Corundum-based transparent infrared absorbers

KAUST Repository

Schwingenschlögl, Udo

2009-10-01

Hypothetical corundum-based compounds are studied by electronic structure calculations. One quarter of the Al atoms in Al2O3 is replaced by a 3d transition metal from the M = Ti, ..., Zn (d1, ..., d9) series. Structure optimisations are performed for all the M-Al2O3 compounds and the electronic states are evaluated. Due to the M substitutes, narrow partially filled bands are formed at the Fermi energy. Beyond, for M = Ni and M = Cu the optical properties of Al2O3 in the visible range are conserved, while for M = Ti, ..., Co the systems form high accuracy optical filters. Since the compounds absorb the infrared radiation, the M = Ni and M = Cu systems are good candidates for heat-protective coatings. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A power device material of corundum-structured α-Ga2O3 fabricated by MIST EPITAXY® technique

Science.gov (United States)

Kaneko, Kentaro; Fujita, Shizuo; Hitora, Toshimi

2018-02-01

Corundum-structured oxides have been attracting much attention as next-generation power device materials. A corundum-structured α-Ga2O3 successfully demonstrated power device operations of Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with the lowest on-resistance of 0.1 mΩ cm2. The SBDs as a mounting device of TO220 also showed low switching-loss properties with a capacitance of 130 pF. Moreover, the thermal resistance was 13.9 °C/W, which is comparable to that of the SiC TO220 device (12.5 °C/W). On the other hand, corundum-structured α-(Rh,Ga)2O3 showed p-type conductivity, which was confirmed by Hall effect measurements. The Hall coefficient, carrier density, and mobility were 8.22 cm3/C, 7.6 × 1017/cm3, and 1.0 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. These values were acceptable for the p-type layer of pn diodes based on α-Ga2O3.

Adhesion of Escherichia coli onto quartz, hematite and corundum: extended DLVO theory and flotation behavior.

Science.gov (United States)

Farahat, Mohsen; Hirajima, Tsuyoshi; Sasaki, Keiko; Doi, Katsumi

2009-11-01

The adhesion of Escherichia coli onto quartz, hematite and corundum was experimentally investigated. A strain of E. coli was used that had the genes for expressing protein for silica precipitation. The maximum cell adhesion was observed at pH mineral adhesion was assessed by the extended DLVO theory approach. The essential parameters for calculation of microbe-mineral interaction energy (Hamaker constants and acid-base components) were experimentally determined. The extended DLVO approach could be used to explain the results of the adhesion experiments. The effect of E. coli on the floatability of three oxide minerals was determined and the results showed that E. coli can act as a selective collector for quartz at acidic pH values, with 90% of the quartz floated at 1.5 x 10(9)cells/ml. However, only 9% hematite and 30% corundum could be floated under similar conditions. By using E. coli and no reagents, it was possible to separate quartz from a hematite-quartz mixture with Newton's efficiency of 0.70. Removal of quartz from the corundum mixture was achieved by E. coli with Newton's efficiency of 0.62.

The effects of stress concentrations on reaction progress: an example from experimental growth of magnesio-aluminate spinel at corundum - periclase interfaces under uniaxial load

Science.gov (United States)

Jerabek, Petr; Abart, Rainer; Rybacki, Erik; Habler, Gerlinde

2014-05-01

The study aims to understand the reaction progress and chemical, microstructural and textural evolution of magnesio-aluminate spinel reaction rims formed at varying experimental settings (load, temperature and experiment duration). The spinel rims were grown at the contacts between periclase and corundum at temperatures of 1250°C to 1350°C and dry atmosphere, maintained by a constant argon gas flow, under uniaxial load of 0.026 and 0.26 kN per 9 mm2 of initial contact area. Single crystals of periclase with [100] and of corundum with [0001] perpendicular to the polished reaction interface as well as polycrystalline corundum were used as starting materials. Two loading procedures, immediate application of the load before heating and loading after the desired temperature had been reached, were used. An important byproduct of our experiments stemmed from the immediate application of the load, which led to deformation twinning and fracturing of corundum. This internal deformation of corundum disturbed the reaction interface and introduced loci of concentrated stress due to opening of void spaces in between the reactant crystals. Whenever cracks formed in the initial stages of an experiment, the void space opened immediately and no spinel formed along these interface segments. In the case of deformation twinning, the decreased rim thickness indicates later opening of void spaces. This is because next to twins, the reaction interface is characterized by tight physical contact on the one side and less tight contact on the other side of the twin individual. The tight contacts are characterized by enhanced reaction progress which together with the overall positive volume change of the reaction and limits on plasticity of the studied phases led to the opening of void spaces at places characterized by less tight contacts. The thickness variations are less pronounced in our high load (0.26 kN) experiments where periclase behaves plastically and to some extent reduces the

The behavior of mineral inclusions during host decomposition. A SEM-STEM study of rutile inclusions at a natural propagating corundum-spinel interface.

Science.gov (United States)

Baldwin, Lisa; Li, Chen; Habler, Gerlinde; Abart, Rainer

2017-04-01

When two neighbor phases are not in chemical equilibrium, they may react and produce a reaction rim at their interface, separating the mutually incompatible phases. At constant P-T-X conditions, such a reaction will continue until one of the reactants is completely consumed. Reaction rim growth involves transfer of chemical components across the growing rim by long-range diffusion and localized interface reactions on either side of the growing rim. Consequently, the thickness of the reaction rim will be a function of time. Yet, in order to quantify and interpret such corona structures and to define a reaction rate law, the kinetics and mechanism of rim formation must be well constrained. In particular, the coupling between long-range diffusion, and interface reaction must be known. In this contribution we focus on potential complexities associated with interface reactions. Many natural minerals contain inclusions of other phases, which in turn may influence the reaction interface propagation kinetics during host phase decomposition (Ashby et al. 1969), as a propagating reaction interface dissipates more free energy when bypassing a mineral inclusion, resulting in a locally decelerated reaction rate. Here, we report results of a SEM-STEM study of the interface between natural rutile-bearing corundum and a polycrystalline ferromagnesio-aluminate spinel that grew topotactically with respect to the corundum precursor as a consequence of its reaction with FeO and MgO from basaltic melt. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) crystal orientation imaging revealed that the spinel rim is polycrystalline and exhibits (111) twinning that is parallel to the corundum (0001) plane. The rutile inclusions in corundum are elongated perpendicular to the corundum [0001] axis and are randomly oriented in the (0001) plane. Furthermore, they follow an oscillatory grain size distribution zonation with grain sizes being either a few tens of nanometers, or about 500 to 800 nanometers in

Recycling of corundum particles - two-body abrasive wear of polymeric composites based on waste

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Valášek, P.; Müller, M.; Hloch, Sergej

2015-01-01

Roč. 22, č. 3 (2015), s. 567-572 ISSN 1330-3651 Institutional support: RVO:68145535 Keywords : corundum * epoxy resin * hardness * porosity * tribology Subject RIV: JQ - Machines ; Tools Impact factor: 0.464, year: 2015 http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=206149

Solubility behavior of quartz and corundum in supercritical water: A quantitative thermodynamic interpretation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ziemniak, S.E.

1995-05-01

Dissolution reaction equilibria for α-quartz (SiO 2 ) and corundum (α-Al 2 0 3 ) in pure, supercritical water are quantified using a density-dependent thermodynamic model. The database of existing solubility literature for α-quartz (0.2-10 kb, 200--575 degrees C) is shown to be consistent with the presence of two hydrolyzed SI(IV) ion forms: Si(OH) 4 (aq) and Si 2 O(OH) 6 (aq); the corundum database (1-20 kb, 400--700 degrees C) is consistent with Al(OH) 3 (aq) and Al(OH) 4 - . A third Si(IV) ion hydroxocomplex, Si 2 O 2 (OH) 5 - , is indicated at lower pressures (0.03-0.10 kb). The characteristic sigmoidal nature of the solubility isobars is explained by dimerization of Si(OH) 4 (aq) (at high densities) or the formation of anionic hydrolysis products, Si 2 0 2 (OH) 5 - and Al(OH) 4 - , in the low density region (p 2 O(OH) 6 (aq) and Si 2 O 2 (OH) 5 - are made available for the first time

Portable XRF: A Tool for the Study of Corundum Gems

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Barone Germana

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Origin of gemstones is a key aspect not only in gemological field but also in Cultural Heritage studies, for the correct evaluation of precious artifacts. The studies on gems require the application of non-invasive and non-destructive methods; among them, portable spectroscopic techniques has been demonstrated as powerful tools, providing a fingerprint of gems for origin and provenance determination. In this study, portable XRF spectroscopy has been applied to test the potential of the technique for the origin determination of corundum gems. The obtained results allowed distinguishing natural and synthetic rubies and sapphires.

Identification of deposit types of natural corundum by PIXE

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chulapakorn, T. [Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 (Thailand); Intarasiri, S., E-mail: saweat@gmail.com [Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202 (Thailand); Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400 (Thailand); Bootkul, D., E-mail: mo_duangkhae@gmail.com [Department of General Science (Gems and Jewelry), Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Bangkok 10110 (Thailand); Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400 (Thailand); Singkarat, S. [Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 (Thailand); Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400 (Thailand)

2014-07-15

Natural corundum, one of the most important exports of Thailand, is a rare, durable and valuable gemstone. The value of these precious stones is determined by their visual appearances, including brilliance, color, fire (light dispersion) and luster. Corundum is an allochromatic mineral whose trace element concentration depends on the origin and has influence on price setting. This work attempts to use an alternative method to identify the geological deposits of rubies and sapphires found in the Thai market which came from various countries, e.g., Africa, Cambodia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand and USA. Interrelations between most important major trace elements are the main results of this work. Quantitative analysis of trace elements were performed by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique, using 2-MeV proton beam generated and accelerated by the 1.7 MV tandem accelerator at Chiang Mai University. The trace elements of interest are Ti, Cr, Fe and Ga. We have found that the relationships between the ratios of trace element concentration can be used to classify the deposit type. Moreover, this method shows a clear separation between two main types of geological deposits, basaltic and metamorphic deposits, which further helps in determining the gemstone origin. For example, the gemstones from Cambodia, Thailand and the USA can be classified as the basaltic deposits with their high concentration in Fe but low in Ti, while the gemstones from Africa, Myanmar and Sri Lanka are metamorphic deposits because they have low Fe but high Ti concentrations. Both deposits required plots of pairs of trace elements and their ratios in population field appearance in order to distinguish their origins. The advantageous of these methods appear to be a new and a sustainable procedure for determining gemstone origins.

Identification of deposit types of natural corundum by PIXE

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chulapakorn, T.; Intarasiri, S.; Bootkul, D.; Singkarat, S.

2014-01-01

Natural corundum, one of the most important exports of Thailand, is a rare, durable and valuable gemstone. The value of these precious stones is determined by their visual appearances, including brilliance, color, fire (light dispersion) and luster. Corundum is an allochromatic mineral whose trace element concentration depends on the origin and has influence on price setting. This work attempts to use an alternative method to identify the geological deposits of rubies and sapphires found in the Thai market which came from various countries, e.g., Africa, Cambodia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand and USA. Interrelations between most important major trace elements are the main results of this work. Quantitative analysis of trace elements were performed by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique, using 2-MeV proton beam generated and accelerated by the 1.7 MV tandem accelerator at Chiang Mai University. The trace elements of interest are Ti, Cr, Fe and Ga. We have found that the relationships between the ratios of trace element concentration can be used to classify the deposit type. Moreover, this method shows a clear separation between two main types of geological deposits, basaltic and metamorphic deposits, which further helps in determining the gemstone origin. For example, the gemstones from Cambodia, Thailand and the USA can be classified as the basaltic deposits with their high concentration in Fe but low in Ti, while the gemstones from Africa, Myanmar and Sri Lanka are metamorphic deposits because they have low Fe but high Ti concentrations. Both deposits required plots of pairs of trace elements and their ratios in population field appearance in order to distinguish their origins. The advantageous of these methods appear to be a new and a sustainable procedure for determining gemstone origins

Identification of deposit types of natural corundum by PIXE

Science.gov (United States)

Chulapakorn, T.; Intarasiri, S.; Bootkul, D.; Singkarat, S.

2014-07-01

Natural corundum, one of the most important exports of Thailand, is a rare, durable and valuable gemstone. The value of these precious stones is determined by their visual appearances, including brilliance, color, fire (light dispersion) and luster. Corundum is an allochromatic mineral whose trace element concentration depends on the origin and has influence on price setting. This work attempts to use an alternative method to identify the geological deposits of rubies and sapphires found in the Thai market which came from various countries, e.g., Africa, Cambodia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand and USA. Interrelations between most important major trace elements are the main results of this work. Quantitative analysis of trace elements were performed by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique, using 2-MeV proton beam generated and accelerated by the 1.7 MV tandem accelerator at Chiang Mai University. The trace elements of interest are Ti, Cr, Fe and Ga. We have found that the relationships between the ratios of trace element concentration can be used to classify the deposit type. Moreover, this method shows a clear separation between two main types of geological deposits, basaltic and metamorphic deposits, which further helps in determining the gemstone origin. For example, the gemstones from Cambodia, Thailand and the USA can be classified as the basaltic deposits with their high concentration in Fe but low in Ti, while the gemstones from Africa, Myanmar and Sri Lanka are metamorphic deposits because they have low Fe but high Ti concentrations. Both deposits required plots of pairs of trace elements and their ratios in population field appearance in order to distinguish their origins. The advantageous of these methods appear to be a new and a sustainable procedure for determining gemstone origins.

Corundum nanostructure ITO film fabrication: An approach for physical properties assessment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Solieman, A.; Zayed, M.K.; Alamri, S.N.; Al-Dahoudi, N.; Aegerter, M.A.

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► Transparent conductive nanostructured ITO films. ► Synthesis of ITO nanoparticles with corundum structure phase by the hydrothermal process. ► Deposition of nanoparticulate ITO films by spin coating technique. ► Curing of ITO films using UV irradiation at low temperatures. - Abstract: Corundum (hexagonal) structure indium tin oxide (h-ITO) nanocrystals have been synthesized by subjecting an aqueous solution of In and Sn chlorides (Sn/In 8 wt.%) to a hydrothermal process followed by annealing at 450 °C in forming gas for 1 h. The annealing temperature was selected based on thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of the dried precipitated powder, which showed a stable weight and phase at temperatures above 420 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed the formation of orthorhombic InOOH precipitates that is transformed, after annealing, into h-ITO nanocrystals with 32 nm average crystal size. For nanostructure film deposition, dispersed sols of the prepared nanocrystals were spun coated on glass substrates. The films were densified by UV irradiation, whilst four-probe method was used to measure its sheet resistance. A sheet resistance as low as 10.6 kΩ □ have been reached. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) showed that the films have high surface roughness and nanopores. The transmittance spectra of the nanostructure films were measured in the UV–vis–NIR wavelength range. In addition to its low resistivity, nanostructure h-ITO films showed a wide range of transparency.

Evaluation of Soft Tissue Reaction to Corundum Ceramic Implants Infiltrated with Colloidal Silver.

Science.gov (United States)

Wnukiewicz, Witold; Rutowski, Roman; Zboromirska-Wnukiewicz, Beata; Reichert, Paweł; Gosk, Jerzy

2016-01-01

Corundum ceramic is a biomaterial used as a bone graft substitute. Silver is a well known antiseptic substance with many practical, clinical applications. The aim of this study was to estimate soft tissue (in vivo) reaction to a new kind of ceramic implants. In our experiment, we examined the soft tissue reaction after implantation of corundum ceramic infiltrated with colloidal silver in the back muscles of 18 Wistar rats. The use of colloidal silver as a coating for the implant was designed to protect it against colonization by bacteria and the formation of bacterial biofilm. In our study, based on the experimental method, we performed implantation operations on 18 Wistar rats. We implanted 18 modified ceramic implants and, as a control group, 18 unmodified implants. As a follow up, we observed the animals operated upon, and did postoperative, autopsy and histopathological examinations 14, 30, 90 and 180 days after implantation. We didn't observe any pathological reactions and significant differences between the soft tissue reaction to the modified implants and the control group. Lack of pathological reaction to the modified implants in the living organism is the proof of their biocompatibility. This is, of course, the first step on the long path to introduce a new kind of biocompatible ceramic implant with antiseptic cottage. Our experiment has an only introductory character and we plan to perform other, more specific, tests of this new kind of implant.

Black corundum produced by heat treatment of α-Al2O3 in hydrogen

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Strelov, K.K.; Kamenskikh, V.A.; Gilev, Yu.P.; Permikina, N.M.; Anufrienko, V.F.; Ivan'kin, I.A.; Kharlamov, G.V.

1987-01-01

The goal of this work has been to compare the structure of white and black corundum. Among all forms of Al 2 O 3 samples, only α-Al 2 O 3 was observed to have undistorted unit-cell parameters. The x-ray diffractograms of black and white samples (even those differing somewhat in the impurity contents) were perfectly identical. The integrated signal intensities at 300 and 77 K are practically identical, which allows the authors to ascribeit to an antiferromagnetic phase. The formation of this phase can be due to iron impurities. However, the very small starting Fe 3+ concentration, the presence of its spectrum with very small variations in both the forms of corundum, and the considerable intensity of the wide signal lead them to another supposition regarding its nature. Possibly, an antiferromagnetic ordering of the reduced forms of aluminum (Al 2+ ) takes place. For the spectrum of the isolated Al 2+ ions, one may expect the appearance of six hyperfine-structure lines with a high constant. A large width of the EPR signal on account of the hyperfine structures does not contradict the assumption about the formation of an antiferromagnetic structure in the present case. The question remains unclear as to the stabilization sites of such structures, viz., whether they are formed with the participation of Al 2+ interstitial ions

Physical and electrical characterization of corundum substrates and epitaxial silicon layers in view of fabricating integrated circuits

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Trilhe, J.; Legal, H.; Rolland, G.

1975-01-01

The S.O.S. technology (silicon on insulating substrate) allows compact, radiation hard, fast integrated circuits to be fabricated. It is noticeable that complex integrated circuits on corundum substrates obtained with various fabrication processes have various electrical characteristics. Possible correlations between the macroscopic defects of the substrate and the electrical characteristics of the circuit were investigated [fr

Sorption competition of trivalent metals on corundum (α-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) studied on the macro- and microscopic scale

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Virtanen, S.; Merilaeinen, S.; Lehto, J. [Helsinki Univ. (Finland); Eibl, Manuel; Huittinen, Nina [Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Dresden (Germany). Surface Processes; Rossberg, Andre [Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Dresden (Germany). Molecular Structures; Rabung, T. [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe (Germany)

2017-06-01

In this study we investigated the potential competitive influence of Y{sup 3+} on the uptake of trivalent lanthanides and actinides on corundum (α-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}). Both batch sorption and time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopic (TRLFS) data showed a decreased uptake of Eu{sup 3+} or Cm{sup 3+}, respectively, in the presence of Y{sup 3+}, pointing toward sorption competition between the trivalent ions. A change in the actinide speciation on the corundum surface could be observed in the presence of Y{sup 3+}. In extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) investigations, the speciation change could be attributed to a systematic transition from a tetradentate Am{sup 3+} surface complex to a tridentate one, when increasing the total metal ion concentration on the mineral surface.

Influence of kaolin and firing temperature on the mullite formation in porous mullite-corundum materials

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mahnicka, L; Svinka, R; Svinka, V

2011-01-01

The refractory ceramics became very important in both the traditional and the advanced materials applications as it has outstanding thermal and mechanical properties. The refractoriness of ceramics can be achieved by getting the mullite-corundum. Refractory ceramics with high porosity serve as a heat insulator and constructional material. Three series of porous mullite-corundum ceramic samples were prepared from Al 2 O 3 (Nabalox, Germany) and pure SiO 2 in 2.57:1 ratio that was conformed to mullite compositions (3Al 2 O 3 ·2SiO 2 ). α-Al 2 O 3 (d 50 = 4 μm) and γ-Al 2 O 3 (d 50 = 80 μm) were in 1:3 ratio. Quantity of kaolin (MEKA, Germany) was 10, 20 and 30 wt.%. Porous materials were prepared by slip casting of suspension of raw materials, where the aluminium paste (0.18 wt.%) was used as a pore former. Water content in the suspensions was 38-40 wt.%. Pore formation occured in result of hydrogen formation in chemical reaction between aluminium paste and water. The samples were sintered at 1650, 1700 and 1750°C temperature for one hour. SiO 2 and γ-Al 2 O 3 on the contrary reduced mechanical properties, but decreased shrinkage. Using of α-, γ-Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 and kaolin in corresponding ratios the samples with open porosity of 30 to 54 vol% were acquired. The relative amounts of pores depended on the initial content of kaolin and on firing temperature.

Size dependence of structural, magnetic, and electrical properties in corundum-type Ti2O3 nanoparticles showing insulator–metal transition

OpenAIRE

Yoshihiro Tsujimoto; Yoshitaka Matsushita; Shan Yu; Kazunari Yamaura; Tetsuo Uchikoshi

2015-01-01

Corundum-type Ti2O3 has been investigated over the last half century because it shows unusual insulator–metal (I-M) transition over a broad temperature range (420–550 K). In this work, we successfully synthesized Ti2O3 nanoparticles (20, 70, 300 nm in size) by the low-temperature reduction between precursors of rutile-type TiO2 and the reductant CaH2, in a non-topotactic manner. The reaction time required for obtaining the reduced phase increases with increasing the particle size. Synchrotron...

Macrocrystic corundum and Fe–Ti oxide minerals entrained in alkali basalts from the Eger (Ohře) Rift: Mg−Fe.sup.3+./sup.-rich ilmenite as tracer of an oxidized upper mantle

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Seifert, W.; Rhede, D.; Förster, H.-J.; Naumann, R.; Thomas, R.; Ulrych, Jaromír

2014-01-01

Roč. 108, č. 5 (2014), s. 645-662 ISSN 0930-0708 Institutional support: RVO:67985831 Keywords : corundum * basalts * Eger (Ohře Rift) Subject RIV: DB - Geology ; Mineralogy Impact factor: 1.349, year: 2014

Sorption of lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and fenvalerate to quartz, corundum, kaolinite and montmorillonite.

Science.gov (United States)

Oudou, H Chaaieri; Hansen, H C Bruun

2002-12-01

Sorption to mineral surfaces may be important for retention and degradation of hydrophobic pesticides in subsoils and aquifers poor in organic matter. In this work the title pyrethroids have been used to investigate selective interactions with the surfaces of four minerals. Sorption of the four pyrethroids was quantified in batch experiments with initial pyrethroid concentrations of 1-100 microg/l. Sorption to centrifuge tubes used in the batch experiments accounted for 25-60% of total sorption. Net sorption was obtained from total sorption after subtracting the amounts of pyrethroids sorbed to centrifuge tubes used. All isotherms could be fitted by the Freundlich equation with n ranging between 0.9 and 1.1. Bonding affinities per unit surface area decreased in the order: corundum > quartz > montmorillonite approximately equal kaolinite. A similar sequence as found for the total surface tension of the minerals. All minerals showed the same selectivity order with respect to sorption affinity of the four pyrethroids: lambda-cyhalothrin > deltamethrin > cypermethrin > fenvalerate, which shows that the most hydrophobic compound is sorbed most strongly. Stereochemical properties of the four pyrethroid formulations may also contribute to the selectivity pattern.

Lab Scale Study of the Depletion of Mullite/Corundum-Based Refractories Trough Reaction with Scaffold Materials

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Stjernberg, J; Antti, M-L; Ion, J C; Lindblom, B

2011-01-01

To investigate the mechanisms underlying the depletion of mullite/corundum-based refractory bricks used in rotary kilns for iron ore pellet production, the reaction mechanisms between scaffold material and refractory bricks have been studied on the laboratory-scale. Alkali additions were used to enhance the reaction rates between the materials. The morphological changes and active chemical reactions at the refractory/scaffold material interface in the samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis (TA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). No reaction products of alkali and hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) were detected; however, alkali dissolves the mullite in the bricks. Phases such as nepheline (Na 2 O·Al 2 O 3 ·2SiO 2 ), kalsilite (K 2 O·Al 2 O 3 ·2SiO 2 ), leucite (K 2 O·Al 2 O 3 ·4SiO 2 ) and potassium β-alumina (K 2 O·11Al 2 O 3 ) were formed as a consequence of reactions between alkali and the bricks.

Phase transitions of rare earth compounds during immobilization by foamed corundum

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Potemkina, T.I.; Zakharov, M.A.; Plotnikova, T.E.

1992-01-01

Expansion of work on the environmentally safe handling of radioactive materials has become very important in recent years. The proposed method for immobilizing radionuclides by injection into a porous matrix and subsequent fixation has a definite advantage over other techniques, because of its simplicity and low cost. This raises a number of problems that require careful study. The authors can distinguish the following: choice of porous matrix materials; thermal decomposition of nitrates directly in the matrix itself, which determines the minimum firing temperature; behavior and properties of oxides produced in nitrate decomposition; conditions for compound formation between injected solutions and matrix material; processes occurring during immobilizer storage. The rare earth nitrate series can be divided into two groups on the basis of behavior during thermal decomposition: the elements preceding and following Gd. The first group includes La, Pr, And Eu, for which decomposition begins simultaneously with conclusion of dehydration; the second includes Dy, Tb, and Yb, for which nitrate group decomposition begins before dehydration is complete. The authors utilized DTA, XPA, and IR analysis to study the physicochemical properties of the immobilizer produced by a single impregnation of the foamed corundum with rare earth (La, Eu, Dy, Tb, and Yb) nitrate solutions and subsequent firing at 900 degrees C for 30 min. The choice of these rare earths was dictated by the fact that the Ln 2 O 3 -AlO 3 system can be divided into three groups on the basis of phase ratios: La-Nd, Sm-Eu, and Gd-Lu. Lanthanide monoaluminates are formed in all these groups, and the difference lies in the other reaction products generated: LnAl 11 O 18 for La-Nd, LnAl 11 O 18 and Ln 4 Al 2 O 9 for Sm-Eu, and Ln 4 Al 2 O 9 and Ln 3 Al 5 O 12 for Gd-Lu

Size dependence of structural, magnetic, and electrical properties in corundum-type Ti2O3 nanoparticles showing insulator–metal transition

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yoshihiro Tsujimoto

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Corundum-type Ti2O3 has been investigated over the last half century because it shows unusual insulator–metal (I-M transition over a broad temperature range (420–550 K. In this work, we successfully synthesized Ti2O3 nanoparticles (20, 70, 300 nm in size by the low-temperature reduction between precursors of rutile-type TiO2 and the reductant CaH2, in a non-topotactic manner. The reaction time required for obtaining the reduced phase increases with increasing the particle size. Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and electron microscopy studies reveal that the symmetry of all the present samples remains the same as that of bulk samples. However, the particle-size reduction results in three important features compared with bulk samples as follows, (i color shift from dark brown to bluish black, (ii anisotropic volume contraction involving the shrinkage of Ti–Ti bonds in the ab plane and along the c axis, (iii reduction of the I-M transition temperature from 420 K to 350 K. These suggest that the a1g band broadening caused by the surface strain effects, which favors narrowing of the band gap, may play a critical role in the suppression of IM transition.

Kinetic control in the synthesis of metastable polymorphs: Bixbyite-to-Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3}(II)-to-corundum transition in In{sub 2}O{sub 3}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bekheet, Maged F., E-mail: maged.bekheet@ceramics.tu-berlin.de [Fachbereich Material -und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt (Germany); Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin (Germany); Schwarz, Marcus R. [Freiberg High Pressure Research Centre, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität-Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09599 Freiberg (Germany); Kroll, Peter [Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 760019-0065 (United States); Gurlo, Aleksander [Fachbereich Material -und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt (Germany); Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin (Germany)

2015-09-15

An example for kinetic control of a solid-state phase transformation, in which the system evolves via the path with the lowest activation barrier rather than ending in the thermodynamically most favorable state, has been demonstrated. As a case study, the phase transitions of indium sesquioxide (In{sub 2}O{sub 3}) have been guided by theoretical calculations and followed in situ under high-pressure high-temperature conditions in multi-anvil assemblies. The corundum-type rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} has been synthesized from stable bixbyite-type c-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} in two steps: first generating orthorhombic Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3}-II-type o′-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} which is thermodynamically stable at 8.5 GPa/850 °C and, thereafter, exploiting the preferred kinetics in the subsequent transformation to the rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} during decompression. This synthesis strategy of rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} was confirmed ex situ in a toroid-type high-pressure apparatus at 8 GPa and 1100 °C. The pressure–temperature phase diagrams have been constructed and the stability fields of In{sub 2}O{sub 3} polymorphs and the crystallographic relationship between them have been discussed. - Graphical abstract: In situ energy-dispersive XRD patterns in multi-anvil assemblies show the sequence of phase transition c-In{sub 2}O{sub 3}→o′-In{sub 2}O{sub 3}→rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} under particular pressure and temperature conditions. The tick marks refer to the calculated Bragg positions of bixbyite-type (c-In{sub 2}O{sub 3}), Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3}-II-type (o–-In2O{sub 3}) and corundum-type (rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3}). - Highlights: • The solid-state synthesis methods can be employed for obtaining metastable phases. • The phase transition of In{sub 2}O{sub 3} was guided by DFT calculations. • The phase transition of In{sub 2}O{sub 3} was followed in situ under HP–HT conditions. • Orthorhombic o′-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} polymorph was synthesized from c-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} at 8.5 GPa/850 °C. • Metastable rh

Ceramic protective coating

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Harbach, F.; Nicoll, A.

1987-01-01

The basic material of the above-mentioned layer consists of pure aluminium oxide or essentially aluminium oxide. To improve this protective layer metal oxides from the groups IIA, IIIA, IIIB, VB, VIB, VIIB or VIII of the periodic system are added to its basic material before the said protective coating is applied. In this way a corundum structure is formed in the case of aluminium oxide. Gallium oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide or iron oxide are particularly suited for the correlation of such a corundum structure. The formation of the corundum structure increases the resistance of the protective coating to the corrosive effects of vanadium pentoxide and sodium sulfate. By the addition of a specific quantity of magnesium oxide it is possible not only to stimulate the formation of corundum but also to reduce the increase in grain size in the case of the aluminium oxide. The other metallic oxides are especially favorable to the formation of the corundum structure, so that preferably magnesium oxide is to be added to these metallic oxides in order to reduce the increase in grain size. (author)

Role of orientation of nucleus of crystal during the process of synthesis of fine crystalline oxides at high temperatures and pressure

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Panasyuk, G P; Belan, V N; Voroshilov, I L; Shabalin, D G [IGIC RAS, N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (Russian Federation)], E-mail: Panasyuk@igic.ras.ru

2008-07-15

The structural transformations of hydrargillite Al(OH){sub 3} and boehmite AlOOH were studied on thermovaporous autoclaving and on heat treatment. A special attention was paid to the morphology of initial flocculated and loose hydrargillite crystals, of the again segregating flocculi boehmite intermediate phase, and to the morphology of the end product - corundum single - or polycrystals. It is shown that on thermovaporous autoclaving the intraflocculi orientation of the boehmite crystals is decisive in the corundum single crystals formation. The degree of identity of the boehmite crystals orientation qualifies the sizes of the growing corundum crystals. It is shown, that after heat treatment in air at <1200 deg. C alpha-alumina forms, the habitus of the initial crystals remains unchanged, but at 1400-1500 deg. C in vacuum it alters, and equally oriented alumina grains sinter. Influence of the mutual crystals orientation at different stages of structural transformations is explored. Keywords: autoclaving, hydrargillite, boehmite, corundum.

High-pressure phase relations and thermodynamic properties of CaAl 4Si 2O 11 CAS phase

Science.gov (United States)

Akaogi, M.; Haraguchi, M.; Yaguchi, M.; Kojitani, H.

2009-03-01

Phase relations in CaAl4Si2O11 were examined at 12-23 GPa and 1000-1800 °C by multianvil experiments. A three-phase mixture of grossular, kyanite and corundum is stable below about 13 GPa at 1000-1800 °C. At higher pressure and at temperature below about 1200 °C, a mixture of grossular, stishovite and corundum is stable, indicating the decomposition of kyanite. Above about 1200 °C, CaAl4Si2O11 CAS phase is stable at pressure higher than about 13 GPa. The triple point is placed at 14.7 GPa and 1280 °C. The equilibrium boundary of formation of CAS phase from the mixture of grossular, kyanite and corundum has a small negative slope, and that from the mixture of grossular, stishovite and corundum has a strongly negative slope, while the decomposition boundary of kyanite has a small positive slope. Enthalpies of the transitions were measured by high-temperature drop-solution calorimetry. The enthalpy of formation of CaAl4Si2O11 CAS phase from the mixture of grossular, kyanite and corundum was 139.5 ± 15.6 kJ/mol, and that from the mixture of grossular, stishovite and corundum was 94.2 ± 15.4 kJ/mol. The transition boundaries calculated using the measured enthalpy data were consistent with those determined by the high-pressure experiments. The boundaries in this study are placed about 3 GPa higher in pressure and about 200 °C lower in temperature than those by Zhai and Ito [Zhai, S., Ito, E., 2008. Phase relations of CaAl4Si2O11 at high-pressure and high-temperature with implications for subducted continental crust into the deep mantle. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 167, 161-167]. Combining the thermodynamic data measured in this study with those in the literature, dissociation boundary of CAS phase into a mixture of Ca-perovskite, corundum and stishovite and that of grossular into Ca-perovskite plus corundum were calculated to further constrain the stability field of CAS phase. The result suggests that the stability of CAS phase would be limited at the bottom of

Use of new ceramic linings in coal preparation plants

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fedorchenko, V.E.; Rudenko, V.A.; Bondarev, A.Ya.

1984-01-01

This article evaluates several materials used as liners in coal preparation equipment. The evaluations concentrate on liners used under conditions of intensive temperature fluctuations, e.g. liners of coal chutes for coal transport from coal dryers. Two aspects of wear are analyzed: abrasion by friction and effects of temperature fluctuations. Abrasive wear is tested using magnetite suspension with a density of 400 g/l. Tests show that abrasive wear of liners on an alumina basis is 3 times lower than abrasive wear of high quality steel, from 13 to 24 times lower than that of iron and from 6 to 8 times lower than that of steels used in coal preparation plants. Effects of temperature fluctuations from 20 to 840 C on abrasive wear of liners of steels, iron, slag glass ceramics, mullite-corundum material and corundum is shown in a table. The test show that mullite-corundum material on the basis of alumina is characterized by a high resistance to abrasive wear after 30 cycles of temperature increase from 20 to 840 C and decrease to 20 C. Using mullite-corundum as liners of equipment and installations operating under conditions of temperature fluctuations is recommended.

Abundances and distribution of minerals and elements in high-alumina coal fly ash from the Jungar Power Plant, Inner Mongolia, China

Science.gov (United States)

Dai, S.; Zhao, L.; Peng, S.; Chou, C.-L.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Li, D.; Sun, Y.

2010-01-01

The fly ash from the Jungar Power Plant, Inner Mongolia, China, is unique because it is highly enriched in alumina (Al2O3>50%). The fly ash mainly consists of amorphous glass and mullite and trace amounts of corundum, quartz, char, calcite, K-feldspar, clay minerals, and Fe-bearing minerals. The mullite content in fly ash is as high as 37.4% because of high boehmite and kaolinite contents in feed coal. Corundum is a characteristic mineral formed during the combustion of boehmite-rich coal.Samples from the economizer were sieved into six size fractions (500 mesh) and separated into magnetic, mullite+corundum+quartz (MCQ) and glass phases for mineralogical and chemical analysis. The corundum content increases but amorphous glass decreases with decreasing particle size. Fractions of small particle sizes are relatively high in mullite, probably because mullite was formed from fine clay mineral particles under high-temperature combustion condition. Similarly, fine corundum crystals formed in the boiler from boehmite in feed coal. The magnetic phase consists of hematite, magnetite, magnesioferrite, and MgFeAlO4 crystals. The MCQ phase is composed of 89% mullite, 6.1% corundum, 4.5% quartz, and 0.5% K-feldspar.Overall, the fly ash from the power plant is significantly enriched in Al2O3 with an average of 51.9%, but poor in SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, P2O5, and As. Arsenic, TiO2, Th, Al2O3, Bi, La, Ga, Ni, and V are high in mullite, and the magnetic matter is enriched in Fe2O3, CaO, MnO, TiO2, Cs, Co, As, Cd, Ba, Ni, Sb, MgO, Zn, and V. The remaining elements are high in the glass fraction. The concentration of K2O, Na2O, P2O5, Nb, Cr, Ta, U, W, Rb, and Ni do not clearly vary with particle size, while SiO2 and Hg decrease and the remaining elements clearly increase with decreasing particle size. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.

Development of vertical compact ion implanter for gemstones applications

Science.gov (United States)

Intarasiri, S.; Wijaikhum, A.; Bootkul, D.; Suwannakachorn, D.; Tippawan, U.; Yu, L. D.; Singkarat, S.

2014-08-01

Ion implantation technique was applied as an effective non-toxic treatment of the local Thai natural corundum including sapphires and rubies for the enhancement of essential qualities of the gemstones. Energetic oxygen and nitrogen ions in keV range of various fluences were implanted into the precious stones. It has been thoroughly proved that ion implantation can definitely modify the gems to desirable colors together with changing their color distribution, transparency and luster properties. These modifications lead to the improvement in quality of the natural corundum and thus its market value. Possible mechanisms of these modifications have been proposed. The main causes could be the changes in oxidation states of impurities of transition metals, induction of charge transfer from one metal cation to another and the production of color centers. For these purposes, an ion implanter of the kind that is traditionally used in semiconductor wafer fabrication had already been successfully applied for the ion beam bombardment of natural corundum. However, it is not practical for implanting the irregular shape and size of gem samples, and too costly to be economically accepted by the gem and jewelry industry. Accordingly, a specialized ion implanter has been requested by the gem traders. We have succeeded in developing a prototype high-current vertical compact ion implanter only 1.36 m long, from ion source to irradiation chamber, for these purposes. It has been proved to be very effective for corundum, for example, color improvement of blue sapphire, induction of violet sapphire from low value pink sapphire, and amelioration of lead-glass-filled rubies. Details of the implanter and recent implantation results are presented.

Development of vertical compact ion implanter for gemstones applications

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Intarasiri, S., E-mail: saweat@gmail.com [Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 (Thailand); Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400 (Thailand); Wijaikhum, A. [Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 (Thailand); Bootkul, D., E-mail: mo_duangkhae@hotmail.com [Department of General Science (Gems and Jewelry), Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110 (Thailand); Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400 (Thailand); Suwannakachorn, D.; Tippawan, U.; Yu, L.D.; Singkarat, S. [Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 (Thailand); Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400 (Thailand)

2014-08-15

Ion implantation technique was applied as an effective non-toxic treatment of the local Thai natural corundum including sapphires and rubies for the enhancement of essential qualities of the gemstones. Energetic oxygen and nitrogen ions in keV range of various fluences were implanted into the precious stones. It has been thoroughly proved that ion implantation can definitely modify the gems to desirable colors together with changing their color distribution, transparency and luster properties. These modifications lead to the improvement in quality of the natural corundum and thus its market value. Possible mechanisms of these modifications have been proposed. The main causes could be the changes in oxidation states of impurities of transition metals, induction of charge transfer from one metal cation to another and the production of color centers. For these purposes, an ion implanter of the kind that is traditionally used in semiconductor wafer fabrication had already been successfully applied for the ion beam bombardment of natural corundum. However, it is not practical for implanting the irregular shape and size of gem samples, and too costly to be economically accepted by the gem and jewelry industry. Accordingly, a specialized ion implanter has been requested by the gem traders. We have succeeded in developing a prototype high-current vertical compact ion implanter only 1.36 m long, from ion source to irradiation chamber, for these purposes. It has been proved to be very effective for corundum, for example, color improvement of blue sapphire, induction of violet sapphire from low value pink sapphire, and amelioration of lead-glass-filled rubies. Details of the implanter and recent implantation results are presented.

Development of vertical compact ion implanter for gemstones applications

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Intarasiri, S.; Wijaikhum, A.; Bootkul, D.; Suwannakachorn, D.; Tippawan, U.; Yu, L.D.; Singkarat, S.

2014-01-01

Ion implantation technique was applied as an effective non-toxic treatment of the local Thai natural corundum including sapphires and rubies for the enhancement of essential qualities of the gemstones. Energetic oxygen and nitrogen ions in keV range of various fluences were implanted into the precious stones. It has been thoroughly proved that ion implantation can definitely modify the gems to desirable colors together with changing their color distribution, transparency and luster properties. These modifications lead to the improvement in quality of the natural corundum and thus its market value. Possible mechanisms of these modifications have been proposed. The main causes could be the changes in oxidation states of impurities of transition metals, induction of charge transfer from one metal cation to another and the production of color centers. For these purposes, an ion implanter of the kind that is traditionally used in semiconductor wafer fabrication had already been successfully applied for the ion beam bombardment of natural corundum. However, it is not practical for implanting the irregular shape and size of gem samples, and too costly to be economically accepted by the gem and jewelry industry. Accordingly, a specialized ion implanter has been requested by the gem traders. We have succeeded in developing a prototype high-current vertical compact ion implanter only 1.36 m long, from ion source to irradiation chamber, for these purposes. It has been proved to be very effective for corundum, for example, color improvement of blue sapphire, induction of violet sapphire from low value pink sapphire, and amelioration of lead-glass-filled rubies. Details of the implanter and recent implantation results are presented

Modification of surface morphology of Ti6Al4V alloy manufactured by Laser Sintering

Science.gov (United States)

Draganovská, Dagmar; Ižariková, Gabriela; Guzanová, Anna; Brezinová, Janette; Koncz, Juraj

2016-06-01

The paper deals with the evaluation of relation between roughness parameters of Ti6Al4V alloy produced by DMLS and modified by abrasive blasting. There were two types of blasting abrasives that were used - white corundum and Zirblast at three levels of air pressure. The effect of pressure on the value of individual roughness parameters and an influence of blasting media on the parameters for samples blasted by white corundum and Zirblast were evaluated by ANOVA. Based on the measured values, the correlation matrix was set and the standard of correlation statistic importance between the monitored parameters was determined from it. The correlation coefficient was also set.

A Wealth of Dust Grains in Quasar Winds

Science.gov (United States)

2007-01-01

[figure removed for brevity, see original site] Click on image for larger poster version This plot of data captured by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope reveals dust entrained in the winds rushing away from a quasar, or growing black hole. The quasar, called PG2112+059, is located deep inside a galaxy 8 billion light-years away. Astronomers believe the dust might have been forged in the winds, which would help explain where dust in the very early universe came from. The data were captured by Spitzer's infrared spectrograph, an instrument that splits apart light from the quasar into a spectrum that reveals telltale signs of different minerals. Each type of mineral, or dust grain, has a unique signature, as can be seen in the graph, or spectrum, above. The strongest features are from the mineral amorphous olivine, or glass (purple); the mineral forsterite found in sand (blue); and the mineral corundum found in rubies (light blue). The detection of forsterite and corundum is highly unusual in galaxies without quasars. Therefore, their presence is a key clue that these grains might have been created in the quasar winds and not by dying stars as they are in our Milky Way galaxy. Forsterite is destroyed quickly in normal galaxies by radiation, so it must be continually produced to be detected by Spitzer. Corundum is hard, and provides a seed that softer, more common minerals usually cover up. As a result, corundum is usually not seen in spectra of galaxies. Since Spitzer did detect the mineral, it is probably forming in a clumpy environment, which is expected in quasar winds. All together, the signatures of the unusual minerals in this spectrum point towards dust grains forming in the winds blowing away from quasars.

Influence of the post-weld surface treatment on the corrosion resistance of the duplex stainless steel 1.4062

Science.gov (United States)

Rosemann, P.; Müller, C.; Baumann, O.; Modersohn, W.; Halle, T.

2017-03-01

The duplex stainless steel 1.4062 (X2CrNiN22-2) is used as alternative material to austenitic stainless steels in the construction industry. The corrosion resistance of welded seams is influenced by the base material, the weld filler material, the welding process and also by the final surface treatment. The scale layer next to the weld seam can be removed by grinding, pickling, electro-polished or blasting depending on the application and the requested corrosion resistance. Blasted surfaces are often used in industrial practice due to the easier and cheaper manufacturing process compared to pickled or electro-polished surfaces. Furthermore blasting with corundum-grain is more effective than blasting with glass-beads which also lower the process costs. In recent years, stainless steel surfaces showed an unusually high susceptibility to pitting corrosion after grinding with corundum. For this reason, it is now also questioned critically whether the corrosion resistance is influenced by the applied blasting agent. This question was specifically investigated by comparing grinded, pickled, corundum-grain- and glass-bead-blasted welding seams. Results of the SEM analyses of the blasting agents and the blasted surfaces will be presented and correlated with the different performed corrosion tests (potential measurement, KorroPad-test and pitting potential) on welding seams with different surface treatments.

Microstructural and Wear Behavior Characterization of Porous Layers Produced by Pulsed Laser Irradiation in Glass-Ceramics Substrates.

Science.gov (United States)

Sola, Daniel; Conde, Ana; García, Iñaki; Gracia-Escosa, Elena; de Damborenea, Juan J; Peña, Jose I

2013-09-09

In this work, wear behavior and microstructural characterization of porous layers produced in glass-ceramic substrates by pulsed laser irradiation in the nanosecond range are studied under unidirectional sliding conditions against AISI316 and corundum counterbodies. Depending on the optical configuration of the laser beam and on the working parameters, the local temperature and pressure applied over the interaction zone can generate a porous glass-ceramic layer. Material transference from the ball to the porous glass-ceramic layer was observed in the wear tests carried out against the AISI316 ball counterface whereas, in the case of the corundum ball, the wear volume loss was concentrated in the porous layer. Wear rate and friction coefficient presented higher values than expected for dense glass-ceramics.

Microstructural and Wear Behavior Characterization of Porous Layers Produced by Pulsed Laser Irradiation in Glass-Ceramics Substrates

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jose I. Peña

2013-09-01

Full Text Available In this work, wear behavior and microstructural characterization of porous layers produced in glass-ceramic substrates by pulsed laser irradiation in the nanosecond range are studied under unidirectional sliding conditions against AISI316 and corundum counterbodies. Depending on the optical configuration of the laser beam and on the working parameters, the local temperature and pressure applied over the interaction zone can generate a porous glass-ceramic layer. Material transference from the ball to the porous glass-ceramic layer was observed in the wear tests carried out against the AISI316 ball counterface whereas, in the case of the corundum ball, the wear volume loss was concentrated in the porous layer. Wear rate and friction coefficient presented higher values than expected for dense glass-ceramics.

The stability of the hydroxylated (0001) surface of alpha-Al2O3

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lodziana, Zbigniew; Nørskov, Jens Kehlet; Stoltze, Per

2003-01-01

Self-consistent density functional calculations of the hydroxylated (0001) corundum surfaces are presented. It is demonstrated that the hydroxylated surfaces are the most stable under most, but not all, conditions. Hydroxylation significantly lowers the surface free energy of alpha-alumina. The s......Self-consistent density functional calculations of the hydroxylated (0001) corundum surfaces are presented. It is demonstrated that the hydroxylated surfaces are the most stable under most, but not all, conditions. Hydroxylation significantly lowers the surface free energy of alpha......-alumina. The stability of the hydrated surface resolves the discrepancies between the morphology of the alpha-alumina (0001) surface observed under ultra-high vacuum, and at ambient conditions. A method for the calculation of the equilibrium surface stoichiometry is proposed. The proposed approach provides a valuable...

Characterization of local chemistry and disorder in synthetic and natural α-Al2O3 materials by X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mottana, A.; Murata, T.

1997-11-01

X-ray absorption fine spectra at the Al K-edge were measured experimentally on and calculated theoretically via the multiple-scattering formalism for a chemically pure and physically perfect synthetic α-Al 2 O 3 (α-alumina), a natural 'ruby/sapphire' (corundum) and a series of artificial 'corundum' produced for technical purposes and used as geochemical standards. The Al K-edge spectra differ despite of the identical coordination (short-range arrangement) assumed by O around Al, and vary slightly in relation to the slightly different chemistries of the materials (substitutional defects) as well as on account of the location taken by foreign atoms in the structural lattices (positional defects). A quantitative treatment of the observed changes is made in terms of short-range modification of the coordination polyhedron and of medium- to long-range modifications in the overall structure; both of them induced by substitutions. In some technical 'corundums', the impurities of admixed 'β-alumina', where Al is both in four- and six-fold coordination, produce another small but detectable effect on Al K-edges. Therefore, XAFS spectroscopy proves its potentials for both measuring a light element such as Al, and detecting minor coordination changes and substitutions (ca. 1∼3 wt.% as oxide) of the absorber by dilute other atoms, at least under favorable conditions as those occurring in this system are

In-situ Raman spectroscopic study of aluminate speciation in H2O-KOH solutions at high pressures and temperatures

Science.gov (United States)

Mookherjee, M.; Keppler, H.; Manning, C. E.

2009-12-01

The solubility of corundum in H2O is low even at high pressure and temperatures. Therefore, it is commonly assumed that alumina remains essentially immobile during fluid-rock interaction. However, field and experimental evidence suggests that alumina solubility is strongly enhanced in the presence of silica as well as in alkaline solutions. In order to understand what controls the alumina solubility and how it is enhanced as a function of fluid composition, we conducted Raman-spectroscopic study of Al speciation in aqueous fluids at high pressure and temperature. Experiments were carried out in an externally heated hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell equipped with low-fluorescence diamonds and iridium gaskets. Raman spectra were collected with a Horiba Jobin-Yvon Labram HR spectrometer using the 514 nm line of an argon laser for excitation. In a first series of experiments, the speciation of alumina was studied in a 1 M KOH solution in equilibrium with corundum up to 700 oC and ~1 GPa. The Raman spectra show a prominent band at 618 cm-1 interpreted to arise from Al-O stretching vibrations associated with the tetrahedral [Al(OH)4]1- species. At higher pressure and temperature, an additional vibrational mode appears in the spectra at 374 cm-1 (full width at half maximum ~ 20 cm-1). This feature is tentatively attributed to [(OH)3Al-O-Al(OH)3]2- (Moolenaar et al. 1970, Jour. Phys. Chem., 74, 3629-3636). No evidence for KAl(OH)4 was observed, consistent with piston cylinder experiments at 700 oC and 1 GPa (Wohlers & Manning, 2009, Chem. Geol., 262, 310). Upon cooling from high-pressure and high temperature, slow kinetics of corundum regrowth lead to oversaturation in the solutions, as evidenced by sharp peaks at 930 and 1066 cm-1 observed upon cooling. These features are probably due to colloidal aluminum hydroxide. The results provide the first evidence for aluminate polymerization at high pressure and temperature, and offer insights into the causes for enhancement of

Conditions for stability of different valence states of manganese impurity in α-Al2O3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kulagin, N.A.; Apanasenko, A.L.; Kazakov, N.A.

1983-01-01

The influence of crystal growth conditions on valence change of a Mn ion at γ-irradiation of corUndum has been studied. The results were obtained on an ESR-spectrome-- ter at 300 K. The crystals (except Mn ions) contained different impurities (Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ , Ti) and depending on the impurities on γ-irradiation, the transition of Mn 3+ both into Mn 3+ and Mn 4+ state or into one of them was observed. For several crystals (with Ti impOrity), the delta-like decrease of Csub(Mnsup(2+)) concentration is observed at 750+800 K and a full decrease of Csub(Mnsup(2+)) was obtained at 1100-1200 K.The results allow the conclusion of the possible mechanisms underlying the stabilization of Mn 2+ and Mn 4+ ions in corundum

Lattice dynamics of sapphire (corundum). Pt. 2

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kappus, W.

1975-01-01

Theoretical models of the lattice dynamics of sapphire (α - Al 2 O 3 ), based on the assumption of rigid ions, have been fitted to measured phonons at the Gamma-point of the Brillouin zone. Short range interactions were taken into account by assuming 2-body interactions between touching ions. Additional 3-body interactions could not improve the fit significantly. Calculated dispersion curves are presented and compared with inelastic neutron scattering data. A good agreement for branches along the trigonal axis can be stated. (orig.) [de

Thermal formation of corundum from aluminium hydroxides ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Aluminium hydroxides have been precipitated from various aluminium salts and the differences in their thermal behaviour have been investigated. Pseudoboehmite derived from the nitrate, sulfate and chloride all form -Al2O3 at ∼ 400°C but the formation of -Al2O3 at 1200°C occurs more readily in the material derived ...

Thermal formation of corundum from aluminium hydroxides ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Abstract. Aluminium hydroxides have been precipitated from various aluminium salts and the differences in their thermal behaviour have been investigated. Pseudoboehmite derived from the nitrate, sulfate and chloride all form γ-Al2O3 at ~ 400°C but the formation of α-Al2O3 at 1200°C occurs more readily in the material ...

Bulletin of Materials Science | Indian Academy of Sciences

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Thermal formation of corundum from aluminium hydroxides prepared from various aluminium salts · J Temuujin Ts ... Gas-chromism in ultrasonic spray pyrolyzed tungsten oxide thin films ... Current–voltage studies on -FeSi2/Si heterojunction.

Programming with Hierarchical Maps

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ørbæk, Peter

This report desribes the hierarchical maps used as a central data structure in the Corundum framework. We describe its most prominent features, ague for its usefulness and briefly describe some of the software prototypes implemented using the technology....

Stardust in Laboratory & Evolution of Early Solar System f y S Sy

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

kkmarhas

2008-09-13

Sep 13, 2008 ... Picture book of presolar grains! Graphite grains. Silicon carbide. Corundum. 500nm. Spinel grains. Silicate grain. Silicon Nitride. Spinel grains. Silicate grain. Silicon Nitride. Presolar Grains &. Evolution of Early Solar System. Kuljeet K. Marhas. 13th September 2008. Physical Research Laboratory ...

Абразивная износостойкость композиционного NiCrBSi–TiC покрытия

OpenAIRE

Соболева, Н. Н.; Макаров, А. В.; Малыгина, И. Ю.

2014-01-01

The possibilities of strengthening and increasing abrasive wear resistance upon wear over fixed corundum abrasive of Cr-Ni coating formed by gas powder laser cladding by means of 5-25 wt. % TiC titanium carbide particles addition in PG-SR2 clad powder have been considered.

Single Crystals Grown Under Unconstrained Conditions

Science.gov (United States)

Sunagawa, Ichiro

Based on detailed investigations on morphology (evolution and variation in external forms), surface microtopography of crystal faces (spirals and etch figures), internal morphology (growth sectors, growth banding and associated impurity partitioning) and perfection (dislocations and other lattice defects) in single crystals, we can deduce how and by what mechanism the crystal grew and experienced fluctuation in growth parameters through its growth and post-growth history under unconstrained condition. The information is useful not only in finding appropriate way to growing highly perfect and homogeneous single crystals, but also in deciphering letters sent from the depth of the Earth and the Space. It is also useful in discriminating synthetic from natural gemstones. In this chapter, available methods to obtain molecular information are briefly summarized, and actual examples to demonstrate the importance of this type of investigations are selected from both natural minerals (diamond, quartz, hematite, corundum, beryl, phlogopite) and synthetic crystals (SiC, diamond, corundum, beryl).

Tachometric flowmeters for measuring circulation water parameters in steam generators of the NPPs running on pressurized water reactors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ageev, A.G.; Korolkov, B.M.; Nigmatulin, B.I.; Belov, V.I.; Vasileva, R.V.; Trubkin, N.I.

1997-01-01

Tachometric flowmeters used in steam generators for determining the velocity and direction of the flow have a limited service life owing to the use of corundum for the bearing assembly components. Various materials were investigated for the feasibility of using them as alternatives for replacing the corundum bearing and guide bushing under conditions close to the conditions in steam generators: 7 MPa, 260 degC. Good results were obtained with bearing assemblies fabricated from corrosion-resistant steel. Testing of the transducer design and optimization of the technique was accomplished in the course of testing steam generators of the WWER-1000 reactor at the Balakovskaya nuclear power plant. The velocity and direction of flow in the steam generator were measured within a wide range of unit power ratings up to the values corresponding to full power output. The service life of the transducers proved to be not less than 720 hours. The transducer parameters remained unchanged over the entire operation period. (M.D.)

Bulletin of Materials Science | Indian Academy of Sciences

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

), lime (CaO), corundum (Al2O3) and spinel (MgAl2O4) determined experimentally by Fiquet et al (1999) from 300K up to 3000K. The thermal equation of state due to Suzuki et al (1979) and Shanker et al (1997) are used to study the ...

Time-response relationship of nano and micro particle induced lung inflammation. Quartz as reference compound

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Roursgaard, Martin; Poulsen, Steen Seier; Poulsen, Lars K.

2010-01-01

-response profiles of nano- and micro-sized particles. The potency of the two samples cannot be compared; during the milling process, a substantial part of the quartz was converted to amorphous silica and contaminated with corundum. For screening, BALF PMN, either TNF-a or IL-1ß at 16 hours post instillation may...

Photoluminescence and optical transmission of diamond and its imitators

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lipatov, E.I.; Avdeev, S.M.; Tarasenko, V.F.

2010-01-01

Photoluminescence and optical transmission spectra of several samples of natural and synthetic diamond and its imitators - fianite and corundum - are investigated. The band-A of luminescence at 440 nm, the vibronic N3 system of luminescence and absorption at 415.2 nm, the fundamental absorption edge at 225 nm, and the secondary absorption below 308 nm are the main identifying markers of natural diamonds. For synthetic diamonds, however, such identifying markers are the free-exciton luminescence at 235 nm, the band-A, and the fundamental absorption edge. Fianites can be identified by the structureless wideband at 500 nm and the wide transmission band in the entire visible range. Colored corundum samples with chrome impurities emit the narrow line at 693 nm and show the absorption band in the 500-600 nm spectral range. A new method for diamond express identification is developed on the basis of measurement of photoluminescence and optical transmission spectra of the samples. It is shown that a diamond tester can be designed combining a spectrometer and a KrCl-excilamp radiating at 222 nm.

Structure and catalytic reactivity of Rh oxides

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Gustafson, J.; Westerström, R.; Resta, A.

2009-01-01

Using a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques, we show that a thin RhO2 surface oxide film forms prior to the bulk Rh2O3 corundum oxide on all close-packed single crystal Rh surfaces. Based on previous reports, we argue that the RhO2 surface oxide also forms on vicinal Rh surface...

On the abrasion of heat-treated 2.8C21Cr1Mo white cast iron

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Al-Rubaie, Kassim S.; Preti, Orlando [Centro Universitario SOCIESC, Joinville (Brazil). Engenharia Mecanica; Pohl, Michael [Bochum Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Werkstoffe

2016-09-15

The abrasion behaviour of heat-treated 2.8C21Cr1Mo cast iron was studied. The specimens were destabilised at two temperatures, 980 and 1050 C, for 4 h, air hardened, and then tempered at five temperatures, 220, 320, 400, 500, and 620 C, for 2 h followed by air cooling. Using a pin-on-plate abrasion apparatus, the specimens were abraded on four types of bonded abrasives (silicon carbide, corundum, flint, and glass). The effect of work hardening on the abrasion resistance was investigated. It was found that the increase in alloy hardness produced by heat treatment had little effect on the abrasion resistance against silicon carbide or corundum; the inverse was true against flint or glass. The as-hardened structure containing 40% retained austenite gave the best abrasion resistance, whereas the hardened and tempered at 620 C showed the worst. Both bulk hardness and matrix hardness before wear correlated poorly with the abrasion resistance. Therefore, a general model ''equivalent hardness'' was developed, in which the hardness of the abraded matrix was considered. With this model, the abrasion behaviour can be clearly analysed.

Electrical and thermal properties of niobium-base cermets

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Skidan, B.S.; Vlasov, A.S.; Alekseev, V.A.; Myl'nikova, T.S.; Ryzhkov, Yu.F.

1979-01-01

Behaviour of corundum-niobium cermets containing 16-70 vol.% metal was studied at low temperatures. It is found that the given materials are superconductors with Tsub(k) 6-7 K but their resistivity before their transfer into superconducting state is determined by the metal concentration and is found within 10 -2 -10 -4 Ohm. cm. The cermet heat conductivity is found to increase with the metal content

Prevention of burn-on defect on surface of hydroturbine blade casting of ultra-low-carbon refining stainless steel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Li Ling

2008-08-01

Full Text Available The burn-on sand is common surface defect encountered in CO2-cured silicate-bonded sand casting of hydroturbine blade of ultra-low-carbon martensitic stainless steel, its feature, causes and prevention measures are presented in this paper. Experiments showed that the burn-on defect is caused by oxidization of chromium in the molten steel at high temperature and can be effectively eliminated by using chromium-corundum coating.

Proceedings of Tripartite Conference on Submarine Medicine and IEP B-52 - France, United Kingdom, United States (6th) Held in Groton, Connecticut on 1-4 June 1987

Science.gov (United States)

1990-10-03

limits were provided for the following: Chlorcbenzene Cumene (Isopropyl benzene) Cyclohexane Ethyl benzene Heptane Hexane Isopropyl alcohol Methyl...hydrogen removal The removal of carbon monoxyde and hydrogen is done by the catalytic burner whose active product is platinum oxyde deposited on corundum...alumina). The weight of the platinum oxyde represents 1 % of the weight of the catalyst. The CO and H= catalysis is complete at 50’C. For safety, the

Adsorption of small palladium clusters on the relaxed α-Al2O3(0001) surface

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Gomes, J.R.B.; Lodziana, Zbiegniew; Illas, F.

2003-01-01

of supported Pd-3 is largely distorted from the gas-phase equilibrium geometry whereas the structure of supported Pd-4 is less distorted and reminiscent of the most stable gas-phase isomer. Consequently, the adhesion energy of Pd-3 on the relaxed alpha-Al2O3(0001) surface is smaller than that of Pd-4...... adsorption on other oxide surfaces, there are no preferred adsorption sites for Pd deposited on the corundum surface....

Reaction rim growth in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 under uniaxial stress

Science.gov (United States)

Götze, Lutz Christoph; Abart, Rainer; Rybacki, Erik; Keller, Lukas M.; Petrishcheva, Elena; Dresen, Georg

2010-07-01

We synthesize reaction rims between thermodynamically incompatible phases in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 applying uniaxial load using a creep apparatus. Synthesis experiments are done in the MgO-SiO2 and in the MgO-Al2O3 subsystems at temperatures ranging from 1150 to 1350 °C imposing vertical stresses of 1.2 to 29 MPa at ambient pressure and under a constant flow of dry argon. Single crystals of synthetic and natural quartz and forsterite, synthetic periclase and synthetic corundum polycrystals are used as starting materials. We produce enstatite rims at forsterite-quartz contacts, enstatite-forsterite double rims at periclase-quartz contacts and spinel rims at periclase-corundum contacts. We find that rim growth under the “dry” conditions of our experiments is sluggish compared to what has been found previously in nominally “dry” piston cylinder experiments. We further observe that the nature of starting material, synthetic or natural, has a major influence on rim growth rates, where natural samples are more reactive than synthetic ones. At a given temperature the effect of stress variation is larger than what is anticipated from the modification of the thermodynamic driving force for reaction due to the storage of elastic strain energy in the reactant phases. We speculate that this may be due to modification of the physical properties of the polycrystals that constitute the reaction rims or by deformation under the imposed load. In our experiments rim growth is very sluggish at forsterite-quartz interfaces. Rim growth is more rapid at periclase-quartz contacts. The spinel rims that are produced at periclase-corundum interfaces show parabolic growth indicating that reaction rim growth is essentially diffusion controlled. From the analysis of time series done in the MgO-Al2O3 subsystem we derive effective diffusivities for the Al2O3 and the MgO components in a spinel polycrystal as D_{MgO} = 1.4 ± 0.2 \\cdot 10^{-15} m2/s and D_{Al_2O_3} = 3.7 ± 0

Marble-hosted ruby deposits of the Morogoro Region, Tanzania

Science.gov (United States)

Balmer, Walter A.; Hauzenberger, Christoph A.; Fritz, Harald; Sutthirat, Chakkaphan

2017-10-01

The ruby deposits of the Uluguru and Mahenge Mts, Morogoro Region, are related to marbles which represent the cover sequence of the Eastern Granulites in Tanzania. In both localities the cover sequences define a tectonic unit which is present as a nappe structure thrusted onto the gneissic basement in a north-western direction. Based on structural geological observations the ruby deposits are bound to mica-rich boudins in fold hinges where fluids interacted with the marble-host rock in zones of higher permeability. Petrographic observations revealed that the Uluguru Mts deposits occur within calcite-dominated marbles whereas deposits in the Mahenge Mts are found in dolomite-dominated marbles. The mineral assemblage describing the marble-hosted ruby deposit in the Uluguru Mts is characterised by corundum-dolomite-phlogopite ± spinel, calcite, pargasite, scapolite, plagioclase, margarite, chlorite, tourmaline whereas the assemblage corundum-calcite-plagioclase-phlogopite ± dolomite, pargasite, sapphirine, titanite, tourmaline is present in samples from the Mahenge Mts. Although slightly different in mineral assemblage it was possible to draw a similar ruby formation history for both localities. Two ruby forming events were distinguished by textural differences, which could also be modeled by thermodynamic T-XCO2 calculations using non-ideal mixing models of essential minerals. A first formation of ruby appears to have taken place during the prograde path (M1) either by the breakdown of diaspore which was present in the original sedimentary precursor rock or by the breakdown of margarite to corundum and plagioclase. The conditions for M1 metamorphism was estimated at ∼750 °C at 10 kbar, which represents granulite facies conditions. A change in fluid composition towards a CO2 dominated fluid triggered a second ruby generation to form. Subsequently, the examined units underwent a late greenschist facies overprint. In the framework of the East African Orogen we

The possible use of Bayer process cyclone fines for manufacture of abrasives

OpenAIRE

Sancho, J.; García, M. P.; García, M. F.; Ayala, J.; Verdeja, L. E.

2002-01-01

This paper deals with the feasibihty of producing synthetic abrasives from a by-product of the Bayer process: the cyclone fines, through synthesis aided by mineralizers addition. The main result has been the production of a low temperature (1200-1300 °C) polish by adding fluoride mineralizers, that could be in clear competence with synthetic corundum obtained also in this work by a more traditional way: sodium removal, using of magnesium oxide as mineralizer, and high calcination temperatures...

Muon-oxygen bonding in V2O3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chan, K.C.B.; Lichti, R.L.; Boekema, C.

1986-01-01

A muon site search using calculated internal fields has been performed for V 2 O 3 , where purely dipolar fields allow a site determination free from covalent complications. The obtained sites are a subset of the Rodriguez and Bates sites found in α-Fe 2 O 3 and indicate muon oxygen bond formation. The sites missing at low temperatures are consistent with the vanadium pairing mechanism for the metal-to-insulator (corundum-to-monoclinic) phase transition. (orig.)

A unique corundum and refractory metal-nugget bearing micrometeorite P117

Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)

Rudraswami, N.G.; Reshma, K.; ShyamPrasad, M.

Micrometeorites provide a large range of samples sourced from a wide variety of planetary materials, thereby providing a scope for expanding the known inventory of solar system materials. Here we report the micrometeorite AAS62-34-P117 having...

Interaction force measurement between E. coli cells and nanoparticles immobilized surfaces by using AFM.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Wen; Stack, Andrew G; Chen, Yongsheng

2011-02-01

To better understand environmental behaviors of nanoparticles (NPs), we used the atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure interaction forces between E. coli cells and NPs immobilized on surfaces in an aqueous environment. The results showed that adhesion force strength was significantly influenced by particle size for both hematite (α-Fe(2)O(3)) and corundum (α-Al(2)O(3)) NPs whereas the effect on the repulsive force was not observed. The adhesion force decreased from 6.3±0.7nN to 0.8±0.4nN as hematite NPs increased from 26nm to 98nm in diameter. Corundum NPs exhibited a similar dependence of adhesion force on particle size. The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) model was employed to estimate the contact area between E. coli cells and NPs, and based on the JKR model a new model that considers local effective contact area was developed. The prediction of the new model matched the size dependence of adhesion force in experimental results. Size effects on adhesion forces may originate from the difference in local effective contact areas as supported by our model. These findings provide fundamental information for interpreting the environmental behaviors and biological interactions of NPs, which barely have been addressed. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of SLA titanium surfaces with further alkali or hydrogen peroxide and heat treatment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, E W; Wang, Y B; Zheng, Y F; Shuai, K G; Gao, F; Bai, Y J; Cheng, Y; Xiong, X L; Wei, S C

2011-01-01

The present study aimed to evaluate the bioactivity of titanium surfaces sandblasted with large-grit corundum and acid etched (SLA) plus further alkali or hydrogen peroxide and heat treatment for dental implant application. Pure titanium disks were mechanically polished as control surface (Ti-control) and then sandblasted with large-grit corundum and acid etched (SLA). Further chemical modifications were conducted using alkali and heat treatment (ASLA) and hydrogen peroxide and heat treatment (HSLA) alternatively. The surface properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle and roughness measurements. Further evaluation of surface bioactivity was conducted by MC3T3-E1 cell attachment, proliferation, morphology, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition on the sample surfaces. After insertion in the beagle's mandibula for a specific period, cylindrical implant samples underwent micro-CT examination and then histological examination. It was found that ASLA and HSLA surfaces significantly increased the surface wettability and MC3T3-E1 cell attachment percentage, ALP activity and the quality of calcium deposition in comparison with simple SLA and Ti-control surfaces. Animal studies showed good osseointegration of ASLA and HSLA surfaces with host bone. In conclusion, ASLA and HSLA surfaces enhanced the bioactivity of the traditional SLA surface by integrating the advantages of surface topography, composition and wettability.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of SLA titanium surfaces with further alkali or hydrogen peroxide and heat treatment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhang, E W; Wang, Y B; Zheng, Y F [State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System, Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Shuai, K G; Gao, F; Bai, Y J; Cheng, Y; Xiong, X L [Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Wei, S C, E-mail: enwei@pku.edu.cn, E-mail: yanbo.pku@pku.edu.cn, E-mail: shuaikegang@gmail.com, E-mail: soarfgoal@gmail.com, E-mail: norice86@163.com, E-mail: chengyan@pku.edu.cn, E-mail: xxiaoling11@hotmail.com, E-mail: yfzheng@pku.edu.cn, E-mail: weishicheng99@163.com [Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081 (China)

2011-04-15

The present study aimed to evaluate the bioactivity of titanium surfaces sandblasted with large-grit corundum and acid etched (SLA) plus further alkali or hydrogen peroxide and heat treatment for dental implant application. Pure titanium disks were mechanically polished as control surface (Ti-control) and then sandblasted with large-grit corundum and acid etched (SLA). Further chemical modifications were conducted using alkali and heat treatment (ASLA) and hydrogen peroxide and heat treatment (HSLA) alternatively. The surface properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle and roughness measurements. Further evaluation of surface bioactivity was conducted by MC3T3-E1 cell attachment, proliferation, morphology, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition on the sample surfaces. After insertion in the beagle's mandibula for a specific period, cylindrical implant samples underwent micro-CT examination and then histological examination. It was found that ASLA and HSLA surfaces significantly increased the surface wettability and MC3T3-E1 cell attachment percentage, ALP activity and the quality of calcium deposition in comparison with simple SLA and Ti-control surfaces. Animal studies showed good osseointegration of ASLA and HSLA surfaces with host bone. In conclusion, ASLA and HSLA surfaces enhanced the bioactivity of the traditional SLA surface by integrating the advantages of surface topography, composition and wettability.

Synthesis and characterization of SiC based composite materials for immobilizing radioactive graphite

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Qing; Teng, Yuancheng; Wu, Lang; Zhang, Kuibao; Zhao, Xiaofeng; Hu, Zhuang

2018-06-01

In order to immobilize high-level radioactive graphite, silicon carbide based composite materials{ (1-x) SiC· x MgAl2O4 (0.1 ≤ x≤0.4) } were fabricated by solid-state reaction at 1370 °C for 2 h in vacuum. Residual graphite and precipitated corundum were observed in the as-synthesized product, which attributed to the interface reaction of element silicon and magnesium compounds. To further understand the reasons for the presence of graphite and corundum, the effects of mole ratio of Si/C, MgAl2O4 content and non-stoichiometry of MgAl2O4 on the synthesis were investigated. To immobilize graphite better, residual graphite should be eliminated. The target product was obtained when the mole ratio of Si/C was 1.3:1, MgAl2O4 content was x = 0.2, and the mole ratio of Al to Mg in non-stoichiometric MgAl2O4 was 1.7:1. In addition, the interface reaction between magnesium compounds and silicon not graphite was displayed by conducting a series of comparative experiments. The key factor for the occurrence of interface reaction is that oxygen atom is transferred from magnesium compound to SiO gas. Infrared and Raman spectrum revealed the increased disorders of graphite after being synthesized.

The Study on Thermal Expansion of Ceramic Composites with Addition of ZrW[2]O]8

OpenAIRE

Dedova, Elena Sergeevna; Shadrin, V. S.; Petrushina, M. Y.; Kulkov, Sergey Nikolaevich

2016-01-01

The studies on structure, phase composition and thermal properties of (Al[2]O[3] - 20 wt% ZrO[2]) - ZrW[2]O[8] ceramic composites obtained using nanosized, initial powders were conducted. Homogeneously distributed white particles on the polished surface of composites were observed. Phase composition of the composites was represented with corundum, monoclinic ZrO[2] and two modifications of ZrW[2]O[8] (tetragonal and cubic). Linear thermal expansion coefficient values of the composites were de...

High temperature compression tests performed on doped fuels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Duguay, C.; Mocellin, A.; Dehaudt, P.; Fantozzi, G.

1997-01-01

The use of additives of corundum structure M 2 O 3 (M=Cr, Al) is an effective way of promoting grain growth of uranium dioxide. The high-temperature compressive deformation of large-grained UO 2 doped with these oxides has been investigated and compared with that of pure UO 2 with a standard microstructure. Such doped fuels are expected to exhibit enhanced plasticity. Their use would therefore reduce the pellet-cladding mechanical interaction and thus improve the performances of the nuclear fuel. (orig.)

The Effects of Wear upon the Axial Profile of a Grinding Wheel in the Construction of Innovative Grinding Wheels for Internal Cylindrical Grinding

OpenAIRE

Nadolny, K.; Słowiński, B.

2011-01-01

The article describes the effects of wear upon the axial profile of a grinding wheel in the axial cylindrical grinding processes. This mechanism was used to develop a grinding wheel with zone diversified structure made of microcrystalline sintered corundum abrasive grains and vitrifies bond. Such a grinding wheel is characterized by the conical rough grinding zone that is made by grains of a relatively large size, and a cylindrical finish grinding zone with grains of a smaller size and can be...

Application of siliceous metal product for preliminary deoxidizing of metal in open-hearth furnaces

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Luk'yanenko, A.A.; Evdokimov, A.V.; Kornilov, V.N.; Il'in, V.I.; Kuleshov, Yu.V.

1995-01-01

Metal wastes of abrasive processes-concomitant product of synthetic corundum production containing approximately 10 % Si - were tested for preliminary deoxidizing of metal in furnace to reduce manganese loss in burning and to increase the steel deoxidizing. The technology of preliminary deoxidizing of metal by siliceous metal product was mastered in the course of low carbon steel melting (st3sp, st4sp). The results of the study has shown that the use of siliceous metal product permits reducing the consumption of manganese-containing ferroalloys. 1 tab

Research of Attrition of Cyclone Walls Made from Different Materials Under the Influence of Various Abbrasive Materials

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tomas Gailius

2016-04-01

Full Text Available To eliminate particulate pollutants from air cyclones are being used. This article reviews the influence of particulate pollutants on cyclone insert. The stand was designed with possibility to change insert, rotation of engine and abrasive materials. Steel, stainless steel and polyurethane were used for inserts. Sand, glass balls, steel balls and corundum were used as abrasive materials. For the insert the steel balls has the strongest influence, when rotation of engine was 2400 rpm. Stainless steel was the most wearproof material for inserts.

Interaction of trivalent lanthanides and actinides with aluminium oxides and hydroxides; Wechselwirkung von dreiwertigen Lanthaniden und Actiniden mit Aluminiumoxiden und -hydroxiden

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kupcik, Tomas

2011-10-28

The subject of the present work is the interaction of trivalent actinides Cm(III) and lanthanides (Eu(III) and Gd(III)) with aluminium oxides and -hydroxides, namely corundum/sapphire (α-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}), gibbsite (α-Al(OH){sub 3}) and bayerite (β-Al(OH){sub 3}), as well as the polyoxocations ''Al{sub 13}'' (Al{sub 13}O{sub 4}(OH){sub 24}(H{sub 2}O){sub 12}{sup 7+}) and ''GaAl{sub 12}'' (GaO{sub 4}Al{sub 12}(OH){sub 24}(H{sub 2}O){sub 12}{sup 7+}). These investigations should contribute to a sound understanding of the solution-mineral-interface reactions relevant for the migration of radionuclides (in particular the actinides) in the near and far field of a repository for high-level radioactive waste in deep geological formations, e.g. adsorption and structural incorporation. Batch sorption studies show similar logK{sub d} values for Eu(III) sorption onto corundum and bayerite at low metal ion concentrations ([M(III)] ∝ 7.10{sup -7} M). These similarities can be related to the formation of Al-OH groups on the aluminium oxide surfaces. Comparable logK{sub d} values could be found in earlier investigations for Gd(III) sorbed onto γ-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. In agreement with the batch sorption results at trace metal ion concentrations, time resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) studies on the interaction of Cm(III) with corundum and bayerite suggest a similar Cm(III) speciation between pH = 3 and 13. Three different surface sorbed Cm(III) species can be distinguished for these mineral phases ([surface..Cm(OH){sub x}(H{sub 2}O){sub 5-x}]{sup 3-x} with x = 0, 1, 2). Comparable TRLFS results can also be found for Cm(III) sorbed on the sapphire (001) single crystal surface and on ''Al{sub 13}'' and ''GaAl{sub 12}''. In the Cm(III)/gibbsite system, spectroscopic results show clear differences in comparison to bayerite, corundum and γ-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, e.g. a Cm(III) species of

Measuring the temperature dependent thermal diffusivity of geomaterials using high-speed differential scanning calorimetry

Science.gov (United States)

von Aulock, Felix W.; Wadsworth, Fabian B.; Vasseur, Jeremie; Lavallée, Yan

2016-04-01

Heat diffusion in the Earth's crust is critical to fundamental geological processes, such as the cooling of magma, heat dissipation during and following transient heating events (e.g. during frictional heating along faults), and to the timescales of contact metamorphosis. The complex composition and multiphase nature of geomaterials prohibits the accurate modeling of thermal diffusivities and measurements over a range of temperatures are sparse due to the specialized nature of the equipment and lack of instrument availability. We present a novel method to measure the thermal diffusivity of geomaterials such as minerals and rocks with high precision and accuracy using a commercially available differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). A DSC 404 F1 Pegasus® equipped with a Netzsch high-speed furnace was used to apply a step-heating program to corundum single crystal standards of varying thicknesses. The standards were cylindrical discs of 0.25-1 mm thickness with 5.2-6 mm diameter. Heating between each 50 °C temperature interval was conducted at a rate of 100 °C/min over the temperature range 150-1050 °C. Such large heating rates induces temperature disequilibrium in the samples used. However, isothermal segments of 2 minutes were used during which the temperature variably equilibrated with the furnace between the heating segments and thus the directly-measured heat-flow relaxed to a constant value before the next heating step was applied. A finite-difference 2D conductive heat transfer model was used in cylindrical geometry for which the measured furnace temperature was directly applied as the boundary condition on the sample-cylinder surfaces. The model temperature was averaged over the sample volume per unit time and converted to heat-flow using the well constrained thermal properties for corundum single crystals. By adjusting the thermal diffusivity in the model solution and comparing the resultant heat-flow with the measured values, we obtain a model

Vanadium-rich ruby and sapphire within Mogok Gemfield, Myanmar: implications for gem color and genesis

Science.gov (United States)

Zaw, Khin; Sutherland, Lin; Yui, Tzen-Fu; Meffre, Sebastien; Thu, Kyaw

2015-01-01

Rubies and sapphires are of both scientific and commercial interest. These gemstones are corundum colored by transition elements within the alumina crystal lattice: Cr3+ yields red in ruby and Fe2+, Fe3+, and Ti4+ ionic interactions color sapphires. A minor ion, V3+ induces slate to purple colors and color change in some sapphires, but its role in coloring rubies remains enigmatic. Trace element and oxygen isotope composition provide genetic signatures for natural corundum and assist geographic typing. Here, we show that V can dominate chromophore contents in Mogok ruby suites. This raises implications for their color quality, enhancement treatments, geographic origin, exploration and exploitation and their comparison with rubies elsewhere. Precise LA-ICP-MS analysis of ruby and sapphire from Mogok placer and in situ deposits reveal that V can exceed 5,000 ppm, giving V/Cr, V/Fe and V/Ti ratios up to 26, 78, and 97 respectively. Such values significantly exceed those found elsewhere suggesting a localized geological control on V-rich ruby distribution. Our results demonstrate that detailed geochemical studies of ruby suites reveal that V is a potential ruby tracer, encourage comparisons of V/Cr-variation between ruby suites and widen the scope for geographic typing and genesis of ruby. This will allow more precise comparison of Asian and other ruby fields and assist confirmation of Mogok sources for rubies in historical and contemporary gems and jewelry.

The effect of soil mineral phases on the abiotic degradation of selected organic compounds. Final report, June 31, 1990--December 31, 1994

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sandhu, S.S.

1994-12-31

Funds were received from the United States Department of Energy to study the effects of soil mineral phases on the rates of abiotic degradation of tetraphenylborate (TPB) and diphenylboronic acid (DPBA). In addition to kaolinite and montmorillonite clay minerals, the role of goethite, corundum, manganite, and rutile in the degradation of organoborates was also evaluated. The effects of DPBA, argon, molecular dioxygen (O{sub 2}), temperature, and organic matter on the degradation of organoborates were also measured. The results indicated that TPB and DPBA degraded rapidly on the mineral surfaces. The initial products generated from the degradation of TPB were DPBA and biphenyl; however, further degradation resulted in the formation of phenylboric acid and phenol which persisted even after TPB disappeared. The data also showed that the rate of TPB degradation was faster in kaolinite, a 1:1 clay mineral, than in montmorillonite, a double layer mineral. The initial degradation of TPB by corundum was much higher than goethite, manganite and rutile. However, no further degradation by this mineral was observed where as the degradation of TPB continued by goethite and rutile minerals. Over all, the degradation rate of TPB was the highest for goethite as compared to the other metal oxide minerals. The degradation of TPB and DPBA was a redox reaction where metals (Fe, Al, Ti, Mn) acted as Lewis acids. DPBA and argon retarded the TPB degradation where as molecular oxygen organic matter and temperature increased the rate of TPB disappearance.

Fracturing of subterranean formations

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kiel, O.M.; Kidwell, A.L.

1968-03-19

This method of propping fractured formations results in high conductivities. In the method, certain naturally occurring crystals are used as propping agents. Suitable crystals include garnet, corundum, zircon, rutile, high-temperature quartz, and other minerals which have Moh's hardness values of about 6 or greater and weather out as individual crystals of about 40 mesh or larger. These are said to result in permeabilities significantly higher than those obtained with ordinary quartz sand, metallic shot, glass beads, plastic particles, walnut hulls, or similar materials. (10 claims)

High temperature compression tests performed on doped fuels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Duguay, C.; Mocellin, A.; Dehaudt, P. [Commissariat a l`Energie Atomique, CEA Grenoble (France); Fantozzi, G. [INSA Lyon - GEMPPM, Villeurbanne (France)

1997-12-31

The use of additives of corundum structure M{sub 2}O{sub 3} (M=Cr, Al) is an effective way of promoting grain growth of uranium dioxide. The high-temperature compressive deformation of large-grained UO{sub 2} doped with these oxides has been investigated and compared with that of pure UO{sub 2} with a standard microstructure. Such doped fuels are expected to exhibit enhanced plasticity. Their use would therefore reduce the pellet-cladding mechanical interaction and thus improve the performances of the nuclear fuel. (orig.) 5 refs.

Variation of the dimensions and the strength of electrical ceramics during irradiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Blaunshtein, I.M.; Kishinevskaya, M.B.; Muminov, M.I.

1988-01-01

Changes were studied in the linear dimensions and the ultimate bend strength of a wide range or ceramic materials (MK and GB7 high-alumina ceramics, the UF-46 mullite-corundum ceramic, SNTs and SK-1 steatite ceramics, and the glasses that have the same chemical composition as that of the glass phase of the GB-7 and UF-46 ceramics) following irradiation with a gamma beam from a Co 60 source and in the field of mixed gamma-neutron radiation from a VVR-SM reactor up to the maximum doses

A double cell for X-ray absorption spectrometry of atomic Zn

CERN Document Server

Mihelic, A; Arcon, I; Padeznik-Gomilsek, J; Borowski, M

2002-01-01

A high-temperature cell with a double wall design has been constructed for X-ray absorption spectrometry of metal vapors. The inner cell, assembled from a corundum tube and thin plates without welding or reshaping, serves as a container of the vapor sample. It is not vacuum tight: instead, the outer tube provides inert atmosphere. Several spectra of K-edge atomic absorption of Zn were obtained in the stationary working regime below the Zn boiling point. The K-edge profile shows an extremely strong resonance and, above the continuum threshold, coexcitations of the outer electrons.

Etude par diffraction des rayons X in situ des mécanismes d'oxydation de l'acier AISI 304 entre 800°C et 1000°C. Influence des dépôts sol-gel de lanthane et de cérium. Apport de la spectroscopie infrarouge à l'identification des oxydes mixtes

OpenAIRE

Karimi , Noureddine

2007-01-01

This work presents a study on the AISI 304 oxidation mechanism within the temperature range of 800 to 1000°C, in air. We have closely examined the effect of Lanthanum and Cerium sol-gel coating on the oxidation process. IR spectroscopy enables us to better identify the mixed oxides FeCr2O4 and Mn1,5Cr1,5O4 and the corundum type oxides Fe2O3 and Cr2O3. The combination of various analytical techniques such as: in situ XRD, IR spectroscopy, MEB, EDS and MET, lead us to propose a new oxidation me...

Cermet sintering on the oase of molybdenum, nickel, aluminium oxide in dry and wet hydrogen medium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fedotov, A.V.; Lutskaya, E.Eh.

1985-01-01

Cermet sintering on the base of molybdenum, nickel and aluminium oxide in dry and wer hydrogen medium is studied. It is stated that presence of water vapours permits to decrease sintering temperature of molybdenum containing cermets and to prepare dense nickeliferous cermets. Cermet density can he rather high at final stages of sintering that is probably conditioned by decrease of growth rate of corundum crystals. Pressing pressure activates cermet siptering at intermediate stages and it is low effective at finite stages of condensation. Constancy of relative reduction of void volume is preserved only at final stages of sintering

Refining of high-temperature uranium melt by filtration through foam-ceramic filters

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Antsiferov, V.N.; Porozova, S.E.; Filippov, V.B.; Shtutsa, M.G.; Il'enko, E.V.; Kolotygina, N.S.

2004-01-01

An opportunity of applying foam-ceramic filters of corundum-mullite composition has been studied in refining natural uranium melts. Uranium melting conditions were chosen depending on technical characteristics of the foam ceramic filters. When their using, a portion of nonmetallic inclusions decreases by 20-30% (as little as 2.0-3.5% ingot weight), their size is reduced and their distribution in the ingot volume is equalized, contamination of uranium by the filter material being failed to be noticed. The parameters of foam-ceramic filters are optimized for provision of stable characteristics of uranium melt filtration process [ru

[PVD-silicoating before cementation of zirconia-based knee prostheses effects better cement adhesion and lower aseptic loosening rates].

Science.gov (United States)

Marx, R; Faramarzi, R; Oberbach, T; Begand, S; Grätz, N; Wirtz, D C

2012-02-01

CoCrMo alloys are contraindicated for allergy patients. For these patients, cemented or uncemented prostheses made of titanium alloy are indicated. Uncemented prostheses, however, have low primary retention, particularly the tibial components of knee joint prostheses because of the lack of a positive locking. Therefore, for knee replacement cemented CoCrMo prostheses may be suitable also for allergy sufferers if these are masked by ZrN or TiNbN layers. Alternatively the CoCrMo alloy may be replaced by high-strength oxide ceramics. For adhesion of bone cement to the ceramic surface, however, only inefficient mechanical retention spots are exposed as compared with a metal surface. Undercuts generated by corundum blasting, although highly efficient on a CoCrMo surface, are not such efficient centres on a ceramic surface due to its brittleness. Therefore, the mechanical component of retention is significantly reduced. When specific adhesion between bone cement and surface does not exist due to physical and chemical forces, the hydrolytic stability will be insufficient. Micromotions are promoted and early aseptic loosening is predictable. Silicoating of the ceramic surface will allow specific adhesion and can result in better hydrolytic stability of bonding. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of silicoating the bond strengths of blasted (mean size of corundum grains 50 µm) and silicate layered alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) surfaces were compared with "as fired" surfaces by utilising TiAlV probes (diameter 6 mm) for traction-adhesive strength testing. Samples machined out of CoCrMo alloy were utilised for reference. After preparing the samples for traction-adhesive strength testing (sequence: substrate, silicate and silane, protective lacquer [PolyMA], bone cement, TiAlV probe) they were aged up to 360 days at 37 °C in Ringer's solution. The bond strengths observed for all ageing intervals were well above 20 MPa and much higher and more hydrolytically

Nature and mechanism of blue glow of corundum crystals; new point of view

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bessonova, T.S.; Zabara, A.S.

1987-01-01

The photoluminescence and radioluminescence spectra were investigated for corrundum crystals grown by Verneil method with following thermal treatment in different conditions: 1) annealing in oxygen 8p=10 5 Pa, T=1770 K, t=5x10 5 s); 2) vacuum annealing (p=10 -3 Pa, T=2220 K, t=10 5 s); 3) annelaing in high reducing atmosphere. Two kinds of luminescence processes is shown to exist at 415-420 nm. Blue glow with δ ∼ 55 nm (band halfwidth) is due to anion vacancies while glow with δ ∼ 100 nm is caused by titanium ions of valancy 4. mechanisms of mentioned kinds of luminescence and their distinctive features presented. New model of electron transitions in Al 2 O 3 -lattice including anion vacancie for different excitation means is proposed

Autoradiographic study of corrosion of refractories

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lisenenkova, S.B.; Kucheryavyi, M.N.; Bursteva, T.A.

1988-01-01

A comparative study was made of the character of the interaction between a container-glass melt consisting of sodium calcium silicate and refractories in various furnace sections using an autoradiographic method. Static tests were conducted on specimens of the following refractories: chrome-aluminum-zircon, Bakor 41, corundum, a high alumina refractory, and a refractory based on tin dioxide. The specimens were activated by calcium 45. Autoradiography and photomicrography indicated that an intrinsic feature of all refractories was that calcium from the melt penetrated the refractories along the weak link; for fused-cast refractories, the glass phase; and for sintered refractories, through the binder and cracks

Experimental and ab initio study of the nuclear quadrupole interaction of 181Ta-probes in an α-Fe2O3 single crystal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Darriba, G. N.; Muñoz, E. L.; Eversheim, P. D.; Rentería, M.

2010-01-01

We report perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) experiments on 181 Hf (→ 181 Ta)-implanted corundum α-Fe 2 O 3 single crystal in order to determine the magnitude, symmetry and orientation of the electric-field-gradient (EFG) tensor at Ta donor impurity sites of this semiconductor. These results are analyzed in the framework of ab initio full-potential augmented-plane wave plus local orbital (FP-APW+lo) calculations. This combined analysis enables us to quantify the magnitude of the lattice relaxations induced by the presence of the impurity and to determine the charge state of the impurity donor level introduced by Ta in the band gap of the semiconductor.

Investigation of the Morin transition in α-Fe2O3 by the Moessbauer effect

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tobler, L.; Kuendig, W.; Savic, I.

1981-01-01

Hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) is an antiferromagnet with the corundum structure D 63 sub(d). Below the Morin temperature (Tsub(M) approx. equal to 260 K) the Fe-spins are parallel to the trigonal axis. Between Tsub(M) and the Neel temperature (Tsub(N) = 960 K), the spins lie in the basal plane. A small angle between the spins of the two magnetic sublattices leads to a weak ferromagnetism at T > Tsub(M). In the experiment to be described the Morin transition was investigated by the Moessbauer effect. This work was stimulated by μSR-investigations on α-Fe 2 O 3 . (orig.)

Man-made gemstones; Jinko hoseki

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Isogami, M. [Kyocera Corp., Kyoto (Japan)

2000-01-01

Birth and development of the man-made gemstones in the 20th century are outlined. Manufacturing gemstones was initiated by the invention of corundum production, followed by production of rubies and sapphires. In 1950 GE Co. synthesized diamonds, after that, most gemstones were manufactured consequently by progress of technologies of single crystal growing and ceramic manufacturing. In the 21st century, steep growth in demand is not expected but it seems to keep steady growth and the importance and necessity of man-made gemstones may be increased because of global environmental issues. Man-made gemstones seem to have both personality and variety of characteristics. (NEDO)

Study of iron-zinc catalysts by Moessbauer spectroscopy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Arriola, S.H.

1990-01-01

The Moessbauer parameters were determined on a series of catalyst mixtures of iron and zinc oxides with variable quantities of zinc. A change in the crystal structure of the iron oxide when introducing zinc into the samples was observed. The corundum structure of the α-Fe 2 O 3 phase was transformed into the spinel type of zinc ferrite when zinc oxide was present in any quantity. A strong electronic interaction between the zinc ferrite and the zinc oxide present in excess was evident. The catalysts were analyzed using x-ray fluorescence and x-ray diffraction methods. (author) 10 refs.; 4 figs.; 2 tabs

Structure and electronic properties of AlCrO{sub x}N{sub 1−x} thin films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Najafi, H.; Karimi, A. [Institute of Condensed Matter Physics (ICMP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne (Switzerland); Oveisi, E. [Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory (LSME-ICMP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne (Switzerland); Morstein, M. [PLATIT AG, Advanced Coating Systems, CH-2545 Selzach (Switzerland)

2014-12-01

In this study, the main attempt is devoted to investigating the microstructure and electronic properties of AlCrO{sub x}N{sub 1−x} films in a wide range of oxygen concentrations from 0 to 1. These oxynitride films were deposited by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering from Al{sub 55}Cr{sub 45} targets. Our results showed that films with x = O/(O + N) < 0.6, exhibit a cubic (B1) lattice with a well-developed columnar structure. The incorporation of oxygen into the films without any oxide segregation results in the formation of a substitutional AlCrO{sub x}N{sub 1−x} solid solution and material system behaves like nitrides electronically. In the range of oxygen contents from 0.6 ≤ O/(O + N) < 0.97, coatings with fine columns, diffuse boundaries and high values of metal vacancies were formed. However, the B1 lattice survived despite the large proportion of oxygen. According to the structural and electronic properties of the corresponding layers, we assign this region to the formation of an amorphous phase and metastable monoxides with a B1 structure. Coatings with O/(O + N) ≥ 0.97 are electronically assigned to a solid solution of α-(Al,Cr){sub 2}(O{sub 0.97},N{sub 0.03}){sub 3} with corundum lattice and finer columnar structure. - Highlights: • AlCr(O{sub x}N{sub 1−x}) layers with variable oxygen content 0 < x < 1 were grown. • The layers with the lowest oxygen content, x < 0.6, electronically behave like nitrides. • Coatings with 0.6 ≤ x < 0.97 are assigned to metastable monoxides. • The oxide region consisted of a solid solution of α-phase with a corundum structure.

A density-functional theory approach to the existence and stability of molybdenum and tungsten sesquioxide polymorphs

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Becker, Nils; Dronskowski, Richard [RWTH Aachen Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen Univ. (Germany). Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance; Reimann, Christoph; Bredow, Thomas [Bonn Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Weber, Dominik; Luedtke, Tobias; Lerch, Martin [Berlin Technische Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Chemie

2017-03-01

The sesquioxides of molybdenum and tungsten have been reported as thin films or on surfaces as early as 1971, but the preparation of bulk materials and their crystal structures are still unknown up to the present day. We present a systematic ab initio approach to their possible syntheses and crystal structures applying complementary methods and basis-set types. For both compounds, the corundum structure is the most stable and does not display any imaginary frequencies. Calculations targeted at a high-pressure synthesis starting from the stable oxides and metals predict a reaction pressure of 15 GPa for Mo{sub 2}O{sub 3} and over 60 GPa for W{sub 2}O{sub 3}.

Experimental and ab initio study of the nuclear quadrupole interaction of {sup 181}Ta-probes in an {alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} single crystal

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Darriba, G. N., E-mail: darriba@fisica.unlp.edu.ar; Munoz, E. L. [Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Departamento de Fisica e Instituto de Fisica La Plata (IFLP, CCT La Plata, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Argentina); Eversheim, P. D. [Universitaet Bonn, Helmholtz-Institut fuer Strahlen- und Kernphysik (H-ISKP) (Germany); Renteria, M., E-mail: renteria@fisica.unlp.edu.ar [Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Departamento de Fisica e Instituto de Fisica La Plata (IFLP, CCT La Plata, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Argentina)

2010-04-15

We report perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) experiments on {sup 181}Hf ({yields}{sup 181}Ta)-implanted corundum {alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} single crystal in order to determine the magnitude, symmetry and orientation of the electric-field-gradient (EFG) tensor at Ta donor impurity sites of this semiconductor. These results are analyzed in the framework of ab initio full-potential augmented-plane wave plus local orbital (FP-APW+lo) calculations. This combined analysis enables us to quantify the magnitude of the lattice relaxations induced by the presence of the impurity and to determine the charge state of the impurity donor level introduced by Ta in the band gap of the semiconductor.

Bauxite to eclogite: Evidence for late Permian supracontinental subduction at the Red River shear zone, northern Vietnam

Science.gov (United States)

Nakano, Nobuhiko; Osanai, Yasuhito; Nam, Nguyen Van; Tri, Tran Van

2018-03-01

We have investigated the geological processes recorded in aluminous granulites from the Red River shear zone in northern Vietnam using mineral and whole-rock chemistries, fluid inclusions, metamorphic pressure-temperature paths, and geochronology. The granulites are extremely rich in Al2O3 (36.3-50.9 wt%), TiO2, and total Fe2O3, and poor in SiO2 (7.9-24.1 wt%), MgO, CaO, Na2O, and K2O. The granulites are enriched in high-field-strength elements and rare earth elements, and severely depleted in large-ion lithophile elements. These features strongly suggest the protolith was lateritic bauxite. Moreover, the other elemental concentrations and the Zr/Ti ratios point to basaltic rock as the precursor of the bauxite. Some of the aluminous granulites contain high-pressure mineral inclusions of kyanite, staurolite, siderite, and rutile, none of which are observed in the matrix. Abundant primary carbonic fluid inclusions are observed in garnet, corundum, and staurolite, but are rare in quartz and zircon. The average densities of fluid inclusions in garnet, corundum, staurolite, quartz, and zircon are 1.00 ± 0.06, 1.07 ± 0.04, 1.09 ± 0.03, 0.29 ± 0.07, and 1.15 ± 0.05 g/cm3, respectively. The mineral features not only in the matrix and but also in garnet from all rock types, isochemical phase diagrams obtained for each bulk rock composition, and Zr-in-rutile thermometry indicate an early eclogite-facies metamorphism ( 2.5 GPa at 650 °C) and a subsequent nearly isothermal decompression. Zircons yield a wide range of U-Pb ages from 265 to 36 Ma, whereas the dark luminescent cores of the zircons, which contain high-density CO2 inclusions, yield a concordia age of 257 ± 8 Ma. These observations suggest that the dark luminescent zircon cores were formed at the same time as the garnet, corundum, and staurolite that contain high-density CO2 fluid inclusions. Based on the carbonic fluid inclusion isochore and the densities as well as calculated phase diagram, the concordia

Analysis of the quadrupolar coupling effect on the line intensities using single-crystal nutation NMR in α-Al2O3 crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Woo, Ae Ja; Cho, So Hyun; Han, Duk Young

2000-01-01

With 1D-nutation NMR for a spin I = 5/2 system, the relative line intensities of central and the inner- and outer-satellite transitions are calculated as functions of quadrupolar coupling ω Q and rf pulse strength ω rf . Experimentally measured line intensities including both central and satellites are used to extract the values of ω Q and ω rf from nonlinear least-squares fits. The method is illustrated in α-Al 2 O 3 crystals (ruby and corundum) with the single-crystal 27 Al nutation NMR spectra. As a result, the new feature that the rf pulse strength shows reduced effect on the satellite transition lines according to the quadrupolar coupling is discussed by using fictitious spin-1/2 operator

Influence of sand movement in the Sahara on the erosion of pipeline network

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Azari Z.

2010-06-01

Full Text Available The influence of sandblasting on a surface notched of pipeline with API 5L X52 steel is studied. The purpose of this study is to determine the evolution of static characteristics and lifetime of material in both directions of pipeline (Longitudinal (L and Transverse (T. Specimens were taken from a pipeline and the material damage was made by projecting corundum particles (aluminium oxide. In order to justify the evolution of mechanical properties of material, residual stress analysis was realized by the technique of X-ray diffraction. The observation of damage mode and distribution of residual stress under the notch tip show that the material hardening, the notch radius and the compressive stress, play together an important role in stabilizing the material mechanical properties.

Kinetics of F center annealing and colloid formation in Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kotomin, E.A., E-mail: kotomin@latnet.lv [Institute of Solid State Physics, Kengaraga 8, Riga LV 1063 (Latvia); Kuzovkov, V.N.; Popov, A.I. [Institute of Solid State Physics, Kengaraga 8, Riga LV 1063 (Latvia); Vila, R. [CIEMAT, Madrid (Spain)

2016-05-01

The diffusion-controlled kinetics of the F center annealing in Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} (sapphire, corundum) is simulated theoretically for the two regimes: after neutron irradiation when the immobile F centers are annihilated with complementary defects – mobile interstitial oxygen ions, and in thermochemically reduced (additively colored) crystals where mobile F centers aggregate and create the metal colloids. A comparison of the experimental and theoretical kinetics allowed us to estimate the migration energies for the F centers and interstitial oxygen ions. It is obtained that the pre-exponents in diffusion coefficients for defects in different neutron irradiated samples can vary by two orders of magnitude which is attributed by presence of numerous traps for mobile interstitial oxygen ions.

Interlocked chiral/polar domain walls and large optical rotation in Ni3TeO6

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Xueyun Wang

2015-07-01

Full Text Available Chirality, i.e., handedness, pervades much of modern science from elementary particles, DNA-based biology to molecular chemistry; however, most of the chirality-relevant materials have been based on complex molecules. Here, we report inorganic single-crystalline Ni3TeO6, forming in a corundum-related R3 structure with both chirality and polarity. These chiral Ni3TeO6 single crystals exhibit a large optical specific rotation (α—1355° dm−1 cm3 g−1. We demonstrate, for the first time, that in Ni3TeO6, chiral and polar domains form an intriguing domain pattern, resembling a radiation warning sign, which stems from interlocked chiral and polar domain walls through lowering of the wall energy.

Influence of Surface Pretreatment on the Corrosion Resistance of Cold-Sprayed Nickel Coatings in Acidic Chloride Solution

Science.gov (United States)

Scendo, Mieczyslaw; Zorawski, Wojciech; Staszewska-Samson, Katarzyna; Makrenek, Medard; Goral, Anna

2018-03-01

Corrosion resistance of the cold-sprayed nickel coatings deposited on the Ni surface (substrate) without and with abrasive grit-blasting treatment of the substrate was investigated. The corundum powder with different grain sizes was used. The corrosive environment contained an acidic chloride solution. The mechanism of the corrosion of nickel was suggested and discussed. Corrosion electrochemical parameters were determined by electrochemical methods. The corrosion effect of a nickel coating depends on the grain size used to prepare the substrate. The nickel coating after the medium grit-blasting treatment of the substrate was found to be the most corrosion resistant. However, the smallest resistance on the corrosion effect should be attributed to the nickel coating on the substrate after the coarse grit-blasting treatment.

Pulsed Laser deposition of Al2O3 thin film on silicon

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lamagna, A.; Duhalde, S.; Correra, L.; Nicoletti, S.

1998-01-01

Al 2 O 3 thin films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on Si 3 N 4 /Si, to improve the thermal and electrical isolation of gas sensing devices. The microstructure of the films is analysed as a function of the deposition conditions (laser fluence, oxygen pressure, target-substrate distance and substrate temperature). X-ray analysis shows that only a sharp peak that coincides with the corundum (116) reflection can be observed in all the films. But, when they are annealed at temperatures above 1,200 degree centigrade, a change in the crystalline structure of some films occurs. The stoichiometry and morphology of the films with and without thermal treatment are compared using environmental scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDAX analysis. (Author) 14 refs

Depth concentrations of deuterium ions implanted into some pure metals and alloys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Didyk, A.Yu.; Wisniewski, R.; Kitowski, K.; Wilczynska, T.; Hofman, A.; Kulikauskas, V.; Shiryaev, A.A.; Zubavichyus, Ya.V.

2011-01-01

Pure metals (Cu, Ti, Zr, V, Pd) and diluted Pd alloys (Pd-Ag, Pd-Pt, Pd-Ru, Pd-Rh) were implanted by 25-keV deuterium ions at fluences in the range (1.2-2.3) x 10 22 D + /m 2 . The post-treatment depth distributions of deuterium ions were measured 10 days and three months after the implantation by using Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS). Comparison of the obtained results allowed us to make conclusions about relative stability of deuterium and hydrogen gases in pure metals and diluted Pd alloys. Very high diffusion rates of implanted deuterium ions from V and Pd pure metals and Pd alloys were observed. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed formation of nanosized defects in implanted corundum and titanium

Design of pore size of macroporous ceramic substrates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Szewald, O.; Kotsis, I.

2000-01-01

A method has been developed for the design of macro-porous ceramic substrates. Based on geometrical and regression models detailed technology was worked out for producing these 100% open porous filters, which were made using quasi homo-disperse fractions of corundum of diameters of several tens and hundreds microns and glassy binding material. Axial pressing was used as a forming process. Pore networks with size distribution that can be defined by a curve having one maximum were provided applying the above technology. Based on geometrical considerations and measurements it was proved that these maximums are at characteristic pore sizes that depend only on characteristic size of the original grain fractions and on the extent of the axial forming pressure. Copyright (2000) AD-TECH - International Foundation for the Advancement of Technology Ltd

Synthesis of LTA zeolite on corundum supports: Preliminary assessment for heavy metal removal from waste water

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jacas, A.; Ortega, P.; Velasco, M. J.; Camblor, M. A.; Rodriguez, M. A.

2012-01-01

The effectiveness of materials based on LTA Zeolite as active phase, for their incorporation into systems aimed at the removal of heavy metals on waste water is evaluated in a preliminary way. This type of Zeolite with the main channel of a minimum free diameter of 0,41 nm and a low SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio is an interesting molecular sieve, which in turn display a high ion exchange capacity. From this point of view, LTA Zeolite crystals were obtained in situ by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by x ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We have studied the effect of hydrothermal synthesis time at 378 K. Likewise, the removal capacity of heavy metal from the active phase was evaluated in as a first step on diluted solutions of cooper salts at slightly acidic pH (∼ 4,7). (Author) 28 refs.

Concept of a utility scale dispatch able solar thermal electricity plant with an indirect particle receiver in a single tower layout

Science.gov (United States)

Schwaiger, Karl; Haider, Markus; Haemmerle, Martin; Steiner, Peter; Obermaier, Michael-Dario

2016-05-01

Flexible dispatch able solar thermal electricity plants applying state of the art power cycles have the potential of playing a vital role in modern electricity systems and even participating in the ancillary market. By replacing molten salt via particles, operation temperatures can be increased and plant efficiencies of over 45 % can be reached. In this work the concept for a utility scale plant using corundum as storage/heat transfer material is thermodynamically modeled and its key performance data are cited. A novel indirect fluidized bed particle receiver concept is presented, profiting from a near black body behavior being able to heat up large particle flows by realizing temperature cycles over 500°C. Specialized fluidized bed steam-generators are applied with negligible auxiliary power demand. The performance of the key components is discussed and a rough sketch of the plant is provided.

Thermal behaviour and microanalysis of coal subbituminus

Science.gov (United States)

Heriyanti; Prendika, W.; Ashyar, R.; Sutrisno

2018-04-01

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is used to study the thermal behaviour of sub-bituminous coal. The DSC experiment was performed in air atmosphere up to 125 °C at a heating rate of 25 °C min1. The DSC curve showed that the distinct transitional stages in the coal samples studied. Thermal heating temperature intervals, peak and dissociation energy of the coal samples were also determined. The XRD analysis was used to evaluate the diffraction pattern and crystal structure of the compounds in the coal sample at various temperatures (25-350 °C). The XRD analysis of various temperatures obtained compounds from the coal sample, dominated by quartz (SiO2) and corundum (Al2O3). The increase in temperature of the thermal treatment showed a better crystal formation.

Dislocation motion and high temperature plasticity of binary and ternary oxides

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bretheau, T.; Castaing, J.; Rabier, J.; Veyssiere, P.

1979-01-01

Literature dealing with the plasticity of single crystal oxides deformed at elevated temperatures and the associated mobility of dislocations is reviewed. The experimental approach to the subject is examined critically by selecting oxides and deforming samples and by studying their specific mechanical behaviour, characterizing the deformation substructures and modelling the rate controlling processes. Since oxides with the simple rocksalt structure (Mg0, Ni0, Co0, Fe0,...) are not representative of all oxides, examples of other structures are also examined in detail, including Ti0 2 and Cu 2 0 oxides with fluorite (Zr0 2 , U0 2 ), with corundum (A1 2 0 3 ) and with spinel (MgA1 2 0 4 ternary) structures. Occasionally work on more exotic compounds like Y 2 0 3 or some with the garnet structure is included. (UK)

Study of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on Aluminum Composites

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Leonid Agureev

2018-06-01

Full Text Available Coatings, with a thickness of up to 75 µm, were formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO under the alternating current electrical mode in a silicate-alkaline electrolyte on aluminum composites without additives and alloyed with copper (1–4.5%. The coatings’ structure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nuclear backscattering spectrometry, and XRD analysis. The coatings formed for 60 min were characterized by excessive aluminum content and the presence of low-temperature modifications of alumina γ-Al2O3 and η-Al2O3. The coatings formed for 180 min additionally contained high-temperature corundum α-Al2O3, and aluminum inclusions were absent. The electrochemical behavior of coated composites and uncoated ones in 3% NaCl was studied. Alloyage of aluminum composites with copper increased the corrosion current density. Plasma electrolytic oxidation reduced it several times.

The analysis of thermal stability of detonation nanodiamond

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Efremov, V P; Zakatilova, E I

2016-01-01

The detonation nanodiamond is a new perspective material. Ammunition recycling with use of high explosives and obtaining nanodiamond as the result of the detonation synthesis have given a new motivation for searching of their application areas. In this work nanodiamond powder has been investigated by the method of synchronous thermal analysis. Experiments have been carried out at atmospheric pressure in the environment of argon. Nanodiamond powder has been heated in the closed corundum crucible at the temperature range of 30-1500 °C. The heating rates were varied from 2 K/min to 20 K/min. After the heat treatment, the samples have been studied by the x-ray diffraction and the electron microscopy. As one of the results of this work, it has been found that the detonation nanodiamond has not started the transition into graphite at the temperature below 800 °C. (paper)

Electric-field gradients at Ta donor impurities in Cr2O3(Ta) semiconductor

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Darriba, G.N.; Errico, L.A.; Munoz, E.L; Richard, D.; Eversheim, P.D.; Renteria, M.

2009-01-01

We report perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) experiments on 181 Hf(→ 181 Ta)-implanted corundum Cr 2 O 3 powder samples in order to determine the magnitude and symmetry of the electric-field gradient (EFG) tensor at Ta donor impurity sites of this semiconductor. These results are analyzed in the framework of ab initio full-potential augmented-plane wave plus local orbitals (FP-APW+lo) calculations. The results are also compared with EFG results coming from PAC experiments in isomorphous α-Al 2 O 3 and α-Fe 2 O 3 doped with 111 In→ 111 Cd and 181 Hf→ 181 Ta tracers. This combined analysis enables us to quantify the magnitude of the lattice relaxations induced by the presence of the impurity and to determine the charge state of the impurity donor level introduced by Ta in the band gap of the semiconductor.

Abrasive wear resistance and microstructure of Ni-Cr-B-Si hardfacing alloys with additions of Al, Nb, Mo, Fe, Mn and C

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Berns, H.; Fischer, A.; Theisen, W.

1987-01-01

The development of new Ni-base hardfacing alloys for filler wire welding or metal spraying should result in materials with a good resistance against high temperature corrosion and abrasive wear. The first step is to design microstructures, which obtain a satisfactory abrasive wear behaviour at room temperature. Thus, different alloys are melted and scrutinized as to their microstructure and their abrasive wear resistance in laboratory. Compared to commercial Ni-base hardfacing alloys they show a higher volume fraction of coarse hard phases due to the additional, initial solidification of Nb-carbides and Cr-, and Mo-borides. Thus, the abrasive wear resistance is improved. For hard abrasive particles, such as corundum, the Ni-base alloys are more wear resistant than harder Fe-base alloys investigate earlier. This is due to the tougher Ni metal matrix that results in microcracking not to be the most significantly acting wear mechanism

Aluminium, gallium, indium and thallium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brown, Paul L.; Ekberg, Christian

2016-01-01

Aluminium can exist in a number of oxyhydroxide mineral phases including corundum, diaspore, boehmite and gibbsite. The stability constants at zero ionic strength reported for Al(OH) 3 (aq) vary linearly with respect to the inverse of absolute temperature. A full suite of thermodynamic parameters is available for all aluminium phases and hydrolysis species. Gallium hydrolyses to a greater extent than aluminium, with the onset of hydrolysis reactions occurring just above a pHof 1. In fact, even though aluminium has the smallest ionic radius of this series of metals, it has the weakest hydrolysis species and oxide/hydroxide phases.This is due to the presence of stabilising d-orbitals in the heavier metals, gallium, indium and thallium(III). There are few available data for the stability constants of indium(III) hydrolysis species. Of those that are available, the range in the proposed stability constants covers many orders of magnitude.

Alteration of diaspore by thermal treatment

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

杨华明; 胡岳华; 杨武国; 敖伟琴; 邱冠周

2004-01-01

Diaspore (α-AlOOH) was heated at various temperatures from 300 to 1000 ℃ for 2 h. The alteration of diaspore by thermal treatment was investigated by differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The mechanism of thermal decomposition of diaspore was discussed according to the Coats-Redfern equation. It is found that after thermal treatment at 500 ℃, diaspore is transformed entirely to corundum (α-Al2O3). Combined with the mass loss ratio obtained from the thermogravimetric analysis data, the activation energies for the thermal treatment of diaspore are calculated as Ea=10.4 kJ/mol below 400 ℃ and Eb=47.5 kJ/mol above 400 ℃, respectively, which is directly related to the structural alteration of diaspore during the thermal treatment. The results indicate that the thermal decomposition of diaspore is conducted primarily by means of an interfacial reaction.

Probing the chemistry of adhesion between a 316L substrate and spin-on-glass coating

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lampert, Felix; Kadkhodazadeh, Shima; Kasama, Takeshi

2018-01-01

Hydrogen silsesquioxane ([HSiO3/2]n) based "spin-on-glass" has been deposited on 316L substrate and cured in Ar/H2 gas atmosphere at 600 ºC to form a continuous surface coating with sub-micrometer thickness. The coating functionality depends primarily on the adhesion to the substrate, which...... is largely affected by the chemical interaction at the interface between the coating and the substrate. We have investigated this interface by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The analysis identified a 5-10 nm thick interaction zone containing signals from O, Si, Cr....... In agreement with computational thermodynamics, it is proposed that the spin-on-glass forms a chemically bonded silicate-rich interaction zone with the substrate. It was further suggested that this zone is composed of a corundum-type oxide at the substrate surface, followed by an olivine-structure intermediate...

c -Axis Dimer and Its Electronic Breakup: The Insulator-to-Metal Transition in Ti2 O3

Science.gov (United States)

Chang, C. F.; Koethe, T. C.; Hu, Z.; Weinen, J.; Agrestini, S.; Zhao, L.; Gegner, J.; Ott, H.; Panaccione, G.; Wu, Hua; Haverkort, M. W.; Roth, H.; Komarek, A. C.; Offi, F.; Monaco, G.; Liao, Y.-F.; Tsuei, K.-D.; Lin, H.-J.; Chen, C. T.; Tanaka, A.; Tjeng, L. H.

2018-04-01

We report on our investigation of the electronic structure of Ti2 O3 using (hard) x-ray photoelectron and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy. From the distinct satellite structures in the spectra, we have been able to establish unambiguously that the Ti-Ti c -axis dimer in the corundum crystal structure is electronically present and forms an a1 ga1 g molecular singlet in the low-temperature insulating phase. Upon heating, we observe a considerable spectral weight transfer to lower energies with orbital reconstruction. The insulator-metal transition may be viewed as a transition from a solid of isolated Ti-Ti molecules into a solid of electronically partially broken dimers, where the Ti ions acquire additional hopping in the a -b plane via the egπ channel, the opening of which requires consideration of the multiplet structure of the on-site Coulomb interaction.

Visible laser radiation from color centers brought on α-Al2O3 by fast electrons

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Arutyunyan, V.V.; Gevorkyan, V.A.; Ezoyan, R.K.; Eritsyan, G.N.; Sarkisov, V.Kh.

1988-01-01

A lamp-pumped lasing from colour centres brought on corundum crystals by 50 MeV electrons is reported. Lasing is observed only in an active element sample with C 3 -vector perpendicular l-vector - orientation. The lasing-action threshold was 1200 j. To find out the reasons for the dependence of lasing from the crystal axis C 3 -vector the absorption, excitation and luminescence spectra of crystals bombarded by different doses of fast electrons and with different thermal annealing are investigated. The results of investigation of spectra of additional absorption within the range 400-600 nm, luminescence excitation registered at the wavelength 560 nm and photoluminescence excitation registered at the wavelength 460 nm (F 2 + -centre) are presented. In the luminescence spectrum there are three bands with maxima near 560, 610, 710 nm and a narrow one at 695 nm resulting from uncontrollable admixture Cr 3+ ions. 3 refs.; 3 figs

The analysis of thermal stability of detonation nanodiamond

Science.gov (United States)

Efremov, V. P.; Zakatilova, E. I.

2016-11-01

The detonation nanodiamond is a new perspective material. Ammunition recycling with use of high explosives and obtaining nanodiamond as the result of the detonation synthesis have given a new motivation for searching of their application areas. In this work nanodiamond powder has been investigated by the method of synchronous thermal analysis. Experiments have been carried out at atmospheric pressure in the environment of argon. Nanodiamond powder has been heated in the closed corundum crucible at the temperature range of 30-1500 °C. The heating rates were varied from 2 K/min to 20 K/min. After the heat treatment, the samples have been studied by the x-ray diffraction and the electron microscopy. As one of the results of this work, it has been found that the detonation nanodiamond has not started the transition into graphite at the temperature below 800 °C.

Effects of alumina sources (gibbsite, boehmite, and corundum) on melting behaviour of high-level radioactive waste melter feed

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Lee, S.; Hrma, P.; Pokorný, R.; Kloužek, Jaroslav; VanderVeer, B.J.; Rodriguez, C.P.; Chun, J.; Schweiger, M. J.; Kruger, A.A.

2017-01-01

Roč. 2, č. 11 (2017), s. 603-608 ISSN 2059-8521 Institutional support: RVO:67985891 Keywords : foam * specific heat * porosity Subject RIV: JH - Ceramics, Fire-Resistant Materials and Glass OBOR OECD: Ceramics

Effect of particle size and particle size distribution on physical characteristics, morphology and crystal strucutre of explosively compacted high-Tc superconductors

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kotsis, I.; Enisz, M.; Oravetz, D. [Univ. of Veszprem (Hungary)] [and others

1994-12-31

A superconductor, of composition Y(Ba,K,Na){sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x}/F{sub y} and a composite, of composition Y(Ba,K,Na){sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x}/F{sub y}+Ag, with changing K, Na and F content, but a constant silver content (Ag=10 mass per cent) was prepared using a single heat treatment. The resulting material was ground in a corundum lined mill, separated to particle size fractions of 0-40 {mu}m, 0-63 {mu}m and 63-900 {mu}m and explosively compacted, using an explosive pressure of 10{sup 4} MPa and a subsequent heat treatment. Best results were obtained with the 63-900 {mu}m fraction of composition Y(Ba{sub 1,95}K{sub 0,01})Cu{sub 3}O{sub x}F{sub 0,05}/Ag: porosity <0.01 cm{sup 3}/g and current density 2800 A/cm{sup 2} at 77 K.

In situ beam analysis of radiation damage kinetics in MgTiO3 single crystals at 170-470 K

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yu, Ning; Mitchell, J.N.; Sickafus, K.E.; Nastasi, M.

1995-01-01

Radiation damage kinetics in synthetic MgTiO 3 (geikielite) single crystals have been studied using the in situ ion beam facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The geikielite samples were irradiated at temperatures of 170, 300, and 470 K with 400 keV xenon ions and the radiation damage was sequentially measured with Rutherford backscattering using a 2 MeV He ion beam along a channeling direction. Threshold doses of I and 5x l0 15 Xe/cm 2 were determined for the crystalline-to-amorphous transformation induced by Xe ion irradiation at 170 and 300 K, respectively. However, geikielite retained its crystallinity up to a dose of 2.5xl0 16 Xe/cm 2 at the irradiation temperature of 470 K. This study has shown that MgTiO 3 , which has a corundum derivative structure, is another radiation resistant material that has the potential for use in radiation environments

Effect of melter feed foaming on heat flux to the cold cap

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, SeungMin; Hrma, Pavel; Pokorny, Richard; Klouzek, Jaroslav; VanderVeer, Bradley J.; Dixon, Derek R.; Luksic, Steven A.; Rodriguez, Carmen P.; Chun, Jaehun; Schweiger, Michael J.; Kruger, Albert A.

2017-12-01

The glass production rate, which is crucial for the nuclear waste cleanup lifecycle, is influenced by the chemical and mineralogical nature of melter feed constituents. The choice of feed materials affects both the conversion heat and the thickness of the foam layer that forms at the bottom of the cold cap and controls the heat flow from molten glass. We demonstrate this by varying the alumina source, namely, substituting boehmite or corundum for gibbsite, in a high-alumina high-level-waste melter feed. The extent of foaming was determined using the volume expansion test and the conversion heat with differential scanning calorimetry. Evolved gas analysis was used to identify gases responsible for the formation of primary and secondary foam. The foam thickness, a critical factor in the rate of melting, was estimated using known values of heat conductivities and melting rates. The result was in reasonable agreement with the foam thickness experimentally observed in quenched cold caps from the laboratory-scale melter.

Selection of refractory materials for acid tanks at the CSN continuous pickling line

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Silva, Sidiney Nascimento; Marques, Oscar Rosa; Bueno, Mauricio Chaves; Longo, Elson; Silva Pinheiro, Adriano da

1997-01-01

Aiming at the revamping of the CSN continuous pickling line 4 acid tanks, a Post Mortem study of the refractory lining was carried out. The collected samples were characterized through techniques such as chemical analysis, mercury porosimetry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy. Trying to reproduce the operational conditions closely, laboratorial simulations were carried out. Such simulations lead to the addition of some alterations on the test method proposed by ABNT. Primarily, the sulfuric acid was substituted by hydrochloric acid (30%), containing iron in solution (130g/l). As result, it was concluded that acid resistant refractories containing a smaller alumina and /or corundum and mullite concentrations, presenting a smaller open porosity and average pore diameter, have a better performance face to corrosion due to hydrochloric acid solution. In addition, abrasion wear resistance tests, according to the ASTM-G65-85 standard were carried out in order to select different materials to the acid tanks cells. (author)

Pressure response of vacancy ordered maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and high pressure transformed hematite (α-Fe2O3)

Science.gov (United States)

Hearne, Giovanni; Pischedda, Vittoria

2012-03-01

Combined XRD and Mössbauer effect spectroscopy studies to high pressures of ˜30 GPa of vacancy ordered maghemite are presented. The vacancy ordered superstructure is robust and remains intact up to the pressure-induced onset transition to hematite at 13-16 GPa. The pressure transformed hematite is shown to be crystallographically textured, unlike the randomised low pressure maghemite phase. This arises out of a pressure or stress instigated topotactic transformation of the cubic-spinel to hexagonal-corundum structure. The textured sample permits us to obtain information on the spin reorientation behavior of the pressure transformed hematite in compression and decompression sequences. Spin reorientation is restricted to ˜15° over wide pressure ranges, attributable to the effect of entrapped vacancies in the high pressure structure. Thus there are structural and magnetic peculiarities specific to pressure transformed hematite not evident in pressurized hematite starting material. These are triggered by the maghemite→hematite transformation.

Electric-field gradient characterization at 181Ta impurities in sapphire single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Renteria, M.; Darriba, G.N.; Errico, L.A.; Munoz, E.L.; Eversheim, P.D.

2005-01-01

We report Perturbed-Angular-Correlation (PAC) experiments on corundum Al 2 O 3 single crystals implanted with 181 Hf/ 181 Ta ions at the ISKP at Bonn and measured at La Plata with high efficiency and time-resolution. The magnitude, asymmetry, and orientation (with respect to the crystalline axes) of the electric-field gradient (EFG) tensor were determined measuring the spin-rotation curves as a function of different orientations of the single crystals relative to the detector system. These results are analyzed in the framework of point-charge model and ab initio Full-Potential Linearized-Augmented Plane Wave calculations, and compared with EFG results coming from PAC experiments with 111 In/ 111 Cd impurities. This combined study enables the determination of lattice relaxations induced by the presence of the impurity and the state of charge of a deep impurity donor level in the band gap of the semiconductor. (copyright 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) (orig.)

Electric-field gradient characterization at {sup 181}Ta impurities in sapphire single crystals

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Renteria, M.; Darriba, G.N.; Errico, L.A.; Munoz, E.L. [Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 67, 1900 La Plata (Argentina); Eversheim, P.D. [Helmholtz-Institut fuer Strahlen-und Kernphysik (ISKP), Universitaet Bonn, Nussallee 14-16, 53115 Bonn (Germany)

2005-07-01

We report Perturbed-Angular-Correlation (PAC) experiments on corundum Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} single crystals implanted with {sup 181}Hf/{sup 181}Ta ions at the ISKP at Bonn and measured at La Plata with high efficiency and time-resolution. The magnitude, asymmetry, and orientation (with respect to the crystalline axes) of the electric-field gradient (EFG) tensor were determined measuring the spin-rotation curves as a function of different orientations of the single crystals relative to the detector system. These results are analyzed in the framework of point-charge model and ab initio Full-Potential Linearized-Augmented Plane Wave calculations, and compared with EFG results coming from PAC experiments with {sup 111}In/{sup 111}Cd impurities. This combined study enables the determination of lattice relaxations induced by the presence of the impurity and the state of charge of a deep impurity donor level in the band gap of the semiconductor. (copyright 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) (orig.)

Electric-field gradients at Ta donor impurities in Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}(Ta) semiconductor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Darriba, G.N. [Departamento de Fisica and IFLP (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 67, 1900 La Plata (Argentina); Errico, L.A. [Departamento de Fisica and IFLP (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 67, 1900 La Plata (Argentina); Universidad Nacional del Noroeste Bonaerense (UNNOBA), Monteagudo 2772, 2700 Pergamino (Argentina); Munoz, E.L; Richard, D. [Departamento de Fisica and IFLP (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 67, 1900 La Plata (Argentina); Eversheim, P.D. [Helmholtz-Institut fuer Strahlen-und Kernphysik (H-ISKP), Universitaet Bonn, Nussallee 14-16, 53115 Bonn (Germany); Renteria, M., E-mail: renteria@fisica.unlp.edu.a [Departamento de Fisica and IFLP (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 67, 1900 La Plata (Argentina)

2009-10-01

We report perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) experiments on {sup 181}Hf(->{sup 181}Ta)-implanted corundum Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} powder samples in order to determine the magnitude and symmetry of the electric-field gradient (EFG) tensor at Ta donor impurity sites of this semiconductor. These results are analyzed in the framework of ab initio full-potential augmented-plane wave plus local orbitals (FP-APW+lo) calculations. The results are also compared with EFG results coming from PAC experiments in isomorphous alpha-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and alpha-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} doped with {sup 111}In->{sup 111}Cd and {sup 181}Hf->{sup 181}Ta tracers. This combined analysis enables us to quantify the magnitude of the lattice relaxations induced by the presence of the impurity and to determine the charge state of the impurity donor level introduced by Ta in the band gap of the semiconductor.

Minerals from Macedonia: XV. Sivec mineral assemble

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Boev, Blazho; Jovanovski, Gligor; Makreski, Petre; Bermanec, Vladimir

2005-01-01

The paper presents investigations carried out on the collected minerals from the Sivec deposit. It is situated in the vicinity of the town of Prilep, representing a rare occurrence of sugary white dolomite marbles. The application of suitable methods of exploitation of decorative-dimension stones makes possible to obtain large amounts of commercial blocks well known in the world. Despite the existence of dolomite marbles, a series of exotic minerals are typical in Sivec mineralization. Among them, the most significant are: calcite, fluorite, rutile, phlogopite, corundum, diaspore, almandine, kosmatite (clintonite or margarite), clinochlore, muscovite, quartz, pyrite, tourmaline and zoisite. An attempt to identify ten collected minerals using the FT IR spectroscopy is performed. The identification of the minerals was based on the comparison of the infrared spectra of our specimens with the corresponding literature data for the mineral species originating all over the world. The coloured pictures of all studied silicate minerals are presented as well. (Author)

Effect of melter feed foaming on heat flux to the cold cap

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lee, SeungMin; Hrma, Pavel; Pokorny, Richard; Klouzek, Jaroslav; VanderVeer, Bradley J.; Dixon, Derek R.; Luksic, Steven A.; Rodriguez, Carmen P.; Chun, Jaehun; Schweiger, Michael J.; Kruger, Albert A.

2017-12-01

The glass production rate, which is crucial for the nuclear waste cleanup lifecycle, is influenced by the chemical and mineralogical nature of melter feed constituents. The choice of feed materials affects both the conversion heat and the thickness of the foam layer that forms at the bottom of the cold cap and controls the heat flow from molten glass. We demonstrate this by varying the alumina source, namely, substituting boehmite or corundum for gibbsite, in a high-alumina high-level-waste melter feed. The extent of foaming was determined using the volume expansion test and the conversion heat with differential scanning calorimetry. Evolved gas analysis was used to identify gases responsible for the formation of primary and secondary foam. The foam thickness, a critical factor in the rate of melting, was estimated using known values of heat conductivities and melting rates. The result was in reasonable agreement with the foam thickness experimentally observed in the laboratory-scale melter.

Study of non-metallic inclusion sources in steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Khons, Ya.; Mrazek, L.

1976-01-01

A study of potential inclusion sources was carried out at the Tvinec steel plant using an unified labelling procedure for different sources. A lanthanum oxide labelling method has been used for refractories with the subsequent La determination in steel by the neutron activation analysis. Samarium and cerium oxides and the 141 Ce radionuclide have been used in conjunction with the testing. The following sources of exogenous inclusions have been studied: 1)Refractory material comprising fireclay and corundum for steel-teeming trough in open-heart furnaces; 2) Fireclay bottom-pouring refractories; 3) Steel-teeming laddle lining; 4) Heat-insulating and exothermic compounds for steel ingots; 5) Vacuum treatment plant lining; 6) Open-hearth and electric arc furnace slag. The major oxide inclusion source in steel was found to be represented by the furnace slag, since it forms about 40 p.c. of all oxide inclusions. The contributions of the remaining sources did not exceede 5 p.c. each

The Ring Monstrance from the Loreto treasury in Prague: handheld Raman spectrometer for identification of gemstones.

Science.gov (United States)

Jehlička, Jan; Culka, Adam; Baštová, Markéta; Bašta, Petr; Kuntoš, Jaroslav

2016-12-13

A miniature lightweight portable Raman spectrometer and a palm-sized device allow for fast and unambiguous detection of common gemstones mounted in complex jewels. Here, complex religious artefacts and the Ring Monstrance from the Loreto treasury (Prague, Czech Republic; eighteenth century) were investigated. These discriminations are based on the very good correspondence of the wavenumbers of the strongest Raman bands of the minerals. Very short laser illumination times and efficient collection of scattered light were sufficient to obtain strong diagnostic Raman signals. The following minerals were documented: quartz and its varieties, beryl varieties (emerald), corundum varieties (sapphire), garnets (almandine, grossular), diamond as well as aragonite in pearls. Miniature Raman spectrometers can be recommended for common gemmological work as well as for mineralogical investigations of jewels and cultural heritage objects whenever the antiquities cannot be transported to a laboratory.This article is part of the themed issue 'Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology'. © 2016 The Author(s).

Raman study of radiation-damaged zircon under hydrostatic compression

Science.gov (United States)

Nasdala, Lutz; Miletich, Ronald; Ruschel, Katja; Váczi, Tamás

2008-12-01

Pressure-induced changes of Raman band parameters of four natural, gem-quality zircon samples with different degrees of self-irradiation damage, and synthetic ZrSiO4 without radiation damage, have been studied under hydrostatic compression in a diamond anvil cell up to ~10 GPa. Radiation-damaged zircon shows similar up-shifts of internal SiO4 stretching modes at elevated pressures as non-damaged ZrSiO4. Only minor changes of band-widths were observed in all cases. This makes it possible to estimate the degree of radiation damage from the width of the ν3(SiO4) band of zircon inclusions in situ, almost independent from potential “fossilized pressures” or compressive strain acting on the inclusions. An application is the non-destructive analysis of gemstones such as corundum or spinel: broadened Raman bands are a reliable indicator of self-irradiation damage in zircon inclusions, whose presence allows one to exclude artificial color enhancement by high-temperature treatment of the specimen.

Thermochemical properties of gibbsite, bayerite, boehmite, diaspore, and the aluminate ion between 0 and 350/degree/C

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Apps, J.A.; Neil, J.M.; Jun, C.H.

1989-01-01

A requirement for modelling the chemical behavior of groundwater in a nuclear waste repository is accurate thermodynamic data pertaining to the participating minerals and aqueous species. In particular, it is important that the thermodynamic properties of the aluminate ion be accurately determined, because most rock forming minerals in the earth's crust are aluminosilicates, and most groundwaters are neutral to slightly alkaline, where the aluminate ion is the predominant aluminum species in solution. Without a precise knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of the aluminate ion aluminosilicate mineral solubilities cannot be determined. The thermochemical properties of the aluminate ion have been determined from the solubilities of the aluminum hydroxides and oxyhydroxides in alkaline solutions between 20 and 350/degree/C. An internally consistent set of thermodynamic properties have been determined for gibbsite, boehmite, diaspore and corundum. The thermodynamic properties of bayerite have been provisionally estimated and a preliminary value for ΔG/sub f, 298/ 0 of nordstrandite has been determined. 205 refs., 17 figs., 25 tabs

Removal of uranium(VI) from the aqueous phase by iron(II) minerals in presence of bicarbonate

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Regenspurg, Simona, E-mail: regens@gfz-potsdam.de [Industrial Ecology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE 10044 Stockholm (Sweden); Schild, Dieter; Schaefer, Thorsten; Huber, Florian [Institut fuer Nukleare Entsorgung (INE), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany); Malmstroem, Maria E. [Industrial Ecology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE 10044 Stockholm (Sweden)

2009-09-15

Uranium(VI) mobility in groundwater is strongly affected by sorption of mobile U(VI) species (e.g. uranyl, UO{sub 2}{sup 2+}) to mineral surfaces, precipitation of U(VI) compounds, such as schoepite (UO{sub 2}){sub 4}O(OH){sub 6}.6H{sub 2}O), and by reduction to U(IV), forming sparingly soluble phases (uraninite; UO{sub 2}). The latter pathway, in particular, would be very efficient for long-term immobilization of U. In nature, Fe(II) is an important reducing agent for U(VI) because it frequently occurs either dissolved in natural waters, sorbed to matrix minerals, or structurally bound in many minerals. Redox reactions between U(VI) and Fe(II) depend not only on the availability of Fe(II) in the environment, but also on the chemical conditions in the aqueous solution. Under natural groundwater condition U(VI) forms complexes with many anionic ligands, which strongly affect its speciation. Carbonate, in particular, is known to form stable complexes with U, raising the question, if U(VI), when complexed by carbonate, can be reduced to UO{sub 2}. The goal of this study was to find out if Fe(II) when structurally bound in a mineral (as magnetite, Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}) or sorbed to a mineral surface (as corundum, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) can reduce U(VI) to U(IV) in the presence of HCO{sub 3}{sup -}. Batch experiments were conducted under anaerobic conditions to observe U removal from the aqueous phase by the two minerals depending on HCO{sub 3}{sup -} addition (1 mM), U concentration (0.01-30 {mu}M) and pH value (6-10). Immediately after the experiments, the mineral surfaces were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to obtain information on the redox state of U bound to the solid surfaces. XPS results gave evidence that U(VI) can be reduced both by magnetite and by corundum amended with Fe(II). In the presence of HCO{sub 3}{sup -} the amount of reduced U on the mineral surfaces increased compared to carbonate-free solutions. This can be explained by the formation

Dehydration of δ-AlOOH in the lower mantle

Science.gov (United States)

Piet, H.; Shim, S. H.; Tappan, J.; Leinenweber, K. D.; Greenberg, E.; Prakapenka, V. B.

2017-12-01

Hydrous phase δ-AlOOH is an important candidate for water transport and storage in the Earth's deep mantle [1]. Knowing the conditions, under which it is stable and dehydrated, is therefore important for understanding the water transportation to the deep mantle or even to the core. A few experimental studies [1, 2] have shown that δ-AlOOH may be stable in cold descending slabs while it is dehydrated into a mixture of corundum and water under normal mantle conditions, up to 25 GPa. A subsequent study [3] reported the stability of δ-AlOOH in cold descending slabs to the core-mantle boundary conditions (2300 K at 135 GPa). However, the dehydration of δ-AlOOH has not bee directly observed in the experiments conducted at pressures above 25 GPa. We have synthesized δ-AlOOH from diaspore and Al(OH)3 in multi-anvil press at ASU. The sample was mixed with Au for coupling with near IR laser beams and loaded in diamond-anvil cells. We performed the laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments at the 13IDD beamline of the Advanced Photon Source and ASU. At APS, we measured X-ray diffraction patterns at in situ high pressure and temperature. We observed the appearance of the corundum diffraction lines at 1700-2000 K and 55-90 GPa, indicating the dehydration of δ-AlOOH to Al2O3+ H2O. We found that the transition occurs over a broad range of temperature (500 K). We also observed that the dehydration of δ-AlOOH was accompanied by sudden change in laser coupling, most likely due to the release of fluids. The property change also helps us to determine the dehydration at ASU without in situ XRD. Our new experimental results indicate that δ-AlOOH would be stable in most subducting slabs in the deep mantle. However, because the dehydration occurs very close to the temperatures expected for the lower mantle, its stability is uncertain in the normal mantle. [1] Ohtani et al. 2001, Stability field of new hydrous phase, delta-AlOOH, Geophysical Research Letters 28, 3991-3993. [2

Computer x-ray powder diffraction patterns and densities for corundum, aluminium, zirconium, delta-UZr2 and the zirconium hydrides

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ferguson, I.F.

1976-11-01

The computer-calculated X-ray powder diffraction patterns and theoretical densities of α-Al 2 O 3 ; Al; α-Zr; β-Zr; delta-UZr 2 ; γ, delta - and epsilon-zirconium hydrides are presented. Brief comments are given on some of the published X-ray powder diffraction data on these phases. (author)

Spinel formation for stabilizing simulated nickel-laden sludge with aluminum-rich ceramic precursors.

Science.gov (United States)

Shih, Kaimin; White, Tim; Leckie, James O

2006-08-15

The feasibility of stabilizing nickel-laden sludge from commonly available Al-rich ceramic precursors was investigated and accomplished with high nickel incorporation efficiency. To simulate the process, nickel oxide was mixed alternatively with gamma-alumina, corundum, kaolinite, and mullite and was sintered from 800 to 1480 degrees C. The nickel aluminate spinel (NiAl2O4) was confirmed as the stabilization phase for nickel and crystallized with efficiencies greater than 90% for all precursors above 1250 degrees C and 3-h sintering. The nickel-incorporation reaction pathways with these precursors were identified, and the microstructure and spinel yield were investigated as a function of sintering temperature with fixed sintering time. This study has demonstrated a promising process for forming nickel spinel to stabilize nickel-laden sludge from a wide range of inexpensive ceramic precursors, which may provide an avenue for economically blending waste metal sludges via the building industry processes to reduce the environmental hazards of toxic metals. The correlation of product textures and nickel incorporation efficiencies through selection of different precursors also provides the option of tailoring property-specific products.

Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of marble of Bela Pola deposite

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shijakova-Ivanova, Tena; Boev, Blazho; Panov, Zoran; Pavlov, Dejan

2009-01-01

This paper presents mineralogical characteristics of marbles from the Bela Pola deposit. We have made mineralogical-chemical analyses of marbles and associated minerals in them. The investigation was carried out at the Faculty of natural and technical sciences - Shtip. Marbles from Bela Pola are dolomite and dolomite-calcite types. Microscope investigations have shown that marbles from Bela Pola have granoblastic structure but at some places it can be found with porphyroblastic structures. Percentage on calcite and dolomite is: 94.08% dolomite, 6.25% is calcite in white marbles. On the other hand calcite is present with 93% in gray marbles. Except dolomite and calcite also appear the following accessoring minerals: quartz, fluorite, corundum and paragonite. In general, after summarizing all the facts, which have resulted from this research we could say that, the Bela Pola marbles are massive, compact and white with high quality. In accordance to all formerly mentioned features, this marbles can be classified in the commercial group of marbles suitable for external application or internal design

The self-similar turbulent flow of low-pressure water vapor

Science.gov (United States)

Konyukhov, V. K.; Stepanov, E. V.; Borisov, S. K.

2018-05-01

We studied turbulent flows of water vapor in a pipe connecting two closed vessels of equal volume. The vessel that served as a source of water vapor was filled with adsorbent in the form of corundum ceramic balls. These ceramic balls were used to obtain specific conditions to lower the vapor pressure in the source vessel that had been observed earlier. A second vessel, which served as a receiver, was empty of either air or vapor before each vapor sampling. The rate of the pressure increase in the receiver vessel was measured in a series of six samplings performed with high precision. The pressure reduction rate in the source vessel was found to be three times lower than the pressure growth rate in the receiver vessel. We found that the pressure growth rates in all of the adjacent pairs of samples could be arranged in a combination that appeared to be identical for all pairs, and this revealed the existence of a rather interesting and peculiar self-similarity law for the sampling processes under consideration.

Electrochemical reduction of oxygen on lead-silver alloys in an alkaline medium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Seliverstov, S.D.; Arkhangel'skaya, Z.P.; Lyzlov, N.Y.

1986-01-01

The use of lead-silver alloys as materials for the gas-absorbing electrode in sealed silver-cadmium alkaline storage batteries is desirable primarily from the stanpoint of saving the costly silver. The authors studied reduction of oxygen with the aim of optimizing the composition of the Pb-Ag alloy and of the porous structure of the electrodes. The alloys were made in a muffle furnace in corundum crucibles under a layer of VI-2 flux. Curves are shown which represent the dependence of the ionization current of molecular oxygen on smooth partially immersed electrodes made from alloys differing in composition on the length of the part of the electrode withdrawn from the solution. It is shown that decrease of the corrosion resistance of the alloy in the porous electrode causes partial loss of its mechanical strength. Worsening of the electric contact between the particles of active material is also possible. An alloy of the composition (mass %) 60 Pb-40 Ag is the most suitable from the practical standpoint

On the synthesis, characterization, rationalization of the structure and the compositional formula of Ti-substituted Li0,5Fe2,5O4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Widatallah, H.M.; Berry, F.J.; Moore, E.A.; Johnson, C.; Jartych, E.; Pekala, M.; Grabski, J.

2002-12-01

Spinel-related titanium-substituted Li 0.5 Fe 2.5 O 4 has been synthesised by heating a mixture of titanium-doped corundum-related α-Fe 2 O 3 with Li 2 CO 3 at 850 deg C which is ca. 250-350 deg C lower than temperatures at which the material is normally prepared conventionally. Moessbauer and magnetic measurements imply that the Ti 4+ ions substitute for octahedral Fe 3+ ions. Interatomic potential calculations support this substitution with the charge balance being maintained by Li + vacancies. This structural model leads to a compositional formula of the type Li (0.5-x) + Ti x 4+ Fe (2.5-x) 3+ O 4 which is shown to be more appropriate than the one generally used in the literature, namely Li (0.5+0.5x) + Ti x 4+ Fe (2.5-1.5x) 3+ O 4 . Some implications of the suggested formula are discussed including the possibility of the existence of a thermodynamically stable titanium ferrite of the form Ti 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 . (author)

The application of thermal solar energy to high temperature processes: case study of the synthesis of alumina from boehmite.

Science.gov (United States)

Padilla, Isabel; López-Delgado, Aurora; López-Andrés, Sol; Álvarez, Marta; Galindo, Roberto; Vazquez-Vaamonde, Alfonso J

2014-01-01

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining alumina from boehmite using a free, clean, and unlimited power source as the solar energy. Boehmite was obtained by hydrothermal treatment of a hazardous waste coming from aluminum slag milling. The waste is considered as a hazardous substance because of it releasing toxic gases (hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide) in the presence of water. The as-obtained boehmite was transformed into alumina, in air atmosphere, using a solar energy concentrator (Fresnel lens). The solar installation provides a power density of 260 W · cm(-2) which allows reaching temperatures upper than 1000 °C at few minutes of exposure. Tests were performed at different periods of time that ranged between 5 and 90 min. The percentage of transformation of boehmite into alumina was followed by the water content of samples after solar radiation exposure. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. Metastable aluminas started to appear at 5 min and the crystalline and stable phase corundum at 10 min of solar radiation exposure.

Thermochemical properties of gibbsite, bayerite, boehmite, diaspore, and the aluminate ion between 0 and 350/degree/C

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Apps, J.A.; Neil, J.M.; Jun, C.H.

1989-01-01

A requirement for modelling the chemical behavior of groundwater in a nuclear waste repository is accurate thermodynamic data pertaining to the participating minerals and aqueous species. In particular, it is important that the thermodynamic properties of the aluminate ion be accurately determined, because most rock forming minerals in the earth's crust are aluminosilicates, and most groundwaters are neutral to slightly alkaline, where the aluminate ion is the predominant aluminum species in solution. Without a precise knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of the aluminate ion aluminosilicate mineral solubilities cannot be determined. The thermochemical properties of the aluminate ion have been determined from the solubilities of the aluminum hydroxides and oxyhydroxides in alkaline solutions between 20 and 350/degree/C. An internally consistent set of thermodynamic properties have been determined for gibbsite, boehmite, diaspore and corundum. The thermodynamic properties of bayerite have been provisionally estimated and a preliminary value for ..delta..G/sub f, 298//sup 0/ of nordstrandite has been determined. 205 refs., 17 figs., 25 tabs.

Controls on alluvial fans morphology

Science.gov (United States)

Delorme, P.; Devauchelle, O.; Lajeunesse, E.; Barrier, L.; Métivier, F.

2017-12-01

Using laboratory experiments, we investigate the influence of water and sediment discharges on the morphology of an alluvial fan. In our flume, a single-thread laminar river deposits corundum sand (0.4 mm) into a conical fan. We record the fan progradation with top-view images, and measure its shape using the deformation of a Moiré pattern. The fan remains virtually self-affine as it grows, with a nearly constant slope. We find that, when the sediment discharge is small, the longitudinal slope of the fan remains close to that of a river at the threshold for sediment transport. A higher sediment discharge causes the fan's slope to depart from the threshold value. Due to the downstream decrease of the sediment load, this slope gets shallower towards the fan's toe. This mechanism generates a slightly concave fan profile. This suggests that the proximal slope of an alluvial fan could be a proxy for the sediment flux that feeds the fan.Finally, we discuss the applicability of these results to natural systems.

Surface termination structure of α-Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} film grown by mist chemical vapor deposition

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tamba, Daiki; Kubo, Osamu, E-mail: okubo@eei.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp; Osaka, Shun; Takahashi, Kazuki; Tabata, Hiroshi; Katayama, Mitsuhiro [Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 (Japan); Oda, Masaya [Photonics and Electronics Science and Engineering Center, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520 (Japan); FLOSFIA Inc., 1-36 Goryoohara, Kyoto 615-8245 (Japan); Kaneko, Kentaro; Fujita, Shizuo [Photonics and Electronics Science and Engineering Center, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520 (Japan)

2016-06-20

The surface structure of α-Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) grown on an α-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) substrate by mist chemical vapor deposition was studied by coaxial impact-collision ion scattering spectroscopy (CAICISS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The minimum step height observed in the AFM image was 0.21 ± 0.01 nm, coinciding with the height of three atomic layers of α-Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001). It was revealed by CAICISS analysis that the surface of α-Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) is terminated by a Ga layer followed by an O layer, which is consistent with the surface termination of α-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001). A structural model taking surface relaxation into account was also constructed by fitting the simulated curve for the azimuth angle dependence of the Ga intensity to the experimental dependence. The resultant structural model is similar to the model of an α-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) surface, which indicates analogous behavior in corundum crystals.

Investigation on effect of iron and corundum content on corrosion resistance of the NiFe-Al2O3 coatings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Starosta, R.; Zielinski, A.

1999-01-01

The alloy NiFe and composite NiFe-Al 2 O 3 coatings, obtained by electrodeposition on the base of cast iron, were investigated. The iron content in alloy coatings was dependent on iron content in galvanic bath, and was estimated by means of X-ray microanalysis at 18.5 wt. pct. and 41.2 wt. pct. No existence of ordered Ni 3 Fe phase was found by diffraction technique. Both potentiodynamic and impedance measurements disclosed that a presence of Al 2 O 3 or increasing iron content in the layer caused the decrease in corrosion resistance. (author)

Synthesis of Galaxite, Mn0.9Co0.1Al2O4, and its application as a novel nanocatalyst for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction

Science.gov (United States)

Saeidfirozeh, Homa; Shafiekhani, Azizollah; Beheshti-Marnani, Amirkhosro; Askari, Mohammad Bagher

2018-06-01

A new compound Mn0.9Co0.1Al2O4 nanowires were synthesized by thermal method. The resulting powder samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). We found that a set of phase transformation occurred during the process. Eventually, five phases including three spinal phases, the corundum (á-Al2O3) and MnO were formed at 1100 °C.As dominant morphology, the cubic galaxite nanowires were identified by X-ray analysis. Moreover, X-ray analysis showed that Mn3O4 and Co3O4 nanoparticles were formed in tetragonal and cubic symmetry respectively. The SEM image revealed that a dominate morphology of product has cubic nanowires shape with an average diameter in range 38-43 nm. Furthermore, we observed that influence of temperature was very important in the nanowire formation process. Electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of synthetic composite was evaluated and the over potential of HER was calculated about 110 mV with low Tafel slope equal to 42 mV dec-1, which was comparable with amounts reported transition metal dichalcogenides with satisfying durability.

Incineration of ion-exchange resins in fluidized bed. Part of a coordinated programme on treatment of spent ion exchange resins

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Valkianinen, M.

1980-10-01

Incineration of ion-exchange resins in a fluidized bed was studied on the pilot plant scale. The test programme performed consisted of the testing of various bed materials and finding the optimal conditions of incineration of spent resins. Granular resins were incinerated in an ethanol-water mixture. Incinernation converts the organic resin into inert oxide material, which can be solidified for instance with cement. The weight of the ash was 1...20% and the volume 2...30% of the original resins, which contained 15...25% moisture. When solidified with cement the volume of the ash-concrete is 4...22% of the concrete of equal compressive strength acquired by direct solidification. Water immersion and heat tests of solidified ash showed satisfactory results. The absorption of Cs and Co in various bed materials was studied by means of inactive tracer materials. Biotite and chamotte absorbed significantly, but this absorption does not drastically help on the off gas side. The sintering of the bed materials in the presence of sodium was studied. Corundum, chamotte and biotite have a safety limit of 5% sodium of the bed's weight at 850 0 C

Oxidation states of Fe and Ti in blue sapphire

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wongrawang, P; Wongkokua, W; Monarumit, N; Thammajak, N; Wathanakul, P

2016-01-01

X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) can be used to study the oxidation state of a dilute system such as transition metal defects in solid-state samples. In blue sapphire, Fe and Ti are defects that cause the blue color. Inter-valence charge transfer (IVCT) between Fe 2+ and Ti 4+ has been proposed to describe the optical color’s origin. However, the existence of divalent iron cations has not been thoroughly investigated. Fluorescent XANES is therefore employed to study K-edge absorptions of Fe and Ti cations in various blue sapphire samples including natural, synthetic, diffused and heat-treated sapphires. All the samples showed an Fe absorption edge at 7124 eV, corresponding to the Fe 3+ state; and Ti at 4984 eV, corresponding to Ti 4+ . From these results, we propose Fe 3+ -Ti 4+ mixed acceptor states located at 1.75 eV and 2.14 eV above the valence band of corundum, that correspond to 710 nm and 580 nm bands of UV–vis absorption spectra, to describe the cause of the color of blue sapphire. (paper)

Structural, Optical, and Electronic Characterization of Fe-Doped Alumina Nanoparticles

Science.gov (United States)

Heiba, Zein K.; Mohamed, Mohamed Bakr; Wahba, Adel Maher; Imam, N. G.

2018-01-01

The effects of iron doping on the structural, optical, and electronic properties of doped alumina have been studied. Single-phase iron-doped alumina Al2- x Fe x O3 ( x = 0.00 to 0.30) nanoparticles were synthesized via citrate-precursor method. Formation of single-phase hexagonal corundum structure with no other separate phases was demonstrated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of iron doping on the α-Al2O3 structural parameters, viz. atomic coordinates, lattice parameters, crystallite size, and microstrain, were estimated from XRD data by applying the Rietveld profile fitting method. Transmission electron microscopy further confirmed the nanosize nature of the prepared samples with size ranging from 12 nm to 83 nm. The electronic band structure was investigated using density functional theory calculations to explain the decrease in the energy gap of Al2- x Fe x O3 as the amount of Fe was increased. The colored emission peaks in the visible region (blue, red, violet) of the electromagnetic spectrum obtained for the Fe-doped α-Al2O3 nanoparticles suggest their potential application as ceramic nanopigments.

At last! The single-crystal X-ray structure of a naturally occurring sample of the ilmenite-type oxide FeCrO3.

Science.gov (United States)

Pérez-Cruz, María Ana; Elizalde-González, María de la Paz; Escudero, Roberto; Bernès, Sylvain; Silva-González, Rutilo; Reyes-Ortega, Yasmi

2015-10-01

A natural single crystal of the ferrimagnetic oxide FeCrO3, which was found in an opencast mine situated in the San Luis Potosí State in Mexico, has been characterized in order to elucidate some outstanding issues about the actual structure of this material. The single-crystal X-ray analysis unambiguously shows that transition metal cations are segregated in alternating layers normal to the threefold crystallographic axis, affording a structure isomorphous to that of ilmenite (FeTiO3), in the space group R3̅. The possible occurrence of cation antisite and vacancy defects is below the limit of detection available from X-ray data. Structural and magnetic results are in agreement with the coherent slow intergrowth of magnetic phases provided by the two antiferromagnetic corundum-type parent oxides Fe2O3 (hematite) and Cr2O3 (eskolaite). Our results are consistent with the most recent density functional theory (DFT) studies carried out on digital FeCrO3 [Sadat Nabi & Pentcheva (2011). Phys. Rev. B, 83, 214424], and suggest that synthetic samples of FeCrO3 might present a cation distribution different to that of the ilmenite structural type.

Gas sensing behaviour of Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} and W{sup 6+}: Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanoparticles towards acetone

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kohli, Nipin, E-mail: nipinkohli82@yahoo.com; Hastir, Anita; Singh, Ravi Chand [Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005 (India)

2016-05-23

This paper reports the acetone gas sensing properties of Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} and 2% W{sup 6+} doped Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanoparticles. The simple cost-effective hydrolysis assisted co-precipitation method was adopted. Synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) techniques. XRD revealed that synthesized nanoparticles have corundum structure. The lattice parameters have been calculated by Rietveld refinement; and strain and crystallite size have been calculated by using the Williamson-Hall plots. For acetone gas sensing properties, the nanoparticles were applied as thick film onto alumina substrate and tested at different operating temperatures. The results showed that the optimum operating temperature of both the gas sensors is 250°C. At optimum operating temperature, the response of Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} and 2% W{sup 6+} doped Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} gas sensor towards 100 ppm acetone was found to be 25.5 and 35.6 respectively. The investigations revealed that the addition of W{sup 6+} as a dopant enhanced the sensing response of Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanoparticles appreciably.

Implant materials modified by colloids

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zboromirska-Wnukiewicz Beata

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Recent advances in general medicine led to the development of biomaterials. Implant material should be characterized by a high biocompatibility to the tissue and appropriate functionality, i.e. to have high mechanical and electrical strength and be stable in an electrolyte environment – these are the most important properties of bioceramic materials. Considerations of biomaterials design embrace also electrical properties occurring on the implant-body fluid interface and consequently the electrokinetic potential, which can be altered by modifying the surface of the implant. In this work, the surface of the implants was modified to decrease the risk of infection by using metal colloids. Nanocolloids were obtained using different chemical and electrical methods. It was found that the colloids obtained by physical and electrical methods are more stable than colloids obtained by chemical route. In this work the surface of modified corundum implants was investigated. The implant modified by nanosilver, obtained by electrical method was selected. The in vivo research on animals was carried out. Clinical observations showed that the implants with modified surface could be applied to wounds caused by atherosclerotic skeleton, for curing the chronic and bacterial inflammations as well as for skeletal reconstruction surgery.

Solidification of TRU wastes in a ceramic matrix

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Loida, A.; Schubert, G.

1991-01-01

Aluminumsilicate based ceramic materials have been evaluated as an alternative waste form for the incorporation of TRU wastes. These waste forms are free of water and - cannot generate hydrogen radiolyticly, - they show good compatibility between the compounds of the waste and the matrix, - they are resistent against aqueous solutions, heat and radiation. R and D-work has been performed to demonstrate the suitability of this waste form for the immobilization of TRU-wastes. Four kinds of original TRU-waste streams and a mixture of all of them have been immobilized by ceramization, using glove box and remote operation technique as well. Clay minerals, (kaolinite, bentonite) and reactive corundum were selected as ceramic raw materials (KAB 78) in an appropriate ratio yielding 78 wt% Al 2 O 3 and 22 wt%SiO 2 . The main process steps are (i) pretreatment of the liquid waste (concentration, denitration, neutralization, solid- liquid separation), (ii) mixing with ceramic raw materials and forming, (iii) heat treatment with T max. of 1300 0 C for 15 minutes. The waste load of the ceramic matrix has been increased gradually from 20 to 50, in some cases to 60 wt.%

Composition, structure and morphology of oxide layers formed on austenitic stainless steel by oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anandan, C.; Rajam, K.S.

2007-01-01

Oxygen ions were implanted in to austenitic stainless steel by plasma immersion ion implantation at 400 deg. C. The implanted samples were characterized by XPS, GIXRD, micro-Raman, AFM, optical and scanning electron microscopies. XPS studies showed the presence of Fe in elemental, as Fe 2+ in oxide form and as Fe 3+ in the form of oxyhydroxides in the substrate. Iron was present in the oxidation states of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ in the implanted samples. Cr and Mn were present as Cr 3+ and Mn 2+ , respectively, in both the substrate and implanted samples. Nickel remained unaffected by implantation. GIXRD and micro-Raman studies showed the oxide to be a mixture of spinel and corundum structures. Optical and AFM images showed an island structure on underlying oxide. This island structure was preserved at different thicknesses. Further, near the grain boundaries more oxide growth was found. This is explained on the basis of faster diffusion of oxygen in the grain boundary regions. Measurement of total hemispherical optical aborptance, α and emittance, ε of the implanted sample show that it has good solar selective properties

Electron-density critical points analysis and catastrophe theory to forecast structure instability in periodic solids.

Science.gov (United States)

Merli, Marcello; Pavese, Alessandro

2018-03-01

The critical points analysis of electron density, i.e. ρ(x), from ab initio calculations is used in combination with the catastrophe theory to show a correlation between ρ(x) topology and the appearance of instability that may lead to transformations of crystal structures, as a function of pressure/temperature. In particular, this study focuses on the evolution of coalescing non-degenerate critical points, i.e. such that ∇ρ(x c ) = 0 and λ 1 , λ 2 , λ 3 ≠ 0 [λ being the eigenvalues of the Hessian of ρ(x) at x c ], towards degenerate critical points, i.e. ∇ρ(x c ) = 0 and at least one λ equal to zero. The catastrophe theory formalism provides a mathematical tool to model ρ(x) in the neighbourhood of x c and allows one to rationalize the occurrence of instability in terms of electron-density topology and Gibbs energy. The phase/state transitions that TiO 2 (rutile structure), MgO (periclase structure) and Al 2 O 3 (corundum structure) undergo because of pressure and/or temperature are here discussed. An agreement of 3-5% is observed between the theoretical model and experimental pressure/temperature of transformation.

The Application of Thermal Solar Energy to High Temperature Processes: Case Study of the Synthesis of Alumina from Boehmite

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Isabel Padilla

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining alumina from boehmite using a free, clean, and unlimited power source as the solar energy. Boehmite was obtained by hydrothermal treatment of a hazardous waste coming from aluminum slag milling. The waste is considered as a hazardous substance because of it releasing toxic gases (hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide in the presence of water. The as-obtained boehmite was transformed into alumina, in air atmosphere, using a solar energy concentrator (Fresnel lens. The solar installation provides a power density of 260 W·cm−2 which allows reaching temperatures upper than 1000°C at few minutes of exposure. Tests were performed at different periods of time that ranged between 5 and 90 min. The percentage of transformation of boehmite into alumina was followed by the water content of samples after solar radiation exposure. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. Metastable aluminas started to appear at 5 min and the crystalline and stable phase corundum at 10 min of solar radiation exposure.

[HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OFWORKING ENVIRONMENT FOR REPAIRERS OF RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK IN PLANT CONDITIONS].

Science.gov (United States)

Sudeikina, N A; Kurenkova, G V

2015-01-01

The comprehensive hygienic assessment of working environment for main occupational groups Railway Car Repair Plant in factory conditions shows that workers are exposed to the impact of factors of chemical nature in concentrations exceeding maximum allowable (lead, manganese, alkali caustic, sulphuric and nitric acids, chromium trioxide, silicon-containing dust, white corundum, diiron trioxide, silicate-organic dust, wood and carbon dusts), the high level of noise, the local vibration, insufficient levels of artificial lighting. The manual work is used, that determines the high severity of the labor process in the most of workers. There was identified the inconsistency of quality and quantitative estimation of the work conditions on chemical factor at implementation of various types of control: certification of workplaces on work conditions, productions and state control. There was given an a priori evaluation of the occupational risk in the three main workshops, there were detected 13 occupations with mild (moderate) risk, 9 occupations with average (significant) risk, 6 professions with high (intolerable) risk category and 1 occupation--with very high (intolerable) risk category. Low indices of occupational diseases according to official statistics were establishedfail to be consistent with a high probability of their occurrence in the production.

Effect of Phenomena Accompanying Wear in Dry Corundum Abrasive on the Properties and Microstructure of Austempered Ductile Iron with Different Chemical Composition

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Myszka D.

2015-04-01

Full Text Available The research described in this article is a fragment in the series of published works trying to determine the applicability of new materials for parts of the mining machinery. Tests were performed on two groups of austempered ductile iron - one of which contained 1.5% Ni and 0.5% Mo, while the other contained 1.9% Ni and 0.9% Cu. Each group has been heat treated according to the three different heat treatment variants and then the material was subjected to detailed testing of mechanical properties and abrasion wear resistance, measuring also hardness and magnetic properties, and conducting microstructural examinations. The results indicated that each of the tested materials was senstive to the surface hardening effect, which resulted in high wear resistance. It has been found that high temperature of austempering, i.e. 370°C, favours high wear resistance of ductile iron containing nickel and molybdenum. Low temperature of austempering, i.e. 270°C, develops high wear resistance in ductile iron containing nickel and copper. Both these materials offer completely different mechanical properties and as such can be used for different and specific applications.

Petrology of the Fort Smith - Great Slave Lake radiometric high near Pilot Lake, N.W.T

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Burwash, R.A.; Cape, D.F.

1981-01-01

Near Pilot Lake, the east boundary of the Fort Smith - Great Slave Lake radiometric high coincides with the contact of a well-foliated, porphyroblastic microcline-plagioclase-quartz-garnet-biotite gneiss (Pilot Lake Gneiss) with a hybrid assemblage of quartzite, mica schist, garnet-cordierite gneiss, and minor amphibolite (Variable Paragneiss). Anomalously high concentrations of uranium and thorium are associated with mafic-rich, lenticular bodies with a mineral assemblage biotite + monazite + zircon + ilmenite + hematite +- plagioclase +- quartz, within both the Variable Paragneiss and the Pilot Lake Gneiss. Corundum and spinel occur in the mafic lenses and sillimanite, kyanite, and hypersthene in other inclusions of the Pilot Lake Gneiss. The ilmenite-magnetite--monazite-zircon-apatite assemblage is interpreted as a 'black sand' concentration in a clastic sedimentary sequence subsequently metamorphosed by a regional granulite facies event. A granite pluton intruded during the same orogenic cycle assimilated the clastic metasedimentary rocks containing black sand interlayers, becoming enriched in thorium from the monazite. A second metamorphic event at lower P-T conditions, accompanied by strong cataclasis, developed the texture of the Pilot Lake Gneiss as now observed. Shearing within the gneiss locally concentrated hematite + quartz + uranium. Regional tectonic extrapolations suggest that the pyroxene granulite event was Kenoran and the later amphibolite event Hudsonian. (author)

Chemical Reduction Synthesis of Iron Aluminum Powders

Science.gov (United States)

Zurita-Méndez, N. N.; la Torre, G. Carbajal-De; Ballesteros-Almanza, L.; Villagómez-Galindo, M.; Sánchez-Castillo, A.; Espinosa-Medina, M. A.

In this study, a chemical reduction synthesis method of iron aluminum (FeAl) nano-dimensional intermetallic powders is described. The process has two stages: a salt reduction and solvent evaporation by a heat treatment at 1100°C. The precursors of the synthesis are ferric chloride, aluminum foil chips, a mix of Toluene/THF in a 75/25 volume relationship, and concentrated hydrochloric acid as initiator of the reaction. The reaction time was 20 days, the product obtained was dried at 60 °C for 2 h and calcined at 400, 800, and 1100 °C for 4 h each. To characterize and confirm the obtained synthesis products, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques were used. The results of morphology and chemical characterization of nano-dimensional powders obtained showed a formation of agglomerated particles of a size range of approximately 150 nm to 1.0 μm. Composition of powders was identified as corundum (Al2O3), iron aluminide (FeAl3), and iron-aluminum oxides (Fe0. 53Al0. 47)2O3 phases. The oxide phases formation were associated with the reaction of atmospheric concentration-free oxygen during synthesis and sintering steps, reducing the concentration of the iron aluminum phase.

Recovery of α-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} from ionizing radiation dosimetric sensors

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sanches, Edgar Aparecido, E-mail: sanches.ufam@gmail.com [Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM (Brazil). Dept. de Fisica; Costalonga, Ademir Geraldo Cavallari; Mascarenhas, Yvonne Primerano [Universidade de Sao Paulo (IFSC/USP), Sao Carlos, SP (Brazil). Institute de Fisica; Nascimento, Luana de Freitas [Belgium Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN, Mol (Belgium); Mascarenhas, Yvone Maria [SAPRA S/A Servico de Assessoria e Protecao Radiologica, Sao Carlos, SP, (Brazil)

2015-01-15

Corundum, sapphire or α-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} is an important technological material in many optical and electronic applications such as solid-state lasers, optical windows and, more recently, as a radiation detector. Landauer (Glenwood, IL, USA) accumulated large number of archived and stored Luxel™ dosemeters composed of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}:C, which were subjected to a recovery process. Due to the importance of this advanced crystalline material in OSL dosimetry, a recovery process was developed based on the dosemeters calcination and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}:C has been reused in manufacturing of new dosemeters. This paper does not aim to optimize the recovery process, but provides an opportunity to study the involved process parameters and to recover this valuable crystalline material from used dosemeters. To the best of our knowledge no other recovery process involving this dosimetric material was described in scientific literature. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), Thermogravimetry/Differential Thermoanalysis (TG/DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and Rietveld Refinement were used to characterize the recovered material and to check for the stability of its structural and dosimetric properties. (author)

Electrochemically assisted deposition of strontium modified magnesium phosphate on titanium surfaces

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Meininger, M.; Wolf-Brandstetter, C.; Zerweck, J.; Wenninger, F.; Gbureck, U.; Groll, J.; Moseke, C.

2016-01-01

Electrochemically assisted deposition was utilized to produce ceramic coatings on the basis of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) on corundum-blasted titanium surfaces. By the addition of defined concentrations of strontium nitrate to the coating electrolyte Sr 2+ ions were successfully incorporated into the struvite matrix. By variation of deposition parameters it was possible to fabricate coatings with different kinetics of Sr 2+ into physiological media, whereas the release of therapeutically relevant strontium doses could be sustained over several weeks. Morphological and crystallographic examinations of the immersed coatings revealed that the degradation of struvite and the release of Sr 2+ ions were accompanied by a transformation of the coating to a calcium phosphate based phase similar to low-crystalline hydroxyapatite. These findings showed that strontium doped struvite coatings may provide a promising degradable coating system for the local application of strontium or other biologically active metal ions in the implant–bone interface. - Highlights: • Sr-doped struvite coatings have been deposited on titanium by electrochemically assisted deposition. • Sr content can be adjusted by means of process time, current density and pulse mode. • Sr-doped coatings release therapeutically relevant Sr doses in physiological media for several weeks. • During immersion in physiological media Sr-doped struvite coatings transform into a low crystalline calcium phosphate phase.

Analysis of spectra of the Cr3+ impurities in a number of crystals with an account of Trees correction

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Grechushnikov, B.N.; Veremejchik, T.F.; Kalinkina, I.N.

1977-01-01

A diagram showing the Cr 3+ ion levels in the crystals of MgO, spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ), garnet (Y 3 Al 5 O 12 ), emerald (BeAl 2 ) and corundum (SiO 3 ) 6 was calculated to elucidate the nature of the interaction described by the Trees correction αL (L+1) and the effect of the term on the accuracy of the calculations of the energy levels of admixed α 3 ions with d 3- -configurations. The calculation was performed in a semiempirical version of the crystalline field. The optimum parameters were found using a computer with account for the accuracy in estimating the said levels by the absorption spectra of the basis and excited states. The inclusion of the Trees correction, αL (L+1), in the calculation was shown to considerably improve the agreement between the calculated and experimentally obtained energy levels of Cr 3+ ions in the given crystals. The highest effect was observed in the range constituting the states 2 E, 2 T 1 and 2 T 2 (lines R, R' and B). Basing on an analysis of α value for these crystals, the conclusion was made that the term αL (L+1) chiefly described the interaction of the configurations

Mineralogical characterization of Greda clays and monitoring of their phase transformations on thermal treatment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chavez Panduro, E.; Bravo Cabrejos, J.

2010-01-01

The mineralogical characterization of two clay samples from the Central Andean Region of Peru, denominated White Greda and Red Greda, is reported. These clays contain the clay minerals mica and illite respectively. Both clays were treated thermally in an oxidising atmosphere under controlled conditions up to 1,100 deg. C with the purpose of obtaining information about structural changes that may be useful for pottery manufacture. X-ray fluorescence was used for the elemental characterization of the samples and X-ray diffractometry was used to determine the collapse and formation of the mineral phases present in the samples caused by thermal treatment. At temperatures above 1,000 deg. C it is observed the formation of spinel in the case of White Greda and of hematite, corundum and cristobalite in the case of Red Greda. Room temperature transmission Moessbauer spectroscopy allowed the monitoring of the variation of the hyperfine parameters with the thermal treatment temperature; In the case of the evolution of the quadruple splitting of the paramagnetic Fe 3+ sites with temperature, in both clays, the analyses reproduced results such as the 'camel back' curve shape, found by other workers (Wagner and Wagner, Hyperfine Interact 154:35-82, 2004; Wagner and Kyek, Hyperfine Interact 154:5-33, 2004).

Mineralogical characterization of Greda clays and monitoring of their phase transformations on thermal treatment

Science.gov (United States)

Panduro, E. Chavez; Cabrejos, J. Bravo

2010-01-01

The mineralogical characterization of two clay samples from the Central Andean Region of Peru, denominated White Greda and Red Greda, is reported. These clays contain the clay minerals mica and illite respectively. Both clays were treated thermally in an oxidising atmosphere under controlled conditions up to 1,100°C with the purpose of obtaining information about structural changes that may be useful for pottery manufacture. X-ray fluorescence was used for the elemental characterization of the samples and X-ray diffractometry was used to determine the collapse and formation of the mineral phases present in the samples caused by thermal treatment. At temperatures above 1,000°C it is observed the formation of spinel in the case of White Greda and of hematite, corundum and cristobalite in the case of Red Greda. Room temperature transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed the monitoring of the variation of the hyperfine parameters with the thermal treatment temperature; In the case of the evolution of the quadruple splitting of the paramagnetic Fe3 + sites with temperature, in both clays, the analyses reproduced results such as the “camel back” curve shape, found by other workers (Wagner and Wagner, Hyperfine Interact 154:35-82, 2004; Wagner and Kyek, Hyperfine Interact 154:5-33, 2004).

Mineralogical characterization of Greda clays and monitoring of their phase transformations on thermal treatment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chavez Panduro, E., E-mail: 04130127@unmsm.edu.pe; Bravo Cabrejos, J., E-mail: jbravoc@unmsm.edu.pe [Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas (Peru)

2010-01-15

The mineralogical characterization of two clay samples from the Central Andean Region of Peru, denominated White Greda and Red Greda, is reported. These clays contain the clay minerals mica and illite respectively. Both clays were treated thermally in an oxidising atmosphere under controlled conditions up to 1,100 deg. C with the purpose of obtaining information about structural changes that may be useful for pottery manufacture. X-ray fluorescence was used for the elemental characterization of the samples and X-ray diffractometry was used to determine the collapse and formation of the mineral phases present in the samples caused by thermal treatment. At temperatures above 1,000 deg. C it is observed the formation of spinel in the case of White Greda and of hematite, corundum and cristobalite in the case of Red Greda. Room temperature transmission Moessbauer spectroscopy allowed the monitoring of the variation of the hyperfine parameters with the thermal treatment temperature; In the case of the evolution of the quadruple splitting of the paramagnetic Fe{sup 3+} sites with temperature, in both clays, the analyses reproduced results such as the 'camel back' curve shape, found by other workers (Wagner and Wagner, Hyperfine Interact 154:35-82, 2004; Wagner and Kyek, Hyperfine Interact 154:5-33, 2004).

Nano-size metallic oxide particle synthesis in Fe-Cr alloys by ion implantation

Science.gov (United States)

Zheng, C.; Gentils, A.; Ribis, J.; Borodin, V. A.; Delauche, L.; Arnal, B.

2017-10-01

Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels reinforced with metal oxide nanoparticles are advanced structural materials for nuclear and thermonuclear reactors. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the precipitation of nano-oxides can help in improving mechanical properties of ODS steels, with a strong impact for their commercialization. A perfect tool to study these mechanisms is ion implantation, where various precipitate synthesis parameters are under control. In the framework of this approach, high-purity Fe-10Cr alloy samples were consecutively implanted with Al and O ions at room temperature and demonstrated a number of unexpected features. For example, oxide particles of a few nm in diameter could be identified in the samples already after ion implantation at room temperature. This is very unusual for ion beam synthesis, which commonly requires post-implantation high-temperature annealing to launch precipitation. The observed particles were composed of aluminium and oxygen, but additionally contained one of the matrix elements (chromium). The crystal structure of aluminium oxide compound corresponds to non-equilibrium cubic γ-Al2O3 phase rather than to more common corundum. The obtained experimental results together with the existing literature data give insight into the physical mechanisms involved in the precipitation of nano-oxides in ODS alloys.

Structural, optical and vibrational properties of Cr2O3 with ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic order: A combined experimental and density functional theory study

Science.gov (United States)

Larbi, T.; Ouni, B.; Gantassi, A.; Doll, K.; Amlouk, M.; Manoubi, T.

2017-12-01

Chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films have been synthesized on glass substrates by the spray pyrolysis technique. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the sample have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy respectively. X-ray diffraction results reveal that as deposited film is polycrystalline with a rhombohedral corundum structure and a preferential orientation of the crystallites along the (1 0 4) direction. IR and Raman spectra were recorded in the 100-900 cm-1 range and the observed modes were analysed and assigned to different normal modes of vibration. The direct optical band gap energy value calculated from the transmittance spectra of as-deposited thin film is about 3.38 eV. We employ first principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP hybrid functional and a coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock/Kohn-Sham approach (CPHF/KS). We study the electronic structure, optimum geometry, and IR and Raman spectra of ferromagnetically and antiferromagnetically ordered Cr2O3. The computed results are consistent with the experimental measurements, and provide complete vibrational assignment, for the characterization of Cr2O3 thin film materials which can be used in photocatalysis and gas sensors.

Effect of additives on enhanced sintering and grain growth in uranium dioxide

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bourgeois, L.

1992-06-01

The use of sintering additives has been the most effective way of promoting grain growth of uranium dioxide. We have established a same mechanism for additives which belongs to corundum structure: chromium, aluminium, vanadium and titanium sesquioxides. Study of thermodynamical stabilities of dopants has lead to define suitable sintering atmospheres in order to enhance grain growth. Low solubility limits have been defined at T=1700 deg C for four additives, from variations of final grain size versus initial dopant concentration Identification of second phase after cooling has been done from electronic diffraction patterns. It appears that these solubilities decrease sharply as positive deviation from stoichiometry of uranium dioxide increases. Dilatometric analysis of sintering of doped uranium dioxide has shown in certain cases some enhancement in densification rates, at the point of onset of abnormal grain growth, which is believed to be the source. Nevertheless, the following growth is accompanied with pores coalescence mechanisms and pores entrapment inside grains. Increased thermal stability, during standard annealing, is expected, limiting thereby redensification of nuclear fuel in reactors. Finally, from investigations of additives vaporizations, Al 2 O 3 and Cr 2 O 3 , oxygen exchanges between additives and matrix are believed to occur, which should lead to enhance pore mobility. (Author)., refs., figs., tabs

Scaled-up solvothermal synthesis of nanosized metastable indium oxyhydroxide (InOOH) and corundum-type rhombohedral indium oxide (rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3})

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schlicker, Lukas; Bekheet, Maged F.; Gurlo, Aleksander [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe

2017-03-01

Phase pure metastable indium oxyhydroxide (InOOH) with crystallite size in the range ca. 2-7 nm is synthesized by a nonaqueous solvothermal synthesis route in ethanol. The influence of synthesis parameters such as temperature, basicity (pH), synthesis time, and water content is carefully addressed. T-pH maps summarize the impact of synthesis temperature and pH and reveal that phase pure InOOH is obtained in water-free solutions at mild temperatures (150-180 C) in highly basic conditions (pH>12). Subsequent calcination of InOOH at 375-700 C in ambient air atmosphere results in metastable nanoscaled rhombohedral indium oxide (rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3}). The synthesis protocol for phase pure nanocrystalline InOOH material was successfully upscaled allowing for obtaining ca. 3 g of phase-pure InOOH with a yield of ca. 78%. The upscaled InOOH and rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} batches are now available for a detailed in-situ characterization of the mechanism of decomposition of InOOH to rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} to c-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} as well as for the characterization of the functional properties of InOOH and rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} materials.

Interlayer growth kinetics of a binary solid-solution based on the thermodynamic extremal principle: Application to the formation of spinel at periclase-corundum contacts

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Abart, R.; Svoboda, Jiří; Jeřábek, P.; Povoden-Karadeniz, E.; Habler, G.

2016-01-01

Roč. 316, č. 4 (2016), s. 309-328 ISSN 0002-9599 Institutional support: RVO:68081723 Keywords : reactive dffusion * interface migration * thermodynamic modeling * spinel Subject RIV: BJ - Thermodynamics Impact factor: 4.099, year: 2016

Effects of Starch on Properties of Alumina-based Ceramic Cores

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

LI Fengguang

2016-12-01

Full Text Available In order to improve the poor leachability of alumina-based ceramic cores, different amount of starch was added to the specimens as pore former. Alumina-based ceramic cores were prepared by hot injection technology using corundum powder as base material, paraffin wax and beeswax as plasticizer, silica powder and magnesium oxide powder as mineralizing agent, wherein the parameters of the hot injection process were as follows:temperature of the slurry was 90℃, hot injection pressure was 0.5 MPa and holding time was 25 s. The effects of starch content on the properties of alumina-based ceramic cores were studied and discussed. The results indicate that during sintering period, the loss of starch in the specimens makes porosity of the alumina-based ceramic cores increase. When starch content increases, the room-temperature flexural strength of the ceramic cores reduces and the apparent porosity increases; the volatile solvent increases and the bulk density decreases. After being sintered at 1560℃ for 2.5 h, room-temperature flexural strength of the alumina-based ceramic cores with starch content of 8%(mass fraction is 24.8 MPa, apparent porosity is 47.98% when the volatile solvent is 1.92 g/h and bulk density is 1.88 g/cm3, the complex properties are optimal.

Improving tribological properties of Ti-5Zr-3Sn-5Mo-15Nb alloy by double glow plasma surface alloying

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Guo, Lili; Qin, Lin, E-mail: qinlin@tyut.edu.cn; Kong, Fanyou; Yi, Hong; Tang, Bin

2016-12-01

Highlights: • The Mo alloyed layers were successfully prepared on TLM surface by DG-PSA. • The surface microhardness of TLM is remarkably enhanced by Mo alloying. • The TLM samples after Mo alloying exhibit good wettability. • The Mo alloyed TLM samples show excellent tribological properties. - Abstract: Molybdenum, an alloying element, was deposited and diffused on Ti-5Zr-3Sn-5Mo-15Nb (TLM) substrate by double glow plasma surface alloying technology at 900, 950 and 1000 °C. The microstructure, composition distribution and micro-hardness of the Mo modified layers were analyzed. Contact angles on deionized water and wear behaviors of the samples against corundum balls in simulated human body fluids were investigated. Results show that the surface microhardness is significantly enhanced after alloying and increases with treated temperature rising, and the contact angles are lowered to some extent. More importantly, compared to as-received TLM alloy, the Mo modified samples, especially the one treated at 1000 °C, exhibit the significant improvement of tribological properties in reciprocating wear tests, with lower specific wear rate and friction coefficient. To conclude, Mo alloying treatment is an effective approach to obtain excellent comprehensive properties including optimal wear resistance and improved wettability, which ensure the lasting and safety application for titanium alloys as the biomedical implants.

In situ neutron diffraction investigation on the phase transformation sequence of kaolinite and halloysite to mullite

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tezuka, Nobuo [Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 (Australia); Low, It-Meng [Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 (Australia)]. E-mail: J.Low@curtin.edu.au; Davies, Ian J. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 (Australia); Prior, Michael [Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, NSW 2234 (Australia); Studer, Andrew [Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, NSW 2234 (Australia)

2006-11-15

'Kaolin' is a major raw material for the fabrication of conventional ceramics. In this work the authors have investigated the thermal phase transformation of mullite from two different types of kaolin (kaolinite and halloysite), with or without alumina matrix constraint, during heating up to 1500 deg. C and then cooling using in situ neutron diffraction. Mullitization was initiated upon heating to 1200 deg. C for all specimens and followed spinel formation at 1100 deg. C. Above this temperature, however, evolution of the main phases, i.e., mullite, cristobalite and corundum, was influenced by the presence of impurities, initial type of silica, and alumina constraint. The relative amount of mullite was largest for the pure kaolinite specimen, particularly during heating, and this was attributed to the presence of a glassy phase. However, kaolinite with alumina suppressed the crystallization of cristobalite from the glassy phase upon cooling due to a reaction between alumina and amorphous silica, consequently resulting in an amount of mullite as for the pure kaolinite specimen (approximately 65 wt%). Halloysite was less active in terms of mullitization due to the lower level of initial impurities and greater amount of cristobalite, particularly for the alumina-constrained specimen. However, the final amount of mullite derived from the pure halloysite specimen was similar to that as from the kaolinite specimen.

In situ neutron diffraction investigation on the phase transformation sequence of kaolinite and halloysite to mullite

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tezuka, Nobuo; Low, It-Meng; Davies, Ian J.; Prior, Michael; Studer, Andrew

2006-01-01

'Kaolin' is a major raw material for the fabrication of conventional ceramics. In this work the authors have investigated the thermal phase transformation of mullite from two different types of kaolin (kaolinite and halloysite), with or without alumina matrix constraint, during heating up to 1500 deg. C and then cooling using in situ neutron diffraction. Mullitization was initiated upon heating to 1200 deg. C for all specimens and followed spinel formation at 1100 deg. C. Above this temperature, however, evolution of the main phases, i.e., mullite, cristobalite and corundum, was influenced by the presence of impurities, initial type of silica, and alumina constraint. The relative amount of mullite was largest for the pure kaolinite specimen, particularly during heating, and this was attributed to the presence of a glassy phase. However, kaolinite with alumina suppressed the crystallization of cristobalite from the glassy phase upon cooling due to a reaction between alumina and amorphous silica, consequently resulting in an amount of mullite as for the pure kaolinite specimen (approximately 65 wt%). Halloysite was less active in terms of mullitization due to the lower level of initial impurities and greater amount of cristobalite, particularly for the alumina-constrained specimen. However, the final amount of mullite derived from the pure halloysite specimen was similar to that as from the kaolinite specimen

Tribological properties of multifunctional coatings with Shape Memory Effect in abrasive wear

Science.gov (United States)

Blednova, Zh. M.; Dmitrenko, D. V.; Balaev, E. U. O.

2018-01-01

The article gives research results of the abrasive wear process on samples made of Steel 1045, U10 and with applied composite surface layer "Nickel-Multicomponent material with Shape Memory Effect (SME) based on TiNi". For the tests we have chosen TiNiZr, which is in the martensite state and TiNiHfCu, which is in the austenitic state at the test temperature. The formation of the surface layer was carried out by high-speed oxygen-fuel deposition in a protective atmosphere of argon. In the wear test, Al2O3 corundum powder was used as an abrasive. It is shown that the wear rate of samples with a composite surface layer of multicomponent materials with SME is significantly reduced in comparison with the base, which is explained by reversible phase transformations of the surface layer with SME. After carrying out the additional surface plastic deformation (SPD), the resistance of the laminated composition to abrasion wear has greatly enhanced, due to the reinforcing effect of the SPD. It is recommended for products working in conditions of abrasive wear and high temperatures to use the complex formation technology of the surface composition "steel-nickel-material with high-temperature SME", including preparation of the substrate surface and the deposited material, high-speed spraying in the protective atmosphere of argon, followed by SPD.

Gemstones and geosciences in space and time. Digital maps to the "Chessboard classification scheme of mineral deposits"

Science.gov (United States)

Dill, Harald G.; Weber, Berthold

2013-12-01

The gemstones, covering the spectrum from jeweler's to showcase quality, have been presented in a tripartite subdivision, by country, geology and geomorphology realized in 99 digital maps with more than 2600 mineralized sites. The various maps were designed based on the "Chessboard classification scheme of mineral deposits" proposed by Dill (2010a, 2010b) to reveal the interrelations between gemstone deposits and mineral deposits of other commodities and direct our thoughts to potential new target areas for exploration. A number of 33 categories were used for these digital maps: chromium, nickel, titanium, iron, manganese, copper, tin-tungsten, beryllium, lithium, zinc, calcium, boron, fluorine, strontium, phosphorus, zirconium, silica, feldspar, feldspathoids, zeolite, amphibole (tiger's eye), olivine, pyroxenoid, garnet, epidote, sillimanite-andalusite, corundum-spinel - diaspore, diamond, vermiculite-pagodite, prehnite, sepiolite, jet, and amber. Besides the political base map (gems by country) the mineral deposit is drawn on a geological map, illustrating the main lithologies, stratigraphic units and tectonic structure to unravel the evolution of primary gemstone deposits in time and space. The geomorphological map is to show the control of climate and subaerial and submarine hydrography on the deposition of secondary gemstone deposits. The digital maps are designed so as to be plotted as a paper version of different scale and to upgrade them for an interactive use and link them to gemological databases.

Development of alumino-silicate refractories in Ghana

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kisiedu, A. K.; Tetteh, D.M.B.; Obiri, H. A.; Brenya, E. F.; Ayensu, A.

2008-01-01

Alumino-silicate (bauxite), andalusite, kaolin and clay were investigated for suitability in production of alumina, mullite and fireclay brick refractories. The raw materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal and silicate analyses. The x-ray diffraction analysis of alumina and mullite refractories fired at 1450 0 C, and fireclay bricks fired at 1350 0 C, indicated presence of corundum and alpha-alumina crystals. The values of thermal (fired) shrinkage, crushing, strength, porosity, water absorption and bulk density determined were 31.1%, 2.3 x 10 3 kg/m 3 , 4.86 x 10 6 N/m 2 and 13.2 % for mullite; 30.2%, 2.4 x 10 3 kg/m 3 , 3.20 x 10 6 N/m 2 and W = 12.8 % for alumina; and 25.2 %, 2.1 x 10 3 kg/m 3 , 2.61 x 10 6 N/m 2 and W = 11.8% for fireclay, respectively. Bauxite, andalusite and special kaolin were identified as potential raw materials for developing alumina and mullite refractories for construction of high temperature kilns and furnaces operating at 1350 0 C. The clay and kaolin minerals could be used to produce fireclay refractories for construction of incinerators operating at maximum temperatures of about 1000 0 C. The performance of the refractories was demonstrated by producing bricks to construct kilns and incinerators for the ceramic industry and hospitals. (au)

Electrochemically assisted deposition of strontium modified magnesium phosphate on titanium surfaces

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Meininger, M. [Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070 Würzburg (Germany); Wolf-Brandstetter, C. [Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Technical University of Dresden, Budapester Straße 27, D-01069 Dresden (Germany); Zerweck, J.; Wenninger, F.; Gbureck, U.; Groll, J. [Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070 Würzburg (Germany); Moseke, C., E-mail: claus.moseke@fmz.uni-wuerzburg.de [Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070 Würzburg (Germany)

2016-10-01

Electrochemically assisted deposition was utilized to produce ceramic coatings on the basis of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) on corundum-blasted titanium surfaces. By the addition of defined concentrations of strontium nitrate to the coating electrolyte Sr{sup 2+} ions were successfully incorporated into the struvite matrix. By variation of deposition parameters it was possible to fabricate coatings with different kinetics of Sr{sup 2+} into physiological media, whereas the release of therapeutically relevant strontium doses could be sustained over several weeks. Morphological and crystallographic examinations of the immersed coatings revealed that the degradation of struvite and the release of Sr{sup 2+} ions were accompanied by a transformation of the coating to a calcium phosphate based phase similar to low-crystalline hydroxyapatite. These findings showed that strontium doped struvite coatings may provide a promising degradable coating system for the local application of strontium or other biologically active metal ions in the implant–bone interface. - Highlights: • Sr-doped struvite coatings have been deposited on titanium by electrochemically assisted deposition. • Sr content can be adjusted by means of process time, current density and pulse mode. • Sr-doped coatings release therapeutically relevant Sr doses in physiological media for several weeks. • During immersion in physiological media Sr-doped struvite coatings transform into a low crystalline calcium phosphate phase.

Chromite and other mineral deposits in serpentine rocks of the Piedmont Upland, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

Science.gov (United States)

Pearre, Nancy C.; Heyl, Allen V.

1960-01-01

The Piedmont Upland in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware is about 160 miles long and at the most 50 miles wide. Rocks that underlie the province are the Baltimore gneiss of Precambrian age and quartzite, gneiss, schist, marble, phyllite, and greenstone, which make up the Glenarm series of early Paleozoic (?) age. These are intruded by granitic, gabbroic, and ultramaflc igneous rocks. Most of the ultramaflc rocks, originally peridotite, pyroxenite, and dunite, have been partly or completely altered to serpentine and talc; they are all designated by the general term serpentine. The bodies of serpentine are commonly elongate and conformable with the enclosing rocks. Many have been extensively quarried for building, decorative, and crushed stone. In addition, chromite, titaniferous magnetite, rutile, talc and soapstone, amphibole asbestos, magnesite, sodium- rich feldspar (commercially known as soda spar), and corundum have been mined or prospected for in the serpentine. Both high-grade massive chromite and lower grade disseminated chromite occur in very irregular and unpredictable form in the serpentine, and placer deposits of chromite are in and near streams that drain areas underlain by serpentine. A group of unusual minerals, among them kammererite, are typical associates of high-grade massive chromite but are rare in lower grade deposits. Chromite was first discovered in the United States at Bare Hills, Md., around 1810. Between 1820 and 1850, additional deposits were discovered and mined in Maryland and Pennsylvania, including the largest deposit of massive chromite ever found in the United States the Wood deposit, in the State Line district. A second period of extensive chromite mining came during the late 1860's and early 1870's. Production figures are incomplete and conflicting. Estimates from the available data indicate that the aggregate production from 27 of 40 known mines before 1900 totaled between 250,000 and 280,000 tons of lode-chromite ore

Microstructure, Mechanical and Surface Morphological Properties of Al5Ti5Cr Master Alloy as Friction Material Prepared by Stir Die Casting

Science.gov (United States)

Ahmed, Syed Faisal; Srivastava, Sanjay; Agarwal, Alka Bani

2018-04-01

Metal matrix composite offers outstanding properties for better performance of disc brakes. In the present study, the composite of AlTiCr master alloy was prepared by stir die casting method. The developed material was reinforced with (0-10 wt%) silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide (B4C). The effects of SiC reinforcement from 0 to 10 wt% on mechanical, microstructure and surface morphological properties of Al MMC was investigated and compared with B4C reinforcement. Physical properties like density and micro Vickers hardness number show an increasing trend with an increase in the percentage of SiC and B4C reinforcement. Mechanical properties viz. UTS, yield strength and percentage of elongation are improved with increasing the fraction of reinforcement. The surface morphology and phase were identified from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis and the oxidized product formed during the casting was investigated by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. This confirms the presence of crystallization of corundum (α-Al2O3) in small traces as one of the alumina phases, within casting sample. Micro-structural characterization by SEM depicted that the particles tend to be more agglomerated more and more with the percentage of the reinforcement. The AFM results reveal that the surface roughness value shows a decreasing trend with SiC reinforcement while roughness increases with increase the percentage of B4C.

Additive manufacturing of tools for lapping glass

Science.gov (United States)

Williams, Wesley B.

2013-09-01

Additive manufacturing technologies have the ability to directly produce parts with complex geometries without the need for secondary processes, tooling or fixtures. This ability was used to produce concave lapping tools with a VFlash 3D printer from 3D Systems. The lapping tools were first designed in Creo Parametric with a defined constant radius and radial groove pattern. The models were converted to stereolithography files which the VFlash used in building the parts, layer by layer, from a UV curable resin. The tools were rotated at 60 rpm and used with 120 grit and 220 grit silicon carbide lapping paste to lap 0.750" diameter fused silica workpieces. The samples developed a matte appearance on the lapped surface that started as a ring at the edge of the workpiece and expanded to the center. This indicated that as material was removed, the workpiece radius was beginning to match the tool radius. The workpieces were then cleaned and lapped on a second tool (with equivalent geometry) using a 3000 grit corundum aluminum oxide lapping paste, until a near specular surface was achieved. By using lapping tools that have been additively manufactured, fused silica workpieces can be lapped to approach a specified convex geometry. This approach may enable more rapid lapping of near net shape workpieces that minimize the material removal required by subsequent polishing. This research may also enable development of new lapping tool geometry and groove patterns for improved loose abrasive finishing.

Synthesis and characterization of Co and Ni catalysts supported on alumina, synthesized from aluminum industry wastes and its use in the reforming reaction of ethanol, to hydrogen production

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Saborio Gonzalez, Maricruz

2013-01-01

Alumina was synthesized from aluminum anodizing process wastes through a process of mechanical and thermal treatment of calcination,1373 K with a heating rate of 5 K/min to 8h, obtaining a pure alumina of corundum type, a crystal size of 9.77 nm. This material is used as a microporous support and have elaborated Cobalt heterogeneous catalysts (CO 3 O 4 / Al 2 O 3 ) and Nickel (NiO/Al 2 O 3 ) which were calcined at different temperatures (573 K, 773 K, 973 K, 1173 K). From these is produced hydrogen by ethenol catalytic reforming. Two techniques were used for driving the mixture EtOH:H 2 O (1:3) of starting gas. A first technique has involved trawling through boiling of the mixture. High percentages were obtained of hydrogen but to a lesser reaction time, consuming all starting reagent, the most efficient catalyst has been the CO 2 O 3 / Al 2 O 3 calcined at 973K with a production of H 2 of 50% v/v as well as CH 4 and CO of 10%v/v. The second type of starting reagent carryover has been mild heating at 333 K and nitrogen sweep, with the following results 11% v/v H 2 , 12% v/v CH 4 and 7% v/v CO. Addition of ethanol conversion maximums of 76% and hydrogen yield of 29%, of the theoretical yield based on the ethanol consumed. (author) [es

Orthorhombic Ti2O3: A Polymorph-Dependent Narrow-Bandgap Ferromagnetic Oxide

KAUST Repository

Li, Yangyang

2017-12-16

Magnetic semiconductors are highly sought in spintronics, which allow not only the control of charge carriers like in traditional electronics, but also the control of spin states. However, almost all known magnetic semiconductors are featured with bandgaps larger than 1 eV, which limits their applications in long-wavelength regimes. In this work, the discovery of orthorhombic-structured Ti2O3 films is reported as a unique narrow-bandgap (≈0.1 eV) ferromagnetic oxide semiconductor. In contrast, the well-known corundum-structured Ti2O3 polymorph has an antiferromagnetic ground state. This comprehensive study on epitaxial Ti2O3 thin films reveals strong correlations between structure, electrical, and magnetic properties. The new orthorhombic Ti2O3 polymorph is found to be n-type with a very high electron concentration, while the bulk-type trigonal-structured Ti2O3 is p-type. More interestingly, in contrast to the antiferromagnetic ground state of trigonal bulk Ti2O3, unexpected ferromagnetism with a transition temperature well above room temperature is observed in the orthorhombic Ti2O3, which is confirmed by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements. Using first-principles calculations, the ferromagnetism is attributed to a particular type of oxygen vacancies in the orthorhombic Ti2O3. The room-temperature ferromagnetism observed in orthorhombic-structured Ti2O3, demonstrates a new route toward controlling magnetism in epitaxial oxide films through selective stabilization of polymorph phases.

Fabrication and characterization of fine ceramic based on alumina, bentonite, and glass bead

Science.gov (United States)

Sebayang, P.; Nurdina; Simbolon, S.; Kurniawan, C.; Yunus, M.; Setiadi, E. A.; Sitorus, Z.

2018-03-01

Fabrication of fine ceramics based on alumina, bentonite and glass bead has been carried out by powder metallurgy. The preparation of powder has been performed using High Energy Milling (HEM) with wet milling process and using toluene as medium for 2 hours. The powder milling result was dried in oven at 100 °C for 24 hours. After that, the powder was compacted into pellet by using hydraulic press with 80 kgf/cm2 pressure at room temperature. Then, the pellet was sintered at 900 °C for 4 hours. Materials characterization such as physical properties (true density, bulk density, porosity, and water absorption), average particle diameter, hardness, microstructure and phase were measured by Archimedes method, Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Hardness Vickers (HV), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). From the result, the optimum condition is sample D (with addition of 30 wt.% γ-Al2O3) with sintering temperature of 900 °C for 4 hours. At this condition, these properties were measured: average particle diameter of 4.27 μm, true density of 2.32 g/cm3, porosity of 5.57%, water absorption of 2.46%, bulk density of 2.39 g/cm3, and hardness of 632 HV. The fine ceramic has four phases with albite (Al2NaO8Si3) and quartz (SiO2) as dominant phases and corundum (Al2O3) and nepheline (AlNaO4Si) as minor phases.

Resistencia a la corrosión y desgaste de recubrinnientos deTiN obtenidos por PVD

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Conde, A.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Surface hardening techniques for metallic alloys are widely used to achieve layers of very high hardness and corrosion and wear resistance. In the present paper TiN coatings are obtained by PVD on a tool steel. The films are characterized by SEM, X-ray diffraction and XPS. Corrosion behaviour in NaCl solution showed the importance of the presence of defects on the PVD coating due to the different electrochemical behaviour of the steel base. Pin-on-disk measurements at approximately 40% RH against a corundum (Al₂O₃ ball showed a significant decrease in the wear rate compared with the results for the standard tool steel.

Los tratamientos de endurecimiento superficial de aleaciones metálicas se utilizan para lograr capas de muy elevada dureza, resistencia a la corrosión y desgaste. En este trabajo, se estudia el comportamiento de recubrimientos de TiN obtenidos mediante PVD sobre aceros de herramientas. Las capas obtenidas se caracterizan mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido, difracción de rayos X y XPS. Se analiza el comportamiento frente a la corrosión de las capas protectoras, así como la influencia del substrato en su comportamiento en soluciones de NaCl. Finalmente, se realizan ensayos de desgaste por deslizamiento en seco mediante la técnica de pin-on-disk, comprobándose la mayor resistencia de estas capas.

Metal-Anion Pairing at Oxide/Water Interfaces: Theoretical and Experimental Investigations from the Nanoscale to the Macroscale

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Allen, Heather [The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)

2016-11-14

We combine the use of several techniques including bulk adsorption experiments, X-ray absorption, infrared, total internal reflection Raman, and vibrational sum frequencygeneration (XAS, IR, TIR-Raman, VSFG) spectroscopies, and molecular modeling to investigate ion adsorption at mineral surfaces. XAS and TIR-Raman provides data on how the metal binds to the surface (e.g., monodentate, bidentate), IR provides data on bulk anion adsorption at mineral surfaces from aqueous solutions, and VSFG provides surface specific data on anion adsorption at the mineral surface as well as impact of adsorbed metal-anion pairs on water structure at the mineral surface. Molecular modeling is used to guide spectroscopic data interpretation by providing information on water structure around ions in solution and the structure of metal-anion complexes in aqueous solutions. In addition, molecular modeling is used to provide insight into water structure at mineral surfaces, the surface sites involved in ion adsorption, and the distribution of ion pairs between aqueous solution and the mineral surface. Our studies have focused on systems involving alkaline earth metal (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) and heavy metal (Co2+, Cd2+) cations. The anions we have selected for studyinclude Cl-, NO3-, ClO4-, SO42-, SeO32-, and SeO42-. Ion adsorption and the potential formation ofternary complexes on silica (quartz, amorphous silica), alumina (corundum and gibbsite), and ferric iron oxides (goethite and hematite) are under investigation.

Determination of the apparent porosity level of refractory concrete during a sintering process using an ultrasonic pulse velocity technique and image analysis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

LJUBICA M. PAVLOVIĆ

2010-03-01

Full Text Available Concrete which undergoes a thermal treatment before (pre-casted concrete blocks and during (concrete embedded in-situ its life-service can be applied in plants operating at high temperature and as thermal insulation. Sintering is a process which occurs within a concrete structure in such conditions. Progression of sintering process can be monitored by the change of the porosity parameters determined with a nondestructive test method - ultrasonic pulse velocity and computer program for image analysis. The experiment has been performed on the samples of corundum and bauxite concrete composites. The apparent porosity of the samples thermally treated at 110, 800, 1000, 1300 and 1500 C was primary investigated with a standard laboratory procedure. Sintering parameters were calculated from the creep testing. The loss of strength and material degradation occurred in concrete when it was subjected to the increased temperature and a compressive load. Mechanical properties indicate and monitor changes within microstructure. The level of surface deterioration after the thermal treatment was determined using Image Pro Plus program. Mechanical strength was estimated using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing. Nondestructive ultrasonic mea¬surement was used as a qualitative description of the porosity change in specimens which is the result of the sintering process. The ultrasonic pulse velocity technique and image analysis proved to be reliable methods for monitoring of micro-structural change during the thermal treatment and service life of refractory concrete.

Orthorhombic Ti2O3: A Polymorph-Dependent Narrow-Bandgap Ferromagnetic Oxide

KAUST Repository

Li, Yangyang; Weng, Yakui; Yin, Xinmao; Yu, Xiaojiang; Sarath Kumar, S. R.; Wehbe, Nimer; Wu, Haijun; Alshareef, Husam N.; Pennycook, Stephen J.; Breese, Mark B. H.; Chen, Jingsheng; Dong, Shuai; Wu, Tao

2017-01-01

Magnetic semiconductors are highly sought in spintronics, which allow not only the control of charge carriers like in traditional electronics, but also the control of spin states. However, almost all known magnetic semiconductors are featured with bandgaps larger than 1 eV, which limits their applications in long-wavelength regimes. In this work, the discovery of orthorhombic-structured Ti2O3 films is reported as a unique narrow-bandgap (≈0.1 eV) ferromagnetic oxide semiconductor. In contrast, the well-known corundum-structured Ti2O3 polymorph has an antiferromagnetic ground state. This comprehensive study on epitaxial Ti2O3 thin films reveals strong correlations between structure, electrical, and magnetic properties. The new orthorhombic Ti2O3 polymorph is found to be n-type with a very high electron concentration, while the bulk-type trigonal-structured Ti2O3 is p-type. More interestingly, in contrast to the antiferromagnetic ground state of trigonal bulk Ti2O3, unexpected ferromagnetism with a transition temperature well above room temperature is observed in the orthorhombic Ti2O3, which is confirmed by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements. Using first-principles calculations, the ferromagnetism is attributed to a particular type of oxygen vacancies in the orthorhombic Ti2O3. The room-temperature ferromagnetism observed in orthorhombic-structured Ti2O3, demonstrates a new route toward controlling magnetism in epitaxial oxide films through selective stabilization of polymorph phases.

Singularities of current-voltage characteristics of GaAs films fabricated by pulsed ions ablation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kabyshev, A.V.; Konusov, F.V.; Lozhnikov, S.N.; Remnev, G.E.; Saltymakov, M.S.

2009-01-01

A singularities and advantages of the optical, photoelectric and electrical properties of GaAs in comparison with other available materials for electronics, for example, silicon allow to manufacture on it base the devices having an advanced characteristics. The GaAs for electronics, obtained from the dense ablation plasma, possess some preferences as compared to material manufactured by traditional methods of vacuum deposition. The electrical characteristics of GaAs produced by chemical deposition were extensively studied. Purpose of this work is investigation the current-voltage characteristics of thin films of GaAs, deposited on polycrystalline corundum (polycor) from plasma forming the power ions bunch and determination of the thermal vacuum annealing effect on photoelectric and electrical properties of films. Peculiarities of optical, photoelectric and current-voltage characteristics of films obtained by ions ablation are determined by deposition conditions and resistance of initial target GaAs. The transitions between the states with low- and high conduction were revealed directly after deposition in films having the optical properties similar to amorphous materials and/or after annealing in films with properties similar to initial target GaAs. Behavior of current-voltage characteristics at vacuum annealing correlates with Schottky barrier height and photosensitivity and is accompanies of the transport mechanism change. The stable properties of films are formed at its dark conduction 10 -10 -10 -8 s and after annealing at T an =600-700 K. (authors)

Analysis and modification of blue sapphires from Rwanda by ion beam techniques

Science.gov (United States)

Bootkul, D.; Chaiwai, C.; Tippawan, U.; Wanthanachaisaeng, B.; Intarasiri, S.

2015-12-01

Blue sapphire is categorised in a corundum (Al2O3) group. The gems of this group are always amazed by their beauties and thus having high value. In this study, blue sapphires from Rwanda, recently came to Thai gemstone industry, are chosen for investigations. On one hand, we have applied Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), which is a highly sensitive and precise analytical technique that can be used to identify and quantify trace elements, for chemical analysis of the sapphires. Here we have found that the major element of blue sapphires from Rwanda is Al with trace elements such as Fe, Ti, Cr, Ga and Mg as are commonly found in normal blue sapphire. On the other hand, we have applied low and medium ion implantations for color improvement of the sapphire. It seems that a high amount of energy transferring during cascade collisions have altered the gems properties. We have clearly seen that the blue color of the sapphires have been intensified after nitrogen ion bombardment. In addition, the gems were also having more transparent and luster. The UV-Vis-NIR measurement detected the modification of their absorption properties, implying of the blue color increasing. Here the mechanism of these modifications is postulated and reported. In any point of view, the bombardment by using nitrogen ion beam is a promising technique for quality improvement of the blue sapphire from Rwanda.

UV-Curing of Nanoparticle Reinforced Acrylates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bauer, F.

2006-01-01

Polymer reinforcement by silica and alumina nanoparticles evidently yields improved surface hardness. Single mixing of nanoparticles into an acrylate formulations, however, leads to highly viscous solutions inappropriate for coating procedures. The incompatibility of inorganic fillers and organic polymers can be avoided by surface modification providing an interface between the two dissimilar materials. For example, vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMO) can react via hydrolysis/condensation reactions with hydroxyl groups present on the inorganic surface and should bond via the polymerisation-active vinyl group to an acrylate resin through crosslinking reactions. Grafting reactions of surface OH groups and different trialkoxysilanes were studied by thermogravimetry, infrared, and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The copolymeri-zation of modified nanoparticles with the acrylate matrix has been investigated by 13 C NMR spectroscopy. UV curing under nitrogen inertization revealed a lower reactivity of vinyl groups of VTMO-modified silica compared to grafted methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (MEMO) which showed complete conversion of olefinic carbons (signals at 120 - 140 ppm). Under conditions of oxygen inhibition, the effect of the kind and the concentration of photoinitiator on the photopoly-merization reaction was studied. Compared to neat polyacrylate coatings the nanocomposite materials exhibit markedly improved properties, e.g., heat, scratch, and abrasion resistance. However, a much better abrasion resistance was obtained for coatings containing both silica nano-particles and corundum microparticles. In particular cases, radiation curing with 172 nm photons generated by Xe excimer was performed to obtain structured polymer surfaces, i.e., matting of the reinforced acrylate coatings

Geochemical processes in marine salt deposits: Their significance and their implications in connection with disposal of radioactive waste within salt domes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Herrmann, A G [Goettingen Univ. (Germany, F.R.). Geochemisches Inst.

1980-01-01

Attempts to effect permanent disposal of radioactive wastes in marine evaporites should do nothing to disturb, either in the short or the long term, the present relative stability of such bodies of rock. It is necessary to take account of all of the geochemical and physico-chemical reactions known to have been involved in the processes which formed the evaporites before proceeding to an acceptable strategy for disposal of radionucleides. These processes can be represented as three kinds of metamorphism: 1. solution metamorphism, 2. thermal metamorphism, 3. dynamic metamorphism. In all of the evaporite occurrences in Germany such processes have been influential in altering, on occasion significantly, the primary mineralogical composition and have also promoted a considerable degree of transposition of material. Given similar geochemical and physico-chemical premises, these metamorphic processes could become effective now or in the future. It is therefore necessary to discuss the following criteria when examining salt domes as permanent repositories of highly radioactive substances: (1) Temperatures <= 90/sup 0/ +- 10/sup 0/C at the contact between waste containers and rock salt; (2) Temperatures <= 75/sup 0/C within zones of carnallite rocks; (3) Immobilisation of high-level waste in crystalline forms whenever possible; (4) Systems of additional safety barriers around the waste containers or the unreprocessed spent fuel elements. The geochemical and physical effectiveness of the barriers within an evaporite environment must be guaranteed. For example: Ni-Ti-alloys, corundum, ceramic, anhydrite.

Aging effects of plasma polymerized ethylenediamine (PPEDA) thin films on cell-adhesive implant coatings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Testrich, H.; Rebl, H.; Finke, B.; Hempel, F.; Nebe, B.; Meichsner, J.

2013-01-01

Thin plasma polymer films from ethylenediamine were deposited on planar substrates placed on the powered electrode of a low pressure capacitively coupled 13.56 MHz discharge. The chemical composition of the plasma polymer films was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS) as well as by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after derivatization of the primary amino groups. The PPEDA films undergo an alteration during the storage in ambient air, particularly, due to reactions with oxygen. The molecular changes in PPEDA films were studied over a long-time period of 360 days. Simultaneously, the adhesion of human osteoblast-like cells MG-63 (ATCC) was investigated on PPEDA coated corundum blasted titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), which is applied as implant material in orthopedic surgery. The cell adhesion was determined by flow cytometry and the cell shape was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Compared to uncoated reference samples a significantly enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation were measured for PPEDA coated samples, which have been maintained after long-time storage in ambient air and additional sterilization by γ−irradiation. - Highlights: • Development of cell-adhesive nitrogen-rich coatings for biomedical applications. • Plasma polymer films from low pressure 13.56 MHz discharge in argon-ethylenediamine. • Enhanced osteoblast adhesion/proliferation on coated implant material (Ti-6Al-4V). • Despite film aging over 360 days the enhanced cell adhesion of the coating remains. • No influence of additional y-sterilization on the enhanced cell adhesion

Pressure response of vacancy ordered maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and high pressure transformed hematite (α-Fe2O3)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hearne, Giovanni; Pischedda, Vittoria

2012-01-01

Combined XRD and Mössbauer effect spectroscopy studies to high pressures of ∼30 GPa of vacancy ordered maghemite are presented. The vacancy ordered superstructure is robust and remains intact up to the pressure-induced onset transition to hematite at 13–16 GPa. The pressure transformed hematite is shown to be crystallographically textured, unlike the randomised low pressure maghemite phase. This arises out of a pressure or stress instigated topotactic transformation of the cubic-spinel to hexagonal-corundum structure. The textured sample permits us to obtain information on the spin reorientation behavior of the pressure transformed hematite in compression and decompression sequences. Spin reorientation is restricted to ∼15° over wide pressure ranges, attributable to the effect of entrapped vacancies in the high pressure structure. Thus there are structural and magnetic peculiarities specific to pressure transformed hematite not evident in pressurized hematite starting material. These are triggered by the maghemite→hematite transformation. - Graphical abstract: Pressure instigated topotactic transformation of vacancy ordered γ-Fe 2 O 3 →α-Fe 2 O 3 . There is restricted spin (B hf ) reorientation in the new pressure transformed hematite due to entrapped vacancies. The change in direction of V zz signifies a distortion of the FeO 6 octahedral local environment. Highlights: ► Robust vacancy ordered superstructure in maghemite to high pressures. ► Pressure instigated topotactic transformation to hematite and subsequent texture. ► Defect trapping in the pressure transformed hematite. ► Entrapped defects restricts spin reorientation in pressure transformed hematite. ► Contrasting behavior with pressurized hematite starting material.

ADVANCED 3D LASER MICROSCOPY FOR MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF VITRIFIED BONDED ABRASIVE TOOLS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

WOJCIECH KAPLONEK

2012-12-01

Full Text Available In many applications, when a precise non-contact assessment of an abrasive tools’ surface is required, alternative measurement methods are often used. Their use offers numerous advantages (referential method as they introduce new qualities into routinely realized measurements. Over the past few years there has been a dynamic increase in the interest for using new types of classical confocal microscopy. These new types are often defined as 3D laser microscopy. This paper presents select aspects of one such method’s application – confocal laser scanning microscopy – for diagnostic analysis of abrasive tools. In addition this paper also looks at the basis for operation, the origins and the development of this measurement technique.The experimental part of this paper presents the select results of tests carried out on grinding wheel active surfaces with sintered microcrystalline corundum grains SG™ bound with glass-crystalline bond. The 3D laser measuring microscopes LEXT OLS3100 and LEXT OLS4000 by Olympus were used in the experiments. Analysis of the obtained measurement data was carried out in dedicated OLS 5.0.9 and OLS4100 2.1 programs, supported by specialist TalyMap Platinum 5.0 software. The realized experiments confirmed the possibility of using the offered measurement method. This concerns both the assessment of grinding wheel active surfaces and their defects, as well as the internal structures of the tools (grain-bond connections. The method presented is an interesting alternative to the typical methods used in the diagnostics of abrasive tools.

Integrated 3D Geological Modeling to Gain Insight in the Effects of Hydrothermal Alteration on Post-Ore Deformation Style and Strain Localization in the Flin Flon Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Ore System

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ernst Schetselaar

2017-12-01

Full Text Available 3D geological modeling of lithogeochemical and geological data provides insight into the role of the sulfide ore horizon and associated footwall hydrothermal alteration in localizing shear strain in the Flin Flon volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, Canada, as deformation evolved from brittle-ductile to ductile regimes during collisional stages of the 1.9–1.8 Ga Trans-Hudson orogeny. 3D spatial characterization of hydrothermal alteration based on the Ishikawa index (AI and normative corundum percentages outline sericite + chlorite-rich high strain zones, consisting of Al-enriched and Na-depleted felsic and mafic volcanic rocks in the footwall of the sulfide ore horizon. The hydrothermal vent complex, from which these sheared alteration zones originated, was stacked together with the ore horizon by W-vergent thrust faults during an early collisional deformation regime, imbricating molasse-type clastic sediments with the ore-hosting volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Flin Flon arc assemblage. Chlorite-rich planar zones marked by high values of the Carbonate–chlorite–pyrite index (CCPI are laterally more extensive and outline a later system of ductile shear zones, in which phyllosilicates, quartz and chalcopyrite in stringer zones localized shear strain and enhanced transposition of the hydrothermal vent stockwork. The contrasting deformation styles of these two thrusting events and their localization within the ore horizon and hydrothermal vent stockwork have important implications for vectoring towards undiscovered ore in this mature mining camp that are possibly also relevant to other strongly deformed VMS ore systems.

Formation of crystalline Zn-Al layered double hydroxide precipitates on γ-alumina: the role of mineral dissolution.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Wei; Livi, Kenneth J T; Xu, Wenqian; Siebecker, Matthew G; Wang, Yujun; Phillips, Brian L; Sparks, Donald L

2012-11-06

To better understand the sequestration of toxic metals such as nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and cobalt (Co) as layered double hydroxide (LDH) phases in soils, we systematically examined the presence of Al and the role of mineral dissolution during Zn sorption/precipitation on γ-Al(2)O(3) (γ-alumina) at pH 7.5 using extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), synchrotron-radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD), and (27)Al solid-state NMR. The EXAFS analysis indicates the formation of Zn-Al LDH precipitates at Zn concentration ≥0.4 mM, and both HR-TEM and SR-XRD reveal that these precipitates are crystalline. These precipitates yield a small shoulder at δ(Al-27) = +12.5 ppm in the (27)Al solid-state NMR spectra, consistent with the mixed octahedral Al/Zn chemical environment in typical Zn-Al LDHs. The NMR analysis provides direct evidence for the existence of Al in the precipitates and the migration from the dissolution of γ-alumina substrate. To further address this issue, we compared the Zn sorption mechanism on a series of Al (hydr)oxides with similar chemical composition but differing dissolubility using EXAFS and TEM. These results suggest that, under the same experimental conditions, Zn-Al LDH precipitates formed on γ-alumina and corundum but not on less soluble minerals such as bayerite, boehmite, and gibbsite, which point outs that substrate mineral surface dissolution plays an important role in the formation of Zn-Al LDH precipitates.

Growth of tourmaline single crystals containing transition metal elements in hydrothermal solutions

Science.gov (United States)

Setkova, Tatiana; Shapovalov, Yury; Balitsky, Vladimir

2011-03-01

Interest in the growth of tourmaline single crystals is based on the promising piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of this material compared to quartz crystals currently in use. Moreover, synthetic tourmaline can be used as a substitute for the natural stone in the jewelry industry similar to other synthetic analogues of gemstones. Single crystals of colored Co-, Ni-, Fe-, (Ni,Cr)-, (Ni,Fe)-, and (Co,Ni,Cr)-containing tourmalines with concentration of transition metal elements up to 16 wt% on a seed have been grown from complex boron-containing hydrothermal solutions at a range of temperatures 400-750 °C and pressures 100 MPa. Experiments were conducted under conditions of a thermal gradient in titanium and chromium-nickel autoclaves. Tourmaline growth on a seed crystal occurs only if separate tourmaline-forming components (monocrystalline corundum and quartz bars) are used as charge. All tourmalines specified above grow in analogous (+) direction of the optical axis with a speed of 0.05 mm/day by faces of the trigonal pyramid, except tourmalines containing chromium. They grow in analogous (+0001) direction with a speed 0.05 mm/day, and in antilogous (-0001) direction with a speed of 0.01 mm/day by faces of the trigonal pyramid and in prism direction with a speed of 0.001 mm/day. Along with the large single crystals, a great amount of finest (30-150 μm in size) tourmaline crystals was formed during the runs by spontaneous nucleation both on the surface of the seed crystals and in the charge.

A Ga2O3 underlayer as an isomorphic template for ultrathin hematite films toward efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting.

Science.gov (United States)

Hisatomi, Takashi; Brillet, Jérémie; Cornuz, Maurin; Le Formal, Florian; Tétreault, Nicolas; Sivula, Kevin; Grätzel, Michael

2012-01-01

Hematite photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting are often fabricated as extremely-thin films to minimize charge recombination because of the short diffusion lengths of photoexcited carriers. However, poor crystallinity caused by structural interaction with a substrate negates the potential of ultrathin hematite photoanodes. This study demonstrates that ultrathin Ga2O3 underlayers, which were deposited on conducting substrates prior to hematite layers by atomic layer deposition, served as an isomorphic (corundum-type) structural template for ultrathin hematite and improved the photocurrent onset of PEC water splitting by 0.2 V. The benefit from Ga2O3 underlayers was most pronounced when the thickness of the underlayer was approximately 2 nm. Thinner underlayers did not work effectively as a template presumably because of insufficient crystallinity of the underlayer, while thicker ones diminished the PEC performance of hematite because the underlayer prevented electron injection from hematite to a conductive substrate due to the large conduction band offset. The enhancement of PEC performance by a Ga2O3 underlayer was more significant for thinner hematite layers owing to greater margins for improving the crystallinity of ultrathin hematite. It was confirmed that a Ga2O3 underlayer was applicable to a rough conducting substrate loaded with Sb-doped SnO2 nanoparticles, improving the photocurrent by a factor of 1.4. Accordingly, a Ga2O3 underlayer could push forward the development of host-guest-type nanocomposites consisting of highly-rough substrates and extremely-thin hematite absorbers.

Microwave dielectric properties of CaCu{sub 3}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 12}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rahman, Mohd Fariz Ab; Abu, Mohamad Johari; Zaman, Rosyaini Afindi; Ahmad, Zainal Arifin [School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang (Malaysia); Karim, Saniah Ab; Mohamed, Julie Juliewatty, E-mail: juliewatty.m@umk.edu.my [Advance Materials Research Cluster, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan (Malaysia); Ain, Mohd Fadzil [School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang (Malaysia)

2016-07-19

(1-x)CaCu{sub 3}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 12} + (x)Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite (0 ≤ x ≤0.25) was prepared via conventional solid-state reaction method. The fabrication of sample was started with synthesizing stoichiometric CCTO from CaCO{sub 3}, CuO and TiO{sub 2} powders, then wet-mixed in deionized water for 24 h. The process was continued with calcined CCTO powder at 900 °C for 12 h before sintered at 1040 °C for 10 h. Next, the calcined CCTO powder with different amount of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} were mixed for 24 h, then palletized and sintered at 1040 °C for 10. X-ray diffraction analysis on the sintered samples showed that CCTO powder was in a single phase, meanwhile the trace of secondary peaks which belong to CaAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} and Corundum (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) could be observed in the other samples Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the grain size of the sample is firstly increased with addition of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} (x = 0.01), then become smaller with the x > 0.01. Microwave dielectric properties showed that the addition of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} (x = 0.01) was remarkably reduced the dielectric loss while slightly increased the dielectric permittivity. However, further addition of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} was reduced both dielectric loss and permittivity at least for an order of magnitude.

The role of electrolyte anions (ClO4-, NO3-, and Cl-) in divalent metal (M2+) adsorption on oxide and hydroxide surfaces in salt solutions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Criscenti, L.J.; Sverjensky, D.A.

1999-01-01

Adsorption of divalent metal ions (M 2+ ) onto oxide and hydroxide surfaces from solutions of strong electrolytes has typically been inferred to take place without the involvement of the electrolyte anion. Only in situations where M 2+ forms a strong enough aqueous complex with the electrolyte anion (for example, CdCl + or PbCl + ) has it been frequently suggested that the metal and the electrolyte anion adsorb simultaneously. A review of experimental data for the adsorption of Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , Co 2+ , UO 2 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ba 2+ , Sr 2+ , and Ca 2+ onto quartz, silica, goethite, hydrous ferric oxide, corundum, γ-alumina, anatase, birnessite, and magnetite, from NaNO 3 , KNO 3 , NaCl, and NaClO 4 solutions over a wide range of ionic strengths (0.0001 M-1.0 M), reveals that transition and heavy metal adsorption behavior with ionic strength is a function of the type of electrolyte. In NaNO 3 solutions, metal adsorption exhibits little or no dependence on the ionic strength of the solution. However, in NaCl solutions, transition and heavy metal adsorption decreases strongly with increasing ionic strength. In NaClO 4 solutions, metal adsorption decreases strongly with increasing ionic strength. In NaClO 4 solutions, metal adsorption exhibits little dependence on ionic strength but is often suggestive of an increase in metal adsorption with increasing ionic strength. Analysis of selected adsorption edges was carried out using the extended triple-layer model and aqueous speciation models that included metal-nitrate, metal-chloride, and metal-hydroxide complexes

Microstructure of Al2O3 scales formed on NiCrAl alloys. Ph.D. Thesis - Case Western Reserve Univ.

Science.gov (United States)

Smialek, J. L.

1981-01-01

The structure of transient scales formed on pure and Y or Zr-doped Ni-15Cr-13Al alloys oxidized for 0.1 hr at 1100 C was studied by the use of transmission electron microscopy. Crystallographically oriented scales were found on all three alloys, but especially for the Zr-doped NiCrAl. The oriented scales consisted of alpha-(Al,Cr)2O3, Ni(Al,Cr)2O4 and gamma-Al2O3. They were often found in intimate contact with each other such that the close-packed planes and directions of one oxide phase were aligned with those of another. The prominent structural features of the oriented scales were approximately equal to micrometer subgrains; voids, antiphase domain boundaries and aligned precipitates were also prevalent. Randomly oriented alpha-Al2O3 was also found and was the only oxide ever observed at the immediate oxide metal interface. These approximately 0.15 micrometer grains were populated by intragranular voids which decreased in size and number towards the oxide metal interface. A sequence of oxidation was proposed in which the composition of the growing scale changed from oriented oxides rich in Ni and Cr to oriented oxides rich in Al. At the same time the structure changed from cubic spinels to hexagonal corundums with apparent precipitates of one phase in the matrix of the other. Eventually randomly oriented pure alpha-Al2O3 formed as the stable oxide with an abrupt transition: there was no gradual loss of orientation, no gradual compositional change or no gradual decrease in precipitate density.

Pressure response of vacancy ordered maghemite ({gamma}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}) and high pressure transformed hematite ({alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3})

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hearne, Giovanni, E-mail: grhearne@uj.ac.za [Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg (South Africa); Pischedda, Vittoria, E-mail: Vittoria.Pischedda@univ-lyon1.fr [Laboratoire de Physique de la Matiere Condensee et Nanostructures, University Lyon 1 and CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex (France)

2012-03-15

Combined XRD and Moessbauer effect spectroscopy studies to high pressures of {approx}30 GPa of vacancy ordered maghemite are presented. The vacancy ordered superstructure is robust and remains intact up to the pressure-induced onset transition to hematite at 13-16 GPa. The pressure transformed hematite is shown to be crystallographically textured, unlike the randomised low pressure maghemite phase. This arises out of a pressure or stress instigated topotactic transformation of the cubic-spinel to hexagonal-corundum structure. The textured sample permits us to obtain information on the spin reorientation behavior of the pressure transformed hematite in compression and decompression sequences. Spin reorientation is restricted to {approx}15 Degree-Sign over wide pressure ranges, attributable to the effect of entrapped vacancies in the high pressure structure. Thus there are structural and magnetic peculiarities specific to pressure transformed hematite not evident in pressurized hematite starting material. These are triggered by the maghemite{yields}hematite transformation. - Graphical abstract: Pressure instigated topotactic transformation of vacancy ordered {gamma}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}{yields}{alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}. There is restricted spin (B{sub hf}) reorientation in the new pressure transformed hematite due to entrapped vacancies. The change in direction of V{sub zz} signifies a distortion of the FeO{sub 6} octahedral local environment. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Robust vacancy ordered superstructure in maghemite to high pressures. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Pressure instigated topotactic transformation to hematite and subsequent texture. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Defect trapping in the pressure transformed hematite. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Entrapped defects restricts spin reorientation in pressure transformed hematite. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Contrasting behavior with pressurized hematite starting material.

Major zircon megacryst suites of the Indo-Pacific lithospheric margin (ZIP) and their petrogenetic and regional implications

Science.gov (United States)

Sutherland, Lin; Graham, Ian; Yaxley, Gregory; Armstrong, Richard; Giuliani, Gaston; Hoskin, Paul; Nechaev, Victor; Woodhead, Jon

2016-04-01

Zircon megacrysts (± gem corundum) appear in basalt fields of Indo-Pacific origin over a 12,000 km zone (ZIP) along West Pacific continental margins. Age-dating, trace element, oxygen and hafnium isotope studies on representative zircons (East Australia-Asia) indicate diverse magmatic sources. The U-Pb (249 to 1 Ma) and zircon fission track (ZFT) ages (65 to 1 Ma) suggest thermal annealing during later basalt transport, with < 1 to 203 Ma gaps between the U-Pb and ZFT ages. Magmatic growth zonation and Zr/Hf ratios (0.01-0.02) suggest alkaline magmatic sources, while Ti—in—zircon thermometry suggests that most zircons crystallized within ranges between 550 and 830 °C. Chondrite-normalised multi-element plots show variable enrichment patterns, mostly without marked Eu depletion, indicating little plagioclase fractionation in source melts. Key elements and ratios matched against zircons from magmatic rocks suggest a range of ultramafic to felsic source melts. Zircon O-isotope ratios (δ18O in the range 4 to 11‰) and initial Hf isotope ratios (ɛHf in the range +2 to +14) encompass ranges for both mantle and crustal melts. Calculated Depleted Mantle (TDM 0.03-0.56 Ga) and Crustal Residence (0.20-1.02 Ga) model ages suggest several mantle events, continental break-ups (Rodinia and Gondwana) and convergent margin collisions left imprints in the zircon source melts. East Australian ZIP sites reflect prolonged intraplate magmatism (~85 Ma), often during times of fast-migrating lithosphere. In contrast, East Asian-Russian ZIP sites reflect later basaltic magmatism (<40 Ma), often linked to episodes of back-arc rifting and spreading, slow-migrating lithosphere and slab subduction.

Component effects on crystallization of RE-containing aluminoborosilicate glass

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mohd Fadzil, Syazwani, E-mail: syazwanimf@ukm.edu.my [Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 790784 Pohang (Korea, Republic of); School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia); Hrma, Pavel [Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 790784 Pohang (Korea, Republic of); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA (United States); Schweiger, Michael J.; Riley, Brian J. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA (United States)

2016-09-15

Lanthanide-aluminoborosilicate (LABS) glass is one option for immobilizing rare earth (RE) oxide fission products generated during reprocessing of pyroprocessed fuel. This glass system can accommodate a high loading of RE oxides and has excellent chemical durability. The present study describes efforts to model equilibrium crystallinity as a function of glass composition and temperature as well as liquidus temperature (T{sub L}) as a function of glass composition. The experimental method for determining T{sub L} was ASTM C1720-11. Typically, three crystalline phases were formed in each glass: Ce-borosilicate (Ce{sub 3}BSi{sub 2}O{sub 10}), mullite (Al{sub 10}Si{sub 2}O{sub 19}), and corundum (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}). Cerianite (CeO{sub 2}) was a common minor crystalline phase and Nd-silicate (Nd{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 7}) occurred in some of the glasses. In the composition region studied, T{sub L} decreased as SiO{sub 2} and B{sub 2}O{sub 3} fractions increased and strongly increased with increasing fractions of RE oxides; Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} had a moderate effect on the T{sub L} but, as expected, it strongly affected the precipitation of Al-containing crystals. - Highlights: • We investigated equilibrium crystal fraction in glasses versus temperature. • We fitted empirical models to measured data obtaining component coefficients. • Liquidus temperature increased as SiO{sub 2} and B{sub 2}O{sub 3} fractions decreased. • Liquidus temperature increased as CeO{sub 2}, Nd{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} fractions increased.

Effect of the metal concentration on the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of self-organized a-C:Cu hard nanocomposite coatings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pardo, A.; Buijnsters, J.G.; Endrino, J.L.; Gómez-Aleixandre, C.; Abrasonis, G.; Bonet, R.; Caro, J.

2013-01-01

The influence of the metal content (Cu: 0–28 at.%) on the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of amorphous carbon films grown by pulsed filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition is investigated. Silicon and AISI 301 stainless steel have been used as substrate materials. The microstructure, composition and bonding structure have been determined by scanning electron microscopy, combined Rutherford backscattered spectroscopy-nuclear reaction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The mechanical and tribological properties have been assessed using nanoindentation and reciprocating sliding (fretting tests) and these have been correlated with the elemental composition of the films. A self-organized multilayered structure consisting of alternating carbon and copper metal nanolayers (thickness in the 25–50 nm range), whose formation is enhanced by the Cu content, is detected. The nanohardness and Young’s modulus decrease monotonically with increasing Cu content. A maximum value of the Young’s modulus of about 255 GPa is obtained for the metal-free film, whereas it drops to about 174 GPa for the film with a Cu content of 28 at.%. In parallel, a 50% drop in the nanohardness from about 28 GPa towards 14 GPa is observed for these coatings. An increase in the Cu content also produces an increment of the coefficient of friction in reciprocating sliding tests performed against a corundum ball counterbody. As compared to the metal free film, a nearly four times higher coefficient of friction value is detected in the case of a Cu content of 28 at.%. Nevertheless, the carbon–copper composite coatings produced a clear surface protection of the substrate despite an overall increase in wear loss with increasing Cu content in the range 3–28 at.%.

Effect of the metal concentration on the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of self-organized a-C:Cu hard nanocomposite coatings

Science.gov (United States)

Pardo, A.; Buijnsters, J. G.; Endrino, J. L.; Gómez-Aleixandre, C.; Abrasonis, G.; Bonet, R.; Caro, J.

2013-09-01

The influence of the metal content (Cu: 0-28 at.%) on the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of amorphous carbon films grown by pulsed filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition is investigated. Silicon and AISI 301 stainless steel have been used as substrate materials. The microstructure, composition and bonding structure have been determined by scanning electron microscopy, combined Rutherford backscattered spectroscopy-nuclear reaction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The mechanical and tribological properties have been assessed using nanoindentation and reciprocating sliding (fretting tests) and these have been correlated with the elemental composition of the films. A self-organized multilayered structure consisting of alternating carbon and copper metal nanolayers (thickness in the 25-50 nm range), whose formation is enhanced by the Cu content, is detected. The nanohardness and Young’s modulus decrease monotonically with increasing Cu content. A maximum value of the Young’s modulus of about 255 GPa is obtained for the metal-free film, whereas it drops to about 174 GPa for the film with a Cu content of 28 at.%. In parallel, a 50% drop in the nanohardness from about 28 GPa towards 14 GPa is observed for these coatings. An increase in the Cu content also produces an increment of the coefficient of friction in reciprocating sliding tests performed against a corundum ball counterbody. As compared to the metal free film, a nearly four times higher coefficient of friction value is detected in the case of a Cu content of 28 at.%. Nevertheless, the carbon-copper composite coatings produced a clear surface protection of the substrate despite an overall increase in wear loss with increasing Cu content in the range 3-28 at.%.

Direct Metal Laser Sintering of Ti6Al4V for Biomedical Applications: Microstructure, Corrosion Properties, and Mechanical Treatment of Implants

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Janette Brezinová

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Ti6Al4V samples have been prepared by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS with varied laser power. Some of the samples were stress-relief annealed. The microstructure of materials was investigated using a light microscopy. Columnar grains of martensite dominate in as-made microstructure. Stress-relief annealing led to the white acicular phase growth in the structure with a fishbone arrangement on the boundary of some original martensitic needles. Mechanical properties of materials were characterized through hardness measurement in two directions relating to the sample building direction. It was found that the hardness of materials increased with a laser power and values varied from 370 to 415 HV 0.3/30. After stress-relief annealing, the structure of materials being homogenized, pattern spacing dissolved and the hardness in both directions became stabilized at values of 350–370 HV 0.3/30. The laser power affects the corrosion rate of the material. The lowest corrosion rate was recorded at the maximum laser power (190 W. Heat treatment does not affect the corrosion rate remarkably, however it leads to stabilization of corrosion potential of materials Ecorr. The surface of the samples was modified by an abrasive blasting using spherical (zirblast and sharp-edged (white corundum blasting abrasives and three levels of air pressure. The abrasive blasting of sintered materials led to a decrease of the surface roughness of materials with air pressure increasing. Blasting with zirblast led to a more significant decrease of roughness parameters compared with surfaces blasted with sharp-edged white aluminum. Different shapes of abrasives caused characteristic surface morphology.

Effect of Feed Melting, Temperature History and Minor Component Addition on Spinel Crystallization in High-Level Waste Glass

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Izak, Pavel; Hrma, Pavel R.; Arey, Bruce W.; Plaisted, Trevor J.

2001-01-01

This study was undertaken to help design mathematical models for high-level waste (HLW) glass melter that simulate spinel behavior in molten glass. Spinel, (Fe,Ni,Mn) (Fe,Cr)2O4, is the primary solid phase that precipitates from HLW glasses containing Fe and Ni in sufficient concentrations. Spinel crystallization affects the anticipated cost and risk of HLW vitrification. To study melting reactions, we used simulated HLW feed, prepared with co-precipitated Fe, Ni, Cr, and Mn hydroxides. Feed samples were heated up at a temperature-increase rate (4C/min) close to that which the feed experiences in the HLW glass melter. The decomposition, melting, and dissolution of feed components (such as nitrates, carbonates, and silica) and the formation of intermediate crystalline phases (spinel, sodalite (Na8(AlSiO4)6(NO2)2), and Zr-containing minerals) were characterized using evolved gas analysis, volume-expansion measurement, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. Nitrates and quartz, the major feed components, converted to a glass-forming melt by 880C. A chromium-free spinel formed in the nitrate melt starting from 520C and Sodalite, a transient product of corundum dissolution, appeared above 600C and eventually dissolved in glass. To investigate the effects of temperature history and minor components (Ru,Ag, and Cu) on the dissolution and growth of spinel crystals, samples were heated up to temperatures above liquidus temperature (TL), then subjected to different temperature histories, and analyzed. The results show that spinel mass fraction, crystals composition, and crystal size depend on the chemical and physical makeup of the feed and temperature history

Analysis and modification of blue sapphires from Rwanda by ion beam techniques

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bootkul, D.; Chaiwai, C.; Tippawan, U.; Wanthanachaisaeng, B.; Intarasiri, S.

2015-01-01

Highlights: • Ion beam analysis is an effective method for detecting trace elements. • Ion beam treatment is able to improve optical and color appearances of the blue sapphire from Rwanda. • These alternative methods can be extended to jewelry industry for large scale application. - Abstract: Blue sapphire is categorised in a corundum (Al_2O_3) group. The gems of this group are always amazed by their beauties and thus having high value. In this study, blue sapphires from Rwanda, recently came to Thai gemstone industry, are chosen for investigations. On one hand, we have applied Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), which is a highly sensitive and precise analytical technique that can be used to identify and quantify trace elements, for chemical analysis of the sapphires. Here we have found that the major element of blue sapphires from Rwanda is Al with trace elements such as Fe, Ti, Cr, Ga and Mg as are commonly found in normal blue sapphire. On the other hand, we have applied low and medium ion implantations for color improvement of the sapphire. It seems that a high amount of energy transferring during cascade collisions have altered the gems properties. We have clearly seen that the blue color of the sapphires have been intensified after nitrogen ion bombardment. In addition, the gems were also having more transparent and luster. The UV–Vis–NIR measurement detected the modification of their absorption properties, implying of the blue color increasing. Here the mechanism of these modifications is postulated and reported. In any point of view, the bombardment by using nitrogen ion beam is a promising technique for quality improvement of the blue sapphire from Rwanda.

Numerical study of effect of wall parameters on catalytic combustion characteristics of CH4/air in a heat recirculation micro-combustor

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yan, Yunfei; Wang, Haibo; Pan, Wenli; Zhang, Li; Li, Lixian; Yang, Zhongqing; Lin, Changhai

2016-01-01

Highlights: • Combustion in heat recuperation micro-combustors with different materials was studied. • Heat concentration is more obvious with thermal conductivity decreasing. • Combustor with copper baffles has uniform temperature distribution and best preheating effectiveness. • Influence of wall thermal conductivity is negligible on OH(s) coverage. • Methane conversion rate firstly increases and then decreases with h increasing. - Abstract: Premixed combustion of methane/air mixture in heat recuperation micro-combustors made of different materials (corundum, quartz glass, copper and ferrochrome) was investigated. The effects of wall parameters on the combustion characters of a CH 4 /air mixture under Rhodium catalyst as well as the influence of wall materials and convection heat transfer coefficients on the stable combustion limit, temperature field, and free radicals was explored using numerical analysis methodology. The results show that with a decrease of thermal conductivity of wall materials, the temperature of the reaction region increases and hot spots becomes more obvious. The combustor with copper baffles has uniform temperature distribution and best preheating effectiveness, but when inlet velocity is too small, the maximum temperature in the combustor with copper or ferrochrome baffles is well beyond the melting point of the materials. With an increase in thermal conductivity, the preheat zone for premixed gas increases, but the influence of thermal conductivity on OH(s) coverage is negligible. With an increase of the wall convection heat transfer coefficient, the methane conversion rate firstly increases, then decreases reaching a maximum value at h = 8.5 W/m 2 K, however, the average temperature of both the axis and exterior surface of the combustor decrease.

REDUCED ACTIVITY AND LARGE PARTICLES FROM THE DISINTEGRATING PLANET CANDIDATE KIC 12557548b

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schlawin, E.; Herter, T. [Astronomy Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (United States); Zhao, M. [Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Teske, J. K. [Carnegie DTM, Washington, DC 20015 (United States); Chen, H. [Astronomy Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 (United States)

2016-08-01

The intriguing exoplanet candidate KIC 12557548b is believed to have a comet-like tail of dusty debris trailing a small rocky planet. The tail of debris scatters up to 1.3% of the stellar light in the Kepler observatory’s bandpass (0.42–0.9 μ m). Observing the tail’s transit depth at multiple wavelengths can reveal the composition and particle size of the debris, constraining the makeup and lifetime of the sub-Mercury planet. Early dust particle size predictions from the scattering of the comet-like tail pointed toward a dust size of ∼0.1 μ m for silicate compositions. These small particles would produce a much deeper optical transit depth than near-infrared transit depth. We measure a transmission spectrum for KIC 12557548b using the SpeX spectrograph (covering 0.8–2.4 μ m) simultaneously with the MORIS imager taking r ′ (0.63 μ m) photometry on the Infrared Telescope Facility for eight nights and one night in H band (1.63 μ m) using the Wide-field IR Camera at the Palomar 200 inch telescope. The infrared spectra are plagued by systematic errors, but we argue that sufficient precision is obtained when using differential spectroscopic calibration when combining multiple nights. The average differential transmission spectrum is flat, supporting findings that KIC 12557548b’s debris is likely composed of larger particles ≳0.5 μ m for pyroxene and olivine and ≳0.2 μ m for iron and corundum. The r ′ photometric transit depths are all below the average Kepler value, suggesting that the observations occurred during a weak period or that the mechanisms producing optical broadband transit depths are suppressed.

Preferential Treatment: Interaction Between Amino Acids and Minerals

Science.gov (United States)

Crapster-Pregont, E. J.; Cleaves, H. J.; Hazen, R. M.

2008-12-01

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are important for some models of the origin of life. Polymerization of amino acids from dilute solution is unlikely without a scaffold or catalyst. The surfaces of early Earth minerals are the most likely candidates for this role. The surface adsorption behavior of 12 amino acids (L-alanine, L-serine, L-aspartic acid, L-proline, L- phenylalanine, L-valine, L-arginine, d-amino valeric acid, glycine, L-lysine, L-isoleucine, and B-alanine) on 21 minerals (quartz, calcite, enstatite, illite, olivine, pyrrhotite, pyrite, alkali basalt, albite, analcime, chlorite, barite, hydroxyl apatite, hematite, magnetite, aluminum hydroxide, kaolin, silica gel, corundum, rutile, and montmorillonite) was determined via batch adsorption experiments. Absorption was determined for concentrations between 10-4M and 10-6M in the presence of 0.1M NaCl, and between pH values of 3 and 9 at 25 degrees C. The equilibrated solutions were centrifuged, filtered, derivatized using a fluorescent amino group tag (dansyl-chloride) and analyzed by HPLC. Adsorption was standardized using BET surface area measurements for each mineral to give the number of mols of each amino acid adsorbed per square meter for each mineral. The results indicate an enormous difference in the adsorption of amino acids between minerals, along with major differences in the adsorption of individual amino acids on the same mineral surface. There is also a change in the absorbance of amino acids as the pH changes. Many previous studies of amino acid concentration and catalysis by minerals have used clay minerals because of their high surface areas, however, this data suggests that the surfaces of minerals such as calcite, quartz and pyrite have even higher affinities for amino acids. The results suggest mineral surfaces that could be optimal locations for the polymerization of molecules linked to the origin of life.

Contribution to the study of the creep of uranium dioxide. Role of grain growth promoters

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vivant-Duguay, Christelle

1998-01-01

Improvement of nuclear fuel performances involves enhancing the plasticity of uranium dioxide UO 2 , in order to reduce the stress applied by the pellet to the cladding during a power ramp. The objective of this work is to identify and to formulate the effects produced by the nature and the concentration of additives of corundum structure, Cr 2 O 3 or Al 2 O 3 , which are grain growth promoters for UO 2 . The review of literature data establishes that oxygen content, grain size or porosity markedly affect the mechanical properties of uranium dioxide. On the other hand, there is relatively little reported work on the influence of doping. Prepared samples have been deformed by uniaxial compression. In the case of standard undoped UO 2 , two distinct preponderant creep mechanisms occur depending on stress level: a grain boundary diffusional creep, as per Coble, for stresses below the transition stress and a dislocation creep above. The doped materials have a large grained microstructure, which allows a dislocation creep only. In the range of temperature and stress investigated here, doping significantly improves the plasticity of standard UO 2 . This common effect of dopants is characterized by a decrease in the flow stress for tests with constant strain rate and by enhanced steady-state creep rates. Cr 2 O 3 doping is the more effective. The apparent benefit of doping results from the gain due to the increased grain size, but it is compensated by the strengthening effect of the additive. The creep law used to describe the behavior of standard UO 2 , has been modified to account for the influence of the dopant, by including either the concentration or the grain size. (author) [fr

Determination of mineral abundances in samples from the exploratory studies facility using x-ray diffraction

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Roberts, S.; Viani, R.

1998-01-01

Tuff samples collected from the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) were X-rayed to estimate relative mineral abundances. X-ray analysis was performed on sub-samples of specimens collected from both the Single Heater Test (SHT) and Drift Scale Heater Test (DST) that were used for thermomechanical measurements, as well as samples collected from cores retrieved from boreholes in the Drift Scale Test Area. The abundance of minerals that could affect the behavior of the host rock at repository relevant temperatures is of particular interest. These minerals include crystobalite, which undergoes a phase transition and volume change at elevated temperature (-250 'C), and smectite and clinoptilolite that can dehydrate at elevated temperature with accompanying volume reduction. In addition, the spatial distribution of SiO, polymorphs and secondary minerals may provide evidence for deducing past fluid pathways. The mineral abundances tabulated here include data reported previously in three milestone reports (Roberts and Viani, 1997a,b; Viani and Roberts, 1996) but re-analyzed (see below), as well as previously unreported data. Previous X-ray diffraction analyses of samples from the ESF (Roberts and Viani, 1997a; Viani and Roberts, 1996) utilized the matrix flushing method of Chung (1974) and an internal intensity standard (corundum) to quantify the abundances of the phases present. Although the method is adequate for obtaining relative abundances, its accuracy and precision is limited by the inherent differences between the external standards used to compute the reference intensity ratio and the mineral phases in the sample. In a subsequent report (Roberts and Viani, 1997b) mineral abundances were obtained using the Rietveld method of whole X-ray pattern fitting (Snyder and Bish, 1989; Young, 1993). The Rietveld technique has the potential to be both more accurate and more precise for estimating mineral abundances (Snyder and Bish, 1989)

Development of waste-based ceramic pigments

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Costa, G.

2007-02-01

Full Text Available We report the preparation of ceramic pigments using industrial wastes as primary sources. In this context, the use of Al-rich sludge generated in the wastewater treatment unit of an anodising or surface coating industrial plant, and a galvanizing sludge from the Cr/Ni plating process, will be detailed. The ceramic pigments reported here were prepared using typical solid state reactions involving the metal rich sludge. The main focus will be on the synthesis of chrome-tin orchid cassiterite (Sn,CrO2, chrome-tin red malayaite Ca(Cr,SnSiO5, victoria green garnet Ca3Cr2Si3O12, and chrome alumina pink/green corundum (Cr,Al2O3 pigments. The pigments were fully characterised and then were tested in a standard ceramic glaze after. Typical working conditions and colour development will be reported.

Se presenta la preparación de pigmentos cerámicos empleando residuos industriales como fuente de materias primas. Se detallan el uso de barros ricos en aluminio obtenidos en los tratamientos de depuración de aguas de plantas industriales de anodizado y barros de galvanizados de chapados de Cr/Ni. Los pigmentos cerámicos se prepararon empleando reacción en estados sólido a partir del barro rico en metal. Los principales pigmentos estudiados son orquídea casiterita de cromo-estaño (Sn,CrO2, malayita rojo de cromo-estaño Ca(Sn,CrSiO3, granate verde victoria Ca3Cr2Si3O12, y corindón rosa/verde de cromo alúmina (Cr,Al2O3. Los pigmentos fueron caracterizados y ensayados después de ser vidriados en cerámicas estándares. Se presentan las condiciones de trabajo y el desarrollo de color.

Analysis and modification of blue sapphires from Rwanda by ion beam techniques

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bootkul, D., E-mail: mo_duangkhae@hotmail.com [Department of General Science - Gems & Jewelry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110 (Thailand); Chaiwai, C.; Tippawan, U. [Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 (Thailand); Wanthanachaisaeng, B. [Gems Enhancement Research Unit, Faculty of Gems, Burapha University, Chanthaburi Campus, Chanthaburi 22170 (Thailand); Intarasiri, S., E-mail: saweat@gmail.com [Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 (Thailand)

2015-12-15

Highlights: • Ion beam analysis is an effective method for detecting trace elements. • Ion beam treatment is able to improve optical and color appearances of the blue sapphire from Rwanda. • These alternative methods can be extended to jewelry industry for large scale application. - Abstract: Blue sapphire is categorised in a corundum (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) group. The gems of this group are always amazed by their beauties and thus having high value. In this study, blue sapphires from Rwanda, recently came to Thai gemstone industry, are chosen for investigations. On one hand, we have applied Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), which is a highly sensitive and precise analytical technique that can be used to identify and quantify trace elements, for chemical analysis of the sapphires. Here we have found that the major element of blue sapphires from Rwanda is Al with trace elements such as Fe, Ti, Cr, Ga and Mg as are commonly found in normal blue sapphire. On the other hand, we have applied low and medium ion implantations for color improvement of the sapphire. It seems that a high amount of energy transferring during cascade collisions have altered the gems properties. We have clearly seen that the blue color of the sapphires have been intensified after nitrogen ion bombardment. In addition, the gems were also having more transparent and luster. The UV–Vis–NIR measurement detected the modification of their absorption properties, implying of the blue color increasing. Here the mechanism of these modifications is postulated and reported. In any point of view, the bombardment by using nitrogen ion beam is a promising technique for quality improvement of the blue sapphire from Rwanda.

Dust in the Quasar Wind (Artist Concept)

Science.gov (United States)

2007-01-01

Dusty grains -- including tiny specks of the minerals found in the gemstones peridot, sapphires and rubies -- can be seen blowing in the winds of a quasar, or active black hole, in this artist's concept. The quasar is at the center of a distant galaxy. Astronomers using NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope found evidence that such quasar winds might have forged these dusty particles in the very early universe. The findings are another clue in an ongoing cosmic mystery: where did all the dust in our young universe come from? Dust is crucial for efficient star formation as it allows the giant clouds where stars are born to cool quickly and collapse into new stars. Once a star has formed, dust is also needed to make planets and living creatures. Dust has been seen as far back as when the universe was less than a tenth of its current age, but how did it get there? Most dust in our current epoch forms in the winds of evolved stars that did not exist when the universe was young. Theorists had predicted that winds from quasars growing in the centers of distant galaxies might be a source of this dust. While the environment close to a quasar is too hot for large molecules like dust grains to survive, dust has been found in the cooler, outer regions. Astronomers now have evidence that dust is created in these outer winds. Using Spitzer's infrared spectrograph instrument, scientists found a wealth of dust grains in a quasar called PG2112+059 located at the center of a galaxy 8 billion light-years away. The grains - including corundum (sapphires and rubies); forsterite (peridot); and periclase (naturally occurring in marble) - are not typically found in galaxies without quasars, suggesting they might have been freshly formed in the quasar's winds.

Effects of iron-containing minerals on hydrothermal reactions of ketones

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Ziming; Gould, Ian R.; Williams, Lynda B.; Hartnett, Hilairy E.; Shock, Everett L.

2018-02-01

Hydrothermal organic transformations occurring in geochemical processes are influenced by the surrounding environments including rocks and minerals. This work is focused on the effects of five common minerals on reactions of a model ketone substrate, dibenzylketone (DBK), in an experimental hydrothermal system. Ketones play a central role in many hydrothermal organic functional group transformations, such as those converting hydrocarbons to oxygenated compounds; however, how these minerals control the hydrothermal chemistry of ketones is poorly understood. Under the hydrothermal conditions of 300 °C and 70 MPa for up to 168 h, we observed that, while quartz (SiO2) and corundum (Al2O3) had no detectable effect on the hydrothermal reactions of DBK, iron-containing minerals, such as hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and troilite (synthetic FeS), accelerated the reaction of DBK by up to an order of magnitude. We observed that fragmentation products, such as toluene and bibenzyl, dominated in the presence of hematite or magnetite, while use of troilite gave primarily the reduction products, e.g., 1, 3-diphenyl-propane and 1, 3-diphenyl-2-propanol. The roles of the three iron minerals in these transformations were further explored by (1) control experiments with various mineral surface areas, (2) measuring H2 in hydrothermal solutions, and (3) determining hydrogen balance among the organic products. These results suggest the reactions catalyzed by iron oxides (hematite and magnetite) are promoted mainly by the mineral surfaces, whereas the sulfide mineral (troilite) facilitated the reduction of ketone in the reaction solution. Therefore, this work not only provides a useful chemical approach to study and uncover complicated hydrothermal organic-mineral interactions, but also fosters a mechanistic understanding of ketone reactions in the deep carbon cycle.

Two anionically derivatized scandium oxoselenates(IV): ScF[SeO3] and Sc2O2[SeO3

Science.gov (United States)

Greiner, Stefan; Chou, Sheng-Chun; Schleid, Thomas

2017-02-01

Scandium fluoride oxoselenate(IV) ScF[SeO3] and scandium oxide oxoselenate(IV) Sc2O2[SeO3] could be synthesized through solid-state reactions. ScF[SeO3] was obtained phase-pure, by reacting mixtures of Sc2O3, ScF3 and SeO2 (molar ratio: 1:1:3) together with CsBr as fluxing agent in corundum crucibles embedded into evacuated glassy silica ampoules after firing at 700 °C for seven days. Sc2O2[SeO3] first emerged as by-product during the attempts to synthesize ScCl[SeO3] following aforementioned synthesis route and could later be reproduced from appropriate Sc2O3/SeO3 mixtures. ScF[SeO3] crystallizes monoclinically in space group P21/m with a=406.43(2), b =661.09(4), c=632.35(4) pm, β=93.298(3)° and Z=2. Sc2O2[SeO3] also crystallizes in the monoclinic system, but in space group P21/n with a=786.02(6), b=527.98(4), c=1086.11(8) pm, β=108.672(3)° for Z=4. The crystal structures of both compounds are strongly influenced by the stereochemically active lone pairs of the ψ1-tetrahedral [SeO3]2- anions. They also show partial structures, where the derivatizing F- or O2- anions play an important role. For ScF[SeO3] chains of the composition 2+∞ 1[FS c 2 / 2 ] form from connected [FSc2]5+ dumbbells, while [OSc3]7+ pyramids and [OSc4]10+ tetrahedra units are condensed to layers according to 2+ ∞ 2[O2Sc2 ] in Sc2O2[SeO3].

Unusual ruby-sapphire transition in alluvial megacrysts, Cenozoic basaltic gem field, New England, New South Wales, Australia

Science.gov (United States)

Sutherland, Frederick L.; Graham, Ian T.; Harris, Stephen J.; Coldham, Terry; Powell, William; Belousova, Elena A.; Martin, Laure

2017-05-01

Rare ruby crystals appear among prevailing sapphire crystals mined from placers within basaltic areas in the New England gem-field, New South Wales, Australia. New England ruby (NER) has distinctive trace element features compared to those from ruby elsewhere in Australia and indeed most ruby from across the world. The NER suite includes ruby (up to 3370 ppm Cr), pink sapphire (up to 1520 ppm Cr), white sapphire (up to 910 ppm) and violet, mauve, purple, or bluish sapphire (up to 1410 ppm Cr). Some crystals show outward growth banding in this respective colour sequence. All four colour zones are notably high in Ga (up to 310 ppm) and Si (up to 1820 ppm). High Ga and Ga/Mg values are unusual in ruby and its trace element plots (laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) and suggests that magmatic-metasomatic inputs were involved in the NER suite genesis. In situ oxygen isotope analyses (secondary ion mass spectrometry) across the NER suite colour range showed little variation (n = 22; δ18O = 4.4 ± 0.4, 2σ error), and are values typical for corundum associated with ultramafic/mafic rocks. The isolated NER xenocryst suite, corroded by basalt transport and with few internal inclusions, presents a challenge in deciphering its exact origin. Detailed consideration of its high Ga chemistry in relation to the known geology of the surrounding region was used to narrow down potential sources. These include Late Palaeozoic-Triassic fractionated I-type granitoid magmas or Mesozoic-Cenozoic felsic fractionates from basaltic magmas that interacted with early Palaeozoic Cr-bearing ophiolite bodies in the New England Orogen. Other potential sources may lie deeper within lower crust-mantle metamorphic assemblages, but need to match the anomalous high-Ga geochemistry of the New England ruby suite.

New developments in calorimetry and thermal analysis above 2000 °C

Science.gov (United States)

Navrotsky, A.; Ushakov, S.; Kapush, D.; Pavlik, A.; Fyhrie, M.

2016-12-01

Thermochemical and structural data above 2000 °C for many refractory oxides, including those of the rare earths, are largely absent. Fusion enthalpies are essential for modeling igneous processes, as are volume changes and enthalpies of high temperature phase transitions . The following set of new experimental techniques has been developed for high temperature studies: i) A commercial ultra-high-temperature differential thermal analyzer (DTA)was modified for use to 2500 °C with sealed crucibles and enthalpies of fusion for La2O3 X-phase (78 kJ/mol at 2300 °C), LaAlO3 perovskite (124 kJ/mol at 2134 °C), MgAl2O4 spinel (180 kJ/mol at 2113 °C) were successfully measured. ii) X-ray and neutron diffraction on crystalline laser heated levitated samples has been used to obtain thermal expansion, refine high temperature crystal structure and for in situ study of phase transitions and melting in variable atmospheres using levitators at the Advanced Photon Source and the Spallation Neutron Source. Pre-melting phase transitions in Y2O3, Ho2O3 and Er2O3 from cubic bixbyite-type structures to disordered hexagonal phases are accompanied by 3-4 % decrease in volume. iii) Drop-and-catch (DnC) calorimetry on laser heated aerodynamically levitated samples was developed to allow direct measurement of fusion enthalpies in various atmospheres. The DnC technique was validated by measurement of fusion enthalpy of Al2O3 corundum (120 kJ/mol at 2054 °C) and used to measure fusion enthalpy of cubic bixbyite type Y2O3 (119 kJ/mol at 2430 °C) and Yb2O3 (97 kJ/mol at 2435 °C). Further methodologiccal improvements and applications to earth and planetary materials are discussed.

The roles of fractional crystallization, magma mixing, crystal mush remobilization and volatile-melt interactions in the genesis of a young basalt-peralkaline rhyolite suite, the greater Olkaria volcanic complex, Kenya Rift valley

Science.gov (United States)

Macdonald, R.; Belkin, H.E.; Fitton, J.G.; Rogers, N.W.; Nejbert, K.; Tindle, A.G.; Marshall, A.S.

2008-01-01

The Greater Olkaria Volcanic Complex is a young (???20 ka) multi-centred lava and dome field dominated by the eruption of peralkaline rhyolites. Basaltic and trachytic magmas have been erupted peripherally to the complex and also form, with mugearites and benmoreites, an extensive suite of magmatic inclusions in the rhyolites. The eruptive rocks commonly represent mixed magmas and the magmatic inclusions are themselves two-, three- or four-component mixes. All rock types may carry xenocrysts of alkali feldspar, and less commonly plagioclase, derived from magma mixing and by remobilization of crystal mushes and/or plutonic rocks. Xenoliths in the range gabbro-syenite are common in the lavas and magmatic inclusions, the more salic varieties sometimes containing silicic glass representing partial melts and ranging in composition from anorthite ?? corundum- to acmite-normative. The peralkaline varieties are broadly similar, in major element terms, to the eruptive peralkaline rhyolites. The basalt-trachyte suite formed by a combination of fractional crystallization, magma mixing and resorption of earlier-formed crystals. Matrix glass in metaluminous trachytes has a peralkaline rhyolitic composition, indicating that the eruptive rhyolites may have formed by fractional crystallization of trachyte. Anomalous trace element enrichments (e.g. ??? 2000 ppm Y in a benmoreite) and negative Ce anomalies may have resulted from various Na- and K-enriched fluids evolving from melts of intermediate composition and either being lost from the system or enriched in other parts of the reservoirs. A small group of nepheline-normative, usually peralkaline, magmatic inclusions was formed by fluid transfer between peralkaline rhyolitic and benmoreitic magmas. The plumbing system of the complex consists of several independent reservoirs and conduits, repeatedly recharged by batches of mafic magma, with ubiquitous magma mixing. ?? The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press. All

Applications of Real Space Crystallography in Characterization of Dislocations in Geological Materials in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Science.gov (United States)

Kaboli, S.; Burnley, P. C.

2017-12-01

Imaging and characterization of defects in crystalline materials is of significant importance in various disciplines including geoscience, materials science, and applied physics. Linear defects such as dislocations and planar defects such as twins and stacking faults, strongly influence many of the properties of crystalline materials and also reflect the conditions and degree of deformation. Dislocations have been conventionally imaged in thin foils in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Since the development of field emission scanning electron microscopes (FE-SEM) with high gun brightness and small spot size, extensive efforts have been dedicated to the imaging and characterization of dislocations in semi-conductors using electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) in the SEM. The obvious advantages of using SEM over TEM include easier and non-destructive sample preparation and a large field of view enabling statistical examination of the density and distribution of dislocations and other defects. In this contribution, we extend this technique to geological materials and introduce the Real Space Crystallography methodology for imaging and complete characterization of dislocations based on bend contour contrast obtained by ECCI in FE-SEM. Bend contours map out the distortion in the crystal lattice across a deformed grain. The contrast of dislocations is maximum in the vicinity of bend contours where crystal planes diffract at small and positive deviations from the Bragg positions (as defined by Bragg's law of electron diffraction). Imaging is performed in a commercial FE-SEM equipped with a standard silicon photodiode backscattered (BSE) detector and an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) system for crystal orientation measurements. We demonstrate the practice of this technique in characterization of a number of geological materials in particular quartz, forsterite olivine and corundum, experimentally deformed at high pressure-temperature conditions. This

On capabilities of thermomechanical treatment in increasing durability of short service life elements of mining аnd processing equipment

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

В. И. Болобов

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Hadfield steel (110G13L is the basic material for fast wornout items of mining equipment: beaters, hammers, liners, refractory plates of crushers and mills. By way of example, the effect of cold hardening was specifically analyzed on the rate of wear of mining equipment parts for various types of wear by hard (more than 1100 HV and soft rock. A unique ability of that steel to resist shock wear is noted. It is shown that this steel exhibits low resistance to abrasive rock wear. Meanwhile wear by rock of hardness lower than steel (less than 1100 HV, may be substantially increased by pre-hardening of samples (up to 10-fold. In case of wear by high hardness rocks, shock impact that should contribute to hardening of the material, fails  to increase abrasive wear resistance of Hadfield steel, and in that parameter it does not differ from the conventional medium carbon steel 45. Also, the authors of this article describe a technique they developed of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment of specimen of Hadfield steel (free forging at 1150-950ºC and subsequent quenching in water and experiments in their abrasion. The results of tests show that hardness and wear resistance of Hadfield steel to hard abrasive (corundum 25A with aggregate hardness of ~2500 HV increases with plastic deformation at HTMT. For maximum plastic deformation intensity (deformation magnitude of α = 2.25, reached in the experiments by the authors, wear resistance grew by 70% as compared to undeformed steel. The dependence is presented of wear resistance of steel on hardness, HV, achieved in the result of plastic deformation. Since a similar positive effect was obtained earlier by the authors for 35HGSA steel, also used in mining machinery, they conclude that the HTMT technique may be recommended for treating short lived parts of the mining and mineral processing equipment to increase their service life.

Electron Transfer Pathways Facilitating U(VI) Reduction by Fe(II) on Al- vs Fe-Oxides

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Taylor, S. D. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, P.O. Box; Becker, U. [The University of Michigan, Department of Earth; Rosso, K. M. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, P.O. Box

2017-09-06

This study continues mechanistic development of heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) pathways at mineral surfaces in aquatic environments that enable the reduction U(VI) by surface-associated Fe(II). Using computational molecular simulation within the framework of Marcus Theory, our findings highlight the importance of the configurations and interaction of the electron donor and acceptor species with the substrate, with respect to influencing its electronic structure and thereby the ability of semiconducting minerals to facilitate ET. U(VI) reduction by surface-associated Fe(II) (adsorbed or structurally incorporated into the lattice) on an insulating, corundum (001) surface (α-Al2O3) occurs when proximal inner-sphere (IS) surface complexes are formed, such that ET occurs through a combination of direct exchange (i.e., Fe d- and U f-orbitals overlap through space) and superexchange via intervening surface oxygen atoms. U(VI) reduction by coadsorbed Fe(II) on the isostructural semiconducting hematite (α-Fe2O3) basal surface requires either their direct electronic interaction (e.g., IS complexation) or mediation of this interaction indirectly through the surface via an intrasurface pathway. Conceptually possible longer-range ET by charge-hopping through surface Fe atoms was investigated to determine whether this indirect pathway is competitive with direct ET. The calculations show that energy barriers are large for this conduction-based pathway; interfacial ET into the hematite surface is endothermic (+80.1 kJ/mol) and comprises the rate-limiting step (10–6 s–1). The presence of the IS adsorbates appears to weaken the electronic coupling between underlying Fe ions within the surface, resulting in slower intra-surface ET (10–5 s–1) than expected in the bulk basal plane. Our findings lay out first insights into donor-acceptor communication via a charge-hopping pathway through the surface for heterogeneous reduction of U(VI) by Fe(II) and help provide a basis

Subsolidus phase relationships of the {beta}-sialon solid solution in the oxygen-rich part of the Nd-Si-Al-O-N system

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kaiser, A.; Telle, R. [Rheinisch Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Inst. fuer Gesteinshuettenkunde; Herrmann, M.; Richter, H.J.; Hermel, W. [Fraunhofer Inst. Keramische Technologien und Sinterwerkstoffe, Dresden (Germany)

2001-10-01

The subsolidus phase relationships in the Nd{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-SiO{sub 2} system and in the Si{sub 6-z}Al{sub z}O{sub z}N{sub 8-z} (0 {<=} z {<=} 4)-''Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}:AlN''-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Nd{sub 2}O{sub 3}-SiO{sub 2}-range of the Nd-Si-Al-O-N system have been determined. 50 three- and four-phase equilibria were established in this phase region. The phase equilibria define the regions of stable coexistence between {beta}-sialon Si{sub 6-z}Al{sub z}O{sub z}N{sub 8-z} (0 {<=} z {<=} 4) and oxide or oxynitride compounds, which are potential grain boundary phases for silicon nitride ceramics. {beta}-Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} coexists with N-melilite (Nd{sub 2}Si{sub 3-x}Al{sub x}N{sub 4-x} (0 {<=} x {<=} 1)), N-{alpha}-wollastonite NdSi{sub 2}ON, a nitrogen-rich (Al, N)-apatite solid solution and Nd{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 7}. Between 0 {<=} z {<=} 0.8 {beta}-sialon (Si{sub 6-z}Al{sub z}O{sub z}N{sub 8-z}) is compatible with N-melilite (Nd{sub 2}Si{sub 3-x}Al{sub x}N{sub 4-x} (x = 1)), an (Al,N)-apatite of intermediate composition and Nd{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 7}. The equilibrium phases between z = 0.8 to z = 4 are NdAlO{sub 3} and the U-phase (Nd{sub 3}Si{sub 3-x}Al{sub 3+x}O{sub 12+x}N{sub 2-x}) as well as NdAl{sub 11+x}O{sub 18}N{sub x} (x = 1) and corundum at the Al-rich terminal composition (z = 4). (orig.)

Microstructures, mineral chemistry, noble gases and nitrogen in the recent fall, Bhuka iron (IAB) meteorite

Science.gov (United States)

Murty, S. V. S.; Ranjith, P. M.; Ray, Dwijesh; Ghosh, S.; Chattopadhyay, Basab; Shrivastava, K. L.

2016-10-01

We report some chemical, petrological and isotopic studies of the Bhuka iron meteorite that fell in Rajasthan, India in 2005. Numerous silicate and graphite inclusions are visible on the surface of the hand specimen. In the polished and etched surface studied, irregular patches of graphite are found as the most dominant inclusion and commonly associated with pure corundum (95 wt% Al2O3), spinel, feldspar and Si-rich phases. Apart from typical lamellar intergrowth with kamacite (i.e. the Widmänstatten pattern), taenites are also commonly found to occur as a rim of the graphite inclusions. P-rich (up to 10 wt%) taenites are also found locally within the recrystallised kamacite matrix. Based on mineralogy, texture and bulk composition, Bhuka resembles the low-Ni IAB subgroup (ungrouped). Noble gas isotope studies suggest He, Ne and Ar are mostly of cosmogenic origin, while Kr and Xe are a mixture of cosmogenic, radiogenic and trapped components. A pre-atmospheric radius of 10±1 cm and a cosmic ray exposure age of 346±52 Ma are derived based on depth dependant (3He/4He)c and 38Arc respectively, as per the production systematics of cosmogenic noble gas isotopes (Ammon et al., 2009). Cosmogenic 83Kr and 126Xe yield production rates of 12 and 0.335 (in 10-15ccSTP/g Ma) for 83Kr and 126Xe respectively. Presence of trapped Kr and Xe, with (84Kr/132Xe)t=2 and radiogenic 129Xe=120×10-12 ccSTP/g are due to presence of graphite/silicate inclusions in the analysed sample. Over 150% excess 131Xec than expected from spallation suggests contribution from (n,ɤ) reactions from Ba from inclusions and suggests irradiation of pre-atmospheric object in a larger body, indicative of complex irradiation. Trapped N of 24 ppm, with δ15N=-10.7±0.8‰ observed in Bhuka, is heavier than the range observed hither to in IAB irons.

Equilibrium chemistry down to 100 K. Impact of silicates and phyllosilicates on the carbon to oxygen ratio

Science.gov (United States)

Woitke, P.; Helling, Ch.; Hunter, G. H.; Millard, J. D.; Turner, G. E.; Worters, M.; Blecic, J.; Stock, J. W.

2018-06-01

We have introduced a fast and versatile computer code, GGCHEM, to determine the chemical composition of gases in thermo-chemical equilibrium down to 100 K, with or without equilibrium condensation. We have reviewed the data for molecular equilibrium constants, kp(T), from several sources and discussed which functional fits are most suitable for low temperatures. We benchmarked our results against another chemical equilibrium code. We collected Gibbs free energies, ΔGf⊖, for about 200 solid and liquid species from the NIST-JANAF database and the geophysical database SUPCRTBL. We discussed the condensation sequence of the elements with solar abundances in phase equilibrium down to 100 K. Once the major magnesium silicates Mg2SiO4[s] and MgSiO3[s] have formed, the dust to gas mass ratio jumps to a value of about 0.0045 which is significantly lower than the often assumed value of 0.01. Silicate condensation is found to increase the carbon to oxygen ratio (C/O) in the gas from its solar value of 0.55 up to 0.71, and, by the additional intake of water and hydroxyl into the solid matrix, the formation of phyllosilicates at temperatures below 400 K increases the gaseous C/O further to about 0.83. Metallic tungsten (W) is the first condensate found to become thermodynamically stable around 1600-2200 K (depending on pressure), several hundreds of Kelvin before subsequent materials such as zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) or corundum (Al2O3) can condense. We briefly discuss whether tungsten, despite its low abundance of 2 × 10-7 times the silicon abundance, could provide the first seed particles for astrophysical dust formation. GGCHEM code is publicly available at http://https://github.com/pw31/GGchemTable D.1 is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/614/A1

Photo-catalytic hydrogen production over Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} based catalysts

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Boudjemaa, A. [Technical and Scientific Research Centre of Physico-chemistry Analysis (CRAPC), BP 248, RP 16004, Algiers (Algeria); Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Gas, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB) BP 32, 16111 Algiers (Algeria); Trari, M. [Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB) BP 32, 16111 Algiers (Algeria)

2010-08-15

The hydrogen photo-evolution was successfully achieved in aqueous (Fe{sub 1-x}Cr{sub x}){sub 2}O{sub 3} suspensions (0 {<=} x {<=} 1). The solid solution has been prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET, transport properties and photo-electrochemistry. The oxides crystallize in the corundum structure, they exhibit n-type conductivity with activation energy of {proportional_to}0.1 eV and the conduction occurs via adiabatic polaron hops. The characterization of the band edges has been studied by the Mott Schottky plots. The onset potential of the photo-current is {proportional_to}0.2 V cathodic with respect to the flat band potential, implying a small existence of surface states within the gap region. The absorption of visible light promotes electrons into (Fe{sub 1-x}Cr{sub x}){sub 2}O{sub 3}-CB with a potential ({proportional_to}-0.5 V{sub SCE}) sufficient to reduce water into hydrogen. As expected, the quantum yield increases with decreasing the electro affinity through the substitution of iron by the more electropositive chromium which increases the band bending at the interface and favours the charge separation. The generated photo-voltage was sufficient to promote simultaneously H{sub 2}O reduction and SO{sub 3}{sup 2-} oxidation in the energetically downhill reaction (H{sub 2}O + SO{sub 3}{sup 2-} {yields} H{sub 2} + SO{sub 4}{sup 2-}, {delta}G = -17.68 kJ mol{sup -1}). The best activity occurs over Fe{sub 1.2}Cr{sub 0.8}O{sub 3} in SO{sub 3}{sup 2-} (0.1 M) solution with H{sub 2} liberation rate of 21.7 {mu}mol g{sup -1} min{sup -1} and a quantum yield 0.06% under polychromatic light. Over time, a pronounced deceleration occurs, due to the competitive reduction of the end product S{sub 2}O{sub 6}{sup 2-}. (author)

CsSc{sub 3}F{sub 6}[SeO{sub 3}]{sub 2}. A new rare-earth metal(III) fluoride oxoselenate(IV) with sections of the ReO{sub 3}-type structure

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Greiner, Stefan; Schleid, Thomas [Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie, Universitaet Stuttgart (Germany)

2017-09-04

A new representative of rare-earth metal(III) fluoride oxoselenates(IV) derivatized with alkali metals could be synthesized via solid-state reactions. Colorless single crystals of CsSc{sub 3}F{sub 6}[SeO{sub 3}]{sub 2} were obtained through the reaction of Sc{sub 2}O{sub 3}, ScF{sub 3}, and SeO{sub 2} (molar ratio 1:1:3) with CsBr as reactant and fluxing agent. For this purpose, corundum crucibles embedded as liners into evacuated silica ampoules were applied as containers for these reactions at 700 C for seven days. The new quintenary compound crystallizes in the trigonal space group P3m1 with a = 565.34(4) and c = 1069.87(8) pm (c/a = 1.892) for Z = 1. The crystal structure of CsSc{sub 3}F{sub 6}[SeO{sub 3}]{sub 2} contains two crystallographically different Sc{sup 3+} cations. Each (Sc1){sup 3+} is surrounded by six fluoride anions as octahedron, while the octahedra about (Sc2){sup 3+} are formed by three fluoride anions and three oxygen atoms from three terminal [SeO{sub 3}]{sup 2-} anions. The [(Sc1)F{sub 6}]{sup 3-} octahedra link via common F{sup -} vertices to six fac-[(Sc2)F{sub 3}O{sub 3}]{sup 6-} octahedra forming {sup 2}{sub ∞}{[Sc_3F_6O_6]"9"-} layers parallel to (001). These layers are separated by oxygen-coordinated Cs{sup +} cations (C.N. = 12), arranging for the charge compensation, while Se{sup 4+} cations within the layers surrounded by three oxygen atoms as ψ{sup 1}-tetrahedral [SeO{sub 3}]{sup 2-} units complete the structure. EDX measurements confirmed the composition of the title compound and single-crystal Raman studies showed the typical vibrational modes of isolated [SeO{sub 3}]{sup 2-} anions with ideal C{sub 3v} symmetry. (copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Synthesis of LTA zeolite on corundum supports: Preliminary assessment for heavy metal removal from waste water; Sintesis de zeolita LTA sobre soportes de corindon: Evaluacion preliminar para la eliminacion de metales pesados de efluentes acuosos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jacas, A.; Ortega, P.; Velasco, M. J.; Camblor, M. A.; Rodriguez, M. A.

2012-11-01

The effectiveness of materials based on LTA Zeolite as active phase, for their incorporation into systems aimed at the removal of heavy metals on waste water is evaluated in a preliminary way. This type of Zeolite with the main channel of a minimum free diameter of 0,41 nm and a low SiO{sub 2}/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} ratio is an interesting molecular sieve, which in turn display a high ion exchange capacity. From this point of view, LTA Zeolite crystals were obtained in situ by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by x ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We have studied the effect of hydrothermal synthesis time at 378 K. Likewise, the removal capacity of heavy metal from the active phase was evaluated in as a first step on diluted solutions of cooper salts at slightly acidic pH ({approx} 4,7). (Author) 28 refs.

Alumino-silicate speciation in aqueous fluids at deep crustal conditions

Science.gov (United States)

Mookherjee, M.; Keppler, H.; Manning, C. E.

2014-12-01

Alumina and silica are major oxides in most crustal rocks. While SiO2 is quite soluble in aqueous fluids at metamorphic conditions, behavior of Al2O3 in crustal metamorphic fluids has been poorly understood. It is known that alumina is dramatically less soluble in aqueous fluids and hence it is difficult to explain the common occurrence of quartz with aluminous minerals in metamorphic veins. In order to understand this complex behavior of alumina, we investigated aluminum speciation in aqueous fluids in equilibrium with corundum using in situ Raman spectroscopy in hydrothermal diamond anvil cells to 20 kbar and 1000 oC. In order to better understand the spectral features of the aqueous fluids, we used first principles simulations based on density functional theory to calculate and predict the energetics and vibrational spectra for various aluminum species that are likely to be present in aqueous solutions. The Raman spectra of pure water in equilibrium with Al2O3 are devoid of any characteristic spectral features. In contrast, aqueous fluids with KOH solution in equilibrium with Al2O3 show a sharp band at ~620 cm-1 which could be attributed to the [Al(OH)4]1- species. The band grows in intensity with temperature along an isochore. In the limited pressure, temperature and density explored in the present study, we do not find any evidence for the polymerization of the [Al(OH)4]1- species to dimers [(OH)2-Al-O2-Al(OH)2]2- or [(OH)3-Al-O-Al(OH)3]2-. This is likely due to the relatively low concentration of Al in the solutions and does not rule out significant polymerization at higher pressures and temperatures. We are also investigating the effect of SiO2 on the solubility of Al2O3 and the relative energetics of formation of pure alumina dimer [(OH)3-Al-O-Al(OH)3]2- vs. the aluminosilicate dimers, [(OH)3-Al-O-Si(OH)3]2- at deep crustal conditions. Acknowledgement- MM is supported by the US National Science Foundation grant (EAR-1250477).

Aluminum speciation in aqueous fluids at deep crustal pressure and temperature

Science.gov (United States)

Mookherjee, Mainak; Keppler, Hans; Manning, Craig E.

2014-05-01

We investigated aluminum speciation in aqueous fluids in equilibrium with corundum using in situ Raman spectroscopy in hydrothermal diamond anvil cells to 20 kbar and 1000 °C. We have studied aluminum species in (a) pure H2O, (b) 5.3 m KOH solution, and (c) 1 m KOH solution. In order to better understand the spectral features of the aqueous fluids, we used ab initio simulations based on density functional theory to calculate and predict the energetics and vibrational spectra for various aluminum species that are likely to be present in aqueous solutions. The Raman spectra of pure water in equilibrium with Al2O3 are devoid of any characteristic spectral features. In contrast, aqueous fluids with 5.3 m and 1 m KOH solution in equilibrium with Al2O3 show a sharp band at ˜620 cm-1 which could be attributed to the [ species. The band grows in intensity with temperature along an isochore. A shoulder on the high-frequency side of this band may be due to a hydrated, charge neutral Al(OH)3·H2O species. In the limited pressure, temperature and density explored in the present study, we do not find any evidence for the polymerization of the [ species to dimers [(OH)2-Al-(OH)2-Al(OH)2] or [(OH)3-Al-O-Al(OH)3]2-. This is likely due to the relatively low concentration of Al in the solutions and does not rule out significant polymerization at higher pressures and temperatures. Upon cooling of Al-bearing solutions to room temperatures, Raman bands indicating the precipitation of diaspore (AlOOH) were observed in some experiments. The Raman spectra of the KOH solutions (with or without dissolved alumina) showed a sharp OH stretching band at ˜3614 cm-1 and an in-plane OH bending vibration at ˜1068 cm-1, likely related to an OH- ion with the oxygen atom attached to a water molecule by hydrogen bonding. A weak feature at ˜935 cm-1 may be related to the out-of-plane bending vibration of the same species or to an OH species with a different environment.

Effect of fusion mixture treatment on the surface of low grade natural ruby

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sakthivel, R., E-mail: velsak_r@yahoo.com; Pradhan, K.C.; Nayak, B.B.; Dash, Tapan; Sahu, R.K.; Mishra, B.K.

2017-05-01

Graphical abstract: The colour of low grade natural ruby is enhanced with fusion mixture treatment. Comparative optical absorption and photoluminesence properties of both untreated and treated ruby samples are studied. - Highlights: • Colour of the low grade natural ruby is improved with fusion mixture treatment. • Surface impurities are removed with fusion mixture. • Photoluminescence spectrum of ruby influenced by its Cr{sup 3+} concentration. • X-ray diffraction study confirms the presence of corundum phases in ruby samples. • Treated ruby looks brighter than untreated ruby due to variation in Cr{sup 3+} concentration. - Abstract: Improvement in aesthetic look of low grade natural ruby (gemstone) surface was clearly evident after fusion mixture treatment. Surface impurities of the gemstone were significantly reduced to give it a face lift. The processing consists of heat treatment (1000 °C) of the raw gemstone with fusion mixture (sodium and potassium carbonates), followed by hydrochloric acid digestion (90 °C) and ultrasonic cleaning.Both the untreated and the treated gemstone were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy (diffuse reflectance),photoluminescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The paper consolidates the results of these studies and presents the effect of the typical chemical treatment (stated above) on the low grade natural ruby. While X-ray diffraction study identifies the occurrence of alumina phase in both the treated and the untreated gemstones, the UV–vis spectra exhibit strong characteristic absorption of Cr{sup 3+}at 400 and 550 nm wavelength for the treated gemstone in contrast to weak absorption observed for the untreated gemstone at such wavelengths, thus showing the beneficial effect of fusion mixture treatment. Peaks observed for the gemstone (for both treated and untreated samples) in the excitation spectra of photoluminescence show a good correlation with observed UV–vis (diffuse reflectance

New UO2 fuel studies

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dehaudt, P.; Lemaignan, C.; Caillot, L.; Mocellin, A.; Eminet, G.

1998-01-01

With improved UO 2 fuels, compared with the current PWR, one would enable to: retain the fission products, rise higher burn-ups and deliver the designed power in reactor for longer times, limit the pellet cladding interaction effects by easier deformation at high temperatures. Specific studies are made in each field to understand the basic mechanisms responsible for these improvements. Four programs on new UO 2 fuels are underway in the laboratory: advanced microstructure fuels (doped fuels), fuels containing Er 2 O 3 a burnable absorber, fuels with improved caesium retention, composite fuels. The advanced microstructure UO 2 fuels have special features such as: high grain sizes to lengthen the fission gas diffusion paths, intragranular precipitates as fission gas atoms pinning sites, intergranular silica based viscoplastic phases to improve the creep properties. The grain size growth can be obtained with a long time annealing or with corundum type oxide additives partly soluble in the UO 2 lattice. The amount of doping element compared with its solubility limit and the sintering conditions allows to obtain oxide or metallic precipitates. The fuels containing Er 2 O 3 as a burnable absorber are under irradiation in the TANOX device at the present time. Specific sintering conditions are required to improve the erbium solubility in UO 2 and to reach standard or large grain sizes. The improved caesium retention fuels are doped with SiO 2 +A1 2 O 3 or SiO 2 +ZrO 2 additives which may form stable compounds with the Cs element in accidental conditions. The composite fuels are made of UO 2 particles of about 100 μm in size dispersed in a molybdenum metallic (CERMET) or MgA1 2 O 4 ceramic (CERCER) matrix. The CERMET has a considerably higher thermal conductivity and remains ''cold'' during irradiation. The concept of double barrier (matrix+fuel) against fission products is verified for the CERMET fuel. A thermal analysis of all the irradiated rods shows that the thermal

The Effect of Fracture Filler Composition on the Parameters of Shear Deformation Regime

Science.gov (United States)

Pavlov, D.; Ostapchuk, A.; Batuhtin, I.

2015-12-01

Geomechanical models of different slip mode nucleation and transformation can be developed basing on laboratory experiments, in which regularities of shear deformation of gouge-filled faults are studied. It's known that the spectrum of possible slip modes is defined by both macroscopic deformation characteristics of the fault and mesoscale structure of fault filler. Small variations of structural parameters of the filler may lead to a radical change of slip mode [1, 2]. This study presents results of laboratory experiments investigating regularities of shear deformation of discontinuities filled with multicomponent granular material. Qualitative correspondence between experimental results and natural phenomena is detected. The experiments were carried out in the classical "slider model" statement. A granite block slides under shear load on a granite substrate. The contact gap between rough surfaces was filled with a discrete material, which simulated the principal slip zone of a fault. The filler components were quartz sand, salt, glass beads, granite crumb, corundum, clay and pyrophyllite. An entire spectrum of possible slip modes was obtained - from stable slip to slow-slip events and to regular stick-slip with various coseismic displacements realized per one act of instability. Mixing several components in different proportions, it became possible to trace the gradual transition from stable slip to regular stick-slip, from slow-slip events to fast-slip events. Depending on specific filler component content, increasing the portion of one of the components may lead to both a linear and a non-linear change of slip event moment (a laboratory equivalent of the seismic moment). For different filler compositions durations of equal-moment events may differ by more than two orders of magnitude. The findings can be very useful for developing geomechnical models of nucleation and transformation of different slip modes observed at natural faults. The work was supported by

Preparation and Characterization of Zeolite Membrane for Bioethanol Purification

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Aprilina Purbasari

2013-06-01

Full Text Available The use of bioethanol as an alternative fuel with a purity of more than 99.5% wt has prompted research on bioethanol purification. One of the promising methods used for bioethanol purification is pervaporation membrane. This research is aimed to prepare and characterize zeolite membranes for pervaporation membrane. The membrane preparation consisted of two stages, namely support preparation and zeolite deposition on the support. In support preparation, α- alumina and kaolin with specific composition (50:30; 40:40; 50:30 was mixed with additives and water. After pugging and aging process, the mixture became paste and extruded into tubular shape. The tube was then calcined at temperature of 1250 °C for 3 hours. After that, zeolite 4A was deposited on the tubes using clear solution made of 10 %wt zeolite and 90 %wt water and heated at temperature of 80 °C for 3 hours. Furthermore, the resulting zeolite membranes was washed with deionized water for 5 minutes and dried in oven at temperature of 100 °C for 24 hours. Characterization of zeolite membranes included mechanical strength test, XRD, and SEM. In the mechanical strength test, the membrane sample with α- alumina:kaolin = 50:30 (membrane A has the highest mechanical strength of 46.65 N/mm2. Result of XRD analysis for the membrane A indicated that mullite and corundum phases were formed, which mullite phase was more dominant. Meanwhile the result of SEM analysis shows that zeolite crystals have been formed and covered the pores support, but the deposition of zeolite has not been optimal yet. The performance examination for bioethanol purification showed that the membrane could increase the purity of bioethanol from 95% to 98.5% wt. © 2013 BCREC UNDIP. All rights reservedReceived: 23rd October 2012; Revised: 15th February 2013; Accepted: 16th February 2013[How to Cite: Purbasari, A., Istirokhatun, T., Devi, A.M., Mahsunnah, L. , Susanto, H. (2013. Preparation and Characterization of Zeolite

Volcanic ash in feed coal and its influence on coal combustion products

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brownfield, M.E.; Affolter, R.H.; Cathcart, J.D.; Brownfield, I.K.; Hower, J.C.; Stricker, G.D.; O' Connor, J.T.

2000-07-01

The US Geological Survey and the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research are collaborating with an Indiana Utility to determine the physical and chemical properties of feed coal and coal combustion products (CCPs) from a coal-fired power plant. The plant utilizes a low-sulfur (.23--.47 weight percent S) coal from the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of feed coal samples identified two mineral suites. A primary suite (not authigenic) consisting of quartz (detrital and volcanic beta-form grains), biotite, and minor zircon and a secondary authigenic mineral suite containing calcite, alumino-phosphates (crandallite and gorceixite), kaolinite, quartz, anatase, barite, and pyrite. The authigenic minerals are attributed to air-fall and reworked volcanic ash that was deposited in peat-forming mires. The Powder River Basin feed coals contain higher amounts of Ba, Ca, Mg, Na, Sr, and P compared to other analyzed eastern coals. These elements are associated with alumino-phosphate, biotite, calcite, and clay minerals. The element associations are indicative of coal that incorporated volcanic ash during deposition. XRD analysis of CCPs revealed a predominance of glass, perovskite, lime, gehlenite, quartz, and phosphates with minor amounts of periclase, anhydrite, hematite, and spinel group minerals in the fly ash; and quartz, plagioclase (albite and anorthite), pyroxene (augite and fassaite), rhodonite, and akermanite in the bottom ash. Microprobe and SEM analysis of fly ash samples revealed quartz, zircon, monazite, euhedral laths of corundum with merrillite, hematite, dendritic spinels/ferrites, and rounded grains of wollastonite with periclase. The abundant Ca and Mg mineral phases in the fly ashes are related to the presence of carbonate, clay, and phosphate minerals in the feed coal. The Ca- and Mg-rich mineral phases in the CCPs can be attributed to volcanic minerals deposited in the

Automated system measuring triple oxygen and nitrogen isotope ratios in nitrate using the bacterial method and N2 O decomposition by microwave discharge.

Science.gov (United States)

Hattori, Shohei; Savarino, Joel; Kamezaki, Kazuki; Ishino, Sakiko; Dyckmans, Jens; Fujinawa, Tamaki; Caillon, Nicolas; Barbero, Albane; Mukotaka, Arata; Toyoda, Sakae; Well, Reinhard; Yoshida, Naohiro

2016-12-30

Triple oxygen and nitrogen isotope ratios in nitrate are powerful tools for assessing atmospheric nitrate formation pathways and their contribution to ecosystems. N 2 O decomposition using microwave-induced plasma (MIP) has been used only for measurements of oxygen isotopes to date, but it is also possible to measure nitrogen isotopes during the same analytical run. The main improvements to a previous system are (i) an automated distribution system of nitrate to the bacterial medium, (ii) N 2 O separation by gas chromatography before N 2 O decomposition using the MIP, (iii) use of a corundum tube for microwave discharge, and (iv) development of an automated system for isotopic measurements. Three nitrate standards with sample sizes of 60, 80, 100, and 120 nmol were measured to investigate the sample size dependence of the isotope measurements. The δ 17 O, δ 18 O, and Δ 17 O values increased with increasing sample size, although the δ 15 N value showed no significant size dependency. Different calibration slopes and intercepts were obtained with different sample amounts. The slopes and intercepts for the regression lines in different sample amounts were dependent on sample size, indicating that the extent of oxygen exchange is also dependent on sample size. The sample-size-dependent slopes and intercepts were fitted using natural log (ln) regression curves, and the slopes and intercepts can be estimated to apply to any sample size corrections. When using 100 nmol samples, the standard deviations of residuals from the regression lines for this system were 0.5‰, 0.3‰, and 0.1‰, respectively, for the δ 18 O, Δ 17 O, and δ 15 N values, results that are not inferior to those from other systems using gold tube or gold wire. An automated system was developed to measure triple oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in nitrate using N 2 O decomposition by MIP. This system enables us to measure both triple oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in nitrate with comparable precision

High-Temperature Elasticity of Topaz: A Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopic study

Science.gov (United States)

Tennakoon, S.; Peng, Y.; Andreu, L.; Rivera, F.; Mookherjee, M.; Manthilake, G.; Speziale, S.

2017-12-01

Topaz (Al2SiO4(F,OH)2) is a hydrous aluminosilicate mineral stable in the hydrated sediments in subduction zone settings and could transport water into the Earth's interior. To constrain the amount of water subducted, it is important to have a better understanding of the elastic constants of hydrous phases and compare them with the geophysical observations. In this study, we explored the full elastic moduli tensor for a single crystal topaz using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy. We determined the full elastic moduli tensor at ambient conditions (1 bar and 297 K), with the principal components- C11, C22, and C33 are 279, 352 and 288 GPa respectively, the off-diagonal components- C­12, C13, and C23 are 124, 72, and 82 GPa respectively, and the shear components- C44, C55, and C66 are 111, 134, and 130 GPa respectively. The compressional (AVP) and shear (AVS) anisotropy for topaz are 13 and 14 % respectively. The aggregate bulk (K) and shear (G) moduli are 162 and 117 GPa respectively. We determined the elasticity of topaz up to 1000 K. The components of the full elastic moduli tensor show softening at high temperature. Temperature derivatives of sound velocity of topaz, dVP/dT = -3.5 ×10-4 km/s/K and dVS/dT = -2.2 ×10-4 km/s/K are smaller than those for corundum [1], α-quartz [2], and olivine [3]. In contrast, the temperature derivatives of primary and shear sound velocity for topaz is greater than that of pyrope garnet [4]. The elasticity and sound velocity of topaz also vary as a function of chemistry i.e., OH-F contents. Our study demonstrates that the effect of composition (xOH) on the velocity is more pronounced than that of temperature.Acknowledgement: This study is supported by US NSF awards EAR-1634422. Reference: [1] Goto, T. et al.,1989, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7588; [2] Ohno, I. et al., 2006, Phys. Chem. Miner., 33, 1-9; [3] Isaak, D. G., 1992, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 97, 1871-1885; [4] Sinogeikin, S. V., Bass, J. D., 2002, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett

About LTCC materials in the substance system of CaO-La{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-B{sub 2}O{sub 3}; Ueber LTCC-Werkstoffe aus dem Stoffsystem CaO-La{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-B{sub 2}O{sub 3}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gemeinert, Marion

2009-09-01

Glass ceramic composites made of glassy and crystalline powders offer numerous possibilities for modifying materials properties e.g. sintering behaviour, thermal expansion coefficient, mechanical behaviour, chemical durability, dielectric properties and surface quality for special use. Glass ceramic composite powders can be used for the production of ceramic green tapes which are processed by LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics)- technology to form ceramic multilayers for electronic packaging in microsystems. During free sintering of LTCC-multilayers a lateral shrinkage occurs which is connected with a comparatively high shrinkage tolerance. Different sintering technologies are used to avoid the lateral shrinkage. A new possibility to achieve a zero lateral shrinkage is given by use of a self-constrained laminate. Therefore a multilayer is produced of two different materials for inner and outer layers, showing different sintering temperatures ({delta}T>50 K). Object of this dissertation was the development of LTCC-materials, which can be used for inner layers of a self-constrained laminate to reduce the lateral shrinkage nearly to zero. Therefore LTCC-materials in the field of CaO-La{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-B{sub 2}O{sub 3}, which can be sintered below 800 C, were investigated. Starting from the development of adapted glasses based on calcium lanthanium borate- and calcium lanthanium alumoborate glasses glass ceramic composites were produced by the addition of corundum powder. The composites crystallize during the sintering process almost completely. Lanthanum borate crystallizes from the glassy phase and calcium alumoborate and calcium alumoborate oxide respectively is formed by a chemical solid state reaction of the residual glassy phase, which is enriched by calcium borate, and the corundum. The proportional relation of the new crystalline phases determines the thermal and dielectric properties of the material. The most important formed new

Provenance analysis and thermo-dynamic studies of multi-type Holocene duricrusts (1700 BC) in the Sua Salt Pan, NE Botswana

Science.gov (United States)

Dill, Harald G.; Dohrmann, R.; Kaufhold, S.; Techmer, A.

2014-08-01

Multi-type duricrusts, composed of silcretes, calcretes, halcretes and sulcretes developed during the Holocene at the northern rim of the Sua Salt Pan, NE Botswana. They were investigated for their light (quartz/chalcedony, feldspar, analcime, clinoptilolite, calcite, kaolinite/halloysite, illite-smectite mixed-layers, halite) and heavy minerals (baryte, clinozoisite-epidote s.s.s., amphibole, corundum, tourmaline, ilmenite, rutile, sphene, kyanite, andalusite, staurolite, garnet, zircon, apatite, monazite, cassiterite, garnet, biotite) using petrographic microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and diffraction analyses, radio-carbon dating, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an EDX-system, cation exchange capacity and infrared spectroscopy. Detrital minerals predominantly derived from the erosion of rocks belonging to the Archaean Basement Complex, the Stormberg Volcanites and the Kalahari sediments. Of particular interest to exploration geologists, geikielite-enriched ilmenite fragments are a hint to kimberlitic pipes. Biodetritus was derived from invertebrates and from vertebrates (fish bones?). A man-made impact on the heavy mineral suite has to be invoked from small fragments of cassiterite fragments that derived from processing of sulfidic and pegmatitic Sn-bearing ore. In the salt-pan-derived duricrusts mainly the aeolian and to a lesser degree fluvial inputs were responsible for the concentration of clasts in these multi-type duricrusts. Moreover, their variegated mineralogy enables us to constrain the physical-chemical regime, prevalently as to the pH and the chemical composition of the major constituents. All duricrusts developed in a self-sufficient chemically closed system where quartz and feldspar provided the elements Si, Na, K, Ca, and Ba to produce the encrustations. The spatial and temporal trend in the Sua Salt Pan rim encrustations may be described as follows: (1) sulcrete-silcretes, (2) silcretes with kaolinite-group minerals towards more recent

Radiation-Induced Topological Disorder in Irradiated Network Structures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hobbs, Linn W.

2002-12-01

This report summarizes results of a research program investigating the fundamental principles underlying the phenomenon of topological disordering in a radiation environment. This phenomenon is known popularly as amorphization, but is more formally described as a process of radiation-induced structural arrangement that leads in crystals to loss of long-range translational and orientational correlations and in glasses to analogous alteration of connectivity topologies. The program focus has been on a set compound ceramic solids with directed bonding exhibiting structures that can be described as networks. Such solids include SiO2, Si3N4, SiC, which are of interest to applications in fusion energy production, nuclear waste storage, and device manufacture involving ion implantation or use in radiation fields. The principal investigative tools comprise a combination of experimental diffraction-based techniques, topological modeling, and molecular-dynamics simulations that have proven a rich source of information in the preceding support period. The results from the present support period fall into three task areas. The first comprises enumeration of the rigidity constraints applying to (1) more complex ceramic structures (such as rutile, corundum, spinel and olivine structures) that exhibit multiply polytopic coordination units or multiple modes of connecting such units, (2) elemental solids (such as graphite, silicon and diamond) for which a correct choice of polytope is necessary to achieve correct representation of the constraints, and (3) compounds (such as spinel and silicon carbide) that exhibit chemical disorder on one or several sublattices. With correct identification of the topological constraints, a unique correlation is shown to exist between constraint and amorphizability which demonstrates that amorphization occurs at a critical constraint loss. The second task involves the application of molecular dynamics (MD) methods to topologically-generated models

La interacción de materiales del sistema sílice-alúmina con productos fluorados aluminosos

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Verdeja, L. F.

1998-05-01

Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to get a first approximation of the systematic study of the corrosion mechanisms of the silica-alumina, alumina and rich-alumina refractory by fluoride compounds and molten aluminum. The thermodynamic results support the main role of the chemical attack and the erosive mechanisms in the wear of the silica-alumina materials. The influence of the composition of the crystalline phases in the degree of the ceramic lining attack is also studied. The results suggest not to use either oxide or nitride high-value materials for the lining of furnaces and transport recipients containing molten aluminum, because of the chemical corrosion by compounds such as cryolite or aluminum fluoride and also, because of the avidity of aluminum towards oxygen. The study of corundum-based materials like the best refractory used in order to react with fluoride compounds and molten aluminum is an alternative to be considered. The study of the crusts adhesion like a protection mechanism of the refractory lining is also a possible approach.

Este trabajo pretende contribuir al estudio sistemático de los mecanismos de corrosión que experimentan los refractarios sílico-aluminosos, aluminosos y de alta alúmina con productos fluorados y aluminio en estado líquido. Se aportan datos termodinámicos que confirman el papel preponderante del ataque químico y de los mecanismos erosivos en el desgaste de materiales del sistema sílice-alúmina. Se discute, asimismo, la influencia de la composición de las fases cristalinas encontradas en el grado de agresión a los revestimientos cerámicos. Se propone, ante la agresividad de agentes químicamente activos, como la criolita o el fluoruro de aluminio, y la gran afinidad del aluminio por el oxígeno, no aconsejar la utilización de materiales oxídicos y nitrurados de alto valor para el revestimiento de hornos y bolsas de transporte de aluminio. Se propone, como línea de trabajo a seguir, la

Nano or micro grained alumina powder? A choose before sintering

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Román, R.

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Two different wet routes have been used to synthesize alumina powders in order to compare the characteristics of the final product and its behaviour during sintering. The Homogeneous Precipitation (HP gives rise to nanoparticulated powders of about 2 nm. However, such particles quickly aggregate and grow with calcination temperature. The Polymerized Organic-Inorganic Synthesis (POI produces homogeneous particle size powders (about 1 micron after resin charring. The characterization of the powder surface is the basis of an efficient process control. Particle characterization parameters (morphology, crystallinity and degree of aggregation are characterized by different techniques, such as DTA/TG, IR, XRD, SEM and TEM, and compared between these synthesis methods. The results show the evolution from the amorphous to the corundum alumina phase for both processes and their ability for sintering, as well discuses the beneficial of nanoparticles obtained by HP during sintering.

Se han utilizado dos diferentes síntesis por vía húmeda para la preparación de polvos de alúmina con el fin de comparar las características de los productos finales y su comportamiento durante la sinterización. La Precipitación Homogénea (HP da lugar a polvos nanoparticulados de unos 2nm. Se observa sin embargo, como estas partículas se agregan rápidamente y crecen con la temperatura de calcinación. La Síntesis por Polimerización Orgánica-Inorgánica (POI produce polvos de tamaño de partícula homogéneo (en torno a 1 micra después de la descomposión de la resina. La caracterización de la superficie de los polvos es la base de un control eficiente del proceso. Los parámetros de caracterización de las partículas obtenidas (morfología, cristalinidad y grado de agregación se obtienen por diferentes técnicas como DTA/TG, IR, XRD, SEM y TEM, y se comparan entre estos métodos de síntesis. Los resultados muestran la evolución desde el amorfo a la fase

An integrated geochemical, geophysical and mineralogical study of river sediments in alpine area and soil samples near steel plant, in Austria

Science.gov (United States)

Irfan, M. I.; Meisel, T.

2012-04-01

, ankerite, corundum (anthropogenic), garnet, chlorite, titanium oxide minerals (ilmenite, rutile, titanite) and amphibole etc. The observed significant increase in heavy metal content from the source region of the Vordernberger Bach at 1500 m above sea level to the confluence of the Vordernberger Bach with the Mur River at 540 m AMSL can be attributed to anthropogenic influence. As expected, the anthropogenic input is more pronounced in the vicinity of historic and current iron and steel production.

Physical incorporation of particles in a porous media: a path to a smart wood

Science.gov (United States)

Zerriaa, Azza; El Ganaoui, Mohammed; Gerardin, Christine; Tazibt, Abdel; Gabsi, Slimane

2016-05-01

The aim of this work is to develop a functional wood incorporating, in its surface, physical and chemical properties that meet society demand. For instance: fire resistance, magnetic electrical conduction (metal-wood particles), antibacterial reaction (copper-wood), anti-pollution (zeolite-wood), dry coloring, reflective effects (minerals-wood). As part of the research on wooden materials, the technique of "JAZOLTHOP1" driving micrometric particles before combining them and moving in supersonic speeds was used in the framework of enriching a wooden substrate. Various tests were conducted on two wooden materials (fir and ash tree) submitted to four typologies of particles (steel shot, garnet, corundum and glass beads). The surfaces of the test samples were machined beforehand for a use of conventional smooth quality, thus defining a reference surface before incorporation. The enriched samples were characterized by using two optical techniques; firstly a surface technique through macroscopy Leica 110X ZP, then a volume technique through tomography2. Subsequently, volume simulations (wood-inclusions) were implemented to study the thermal transfer. The obtained results showcase the existence of certain set conditions to reach the critical fluency of incorporation and to localize the enrichment on a parallel plan to the sample surface. The results show also the influence of particles concentration and the kind of the chosen wood on the final composite matrix/particle media. Contribution to the topical issue "Materials for Energy Harvesting, Conversion and Storage (ICOME 2015) - Elected submissions", edited by Jean-Michel Nunzi, Rachid Bennacer and Mohammed El Ganaoui http:// http:// http:// http:// http:// http://Nunzihttp:// http://Jean-Michelhttp:// http:// http:// http:// http:// http://Bennacerhttp:// http://Rachidhttp:// http:// http:// http:// http:// http://El Ganaouihttp:// http://Mohammedhttp:// http:// http:// http://Guest editorshttp:// http:// authors

Study of the aqueous chemical treatment of uranium zirconium fuels; Etude du traitement chimique des combustibles uraniumzirconium par voie seche

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bourgeois, M; Nollet, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

A dry process has been studied for separating the uranium from the zirconium-either for recovering the enriched uranium from fuel element production waste, or with a view to treating this waste after irradiation. In this process the alloy is treated with hydrochloric acid at 400 deg. C in a fluidized corundum bed which causes the zirconium to volatilize as tetrachloride and the uranium to form the trichloride. This latter is then converted to the hexafluoride by attack with fluorure. After the laboratory tests, a first pilot plant with a capacity of 1 kg of alloy was tried out at the Fontenay-aux-Roses Nuclear Research Centre; this made it possible to fix the operational conditions for the process. An industrial scale plant was then built with the collaboration of the from Kuhlmann, and operated until a satisfactory process had been developed for treating the waste. This installation treats 3 kg/h of alloy with a yield for the hydrochloric acid of about 50 per cent and with a uranium loss in the zirconium tetrachloride of about 0.1 per cent. An active pilot plant capable of treating of treating a few kilos of irradiated alloy is now being studied. (authors) [French] On a etudie un procede de voie seche pour effectuer la separation de l'uranium et du zirconium - soit en vue de la recuperation de l'uranium enrichi contenu dans les dechets de fabrication des elements combustibles - soit en vue du traitement de ceux-ci apres irradiation. Ce procede consiste a attaquer l'alliage par l'acide chlorhydrique a 400 deg. C dans un lit fluidise de corindon, ce qui a pour effet de volatiliser le zirconium sous forme de tetrachlorure et de transformer l'uranium en trichlorure. Ce dernier est ensuite converti en hexafluorure par action du fluor. Apres des essais de laboratoire, un premier pilote a l'echelle de 1 kg d'alliage a ete experimente au Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses et a permis de determiner les conditions operatoires du procede. En collaboration avec

Phase transformations on the surface of YAG composite ceramics under the action of directed laser treatment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vlasova, M., E-mail: vlasovamarina@inbox.ru; Márquez Aguilar, P.A.; Escobar Martinez, A.; Kakazey, M.; Guardian Tapia, R.; Trujillo Estrada, A.

2016-07-30

Highlights: • During directed laser treatment of the surface of the composite ceramics consisting of predominantly Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, the oriented crystallization of YAG and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} takes place. • As a result of high-temperature heating, in the surface layer of tracks, the partial dissociation of Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}, Y{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7}, and Al{sub 2}Y{sub 4}O{sub 9} and enrichment in YAlO{sub 3} occur. • The content of YAlO{sub 3}, the size of YAG crystallites, and their crystallographic texturing depend on the irradiation mode. • After laser treatment, the ceramic material transforms into a three-layer macrostructure consisting of the basic ceramic material, near-surface textured layer, and surface layer. - Abstract: The laser treatment of composite ceramics based on Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} with Y{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7}, Al{sub 2}Y{sub 4}O{sub 9}, and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} additives is accompanied by the melting of the surface layer and formation of tracks. In the volume of tracks, the partial dissociation of Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}, Y{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7}, and Al{sub 2}Y{sub 4}O{sub 9}, and the formation of new phases such as YAlO{sub 3} of orthorhombic and hexagonal modifications along with the appearance of additional content of Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} are observed. The content of all these phases depends on the irradiation mode and the phase composition of the ceramics. With increase in the corundum content in ceramic specimens, in the tracks, the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} content increases, and the Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} content decreases. In the volume of tracks, Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} crystallites are textured. The size of YAG crystallites and their crystallographic texturing depend on the irradiation mode and Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase ratio. On the surface of tracks, a layer enriched in YAlO{sub 3} forms. Thus, as a result of laser

A study on the characterisation and biostability of used and virgin dialysis membranes and biocompatibility of the composite biomaterials

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Konduk, B.A.; Ucisik, A.H.

2001-01-01

alumina exists only in the form of corundum. As the amount of zircon increased, mullite formations became visible on the particle boundaries. Animal studies revealed that these ceramic composites do not have any adverse effect on the tissues investigated histologically. Herein it is postulated that composite systems consisting of basic polymers either, polysulfone or cellulose, and additives (ceramic) may improve the biostability and biocompatibility of the membranes used for hemodialysis or their respective degraded products as explained to different degrees after use, or may serve as new biomaterials. Hence, this study is partly aiming at improving the quality of membranes and formation of new biomaterials for biomedical applications. In future polymers mentioned such as cellulosic or synthetic ones reinforced with ceramics may create new benefits in the area of nephrology, whereas alumina-zircon reinforced by polymers may do the same in dentistry and orthopedics. Copyright (2001) The Australian Ceramic Society

High-Pressure Phase Relations and Crystal Structures of Postspinel Phases in MgV2O4, FeV2O4, and MnCr2O4: Crystal Chemistry of AB2O4 Postspinel Compounds.

Science.gov (United States)

Ishii, Takayuki; Sakai, Tsubasa; Kojitani, Hiroshi; Mori, Daisuke; Inaguma, Yoshiyuki; Matsushita, Yoshitaka; Yamaura, Kazunari; Akaogi, Masaki

2018-06-04

We have investigated high-pressure, high-temperature phase transitions of spinel (Sp)-type MgV 2 O 4 , FeV 2 O 4 , and MnCr 2 O 4 . At 1200-1800 °C, MgV 2 O 4 Sp decomposes at 4-7 GPa into a phase assemblage of MgO periclase + corundum (Cor)-type V 2 O 3 , and they react at 10-15 GPa to form a phase with a calcium titanite (CT)-type structure. FeV 2 O 4 Sp transforms to CT-type FeV 2 O 4 at 12 GPa via decomposition phases of FeO wüstite + Cor-type V 2 O 3 . MnCr 2 O 4 Sp directly transforms to the calcium ferrite (CF)-structured phase at 10 GPa and 1000-1400 °C. Rietveld refinements of CT-type MgV 2 O 4 and FeV 2 O 4 and CF-type MnCr 2 O 4 confirm that both the CT- and CF-type structures have frameworks formed by double chains of edge-shared B 3+ O 6 octahedra (B 3+ = V 3+ and Cr 3+ ) running parallel to one of orthorhombic cell axes. A relatively large A 2+ cation (A 2+ = Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Mn 2+ ) occupies a tunnel-shaped space formed by corner-sharing of four double chains. Effective coordination numbers calculated from eight neighboring oxygen-A 2+ cation distances of CT-type MgV 2 O 4 and FeV 2 O 4 and CF-type MnCr 2 O 4 are 5.50, 5.16, and 7.52, respectively. This implies that the CT- and CF-type structures practically have trigonal prism (six-coordinated) and bicapped trigonal prism (eight-coordinated) sites for the A 2+ cations, respectively. A relationship between cation sizes of VIII A 2+ and VI B 3+ and crystal structures (CF- and CT-types) of A 2+ B 2 3+ O 4 is discussed using the above new data and available previous data of the postspinel phases. We found that CF-type A 2+ B 2 3+ O 4 crystallize in wide ionic radius ranges of 0.9-1.4 Å for VIII A 2+ and 0.55-1.1 Å for VI B 3+ , whereas CT-type phases crystallize in very narrow ionic radius ranges of ∼0.9 Å for VIII A 2+ and 0.6-0.65 Å for VI B 3+ . This would be attributed to the fact that the tunnel space of CT-type structure is geometrically less flexible due to the smaller coordination

Applications of Siroquant in mineralogical analysis at BHP Billiton minerals technology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reynolds, J.; England, B.M.

2002-01-01

Full text: Newcastle Technology Centre is currently investigating ways of improving the accuracy and efficiency of quantitative mineralogical analysis of iron ores and environmental dusts using Siroquant. The only readily available technique for the quantification of iron oxide and gangue species in iron ores has been the time-consuming modal analysis (point counting) of specially prepared polished sections in reflected light using a petrological microscope. However there are uncertainties associated with bulk sampling and the true reprensensitivity of material mounted in these sections. In addition, the quality of the data depends largely on the training, skill and mineralogical experience of the operator as well as on the quality of the polished section. The data obtained from modal analysis is volumetric and must be converted to weight percent using calculations involving theoretical rather than actual densities. Previous X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques using internal standards (such as corundum) have proved inaccurate and unreliable. To test the validity of using Siroquant to obtain quantitative mineralogical data for iron ores, a series of validation samples was made up to simulate a selection of BHP Billiton iron ores. The results show that reliable and reproducible data can be obtained for hematite/goethite ratios in a wide variety of ore types. However the technique was not without its problems and it was found that particle size, both actual and entered, had a significant effect on the results. It was also found that optimum particle size for samples containing such a wide range of absorption coefficients is smaller than that indicated by standard milling curves, but that longer milling times resulted in overgrinding and non-detection of softer species. Hence the quantification of minor species, especially kaolinite, still presents some problems and these will be investigated through the use of further validation samples. The quantitative

Quantitative mineralogical analysis of sandstones using x-ray diffraction techniques

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ward, C.R.; Taylor, J.C.

1999-01-01

Full text: X-ray diffraction has long been used as a definitive technique for mineral identification based on the measuring the internal atomic or crystal structures present in powdered rocks; soils and other mineral mixtures. Recent developments in data gathering and processing, however, have provided an improved basis for its use as a quantitative tool, determining not only the nature of the minerals but also the relative proportions of the different minerals present. The mineralogy of a series of sandstone samples from the Sydney and Bowen Basins of eastern Australia has been evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) on a quantitative basis using the Australian-developed SIROQUANT data processing technique. Based on Rietveld principles, this technique generates a synthetic X-ray diffractogram by adjusting and combining full-profile patterns of minerals nominated as being present in the sample and interactively matches the synthetic diffractogram under operator instructions to the observed diffractogram of the sample being analysed. The individual mineral patterns may be refined in the process, to allow for variations in crystal structure of individual components or for factors such as preferred orientation in the sample mount. The resulting output provides mass percentages of the different minerals in the mixture, and an estimate of the error associated with each individual percentage determination. The chemical composition of the mineral mixtures indicated by SIROQUANT for each individual sandstone studied was estimated using a spreadsheet routine, and the indicated proportion of each oxide in each sample compared to the actual chemical analysis of the same sandstone as determined independently by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The results show a high level of agreement for all major chemical constituents, indicating consistency between the SIROQUANT XRD data and the whole-rock chemical composition. Supplementary testing with a synthetic corundum spike further

Brittle-ductile deformation effects on zircon crystal-chemistry and U-Pb ages: an example from the Finero Mafic Complex (Ivrea-Verbano Zone, western Alps)

Science.gov (United States)

Langone, Antonio; José Alberto, Padrón-Navarta; Zanetti, Alberto; Mazzucchelli, Maurizio; Tiepolo, Massimo; Giovanardi, Tommaso; Bonazzi, Mattia

2016-04-01

A detailed structural, geochemical and geochronological survey was performed on zircon grains from a leucocratic dioritic dyke discordantly intruded within meta-diorites/gabbros forming the External Gabbro unit of the Finero Mafic Complex. This latter is nowadays exposed as part of a near complete crustal section spanning from mantle rocks to upper crustal metasediments (Val Cannobina, Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Italy). The leucocratic dyke consists mainly of plagioclase (An18-24Ab79-82Or0.3-0.7) with subordinate amounts of biotite, spinel, zircon and corundum. Both the leucocratic dyke and the surrounding meta-diorites show evidence of ductile deformation occurred under amphibolite-facies conditions. Zircon grains (up to 2 mm in length) occur mainly as euhedral grains surrounded by fine grained plagioclase-dominated matrix and pressure shadows, typically filled by oxides. Fractures and cracks within zircon are common and can be associated with grain displacement or they can be filled by secondary minerals (oxides and chlorite). Cathodoluminescence (CL) images show that zircon grains have internal features typical of magmatic growth, but with local disturbances. However EBSD maps on two selected zircon grains revealed a profuse mosaic texture resulting in an internal misorientation of ca. 10o. The majority of the domains of the mosaic texture are related to parting and fractures, but some domains show no clear relation with brittle features. Rotation angles related to the mosaic texture are not crystallographically controlled. In addition, one of the analysed zircons shows clear evidence of plastic deformation at one of its corners due to indentation. Plastic deformation results in gradual misorientations of up to 12o, which are crystallographically controlled. Trace elements and U-Pb analyses were carried out by LA-ICP-MS directly on petrographic thin sections and designed to cover the entire exposed surface of selected grains. Such investigations revealed a strong

Fractional ultrabasic-basic evolution of upper-mantle magmatism: Evidence from xenoliths in kimberlites, inclusions in diamonds and experiments

Science.gov (United States)

Litvin, Yuriy; Kuzyura, Anastasia

2017-04-01

Ultrabasic peridotites and pyroxenites together with basic eclogites are the upper-mantle in situ rocks among xenoliths in kimberlites. Occasionally their diamond-bearing varieties have revealed within the xenoliths. Therewith the compositions of rock-forming minerals demonstrate features characteristic for primary diamond-included minerals of peridotite and eclogite parageneses (the elevated contents of Cr-component in peridotitic garnets and Na-jadeitic component in eclogitic clinopyroxenes). High-pressure experimental study of melting equilibria on the multicomponent peridotie-pyroxenite system olivine Ol - orthopyroxene Opx - clinopyroxene Cpx - garnet Grt showed that Opx disappeared in the peritectic reaction Opx+L→Cpx (Litvin, 1991). As a result, the invariant peritectic equilibrium Ol+Opx+Cpx+Grt+L of the ultrabasic system was found to transform into the univariant cotectic assemblage Ol+Cpx+Grt+L. Further experimental investigation showed that olivine reacts with jadeitic component (Jd) with formation of garnet at higher 4.5 GPa (Gasparik, Litvin, 1997). Study of melting relations in the multicomponent system Ol - Cpx - Jd permits to discover the peritectic point Ol+Omph+Grt+L (where Omph - omphacitic clinopyroxene) at concentration 3-4 wt.% Jd-component in the system. The reactionary loss of Opx and Ol makes it possible to transform the 4-phase garnet lherzolite ultrabasic association into the bimineral eclogite assemblage. The regime of fractional Ol, Cpx and Grt crystallization must be accompanied by increasing content of jadeitic component in residual melts that causes the complete "garnetization of olivine". In the subsequent evolution, the melts would have to fractionate for basic SiO2-saturated compositions responsible for petrogenesis of eclogite varieties marked with accessory corundum Crn, kyanite Ky and coesite Coe. Both the peritectic mechanisms occur in regime of fractional crystallization. The sequence of the upper-mantle fractional

Effect of data quality on quantitative phase analysis (QPA) using the Rietveld method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Scarlett, N.; Madsen, I.; Lwin, T.

1999-01-01

Full text: Quantitative phase analysis using the Rietveld method has become a valuable tool in modern X-ray diffraction. XRD is a recognised research tool and has been successfully employed in the developmental stages of many industrial processes. It is now becoming increasingly important as a means of process control either (i) in site quality control laboratories or (ii) even on-line. In on-line applications, the optimisation of data collection regimes is of critical importance if rapid turn-around, and hence timely process control, is to be achieved. This paper examines the effect of data quality on the quantification of phases in well characterised suites of minerals. A range of data collection regimes has been systematically investigated with a view to determining the minimum data required for acceptable quantitative phase analyses. Data has been collected with variations in the following process factors: 1st step, width ranging from 0.01 to 0.3 deg 2θ ;2nd step, counting time ranging from 0.0125 to 4 sec/step 3rd step, upper limit in the scan range varying from 40 to 148 deg 2θ. The data has been analysed using whole-pattern (Rietveld) based methods using two distinctly different analytical approaches: (i) refinement of only pattern background and individual scale factors for each phase; (ii) refinement of unit cell dimensions, overall thermal parameters, peak width and shape in addition to the background and scale factors. The experimental design for this work included a ternary design of the three component phases (fluorite, CaF 2 ; zincite, ZnO; corundum, Al 2 O 3 ) to form seven mixtures of major and minor phases of different scattering powers and the combination of the three process factors (variables) to form a factorial plan. The final data generation plan is a combination/crossing of the three process variable factorial plan with the three component mixture plan. It allows a detailed data analysis to provide information on the effect of the process

Origin and significance of the 2011 El Hierro xeno-pumice

Science.gov (United States)

Zaczek-Pedroza, Kirsten; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Meade, Fiona C.; Burchardt, Steffi; Carracedo, Juan C.; Klügel, Andreas; Harris, Chris; Wiesmaier, Sebastian; Berg, Sylvia E.; Barker, Abigail K.

2014-05-01

samples to be Si-oversaturated, partly corundum-normative, but with not magmatic mineral components in the norm. 5) Trace element concentrations of xeno-pumice are unlike any magmatic rocks from El Hierro and La Palma, but similar to known sedimentary rocks from the region. 6) A distinct Eu anomaly, typical for continentally derived sediment, is present in xeno-pumice but absent in El Hierro and La Palma magmatic rocks. Lastly, 7) Oxygen isotope values range from 9.1 to 11.6 o (n=6), which are elevated with respect to magmatic rocks from the Canaries (5.2 to ~ 7 o), but are characteristic for sediment derived from a mixture of continental (S- and I-type) granite sources. The combined datasets allow for a more thorough discussion on the origin of El Hierro xeno-pumice and we conclude that xeno-pumice is compositionally akin to sedimentary rocks from the region, but strikingly dissimilar to magmatic rocks from El Hierro and La Palma. We suggest a dominantly sedimentary origin for xeno-pumice. Xeno-pumice is therefore not an indicator for explosive felsic magma within volcanic plumbing systems, but a reflection of magma-crust interaction during ascent and emplacement. The occurrence of similar frothy sedimentary xenoliths in recent and historical eruptions on Lanzarote, Gran Canaria, Tenerife and La Palma make a case for xeno-pumice being a common phenomenon in the region.

Radiation induced nano structures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ibragimova, E.M.; Kalanov, M.U.; Khakimov, Z.

2006-01-01

Full text: Nanometer-size silicon clusters have been attracting much attention due to their technological importance, in particular, as promising building blocks for nano electronic and nano photonic systems. Particularly, silicon wires are of great of interest since they have potential for use in one-dimensional quantum wire high-speed field effect transistors and light-emitting devices with extremely low power consumption. Carbon and metal nano structures are studied very intensely due to wide possible applications. Radiation material sciences have been dealing with sub-micron objects for a long time. Under interaction of high energy particles and ionizing radiation with solids by elastic and inelastic mechanisms, at first point defects are created, then they form clusters, column defects, disordered regions (amorphous colloids) and finally precipitates of another crystal phase in the matrix. Such irradiation induced evolution of structure defects and phase transformations was observed by X-diffraction techniques in dielectric crystals of quartz and corundum, which exist in and crystal modifications. If there is no polymorphism, like in alkali halide crystals, then due to radiolysis halogen atoms are evaporated from the surface that results in non-stoichiometry or accumulated in the pores formed by metal vacancies in the sub-surface layer. Nano-pores are created by intensive high energy particles irradiation at first chaotically and then they are ordered and in part filled by inert gas. It is well-known mechanism of radiation induced swelling and embrittlement of metals and alloys, which is undesirable for construction materials for nuclear reactors. Possible solution of this problem may come from nano-structured materials, where there is neither swelling nor embrittlement at gas absorption due to very low density of the structure, while strength keeps high. This review considers experimental observations of radiation induced nano-inclusions in insulating

Effects of Temperature, Oxygen Partial Pressure, and Materials Selection on Slag Infiltration into Porous Refractories for Entrained-Flow Gasifiers

Science.gov (United States)

Kaneko, Tetsuya Kenneth

partial pressure of the operating atmosphere regulates the penetration of slag into refractory. The viscosity of the slag, which dictates its penetration rate, is influenced by the oxidation state of the Fe cation. Slag penetrations are shallower in oxidizing conditions than they are in reducing conditions because the iron-oxide from the slag solutions into the corundum-structured refractory and the slag is depleted of iron-oxide, increasing the viscosity of slags. Equally, the chemistries of both the refractory and slag materials dictate the course of penetration. Cr2O3-Al2O3 refractory limits mixed feedstock slag penetration through formation of a chromium spinel layer that functions as a physical obstacle against fluid flow. Al2O 3-SiO2 refractory limits eastern coal feedstock slag penetration as a result of refractory dissolution of SiO2, which increases the viscosity of slags. A physical model, which considers unidirectional fluid flow of slag through each pore of the porous microstructure of the refractory, sufficiently approximates the penetration depth of the slag into the refractory. Agreement between experiments and the physical model demonstrates that the slag is driven into the refractory by capillary pressure. Since the viscosity of the slag continuously changes as the slag travels through the inherent temperature gradient of the refractory lining, the model incorporates dynamic viscosities that are dependent on both temperature and composition to project depths that are unique to the experimental parameters. The significantly different length scales of the radial and penetration directions of the pores allows for the application of a lubrication approximation onto the momentum equation. This process produces an analytical solution that effectively envelopes the variable viscosity into a single term.

Theoretical modeling of zircon's crystal morphology according to data of atomistic calculations

Science.gov (United States)

Gromalova, Natalia; Nikishaeva, Nadezhda; Eremin, Nikolay

2017-04-01

potential. The other sets of interatomic potentials («Zircon 2, Zircon 3») differed from the first in that parameters was found with the help of quantum-chemical calculations of the structure «ab initio».The surface energies for different faces of zircon were calculated using Metadise code (Watson et al., 1996) at P4-3000 personal computer with Windows XP operating system. The computation time for one simple form was from 30 minutes to 12 hours. Calculations have shown that depending on the chosen model the surface energy of zircons faces several changes. For example, Esurf of face (331) obtained using models of potentials «Zircon 2», «Zircon 3» sufficiently similar (2.82 and 3.01 J/mol2 respectively). Meaning of Esurf of this face, calculated on the basis of set «Zircon 1» significantly lower (1,54 J/mol2). With regard to the face (100), it has low surface energies when selecting all three models, with a minimum value (1,14 J/mol2) in the model «Zircon 1». References: Gromalova N.A., Eremin N.N., Urusov V.S. Atomistic computer modeling of the crystal-morpology of corundum group minerals // Zapiski RMO. V. 144. №4. 2015. p. 84-92. Watson G.W., Kelsey E.T., de Leeuw N.H., Harris D.J, Parker S.C. Atomistic simulation of dislocations, surfaces and interfaces in MgO. Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions. 1996. V.92 P. 433-438.

Origin of pegmatites and fluids at Ponta Negra (RJ, Brazil) during late- to post-collisional stages of the Gondwana Assembly

Science.gov (United States)

Bongiolo, Everton Marques; Renac, Christophe; Piza, Patricia d'Almeida de Toledo; Schmitt, Renata da Silva; Mexias, André Sampaio

2016-01-01

the pegmatites. A linear trend of decreasing CO2 content and δ13CCO2 is consistent with mixtures between (i) carbon derived from organic matter or volatilization of skarns and (ii) inorganic carbon (carbonate). Based on the data obtained, we propose that the pegmatites of Ponta Negra are close to an LCT-type geochemical signature (highly peraluminous magmas with normative corundum), and originated by partial melting of the metasedimentary Palmital succession at depth, during the waning stages of the Búzios Orogeny. The primary melts of the PNP cross-cut both the Neoproterozoic supracrustals and the Paleoproterozoic orthogneissic basement during its ascent and emplacement at higher crustal levels. Variable melt sources explain the slight differences in geochemical compositions among the studied rocks within the metasedimentary succession, which probably include Mn-bearing exhalites, as well as differentiation processes. The 454 ± 5 Ma U-Pb (zircon) age of the Cajú syenogranite overlaps previous geochronological data of 440 ± 11 Ma obtained on a pegmatite dyke at Ponta Negra, bracketing and extending the time interval for the Gondwana assembly collapse magmatism in the region. The heat that triggered this magmatic event could still be a consequence of the collisional orogeny, increasing contents of heat-producing elements, or, a large intraplate extension that followed the Gondwana amalgamation and initiated the formation of Paleozoic basins.

Subduction recycling of continental sediments and the origin of geochemically enriched reservoirs in the deep mantle

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rapp, R.P.; Irifune, T.; Shimizu, N.; Nishiyama, N.; Norman, M.D.; Inoue, T. (Ehime U); (WHOI); (UC); (ANU)

2008-10-08

the product of melting of deeply recycled (subducted) Archean-age metasediments in the mantle transition zone [Murphy, D.T., Collerson, K.D., Kamber, B.S., 2002. Lamproites from Gaussberg, Antartica: possible transition zone melts of Archaean subducted sediments. J. Petrol. 43, 981-1001]. Here we report the results of phase equilibria experiments on two different natural sedimentary compositions (a high-grade metapelite with < 1 wt.% H{sub 2}O, and a marine 'mud' with 8 wt.% H{sub O}) at 16-23 GPa. In both materials, the high-pressure mineral assemblages contain {approx} 15-30 wt.% K-hollandite (KAlSi{sub 3}O{sub 8}), in addition to stishovite, garnet, an Al-silicate phase (kyanite or phase egg), and a Fe-Ti spinel (corundum). Ion microprobe analyses of K-hollandite for a range of trace elements reveal that this phase controls a significant proportion of the whole-rock budget of incompatible, large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g., Rb, Ba, Sr, K, Pb, La, Ce and Th). Comparisons between the abundances and ratios of these elements in K-hollandite with those in EM-I type ocean-island basalts from Pitcairn Island and related seamounts, and with the Gaussberg lamproites, indicate the presence of deeply recycled, continent-derived sediments in these lavas sources. Our results suggest that the incompatible trace-element signature of EM-I OIB reservoirs in general and of the Gaussberg lamproites in particular can be attributed to recycling of K-hollandite-bearing continental sediments to transition zone depths.

[The preparation and characterization of fine dusts carried out in the Clinica del Lavoro di Milano in support of experimental studies].

Science.gov (United States)

Occella, E; Maddalon, G; Peruzzo, G F; Foà, V

1999-01-01

This paper aims to illustrate the conditions selected at the Clinica del Lavoro of the University of Milan to prepare and analyze a large number of fine dust samples produced over a period of about 50 years, that were initially used for studies within the Clinic performed in its own facilities, and since 1956 were sent to other Italian and overseas laboratories (Luxembourg, UK, Germany, Norway, Sweden, South Korea, USA). The total quantity of material distributed (with maximum size 7-10 microns) was about 2 kg and consisted of the following mineral and artificial compounds: quartz, HF-treated quartz, tridymite, HF-treated tridymite, cristobalite, chromite, anthracite, quartz sand for foundry moulds, sand from the Lybian desert, vitreous silica, pumice, cement, as well small quantities of metallic oxides, organic resins, chrysotile, crocidolite, fibres (vitreous, cotton and polyamidic). About half of the entire quantity of dusts produced consisted of partially HF-treated tridymite. Initially, research on the etiology of silicosis used quartz dust samples, simply sieved or ventilated (consisting of classes finer than 0.04 mm, containing a 15-20% respirable fraction). From 1956 to 1960 the dusts were produced by manual grinding in an agate mortar, below about 10 microns, starting from quartz from Quincinetto (near Ivrea, Province of Turin), containing about 99.5% quartz: particle size and composition were checked using an optical-petrographic technique, with identification of the free and total silica content. Subsequently, the dusts used for biological research were obtained by grinding coarse material with a cast iron pestle and planetary mills, agate and corundum jars. The grinding products were sized by means of centrifugal classification, using the selector developed by N. Zurlo, ensuring control of dust size both optically and by means of wet levigators and hydraulic classifiers (in cooperation with the Institute of Mines of Turin Polytechnic School). After 1990

Constraints on the Nature and Distribution of Iridium Host Phases at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary: Implications for Projectile Identity and dispersal on impact

Science.gov (United States)

Schuraytz, B. C.; Lindstrom, D. J.; Sharpton, V. L.

1997-01-01

microscopy in melt-rock samples from two widely separated drill holes at the Chicxulub Basin, including a replicate split of Y6-NI9-R. One is an aggregate of subhedral Ir metal grains enclosed in silicate, in which no other Pt group elements (PGE) were detected. A second particle with twice the mass as the first, concentrated predominantly in a single grain, is associated with minor concentrations of Os, Ru, and Pt, and with adhering particles of corundum and perovskite. A third Ir-rich particle, with a greater apparent Os concentration, was identified before being lost as a result of charging under the electron beam. In addition to demonstrating the preservation of projectile components within the Chicxulub Crater, analogous phase associations in Ca- and Al-rich inclusions (CAI) from C2 and C3 chondrites suggest to us that these melt-rock Ir host phases are relics from a carbonaceous chondrite K/T boundary impactor Although the obviously low Ru/Ir ratios of the Chicxulub Ir host phases are qualitatively consistent with suggested PGE fractionation with distance during condensation in an ejecta cloud, it seems difficult to explain the accumulation of the about 3 x 10(exp 11) Ir atoms required to form a about 10(exp -10) g nugget of pure Ir metal within a jet of vaporized projectile expanding at 1-4 km/s, or to effectively exclude or remove commonly alloyed PGE and siderophile elements by fractionation processes resulting from condensation, oxidation, sulfidization, exsolution, or autometamorphism during cooling of the melt. We do not dismiss the importance of these processes entirely; on the contrary, other geochemical and mineralogical aspects of the melt rocks require them, and condensation from the expanding ejecta cloud appears to best explain the primary Ir host-phase distribution in the fish clay, as well as the high Ir concentrations associated with spinel-bearing spheroids at the K/T boundary in the Pacific Ocean . If the "relict" hypothesis is correct, micronuggets

Western cratonic domains in Uruguay, geochronology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Preciozzi, F; Pell, E; Muzio, R; Ledesma, J.J; Guerequiz, R

2001-01-01

of this unit is also illustrated by the existence of extended mylonitic zones, relicts of supracrustal rocks and granitic intrusions with different ages and compositions. Some isochronic ages (Rb/Sr WR) are ca. 650 to 500 Ma, being associated to partial melting processes generated during the Neoproterozoic orogeneses. The most important and the oldest metamorphic event yields transamazonic ages around 2250 ± 60 Ma in granulitic orthogneisses of Rivera using Rb/Sr (WR) (Cordani and Soliani, 1990). These rocks are intercalated with leucocratic and cataclastic gneisses and with diverse types of mafic rocks (amphibolites, piroxenites and peridotites). A rapakivi granite dated in 1.75 Ga is located near the town Minas de Corrales. Another one having a Rb/Sr isochronic age of 1760 ± 32 Ma (Bossi and Campal, 1992) is developed to the south and it is called Illescas Batholith (Campal and Schipilov, 1995). Recent geochronologic ages using Shrimp U/Pb (Hartmann et al., 2000) in samples taken from the Valentines Block produced ages around 2.6 Ga for crystallization and around 2.2 Ga for metamorphism. Pavas Block is composed of an orthogneissic basement and a volcano-sedimentary cover strongly deformed and recristalized, occurring like an allocton tectonic sheet. A K/Ar determination in muscovite gave an age of 584.9 ± 18 Ma and using Rb/Sr (WR) systematics the age obtained was 1252 ± 3 Ma with R0 = 0.72664. Metasedimentary zircons gave ages of 3.4 Ga, which is interpreted as the age of crystallization, and of 2.7 Ga, which is interpreted as the age of metamorphism. Younger ages for this terrane were not observed. In basement rocks of de la China creek Hartmann (2000) obtained an age of 3.41 Ga in addition to events at 3.1 Ga and 2.7 Ga. Pavas Block does not record events later than 2.7 Ga except for values around 586 Ma using K/Ar method in green muscovites taken from corundum micaceous quartzites (au)

The influence of boron on the crystal structure and properties of mullite. Investigations at ambient, high-pressure, and high-temperature conditions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Luehrs, Hanna

2013-11-21

800 C was proved for B-mullite, whereas on the other hand, complete decomposition into boron-free mullite and corundum is observed at 1400 C. Furthermore, the incorporation of boron into the crystal structure reduces the mean metric thermal expansion coefficient by 15% in comparison to boron-free mullite. Such a reduction by chemical substitution makes B-mullites a potential candidate for technical applications in the temperature range below 1000 C. Boron incorporation is associated with the formation of additional oxygen vacancies which reduces the mechanical stability of the mullite structure at high-pressure. Moreover, a slight increase of the overall (volume) compressibility of B-mullite compared to boron-free mullite is observed. The compressibility in mullite is anisotropic with the a-axis being the most and the c-axis being the least compressible one. The increasing divergence with pressure between the compressibilities in a- and b-direction can be explained by a rotation of the octahedra and the increasing inclination angle ω. One major outcome of this thesis is the crystal structure of B-mullite, synthesized at 1200 C and ambient pressure. The refinements in space group Pbam based on neutron diffraction and {sup 11}B MAS NMR data clearly confirm the suggested silicon-boron substitution mechanism and yield a composition of Al{sub 4.64}Si{sub 1.16}B{sub 0.2}O{sub 9.58}. Boron resides in planar BO{sub 3} groups crosslinking the mullite-type AlO{sub 4} octahedral chains perpendicular to the c-axis. The position and the intrinsic rigidity of the BO{sub 3} group imposes local distortion of the AlO{sub 6} octahedra. As a consequence split positions of the oxygen atoms are required in the first coordination sphere of boron, which in turn lead to significantly shortened oxygen-oxygen distances in c-direction and only minor shortenings in the a- and b-directions. Herewith, the crystallographic model provides an explanation for the anisotropic behavior of lattice

Thermochemical treatment of radioactive waste by using powder metal fuels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dmitriev, S.A.; Ojovan, M.I.; Karlina, O.K.

2001-01-01

waste with necessary amount of PMF, ignition of self-sustaining vitrification reaction followed by annealing-cooling procedure. This technology was studied for a number of materials such as ash residue produced by conventional incineration facilities, spent inorganic sorbents, contaminated soils, salt residues after liquid waste drying. The carry over of radionuclides during the wave-like vitrification process is low: even for most volatile species it is below 1%. This process was tested on bench scale unit for the vitrification of ash residues volume reduction factors up to 3 being achieved. Usually up to 60 wt.% of dusty waste can be incorporated into a glass like material, which has high durability and low leaching rate. (4). Irradiated graphite contains besides long-lived carbon isotope 14 C nuclear fuel impurities as well as irradiated corrosion and fission products. The thermochemical graphite processing is based on the self-sustaining exothermic reactions. Thermal and chemically stable carbides of some metals resulting from these reactions provide practically complete retention of carbon in the final matrix form. Simultaneously other radionuclides are incorporated into mineral-like components ensuring their long-term retention in the matrix. An experimental bench-scale verification of thermodynamic simulation was conducted using radioactive waste simulator (reactor graphite). The end monolithic product specimens were obtained in the form of a carbide-corundum material of volume 500 cm 3 each. This technique will be used to process the waste powder graphite from the decommissioning of graphite reactors. The thermochemical treatment of waste is an efficient and safe technology, which can be used at both large and small scales. It provides qualitative treatment and conditioning of waste with minimal impact to environment. (author)

Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Science.gov (United States)

2007-05-01

more dust production and mass ejection: in these phases indeed the amount of dust is significantly higher than in the others. After this intense matter production and ejection the star continues its pulsation and when it reaches the maximum luminosity, it displays a much more expanded dust shell. This clearly supports a strong connection between the Mira pulsation and the dust production and expulsion. Furthermore, the astronomers found that grains of aluminum oxide - also called corundum - constitute most of S Ori's dust shell: the grain size is estimated to be of the order of 10 millionths of a centimetre, that is one thousand times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. "We know one chapter of the secret life of a Mira star, but much more can be learned in the near future, when we add near-infrared interferometry with the AMBER instrument on the VLTI to our (already broad) observational approach," said Wittkowski. More Information The research presented here is reported in a paper in press in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics ("The Mira variable S Ori: Relationships between the photosphere, molecular layer, dust shell, and SiO maser shell at 4 epochs", by M. Wittkowski et al.). It is available in PDF format from the publisher's web site. The team consists of Markus Wittkowski (ESO), David A. Boboltz (U.S. Naval Observatory, USA), Keiichi Ohnaka and Thomas Driebe (MPIfR Bonn, Germany), and Michael Scholz (University of Heidelberg, Germany and University of Sydney, Australia).

VLBA Teams With Optical Interferometer to Study Star's Layers

Science.gov (United States)

2007-05-01

speed of about 10 km/s. The multi-wavelength analysis indicates that near the minimum there is more dust production and mass ejection: in these phases indeed the amount of dust is significantly higher than in the others. After this intense matter production and ejection the star continues its pulsation and when it reaches the maximum luminosity, it displays a much more expanded dust shell. This clearly supports a strong connection between the Mira pulsation and the dust production and expulsion. Furthermore, the astronomers found that grains of aluminum oxide - also called corundum - constitute most of S Ori's dust shell: the grain size is estimated to be of the order of 10 millionths of a centimetre, that is one thousand times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. "We know one chapter of the secret life of a Mira star, but much more can be learned in the near future, when we add near-infrared interferometry with the AMBER instrument on the VLTI to our (already broad) observational approach," said Wittkowski. More Information The research presented here is reported in a paper in press in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics ("The Mira variable S Ori: Relationships between the photosphere, molecular layer, dust shell, and SiO maser shell at 4 epochs", by M. Wittkowski et al.). It is available in PDF format from the publisher's web site. The team consists of Markus Wittkowski (ESO), David A. Boboltz (U.S. Naval Observatory, USA), Keiichi Ohnaka and Thomas Driebe (MPIfR Bonn, Germany), and Michael Scholz (University of Heidelberg, Germany and University of Sydney, Australia). Notes A maser is the microwave equivalent to a laser, which emits visible light. A maser emits powerful microwave radiation instead and its study requires radio telescopes. An astrophysical maser is a naturally occurring source of stimulated emission that may arise in molecular clouds, comets, planetary atmospheres, stellar atmospheres, or from various conditions in interstellar space. ESO

13th International Conference on Films and Coatings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2017-01-01

. Examples of the use of different ions for the nano-processing of coatings and surfaces of solids were shown. In the series of reports were presented the results of studies on the effect of layout schemes of technological installation on the structure parameters and mechanical properties of wear-resistant coatings. The physical aspects of the developed by the authors low temperature process of plasma hardening of the surface layer of geometrically-complex products, characterized by the low-energy plasma particles that interact with surface atoms according to the scheme of heterogeneous recombination were discussed. The possibility of application of film coatings rich with hydrogen for storage and desorption of hydrogen were analyzed. Was proposed a film hydrogen accumulator for use in the mobile objects on hydrogen fuel cells. Were discussed the method of its production and its application prospects. Possibilities of acquisition of the graphene materials during the decomposition of acetylene with the plasma torch with DC power up to 35 kW were shown. The influence of the coating material and the geometric shape of the reactor on the morphology of graphene were determined. Results were presented at the modeling and study of the processes of reactive ion-plasma etching. The results of stochastic modeling of the formation of the layered structure and the characteristics (microstructure, porosity, roughness) of the ceramic coatings from powders of corundum (α-Al 2 O 3 phase) under conditions typical for the atmospheric plasma spraying and also detonation and supersonic flame spraying were shown. Fundamentals of physico-chemical model of reactive sputtering of the hot metal target in nitrogen environment were stated. The system of equations describing the model was solved for spraying of titanium in nitrogen environment. The features of the numerical method in modeling of processes of thin films formation were discussed. Was demonstrated the procedure of application of