography of Science and Technology. The registers were obtained from the Spanish Index of Science and Technology (ICYT, CD-ROM version, comprised in the period from 1995 to 2001, whenever a Cuban institution is identified in the affiliation. The bibliometric indicators used in the study were the annual scientific production of the researchers, the co-authorship index, and the inter-institutional co-operation. Total count was used in the analysis of the individual productivity. A total of 958 articles with Cuban authors were published in 103 Spanish serials. The average number of authors per article was 3,62, with an increasing trend. Half of the most productive authors is from the Food Industry Research Institute (IIIA. Spanish authors participated in 73% of the international cooperations with Cuba. A study about the Spanish Medical Index (IME and the Spanish Index of Social Sciences and Humanities (ISOC is necessary to have a general overview of the Cuban scientific production in the Spanish literature in Science and Technology, Medicine and Society.

    El presente trabajo es un análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica cubana en la Bibliografía Española de Ciencia y Tecnología. Se utilizaron los registros recuperados de la versión en CD-ROM del Indice Español de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICYT durante el período comprendido entre 1995 y 2001, siempre que apareciera una institución cubana en el campo de afiliación. Se utilizaron como indicadores bibliométricos la producción científica anual de los investigadores, el índice de coautoría y los índices de colaboración entre instituciones. Se utilizó el conteo directo para el análisis de la productividad individual de los autores. Se obtuvieron un total de 958 artículos con autores cubanos, publicados en 103 publicaciones seriadas españolas. El promedio de autores por art

  14. Comparison of family planning in Cuba and Ireland.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Smyth, Suzie; Stronge, Shirley

    2015-08-26

    Family planning gives individuals and couples control and choice over the number of children they have and the timing of their births. Developments in reproductive health have resulted in major changes in the options for family planning, providing more choice and control over fertility. This article explores reproductive health in the Republic of Cuba and the Republic of Ireland, with a focus on contraceptive use and termination of pregnancy as methods of family planning. The predominant religion in both countries is Catholicism, which promotes the right to life of the unborn child. The two countries have adopted different approaches to the availability of both contraception and termination of pregnancy. Cuba has offered free access to contraception and termination of pregnancy since the 1960s to reduce maternal mortality. In Ireland, contraception was not widely available until 1995 and termination of pregnancy is available only in extremely limited circumstances.

  15. Prevalencia de amebiasis extraintestinal en el estado Bolívar, Venezuela, durante el período 1996-2002.

    OpenAIRE

    Tutaya, H.; Cermeño-Vivas, J. R.; Cermeño-Vivas, J. J.

    2002-01-01

    Resumen La Amebiasis Extraintestinal es una presentación de la forma intestinal que implica complicaciones severas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de la amebiasis extraintestinal en el estado Bolívar. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo de los casos de amebiasis extraintestinal del estado durante el período 1996-2001. La única forma de amebiasis extraintestinal encontrada fue el absceso hepático amebiano (6 casos), con una prevalencia de 7,1/1.000 pacien...

  16. National Land Cover Database 2001 (NLCD01)

    Science.gov (United States)

    LaMotte, Andrew E.

    2016-01-01

    This 30-meter data set represents land use and land cover for the conterminous United States for the 2001 time period. The data have been arranged into four tiles to facilitate timely display and manipulation within a Geographic Information System (see http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/nlcd01-partition.jpg). The National Land Cover Data Set for 2001 was produced through a cooperative project conducted by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. The MRLC Consortium is a partnership of Federal agencies (http://www.mrlc.gov), consisting of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), the National Park Service (NPS), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). One of the primary goals of the project is to generate a current, consistent, seamless, and accurate National Land Cover Database (NLCD) circa 2001 for the United States at medium spatial resolution. For a detailed definition and discussion on MRLC and the NLCD 2001 products, refer to Homer and others (2004), (see: http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k.asp). The NLCD 2001 was created by partitioning the United States into mapping zones. A total of 68 mapping zones (see http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/nlcd01-mappingzones.jpg), were delineated within the conterminous United States based on ecoregion and geographical characteristics, edge-matching features, and the size requirement of Landsat mosaics. Mapping zones encompass the whole or parts of several states. Questions about the NLCD mapping zones can be directed to the NLCD 2001 Land Cover Mapping Team at the USGS/EROS, Sioux Falls, SD (605) 594-6151 or mrlc@usgs.gov.

  17. Tuberculosis mortality trends in cuba, 1998 to 2007.

    Science.gov (United States)

    González, Edilberto; Risco, Grisel E; Borroto, Susana; Perna, Abel; Armas, Luisa

    2009-01-01

    Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of illness and death throughout the world. The World Health Organization's Global Plan to Stop TB 2006-2015 proposes that countries cut TB mortality by half compared to 1990 rates. In Cuba, TB mortality declined steadily throughout the 20th century, particularly after 1960. Objective Describe TB mortality distribution and trends in Cuba from January 1998 to December 2007 by infection site, sex, age and province, and determine progress towards the WHO's 2015 target for TB mortality reduction. Methods A time series ecological study was conducted. Death certificates stating TB as cause of death were obtained from the Ministry of Public Health's National Statistics Division, and population data by age group, sex, and province were obtained from the National Statistics Bureau. Crude and specific death rate trends and variation were analyzed. Results TB mortality declined from 0.4 per 100,000 population in 1998 to 0.2 (under half the 1990 rate) in 2007. Clinical forms of the disease, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, also declined. The highest mortality rates were found in males and in the group aged ≥ 65 years. Rates were also highest in the capital, Havana, with extreme values of 0.73 and 0.39 per 100,000 population at the beginning and end of the period, respectively. Conclusions Deaths from TB declined steadily compared to total deaths and deaths caused by infectious diseases. The Global Plan to Stop TB target was met well ahead of 2015. If this trend continues, TB is likely to become an exceptional cause of death in Cuba.

  18. Evaluación inicial de sistemas integrados para la producción de alimentos y energía en Cuba Initial evaluation of integrated systems for food and energy production in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    F. R Funes-Monzote

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available La investigación tuvo el objetivo de definir una tipología de sistemas integrados de producción de alimentos y energía con enfoque agroecológico, en Cuba. Los resultados se basan en una evaluación preliminar del comportamiento de fincas integradas pertenecientes al proyecto internacional Biomas-Cuba. Se describe una metodología que puede servir como base para futuras evaluaciones de la relación diversidad-eficiencia energética-productividad, en la búsqueda de tipologías que sirvan para caracterizar, de la manera más precisa posible, dichos sistemas integrados. La metodología permitió la cuantificación del comportamiento de la diversidad, la eficiencia energética y la productividad de 25 sistemas de producción en diferentes estadios de conversión y distribuidos en la zona occidental, la central y la oriental de Cuba. Los indicadores evaluados (previamente validados en Cuba para este tipo de estudio y el uso de métodos de cálculo empírico y estadística multivariada permitieron identificar y caracterizar tres tipos fundamentales de sistemas integrados, a los cuales se les denominó BIOMAS-1A, BIOMAS-1B y BIOMAS-1C. Los resultados de los indicadores, así como el análisis de las semejanzas y diferencias entre los diferentes tipos constituyen elementos a tener en cuenta para posteriores estudios en sistemas integrados de alimentos y energía con un mayor número de fincas.The objective of the study was to define a typology of integrated food and energy production systems with agroecological approach, in Cuba. The results are based on a preliminary evaluation of the performance of integrated farms belonging to the international project Biomas-Cuba. A methodology is described which can be helpful as basis for future evaluations of the diversity-efficiency-energy-productivity relationship, in the search for typologies that can characterize, as accurately as possible, such integrated systems. The methodology allowed quantifying the

  19. Disaster management and multihazard risk assessment in Cuba

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Castellanos Abella, E.A.

    2008-01-01

    The success, statistically proved, of the civil defense system in Cuba have been justified differently worldwide. While some experts relate this fact to the social welfare others debate about the forced evacuation. Beside, the long term development of disaster reduction in the country is commonly

  20. España y Cuba. Cien años de relaciones financieras

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Inés ROLDÁN DE MONTAUD

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: Desde la pérdida del imperio continental americano, Cuba se convierte en el territorio colonial de mayor importancia para la metrópoli. Mercado preferencial para la producción española y fuente de capitales que ayudó a paliar el déficit del Tesoro peninsular, las páginas siguientes se dedican a estudiar las diferentes etapas por las que atravesaron las relaciones financieras entre metrópoli y colonia a lo largo del siglo XIX. Estudio centrado en el aspecto institucional, es decir, en las relaciones entre los Tesoros y por tanto en la especial configuración de la Hacienda colonial y la concepción y estructura del sistema presupuestario. Palabras Clave: España, Cuba, Siglo XIX, Relaciones financieras, Hacienda colonial, Presupuestos. ABSTRACT: After metropolis lost its empire on the American continent, Cuba became its most important colonial territory and a preferential market for Spanish production as well as a source of capital which helped to mitigate the deficit in the Spanish Treasury. The pages that follow study the different stages through which the financial relations between the metropolis and the colony passed during the 19th century. This study focuses on the institutional aspect, i.e., on the relations between the treasuries and therefore on the special configuration of the colonial Treasuty and the conception and structure of the budgetary system. Key words: Spain, Cuba 19th Century, Financial Relation, Colonial Treasury, Budgets.

  1. The malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum in the endemic avifauna of eastern Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Soares, Letícia; Marra, Peter; Gray, Lindsey; Ricklefs, Robert E

    2017-12-01

    Island populations are vulnerable to introduced pathogens, as evidenced by extinction or population decline of several endemic Hawaiian birds caused by the malaria parasite, Plasmodium relictum (order Haemosporida). We analyzed blood samples from 363 birds caught near Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, for the presence of haemosporidian infections. We characterized parasite lineages by determining nucleotide variation of the parasite's mitochondrial cyt b gene. Fifty-nine individuals were infected, and we identified 7 lineages of haemosporidian parasites. Fifty individuals were infected by 6 Haemoproteus sp. lineages, including a newly characterized lineage of Haem. (Parahaemoproteus) sp. CUH01. Nine individuals carried the P. relictum lineage GRW4, including 5 endemic Cuban Grassquits (Tiaris canorus) and 1 migratory Cape May Warbler (Setophaga tigrina). A sequence of the merozoite surface protein gene from one Cuban Grassquit infected with GRW4 matched that of the Hawaiian haplotype Pr9. Our results indicate that resident and migratory Cuban birds are infected with a malaria lineage that has severely affected populations of several endemic Hawaiian birds. We suggest GRW4 may be associated with the lack of several bird species on Cuba that are ubiquitous elsewhere in the West Indies. From the standpoint of avian conservation in the Caribbean Basin, it will be important to determine the distribution of haemosporidian parasites, especially P. relictum GRW4, in Cuba as well as the pathogenicity of this lineage in species that occur and are absent from Cuba. © 2017 Society for Conservation Biology.

  2. Work- influence of the renewable energy sources in the environment, their use in Cuba; Trabajo- Influencia de las fuentes energeticas renovables en el medio ambiente, su aplicacion en Cuba

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mendez Gonzalez, Mercedes; Sarmiento Sera, Antonio [Instituto Superior Politecnico Jose A. Echeverria (ISPJAE), Ciudad de la Habana (Cuba)

    2000-07-01

    Among the different renewable energy technologies, wind provides better possibilities in regions in which this resource is available. The advantages of wind, as well as solar energy technologies are less or none fuel costs and less environmental impacts. According to the current available technology development, the use of hybrid systems of photovoltaic and wind energy presents large opportunities to cover the energy needs of isolated areas, specially in facilities that don't have connection to the national transmission grid. This study presents the different environmental impacts that hybrid systems have (incorporing the landscape impacts as well as socioeconomical impacts) for the electricity generation in Cuba. We conclude that these systems allow an important power generation in Cuba, and that they have neglected impacts to the environment. The use hybrid systems in Cuba are particularly important in ecotourism facilities and other small industries. [Spanish] Dentro de las posibilidades energeticas y medioambientales de los distintos tipos de energias renovables; la eolica por su caracter limpio e inagotable, permite un gran desarrollo en aquellas areas que cuentan con el potencial necesario para su aplicacion. De forma similar la energia solar presenta ventajas importantes, ambos son recursos gratuitos, no contaminantes y disponibles en muchas localidades. Segun las tecnologias actualmente disponibles, la utilizacion de sistemas hibridos de energia solar fotovoltaica y eolica presenta mayor interes hoy en dia para cubrir consumos aislados, en instalaciones alejadas de la red nacional de electrificacion. Este trabajo plantea un estudio, de la afectacion que sobre el medio ambiente, tanto en el aspecto visual como socioeconomico, tienen las fuentes energeticas renovables, y especificamente los sistemas hibridos eolico- fotovoltaicos para la generacion de electricidad en Cuba, a partir de conocer los recursos eolico y solar disponible en el lugar del

  3. Seasonal distribution and evolving forms of multiple sclerosis patients diagnosed from April 2004 to November 2007 Distribución estacional y formas evolutivas de esclerosis múltiple en pacientes diagnosticados entre Abril del 2004 y Noviembre del 2007

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hermes Fundora-Hernández

    2009-09-01

    Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS was first reported in Cuba in 1965. The most frequent appearance is observed in the first six months of the year. OBJECTIVE: To determine the seasonal distribution and evolving forms of MS patients diagnosed with the disease between April 2004 and November 2007. METHOD: Twenty-one patients with suspected MS and 42 outbreaks were studied. Patients were classified according to Lublin and Revingold's criteria for clinical forms and according to McDonald. RESULTS: Most patients were classified in outbreak and remission and only two patients classified as primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. The higher number of outbreaks occurred in the first two quarters of the year. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to study further weather variables that may be related to the emergence of these outbreaks in our environment.INTRODUCCIÓN: La esclerosis múltiple (EM fue reportada en Cuba por primera vez en 1965. Se ha venido observando la aparición más frecuente en los primeros seis meses del año. OBJETIVO: Determinar la distribución estacional y formas evolutivas de EM en pacientes con diagnóstico de esta enfermedad entre abril 2004 y noviembre 2007. MÉTODO: Se estudiaron 21 pacientes con sospecha de EM y un total de 42 brotes. Los pacientes fueron clasificados según los criterios de Lublin y Revingold para las formas evolutivas y según los criterios de McDonald. RESULTADOS: Solo dos pacientes clasificaron en la forma evolutiva progresiva primaria; los primeros dos trimestres del año fueron los de mayor número de brotes. CONCLUSIÓN: Se recomienda profundizar en las variables climatológicas que pudieran tener vínculo con la aparición de estos brotes en nuestro medio.

  4. [Estimation of infant and child mortality in the eastern provinces of Cuba].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gonzalez, G; Herrera, L

    1986-01-01

    An estimate of infant and child mortality in the eastern provinces of Cuba is presented using the Brass method as adapted by Trussell. "Estimations by urban and rural zones are also performed within the provinces studied, and results are compared with those possible to obtain by continuous statistics. Results obtained show that in the eastern [part] of the country Holguin and Guantanamo are the provinces with highest infantile mortality rates, and the lowest rates correspond to Granma, followed by Santiago de Cuba." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE) excerpt

  5. Uso de medicamentos durante a lactação Breastfeeding and maternal medications

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Roberto G. Chaves

    2004-11-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Contribuir com informações para o uso racional de medicamentos durante a amamentação. FONTES DOS DADOS: Foram selecionados artigos na base de dados MEDLINE, de 1993 a 2004, e no Lilacs, de 1995 a 2004, em português, espanhol e inglês, usando as palavras-chave aleitamento, lactação, drogas e medicamentos. Outras referências recentes encontradas em artigos e livros foram incluídas a fim de fornecer subsídios para a realização deste artigo. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: A maior parte dos fármacos é compatível com a amamentação. Poucos são contra-indicados (antineoplásicos, radiofármacos, drogas de abuso; alguns requerem cuidados devido ao risco de efeitos adversos em lactentes ou de redução do volume de leite. Porém, ainda é necessário maior conhecimento sobre os efeitos para a criança de muitos fármacos durante a amamentação. CONCLUSÕES: O princípio fundamental da prescrição de medicamentos para mães em lactação baseia-se no conceito de risco e benefício. Deve-se fazer opção, sempre que possível, por uma droga já estudada, que seja pouco excretada no leite materno e que não tenha risco aparente para a saúde da criança. Medicamentos que reduzem a produção de leite pela nutriz devem ser evitados durante a lactação, e o uso dos galactagogos está reservado para situações especiais. Dessa maneira, só excepcionalmente o aleitamento materno precisa ser desencorajado ou descontinuado quando a mãe necessitar de tratamento farmacológico.OBJECTIVE: To contribute with information about the adequate administration of drugs during breastfeeding. SOURCES OF DATA: MEDLINE articles from 1993 to 2004, and Lilacs articles from 1995 to 2004 were selected in Portuguese, Spanish and English, by including the following keywords: breastfeeding, lactation, drugs and medicines. Other update references found in articles and books were also included in this review, in order to provide additional information. SUMMARY OF

  6. Sexual orientation and quality of life among university students from Cuba, Norway, India, and South Africa.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Traeen, Bente; Martinussen, Monica; Vittersø, Joar; Saini, Sunil

    2009-01-01

    This article explores quality-of-life aspects among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and straight male and female students in Havana (Cuba), Tromsø (Norway), Hisar (India), and Cape Town (South Africa). In the period 2004-2005, a questionnaire survey on sexuality, happiness, and life satisfaction was undertaken among 339 students from the University of Havana, 144 students from the University of Tromsø, 200 students from Guru Jambheswar University, and 189 students from the University of the Western Cape. The majority of the participants were straight and, in Hisar and Cape Town, few of those who regarded themselves as gay/lesbian/bisexual had engaged in sex with a person of the same gender. In all cities, straight men and women scored higher than gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons on the quality-of-life measures. Quality of life among gay/bisexual men and lesbian/bisexual women was higher in cultures with accepting attitudes toward homosexuality than in cultures with restrictive attitudes.

  7. Epidemiology of Suicide in Cuba, 1987-2014.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Corona-Miranda, Beatriz; Hernández-Sánchez, Mariela; Lomba-Acevedo, Paula

    2016-07-01

    INTRODUCTION Suicide is a health problem influenced by biological, genetic, psychological, social and economic factors. It is responsible for 50% of violent deaths in the male population, worldwide, and 71% in the female. In the Americas, 65,000 deaths by suicide occur every year. It is the ninth most frequent cause of death in Cuba, and third among people aged 10-19. OBJECTIVE Characterize the epidemiology of suicide in Cuba from 1987 to 2014. METHODS A retrospective descriptive study was conducted. The information comprised all records of death by suicide from January 1, 1987 to December 31, 2014, in the Cuban Ministry of Public Health's National Statistics Division database. The variables were sex, age, skin color, employment status/occupation, marital status, and method of suicide. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates and age-sex specific mortality rates were calculated, all per 100,000 population, as well as the sex ratio. Relative change over the series was calculated as a percentage. Distribution of suicides by variable was calculated and proportions expressed as percentages. RESULTS A total of 51,113 deaths by suicide were reported (annual average 1825), of which 34,671 (67.8%) were among men. The sex ratio was 2.1:1 for the entire study period, and 3.9:1 for 2011-2014. Over the course of the period studied, age-standardized suicide rates decreased from 23.9 to 10.8 per 100,000 population (54.8% reduction). The group aged ≥60 years had the highest average age-standardized rate, 44.6 per 100,000 population. The highest suicide burden by age was in the group aged 20-59 years (60.5%). By skin color, the highest burden was in those recorded as white, 68.9%. By marital status, the highest burden was in persons with a stable partner (46.7%), and by employment status/occupation, in retired (25.9%). The most commonly used method was hanging (59.4%). CONCLUSIONS Over the course of about three decades, suicide mortality rates have declined by almost half and

  8. Sector profile: Petroleum sector in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1990-02-01

    The Cuban oil industry started in 1860 when an oil well was drilled in Matanzas province. About 200 wells were drilled up until 1959. In the past 30 years, the oil industry has become a priority sector; in 1985-1990, about US$500 million were invested in the industry, with increases in exploration and well drilling activity. Recently completed works include pipelines and a supertanker terminal. About 10 million tons of oil are imported annually and local production averages about 800,000 metric tons per year. Most of the oil found in Cuba so far is of the heavy type, as found in western Canada. There are about 10 small and medium-sized oil deposits, mainly located in the north. The most promising oil field is at Varadero, whose characteristics are similar to the Cold Lake field in Alberta. Cuban oil refining capacity is over 7.6 million metric tons per year, and additional capacity is being constructed. All imports of oil industry equipment are conducted via state trading agencies. Export opportunities of interest to Canadian companies are outlined, along with monetary constraints affecting imports to Cuba, financing and export insurance programs available to Canadian companies, and recommendations to Canadian exporters. A list of industry/government contacts is included

  9. Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1993-02-01

    Cuba is a country of 110,860 sq.km with 10.8 million inhabitants, of whom 99% are literate. Independence was gained on May 20, 1902. The terrain consists of flat or gently rolling plains, hills, and mountains up to 2000 meters in the Southeast, with a climate which is tropical, yet moderated by trade winds. Spanish is spoken by the Spanish-African mixed population. Life expectancy ranges over 74-77 years. Gross social product is $21 billion, declining at a rate of -20%. Per capita income is $1500. The country's natural resources include nickel, cobalt, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, and timber. Sugar, fruits, tobacco, coffee, rice, beans, meat, vegetables, food processing, oil refining, cement, electric power, light consumer, and industrial products are areas of economic production. Capital goods, industrial raw materials, food, petroleum, and consumer goods are imported, and sugar and its by-products, petroleum, nickel, seafood, citrus, tobacco products and rum are exported. Indepth information is also given on the people and history, government and principal officials, political conditions, the economy, defense, foreign relations, relations with the U.S., and names of principal U.S. officials in the country.

  10. Pediatric care as part of the US Army medical mission in the global war on terrorism in Afghanistan and Iraq, December 2001 to December 2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Burnett, Mark W; Spinella, Philip C; Azarow, Kenneth S; Callahan, Charles W

    2008-02-01

    Our objective in this report was to describe the epidemiologic features of and workload associated with pediatric admissions to 12 US Army military hospitals deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. The Patient Administration Systems and Biostatistics Activity database was queried for all local national patients Afghanistan and Iraq between December 2001 and December 2004. Pediatric admissions during the study period were 1012 (4.2%) of 24,227 admissions, occupying 10% of all bed-days. The median length of stay was 4 days (interquartile range: 1-8 days). The largest proportion of children were 11 to 17 years of age (332 of 757 children; 44%), although 45 (6%) of 757 children hospitalized were Afghanistan and Iraq. Military medical planners must continue to improve pediatric medical support, including personnel, equipment, and medications that are necessary to treat children injured during combat operations, as well as those for whom the existing host nation medical infrastructure is unable to provide care.

  11. Prevalence and severity of self-reported asthma in young adults, 1976-2004

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Browatzki, A; Ulrik, Charlotte Suppli; Lange, P

    2009-01-01

    The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence and severity of asthma in young Danish adults over three decades. Males and females aged 20-35 yrs were sampled from the population of Copenhagen for the three surveys (1976-1978, 1991-1993 and 2001-2004). A total of 3,285 (46% male) sub...... to increase over the last three decades among young Danish adults, and the observed increase in severity seems, at least partly, to be related to the increase in prevalence of obesity.......The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence and severity of asthma in young Danish adults over three decades. Males and females aged 20-35 yrs were sampled from the population of Copenhagen for the three surveys (1976-1978, 1991-1993 and 2001-2004). A total of 3,285 (46% male...... index, especially >30 kg.m(-2), was associated with a lower percentage predicted FEV1 (pobesity on FEV1. The proportion of smokers declined from 60 to 38% (p

  12. The Media’s Construction of Cuba. An Analysis of the Journalistic Discourse of The Washington Post

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mg. Miguel Ernesto Gómez Masjuán

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available The article shows the main findings of a qualitative piece of research based on a unique, inclusive, descriptive case aimed at critically analysing the journalistic discourse of American newspaper The Washington Post about Cuba in two significant moments of the island´s recent history: Fidel Castro´s Proclamation in July 31, 2006, and Raúl Castro’s Presidential election in February, 2008. The main topics, discursive strategies and linguistic resources prioritised by the newspaper to portray Cuba during that period are examined and several converging points between the newspaper´s discourse and Bush Administration´s political discourse about Cuba are revealed.

  13. Europa y Estados Unidos ante los Derechos Humanos en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Susanne Gratius

    2008-01-01

    de la UE no han sido estrategias eficaces para promover los derechos humanos en la isla. Al ser diferentes, las políticas de la UE y EEUU incluso han contribuido a mantener el régimen castrista en el poder: la UE por su reconocimiento diplomático y la cooperación económica; EEUU, al proporcionar una imagen de enemigo externo. Por ello, y ante el nuevo panorama que ofrece el cambio de gobierno en Cuba, la próxima revisión de la Posición Común de la UE y las elecciones presidenciales en EEUU, es necesario replantearse los objetivos y estrategias políticas para incentivar los derechos humanos en Cuba.

  14. Vigilancia de la resistencia a los fármacos antituberculosos en Cuba, 2000-2009 Surveillance of resistance to antitubercular drugs in Cuba, 2000-2009

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ernesto Montoro

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de la resistencia a los fármacos antituberculosos en Cuba en el decenio 2000-2009. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo longitudinal. El universo de trabajo estuvo constituido por un total de 2 285 aislamientos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis obtenidos de todo el país en el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2000 y el 31 de diciembre de 2009. Se empleó el método de las proporciones en medio Löwenstein-Jensen con los fármacos de primera línea: isoniazida, estreptomicina, etambutol y rifampicina. RESULTADOS: La resistencia entre los casos nuevos y los pacientes con antecedente de tratamiento previo fue de 8,5% y 37,0%, respectivamente; para estas mismas categorías de caso, la multirresistencia fue de 0,4% y 8,8%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: El presente estudio muestra baja prevalencia de cepas multirresistentes en Cuba. Estos resultados reflejan los avances logrados por el programa nacional de control, que trabaja en la actualidad hacia la eliminación de la tuberculosis como problema de salud pública en el país.OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of resistance to antitubercular drugs in Cuba in the 2000-2009 decade. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted. The sample group consisted of 2  285 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained from throughout the country in the period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009. The proportion method was used in Löwenstein-Jensen media with the first-line drugs: isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol, and rifampicin. RESULTS: In the new cases and patients with a history of previous treatment, resistance was 8.5% and 37.0%, respectively. In these case categories, multidrug resistance was 0.4% and 8.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows low prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains in Cuba. The results reflect the progress made by the national control program, which is currently working on the elimination of

  15. Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil from Cuba and Brazil against housefly

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zeneida Teixeira Pinto

    Full Text Available Essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus collected from Brazil and Cuba was tested to a chemical characterization and then was tested on the post-embryonic development of Musca domestica. The chemical composition analysis by GC-MS of the oils from Brazil/Cuba allowed the identification of 13 and 12 major constituents respectively; nine of them common to both. In the both oils, the main components were the isomers geranial and neral, which together form the compound citral. This corresponds to a total of 97.92%/Brazil and 97.69%/Cuba of the compounds identified. The monoterpene myrcene, observed only in the sample of Cuba, presented a large relative abundance (6.52%. The essential oil of C. citratus (Brazil/Cuba was dissolved in DMSO and tested at concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% and citral was prepared by mixing 16.8 mg with 960 µL DMSO. Both essential oils and monoterpene citral were applied topically to newly-hatched larvae (1µL/larva. The results showed a lethal concentration (LC50 of 4.25 and 3.24% for the Brazilian and Cuban essential oils, respectively. Mortalities of larval and newly-hatched larvae to adult periods were dose-dependent for the two both oils as for monoterpene citral, reaching 90%. Both essential oils and citral caused morphological changes in adult specimens.

  16. Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil from Cuba and Brazil against housefly.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pinto, Zeneida Teixeira; Sánchez, Félix Fernández; dos Santos, Arith Ramos; Amaral, Ana Claudia Fernandes; Ferreira, José Luiz Pinto; Escalona-Arranz, Julio César; Queiroz, Margareth Maria de Carvalho

    2015-01-01

    Essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus collected from Brazil and Cuba was tested to a chemical characterization and then was tested on the post-embryonic development of Musca domestica. The chemical composition analysis by GC-MS of the oils from Brazil/Cuba allowed the identification of 13 and 12 major constituents respectively; nine of them common to both. In the both oils, the main components were the isomers geranial and neral, which together form the compound citral. This corresponds to a total of 97.92%/Brazil and 97.69%/Cuba of the compounds identified. The monoterpene myrcene, observed only in the sample of Cuba, presented a large relative abundance (6.52%). The essential oil of C. citratus (Brazil/Cuba) was dissolved in DMSO and tested at concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% and citral was prepared by mixing 16.8 mg with 960 µL DMSO. Both essential oils and monoterpene citral were applied topically to newly-hatched larvae (1µL/larva). The results showed a lethal concentration (LC50) of 4.25 and 3.24% for the Brazilian and Cuban essential oils, respectively. Mortalities of larval and newly-hatched larvae to adult periods were dose-dependent for the two both oils as for monoterpene citral, reaching 90%. Both essential oils and citral caused morphological changes in adult specimens.

  17. La eliminación del sarampión en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel A. Galindo

    1998-09-01

    Full Text Available La vacuna antisarampionosa se empezó a usar en Cuba en 1971. En los años setenta se implantó una estrategia inicial para el control del sarampión, y a ella le siguieron iniciativas adicionales a principios de los años ochenta. Pese a haberse mejorado el programa de control, siguieron produciéndose brotes de la enfermedad. En 1986, después de revisar las experiencias recogidas a partir de las iniciativas de control ya establecidas, se adoptó una nueva estrategia de vacunación antisarampionosa. Con el tiempo, la nueva estrategia de vacunación contra el sarampión llegó a tener tres componentes principales: primero, una campaña única de vacunación de "puesta al día" dirigida a niños de 1 a 14 años de edad. Segundo, se procuró lograr y mantener una alta cobertura con la vacuna mediante el ofrecimiento de servicios de vacunación obligatoria para niños de 12 meses de edad ("vacunación de mantenimiento". Por último, se llevaron a cabo periódicamente campañas de "seguimiento" para niños de 2 a 6 años de edad. Con el fin de monitorear el territorio recorrido hacia le eliminación del sarampión, se ha hecho un esfuerzo por fortalecer la vigilancia de la enfermedad, de la cual forma parte la investigación de casos sospechados. Tanto la campaña general de "puesta al día" como la de "seguimiento" alcanzaron coberturas de más de 98% en los grupos de edad a los que fueron dirigidas. El programa de vacunación de rutina también ha mantenido una alta cobertura. La alta inmunidad poblacional contra el sarampión lograda mediante estas estrategias de vacunación dio por resultado una rápida reducción de la incidencia de la enfermedad. De 1989 a 1992, se notificaron menos de 20 casos anuales confirmados por laboratorios. En Cuba, el último caso confirmado por pruebas serológicas se presentó en julio de 1993. La estrategia para la eliminación del sarampión que se ha aplicado en Cuba ha interrumpido la transmisión de la

  18. Diversidad florística del Paisaje Natural Protegido “Estrella-Aguadores”, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel Ángel Castell-Puchades

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available El Paisaje Natural Protegido “Estrella-Aguadores” se considera entre las áreas de mayor riqueza florística de la costa suroriental de Cuba, sin embargo, son insuficientes los estudios florísticos locales que les posibilite a técnicos y decisores locales contar con la información necesaria para emprender acciones adecuadas de conservación y manejo; con el objetivo de resolver este problema, realizamos un estudio de la diversidad florística que caracteriza el área protegida. Se desarrolló un muestreo preferencial, sin rumbo fijo, teniendo en cuenta en cada recorrido las características físico-geográficas del área, así como la ecología de las especies. El trabajo de campo se realizó según la metodología de los inventarios biológicos rápidos. Se identifican 266 especies de angiospermas para el Paisaje Natural Protegido “Estrella-Aguadores”, de las cuales 112 constituyen nuevos registros para el área protegida. Se registran 38 especies endémicas y seis especies amenazadas. El 48% de las angiospermas registradas presentan algún tipo de uso o valor para los comunitarios. Este trabajo muestra al Paisaje Natural Protegido “Estrella-Aguadores” como una de las reservas más importantes en diversidad de angiospermas de las terrazas costeras de Cuba, lo cual resalta su función como área de protección de la flora.

  19. Estonie 2004-2005 : y a-t-il un pilote dans l'avion? / Antoine Chalvin

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Chalvin, Antoine

    2005-01-01

    Ülevaade sündmustest Eesti poliitikas ja majanduses: valitsuskoalitsiooni lagunemine, sotsiaalpoliitika ning tervishoiu probleemid, Eesti-Vene piirileping, majandusnäitajad, Eesti-Prantsusmaa suhted, EL-iga liitumise mõjud. Tabelid. Lisad: Eesti poliitiliste sündmuste kronoloogia 2004-2005; Valimistulemused alates 2001; Valitsuse koosseis juunis 2005

  20. 31 CFR 515.563 - Journalistic activities in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Journalistic activities in Cuba. 515.563 Section 515.563 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... the research constitutes a full work schedule that could not be accomplished in a shorter period of...

  1. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt. Program budget for research and development 2001. Planning period 2001 - 2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2000-11-01

    The Karlsruhe Research Center is a national research center founded and substantially funded by the German Federal Government and the Land government of Baden-Wuerttemberg, the federal state where it is located. It is a member of the Hermann von Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren and is one of the most important, independent research centers in Germany working in the fields of the natural sciences and engineering sciences. The Center's R and D programmes encompass research activities up to pre-industrial scale as well as product and process development, research for precautionary policy and purposes, and fundamental research. The focal points of the R and D programme 2001 are explained under the following subject titles: - Environment - Public Health - Energy - Key Technologies - Fundamental Research. The programme reveals the shift of emphasis of activities which commenced in the early 1980s, away from nuclear engineering as the major focus in the early days towards a much wider spectrum of activities today, characterized by aspects such as complexity of tasks, long-term planning, and the need for cross-disciplinary and multilateral cooperation. The second volume of the publication explains the programme budget and apportionment of funds. (orig./CB) [de

  2. Salud pública y propiedad intelectual en Cuba: mapa conceptual

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Beatriz García Delgado

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO:El objetivo de este estudio es el análisis del marco legal de salud y propiedad intelectual en Cuba y su incidencia en las condiciones de acceso de la población a los recursos de salud y el papel de los diferentes actores sociales. METODOLOGÍA: Se utilizó la metodología desarrollada por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud para la ejecución del Proyecto Mapa Conceptual sobre Salud Pública y Propiedad Intelectual. RESULTADOS: La información recobrada en específico sobre el marco legal y su evolución en el tiempo en Cuba relacionado con el Sistema Nacional de Salud, el Sistema de Propiedad Intelectual y el fortalecimiento de la industria biofarmacéutica del país, fue procesada y analizada generando el Mapa Conceptual sobre Salud Pública y Propiedad Intelectual de Cuba. CONCLUSIONES: El análisis de la experiencia cubana en la adecuación de su marco legal y la evaluación de la interrelación de los actores sociales permite observar cómo la voluntad política existente a lo largo de varias décadas ha impactado de manera positiva en el acceso a la salud de la población.

  3. Proceso de educación intercultural en primera infancia: programa educa a tu hijo -Cuba- y programa hogares comunitarios de bienestar -HBC -Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cindy Tatiana Capera Espinel

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available En el presente artículo se pretende hacer un análisis comparativo, desde una perspectiva intercultural, de dos programas educativos no convencionales, el programa cubano Educa a tu hijo y el programa colombiano Ho­gares Comunitarios de Bienestar —HCB—, dirigidos a la educación de la primera infancia. Se hace referencia a las características y estrategias en las que se evidencia el vínculo existente entre educación intercultural y la primera infancia, con el fin de fortalecer el desarrollo integral de niños y niñas. Esto surge como resultado de una experiencia de internacionalización en la que se desarrolló el curso de corta duración titulado «Didáctica de la inclusión social y la actividad física» durante dieciséis días en Cuba, ello como parte del proceso de formación de pedagogos infantiles de UNIMINUTO.

  4. "Estudio estadístico del auge y declive de la Gran Logia de Cuba durante el periodo de 1945 a 1980"

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Luis Romeu

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Presentamos un análisis estadístico e histórico del auge y declive de los masones cubanos durante el periodo 1945- 1980, basado en nuestro estudio demográfico de esta institución. Nuestro trabajo identifica, y evalúa cuantitativamente, importantes factores que han contribuido, primero al crecimiento, y luego a declive de su membresía, en los primeros 30 años de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. A la vez, el trabajo introduce el uso de nuevas herramientas de análisis, utilizadas exitosamente en otras áreas de las humanidades y de las ciencias sociales.

  5. Especies nuevas de abejas de Cuba y La Española (Hymenoptera: Colletidae, Megachilidae, Apidae

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Julio A. Genaro

    2001-12-01

    Full Text Available Se describen e ilustran cinco especies nuevas de abejas antillanas: Collectes granpiedrensis n. sp. (Cuba (Colletidae; Osmia (Diceratosmia stangei n. sp. (República Dominicana; Coelioxys (Cyrtocoelioxys alayoi n. sp. (Cuba; C. (Boreocoelioxys sannicolarensis n. sp. (Cuba (Megachilidae y Triepeolus nisibonensis n. sp. (República Dominicana (ApidaeFive new species of Antillean bees are described and illustrated: Colletes granpiedrensis n. sp. (Cuba (Colletidae is charaterized as follows: Head and mesosoma black, legs and metasoma brown. Dense brown hairs on head and mesosoma; white on frons and metasomal terga. Clypeus, frons and mesosoma with large punctures, lesser on vertex and metasoma. Malar space more wide than long. Male and female slightly similar, except in the apical margin of clypeus, supraclipeal area, and color of the pubescence on legs and sterna; Osmia (Diceratosmia stangei n. sp. (Dominican Republic (Megachilidae is charaterized as follows: Dark metallic green, metasoma black with metallic green reflections. Pubescence light; body with large, closed punctures. Female with violet reflections in tergum III and mandible tridentate; Coelioxys (Cyrtocoelioxys alayoi n. sp. (Cuba (Megachilidae is charaterized as follows: Female black, except basal area of mandibles, tegula, legs, lateral area of tergum I and sterna, reddish brown. Posterior margin of scutellum rounded. Apex of tergum VI with spine curved up. Sternum VI fringed with short, closed setae, and the apex with short spine; Coelioxys (Boreocoelioxys sannicolarensis n. sp. (Cuba (Megachilidae is charaterized as follows: Black, except antenna and tegula brown; legs and sterna reddish brown. Clypeal margin straight in profile. Gradular grooves on metasomal terga II and III distinct medially. Fovea on metasomal tergum II of male deep and short, and Triepeolus nisibonensis n. sp. (Dominican Republic (Apidae is charaterized as follows: Dorsal pubescence (short and dense on mesosoma

  6. Calibration of F-18 activity for PET applications in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    León, Yecenia Moreno; Verdecia, Pilar Oropesa; Rodríguez, Lourdes García; Águila, Rolando A. Serra; Magaña, Yoel Jénez; Hechavarría, Ailec Bell; Pérez, Nayla; Cacero, Maray Dubalón; Ruiz, Javier Mas

    2016-01-01

    In the paper we present the results of the calibration of the concentration of F-18 dissolution activity in Cuba. Methods of measurement in a calibrated well ionization chamber, traceable to the UK national standard and gamma spectrometry yielded equivalent results within the limit of the associated uncertainties, respectively. The measurement uncertainties of the F-18 activity of the secondary standard activity activator, CAPINTEC CRCTM 15R, obtained from calibration of the instrument with the calibrated solutions of radionuclide, are also shown for the measurement of samples in the geometries of interest in Nuclear Medicine: glass jars and plastic syringes. The results presented in this paper constitute the necessary metrological support for the use of F-18 radiopharmaceuticals and the new PET and PET / CT technologies in medical practice in Cuba.

  7. Epidemic optic neuropathy in Cuba. Eye findings.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sadun, A A; Martone, J F; Muci-Mendoza, R; Reyes, L; DuBois, L; Silva, J C; Roman, G; Caballero, B

    1994-05-01

    To characterize and establish a clinical definition of the optic neuropathy that appeared in epidemic form in Cuba in 1992 and 1993. At the invitation of the Cuban Ministry of Health, Havana, members of ORBIS International and the Pan American Health Organization, assembled teams that traveled to Cuba in May 1993. We were initially briefed by Cuban national experts in the areas of virology, nutrition, toxicology, ophthalmology, neurology, and public health. We then examined 20 patients on our own. Thirteen of these patients underwent a comprehensive neuro-ophthalmologic examination, including neurologic examination, ophthalmologic examination, visual fields, optic nerve function studies, contrast sensitivity studies, and funduscopy. We returned 4 months later to perform an additional 12 comprehensive neuro-ophthalmologic and follow-up examinations. Only seven of the 13 patients who were alleged to have the optic form of the epidemic and who were rigorously and systematically examined on the first visit demonstrated a bilateral optic neuropathy. These seven patients had several features that included decreased visual acuity, poor color vision, central scotomas, decreased contrast sensitivity, saccadic eye movements, and most prominent and distinctive of all, nerve fiber layer wedge defects of the papillomacular bundle. Our clinical definition was then implemented by the Cuban ophthalmologists and epidemiologists. On returning 4 months later, we found that all newly presented patients were correctly diagnosed to have the epidemic disease. With the new case definition and the application of a few simple psychophysical tests, the false-positive rate of diagnosis became much lower. After vitamin therapy, we reexamined the patients seen on our initial visit, and all showed marked improvement. The Cuban epidemic was characterized by an optic neuropathy with features that were similar to those of tobacco/alcohol amblyopia and Leber's optic atrophy. Recent political

  8. Muerte fetal en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza durante el periodo agosto 2003- noviembre 2004.

    OpenAIRE

    MILLA VERA, Luis Miguel; SARAVIA TORRES, Noé; SALVIZ SALHUANA, Manuel; ROJAS JAIMES, José

    2013-01-01

    Objetivos: Identificar las causas de los casos de muerte fetal, así como sus características sociodemográficas, clínicas, patológicas, y la tasa. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo. Se buscaron los casos de muerte fetal en el libro de registros del servicio de obstetricia del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza entre agosto 2003 y noviembre 2004. Se buscaron las historias clínicas e informes anatomopatológicos correspondientes recopilándose los hallazgos. Resultados: Se en...

  9. A democracia em Cuba

    OpenAIRE

    Zaldívar, Julio César Guanche

    2011-01-01

    O triunfo revolucionário de 1959 consagrou em Cuba um novo conceito de democracia, com o intuito de garantir o acesso à vida política ativa de grandes setores da população, antes excluídos. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma política de inclusão social com caráter universal. A prática política popular deixou as riquezas do país em mãos da população carente e gerou uma grande mobilidade social, fato que foi central para o aumento da participação popular. O contexto de agressão imperialista e o pr...

  10. La epidemiología del dengue y del dengue hemorrágico en Santiago de Cuba, 1997 The epidemiology of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Santiago de Cuba, 1997

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Valdés

    1999-07-01

    Full Text Available En 1977, Cuba informó de su primera epidemia de dengue, durante la cual se registraron más de 500 000 casos de fiebre del dengue causados por el serotipo 1 del virus. En 1981, se produjo una gran epidemia de dengue hemorrágico causada por el serotipo 2. Esa vez se notificaron 344 203 casos en total, 10 312 casos clínicos de dengue hemorrágico y 158 defunciones, de las cuales 101 correspondieron a niños. Por medio de una búsqueda activa con confirmación de laboratorio, en el municipio de Santiago de Cuba de la provincia del mismo nombre se detectó precozmente en enero de 1997 la reintroducción del dengue, específicamente del virus del tipo 2, genotipo Jamaica. En este trabajo se presentan los aspectos epidemiológicos de mayor interés referentes a esa epidemia. Se notificaron 3 012 casos confirmados por serología, 205 clasificados como fiebre hemorrágica del dengue/síndrome de choque del dengue, de los cuales 12 fallecieron (todos adultos. La infección secundaria por virus del dengue fue uno de los principales factores de riesgo en el desarrollo de dengue hemorrágico y 98% de los casos, así como 92% de los fallecidos, manifestaron una respuesta de tipo secundario. Por primera vez se observó la posibilidad de contraer dengue hemorrágico en personas con una infección secundaria de 16 a 20 años después de la primera infección. Pertenecer a la raza blanca fue otro factor de riesgo de importancia, tal como se había observado desde la epidemia de 1981. En la última epidemia se demostró que la llamada “alerta de fiebre” no es útil para la detección temprana de una epidemia. Las medidas tomadas por las autoridades sanitarias del país evitaron la extensión de la epidemia a otros municipios que estaban infestados por Aedes aegypti.A dengue epidemic that Cuba reported in 1997 registered more than 500 000 cases of dengue fever produced by viral serotype 1. In 1981, there was an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever produced by

  11. Socialism and Education in Cuba and Soviet Uzbekistan

    Science.gov (United States)

    Charon-Cardona, Euridice

    2013-01-01

    During the Cold War over half a million Asians, Africans and Latin Americans studied and graduated in the Soviet Union's universities and technical schools as part of this country's educational aid policies. Cuba was an intermediary player in the Cold War geopolitical contest between the United States and the Soviet Union, fuelled by the…

  12. Population-wide weight loss and regain in relation to diabetes burden and cardiovascular mortality in Cuba 1980-2010: repeated cross sectional surveys and ecological comparison of secular trends.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Franco, Manuel; Bilal, Usama; Orduñez, Pedro; Benet, Mikhail; Morejón, Alain; Caballero, Benjamín; Kennelly, Joan F; Cooper, Richard S

    2013-04-09

    To evaluate the associations between population-wide loss and gain in weight with diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality, as well as cardiovascular and cancer mortality trends, in Cuba over a 30 year interval. Repeated cross sectional surveys and ecological comparison of secular trends. Cuba and the province of Cienfuegos, from 1980 to 2010. Measurements in Cienfuegos included a representative sample of 1657, 1351, 1667, and 1492 adults in 1991, 1995, 2001, and 2010, respectively. National surveys included a representative sample of 14 304, 22 851, and 8031 participants in 1995, 2001, and 2010, respectively. Changes in smoking, daily energy intake, physical activity, and body weight were tracked from 1980 to 2010 using national and regional surveys. Data for diabetes prevalence and incidence were obtained from national population based registries. Mortality trends were modelled using national vital statistics. Rapid declines in diabetes and heart disease accompanied an average population-wide loss of 5.5 kg in weight, driven by an economic crisis in the mid-1990s. A rebound in population weight followed in 1995 (33.5% prevalence of overweight and obesity) and exceeded pre-crisis levels by 2010 (52.9% prevalence). The population-wide increase in weight was immediately followed by a 116% increase in diabetes prevalence and 140% increase in diabetes incidence. Six years into the weight rebound phase, diabetes mortality increased by 49% (from 9.3 deaths per 10 000 people in 2002 to 13.9 deaths per 10 000 people in 2010). A deceleration in the rate of decline in mortality from coronary heart disease was also observed. In relation to the Cuban experience in 1980-2010, there is an association at the population level between weight reduction and death from diabetes and cardiovascular disease; the opposite effect on the diabetes and cardiovascular burden was seen on population-wide weight gain.

  13. Publicación de artículos originales desde el pregrado en una revista médica colombiana entre 1994-2004

    OpenAIRE

    Harry Mauricio Pachajoa-Londoño

    2006-01-01

    Objetivos: Evidenciar la presencia de la participación estudiantil dentro de la publicación de artículos originales en una revista médica colombiana; entre 1994 al 2004. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, se realizó una búsqueda y revisión manual de; todos los artículos originales publicados en la revista Colombia Médica durante el periodo 1994-2004, se ordenaron según año, tipo de autoría:; profesional de la salud, estudiantes de pregrado o era de ...

  14. Methodology applied in Cuba for siting, designing, and building a radioactive waste repository under safety conditions

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Orbera, L.; Peralta, J.L.; Franklin, R.; Gil, R.; Chales, G.; Rodriguez, A.

    1993-01-01

    The work presents the methodology used in Cuba for siting, designing, and building a radioactive waste repository safely. This methodology covers both the technical and socio-economic factors, as well as those of design and construction so as to have a safe siting for this kind of repository under Cuba especial condition. Applying this methodology will results in a safe repository

  15. Eficacia y seguridad de una vacuna contra la leptospirosis humana en Cuba Efficacy and safety of a vaccine against human leptospirosis in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Raydel Martínez

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la eficacia de la vacuna cubana contra la leptospirosis vax-SPIRAL y aportar información adicional acerca de la seguridad de esta vacuna. MÉTODOS: Ensayo de eficacia (fase III controlado, aleatorizado y con doble enmascaramiento de la vacuna cubana contra la leptospirosis vax-SPIRAL (Instituto Finlay, Cuba. Como control se utilizó la vacuna recombinante contra la hepatitis B Heberbiovac-HB (Heber Biotec, Cuba. Como unidad de aleatorización para la asignación al grupo de estudio o al grupo testigo se emplearon los 523 consultorios de los médicos de familia existentes en los municipios seleccionados. El estudio abarcó a toda persona de 20 a 64 años de edad de uno u otro sexo que residía en los municipios de Ranchuelo, Quemado, Santo Domingo, Encrucijada, Corralillo, Cifuentes y Camajuaní, en la provincia de Villa Clara, ubicada en la región central de Cuba, que aceptó participar voluntariamente en el ensayo. La vacunación se efectuó en los consultorios de los médicos de familia entre febrero y julio de 1998, con un intervalo de 6 semanas entre las dos dosis. El período de seguimiento fue de 12 meses. Se consideró positivo un caso si había recibido las dos dosis de la vacuna asignada y había enfermado de leptospirosis, con diagnóstico confirmado mediante métodos serológicos y microbiológicos, después de 21 días de aplicada la segunda dosis. Se calcularon la eficacia de la vacuna y el riesgo relativo (RR de enfermar de leptospirosis después de la vacunación. Para el estudio de seguridad se escogió a dos personas al azar entre las personas vacunadas en cada uno de los consultorios que participaron en el estudio de eficacia. El seguimiento de las reacciones adversas locales y sistémicas lo realizaron los médicos de familia durante los siete días posteriores a la aplicación de cada dosis. El nivel de significación se fijó en 0,05. RESULTADOS: En total se vacunó a 101 832 personas, de las cuales 50

  16. Anglicism in the press of Santiago de Cuba city

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yusnel Tabares-Tabares

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available The preliminary findings from an unfinished investigation having a synchronic approach are presented. The objective of this study is to analyze the English loanwords that appear in the press of Santiago de Cuba city at the beginning of the XX century. This analysis will allow to draw significant conclusions concerning the presence of anglicisms in the Spanish spoken in Cuba. The methodology is based on a random revision of “El Cubano Libre” newspaper, at the time it is counted some aspects, namely: how many anglicisms were found, their typology, grammatical category, their frequency of appearance, and the year they were published in the dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy.  Among the outstanding results is remarkable that few English loanwords were registered in the dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy, the topics more profitable to search were those of politics and sport, and the sort of anglicisms more frequent belong to the category of patent loanword.

  17. Las antinomias de la nación Cubana: la agenda de Cuba en la perspectiva de Iberoamerica y frente a los EE.UU.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rafael HERNÁNDEZ

    2009-11-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: En este artículo, el autor analiza las relaciones entre EEUU. y Cuba en la actualidad y sus perspectivas. Para ésto, pasa revista a algunas de las facturas que son presentadas para explicar la política de bloqueo de EEUU. a Cuba, concretamente la alianza de Cuba con la Unión Soviética y la ayuda de aquélla a regímenes antiamericanos. El autor sostiene que esas facturas no son las causas principales de la política americana ya que ésta tiene una lógica propia en función de controlar una Cuba que, desde siempre, ha sido un objetivo geopolítico de EE.UU. Por último, el autor analiza las perpectivas de transformaciones internas del régimen cubano como respuesta a la crisis actual.ABSTRACT: The current relations between United States and Cuba are analyzed in this work. It shows some factors that explain the USA blockade to Cuba; specifically the Soviet Union - Cuba alliance and the help of the Soviets to the anti- American political regimes. The author believes that such factors are not the main causes of the American foreing policy because this policy has its own logic: to control Cuba which has always been a USA geopolitics objective. Finally, he analizes the perspectives of the international transformations of Cuban political system. as response to the present crisis.

  18. Historical an insight into the teaching of philosophy in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Anna Lidia Beltrán-Marín

    2018-02-01

    Full Text Available The teaching of philosophy in Cuba has been related to events in economic and political life, which leads to the boundaries between the various stages of its teaching are linked to the transformations of its general historical evolution. This work aims to contribute to the training of educational professional’s specialties of history and marxism, and to expand cuban philosophical historiography. Among other methods, analysis and synthesis and logical history were used, complemented by an in-depth document analysis. We present the results of a project of the University of Sancti Spiritus which has led to the present approach to the history of the teaching of philosophy in Cuba which runs through the synthesis stages of colonial, republic and revolution; As well as the predominant philosophical currents at each stage: scholasticism, reformism, modernity, positivism, electivism, existentialism, marxism.

  19. National subprogram 'Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Radiologica Ambiental y de los Alimentos en la Republica de Cuba'

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fernandez Gomez, Isis Maria

    2008-01-01

    The purpose of this work is to inform and raise awareness about the Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Radiologica Ambiental y de los Alimentos in the Republica de Cuba. The radiological environmental monitoring is defined as the assessment of current or potential exposure of the population to radiation and radioactive materials released into the environment. It determines when is required the radiological environmental monitoring, what is a radiological environmental monitoring program, which are the points to consider during the design of this kind of program and what are their objectives. In addition, the program on the Republica de Cuba is focused, referring to the components of a radiological environmental monitoring program; equipment for the detection of radiations; the procedures for collecting environmental samples and laboratory analysis capabilities. It also noted the techniques of radiological environmental monitoring and is described extensively the Red Nacional de Vigilancia Ambiental of the Republica de Cuba. Likewise, it is included the table on radiological monitoring of food and water. Other radiological monitoring programs in Cuba are commented as the radiological control of industrial scrap [es

  20. IAEA Director General welcomes Cuba's intention to join the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2002-01-01

    Full text: IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei welcomed Cuba's announcement to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and to ratify the Treaty of Tlatelolco establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Latin America and the Caribbean. He expressed the hope that Cuba will conclude soon a comprehensive safeguards agreement with the Agency, as required under Article III of the NPT. 'With Cuba's intention to become party to the NPT, we have come a step closer to a universal nuclear non-proliferation regime,' Mr. ElBaradei said. Only three countries worldwide with significant nuclear activities now remain outside the NPT. With 188 countries party to the Treaty, the NPT is the most adhered to international agreement after the United Nations Charter and the most widely adhered to multilateral arms control treaty. The NPT makes it mandatory that all non-nuclear-weapon States conclude comprehensive safeguards agreements with the IAEA, and thus put all of their nuclear material under IAEA safeguards. The Director General also welcomed Cuba's ratification of the Tlatelolco Treaty, which completes the process of having all countries in the region of Latin America and the Caribbean as members of the nuclear-weapon-free zone in that region. Mr. ElBaradei said that, 'the Tlatelolco Treaty provides a good model for other regional nuclear-weapon-free zones to follow'. He added that 'universal adherence of all countries in regions having nuclear-weapon-free zone arrangements is important to further strengthen the non-proliferation regime'. (IAEA)

  1. La imagen del turismo cultural en Cuba percibida por el mercado español

    OpenAIRE

    Yamilé Pérez Guilarte

    2015-01-01

    El turismo cultural, percibido no solo como las visitas a sitios y monumentos históricos, sino ampliado al conocimiento de la forma de vida y tradiciones de las poblaciones locales, podría constituir una importante alternativa para Cuba. La presente investigación tiene como objetivos determinar si Cuba es apreciada como un destino cultural desde la perspectiva del mercado español e identificar cuáles son sus elementos distintivos. Por medio de un cuestionario realizado a 400 españoles, se eva...

  2. The plan contract between CEA and the French state for 2001-2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pijaudier-Cabot, F.

    2001-01-01

    The French energy commission (CEA) has defined 3 axis of development in the framework of a 4 year contract with the government. The first axis is to propose technological solutions for improving competitiveness of nuclear energy, for managing nuclear wastes and for assuring safety at any step of the nuclear industry. The second axis concerns promoting new technologies in the fields of energy, of information and of bio-engineering. CEA will develop studies about the use of hydrogen as an alternative energy for transport. The third axis deals more particularly with fundamental research in the fields of energy, of environment, of bio-technologies and of health (research about the prion for instance). The subsidy given by the state has been increased by 3.4% for 2001. (A.C.)

  3. Immunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy in Cuba: experiences with labeled monoclonal antibodies for cancer diagnosis and treatment (1993-2013).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Peña, Yamilé; Perera, Alejandro; Batista, Juan F

    2014-01-01

    INTRODUCTION The availability of monoclonal antibodies in Cuba has facilitated development and application of innovative techniques (immunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy) for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Objective Review immunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy techniques and analyze their use in Cuba, based on the published literature. In this context, we describe the experience of Havana's Clinical Research Center with labeled monoclonal antibodies for cancer diagnosis and treatment during the period 1993-2013. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Basic concepts concerning cancer and monoclonal antibodies were reviewed, as well as relevant international and Cuban data. Forty-nine documents were reviewed, among them 2 textbooks, 34 articles by Cuban authors and 13 by international authors. All works published by the Clinical Research Center from 1993 through 2013 were included. Bibliography was obtained from the library of the Clinical Research Center and Infomed, Cuba's national health telematics network, using the following keywords: monoclonal antibodies, immunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy. RESULTS Labeling the antibodies (ior t3, ior t1, ior cea 1, ior egf/r3, ior c5, h-R3, 14F7 and rituximab) with radioactive isotopes was a basic line of research in Cuba and has fostered their use as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The studies conducted demonstrated the good sensitivity and diagnostic precision of immunoscintigraphy for detecting various types of tumors (head and neck, ovarian, colon, breast, lymphoma, brain). Obtaining different radioimmune conjugates with radioactive isotopes such as 99mTc and 188Re made it possible to administer radioimmunotherapy to patients with several types of cancer (brain, lymphoma, breast). The objective of 60% of the clinical trials was to determine pharmacokinetics, internal dosimetry and adverse effects of monoclonal antibodies, as well as tumor response; there were few adverse effects, no damage to vital organs, and a positive

  4. Función social de la epidemiología de los medicamentos: Su desarrollo en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Caridad Sedeño Argilagos

    2002-08-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó una revisión sobre los efectos indeseables de los medicamentos y su repercusión en la sociedad, a partir de planteamientos declarados por científicos que vivieron a.n.e. como Hipócrates, hasta la actualidad y el surgimiento de la epidemiología de los medicamentos en la década de los 60. Se describe brevemente el desarrollo de esta especialización en Cuba.A review is made on the undesirable effects of drugs and their impact on society, starting from the statements made by scientists who lived B.C. such as Hippocrates up to the present time and the emergence of drug epidemiology in Cuba in the 60´s. The development of this specialization in Cuba is briefly described.

  5. L’insegnamento della lingua e letteratura italiane a Cuba.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mayerìn Bello Valdés

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available Normal 0 14 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabella normale"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} Nel suo articolo l’autrice ricostruisce la storia dell’insegnamento delle lingua e della letteratura italiane a Cuba dal Novecento ai giorni nostri, e fornisce una ricca documentazione sui corsi di italiano, sugli studi e  sulle opere più importanti pubblicate a Cuba sulla nostra letteratura e sulle manifestazioni realizzate per la diffusione della cultura italiana nel paese. In particolare riferisce dell’importante ruolo svolto dalla rivista “Cuadernos de italianística cubana” – e dalle istituzioni accademiche e culturali che ad essa fanno riferimento – nel campo della ricerca linguistica, della glottodidattica, dello studio della cultura italiana nelle sue diverse manifestazioni, tra cui la musica e l’opera lirica, e nella diffusione dell’italiano attraverso specifici programmi televisivi.  Normal 0 14 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabella normale"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} In her article the author reconstructs the history of Italian language and literature teaching in Cuba from the Nineteen Hundreds up to the present and provides a wealth of documentation on the Italian courses, studies and the most important works published in Cuba on our literature, as well as on events organized to spread Italian culture throughout the country.  In particular

  6. La influencia del crimen organizado transnacional en el proceso de formulación de políticas públicas. Estudio de caso: Argentina 2001-2013

    OpenAIRE

    Marín Osorio, Iván Felipe

    2016-01-01

    Este estudio de caso analiza la influencia del Crimen Organizado Transnacional en la formulación de Políticas Públicas de seguridad en Argentina entre 2001 y 2013. En contraste con otros estudios, se considera que la relación de estos dos fenómenos debe recoger aspectos fundamentales de un enfoque de seguridad integral y multidimensional. En el caso de Argentina, durante 2001 el Crimen Organizado Transnacional ocupó el primer lugar en la agenda pública, lo cual derivó en una serie de acciones...

  7. 31 CFR 515.549 - Bank accounts and other property of non-Cuban citizens who were in Cuba on or after July 8, 1963.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... non-Cuban citizens who were in Cuba on or after July 8, 1963. 515.549 Section 515.549 Money and... Licensing Policy § 515.549 Bank accounts and other property of non-Cuban citizens who were in Cuba on or... accounts and other property of non-Cuban citizens who have left Cuba, provided that they submit evidence...

  8. Application of BET_EF at Mount Etna: a retrospective analysis (years 2001-2005

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jacopo Selva

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Advances in volcano monitoring and forecasting need a multidisciplinary collaborative framework. In light of this, a Bayesian Event Tree (BET approach was performed by the application of the BET for Eruption Forecasting (BET_EF code to analyze the space-time distribution of the volcanic activity of Mount Etna from 2001-2005. First, a reliable monitoring dataset was set up after some sessions to elicit geophysical, volcanological and geochemical ‘precursor’ parameters. A constant unrest probability of 100%, with a magma involvement usually greater than 95%, was computed throughout the time period analyzed. Eruption probabilities higher than 90% were estimated a few days before the onsets of the 2001 and 2002-2003 flank eruptions. Values slightly higher than 75% were observed during the lava fountaining period in June-July 2001. However, the probabilities flattened to around 30% for the 2004-2005 flank eruption. With suitable data, a good depiction of the actual location of the eruptive scenario for the 2001 and 2002-2003 events was provided. Conversely, the size of the eruptions was not indicated.

  9. Leguminosas naturalizadas en el Valle del Cauto, Cuba Naturalized legumes in the Cauto Valley, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    I Gómez

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Con el objetivo de evaluar la dinámica de crecimiento de 24 accesiones del género Brachiaria spp., se desarrolló la presente investigación en la región de Barrancabermeja, Santander, Colombia. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado, en 72 parcelas de 21 m2 cada una y tres réplicas (parcelas para cada tratamiento. Las accesiones fueron agrupadas según los hábitos de crecimiento en: estoloníferas, decumbentes y erectas, y se determinó la tasa de crecimiento en función de la altura del pasto. Las accesiones con mejor crecimiento durante la investigación fueron: de las estoloníferas, B. dictyoneura CIAT-6133; de las de hábito decumbente, B. decumbens CIAT-606; y de las de crecimiento erecto, B. brizantha CIAT-16113, CIAT-26110, CIAT-26318 y CIAT-16322. Algunas accesiones no tuvieron un buen comportamiento, al parecer por las condiciones edafoclimáticas a las que fueron sometidas. Entre ellas se encuentran B. dictyoneura CIAT-16871, B. ruziziensis CIAT-26180 y B. brizantha CIAT-16212, 26124 y 26427.With the objective of prospect and collect the naturalized legumes for livestock production usage in the Cauto Valley, Cuba, two searches were made in representative zones of the region. The first search was conducted in the territory located west of Bayamo city, where there are different soils and rainfall regimes, and the second one on soils affected by salinity. In prospection number 1 the presence of 17 genera was determined and within them a total of 22 species, among which the following prevailed: Galactia spiciformis, Centrosema molle, Desmodium triflorum and Teramnus uncinatum; the existence of an important number of species was also known on vertisol soils with deficient drainage, which edaphic grouping constitutes the most extended in the region, and on the other hand, the associability degree of each legume with other species of the spontaneous vegetation present in the search areas, was characterized. In

  10. Evolución del consumo de fármacos antidepresivos en las áreas sanitarias de la Rioja y Zamora durante el periodo 1997-2001

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos Sainz de Rozas Aparicio

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available Fundamento: Debido al gran aumento del consumo de antidepresivos, y al cambio del perfil de prescripción dentro del grupo, el objetivo del estudio es describir la evolución del consumo extrahospitalario de este subgrupo terapéutico (N06A en las áreas de salud de La Rioja y Zamora durante el periodo 1997-2001 y valorar el impacto de los nuevos fármacos. Métodos: Se ha estudiado el consumo de fármacos incluidos en el subgrupo terapéutico N06A de la Clasificación Anatómica Terapéutica Química. Los datos de consumo de cada especialidad se han obtenido de los programas informáticos de gestión de farmacia (SIFAR y se han expresado para cada principio activo en Dosis Habitante Día (DHD. Resultados: En el periodo de estudio se ha producido un incremento del consumo total de antidepresivos en las dos áreas (Zamora 55% y La Rioja 93%, debido fundamentalmente al incremento de los inhibidores selectivos de la recaptación de serotonina (ISRS (Zamora 80% y La Rioja 143% y de los nuevos antidepresivos heterocíclicos (Zamora 82% y La Rioja 78%. Conclusiones: El incremento en la utilización de antidepresivos va acompañado de un cambio en el perfil de prescripción: hay un claro desplazamiento hacia el consumo de los ISRS y algunos heterocíclicos (venlafaxina, trazodona, reboxetina, disminuyendo la utilización de los antidepresivos tricíclicos y de los inhibidores de la monoaminooxidasa.

  11. Caracterización de pacientes con hipertensión arterial en un área rural de Santiago de Cuba

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    Maricel Hechavarria Torres

    2014-04-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 3 609 personas mayores de 15 años de edad, pertenecientes al área rural La Caoba del municipio de San Luis de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2011, con vistas a determinar la incidencia y prevalencia de esta afección, teniendo en cuenta algunas variables de interés. En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino, los grupos etarios de 40-59 y de 60-79 años, el estadio I de la enfermedad, así como el tabaquismo, el consumo de alcohol, el estrés no controlado, la obesidad y el sedentarismo como principales factores de riesgo; asimismo, se halló una incidencia de 1,7 % y una prevalencia de 12,1 %. Por otra parte, las mujeres no reconocían que poseían hábitos dietéticos inadecuados, pero la evaluación nutricional evidenció obesidad moderada en 11,0 %. La mayoría de los afectados cumplían con el tratamiento, de manera que el porcentaje de pacientes controlados era alto

  12. Applying the ACSM Preparticipation Screening Algorithm to U.S. Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Whitfield, Geoffrey P; Riebe, Deborah; Magal, Meir; Liguori, Gary

    2017-10-01

    For most people, the benefits of physical activity far outweigh the risks. Research has suggested that exercise preparticipation questionnaires might refer an unwarranted number of adults for medical evaluation before exercise initiation, creating a potential barrier to adoption. The new American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) prescreening algorithm relies on current exercise participation; history and symptoms of cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease; and desired exercise intensity to determine referral status. Our purpose was to compare the referral proportion of the ACSM algorithm to that of previous screening tools using a representative sample of U.S. adults. On the basis of responses to health questionnaires from the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we calculated the proportion of adults 40 yr or older who would be referred for medical clearance before exercise participation based on the ACSM algorithm. Results were stratified by age and sex and compared with previous results for the ACSM/American Heart Association Preparticipation Questionnaire and the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire. On the basis of the ACSM algorithm, 2.6% of adults would be referred only before beginning vigorous exercise and 54.2% of respondents would be referred before beginning any exercise. Men were more frequently referred before vigorous exercise, and women were more frequently referred before any exercise. Referral was more common with increasing age. The ACSM algorithm referred a smaller proportion of adults for preparticipation medical clearance than the previously examined questionnaires. Although additional validation is needed to determine whether the algorithm correctly identifies those at risk for cardiovascular complications, the revised ACSM algorithm referred fewer respondents than other screening tools. A lower referral proportion may mitigate an important barrier of medical clearance from exercise participation.

  13. Algoritmo de manejo del trauma craneoencefálico leve: Una necesidad social en Cuba Algorism for mild craneo - encephalic trauma management social necessity in Cuba

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    Ariel Varela Hernández

    2006-08-01

    Full Text Available El tema del traumatismo craneoencefálico leve ha sido poco estudiado es Cuba por lo que se presenta este artículo con el objetivo de demostrar la necesidad social de la aplicación de un algoritmo de manejo de estos pacientes que se adapte al contexto social cubano. Se ofrecen conceptos actualizados sobre la importancia de la ciencia y la tecnología en la sociedad moderna y se aborda la significación de la innovación tecnológica para el desarrollo de la tecnociencia en Cuba. Se trata, basado en una epistemología compleja, las relaciones que se establecen entre el desarrollo social y los servicios de salud, así como entre la evolución de la tecnociencia y el trauma craneoencefálico. Se argumenta la relevancia social del traumatismo craneoencefálico leve tanto a nivel mundial como local, así como el impacto favorable de la aplicación de un algoritmo de manejo de estos enfermos, realizado sobre una base científica, el cual permite un empleo óptimo y racional de las tecnologías imagenológicas de avanzada con que se cuenta.The topic about mild cranium-encephalic traumatism has been little studied in Cuba, that is why this article is presented with the objective to demonstrate the social necessity to apply an algorism for these patient's handling adapted to the Cuban social context. The article offers present-day concepts about the importance of science and technology in modern society and the significance of the technological innovation in the development of the techno-science in Cuba. The relationships between the social development and health services, as well as between the evolution of the techno-science and the cranium-encephalic trauma is treated, based on a complex apistemiology. The article argues the social relevance of the mild cranium-encephalic traumatism in the world and in the country, and the favourable impact of the application of an algorism of these sick persons' handling, carried out upon a scientific base which

  14. Radiological control of the junk exports in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dominguez L, O.; Capote F, E.; Carrazana G, J.A.; Zerquera, J.T.; Ramos V, O.; Alonso A, D.; Fernandez, I.M.; Caveda R, C.A.; Madrazo M, S.; Barroso P, I.

    2006-01-01

    Even when in Cuba a strict control exists on the radiation sources that enter to the country to be used in the different applications, it can be given the case that sources or contaminated materials that never were under this control due fundamentally to that entered to the country before the same one existed, appear in the junk that is marketed. In our country it is effective the Combined Resolution CITMA-MINCEX dated on April, 2002 that settles down the necessity and obligation that has all that manipulates, imports, exports or process junk of carrying out it a radiological control. From April, 2002 making use of a minimum of resources, an own methodology, a properly qualified personnel and the support of a credited laboratory by the ISO 17025 standard, the radioactivity measurement service in junk belonging to the Center of Protection and Hygiene of the Radiations (CPHR), it has reduced the risks that sources or contaminated materials are found in the junk that is exported in the main exporter companies of this line in Cuba avoiding possible radiological emergency situations that affect the population and the environment. (Author)

  15. [Epidemiology of ophidism in Venezuela (1996-2004)].

    Science.gov (United States)

    De Sousa, Leonardo; Bastouri-Carrasco, Jessica; Matos, Mercedes; Borges, Adolfo; Bónoli, Stefano; Vásquez-Suárez, Aleikar; Guerrero, Belsy; Rodríguez-Acosta, Alexis

    2013-06-01

    The data of accidents caused by snakebites in Venezuela, registered at the morbidity statistics of the Direction of Epidemiology and Strategic Analysis of the Ministry of Health and Social Development were analyzed. During the years of 1996-2004, 53,792 snakebites were registered in Venezuela (5,976 cases average per year), with a higher incidence during the year 2004 (7,486 incidents). Zulia reported the highest frequency of all the states (5,975 cases); meanwhile the Midwestern region, constituted by Lara, Portuguesa, Falc6n and Yaracuy states, had a higher morbidity for snake bites. The highest incidence, distributed per states was registered in Cojedes, during the year 2001, with 228.72 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. When it was determined by regions, the highest incidence occurred during the year 2004 at los Llanos with 63.81 per 100,000 inhabitants. The median of the incidence rate for Venezuela during the period was of 21.46 accidents per 100,000 inhabitants. The classification of the endemic areas for ophidism, according to the percentiles 23, 50, 75 and 90, organized the country in: (a) states and regions of very high endemicity, (b) high endemicity, (c) middle, (d) low and (e) very low endemicity. These epidemiological data indicated that the accidents caused by snakes constitute a collective health problem in Venezuela.

  16. Implementation of QUANUM in Cuba. Preliminary results; Resultados preliminares de la implementacion del QUANUM en Cuba

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Diaz Barreto, M.; Varela Corona, C.; Lopez Bejerano, G. M.; Lopez Diaz, A.; Torres Arocha, L.; Coca Perez, M. A.; Fernandez Herrera, A. O.

    2011-07-01

    Setting up quality management systems in nuclear medicine in Cuba has been an aim for medical physicists. In the last decade, we have walked with steady steps towards that direction, by setting up national standards and regulations, and carrying out research projects in order to ensure the improvement of quality assurance and management programs. In 2010 the IAEA's QUANUM document has been applied, as a methodology for quality management audits in nuclear medicine. Five audits have shown that most of class A regulatory items are guaranteed at nuclear medicine services. However, quality management system performing is still inappropriate. (Author) 13 refs.

  17. PUBLICACIONES DE LA REVISTA AGRONOMÍA MESOAMERICANA DURANTE EL PERIODO 1990-2010: CLASIFICACIÓN, TEMÁTICA, PAÍSES Y DIFUSIÓN

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nelson Pe\\u00F1a Navarro

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la temática y procedencia de las publicaciones de la revista Agronomía Me soamericana durante el periodo comprendido entre 1990-2010. Esta revista es el Órgano divulgativo del Programa Cooperativo Ce ntroamericano para el Me joramie nto de Cultivos y Animales (PCCMCA . Desde el inicio en 1990 a la fecha se han publicado 629 trabajos de los cuales el 63% son artículos científicos, 26% notas técnicas, 8% son análisis y comentarios, mientras que las informaciones técnicas y las revisiones bibliográficas poseen 2% cada uno. Costa Rica y México son los países con mayor cantidad de trabajos publicados, con 37 y 32% respectivamente, seguidos de El Sa lvador, Guatemala, Honduras y Cuba. Los principa les temas tratados son el maíz (24% y el frijol (21%, seguidos de los forrajes (7% y el de ganado lechero (4%, mie ntras que el arroz, el sorgo, las malezas y el pejibaye alcanzaron el 3% cada uno. El porcentaje de rechazo de los trabajos sometidos a publicación durante el 2010 fue del 20%. Se destaca la distribución impresa de la revista a treinta países alrededor del mundo, a bibliotecas así como a centros de documentación principalmente a los continentes de América, Europa, Asia y algunas de las islas del Ca ribe.

  18. Río, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Y. García-Quintana

    2007-01-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo se realizó como estudio de caso en el ambiente de Viñales, Pinar del Río, Cuba con el objetivo de seleccionar material genético de especial valor para la conservación y mejoramiento de la especie; a partir de nueve procedencias, encontrando diferencias significativas entre procedencias para las variables altura, diámetro y ramificación. Se clasificaron las procedencias en grupos de calidad A, B, C y D, recomendando los grupos A y B para el desarrollo de la especie en estos sitios de baja fertilidad. El coeficiente de variación cambió 29.5 y 44.8 %, siendo los parámetros altura y diámetro los de mayor variabilidad, así la selección debe tener estas características, seleccionando como procedencias superiores Marbajita, Cajálbana, El Burén, Los Palacios, La Jagua, La Güira y Juan Manuel.

  19. CAMBIOS TEMPORALES DE LA LLUVIA EN EL OCCIDENTE DE LA ISLA DE CUBA

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    Teresa López Deulofeu

    2005-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo surge de la necesidad de conocer en el tiempo, el comportamiento de la lluvia, asi como también en su distribución espacial en el occidente de Cuba. Se analiza la estacionalidad, tendencia, variabilidad y ciclícidad. Se comprobó que por lo menos en el período 1961-1993, no existe diferencia de las estaciones lluviosa y poco lluviosa. Se encontró que la ruptura de la tendencia ocurrió fuertemente en 1975, y una menor en 1973. Se han manifestado 4 ciclos aperíodicos. Se manifiesta el mismo comportamiento de la lluvia en todo el occidente de Cuba.

  20. Metrology positronic issuers for nuclear medicine in Cuba: current state and development prospects

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Oropesa Verdecia, Pilar; Serra Águila, Rolando A.; García Rodríguez, Lourdes; Moreno León, Yecenia; Bell Hechavarría, Ailec; Jénez Magaña, Yoel

    2016-01-01

    At work the current state of metrology positronic issuers for nuclear medicine in Cuba is presented. the main achievements in the implementation of measurement standards and issues affecting the uncertainty of measurements at different levels of hierarchy of the existing chain of traceability for determinations of the activity of F-18 and Ga-68 is described, the main radionuclides expected to be used in the short term in PET and PET / CT applications in the country. Immediate prospects development of measurement standards positronic emitters for use in nuclear medicine in Cuba, in particular the possibilities of establishing equivalence between Cuban standards and national and international standards are also set. (author)

  1. La imagen del turismo cultural en Cuba percibida por el mercado español

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    Yamilé Pérez Guilarte

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available El turismo cultural, percibido no solo como las visitas a sitios y monumentos históricos, sino ampliado al conocimiento de la forma de vida y tradiciones de las poblaciones locales, podría constituir una importante alternativa para Cuba. La presente investigación tiene como objetivos determinar si Cuba es apreciada como un destino cultural desde la perspectiva del mercado español e identificar cuáles son sus elementos distintivos. Por medio de un cuestionario realizado a 400 españoles, se evalúan los dos componentes de la imagen de un destino: el cognitivo y el afectivo. El estudio revela una preferencia por el turismo cultural y señala a la gente, la música, al Centro Histórico de La Habana y el estilo de vida como los elementos distintivos de Cuba. Estos resultados contribuyen a un diseño más efectivo de la promoción turística en el mercado español, aunque se recomienda ampliar el estudio a otros mercados potenciales.

  2. El turismo como estrategia de desarrollo en Cuba

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    del Risco Yera, Yoel

    2005-06-01

    Full Text Available Tourism has become an economic activity which is becoming more and more important, socially, economically and environmentally. This fact is especially relevant in the case of Cuba. The tourist activity is seen as a form of stabilising the balance of payments, a source of income and employment. However, in this times of economic and political uncertainty, the dangers of substituting the basic commodity of sugar for something else (tourism is very big and it may be necessary to revise the use of tourism as a way of future development.

    [es] El turismo se ha convertido en una actividad económica que, cada vez tiene mayor importancia en el desarrollo económico, social y medio ambiental. Este hecho adquiere una especial relevancia en el caso de Cuba. La actividad turística es vista como una forma de equilibrar la balanza de pagos, una fuente de divisas y de empleo. Sin embargo, en momentos de incertidumbre económica y política como son los actuales, los peligros de sustituir un monocultivo (del azúcar por otro (el turismo son muy grandes y se hace necesario revisar su utilización como vía para el desarrollo. [fr] Le tourisme est devenu une activité économique de plus en plus importante du point de vue économique, social et environnemental. Il s'agit là d'un fait tout particulièrement essentiel dans le cas de Cuba. L'activité touristique est abordée comme un moyen permettant d'équilibrer la balance des paiements, ainsi qu'une source de devises et d'emploi. Cependant, considérant la conjoncture actuelle d'incertitude économique et politique qui accroît les risques de remplacer une monoculture (celle du sucre par une autre (le tourisme, il est donc nécessaire de réétudier l'utilisation du tourisme en tant que voie de développement.

  3. The formation of means of agricultural family in Cuba

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    Vicente Eugenio León Hernández

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available This article presen ts a historical outline about the formation of technical means in the Specialty Agriculture in Cuba , and shows how these characteristics are present in Pinar del Río province. It also make s an analysis of the current strategies of the formation of this personnel at international level.

  4. Comet prospects for 2004

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shanklin, J. D.

    2003-12-01

    2004 sees the return of 18 periodic comets. None are particularly bright and the best are likely to be 78P/Gehrels and 88P/Howell. Three new long period comets are likely to put on a good show: 2001 Q4 (NEAT) reaches perihelion in May, when it could make at least 3rd magnitude. Northern hemisphere observers will first pick it up just after perihelion as it rapidly moves north. 2002 T7 (LINEAR) could also reach 3rd magnitude at closest approach in May, however northern hemisphere observers will have lost it as a binocular object in mid-March. Observers at far southern latitudes may be able to see these two naked eye comets at the same time. 2003 K4 (LINEAR) could reach 6th magnitude as it brightens on its way to perihelion. Several other long period comets discovered in previous years are also still visible.

  5. Medicinal plants sold at the El Rio Market, Camaguey, Cuba

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Godinez-Caraballo, D.; Volpato, G.

    2008-01-01

    Information regarding medicinal plants sold in the El Rio Market, Camaguey, Cuba, revealed 184 species belonging to 69 vascular plant families. The most important family was Fabaceae s.l. with 13 species, followed by Lamiaceae with 12, and Asteraceae with 8. More than 90 general medicinal

  6. Neurofibromatosis 1 prevalence in children aged 9-11 years, Pinar del Río Province, Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Orraca, Miladys; Morejón, Griselda; Cabrera, Niurka; Menéndez, Reinaldo; Orraca, Odalys

    2014-01-01

    INTRODUCTION Neurofibromatosis 1 is one of the most common heritable genetic disorders in humans. It is characterized by formation of neurofibromas, with marked variability in expression. Half the cases are due to autosomal dominant inheritance; the rest arise from de novo mutations. Prevalence varies by population, and prevalence in Cuba is unknown. OBJECTIVE Determine the prevalence of neurofibromatosis 1 in a population of Cuban children aged 9-11 years old in Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Pinar del Río Province in 2004, in which 19,392 children were assessed for neurofibromatosis 1. The study was conducted in two phases: the first, a survey of the entire population aged 9-11 years by genetic counselors in the province's schools; the second, assessment by clinical geneticists of children who met criteria for referral to the Provincial Medical Genetics Center. Neurofibromatosis 1 cases and first-degree relatives were examined to identify the origin of the mutation (de novo or inherited). Neurofibromatosis 1 prevalence was calculated, as well as history of a first-degree relative with the disease and frequency of several principal clinical signs-café au lait spots, freckles in places unexposed to sunlight, presence of neurofibromas, Lisch nodules and characteristic bone lesions. RESULTS Of the eligible population, 99.3% was screened (10,034 boys and 9358 girls). Active case finding resulted in referral of 200 children to medical geneticists and the disease was confirmed in 17, for a prevalence of one case per 1141 children aged 9-11 years old. Café au lait spots were the most frequent sign (100%), followed by freckles in areas unexposed to sunlight (82.4%) and characteristic bone lesions (41.2%). Only 4 of the 17 cases were previously being treated for the disease. CONCLUSIONS Neurofibromatosis 1 has high prevalence in the group studied in Pinar del Rio Province and most cases are not detected in

  7. Bichordites from the early Eocene of Cuba: significance in the evolutionary history of the spatangoids

    Science.gov (United States)

    Villegas-Martín, Jorge; Netto, Renata Guimarães

    2017-12-01

    The trace fossil Bichordites monastiriensis is found in early Eocene turbiditic sandstones of the upper-slope deposits from the Capdevila Formation in Los Palacios Basin, Pinar del Río region, western Cuba. The potential tracemakers of B. monastiriensis include fossil spatangoids from the family Eupatagidae. The record of Bichordites in the deposits from Cuba allows to suppose that Eupatagidae echinoids were the oldest potential tracemakers of Bichordites isp. and reinforce the hypothesis that the ichnological record are relevant in envisaging the evolutionary history of the spatangoids.

  8. Cuba, Canarias y la prensa, en el contexto del 98

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    Lic. Ileana Medina Hernández

    1998-01-01

    Full Text Available 1898 es para España el año del Desastre, con mayúscula; 1898 es para Cuba el año de la independencia, quizá con minúscula. Canarias es la puerta de salida de Europa; Cuba es puerta la entrada de América. La migración canario - cubana ha sido un factor histórico decisivo en la formación de ambas nacionalidades. La prensa de masas naciente a fines del siglo XIX jugó un papel determinante en la guerra hispano-norteamericana y su desenlace. Conjugando esas cuatro sentencias aplastantes y archiconocidas, la investigación del reflejo del proceso independentista cubano en la prensa de canaria aporta sustanciosos elementos al conocimiento del papel de los procesos de comunicación en la historia y en la cultura de ambos archipiélagos, en el importante contexto del fin de siglo XIX.

  9. The role of popular energy education and diffusion in Cuba

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Montesinos Larrosa, A. [Sociedad Cubana para la Promocion de las Energias Renovables (Cuba); Moreno Figueredo, C. [Centro de Estudio de Tecnologias Energeticas Renovables (Cuba)

    2008-07-01

    Cuba's Energy Revolution is a national program for developing renewable energy sources to conserve energy, promote sustainable development and address environmental concerns. It includes the Energy Saving Program by the Ministry of Education (PAEME), the Electricity Saving Program in Cuba (PAEC) by the Ministry of Basic Industry (MINBAS) and the National Program for Energy Sustainable Culture developed by CUBASOLAR. The most important programs related to the use of renewable energy sources have been carried out in the field of biomass, hydropower, wind energy, water supply and solar photovoltaic energy in rural areas. This paper presented the Cuban experiences on education, diffusion and publication of energy themes. Mass communication including television, radio and magazines has been used to explain the rationale of using renewable energy, its efficiency and social impact. The positive results thus far indicate that these measures can be applied in other developing countries such as Latin America and Caribbean, and could also serve as a guide for other areas, including developed countries.

  10. Short communication: high prevalence of drug resistance in HIV type 1-infected children born in Honduras and Belize 2001 to 2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Parham, Leda; de Rivera, Ivette Lorenzana; Murillo, Wendy; Naver, Lars; Largaespada, Natalia; Albert, Jan; Karlsson, Annika C

    2011-10-01

    Antiretroviral therapy has had a great impact on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1. However, development of drug resistance, which could be subsequently transmitted to the child, is a major concern. In Honduras and Belize the prevalence of drug resistance among HIV-1-infected children remains unknown. A total of 95 dried blood spot samples was obtained from HIV-1-infected, untreated children in Honduras and Belize born during 2001 to 2004, when preventive antiretroviral therapy was often suboptimal and consisted of monotherapy with nevirapine or zidovudine. Partial HIV-1 pol gene sequences were successfully obtained from 66 children (Honduras n=55; Belize n=11). Mutations associated with drug resistance were detected in 13% of the Honduran and 27% of the Belizean children. Most of the mutations detected in Honduras (43%) and all mutations detected in Belize were associated with resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which was expected from the wide use of nevirapine to prevent MTCT during the study period. In addition, although several mothers reported that they had not received antiretroviral therapy, mutations associated with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors were found in Honduras. This suggests prior and unreported use of these drugs, or that these women had been infected with resistant virus. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the presence of drug resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1-infected Honduran and Belizean children.

  11. ANÁLISIS DE LA CADENA DE VALOR HORTOFRUTÍCOLA DEL MUNICIPIO MARIANAO EN LA HABANA, CUBA / FRUITS AND VEGETABLES SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS IN MARIANAO MUNICIPALITY AT HAVANA, CUBA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Antonio Acevedo-Suárez

    2012-04-01

    Full Text Available En Cuba, el funcionamiento de las redes hortofrutícolas se rigen por la estructura del Ministerio de la Agricultura denominada Operación Producción-Acopio-Comercialización, que va desde un Puesto de Dirección Nacional hasta los municipales. De manera que, de la semilla al plato, las futas y vegetales fluyen por redes que reflejan su eficiencia en la disponibilidad en los mercados municipales. El objetivo general que plantea este estudio es analizar la estructura y funcionamiento de la cadena de valor hortofrutícola del municipio Marianao en La Habana, Cuba. La investigación abordará la identificación de eslabones y actores de esta cadena, la evaluación con los Modelos de Referencia de la Logística y Red de Valor y un análisis causa-efecto de los problemas de esta red. El resultado permite identificar la problemática municipal para proponer estrategias de mejoramiento en función de los elementos de las redes de valor.AbstractIn Cuba, the fruits and vegetables supply chain works with the structure established by the Ministry of Agriculture, named Production-Distribution-Sale Operation, which includes national directions to municipal management. So from the plant to the plate, fruits and vegetables flow through chains that reflect their efficiency on the availability in municipality markets. The general objective of this study is to analyze the structure and operation of the fruits and vegetables supply chain in Marianao municipality at Havana, Cuba. This investigation deals with the identification of the different links and members of this supply chain, its evaluation based on the Reference Models of Logistic and Value Chain and a cause-effect analysis about the problems in the above mentioned chain. The results permit to identify the problems of this municipality and to propose strategies in order to improve the situation, based on the elements of the supply chain.

  12. Escherichia coli Concentrations in the Mill Creek Watershed, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001-2004

    Science.gov (United States)

    Brady, Amie M.G.

    2007-01-01

    Mill Creek in Cleveland, Ohio, receives discharges from combined-sewer overflows (CSOs) and other sanitary-sewage inputs. These discharges affect the water quality of the creek and that of its receiving stream, the Cuyahoga River. In an effort to mitigate this problem, the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District implemented a project to eliminate or control (by reducing the number of overflows) all of the CSOs in the Mill Creek watershed. This study focused on monitoring the microbiological water quality of the creek before and during sewage-collection system modifications. Routine samples were collected semimonthly from August 2001 through September 2004 at a site near a U.S. Geological Survey stream gage near the mouth of Mill Creek. In addition, event samples were collected September 19 and 22, 2003, when rainfall accumulations were 0.5 inches (in.) or greater. Concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were determined and instantaneous discharges were calculated. Streamflow and water-quality characteristics were measured at the time of sampling, and precipitation data measured at a nearby precipitation gage were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Concentrations of E. coli were greater than Ohio's single-sample maximum for primary-contact recreation (298 colony-forming units per 100 milliliters (CFU/100 mL)) in 84 percent of the routine samples collected. In all but one routine sample E. coli concentrations in samples collected when instantaneous streamflows were greater than 20 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) were greater than Ohio's single-sample maximum. When precipitation occurred in the 24-hour period before routine sample collection, concentrations were greater than the maximum in 89 percent of the samples as compared to 73 percent when rainfall was absent during the 24 hours prior to routine sample collection. Before modifications to the sewage-collection system in the watershed began, E. coli concentrations in Mill Creek

  13. Variation of snail's abundance in two water bodies harboring strains of Pseudosuccinea columella resistant and susceptible to Fasciola hepatica miracidial infection, in Pinar del Río Province, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alfredo Gutiérrez

    2005-11-01

    Full Text Available The abundance of freshwater snails in two rural sites of Pinar del Río, Cuba, which harbor Pseudosuccinea columella susceptible and resistant to miracidia of Fasciola hepatica was followed for one year. Susceptible snails were found in the most anthropic site (IPA whereas the resistant population inhabited the most preserved one (El Azufre. Only two snail species coexisted with P. columella at IPA site (Physa cubensis and Tarebia granifera while five species were found at El Azufre, including an endemic from that province (Hemisinus cubanianus. Populations of both resistant and susceptible snails showed stable densities throughout the year, although the susceptible strain attained higher abundance. The highest densities were observed in April-May 2004 for the susceptible population whereas the resistant strain attained its highest abundance in January 2004. No record of Fossaria cubensis was made and the thiarid T. granifera occurred only at low densities. One of the sampled sites (IPA meets all the conditions for the first report of P. columella naturally infected with larvae of F. hepatica.

  14. Variation of snail's abundance in two water bodies harboring strains of Pseudosuccinea columella resistant and susceptible to Fasciola hepatica miracidial infection, in Pinar del Río Province, Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gutiérrez, Alfredo; Hernandez, Dagmar F; Sánchez, Jorge

    2005-11-01

    The abundance of freshwater snails in two rural sites of Pinar del Río, Cuba, which harbor Pseudosuccinea columella susceptible and resistant to miracidia of Fasciola hepatica was followed for one year. Susceptible snails were found in the most anthropic site (IPA) whereas the resistant population inhabited the most preserved one (El Azufre). Only two snail species coexisted with P. columella at IPA site (Physa cubensis and Tarebia granifera) while five species were found at El Azufre, including an endemic from that province (Hemisinus cubanianus). Populations of both resistant and susceptible snails showed stable densities throughout the year, although the susceptible strain attained higher abundance. The highest densities were observed in April-May 2004 for the susceptible population whereas the resistant strain attained its highest abundance in January 2004. No record of Fossaria cubensis was made and the thiarid T. granifera occurred only at low densities. One of the sampled sites (IPA) meets all the conditions for the first report of P. columella naturally infected with larvae of F. hepatica.

  15. Quality control to the service of diagnostic radiology in policlinics and hospitals of Santiago de Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Grinnan Torres, Reinaldo; Parra Caboberde, Hector; Semanat Sanchez, Lino A.

    2002-01-01

    The work presents the results obtained in the Quality Control in diagnostic X-ray equipment accomplished in 33 clinics of Santiago de Cuba city. The performed test were, to the X-ray generator, X-ray tube, devices collimation and alignment, as well as to the light boxes, dark rooms, and radiographic screen-film combinations. Moreover the work presents the results of the Entrance Doses for a reference patient in radiographic projections of frequent use in clinics of Santiago de Cuba city (chest, lumbar spine, abdomen, and pelvis). For the evaluation of the verified technical parameters were used the tolerance criterions recommended by the Technical Guide elaborated by the State Control Centre of Medical of Cuba. In the case of the Entrance Dose were used the dose levels that recommended by the International Basic Safety Standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for safety of radiation sources

  16. Energy crisis and rationing: a comparison between the argentinian and brazilian programs; Crisis energetica y racionamiento: los programas de Argentina y Brasil, una comparacion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Urbiztondo, Santiago; Navajas, Fernando [Fundacion de Investigaciones Economicas Latinoamericanas (FIEL)(Argentina)

    2006-01-15

    Although they have been equitable compared, the energy policies taken by Brazil and Argentina as a solution to the energy crisis lived by each one of these countries in years 2001 and 2002, they have enormous differences in terms of the real problem and nature of the established measures. Firstly the central aspects of the demand rationing mechanism adopted by Brazil for the electrical crisis of 2001 are presented. Afterwards the measures adopted in Argentina during the 2004 crisis in the electricity and natural gas rationing are discussed. From this exhibition of facts, comparisons are made and conclusions extracted looking forward to clarify the important differences separating both cases, differences that as the study reveals meant for the Argentine scheme the breach of the expected objectives. In the last section the changes implemented in the Argentine scheme are reflected during year 2005 to counteract the bad results obtained, nevertheless this modifications attacked only in a partial way the original program weaknesses. [Spanish] Si bien han sido comparadas equitativamente, las politicas energeticas tomadas por Brasil y Argentina como solucion a las crisis energeticas vividas por cada uno en el 2001 y 2004 presentan enormes diferencias a nivel de problema real y naturaleza de las medidas establecidas. Primeramente son presentados los aspectos centrales del mecanismo de racionamiento de la demanda adoptados por Brasil en la crisis electrica de 2001. Luego se comentan las medidas adoptadas en Argentina durante su crisis en el ano 2004 en el racionamiento de electricidad y gas natural. A partir de esta exposicion de hechos se realizan comparaciones y se extraen conclusiones que buscan clarificar las importantes diferencias que separan a ambos casos, diferencias que, como revela el estudio, significaron para el esquema argentino el incumplimiento de los objetivos esperados. En la ultima seccion se reflejan los cambios implementados en el esquema argentino

  17. Síndrome Beguez-Chediak-Higashi. Comunicación de un nuevo caso en Cuba Beguez Chediak-Higashi Syndrome. Report of a new case in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sergio Machín García

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available El síndrome de Beguez-Chediak-Higashi es una enfermedad rara, autosómica recesiva, descrita en Cuba por el Dr. Beguez-César en 1943. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 8 meses de edad con antecedentes de infecciones graves, obesidad, palidez cutáneo-mucosa intensa, cabello de color plateado, hepatoesplenomegalia y anemia con presencia de gránulos lisosomales gigantes en las células del sistema granulopoyético. Se trató con prednisona, vincristina, etopósido y aciclovir oral con respuestas parciales y transitorias.Beguez-Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare illness; it was described in 1943 by Dr. Beguez-Cesar in Cuba. We present an 8 months boy with frequent infections, obesity, intense paleness, silver hair, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, anemia and big lisosomal granules in myelopoietic system. He was treated with prednisolona, vincristin, VP-16, and oral acyclovir with partial and transitory results.

  18. Distinción taxonómica de los moluscos de fondos blandos del Golfo de Batabanó, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Norberto Capetillo-Piñar

    2015-11-01

    Full Text Available La distinción taxonómica es una medida de diversidad que presenta una serie de ventajas que dan connotación relevante a la ecología teórica y aplicada. La utilidad de este tipo de medida como otro método para evaluar la biodiversidad de los ecosistemas marinos bentónicos de fondos blandos del Golfo de Batabanó (Cuba se comprobó mediante el uso de los índices de distinción taxonómica promedio (Delta+ y la variación en la distinción taxonómica (Lambda+ de las comunidades de moluscos. Para este propósito, se utilizaron los inventarios de especies de moluscos bentónicos de fondos blandos obtenidos en el periodo 1981-1985 y en los años 2004 y 2007. Ambos listados de especies fueron analizados y comparados a escala espacial y temporal. La composición taxonómica entre el periodo y años estudiados se conformó de 3 clases, 20 órdenes, 60 familias, 137 géneros y 182 especies, observándose, excepto en el nivel de clase, una disminución no significativa de esta composición en 2004 y 2007. A escala espacial se detectó una disminución significativa en la riqueza taxonómica en el 2004. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en Delta+ y Lambda+ a escala temporal, pero si a escala espacial, hecho que se puede atribuir al efecto combinado del incremento de las actividades antropogénicas en la región con los efectos inducidos por los huracanes. Estos resultados sugieren que el par de índices Delta+ y Lambda+ son buenos descriptores de la biodiversidad de las comunidades de moluscos bentónicos de fondos blandos del Golfo de Batabanó.

  19. Legal verification of the dosimetric instrumentation using for radiation protection in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Walwyn, A.; Morales, J.A.

    1999-01-01

    By April of 1998 the Decree law 183 of Metrology was published at the Gaceta Oficial de la Republica de Cuba. It establishes the principles and general regulations for the organisation and juridical system of the metrological activity in Cuba. In the radiation protection field this legislation promote the establishment of a verification service of radiation measuring instruments used in the practices with radiation sources in the country. The limitations of old Cuban standards of verification related to dosimetric quantities and to the types of instruments for those which these standards are applicable; and in addition, the publication of new international standards that includes the operational quantities used for the measurement of instruments, led to the elaboration of the X and Gamma Radiation Meters Used in Radiation Protection standard. The requirements of metrological aptitude are taken from some test procedures described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards on photon monitoring equipment. The Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory of the Centre for Radiation Protection and Higiene will start the verification service of Radiation Protection instruments. The beginning of the service is an essential element in the improvement of the accuracy of ionisation radiation metrology in Cuba, and have an evident impact in the protection of the occupationally exposed workers, because having the instruments in good technical condition became a legal exigency to the users of ionisation radiation

  20. Newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Cuba: six years of experience.

    Science.gov (United States)

    González, Ernesto Carlos; Carvajal, Frank; Frómeta, Amarilys; Arteaga, Ana Luisa; Castells, Elisa María; Espinosa, Tania; Coto, Remigio; Pérez, Pedro Lucio; Tejeda, Yileidis; Del Río, Lesley; Segura, Mary Triny; Almenares, Pedro; Robaina, René; Fernández, José Luis

    2013-06-05

    Since 2005, a newborn screening program for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) by measuring 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) in dried blood spots was introduced in Cuba. The hormone was measured by the 17OHP Neonatal UMELISA method, in samples collected on the 5th day as average. Confirmatory test was performed to those neonates with 17OHP values above 55 nmol/l. Some perinatal factors that can influence on 17OHP levels were studied. From January 2005 to December 2010, 621,303 newborns were screened and 39 CAH cases were detected. Coverage of the program reached 98%. The incidence of CAH in Cuba was 1:15,931, similar to that reported by other programs. A recall for suspected CAH was performed in 10,799 cases (1.74%). Therapy in classical CAH patients was started at the mean age of 22 days. 17OHP levels were significantly higher in newborns with lower birth-weight (BW) and/or gestational age (GA). In addition, 17OHP values were affected by the gender, twin status or mode of delivery. In Cuba, the nationwide newborn screening program has allowed the early detection of CAH. The use of an optimized cut-off level for BW or GA could lead to a reduction in the percentage of recalled babies. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  1. Sea Surface Temperature Records Using Sr/Ca Ratios in a Siderastrea siderea Coral from SE Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fargher, H. A.; Hughen, K. A.; Ossolinski, J. E.; Bretos, F.; Siciliano, D.; Gonzalez, P.

    2015-12-01

    Sea surface temperature (SST) variability from Cuba remains relatively unknown compared to the rest of the Caribbean. Cuba sits near an inflection point in the spatial pattern of SST from the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and long SST records from the region could reveal changes in the influence of this climate system through time. A Siderastrea siderea coral from the Jardínes de la Reina in southern Cuba was drilled to obtain a 220 year long archive of environmental change. The genus Siderastrea has not been extensively studied as an SST archive, yet Sr/Ca ratios in the Cuban core show a clear seasonal signal and strong correlation to instrumental SST data (r2 = 0.86 and 0.36 for monthly and interannual (winter season) timescales, respectively). Annual growth rates (linear extension) of the coral are observed to have a minor influence on Sr/Ca variability, but do not show a direct correlation to SST on timescales from annual to multidecadal. Sr/Ca measurements from the Cuban coral are used to reconstruct monthly and seasonal (winter, summer) SST extending back more than two centuries. Wintertime SST in southern Cuba is compared to other coral Sr/Ca records of winter-season SST from locations sensitive to the NAO in order to investigate the stationarity of the NAO SST 'fingerprint' through time.

  2. Evangelizacion Indigena en Cuba (1512-1550): Estrategia y Razones de su Fracaso (Evangelization of Indigenous People in Cuba (1512-1550): Strategies and Reasons for its Failure).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Puentes, Roberto Valdes; Reyes, Francisco Barroso

    2000-01-01

    Presents the different moments and contents of the strategies of the evangelization process practiced by the Spanish during the conquest and colonization of Cuba, as well as possible reasons for its failure. States that the Indians were enslaved and directed through evangelism toward acculturation. (BT)

  3. La carga de enfermedad por cáncer en Cuba en el período 1990-2002 The burden of disease from cancer in Cuba, 1990-2002

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Emma Domínguez Alonso

    2009-11-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la carga de enfermedad por morbilidad y mortalidad en Cuba entre 1990 y 2002, según el tipo y la localización de cáncer. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de la carga de enfermedad en los años 1990, 1995, 2000 y 2002, asociada con los tipos y las localizaciones de cáncer más frecuentes en Cuba. Se utilizaron fuentes oficiales cubanas para calcular los años de vida potencial perdidos (AVPP por mortalidad (a partir de la esperanza de vida y morbilidad (a partir de la incidencia, la duración promedio y la gravedad de la enfermedad, así como los años de vida potencial perdidos promedio por cada defunción (AVPP/D y los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD, para cada tipo y localización de cáncer por sexo y grupo de edad. RESULTADOS: Las localizaciones con más AVPP coincidieron con las de mayor carga total: pulmón, mama, próstata, colon y recto, y cuello del útero, y mostraron una tendencia ascendente en todos los tipos y localizaciones de cáncer, excepto la leucemia. Los AVPP por morbilidad se concentraron en: mama, pulmón, próstata, colon y recto, y cuello del útero. En hombres, los mayores valores de AVPP por mortalidad fueron en boca y orofaringe, esófago, estómago, pulmón, vejiga, melanoma, linfoma y leucemia; el cáncer de colon y recto afectó más a las mujeres. Los mayores valores de AVPP/D se observaron en cuello del útero, mama, ovario, leucemia y linfoma. Los tipos y las localizaciones de cáncer con más AVAD fueron: pulmón, mama, próstata, colon y recto, cuello del útero y endometrio. CONCLUSIONES: La carga de enfermedad por cáncer aumentó en Cuba entre 1990 y 2002, especialmente por un aumento en la carga por mortalidad.OBJECTIVE: To describe the burden of disease, using morbidity and mortality in Cuba from 1990-2002, by cancer type and location. METHODS: A descriptive study of the disease burden in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2002, by Cuba's most frequently associated

  4. Comparación de la corrosividad atmosférica del acero al carbono en Colombia y Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Delgado Lastra, Juan

    2001-06-01

    Full Text Available Samples of structural carbon steel were exposed to the atmosphere in a number of sites in Colombia and Cuba for periods of 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Corrosion rate was determined by mass loss measurements, and cause-effect relationship to exposure time and pollutants (deposited chloride and sulfur oxides were calculated. Analysis let to adjust models by the multiple regression method. Also, comparison of atmospheric corrosion rates between Colombia and Cuba were done using covariance analysis.

    Se expusieron a la atmósfera probetas de aceros estructurales de bajo contenido de carbono, en varios sitios de Colombia y Cuba, que se retiraron a intervalos de 2, 3, 6, 12, 18 y 24 meses. Se determinó la corrosión por pérdida de masa y se buscaron relaciones de causalidad con el tiempo de exposición y las cantidades de cloruro y óxidos de azufre depositados. El análisis permitió ajustar modelos de regresión múltiple y también, a través de variables dicótomas, realizar la comparación de la corrosión atmosférica entre Colombia y Cuba, mediante análisis de covarianza.

  5. Vestas 2001-2004 - en årasaganalyse: Vestas 2001-2004 - a cause analysis

    OpenAIRE

    Søndergaard, Anne; Svendsen, Elisabeth Maria Dencker; Jepsen, Jasper Uldal; Lehmann, Kristoffer; Barratt, Lea

    2006-01-01

    Projektet omhandler en intern og en ekstern analyse af Vestas Windsystems A/S, med henblik på at finde årsager til deres dårlige økonomiske resultat. Projektet er tværfagligt og indeholder fagdisciplinerne økonomi og sociologi, herunder organisation. Vi har i vores projekt valgt at lave en analyse af Vestas organisationsstruktur/kultur, for at analysere dennes påvirkning på Vestas, efterfølgende lavede vi en regnskabsanalyse, for at belyse hvor Vestas klare sig økonomisk dårligt. Vi fortager ...

  6. Ixodid ticks and tick-borne infections in the republic of Cuba – literature review and rationale for risk assessment

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Khasnatinov M.A.

    2018-04-01

    Full Text Available The Republic of Cuba is a popular destination for Russian tourists and about 30-50 thousands of Russian citizens visit Cuba annually. However, the recreational activity is often associated with the risk of Ixodid ticks bites and infection with tick-borne pathogens. According to published literature, the fauna of the hard tick in Cuba is represented by nine species including Ixodes capromydis, Amblyomma albopictum, A. cajennense, A. dissimile, A. quadricavum, A. torrei, Dermacentor nitens, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and R. (Boophilus microplus. Five of these species, i.e. A. cajennense, A. dissimile, D. nitens, R. sanguineus and R. (Boophilus microplus, were reported as human parasites. Ticks are spread over the most part of the island territory. Several tick-borne pathogens should be considered as a potential threat for the bitten humans in Cuba, including Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Rickettsia sp., Anaplasma sp., Ehrlichia sp., Coxiella sp., thogotovirus and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Implications for the epidemiology of tick-borne infections in the Russian Federation are discussed.

  7. Innovative Tuberculosis Symposium held during Cuba Salud 2015.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chapman, Helena J; Armas Pérez, Luisa

    2016-12-01

    The fourth Tuberculosis (TB) Symposium, held during the Cuba Salud 2015 International Convention, highlighted advancements in research on TB and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by interdisciplinary teams from academic and federal institutions in Cuba, Colombia, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. Delegates focused on the targets presented in the World Health Organization End TB Strategy for 2016-2035 and elaborated on four primary themes: 1) attention to vulnerable populations such as immunocompromised individuals, health care workers, and residents of long-term institutions such as prisons and nursing homes; 2) identification of active and latent TB cases through contact investigations; 3) spread and control of drug-resistant Mtb strains; and 4) advancements in the development of novel vaccines or "booster" immunizations. This international TB forum served as a platform for experts in diverse disciplines in these Latin American countries to discuss challenges faced by TB research and control programs, proposing novel research initiatives and promoting collaborative teamwork strategies for TB elimination. In solidarity, collaborative efforts in TB control require identification of symptomatic individuals, rapid diagnostic testing for TB, drug susceptibility assays on Mtb strains, and management that provide universal and gratuitous access to directly observed short-course therapy. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Selective dissemination of health information: Bulletins of the National Medical Library of Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sonia Santana Arroyo

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available The National Medical Library of Cuba (BMN has the mission to ensure the provision of scientific and technology information to the community of professionals that make up the healthcare sector in the country, primarily the Ministry of Public Health, identified as prioritized user of BMN, in order to elevate the quality of care, research, management and teaching, as well as to encourage the finding of new solutions that enable to face health problems in Cuba and in the world. This article aims to describe the making process of the bulletins: Bibliomed, Bibliomed Supplemento, BiblioDir and Factográfico de Salud, which are offered by specialists from Selective Dissemination of Information Service that resides in the BMN area of Customer Service, in order to support the decision making of health managers of Cuba Ministry of Public Health. For this purpose, the paper details scope, content, sections, team responsibility, procedures for preparing and processing the bulletins. Most used sources of information and skills of staff are also presented. Such Informative scientific work strengthen BMN as a paradigm of the cuban medical libraries network, transforming the pattern of a traditional library into a modern library, characterized by an effective knowledge management and development processes in virtual environments.

  9. Facetas de la interacción con los animales en Cuba durante el siglo XIX: los bueyes en la plantación esclavista y la Sociedad Protectora de Animales y Plantas

    OpenAIRE

    Reinaldo Funes MONZOTE

    2006-01-01

    Los estudios de la historia de Cuba, antes del ascenso de la economía basada en el uso de los combustibles fósiles y las máquinas, prestan poca atención a la importancia de los animales para la vida humana. A medida que nos alejamos en el tiempo hacia el pasado esa falta de atención resulta más difícil de sostener, incluso tras la introducción de las máquinas de vapor y el ferrocarril. En este artículo se abordan dos ejemplos del siglo XIX que ponen de relieve la necesidad d...

  10. Desbalance energético proteico en lactantes durante el primer año de vida*

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Virginia Díaz-Argüelles Ramírez-Corría

    2004-06-01

    Full Text Available La alimentación de los lactantes durante el primer año de vida tiene gran influencia en el crecimiento y desarrollo posterior, sobre todo en el lactante de muy bajo peso al nacer. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar el consumo de energía y macronutrientes en un grupo de recién nacidos, con peso inferior a 1 800 g y compararlo con un grupo control de término, para conocer si existía un consumo adecuado durante el primer año de vida. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de cohorte en 25 recién nacidos con peso al nacer menor de 1800 g y 34 semanas de edad gestacional, en el Hospital Ginecoobstétrico "Ramón González Coro", en Ciudad de La Habana, desde enero del 2000 hasta enero del 2001 y en 25 recién nacidos de buen peso a término como grupo control. Se realizó encuesta dietética de registro de 3 días, y a los 4, 6, 9 y 12 meses de edad para evaluar el consumo de macronutrientes. Los datos se procesaron por el Programa para la evaluación del consumo de alimentos (CERES. El consumo de energía fue adecuado, pero con un desequilibrio manifiesto de los macronutrientes en uno y otro grupos, a expensas del consumo de proteínas que fue excesivo (5 g/kg/día durante todo el primer año de vida y una baja densidad energética de la dieta. Se hace necesaria una revisión de la ablactación en los lactantes, del tipo de leche utilizado durante los primeros meses de la lactancia y los hábitos alimentarios de la población, con el objetivo de mejorar su calidad durante los primeros años de la vida.The feeding of infants during the first year of life has a great influence on the further growth and development, mainly on the infant with very low birth weight. The objective of this paper was to characterize the intake of energy and macronutrients in a group of newborn infants with a weight under 1 800 g and to compare it with a term control group to know if there was an adequate consumption during the first year of life. To this end, a

  11. Distribución y abundancia de la ascidia Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aida Hernández-Zanuy

    2007-03-01

    Full Text Available Ecteinascidia turbinata está ampliamente distribuida en las áreas de mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle de tipo sobrelavados donde ocupa la porción permanentemente sumergida. Ocasionalmente se encontró sobre el coral negro Antipathes caribeana a 22 y 38 m de profundidad. Sin embargo no fue frecuente en los manglares de borde ni de ribera. Se muestrearon 58 localidades estando presente la especie en un 75 % de las mismas. Sus poblaciones son abundantes pues en el 57 % de las zonas prospectadas más del 25 % de las raíces del manglar poseen al menos una colonia. Las mayores densidades se encontraron en la costa noroeste de Cuba (Pinar del Río con valores cercanos a una colonia por metro lineal de manglar, siendo Cayo Jutías la de mayor densidad (1.46 col/m. La mayor biomasa también se registró en la mencionada localidad con valores comprendidos entre 25 y 660 g/m lineal de manglar. El promedio general de la biomasa en los manglares estudiados fue de 73.63 g/m lineal de manglar.Distribution and abundance of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae in Cuba. Permanently submerged mangrove roots (Rhizophora mangle are the main habitat of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata in Cuba. It was occasionally found on black coral (Antiphates caribeana between 22 and 38 meters deep. This species exhibits a wide distribution in all the mangrove keys surrounding the Island of Cuba but does not occur in riparian or fringing mangroves. Populations of this species are abundant in Cuba: in 75 % of the 58 localities sampled the species was present and in 57 % more than 50 % of the roots held at least one colony. The highest colony densities were found in the northern coast of Pinar del Río province with values near one colony per lineal meter of mangrove root. We found the highest density (1.46 col/m and greatest biomass at Jutías Key, with values between 25 and 660 g/m. The average of wet biomass in the studied mangroves was 73.63 g

  12. Factores socioeconomicos asociados a la mortalidad postneonatal en Cuba Fatores sócio-econômicos associados à mortalidade pós-neonatal em Cuba Socioeconomic factors associated with postneonatal mortality in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Guillermo Gonzalez Perez

    1990-04-01

    Full Text Available Se intentam identificar aquellos factores socioeconomicos que puedan ser considerados como factores de riesgo, tanto de la mortalidad postneonatal como de la exógena, asi como su relevancia social, para Cuba en 1982. Mediante un estudio caso-control basado en una muestra nacional de fallecidos menores de un ano y sobrevivientes a la misma edad - para cuyo analisis se emplearon técnicas asociadas a la regresión logística - se pudo estimar el riesgo relativo; el riesgo atribuible y las probabilidades de morir en presencia o ausencia de los factores identificados. Los resultados apuntan hacia la carencia de servicios sanitarios en el interior de la vivienda y el hacinamiento - 3 o mas personas por habitación - como los factores de riesgo mas trascendentes tanto para propiciar la mortalidad postneonatal como la exógena. Se ratifica la condición de "reserva" que posee el componente postneonatal para la redución ulterior de la mortalidad infantil en el pais.Foram identificados os fatores sócio-econômicos que podem ser considerados de risco para a mortalidade pós-neonatal e mortalidade exógena, e seu impacto social em Cuba, em 1982. Realizou-se estudo caso-controle baseado numa amostra nacional dos óbitos menores de um ano, e dos sobreviventes da mesma idade. Os dados foram analisados com o emprego da técnica de regressão logística, para calcular o risco relativo, o risco atribuível e a probabilidade de morte na presença desses fatores. Os resultados indicaram que a falta de instalações sanitárias no domicílio e o excesso de pessoas em cada moradia (3 pessoas e mais por habitação são os mais fortes fatores de risco tanto para a morte pós-neonatal como por causa exógena. Foi confirmada a importância da redução da mortalidade pós-neonatal e exógena para a diminuição da taxa de mortalidade infantil em Cuba.Economic and social risk factors for both postneonatal and exogenous mortality are evaluated for Cuban children for

  13. Evolución del e-gobierno en la Alcaldía del Municipio Naguanagua, estado Carabobo: período 2004-2014

    OpenAIRE

    Lubiza Osio; Pedro Luis Pineda

    2015-01-01

    El presente artículo, tiene como objetivo realizar una comparación evolutiva, sobre los avances del gobierno electrónico en el área específica de los servicios disponibles a través de la página Web de la Alcaldía de Naguanagua, estado Carabobo, durante el periodo comprendido entre el año 2004 y el año 2014. Su fundamentación se basó en el análisis de datos provenientes de dos investigaciones de las cuales, se precisó el avance sobre el e-gobierno en dos momentos: año 2004 y 2007, en el contex...

  14. Genomics as public health? Community genetics and the challenge of personalised medicine in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gibbon, Sahra

    2009-08-01

    Making use of a comparative perspective on the emergence of 'breast cancer genetics' in the different cultural context of the UK and Cuba, this article examines the tensions between the modern promise of genomics as personalised medicine and a commitment to public health. Focusing primarily on the Cuba context and drawing on ethnographic research as part of a collaborative project working with genetic professionals and publics, the article examines the particular technologies, identities and socialities at stake in an emerging and evolving field of genetic medicine. It highlights how long-standing continuities in the commitment to the equitable provision of public health, particularly as this relates to 'family medicine', are central to understanding the scope and expansion of 'community genetics' interventions, even when at the level of local practice, public health is also now subject to the unequal dynamics of economic necessity through the working out of 'lo informal'. Illuminating the different ways agency, risk, responsibility, citizenship and activism get configured by and between publics and health professionals in Cuba, the article reveals the challenges and opportunities posed by predictive genomic medicine in relation to the dynamic and shifting terrain of public health.

  15. Current status of prenatal diagnosis in Cuba: causes of low prevalence of Down syndrome.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Méndez-Rosado, L A; Hechavarría-Estenoz, D; de la Torre, M E; Pimentel-Benitez, H; Hernández-Gil, J; Perez, B; Barrios-Martínez, A; Morales-Rodriguez, E; Soriano-Torres, M; Garcia, M; Suarez-Mayedo, U; Cedeño-Aparicio, N; Blanco, I; Díaz-Véliz, P; Vidal-Hernández, B; Mitjans-Torres, M; Miñoso, S; Alvarez-Espinosa, D; Reyes-Hernández, E; Angulo-Cebada, E; Torres-Palacios, M; Lozano-Lezcano, L; Lima-Rodriguez, U; Mayeta, M; Noblet, M; Benítez, Y; Lardoeyt-Ferrer, R; Yosela-Martin, S; Carbonell, P; Pérez-Ramos, M; de León, N; Perez, M; Carbonell, J

    2014-11-01

    To analyze trends in cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis in Cuba and to analyze possible causes leading to a low Down syndrome prevalence in a country where the triple test is not available. An analysis of the Cuban program in prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis from 1984 to 2012 was conducted. Results are described, with particular emphasis on indications, abnormal results, types of invasive procedures, and terminations of pregnancy. Cytogenetic prenatal diagnostic analyses (n = 75,095) were conducted; maternal age was the indication for 77.9% of the amniocenteses and chorionic villus samplings. The detection rate of chromosomally abnormal pregnancies was 2.3% for maternal age and increased to 8-9% for other indications. When a chromosomal abnormality was identified, 88.5% terminated the pregnancy. In 2002, the live birth prevalence of Down syndrome was 8.4 per 10,000 live births, and in 2012, 7 per 10,000. Prenatal diagnosis in Cuba has contributed to a significant reduction in chromosomal aberrations. The impact increased because of the demographic trends of the population, the high index of terminations of pregnancy, and the establishment of a network of cytogenetic laboratories throughout Cuba. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  16. Nuclear instrumentation in Cuba and for osseous densitometry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Marrero, M.; Lopez, B.; Bolanos, L.; Fernandez, J.L.; Cabal, A.; Medina, D.; Laria, J.; Alonso, D.

    1997-01-01

    The present job describes the technical characteristics and operation of two clinical equipment designed in Cuba, for the determination in vivo of the osseous mineral content in forearm, based on the of gamma absorption technique of a single photon. The development of these equipment and the measurements done with one of them are the first intents carried out in the country to diagnose osseous illnesses by means of this method. (author) [es

  17. Adapting Short of Doctrine: US Military Counterinsurgency in Iraq March 2004-December 2006

    Science.gov (United States)

    2017-05-25

    operations. Each of these types received their own chapter.38 The 2001 manual would be the basis for officer education , especially at the Command and...who have a broad base of developmental, educational , and training experiences will likely be able to apply critical and creative thinking while drawing...March 2004 until the publication of the US Army Field Manual 3-24, Counterinsurgency, in December 2006. The monograph delves into the education

  18. Powernext Day-AheadTM. Powernext futuresTM. Activity report - 2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2004-01-01

    The introduction of a power exchange in France is a direct response to the opening up of the European electricity markets. Powernext SA is a Multilateral Trading Facility in charge of managing the French power exchange through an optional and anonymous organised exchange offering: - Day-ahead contracts for the management of volume risk on Powernext Day-Ahead TM since 21 November 2001, - Medium term contracts for the management of price risk on Powernext Futures TM since 18 June 2004. This document is the 2004 activity report of Powernext SA, it presents the key figures of the power market and of Powernext in 2004: - Increasing volumes: Powernext Day-Ahead TM 's traded volumes increased by 89%, from 7.48 to 14.18 TWh. Powernext Futures TM kicks off to a promising debut with 12.86 TWh traded in less than 7 months. - Less volatile prices: During 2004, the base price averaged 28.13 euro/MWh, and the peak prices averaged 33.71 euro/MWh. Compared to 2003, these prices decreased by an average of 3.7% on base-load and 10.9% on peak-load. In comparison to the two previous years, the daily volatility has noticeably settled down with 27% on base-load and 37% on peak-load. - Increasing liquidity: 10 new members joined Powernext Day-Ahead TM in 2004. The activity level of the members remains very high as 89% of them trade on an actual daily basis during 2004. The market resiliency stays strong. In December, an additional market 50 MW order on each hour resulted in a balance price variation of only 0.16 euro/MWh, or 0.53% of this balance price. For a 100 MW order, the resiliency is 0.32 euro/MWh, or 1.07% of the balance price. Thus, in 2004, Powernext Day-Ahead TM consolidates its role as a short term reference price. Moreover, in 2004, Powernext launched a futures market, Powernext Futures TM . This new market segment proposes contracts tradable up to 2 years ahead of delivery

  19. Main characteristics and genesis of the Vale de Pães skarn (Cuba-Vidigueira, Ossa Morena Zone, Portugal

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Salgueiro, R.

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available The Vale de Pães (Cuba-Vidigueira mineralisation is composed of magnetite ± sulphides and hosted in a Pre-Variscan metamorphic sequence intruded by igneous rocks belonging to the Beja Igneous Complex. Its mineral and chemical features are compatible with a zoned Fe-skarn: Mg-rich (Fo + Di90, oxidised and Ca-rich (Grs + Di81-39, oxidised or relatively reduced. In the Fe-Mg skarn, magnetite deposition occurred along with the anhydrous mineral assemblage at ≈ 600 °C; sulphides precipitated from the retrograde stage onset (≤ 550 °C and during the hydrated and carbonate phases formation period (< 420 °C. In the Fe-Ca skarn, magnetite precipitated during the retrograde stage (< 550 °C together with the hydrated mineral association, and was followed by sulphides at ≈ 400°C. The mineralising process involved moderate-high salinity fluids and was controlled by variations in redox potential and pH.

    La mineralización del Vale de Pães (Cuba-Vidigueira, compuesta de magnetita ± sulfuros, se produce dentro de una secuencia metamórfica ante-Varisca intruida por el Complejo Ígneo de Beja (Beja Igneous Complex. Sus características químicas y mineralógicas son consistentes con un skarn de Fe zonificado: rico en Mg (Fo + Di≈90, oxidado y rico en Ca (Grs + Di81-39, oxidado o relativamente reducido. En el skarn de Fe-Mg, la deposición de magnetita acompaña a la paragénesis mineral anhidra (≈ 600 °C; la precipitación de sulfuros se produce desde el comienzo de la etapa retrógrada (≤ 550 °C y continuó durante la formación de fases hidratadas y carbonatadas (< 420 °C. En el skarn de Fe-Ca, la magnetita se genera en la fase de retroceso (< 550 °C, en relación con la asociación de minerales hidratados, seguido de sulfuro (≈ 400 °C. El proceso de mineralización de los fluidos de salinidad moderada-alta era controlado por los cambios en el potencial redox y el pH.

  20. Fuentes del crecimiento económico en Argentina 1990-2004: ¿otro caso de la tiranía de los números?

    OpenAIRE

    Coremberg, Ariel

    2007-01-01

    Se investigan las principales fuentes del crecimiento económico en Argentina durante el período 1990-2004, con el fin de identificar cuál fue su perfil de crecimiento prevaleciente: extensivo, asociado al dinamismo de los factores productivos, o intensivo, vinculado con las ganancias de productividad. Fil: Coremberg, Ariel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata. Argentina

  1. Temporal variations in supraglacial debris distribution on Baltoro Glacier, Karakoram between 2001 and 2012

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gibson, Morgan J.; Glasser, Neil F.; Quincey, Duncan J.; Mayer, Christoph; Rowan, Ann V.; Irvine-Fynn, Tristram D. L.

    2017-10-01

    Distribution of supraglacial debris in a glacier system varies spatially and temporally due to differing rates of debris input, transport and deposition. Supraglacial debris distribution governs the thickness of a supraglacial debris layer, an important control on the amount of ablation that occurs under such a debris layer. Characterising supraglacial debris layer thickness on a glacier is therefore key to calculating ablation across a glacier surface. The spatial pattern of debris thickness on Baltoro Glacier has previously been calculated for one discrete point in time (2004) using satellite thermal data and an empirically based relationship between supraglacial debris layer thickness and debris surface temperature identified in the field. Here, the same empirically based relationship was applied to two further datasets (2001, 2012) to calculate debris layer thickness across Baltoro Glacier for three discrete points over an 11-year period (2001, 2004, 2012). Surface velocity and sediment flux were also calculated, as well as debris thickness change between periods. Using these outputs, alongside geomorphological maps of Baltoro Glacier produced for 2001, 2004 and 2012, spatiotemporal changes in debris distribution for a sub-decadal timescale were investigated. Sediment flux remained constant throughout the 11-year period. The greatest changes in debris thickness occurred along medial moraines, the locations of mass movement deposition and areas of interaction between tributary glaciers and the main glacier tongue. The study confirms the occurrence of spatiotemporal changes in supraglacial debris layer thickness on sub-decadal timescales, independent of variation in surface velocity. Instead, variation in rates of debris distribution are primarily attributed to frequency and magnitude of mass movement events over decadal timescales, with climate, regional uplift and erosion rates expected to control debris inputs over centurial to millennial timescales. Inclusion

  2. PULPA CUBA MILL ENERGY ASSESSMENT

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Pedro Hernández Touset

    2015-10-01

    Full Text Available An energy study was performed at Pulpa Cuba Paper Mill, located in Sancti Spiritus, where an energy management system was applied according to NC: ISO 50001, in order to assess the energy system by applying energy management systems for energy and water reduction in the paper mill, in which the current steam generation, distribution and consumption system is diagnosed. The proposal of a modified energy scheme with 1 MW Backpressure Steam Turbine Generator and rehabilitation of the original boiler or installing a lower capacity boiler contributes to save financial resources by the concept of water, fuel and electricity. The implementation of four projects will save 3,095,574 CUC / y and an average payback period of about 1 year is expected.

  3. The Curious Case of Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Reed, Gail A.

    2012-01-01

    As health professionals in the United States consider how to focus health care and coverage to ensure better, more equitable patient and population health outcomes, the experience of Cuba’s National Health System over the last 5 decades may provide useful insights. Although mutual awareness has been limited by long-term political hostilities between the United States and Cuban governments, the history and details of the Cuban health system indicate that their health system merits attention as an example of a national integrated approach resulting in improved health status. More extensive analysis of the principles, practices, and outcomes in Cuba is warranted to inform health system transformation in the United States, despite differences in political-social systems and available resources. PMID:22698011

  4. The plant biotechnology: An alternative for the confrontation to the impacts of the climatic change in Cuba?

    OpenAIRE

    Arnaldo F. Álvarez Brito

    2012-01-01

    The expected impacts of the climatic change on the agricultural and forest sectors in Cuba, derived from the evaluations carried out under the First and the Second National Communication of Cuba to the United Nations Frame Convention on Climatic Change, allowed to value how plant biotechnology can be inserted appropriately in the implementation of the Agrarian Program for Confrontation to the Climatic Change, in order to propitiate the protection of the security and alimentary sovereignty of ...

  5. Comparación de la corrosividad atmosférica del acero al carbono en Colombia y Cuba

    OpenAIRE

    Delgado Lastra, Juan; Minotas Ruiz, Julio César; Arroyave Posada, Carlos Enrique; Mendoza Gómez, Antonio; Corvo Pérez, Francisco

    2001-01-01

    Samples of structural carbon steel were exposed to the atmosphere in a number of sites in Colombia and Cuba for periods of 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Corrosion rate was determined by mass loss measurements, and cause-effect relationship to exposure time and pollutants (deposited chloride and sulfur oxides) were calculated. Analysis let to adjust models by the multiple regression method. Also, comparison of atmospheric corrosion rates between Colombia and Cuba were done using covariance analys...

  6. Scientific papers presented at the 2000-2001 European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) meetings: publication rates during the period 2000-2004

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Secil, Mustafa; Ucar, Gokhan; Dicle, Oguz

    2007-01-01

    The aim of this study was to investigate the rate at which abstracts orally presented at the ESGAR 2000 and 2001 meetings were published between 2000-2004, and to identify predictive factors of publication. The abstracts of ESGAR meeting presentations were reviewed and classified according to organ, modality, type of design, country of origin of the studies and basic categories of diagnostic or interventional. The presentations were searched for publication in Medline-indexed journals using the PubMed server. The publication rates of the presentations, the time period between the presentation and publication, and the journal in which the article had appeared were investigated. An overall number of 109 publications were found originating from 276 presentations (39.5%). The median and inter-quartile range [IQR] between the abstract presentation and subsequently full publication was 18 months [1.0 -53.0]. The journal with the highest number of derived articles from abstract presentation was European Radiology (n=21, 19.2%). Retrospective studies were found to be more frequently published than prospective studies (p=0.001). The publication rate did not show any statistically significant difference between groups of other classifications. The publication rate of studies orally presented at ESGAR meetings was 39.5%. No specific variable other than the type of design of the studies appeared to influence the publication rate. (orig.)

  7. Doctor Octavio Montoro y los primeros casos de diabetes tratados con insulina en Cuba Doctor Octavio Montoro and the first cases of diabetes treated with insulin in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dagoberto Álvarez Aldana

    2003-08-01

    Full Text Available El uso clínico de la insulina por Banting y Best representa un hito en la historia de las ciencias médicas. Los avances en este campo han sido espectaculares y nuestro país no está ajeno a ellos. Sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre los primeros trabajos realizados por los médicos cubanos en relación con la insulinoterapia, hecho trascendental en la historia de la endocrinología cubana, pero desconocido principalmente para las nuevas generaciones de endocrinólogos. Esta revisión tiene como objetivos destacar la introducción en la clínica moderna de la insulina como un importante suceso en la historiografía médica cubana y divulgar la evolución clínica y el esquema terapéutico aplicado a los primeros casos de diabetes mellitus tratados con insulina en Cuba, así como resaltar el empeño y la capacidad de los profesionales de la salud pioneros en el uso clínico de la insulina en aquellos años, entre los que se destaca el Doctor Octavio Montoro. Para realizar este trabajo fue consultada la bibliografía médica de la época, archivos y otras fuentes. Como resultado se obtuvo que en Cuba se introdujo la insulina en el tratamiento de los pacientes diabéticos en febrero de 1923, por el Doctor Montoro, quien fue reconocido por sus conocimientos médicos y por su vasta cultura. Desempeñó múltiples cargos y recibió numerosas condecoraciones. Se concluyó que Cuba fue uno de los primeros países en el mundo que contó con la insulina como arma terapéutica contra la diabetes. El Doctor Octavio Montoro hizo importantes aportes en la investigación sobre la diabetes, por lo que merece ser considerado, a nuestro juicio, como el padre de la diabetología en nuestro país.The clinical use of insulin by Banting and Best represents a hallmark in the history of medical sciences. The advances in this field have been amazing and our country was also involved in this development. However, little is known about the first works carried out by Cuban

  8. Useful trees in reforestation planning at the Biosphere Reserve «Buenavista», Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedro Herrera Oliver

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available In Cuba, Biosphere Reserves protect and keep natural areas of variable size including one or several forest, scrub or grassland vegetation units, either primary or secondary, also taking into account the various kinds of complex vegetation and communities. The Biosphere Reserve Buenavista, located in Central Cuba, includes several primary vegetation units such as the mangrove forest, sandy coast and rocky coast vegetation, littoral scrub and the dry semi-deciduous, semi-deciduous and gallery forests. Ferns and their allies, gimnosperms and angiosperms were determined and listed in the Reserve and dominant or dominated tree taxa were selected, also listing their standard heights with the ultimate purpose of using them in future reforestation planning if deforestation in some zones occurs.

  9. Terrorism and emergency preparedness in state and territorial public health departments--United States, 2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2005-05-13

    After the events of September 11, 2001, federal funding for state public health preparedness programs increased from $67 million in fiscal year (FY) 2001 to approximately $1 billion in FY 2002. These funds were intended to support preparedness for and response to terrorism, infectious disease outbreaks, and other public health threats and emergencies. The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) assessed the impact of funding on epidemiologic capacity, including terrorism preparedness and response, in state health departments in November 2001 and again in May 2004, after distribution of an additional $1 billion in FY 2003. This report describes the results of those assessments, which indicated that increased funding for terrorism preparedness and emergency response has rapidly increased the number of epidemiologists and increased capacity for preparedness at the state level. However, despite the increase in epidemiologists, state public health officials estimate that 192 additional epidemiologists, an increase of 45.3%, are needed nationwide to fully staff terrorism preparedness programs.

  10. Burden of Self-reported Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Prieto, Pablo Aguiar; Finley, Rita L.; Guerin, Michele T.; Isaacs, Sandy; Domínguez, Arnaldo Castro; Marie, Gisele Coutín; Perez, Enrique

    2009-01-01

    Acute gastrointestinal illness is an important public-health issue worldwide. Burden-of-illness studies have not previously been conducted in Cuba. The objective of the study was to determine the magnitude, distribution, and burden of self-reported acute gastrointestinal illness in Cuba. A retrospective, cross-sectional survey was conducted in three sentinel sites during June-July 2005 (rainy season) and during November 2005–January 2006 (dry season). Households were randomly selected from a list maintained by the medical offices in each site. One individual per household was selected to complete a questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. The case definition was three or more bouts of loose stools in a 24-hour period within the last 30 days. In total, 97.3% of 6,576 interviews were completed. The overall prevalence of acute gastrointestinal illness was 10.6%. The risk of acute gastrointestinal illness was higher during the rainy season (odds ratio [OR]=3.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.18-4.66) in children (OR=3.12, 95% CI 2.24-4.36) and teens (OR=2.27, 95% CI 1.51-3.41) compared to people aged 25-54 years, in males (OR=1.24, 95% CI 1.04-1.47), and in the municipality of Santiago de Cuba (OR=1.33, 95% CI 1.11-1.61). Of 680 cases, 17.1-38.1% visited a physician, depending on sentinel site. Of the cases who visited a physician, 33.3-53.9% were requested to submit a stool sample, and of those, 72.7-100.0% complied. Of the cases who sought medical care, 16.7- 61.5% and 0-31.6% were treated with antidiarrhoeals and antibiotics respectively. Acute gastrointestinal illness represented a substantial burden of health compared to developed countries. Targeting the identified risk factors when allocating resources for education, food safety, and infrastructure might lower the morbidity associated with acute gastrointestinal illness. PMID:19507750

  11. 2001 annual report; Rapport annuel 2001

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-07-01

    This document is the 2001 annual report of the French union of the petroleum industry (UFIP). It summarizes the highlights of the petroleum industry activity in France in 2001 and gives some additional information about the production, refining and distribution of petroleum products in the rest of the world. (J.S.)

  12. Radioactive waste disposal system for Cuba. Safety assessment for the long term

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Peralta Vital, J.L.; Gil Castillo, R.; Mirta Torrez, B.

    1998-01-01

    The present work is performed within the frame of evaluating the radiological impact of the post-closure stage of the facility for disposal of the radioactive wastes generated in Cuba, including a description of the waste disposal systems defined in the country, and taking account of significant elements of their long term safety. The Methodology for Safety Assessment includes: the definition of possible scenarios for evaluation, the identification of principal present uncertainties, the model simulating the release of the radionuclides of the facility, their transport through the geosphere, and their final access to man, evaluating ultimately the radiological impact of the disposal system considering the dose for a critical group. The results obtained allow to demonstrate the radiological safety of the nominative barrier in the design of the system for the particular conditions of Cuba. (author)

  13. Vodú Chic: Haitian Religion and the Folkloric Imaginary in Socialist Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Grete Viddal

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available During the first three decades of the twentieth century, hundreds of thousands of Haitian agricultural laborers arrived in Cuba seeking employment in the expanding sugar industry. Historically, Haitian cane cutters were marginal and occupied the lowest socio-economic status in Cuban society. Until relatively recently, the maintenance of Haitian spiritual beliefs, music, dance, and language in Cuba were associated with rural isolation and poverty. Today however, the continuation of Haitian customs is no longer linked with isolation, but exactly the opposite: performance troupes, heritage festivals, art exhibitions, the circulation of religious specialists, collaborations with research centers and academia, endorsement by music promoters, and the tourism industry. Cubans of Haitian heritage have found innovative ways to transform the abject into the exotic, and are currently gaining a public voice in cultural production, particularly through folkloric performance.

  14. National viewpoints: Views on strengthened safeguards from Australia, Cuba and South Africa

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Biggs, I.; Saburido, E.F.; Mxakato-Diseko, N.J.

    1999-01-01

    This paper presents views of Australia, Cuba and South Africa concerned with strengthened safeguards regime. Australia has been involved with the IAEA safeguards system since the first plenary meeting of the Conference on the IAEA Statute in 1956, joined the NPT in 1973 and began concluding bilateral safeguards agreements in 1977. Australia has the greatest respect for the IAEA coordinated efforts started in 1998 to strengthen and integrate the safeguards system. Cuba has always attached special importance to nuclear safeguards activities, recognizing their high priority as well as the important role they have in respect to international disarmament and security. South Africa supports the efforts in strengthening the safeguards activities and remains hopeful that the international community will address the challenges posed by the Trilateral Initiative between Russian federation, USA and IAEA in a mature and cooperative way

  15. Alcohol Control in Cuba: Preventing Countervailing Cultural and Mass Media Influences.

    Science.gov (United States)

    González-Menéndez, Ricardo Á

    2016-07-01

    Harmful use of alcohol-the prime gateway drug to other addictions-is also a problem in Cuba, even though the National Program for Prevention of Harmful Use of Alcohol includes the most effective measures used in analogous programs around the world. As a participant in the program's committee and empirical observer of its accomplishments and unaccomplished goals, I draw attention to the community's attitude of tolerance toward intoxication manifested by the lack of proportional consequences, and I insist on the need to broaden the community's understanding of the risks of non-social drinking, which in Latin America is practically limited to alcoholism and its complications. This undervalues the damage wreaked by unpredictable and dangerous behavior under the influence, as well as the suffering of codependents and other "passive drinkers," and the adverse effects of even social drinking. KEYWORDS Alcohol abuse/prevention and control, alcohol consumption, alcohol drinking/culture, alcoholism, drinking behavior, behavior and behavior mechanisms, social determinants of health, social reinforcement, mass media, communication, Cuba.

  16. Macrofactores determinantes de la infestación por Aedes aegypti en centros laborales del municipio de Santiago de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lino Robert Larrea Aguilera

    2014-04-01

    Full Text Available Se efectuó un estudio analítico, de casos y controles, de 116 centros laborales del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, durante junio del 2011, para identificar los macrofactores determinantes en los índices de infestación por Aedes aegypti en tanques bajos y elevados, cisternas y otros depósitos de agua sin condiciones de hermeticidad, que se convierten en focos generadores del mosquito. Para ello se seleccionaron 48 instituciones con criaderos (casos y 96 sin estos (2 controles por caso, además de los macrofactores: comportamiento de los trabajadores y la comunidad, agentes medioambientales y organizacionales de la entidad laboral y del Programa Nacional para la Erradicación del Mosquito Aedes aegypti. En la serie los resultados se validaron mediante la oportunidad relativa, el riesgo atribuible en expuesto porcentual y la diferencia de medias, lo cual permitió concluir que el control adecuado de los tanques bajos y elevados no protegidos, el funcionamiento del autofocal laboral, la limpieza y desobstrucción de los tragantes y drenes, de los solares yermos o terrenos enyerbados, así como la elevación de la calidad del trabajo de los operarios A, lograrían reducir la infestación en los centros laborales

  17. Política, ethos social e identidad en la cuba contemporánea Politics, social ethos and identity in contemporary Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis RONIGER

    2010-07-01

    Full Text Available La persistencia del modelo político cubano es paradójica al analizarla sobre e! transfondo de extrema penuria económica, pérdida de apoyo internacional y presiones en aumento de parte de los Estados Unidos y la oposición anticastrista fuera de Cuba. No obstante las circunstancias internacionales adversas que debió enfrentar Cuba tras la caída de la Unión Soviética -su principal fuente de apoyo económico- el gobierno revolucionario logró mantenerse en e! poder. Los autores analizan las condiciones que posibilitaron la proyección del compromiso revolucionario, las medidas económicas y los mecanismos políticos adoptados en la última década a fin de adaptarse a la cambiante situación global al tiempo que mantuvieron la estabilidad interna, pese a los serios desafíos internacionales y las presiones internas. Se sugiere que un factor clave en la persistencia del modelo deriva de su conexión con las identidades colectivas y el ethos social de la nación cubana en el período postrevolucionario. Este factor instrumental en asegurar la continuidad de! modelo cubano, ha limitado empero su proyección actual en las otras naciones latinoamericanas, a pesar de los alcances destacados en ámbitos de desarrollo humano, como son la salud y la educación.The resilience of the Cuban political model appears paradoxical against the backdrop of extreme economic hardship, loss o foreign support and increasing pressure by the United States and the anti-Castro opposition. Notwithstanding adverse global circumstances following the demise of the Soviet Union -its main source of economic support- the Cuban revolutionary government has managed to hold onto power. In this paper the authors analyze the conditions under which Cuba has remained committee to its revolutionary path and the economic measures and political mechanisms it has adopted to maintain internal stability, despite serious international challenges and internal pressures. They suggest that

  18. Acciones para el control de un brote de transmisión local de paludismo introducido en Santiago de Cuba Actions for the control of a local transmission outbreak of malaria introduced in Santiago de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sergio C Miranda Reyes

    2009-06-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal sobre el brote de paludismo introducido en el municipio de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2006, para lo cual se efectuó una investigación epidemiológica de campo, que constó de 4 etapas: observación, hipótesis, verificación, conclusiones y aplicaciones prácticas. El universo estuvo constituido por las viviendas, locales y criaderos naturales de las localidades estratificadas. Sigua es una comunidad rural donde coexistían criaderos naturales y un hotel - hospital dedicado en aquel momento a la “Operación Milagro”. Inicialmente se notificaron 2 casos sospechosos de leptospirosis, luego se observó que otras 10 personas de la comunidad habían sido ingresadas con diagnóstico de procesos infecciosos y el 11 de febrero se confirmaron 4 casos de paludismo por Plasmodium vivax. Las acciones sobre la vía de transmisión incluyeron tratamiento adulticida extradomiciliario e intradomiciliario y otras. La campaña promocional logró, a través de la acción comunitaria, la eliminación de elementos ambientales de riesgo y contribuyó a la vigilancia activa de pacientes en estado febril. Entre la notificación del brote y la fecha de inicio de síntomas del último caso confirmado transcurrieron 12 días.A descriptive and cross-sectional study on the outbreak of malaria introduced in Santiago de Cuba municipality during 2006 was carried out. Thus, a field epidemiological investigation was conducted consisting of 4 stages: observation, hypothesis, verification, conclusions and practical applications. Housings, premises and natural hatcheries of stratified areas were studied. Sigua is a rural community where natural hatcheries and a hotel-hospital used in that moment for the "Operación Milagro" coexisted. Initially 2 suspicious cases of leptospirosis were notified, then 10 other people of the community had been admitted with a diagnosis of infectious processes, and in February 11th, 4 cases of

  19. Resultados del Programa Nacional de Prevención de Ceguera por Catarata: Cuba 2000-2003 Results of the National Program of Prevention of Blindness due to Cataract: Cuba 2000-2003

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan R. Hernández Silva

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo y se describen las cirugías de catarata realizadas en Cuba, agrupadas por año, para Ciudad de La Habana y el resto del país, clasificadas según la utilización de lentes intraocualres. Se calculó la tasa de cirugía de catarata; los datos fueron obtenidos del reporte anual realizado por los Grupos Provinciales de Oftalmología.A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted. The cataract surgeries performed in Cuba, grouped by year for Havana City and the rest of the country and classified according to the use of intraocular lens, were described. The cataract surgery rate was calculated. Data were obtained from the annual report issued by Provincial Groups of Ophthalmology.

  20. Fasciola hepatica in Cuba: compatibility of different isolates with two intermediate snail hosts, Galba cubensis and Pseudosuccinea columella.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vázquez, A A; Sánchez, J; Pointier, J-P; Théron, A; Hurtrez-Boussès, S

    2014-12-01

    In Cuba, only two lymnaeid snails, Galba cubensis and Pseudosuccinea columella, with different ecology and distribution patterns, are intermediate hosts for Fasciola hepatica. The compatibility of these two species as hosts was analysed through their rates of infection, the production of rediae and survivorship when exposed to F. hepatica miracidia. Ten populations of G. cubensis, eight of P. columella collected from various habitats and six isolates of F. hepatica sampled in slaughterhouses from different localities were tested. Our results clearly demonstrate that G. cubensis is a more compatible host for F. hepatica in Cuba when compared with P. columella. However, the role that P. columella may have in fascioliasis transmission under certain conditions should not be disregarded. Variation in infectivity among isolates of F. hepatica were also observed and may explain why some regions in Cuba are more commonly subjected to fascioliasis outbreaks.

  1. Optical polarimetry of Comet NEAT C/2001 Q4

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ganesh, S.; Joshi, U. C.; Baliyan, K. S.

    2009-06-01

    Comet NEAT C/2001 Q4 was observed for linear polarization using the optical polarimeter mounted at the 1.2 m telescope at Mt. Abu Observatory, during the months of May and June 2004. Observations were conducted through the International Halley Watch narrow band (continuum) and BVR broad band filters. During the observing run the phase angle ranged from 85.6° in May to 55° in June. As expected, polarization increases with wavelength in this phase angle range. Polarization colour in the narrow bands changes at different epochs, perhaps related to cometary activity or molecular emission contamination. The polarization was also measured in the cometary coma at different locations along a line, in the direction of the tail. As expected, we notice minor decrease in the polarization as photocenter (nucleus) is traversed while brightness decreases sharply away from it. Based on these polarization observations we infer that the Comet NEAT C/2001 Q4 has high polarization and a typical grain composition—mixture of silicates and organics.

  2. Incidencia del proyecto “ASEAN community” en el desarrollo humano de Tailandia (2004-2014)

    OpenAIRE

    Meneses Mendoza, Lizeth Alejandra

    2016-01-01

    Esta investigación se interesa en evaluar los logros y retos que ha presentado el proyecto ASEAN Community en cada una de sus tres áreas de acción (Comunidad económica, comunidad de política y seguridad, y comunidad socio-cultural) ante su aplicación en Tailandia. De esta manera, se busca analizar la incidencia que ha tenido el proyecto en el Desarrollo Humano de Tailandia durante el periodo 2004-2014. A través del análisis del estatus actual a la luz del concepto de libertades instrumentale...

  3. Recaída y factores de riesgo asociados en pacientes con tuberculosis en Santiago de Cuba (2002-2008 Relapse and associated risk factors in patients with tuberculosis in Santiago de Cuba (2002-2008

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yanara Toledano Grave de Peralta

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available Se hizo un estudio descriptivo y transversal de los 36 pacientes con recaídas por tuberculosis en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba desde el 2002 hasta el 2008, para caracterizarles según algunas variables clinicoepidemiológicas. Se observó que las recaídas tuvieron una tendencia ascendente, fundamentalmente en el municipio de Santiago de Cuba, con preponderancia en el sexo masculino, el grupo etario de 60 años y más, las personas solteras y los que tenían nivel escolar primario y condiciones económicas regulares o malas. Se evidenció una inadmisible demora entre la fecha de inicio de los síntomas y la confirmación del diagnóstico, por lo que se recomendó mantener como prioridades la vigilancia y el control del Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis en la comunidad, de manera que permita disminuir la prevalencia de recaída por esta enfermedad en el territorio.A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 36 patients with relapses due to tuberculosis in Santiago de Cuba province from 2002 to 2008, to characterize them according to some clinical and epidemiological variables. It was observed that relapses had an upward tendency, mainly in Santiago de Cuba municipality, with predominance in male sex, in the age group of 60 years and over, single people and those that had primary school level and middling or bad economic status. An inadmissible delay was evidenced between the date of beginning of the symptoms and the confirmation of the diagnosis, thus recommending to maintain as priorities the surveillance and control of the National Program of Tuberculosis in the community, so that it allows to reduce prevalence of relapses due to this condition in the territory.

  4. Trends of public health research output from India during 2001-2008

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dandona Lalit

    2009-10-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background An understanding of how public health research output from India is changing in relation to the disease burden and public health priorities is required in order to inform relevant research development. We therefore studied the trends in the public health research output from India during 2001-2008 that was readily available in the public domain. Methods The scope and type of the published research from India in 2007 that was included in the PubMed database was assessed and compared with a previous similar assessment for 2002. Papers were classified based on the review of abstracts and original public health research papers were assessed in detail. Impact factors for the journals were used to compute quality-adjusted research output. The websites of governmental organizations, academic and research institutions and international organizations were searched in order to identify and review reports on original public health research produced in India from 2001 to 2008. The reports were classified based on the topics covered and quality and their trends over time were assessed. Results The number of original health research papers from India in PubMed doubled from 4494 in 2002 to 9066 in 2007. This included a 3.1-fold increase in public health research papers, but these comprised only 5% of the total papers in 2007. Within public health, the increase was lowest for the health system and policy category. Several major causes of disease burden in India continued to be underrepresented in the quality-adjusted public health research output in 2007. The number of papers evaluating population health interventions increased from 2002 to 2007, but there were none on the leading non-communicable causes of disease burden or on road traffic injuries. The number of identified original public health research reports increased by 64.7% from 204 in 2001-2004 to 336 in 2005-2008. The proportion of reports on reproductive and child health was very

  5. A new species of Desmopachria Babington (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from Cuba with a prediction of its geographic distribution and notes on other Cuban species of the genus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Megna, Yoandri S; Sánchez-Fernández, David

    2014-01-10

    A new species, Desmopachria andreae sp. n. is described from Cuba. Diagnostic characters including illustrations of male genitalia are provided and illustrated for the five species of the genus occurring on the island. For these five species both a simple key to adults and maps of their known distribution in Cuba are also provided. Using a Maximun Entropy method (MaxEnt), a distribution model was developed for D. andreae sp.n. Based on the model's predictions, this species has a higher probability of occurring in high altitude forests (above 1000 m a.s.l.), characterised by relatively low temperatures especially during the hottest and wettest seasons, specifically, the mountainous areas of the Macizo de Guamuhaya (Central Cuba), Sierra Maestra (S Cuba) and Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa (NE Cuba). In some of these areas the species has not yet been recorded, and should be searched for in future field surveys.

  6. Matrimonio y familia en el relato sobre las celebrities. Las portadas de ¡Hola! (2000-2004

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Teresa Mercado Sáez

    2012-10-01

    Full Text Available España ha introducido cambios legislativos de amplio calado en relación con el matrimonio y la familia durante los últimos años. Una de las razones esgrimidas para aplicarlos ha sido la propia evolución social, una evolución que, razonablemente, debe tener su correspondiente relato periodístico. Dado que la vida privada es un contenido esencial en la llamada “prensa del corazón”, donde las relaciones de pareja, el matrimonio y la familia de las celebrities son noticias preferentes, este trabajo se propuso medir la presencia del matrimonio y la familia como sujetos periodísticos en este tipo de prensa. Para ello se analizó la selección de noticias y los valores asociados a estas en las portadas de la principal revista del género en España, la revista ¡Hola! durante el periodo de modificación legal: 2000-2004.

  7. Ports and pests: Assessing the threat of aquatic invasive species introduced by maritime shipping activity in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    O'Brien, Charleen E; Johnston, Matthew W; Kerstetter, David W

    2017-12-15

    Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are biological pollutants that cause detrimental ecological, economic, and human-health effects in their introduced communities. With increasing globalization through maritime trade, ports are vulnerable to AIS exposure via commercial vessels. The Cuban Port of Mariel is poised to become a competitive transshipment hub in the Caribbean and the intent of this study was to evaluate present and potential impacts AIS pose with the likely future increase in shipping activity. We utilized previous assessment frameworks and publicly accessible information to rank AIS by level of threat. Fifteen AIS were identified in Cuba and one, the Asian green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758), had repeated harmful economic impacts. Five species associated with trade partners of Port Mariel were considered potentially detrimental to Cuba if introduced through shipping routes. The results presented herein identify species of concern and emphasize the importance of prioritizing AIS prevention and management within Cuba. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Consideraciones esenciales para un modelo estratégico de negocio del diseño en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel Ángel Rubio Toledo

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available Las recientes modificaciones políticas y económicas en Cuba, han generado la posibilidad de desarrollar potencialmente negocios de diversa índole, donde la gestión estratégica del diseño puede ser un factor de crecimiento sostenido tanto para los negocios en un sentido amplio, como específicos de diseño. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar algunos argumentos básicos desde diversos autores especializados, con el fin de establecer algunas consideraciones esenciales para la creación de un modelo estratégico de negocio de diseño para Cuba. Metodológicamente, parte de los antecedentes y contexto general, para determinar el problema a través de un diagnóstico en cuanto a las oportunidades actuales sobre negocios de diseño en Cuba, y se problematiza con algunos argumentos teóricos. Luego, se discuten algunas reflexiones y pautas que permiten moldear estas consideraciones esenciales o primarias. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se ejemplifica el resultado del análisis con fines sumarios.

  9. The US-Cuba relations in the early sixties, the nineties and the recent reconciliationprocess : And the reciprocal effects on Russia, Canada and the Vatican.

    OpenAIRE

    Mantovani, Riccardo

    2016-01-01

    The US-Cuba relations have been problematic for half a century; however, in December 2014, both countries announced the restoration of their bilateral ties. Over the decades, these relations have also had reciprocal effects on other countries like Russia, Canada and the Vatican. First of all, the thesis provides a brief historical background of the US-Cuba relations from 1898 to 1959 to understand their context before the Cuban Revolution. It then examines the main happenings of the US-Cuba r...

  10. Factors That Condition the Attitude Toward Living Related Kidney Donation Among Santiago of Cuba's Population.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ríos, A; López-Navas, A I; Sánchez, Á; Martínez-Alarcón, L; Ayala, M A; Garrido, G; Sebastián, M J; Ramis, G; Hernández, A M; Ramírez, P; Parrilla, P

    2018-03-01

    Living kidney donation is currently the most important kidney donor source in Latin America, and it is necessary to further increase its rates. To analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation among the Santiago de Cuba's population and to determine the sociopersonal factors with which it is associated. The population over 15 years old residing in Santiago de Cuba, stratified by sex and age, was screened. The "PCID-LKD Ríos" attitude questionnaire toward living kidney donation was administered to a random selection of the people surveyed according to the stratification and the census data. The completion was anonymized and self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained. The study was completed by 445 people, of whom the 86% (n = 389) were in favor of living related kidney donation. This attitude is associated with the level of education (P donation (P = .006); attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (P donation (P = .001); religious beliefs (P = .001); and assessment of the risk of living kidney donation (P donation; (3) carrying out of prosocial activities; and (4) risk assessment of living donation. Living related donation is very well accepted among the Santiago de Cuba's population. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  11. Validation of the implementation of the basic standards of national radiological safety in radioactive facilities of the east Cuba; Valoracion de la implementacion de las normas basicas de seguridad radiologica nacionales en instalaciones radiactivas del oriente de Cuba

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Perez G, F.; Fornet R, O.M. [Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Medio Ambiente. Delegacion Territorial Holguin, Peralta No.16. Rpto Peralta, C.P. 80400 Holguin (Cuba)]. e-mail: ornuc@citmahlg.holguin.inf.cu

    2006-07-01

    Since with it publication in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Cuba began to govern the Basic Standards of Radiological Safety (NBSR) its have lapsed five years. In it practical implementation, by part of the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (ARN), several resources have been applied among those that its find the identification of the nonfulfillment of the requirements of the NBSR in the inspections, the establishment of validity conditions of the authorizations that are granted, emission and the publication of specific Safety Guides by practice. In the work it is carried out a detailed and integral analysis of the execution of those settled down requirements by the Standards in a representative group of radioactive medical and industrial facilities in the east of the country, by means of the valuation of the deficiencies and requirements pointed out in the inspections carried out during those years 2004 and 2005. As a result of the work the particularities of the level of proven implementation of this body are exposed from the point of view of the ARN that one keeps in mind for it later performance and can being of interest for others regulatory authorities. (Author)

  12. Lung cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001-2009): Findings from the CONCORD-2 study.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Richards, Thomas B; Henley, S Jane; Puckett, Mary C; Weir, Hannah K; Huang, Bin; Tucker, Thomas C; Allemani, Claudia

    2017-12-15

    Results from the second CONCORD study (CONCORD-2) indicated that 5-year net survival for lung cancer was low (range, 10%-20%) between 1995 and 2009 in most countries, including the United States, which was at the higher end of this range. Data from CONCORD-2 were used to analyze net survival among patients with lung cancer (aged 15-99 years) who were diagnosed in 37 states covering 80% of the US population. Survival was corrected for background mortality using state-specific and race-specific life tables and age-standardized using International Cancer Survival Standard weights. Net survival was estimated for patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2003 and between 2004 and 2009 at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis by race (all races, black, and white); Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Summary Stage 2000; and US state. Five-year net survival increased from 16.4% (95% confidence interval, 16.3%-16.5%) for patients diagnosed 2001-2003 to 19.0% (18.8%-19.1%) for those diagnosed 2004-2009, with increases in most states and among both blacks and whites. Between 2004 and 2009, 5-year survival was lower among blacks (14.9%) than among whites (19.4%) and ranged by state from 14.5% to 25.2%. Lung cancer survival improved slightly between the periods 2001-2003 and 2004-2009 but was still low, with variation between states, and persistently lower survival among blacks than whites. Efforts to control well established risk factors would be expected to have the greatest impact on reducing the burden of lung cancer, and efforts to ensure that all patients receive timely and appropriate treatment should reduce the differences in survival by race and state. Cancer 2017;123:5079-99. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

  13. Acting of the radiological surveillance of food in Cuba before anomalous situations; Actuacion de la vigilancia radiologica de alimentos en Cuba ante situaciones anomalas

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fernandez G, I.M.; Rodriguez C, G.; Carrazana G, J.; Capote F, E. [CPHR, Calle 20, No. 4113 e/41 y 47, Playa, La Habana, 11300 (Cuba)]. e-mail: isis@cphr.edu.cu

    2006-07-01

    Keeping in mind the real possibility of that would be imported to Cuba polluted foods with radionuclides, product of a nuclear or radiological accident happens one contamination of foods inside the national territory, it was designed and was into effect in January, 2000, a Program of Radiological Surveillance of Foods and Water, in the marks of the National Program of Surveillance of Pollutants in Foods and Water. This surveillance is executed in group among the National Unit of Health Environmental of the Ministry of Health and the Center of Protection and Hygiene of those Radiations of the Ministry of Sciences, Technology and Environment. In this work the design in the way of acting of the Radiological Surveillance of Foods and Water in Cuba, in the event of detection of anomalous situations is presented. The same one includes, the establishment of investigation levels for radionuclides in foods, the ways of performance of the System, of to be overcome or to be equaled the performance levels or established investigation, the flow of the information, as well as the work routine to continue by the essay laboratories, in the event of an anomalous situation. (Author)

  14. Validation and use of an ELISA kit for the diagnosis of Babesia bovis in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Blandino, T.; Alonso, M.; Barrera, M.; Mendoza, E.

    1998-01-01

    Babesia bovis, the most important etiological agent causing bovine babesiosis, is widely distributed in Cuba and affects mainly adult cattle. A survey of the prevalence of the disease in cattle using an ELISA kit (FAO/IAEA) revealed that 34.2% of the animals between 6 and 18 months of age were positive to Babesia bovis, whereas 69.9% on the cattle older than 18 months were positive. Antibodies to Babesia bovis were detected in 96.9% of calves vaccinated with an attenuated Babesia bovis vaccine. A good correlation was found between the results of ELISA kit with those from indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase tests developed in Cuba. (author)

  15. 31 CFR 515.564 - Professional research and professional meetings in Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-07-01

    ... CONTROL REGULATIONS Licenses, Authorizations, and Statements of Licensing Policy § 515.564 Professional.... Example 1 to paragraph (d): A musicologist travels to Cuba to do research on Cuban music pursuant to the... simply interested in music but who do not research music as part of their careers may not engage in...

  16. The association between living through a prolonged economic depression and the male:female birth ratio--a longitudinal study from Cuba, 1960-2008.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Venero Fernández, Silvia Josefina; Medina, Ramon Suárez; Britton, John; Fogarty, Andrew W

    2011-12-15

    The Trivers-Willard hypothesis suggests that populations respond to scarcity by decreasing the ratio of males to females at livebirth. Cuba experienced an extreme economic depression in the 1990s called the "special period." Using time-series analysis, the authors studied the impact of this event on the male:female sex ratio at birth in Cuba from 1960 to 2008. From 1990 to 1993, the per capita gross domestic product in Cuba decreased by 36%. By use of a definition of the special period from 1991 to 1998, there was a prolonged increase in the male:female ratio of livebirths during this period of economic depression (P Cuba, contrary to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis, the human population responded to conditions of scarcity by increasing the ratio of males to females at livebirth. These data may be relevant in the modeling of demographic projections in countries that experience prolonged economic depression and in understanding adaptive human reproductive responses to environmental change.

  17. Prevalencia del suicidio femenino en el departamento del Magdalena (Colombia: 2004-2010

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Diego Pérez Manjarrez

    2013-10-01

    Full Text Available Title:  Prevalence of suicide girls in the department of Magdalena (Colombia: 2004-2010.ResumenEl suicidio es considerado una de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo, y por tanto es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Se ha definido como aquella conducta en la cual el ser humano que logra terminar con su vida de manera voluntaria. Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo, tomando como base los registros de los suicidios de mujeres para el departamento del Magdalena en el período 2004-2010, suministrados por el Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, regional Santa Marta. La presente investigación encontró que durante el periodo 2004-2010 en el departamento del Magdalena se presentaron 206 suicidios, de los cuales 30 (14.5% fueron consumados por mujeres, de las cuales dos (6.66% eran adolescentes. Se concluye que la prevalencia del suicidio femenino en el periodo estudiado fue del 14.5%. (DUAZARY 2012 No. 1, 87 - 93AbstractSuicide is considered a major cause of death in the world, therefore, is a public health problem worldwide. Suicide is defined as that human behavior that does end his life voluntarily. We conducted a retrospective, longitudinal study, based on records supplied by the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Santa Marta region for the period 2004-2010 of suicides by women for the Department of Magdalena. This investigation found that during the period 2004 to 2010 in the department of Magdalena showed 206 suicides, of which 30 (14.5% were accomplished by women, and of these, two women (6.66% were adolescents. It is concluded that the prevalence of female suicide in the study period was 14.5%.Keywords: Suicide; sex; women; prevalence. (MeSH.

  18. Peat resources in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Casanova Casanova, E.

    1996-01-01

    During the last few years the drastic cut in oil supply provoked a critical situation in Cuba. The shortage of domestic oil production and the absence of alternative energy sources, such as wide rivers and coal deposits, drove us to decide that the most promising option was to develop our huge peat deposits. However, there are problems concerning skills and finance. This report reviews the potential for peat development to date in the Cuban territory. The figures and characteristics are partly taken from the surveys done by the Russian and Cuban specialists during the 60's. There is some new data compiled from the work done more recently in some of the Cuban peat deposits. The conditions for draining and harvesting are very challenging and difficult if the peat deposits are to be developed without doing any unnecessary damage to the fragile environment of Cuban wetlands. However, if the required financing and skills are available, the work can be carried out and significant risks avoided

  19. Economic and Security Reasons Why the U.S. Should Normalize Relations with Cuba

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Curtain, Joseph W

    2008-01-01

    ...) that has occurred as a result. The thesis also shows how China, Venezuela and Iran continue to invest more money in the island and subsequently threaten to wield more influence over Cuba. The U.S...

  20. El emprendimiento en Cuba: un análisis de la participación de la mujer

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ileana Díaz-Fernández

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available El tema de emprendimiento no ha sido de los más estudiados en Cuba hasta que en el 2010 el gobierno promueve su ampliación, a partir del trabajo por cuenta propia. Sin embargo, los emprendimientos en su inmensa mayoría no se han enfocado con una mirada de género. El trabajo expone de forma breve ciertas consideraciones generales sobre el concepto de emprendimiento y las particularidades estudiadas por diversas autoras en América Latina. Posteriormente se realiza un análisis de la participación de las mujeres en el trabajo por cuenta propia en Cuba, actividades donde más se emplean, dificultades que se presentan con mayor frecuencia, etc. En el último epígrafe se mues - tran los resultados de la aplicación de la encuesta, adaptada para Cuba, de la Global Enterpreneurship Monitor (GEM a dueñas y dueños de negocio, así como un análisis de algunos casos de estudio, donde se muestran aspiraciones, resultados y frustraciones en el desempeño del trabajo por cuenta propia. La metodología utilizada ha sido la combinación de estudio teórico, análisis de estadísticas y los resultados de trabajo de campo. El aporte más significativo reside en mostrar, desde la voz de las propias mujeres emprendedoras, sus consideraciones al respecto, así como desmitificar y reafirmar particularidades de las mujeres en este tipo de trabajo en Cuba.

  1. Outlook 2001

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Anon

    2000-01-01

    ABARE's Executive Director, Brian Fisher in his address at the annual assembly of economists and commodity producers (Outlook 2001) indicated that the world economic growth, which is of critical importance to the direction of world commodity prices, is assumed to ease in 2001 but to strengthen in 2002. Yet despite the slower world economic growth he forecast that Australia's commodity exports would rise to be worth $86 billion in 2000-2001 and $89 billion in 2001 - 2002 reflecting a relatively low Australian dollar. The value of commodity exports is then forecast to trend downwards in real terms for the remainder of the outlook period to 2005-2006. In preparing commodity projections ABARE assumed world economic growth to moderate to around 3.4% in 2001, and then strengthen to 3.9%, in 2002 supported by lower interest rates in key economies. Activity in the Australian economy is assumed to remain reasonably firm in the short term. While growth in domestic demand is likely to moderate, export performance is expected to remain strong. There has been a remarkable improvement in Australia's trade performance during the last year. This improvement is expected to continue in the short term. For energy commodities, export earnings are forecast to increase from $18.4 billion in 1999-2000 to $25.1 billion in 2000-2001 before declining to $24.4 billion in 2001-2002

  2. Una batalla ganada: la eliminación de la poliomielitis en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Enrique Beldarraín Chaple

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available La poliomielitis fue introducida en Cuba a finales del siglo XIX por norteamericanos residentes en Isla de Pinos. Las primeras epidemias ocurrieron en 1906 y 1909, aumentaron en intensidad entre 1930-1958. El objetivo del artículo es reconstruir la historia de la enfermedad y sus epidemias en Cuba hasta 1961, de la primera Campaña Nacional de Vacunación Antipolio (1962 y de sus resultados, bien como analizar la continuidad de las campañas anuales de vacunación hasta la certificación de su eliminación (1994. Se siguió el método histórico lógico; se revisaron documentos de archivos, las estadísticas del Ministerio de Salud Pública sobre morbilidad y mortalidad hasta el 2000. Se calcularon tasas brutas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Se realizaron entrevistas a personajes claves.

  3. Cuba | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le développement ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Nous finançons des recherches à Cuba depuis 1974 et travaillons avec des chercheurs cubains depuis cette époque, principalement dans les secteurs de la santé et de l'agriculture, et plus récemment dans les secteurs des changements climatiques et de la gestion durable de l'eau. Amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire ...

  4. Radurization of spices by irradiation in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alvarez Gil, M.; Rodriguez, M.; Prieto, E.; Pino, J.

    1997-01-01

    This paper presents the research results that prove the technical feasibility according to the hygiene conditions existing in Cuba for irradiating different spices. The results show both the possibility and and the benefit of using a one irradiation application to these products. One global average doses of 5 KGy was enough for decontaminating black pepper, paprika, cumin, must meg and oregano without affecting either their chemical components or the quality of their taste. Sausages manufactured with irradiated spices did not irradiating spices is much higher that of fumigation, et has many important social and economic advantages

  5. Implementation of QUANUM in Cuba. Preliminary results

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Diaz Barreto, M.; Varela Corona, C.; Lopez Bejerano, G. M.; Lopez Diaz, A.; Torres Arocha, L.; Coca Perez, M. A.; Fernandez Herrera, A. O.

    2011-01-01

    Setting up quality management systems in nuclear medicine in Cuba has been an aim for medical physicists. In the last decade, we have walked with steady steps towards that direction, by setting up national standards and regulations, and carrying out research projects in order to ensure the improvement of quality assurance and management programs. In 2010 the IAEA's QUANUM document has been applied, as a methodology for quality management audits in nuclear medicine. Five audits have shown that most of class A regulatory items are guaranteed at nuclear medicine services. However, quality management system performing is still inappropriate. (Author) 13 refs.

  6. Nuclear law in Cuba. Utopia or reality

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alonso Gonzalez, Ivonne

    2009-01-01

    The present article is a summary review of the legal basis for the use of nuclear energy in Cuba. Background, historical evolution and the current concept of the Cuban legislation are approached by illustrating the reader on a topic that is practically unknown, in spite of its daily presence in places such as hospitals, factories or airports. The awareness, perception and acceptance of nuclear energy applications consequently should have an impact on the ignorance of their legal edges, the issue we approached presenting a group of weighing elements, in pursue of the answer. Utopia or Reality

  7. Radiological monitoring of food in Cuba

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jerez V, S.F.

    1996-01-01

    The appearing of the problem for protecting the environment from radioactive contamination is not an accidental matter. The introduction into the earth crust of radioactive material coming from nuclear weapons, accidents, wastes, etc, has caused, as a consequence, the contamination of the biosphere. The extensive trade of food in our country has made necessary the establishment of radiological monitoring in food, which was organized by the Department of Public Health. The structure, functions, characteristics and aspects related to radiological monitoring of food in Cuba are shown in the present paper. The organization and resources for performing the monitoring program, both for normal conditions and for nuclear and/or radiological emergency cases, are detailed. (author). 12 refs., 2 figs

  8. International Medical Collaboration: Lessons from Cuba

    Science.gov (United States)

    Castelló González, Mauro; Pons Vásquez, Reinaldo; Rodriguez Bencomo, David; Choonara, Imti

    2016-01-01

    Over 50,000 Cuban health professionals are currently working overseas in 67 different countries. They work in conjunction with local health professionals. The majority work in primary care in deprived areas. The aim is to reduce morbidity and mortality but also improve health in the long term by training local health professionals, and building both institutions and a structure to deliver health care alongside educating the local population. Cuba is a small, middle-income country. It has, however, made a significant international contribution in relation to medical collaboration. Cuba’s international collaboration is based on the principles of social justice and equity for all. It has set an example for other countries to emulate. PMID:27763571

  9. International Medical Collaboration: Lessons from Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mauro Castelló González

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available Over 50,000 Cuban health professionals are currently working overseas in 67 different countries. They work in conjunction with local health professionals. The majority work in primary care in deprived areas. The aim is to reduce morbidity and mortality but also improve health in the long term by training local health professionals, and building both institutions and a structure to deliver health care alongside educating the local population. Cuba is a small, middle-income country. It has, however, made a significant international contribution in relation to medical collaboration. Cuba’s international collaboration is based on the principles of social justice and equity for all. It has set an example for other countries to emulate.

  10. Evaluación comparativa de la liberación in vitro de risperidona 3 mg producida en Cuba contra Risperdal® Comparative assessment of in vitro release of 3 mg Risperidone produced in Cuba versus Risperidal®

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Caridad Margarita García Peña

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available Se compararon los perfiles de disolución de las tabletas de risperidona 3 mg medicamento genérico producido en Cuba y del Risperdal® (Laboratorios Janssen-Cilag SA, para demostrar su similitud. También se realizó la comparación en varios medios de disolución a diferentes pH para evaluar una posible bioexoneración. Para la cuantificación del principio activo, se utilizó un método por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución, previamente validado. La comparación se realizó sobre la base de los factores de diferenciación y similitud. Los resultados mostraron que no existían diferencias en los perfiles de liberación para las tabletas producidas en Cuba y del producto innovador, así como para los diferentes medios de disolución a los pH utilizados.The 3 mg Risperidone tablets dissolution profiles, a generic drug produced in Cuba and the Risperidal® (Janssen-Cilag S.A. Labs were compared to demonstrate its similarity. Also, we compared some dissolution means at different pH to assess a potential bio-exoneration. To quantify the active principle, a previously validated high-performance liquid chromatography was used. The comparison was conducted on the base of differentiation and similarity factors. Results demonstrated that there weren't differences en release profiles for tablets produced in Cuba and of innovative product, as well as for the different dissolution means at pH used.

  11. Examen estatal de la carrera de Medicina. Evolución en Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Guadalupe Alvarez-Bustamante

    2016-05-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo: Describir la evolución del examen estatal en Cuba de la carrera de Medicina. Desarrollo: Un dilema de las facultades y escuelas de Medicina en todo el mundo y en Cuba, ha sido la evaluación del progreso de los estudiantes a la largo de la carrera. En Cuba el pensamiento estratégico educacional del Comandante en Jefe, Fidel Castro Ruz, ha permitido mantener un desarrollo ascendente en la educación cubana, A partir del curso académico 1998-1999, se determinó por el Ministerio de Salud Pública (Minsap la realización del examen estatal a los estudiantes de sexto año de Medicina. En la metodología que existe para la realización del instrumento evaluativo escrito del examen estatal no existe una indicación declarada por etapas y organizada, que pueda guiar a la Comisión Nacional de Examen Estatal con uniformidad y siguiendo un pensamiento científico para la confección de estos instrumentos evaluativos. Los autores de la presente revisión consideran que estos exámenes deben responder a los objetivos generales de la carrera y al perfil del egresado, con la utilización de una metodología más precisa. Conclusiones: El Examen Estatal de la carrera de Medicina ha tenido una evolución en ascenso desde sus inicios, precisando en la actualidad una nueva metodología para la confección de su instrumento teórico.

  12. Orígenes de la enseñanza de la Farmacia en Cuba Origin of Pharmacy teaching in Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pilar Marchante Castellanos

    2006-12-01

    Full Text Available Aunque la Universidad cubana cuenta con casi tres siglos de existencia, hasta el momento no ha sido realizado un estudio que presente la historia de la carrera de Farmacia de manera cronológica y sistemática. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido comenzar la búsqueda de la información más antigua disponible para presentar, en apretada síntesis, los antecedentes y orígenes de la enseñanza universitaria de las Ciencias Farmacéuticas en Cuba tomando lo más significativo de la situación imperante en la Isla antes del surgimiento de su primera Universidad, en 1728. Adicionalmente, y mediante el análisis de la documentación existente, se logra precisar el año en que se incluyó, por primera vez, la carrera de Farmacia en esa Universidad.Havana University is almost three centuries-old; however, no study has been made so far in which the history of Pharmacy career has been chronologically and systematically presented. The objective of this paper was to look for the most ancient information available in order to present in a brief way the antecedents and origins of Pharmaceutical Sciences teaching at university in Cuba, taking the most significant aspects of the situation prevailing in the island before the emergence of the first university in 1728 as a basis. Additionally, through the analysis of existing documents of that time, it was possible to precise over the year when Pharmacy career was included in that first university.

  13. La farmacoeconomía en la industria farmacéutica y el sistema sanitario de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Manuel M. Collazo Herrera

    2001-10-01

    Full Text Available This piece describes how pharmacoeconomic studies promote rational and efficient drug use. The pharmaceutical industry of Cuba has become more interested in such analytical techniques and has begun to use them to develop strategies for research and development, production, and product marketing. This paper describes research related to pharmacological treatments, through practical examples of pharmacoeconomic evaluations carried out jointly by the pharmaceutical sector and the health care system in Cuba. These efforts demonstrate the applicability that pharmacoeconomics has for health decision-making based on clinical effectiveness and the costs of the pharmacotherapeutics used.

  14. La farmacoeconomía en la industria farmacéutica y el sistema sanitario de Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Collazo Herrera Manuel M.

    2001-01-01

    Full Text Available This piece describes how pharmacoeconomic studies promote rational and efficient drug use. The pharmaceutical industry of Cuba has become more interested in such analytical techniques and has begun to use them to develop strategies for research and development, production, and product marketing. This paper describes research related to pharmacological treatments, through practical examples of pharmacoeconomic evaluations carried out jointly by the pharmaceutical sector and the health care system in Cuba. These efforts demonstrate the applicability that pharmacoeconomics has for health decision-making based on clinical effectiveness and the costs of the pharmacotherapeutics used.

  15. La mortalidad por suicidios: México 1990-2001 Mortality from suicides: Mexico, 1990-2001

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Esteban Puentes-Rosas

    2004-08-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Describir la mortalidad por suicidios en México en 2001, así como los principales cambios en los métodos de suicidio y en la estructura por edades y sexos que se han presentado desde 1990, tanto a escala nacional como por entidad federativa. MÉTODOS: Para este estudio descriptivo se utilizaron como fuentes de informaci��n los registros oficiales de mortalidad del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática para el período de 1990 a 2001. Para calcular las tasas de mortalidad se usaron las poblaciones estimadas por el Consejo Nacional de Población en 2002. Se describieron la mortalidad por sexo, por grupo de edad y por entidad federativa, así como los cambios observados en el período de 1990­ 2001 en las tasas y los métodos de suicidio. Para estandarizar las tasas se empleó el método directo, y como estándar se tomaron los datos de población del año 2000. Las comparaciones estadísticas de las tendencias según el grupo de edad y el sexo se llevaron a cabo mediante una prueba de paralelismo utilizando el estadígrafo F. El nivel de significación estadística de las diferencias en los métodos de suicidio se determinó mediante la prueba de ji al cuadrado. RESULTADOS: Durante el año 2001 se registraron 3 784 suicidios (3 110 de ellos en hombres y 674 en mujeres, lo que representa una tasa de 3,72 muertes por suicidios por cada 100 000 habitantes, en una población total nacional de 101,8 millones de habitantes. Los estados con mayor mortalidad por suicidios fueron Campeche y Tabasco (9,68 y 8,47 por 100 000 habitantes, respectivamente. Las menores tasas se observaron en Chiapas y el Estado de México (1,03 y 1,99 por 100 000 habitantes, respectivamente. En 2001, la mortalidad por suicidios por 100 000 habitantes fue de 6,14 en hombres y de 1,32 en mujeres. El mayor incremento por grupo de edad se observó en las mujeres de 11­19 años (de 0,8 en 1990 a 2,27 por 100 000 personas en 2001. En los

  16. First record of natural vertical transmission of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti from Cuba.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gutiérrez-Bugallo, Gladys; Rodriguez-Roche, Rosmari; Díaz, Gisell; Vázquez, Antonio A; Alvarez, Mayling; Rodríguez, Magdalena; Bisset, Juan A; Guzman, Maria G

    2017-10-01

    While horizontal transmission (human-mosquito-human) of dengue viruses largely determines the epidemiology of the disease, vertical transmission (infected female mosquito- infected offspring) has been suggested as a mechanism that ensures maintenance of the virus during adverse conditions for horizontal transmission to occur. The purpose of this study was to analyze the natural infection of larval stages of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) with the dengue virus (DENV) in Cuba. Here, we report vertical transmission of DENV-3 genotype III in natural populations of Ae. aegypti through RT-PCR detection and serotyping plus sequencing. Our report constitutes the first record of vertical transmission of DENV in Ae. aegypti from Cuba with details of its serotype and genotype. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  17. Communication of 27 March 1995 received from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cuba to the International Atomic Energy Agency

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-05-05

    The Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency has received a letter of 27 March 1995 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cuba informing the Agency that the Government of the Republic of Cuba signed the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Tlatelolco Treaty) on 25 March 1995.

  18. Communication of 27 March 1995 received from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cuba to the International Atomic Energy Agency

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1995-01-01

    The Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency has received a letter of 27 March 1995 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cuba informing the Agency that the Government of the Republic of Cuba signed the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Tlatelolco Treaty) on 25 March 1995

  19. Annual results 2004; Resultats annuels 2004

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2005-07-01

    This 2004 annual evaluation of the french RTE company (electric power transport network) provides information on the 2004 results on: institutional information, financial results, customers and market, industrial resources, environment and consultation, human resources and international aspects. (A.L.B.)

  20. Caracterización bromatológica de seis especies forrajeras en el Valle del Cauto, Cuba

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Danis M. Verdecia Acosta

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Se realizaron seis experimentos simultáneos para determinar la composición bromatológica de leguminosas forrajeras en las condiciones edafoclimáticas del Valle del Cauto, Cuba. Se empleó un diseño en bloques al azar con seis réplicas y los tratamientos fueron las edades de rebrote de 60, 120 y 180 días para los árboles y arbustos ( Leucaena leucocephala, Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium y Eritrina varie - gata y de 30, 45, 60, 75 y 90 días para las leguminosas rastreras ( Neonotonia wightii y Te - ramnus labialis , en los periodos lluvioso y poco lluvioso. Se determinaron MS, PB, Ca, P, Mg, Si, FND, FAD, LAD, celulosa, hemicelulosa, contenido celular, ceniza, MO, DIVMS, DV, DISMS, DMO, DFND, DFAD y DPB. Se realizaron análisis de conglomerados para agrupar las especies con características simila - res. Durante el periodo lluvioso se encontraron seis grupos y en el poco lluvioso siete grupos; con los mejores resultados, de forma integral, para la Neonotonia wightii, Teramnus labialis, Gliricidia sepium y Tithonia diversifolia , en el periodo lluvioso; y en el poco lluvioso, para Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium y Erythri - na variegata a edades tempranas. Se concluye que la edad presentó un marcado efecto en la composición bromatológica al disminuir la calidad en la medida que la madurez avanza.