Sobrecarga de cuidadores familiares de idosos com acidente vascular encefálico

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Tatiana Ferreira da Costa

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência e associação da sobrecarga com características do indivíduo com sequela de acidente vascular encefálico e do cuidador. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado na cidade de João Pessoa - PB. Os participantes foram 136 cuidadores familiares. Para a coleta de dados, aplicou-se a escala de Barthel e Zarit Burden Interview. Resultados: Evidencia-se alta prevalência de sobrecarga entre os cuidadores (77,2%, a qual apresentou associação estatisticamente significativa com as seguintes características: indivíduos com sequela de acidente vascular encefálico com 65 anos ou mais, com grau de dependência muito grave, cuidadores do sexo feminino, com faixa etária adulta e com baixo grau de escolaridade. Conclusão: Destaca-se a importância prática de intervenções realizadas por enfermeiros e demais profissionais de saúde com relação às orientações e supervisões referentes ao cuidado dispensado ao cuidador familiar de indivíduos com sequela de acidente vascular encefálico.

Transmisión experimental del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana, subgrupo ID, por psorophora confinnis a ratones

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Alberto Morales

1983-06-01

Full Text Available Se realizó un experimento con el objeto de investigar la capacidad del mosquito Psorophora confinnis para transmitir por picadura a ratones blanco-suizos de 21 días una cepa de virus de encefalitis equina venezolana, subgrupo ID. Cuando los mosquitos se alimentaron sobre hamster con altas viremias (7.5, 6.5 y 6.3 dex en 0.1 ml. de suero, los porcentajes de infección de los mosquitos y los de transmisión fueron altos. Sin embargo, cuando los mosquitos se alimentaron sobre Proechimys hendei con viremias bajas (1,4 y 2.6 dex en 0.1 ml. de suero el porcentaje de infección de los mosquitos fue muy bajo y no hubo transmisión. Cuando la viremia en el Proechimys fue de 4.4 dex en 0.1 ml. de suero, el porcentaje de infección de los mosquitos aumentó y hubo transmisión baja (9%. Los resultados sugieren que Psorophora confinnis es un mosquito que tiene un alto umbral de infección para EEV subgrupo ID.

Encefalitis por virus San Luis en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires durante el brote de dengue 2009

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Horacio López

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Se presenta un paciente de 80 años de edad, residente en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, con diagnóstico serológico para el virus de la encefalitis de San Luis (SLE durante el brote de dengue ocurrido entre enero y mayo de 2009. Presentaba leucemia linfoide crónica en tratamiento con clorambucilo, cáncer de próstata tratado con hormonoterapia y radioterapia, e imágenes óseas compatibles con metástasis. El estudio del líquido cefalorraquídeo demostró pleocitosis con predominio de mononucleares y proteinorraquia elevada. El resultado de los cultivos para bacterias, hongos y micobacterias, así como el PCR en LCR para herpes virus, HSV, CMV y EBV, fue negativo. Se detectaron anticuerpos IgM para virus SLE tanto en LCR como en muestra de suero, con seroconversión IgG por neutralización en cultivos celulares y resultados negativos para los demás Flavivirus con circulación en Argentina. Se revisan evidencias sobre la presencia de virus de San Luis en nuestro país, y se señala la importancia de la confirmación diagnóstica y el estudio de otros Flavivirus en casos sospechosos de dengue con presentación grave o atípica. Este trabajo remarca la necesidad de fortalecer tanto la vigilancia epidemiológica del virus SLE, como el control vectorial para prevenir las diferentes infecciones transmitidas por mosquitos y conocer su efecto en Salud Pública en la Argentina.

Uncommon and Neglected Venezuelan Viral Diseases: Etiologic Agents, Physiopathological, Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics

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Juan C. Gabaldon-Figueira

2015-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract (english Viral infectious diseases are common in Venezuela, influenza, dengue, yellow fever, HIV infection, viral Hepatitis, chikungunya fever and many others represent public health problems in the country and therefore, have been well documented. However, other rarer and even unique or lethal viral illnesses present in Venezuela are usually poorly understood or even unknown. This review described Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, Hantavirus Infections and Mayaro fever, named as neglected diseases, emphasizing the etiologic agents and their most relevant pathogenic mechanisms, clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Although there is not an official report about the re-emergence of these diseases, falling living standards and unsanitary conditions, together with limited accessibility to hygiene products and medical supplies, put us on alert about the re-emergence of these neglected diseases. Resumen (español Las enfermedades infecciosas virales son comunes en Venezuela, influenza, dengue, fiebre amarilla, infección por VIH, hepatitis viral, fiebre chikungunya y muchas otras representan problemas de salud pública en el país y por lo tanto, han sido bien documentadas. Sin embargo, otras enfermedades virales más raras e incluso únicas y letales presentes en Venezuela son generalmente poco estudiadas y hasta desconocidas. Esta revisión describe alguna de estas enfermedades olvidadas tales como la fiebre hemorrágica venezolana, la encefalitis equina venezolana, las infecciones por hantavirus y la fiebre de Mayaro, haciendo hincapié en los agentes etiológicos y en sus mecanismos patogénicos más relevantes, características clínicas y epidemiológicas. Aunque no hay informes oficiales sobre el resurgimiento de estas enfermedades, la caída de los niveles de vida y las condiciones insalubres, junto con el acceso limitado a los productos de higiene y suministros médicos, debe alertar sobre el

El tétano y la encefalitis post-vacunales

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Facultad de Medicina Revista

1944-06-01

Full Text Available Conviene divulgar nociones en el público, en estos momentos en que se esta vacunando en grande escala contra la viruela. Hay que destacar el hecho de que la vacunación debería hacerse realmente por médicos y enfermeros expertos y no por cualquier persona. Igualmente que no deben ponerse sobre las vacunas apósitos ni desinfectantes, que podrían determinar tétano y encefalitis.

Asociación de LT-CD4 y carga viral con candidiasis bucal en pacientes VIH/SIDA en Talca, Chile Association between LT-CD4 and the viral load with oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients in Talca, Chile

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Pedro Brevis Azocar

2009-12-01

Full Text Available La candidiasis bucal aparece con frecuencia en las personas infectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH y puede causar diversas manifestaciones clínicas y complicaciones. En los pacientes VIH la carga viral es considerada uno de los principales predictores en la progresión de la enfermedad. Se realizó un estudio en 29 pacientes adultos VIH-positivos para evaluar los niveles de linfocitos T-CD4 y carga viral; se estableció una relación con las manifestaciones de la candidiasis bucal. El análisis estadístico mostró que hubo relación entre la manifestación de la candidiasis bucal y la carga viral, pues en pacientes con cargas virales superiores a 10 000 copias/mL, las lesiones fueron más frecuentes.Oral candidiasis is frequently appearing in persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV and may to cause many clinical and complications manifestations. In HIV patients the viral load is considered one of the main predictors in disease progression. A study was conducted in 29 HIV-positive adult patients to assess the T-CD4 lymphocyte levels and the viral load establishing a relationship with oral candidiasis manifestations. The statistical analysis showed that there was a relationship between the oral candidiasis manifestation and the viral load since in patients with viral load higher than 10 000 copies/mL, lesions were more frequent.

Efeitos da facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva na estabilidade postural e risco de quedas em pacientes com sequela de acidente vascular encefálico: estudo piloto Efectos de la facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva en la estabilidad postural y riesgo de caídas en pacientes con secuela de accidente vascular encefálico: estudio piloto Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation in postural stability and risk of falls in patients with sequelae of stroke: pilot study

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Natália Noman de Lacerda

2013-03-01

Full Text Available O controle do tronco é uma habilidade motora básica necessária para executar diversas tarefas funcionais, e é deficiente em pacientes que sofreram acidente vascular encefálico (AVE. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do método facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva (PNF na estabilidade postural e risco de quedas em pacientes com sequela de AVE. Metodologia: Foi realizado estudo de intervenção que consistiu em treinamento da estabilidade postural por meio de um protocolo fixo constituído por 5 exercícios utilizando o método PNF, onde foram realizados 10 atendimentos com frequência de três vezes por semana e duração em média de 45 minutos, e para a avaliação dos desfechos, utilizou-se a escala de equilíbrio de Berg (EEB. Resultados: Foram atendidos 12 homens com hemiparesia à esquerda e no mínimo seis meses de evolução e observou-se diferença altamente significativa entre os valores pré e pós teste por meio da EEB (pEl control del tronco es una habilidad motora básica necesaria para realizar diversas tareas funcionales y es deficiente en los pacientes que han sufrido Accidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del método de Facilitación Neuromuscular Propioceptiva (PNF en la estabilidad postural y riesgo de caídas en pacientes con secuela de Accidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de intervención que consistió en entrenamiento de la estabilidad postural por medio de un protocolo fijo compuesto por cinco ejercicios utilizando el método PNF, donde fueron realizadas 10 sesiones, con frecuencia de tres veces por semana y duración media de 45 minutos. Para la evaluación de los resultados, se utilizó la escala de equilibrio de Berg (EEB. Resultados: Fueron atendidos 12 hombres con hemiparesia izquierda con un mínimo de seis meses de evolución y se observó diferencia altamente significativa entre los valores pre y post test por medio de la EEB (pThe trunk control is

Angiografía cerebral y muerte encefálica

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Angel J Lacerda Gallardo

1997-08-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo se realizó como parte de un protocolo de estudio, el cual fue aplicado a 57 pacientes atendidos por el servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Manuel Ascunce Domenech" de Camagüey, durante el período comprendido entre enero de 1993 y diciembre de 1994. Se realizaron estudios angiográficos a 50 pacientes (87,72 %, de los que se obtuvieron 55 angiogramas cerebrales. En 49 exámenes (89 %, se observó ausencia de flujo sanguíneo cerebral con distintos tipos de patrones vasculares, en la arteria carótida interna extra e intracraneal, lo cual confirma su utilidad en el diagnóstico de la muerte encefálica (ME. En 3 pacientes, con craniectomías osteoclásticas de más de 5 cm, no se demostró ausencia de flujo sanguíneo cerebral, a pesar del estado clínico de ME. No aparecieron complicaciones durante este proceder, gracias a la cuidadosa técnica utilizada. Los patrones vasculares demostrados sugieren realizar un estudio más detallado donde se compare esta imagen con el parámetro presión intracraneal (PIC elevadaThis work was carried out as a part of a study protocol which was applied to 57 patients treated at the Neurosurgical Servicie of "Manuel Ascunce Domenech" Clinicosurgical Hospital, Camagüey during January, 1993 and December, 1994. Angiographic studies were performed to 50 patients (87.72 % from which 55 cerebral angiograms were obtained. In 49 examinations (89 % absenece of brain blood flow was observed with different types of vascular patterns in the extra and intracraneal inner carotid artery proving its usefulness for the diagnosis of brain death. In 3 patients with osteoclastic cranioctomies greater than 5 cm, the absence of cerebral blood flow was not proved despite the clinical status of brain death. No complications were observed during the procedure thanks to the so careful technique that was used. Vascular patterns evidenced suggest that it is necessary to perform a more detailed study to

Leucemia viral felina simultánea con otras patologías en tres casos clínicos diferentes

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Ortiz A, José F

2011-01-01

La leucemia viral felina (ViLeF) es una patología, que se asocia con la presentación de varias enfermedades; el artículo presenta tres casos de pacientes cada uno con patologías diferentes que a su vez fueron positivos a ViLeF; no se descarta que esta enfermedad esté relacionada o sea la causa de las tres patologías, en el primer caso se encontró una anemia arregenerativa, en el otro, un carcinoma mamario y en el último, un proceso compatible con una peritonitis felina. Se describen la sintom...

Hiperalimentação enteral em traumatismos crânio-encefálicos agudos reposição ou dietoterapia?

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Arthur Schelp

1992-06-01

Full Text Available Os autores apresentam revisão geral sobre a fisiopatogenia do trauma, ressaltando os estados de hipereatabolismo e hipermetabolismo, suas consequências nutricionais, com as particularidades do trauma encefálico. São feitas, também, considerações sobre as vias, composição e volumes das dietas enterais a serem administradas a pacientes com trauma agudo encefálico, assim como são apontadas questões a serem melhor elucidadas.

Vivendo o acidente vascular encefálico agudo: significados da doença para pessoas hospitalizadas

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Samia Jardelle Costa de Freitas Maniva

2013-04-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se compreender o significado da experiência vivenciada pela pessoa adoecida por acidente vascular encefálico agudo. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, fundamentado nos pressupostos teóricos do interacionismo simbólico, realizado em uma unidade especializada no tratamento de acidente vascular encefálico de um hospital terciário, situado na cidade de Fortaleza, CE. Participaram do estudo 10 pacientes. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista aberta e os dados foram organizados e analisados segundo a técnica de enunciação. Cumpriram-se todos os aspectos éticos. O significado da experiência de adoecimento foi construído com base na percepção dos sentimentos surgidos durante a hospitalização, caracterizados por medo da morte e das sequelas da doença; tristeza pelo distanciamento do lar; alívio, ao evidenciar-se melhora do quadro clínico, e desejo de mudança dos hábitos de vida. Apreendeu-se que a experiência de adoecimento por acidente vascular encefálico é complexa, e nela os significados são elaborados com base em sentimentos, ações e comportamentos dos sujeitos.

Vivendo o acidente vascular encefálico agudo: significados da doença para pessoas hospitalizadas

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Samia Jardelle Costa de Freitas Maniva

Full Text Available Objetivou-se compreender o significado da experiência vivenciada pela pessoa adoecida por acidente vascular encefálico agudo. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, fundamentado nos pressupostos teóricos do interacionismo simbólico, realizado em uma unidade especializada no tratamento de acidente vascular encefálico de um hospital terciário, situado na cidade de Fortaleza, CE. Participaram do estudo 10 pacientes. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista aberta e os dados foram organizados e analisados segundo a técnica de enunciação. Cumpriram-se todos os aspectos éticos. O significado da experiência de adoecimento foi construído com base na percepção dos sentimentos surgidos durante a hospitalização, caracterizados por medo da morte e das sequelas da doença; tristeza pelo distanciamento do lar; alívio, ao evidenciar-se melhora do quadro clínico, e desejo de mudança dos hábitos de vida. Apreendeu-se que a experiência de adoecimento por acidente vascular encefálico é complexa, e nela os significados são elaborados com base em sentimentos, ações e comportamentos dos sujeitos.

Hepatitis C genotipo viral 5 en México: reporte de caso con tratamiento exitoso y revisión de la literatura

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M.A. Rubio-Lezama

2013-07-01

Full Text Available El genotipo 5 del virus de la hepatitis C (VHC es sumamente raro; además, existe poca literatura respecto a su tratamiento. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con VHC genotipo 5, que presumiblemente adquirió la enfermedad por medio de transfusión sanguínea en la infancia. Tras 24 semanas de tratamiento, se logró la respuesta virológica sostenida. De acuerdo con la evidencia disponible sobre el tratamiento del VHC genotipo viral 5, este muestra una respuesta similar al VHC genotipo 1. En este caso, el paciente presentaba varios factores pronósticos favorables. La cantidad de información respecto al tratamiento del VHC genotipo viral 5 es mucho menor en comparación con la disponible para el tratamiento de los VHC genotipos 1, 2, 3 y 4, esto debido principalmente a la baja prevalencia que muestra el VHC genotipo 5 en nuestro medio.

Avaliação da capacidade funcional de idosos com acidente vascular encefálico Evaluación de la capacidad funcional de adultos mayores con accidente vascular encefálico Evaluation of functional capaciy in elders with encephalic vascular accident

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Keila Cristianne Trindade da Cruz

2009-10-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade funcional de idosos com acidente vascular encefálico (AVE e verificar a relação, bem como a influência de variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde na capacidade funcional desses sujeitos. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas entrevistas com 44 idosos, vítimas de AVE, durante o atendimento nos locais de coleta de dados. O instrumento de coleta de dados contemplou dados sociodemográficos e clínicos. Para avaliar a capacidade funcional dos sujeitos foi aplicado o instrumento de Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio da faixa etária entre 60 e 69 anos. A MIF apresentou boa consistência interna. A pontuação total MIF dos apresentou média de 97,0. Os pacientes com acesso ao serviço de saúde apresentaram valores superiores aos dos indivíduos que não tinham acesso (Teste de Mann-Whitney. Foi observada correlação negativa entre a MIF e seus domínios e a idade (Pearson. CONCLUSÃO: O AVE causou alteração na capacidade funcional dos sujeitos da pesquisa, o que aponta para a necessidade de se investir em estratégias de reabilitação que venham a amenizar as perdas funcionais advindas da própria idade e, principalmente, das seqüelas de AVE.OBJETIVO: Evaluar la capacidad funcional de personas adultas mayores con accidente vascular encefálico (AVE y verificar la relación, así como la influencia de variables sociodemográficas y de salud en la capacidad funcional de esos sujetos. MÉTODOS: Fueron entrevistadas 44 personas adultas mayores, víctimas de AVE, durante la atención en los locales de recolección de datos. El instrumento de recolección de datos incluyó datos sociodemográficos y clínicos. Para evaluar la capacidad funcional de los sujetos se aplicó el instrumento de Medida de Independencia Funcional (MIF. RESULTADOS: Hubo predominio del grupo etáreo comprendido entre 60 y 69 años. La MIF presentó buena consistencia interna. La puntuación total de la MIF present

Vulnerabilidad a la introducción y transmisión local de la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana. Delicias, 2009

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Yoenny Peña García

2015-11-01

Full Text Available La Encefalitis Equina Venezolana (EEV es una enfermedad infecciosa, causada por un arbovirus de la familia Togaviridae, es transmitida del caballo o aves al hombre a través de picaduras de mosquitos, constituyendo una zoonosis. Cuba presta colaboración internacionalista en países donde esta enfermedad es endémica y considerada peligrosa, desde el punto de vista económico y sanitario. Se realizó  un estudio epidemiológico, para determinar la vulnerabilidad de introducción y transmisión local de la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana en el Área de Salud Delicias en el año 2009. Se utilizaron las siguientes variables: país de procedencia del colaborador, géneros de culícidos transmisores, población equina y se determinaron zonas de riesgo. Se identificaron tres países endémicos, el que mayor cantidad de colaboradores tuvo fue Venezuela, con 66 (85,7%, seguido de Ecuador y Haití, que solo tuvieron 1 (1,3%. El Consejo Popular 3 es el que más colaboradores en zonas endémicas poseyó (50, para un 87,7%. En el área se identificaron 11 géneros de mosquitos, de ellos cuatro transmisores de la EEV (Culex, Mansonia, Psorophora, y Anopheles, la población de equinos se distribuye en todo el territorio. Constituyen las zonas de mayor riego para la transmisión local de la enfermedad la parte noreste del poblado de Delicias y el poblado de San Manuel, determinándose 12 comunidades atendidas por Consultorios Médicos de Familia de alto riesgo para la transmisión local.

Carga viral de seis tipos de Virus del Papiloma Humano de alto riesgo y su asociacion con lesiones cervicales

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Del Río Ospina, Luisa Fernanda

2015-01-01

Introducción: La infección por un tipo de Virus del Papiloma Humano de alto riesgo (VPH-AR), es el factor principal en el desarrollo de Cáncer de Cérvix (CC). La carga viral puede modular esta asociación, por lo que resulta importante su cuantificación y el establecimiento de su relación con lesiones precursoras de CC. Metodología: 60 mujeres con lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales (LEI) y 120 mujeres sin LEI, confirmadas por colposcopia, fueron incluidas en el estudio. Se determinó la car...

Calcificação encefálica difusa: registro de um caso

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Ana L. Zuma de Rosso

1992-12-01

Full Text Available Os autores descrevem um caso de calcificação encefálica difusa primária, não-familial, cuja primeira manifestação foi disartria. Posteriormente, desenvolveu movimentos coreoatetósicos em mãos e face, discalculia e déficit de memória. A TC de crânio revelou calcificações em hemisférios cerebrais, cerebelo e tronco cerebral.

Hepatitis viral aguda

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Héctor Rubén Hernández Garcés

1998-10-01

Full Text Available Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de las hepatitis virales agudas sobre aspectos vinculados a su etiología. Se tuvieron en cuenta además algunos datos epidemiológicos, las formas clínicas más importantes, los exámenes complementarios con especial énfasis en los marcadores virales y el diagnóstico positivoA bibliographical review of acute viral hepatitis was made taking into account those aspects connected with its etiology. Some epidemiological markers, the most important clinical forms, and the complementary examinations with special emphasis on the viral markers and the positive diagnosis were also considered

Estudo dos processos de mobilização, ativação e apoptose das células da medula óssea em modelo de morte encefálica em ratos

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Laura Menegat

2016-01-01

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos experimentais suportam a evidência de leucopenia persistente desencadeada pela morte encefálica (ME). OBJETIVO: Esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar o comportamento leucocitário na medula óssea e no sangue após a morte encefálica em ratos. MÉTODOS: A morte encefálica foi induzida através da inserção e insuflação rápida de um cateter no espaço intracraniano. Ratos falso-operados (FO) foram apenas trepanados. Decorridas seis horas, as células da medula óssea, coletadas ...

Potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico no prognóstico do coma superficial

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Libia Camargo Ribeiro Leite

2013-08-01

Full Text Available O coma é a redução persistente do nível de consciência, arresponsivo a estímulos, devido à baixa atividade cerebral. Para verificar o nível de consciência, um recurso frequentemente utilizado é a Escala de Coma de Glasgow. Outro método que se destaca é o Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico, o qual avalia a atividade elétrica das vias auditivas ascendentes, desde o trajeto periférico até o mesencéfalo. O exame é simples, imune a medicamentos depressores e ambientes eletricamente carregados, sendo o mais adequado dos potenciais para a monitoração dos estados de coma. O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar as características do Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico no estado de coma leve (Glasgow 7 - 8 e suas respectivas contribuições. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo transversal em dois pacientes em coma (Glasgow 7, estado secundário a traumatismo cranioencefálico. Os resultados do exame evidenciaram presença de atividade elétrica em toda extensão da via estudada, em ambos os casos, com indicações de diferentes alterações, quanto à redução na latência entre os intervalos, morfologia e replicação das ondas. Tais diferenças foram contempladas com a evolução de cada caso: caso 1 evoluiu a alta hospitalar e caso 2 evoluiu a óbito. Os resultados confirmaram os achados da literatura, que descreve que a presença do Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico normal está associada à boa evolução do caso clínico, enquanto alterações no exame podem sinalizar para um mau prognóstico.

Dinámica del virus de la hepatitis C con carga viral y ALT y monitoreo del daño hepático libre de biopsias Dinámica del virus de la hepatitis C con carga viral y ALT y monitoreo del daño hepático libre de biopsias

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Justino Alavez Domínguez

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Se compara el modelo estándar reducido de tres poblaciones (hepatocitos sanos y enfermos, y carga viral para el estudio de la dinámica del virus de la hepatitis C (VHC, con el modelo de la dinámica viral con alanina aminotransferasa (ALT. En términos del parámetro umbral que es el mismo para ambos modelos, se determina la existencia y estabilidad del estado de equilibrio endémico, así como la estabilidad global del estado de equilibrio del individuo sano. Por otro lado, se presenta un estudio experimental que muestra que es posible monitorear el daño hepático sin biopsias, mediante la estimación numérica de los parámetros de los modelos, considerando solamente mediciones de la carga viral, de los niveles de ALT y una valoración razonable del daño hepático pretratamiento.aThe standard model of three populations (healthy and unhealthy hepatocytes, and viral load for the study of the dynamics of hepatitis C virus (HCV, is compared with viral dynamic model with alanine aminotransferase (ALT. In terms of the threshold parameter that it’s the same for both models, the existence and local asymptotic stability of the endemically infected equilibrium steady state, and the global stability of the healthy individual equilibrium steady state are established. Furthermore, an experimental study is presented showing that it’s possible to carry out the monitoring of hepatic damage biopsies free by numerical parameter estimation, considering only viral load and ALT levels measurements and a reasonable assessment of pretreatment hepatic damage.

Brote de encefalitis de San Luis en el Área Metropolitana Buenos Aires Outbreack of St. Luis encephalitis in the Metropolitan Buenos Aires Area

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Alfredo Seijo

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Se describen los hallazgos epidemiológicos y clínicos de 13 enfermos con diagnóstico de infección por virus de la encefalitis de San Luis, con transmisión entre enero y marzo de 2010, en el Area Metropolitana Buenos Aires (AMBA. Los 13 enfermos, promedio de edad 38 años, tuvieron un comienzo agudo caracterizado por hipertermia y cefalea. Entre los días dos y diez de iniciados los síntomas, 7/13 enfermos tuvieron signos y síntomas de compromiso neurológico caracterizado por meningitis sin signos encefálicos en 1/7. En 6/7 los hallazgos más frecuentes fueron: rigidez de nuca, desorientación temporoespacial, fotofobia, confusión y alteración del lenguaje. Dos resonancias magnéticas y un electroencefalograma presentaron signos de afectación de lóbulos temporales. El líquido cefalorraquídeo se caracterizó por pleocitosis con predominio de células mononucleadas, glucorraquia normal y discreto aumento de proteínas. No hubo casos fatales. En 6/13 pacientes la sospecha clínica inicial fue dengue. Por la agrupación espacial y temporal de los casos puede considerarse un brote epidémico, el primero conocido en el AMBA, ya que no se había notificado previamente la circulación epidémica del virus.We describe the epidemiological and clinical findings of 13 patients with diagnosis of infection by St. Louis encephalitis virus, transmitted between January and March 2010 in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (AMBA. Thirteen patients, average age 38 years, had an acute onset with hyperthermia and headache. Between days two and ten of the onset of symptoms, 7/13 patients had signs and symptoms of neurological involvement. This was characterized by meningitis without encephalic sings in 1/7 and in 6/7 the most frequent findings were: stiff neck, disorientation, photophobia, confusion and language impairment. Two MR and one EEG revealed signs of involvement of temporal lobes. The cerebrospinal fluid showed pleocytosis with predominance of

Neurotropismo viral, el caso del virus de rabia

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Jaime E. Castellanos

2004-03-01

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El virus de rabia (VR, por su alto neurotropismo se considera como el modelo biológico ideal para el estudio de las encefalitis virales. Adicionalmente, a pesar de la gran cantidad de investigaciones que se han desarrollado en el tema, aun sigue siendo una enfermedad letal cuando el agente llega hasta el sistema nervioso central. Los virus animales requieren de una célula huésped para lograr su replicación. Se considera que la primera molécula de la célula huésped con la que se une un virus (un “receptor” viral, es la responsable de la entrada y es quien define el tropismo del virus. Una definición más actual de tales receptores virales, implica que son una molécula de la superficie celular que participa no solo en la unión del patógeno sino en la promoción de la infección (1.

Con el objetivo de desarrollar una estrategia farmacológica racional, nuestro grupo de investigación se ha comprometido con el estudio de los eventos celulares y moleculares que podrían explicar el neurotropismo del VR y su patogenia. Nuestros trabajos han sido desarrollados en un sistema de cultivo original, consistente en cultivos de neuronas sensoriales adultas (2. Usando este modelo biológico se ha confirmado la participación del receptor de acetilcolina en la infección, pues el tratamiento tanto con agonistas (3 como con antagonistas nicotínicos, (4 produjo una disminución significativa en el número de neuronas infectadas. La evidencia parece indicar que entre los muchos subtipos de receptores nicotínicos (5, solo algunos de ellos serían los responsables de la interacción entre el virus y las neuronas.

A partir del hallazgo realizado por Thoulouze y colaboradores (6 de que la molécula de adhesión celular neural (NCAM

Potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico em fumantes

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Denise Miranda Terra Martins

2016-02-01

Full Text Available RESUMO Objetivo: comparar os resultados dos exames de potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico em indivíduos não tabagistas e tabagistas. Métodos: foram estudados 40 indivíduos, sendo 20 não tabagistas e 20 tabagistas, com idades entre 20 e 59 anos. Todos os participantes incluídos na pesquisa deveriam apresentar respostas de limiares tonais dentro dos padrões da normalidade e timpanometria tipo A com presença de reflexos acústicos contralaterais e ipsilaterais. Em ambos os grupos foram realizados os potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico (PEATE, por meio de cliques. Os parâmetros que foram utilizados na comparação dos dois grupos foram as latências absolutas das ondas I, III e V; as interlatências das ondas I-III, I-V e III-V em ambas as orelhas; a diferença da latência interpico I-V entre as duas orelhas e a diferença interaural da latência absoluta da onda V entre as duas orelhas. Resultados: os resultados encontrados mostraram que o grupo de tabagistas apresentou latência I da Orelha Direita (p=0,036, latência V da Orelha Direita (p=0,007, latência V da Orelha Esquerda (p=0,014, interlatência III-V da Orelha Direita (p=0,015 e Orelha Esquerda (p=0,016 significantemente maior que o grupo de não tabagistas. Não houve diferença significante na latência da onda V entre as duas orelhas. Conclusão: os resultados da pesquisa levaram à conclusão de que o tabaco é um fator de risco para o sistema nervoso auditivo central, que pode interferir nas latências e interlatências das ondas do PEATE no grupo de tabagistas quando comparado com o grupo de não tabagistas.

Costo-efectividad de la radiografía de tórax en lactantes con sospecha clínica de bronquiolitis viral en Colombia Cost-effectiveness of chest x-rays in infants with clinically suspected viral bronchiolitis in Colombia

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Carlos E. Rodríguez Martínez

2011-03-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Estimar el costo-efectividad de no realizar radiografía de tórax a ningún lactante con sospecha clínica de bronquiolitis viral versus realizarla en todos estos pacientes de manera rutinaria, que es la práctica más utilizada hoy en Colombia. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de costo-efectividad en el que se compararon las estrategias consistentes en tomar radiografía a todos y no tomar radiografía de tórax a ningún lactante con sospecha clínica de bronquiolitis viral. El desenlace principal fue la proporción de diagnósticos correctos. El horizonte temporal fue la evolución de la bronquiolitis. La perspectiva fue la del tercer pagador y los costos se obtuvieron de las tarifas vigentes en una clínica en la ciudad de Bogotá. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad determinísticos y probabilísticos. RESULTADOS: La estrategia de no realizar radiografía de tórax a ningún paciente fue dominante en relación con realizarla en todos los casos de manera rutinaria, con un costo promedio de US$ 111,0 y una tasa de diagnósticos correctos de 0,8020, comparados con los valores correspondientes de US$ 129,0 y 0,7873 para la estrategia de tomar radiografía rutinaria a todos estos pacientes. La variable más influyente fue el costo hospitalario de la neumonía. En el análisis de sensibilidad probabilístico, la estrategia de no radiografiar a ningún lactante fue dominante en 61,1% de las simulaciones. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados sugieren que no realizar radiografía de tórax de rutina a lactantes con sospecha clínica de bronquiolitis viral es una estrategia costo-efectiva respecto a la práctica común de realizarla en todos estos casos, dado que arroja una mayor proporción de diagnósticos correctos a un menor costo promedio por paciente. No obstante, harán falta nuevos estudios con muestras más representativas de todos los establecimientos de salud e incluir la estrategia de tomar radiografía de tórax únicamente a

SEROPREVALENCIA DEL VIRUS DE LA LEUCOSIS VIRAL BOVINA EN ANIMALES CON TRASTORNOS REPRODUCTIVOS DE MONTERÍA

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César Betancur H

2008-04-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia de Leucosis Viral Bovina (LVB en animales con trastornos reproductivos. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron 137 muestras de sangre de hembras con antecedentes de infertilidad, pertenecientes a 28 fincas distribuidas en el municipio de Montería; adicionalmente, se obtuvieron muestras al azar de 26 toros pertenecientes a las mismas fincas que fueron analizadas para anticuerpos contra LVB. La técnica serológica empleada fue la prueba de ELISA. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo tabulando la información con datos de seropositividad y seronegatividad obtenidos de cada animal; los resultados se interpretaron de acuerdo a las variables: raza, edad, sexo, zona, tipo de explotación y evento o problema reproductivo detectado. Para determinar la asociación entre seropositividad y cada una de las variables se utilizó la prueba de c2. Resultados. Las pruebas arrojaron una seroprevalencia del 21% para LVB. No se encontraron diferencias significativas de prevalencia asociadas a las variables raza, edad o estado reproductivo de los animales (p³0.05, pero si entre la presencia de anticuerpos contra LVB y las variables zona, tipo de explotación y sexo. Conclusiones. Se demuestra la circulación del virus de la LVB en Montería, (Colombia. Se confirma la importancia de implementar un programa de control y prevención de la diseminación de la infección, con el fin de evitar las pérdidas económicas asociadas, y dentro de lo posible, la eliminación de los especímenes seropositivos para lograr la erradicación de la infección en esta zona del país.

Five-year follow-up of patients with chronic C hepatitis and sustained virological response Seguimiento a 5 años de pacientes con hepatitis crónica C y respuesta viral sostenida

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I. Puig-del-Castillo

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Objective: to assess persistence of sustained viral response at 5 years of follow-up in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Design: a descriptive study. Patients: from August 2001 to May 2004, all patients treated at our center with pegylated interferon and ribavirin who achieved a sustained viral response were consecutively enrolled (93 patients. Demographic, histological, biochemical, and virological data were collected during treatment and 5 years after achievement of the sustained viral response. Eighty-six percent of patients enrolled (n = 80 attended the control visit at 5 years. Results: mean age of enrolled patients was 41 years (standard deviation = 10 years, and 30.1% (n = 28 were women. Liver biopsy had been performed before treatment in 68.8% of patients (n = 64, showing no or mild fibrosis in 62.3% (F0 and F1 and significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in 37.7% (F ≥ 3. Genotype distribution was: 58.1% genotype 1 (n = 54; 8.6% genotype 2 (n = 8; 24.7% genotype 3 (n = 23; 7.5% genotype 4 (n = 7, and indeterminate in one patient. Only one patient experienced virological recurrence. All other patients had negative HCV RNA levels and, in the absence of other liver diseases, normal ALT levels. Conclusion: in patients treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin with sustained viral response, long-term recurrence rate was very low.Objetivo: evaluar la persistencia de respuesta viral sostenida a los 5 años de seguimiento en pacientes con hepatitis crónica por virus C tratados con interferón pegilado y ribavirina. Diseño: estudio descriptivo. Pacientes: desde agosto de 2001 hasta mayo de 2004, se incluyeron de forma consecutiva todos los pacientes de nuestro centro tratados con interferón pegilado y ribavirina que alcanzaron respuesta viral sostenida (93 pacientes. Se recogieron datos demográficos, histológicos, bioquímicos y virológicos durante el tratamiento y a los 5 años de

Proliferation and cell death in an experimental model of brain tissue heterotopia in the lung Proliferação e morte celular na heterotopia encefálica experimental

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Paulo Roberto Veiga Quemelo

2010-08-01

Full Text Available PURPOSE: To investigate the proliferation and neuronal death in brain tissue heterotopia in the lung in an experimental model during both fetal and neonatal periods. METHODS: Twenty four pregnant female Swiss mice were used to induce brain tissue heterotopia on the 15th gestational day. Briefly, the brain of one fetus of each dam was extracted, disaggregated and injected into the right hemithorax of siblings. Six of these fetuses with pulmonary brain tissue implantation (PBI were collected on the 18th gestational day (group E18 and six other on the 8th postnatal day (group P8. Immunohistochemical staining for PCNA and Bcl2 were used to assess proliferation and cell death. RESULTS: PCNA Labelling Index (LI in heterotopic brain tissue was greater in fetal than postnatal period (E18 > P8 (pOBJETIVO: Investigar a proliferação e morte neuronal na heterotopia encefálica pulmonar em modelo experimental durante o período fetal e neonatal. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 24 camundongos Swiss fêmeas prenhes para induzir a heterotopia encefálica no pulmão. O tecido encefálico de um feto de cada fêmea prenha foi removido, picotado e injetado no pulmão dos irmãos. Seis fetos com Implantação Encefálica Pulmonar (IEP foram coletados no 18º dia gestacional (grupo E18 e seis outros fetos no 8º dia pós-natal (grupo P8. Foi realizada a reação Imuno-histoquímica para PCNA e Bcl2 para analisar a proliferação e morte celular. RESULTADOS: O índice de marcação (IM para PCNA era maior no período fetal quando comparado com o período pós-natal (E8 > P18 (p<0,05 e a imunomarcação para o anticorpo Bcl2 não apresentou diferença. CONCLUSÃO: A proliferação celular foi mantida no tecido heterotópico encefálico, embora a apoptose também foi observada.

Eficácia da fonoterapia em um caso de afasia expressiva decorrente de acidente vascular encefálico

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Letícia Regina Kunst

2013-12-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi relatar e analisar o caso de um paciente afásico adulto em tratamento fonoaudiológico na clínica escola do Curso de Fonoaudiologia de uma instituição federal de ensino. O sujeito estudado é um paciente do sexo masculino, com 68 anos de idade, em tratamento na clínica escola desde maio de 2009, sendo que seu processo terapêutico foi analisado até dezembro de 2010. Quanto à história clínica, o paciente sofreu acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico no hemisfério esquerdo, em janeiro de 2009, quando repentinamente apresentou um quadro de mutismo. Após serem realizadas avaliações fonoaudiológicas, concluiu-se que o mesmo apresentava como hipótese diagnóstica "Afasia de expressão, oral e escrita, decorrente de acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico." Diante disto foi elaborado o planejamento terapêutico. Desde o início do processo de terapia foi possível observar evoluções linguísticas no paciente. O fato de o sujeito ter procurado atendimento fonoaudiológico 15 dias após o acometimento pelo acidente vascular encefálico, provavelmente foi um fator fundamental para sua boa recuperação, pois há um grau de recuperação espontânea em pacientes afásicos, porém a melhora é mínima sem o tratamento adequado. Em aproximadamente um mês de terapia fonoaudiológica, o paciente expandiu consideravelmente seu vocabulário. Apesar de a área lesada ser extensa e fundamental para a linguagem, observou-se avanços bastante positivos com a terapia. Deste modo, acredita-se que a intervenção fonoaudiológica precoce contribuiu, em grande parte, para a reorganização da atividade linguística, visto que o paciente comunica-se satisfatoriamente considerando a grande extensão de sua lesão.

Deteccion de citomegalovirus mediante la tecnica de inmunoperoxidasa y aislamiento viral Cytomegalovirus detection by Immunoperoxidase assay and viral isolation

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Maritza Alvarez

1991-06-01

Full Text Available En el presente estudio se comparó la técnica de inmunoperoxidasa para la detección de citomegalovirus (IPCMV utilizando anticuerpos monoclonales que reconocen proteínas precoces virales con el método convencional de aislamiento viral en fibroblastos humanos. Un total de 150 muestras de orina fueron examinadas encontrando una sensibilidad de un 89.8% y una especificidad de 91.3% de la técnica de IPCMV comparada con el aislamiento viral. Una de las ventajas que presentó la IPCMV fue la rapidez con que fueron obtenidos los resultados (48 horas mientras que el aislamiento viral fue como promedio 14 días.An Immunoperoxidase assay was applied to detect early antigens of Cytomegalovirus (CMV in 150 urine samples from immunocompromised patients, using the commercial available monoclonal antibody against CMV El3. The detection of early antigen by IP (IPCMV is compared to the conventional cell culture isolation regarding specificity and sensitivity in order to evaluate is usefulness in the diagnostic of CMV infections. The IPCMV showed a sensitivity of 89.8% and a specificity of 91.3% when compared to the isolation method. The great advantage of the IPCMV is based on the shorter time results are achieved, since 48-72 Hs can be enough to provide evidence of CMV infection, while in the isolation technique cytopatho-genic effect was present around 14 days after sample inoculation.

Caracterización de la enfermedad de la artritis y encefalitis caprina en las provincias de Salta y Jujuy

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DODERO AM

2017-06-01

Full Text Available La artritis y encefalitis Caprina (CAEV puede presentar diferentes síntomas clínicos, siendo la artritis la más común. A fin de caracterizar la presencia de enfermedades en las majadas caprinas del noroeste argentino, se llevó a cabo una encuesta sanitaria a productores, con toma de muestras biológicas para el diagnóstico de enfermedades en la que fue incluida CAEV. Se efectuó un análisis serológico con un ELISA indirecto y se completó con un examen clínico general de los animales y toma de muestra de necropsia de algunos de los casos. En la Provincia de Salta, tres establecimientos fueron positivos, con un 6,25% de prevalencia. La seroprevalencia del hato con seguimiento de caso fue del 55% mientras que el 48% presentó signos clínicos donde la artritis de la articulación carpal fue la más frecuentemente afectada. El virus CAEV está distribuido en la provincia de Salta y la severidad de las lesiones observadas sugiere la presencia de nuevas cepas que deben ser investigadas conjuntamente al desarrollo de capacidades locales para el diagnóstico, clave de cualquier plan de erradicación. SUMMARY. Characterization of caprine arthritis-encephalitis disease in Salta and Jujuy provinces. Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV may present different clinical symptoms, with arthritis being the most common. In order to characterize the presence of diseases in goats from the Argentinean northwest, a sanitary survey was carried out to producers, with biological sampling for the diagnosis of diseases in which CAEV was included. A serological analysis was performed with an indirect ELISA and was completed with a general clinical examination of the animals and a necropsy sample collection of some of the cases. In the Province of Salta, three establishments were positive, with a prevalence of 6.25%. The serum prevalence of the herd with case follow-up was 55%, while 48% presented clinical signs where arthritis of the carpal joint was

Avaliação do conhecimento de intensivistas sobre morte encefálica Evaluation of intensivists' knowledge on brain death

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Alaor Ernst Schein

2008-06-01

Full Text Available JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A falha ou atraso no diagnóstico de morte encefálica resulta na ocupação desnecessária de um leito hospitalar, em perdas emocionais e financeiras e na indisponibilidade de órgãos para transplante. O médico intensivista tem fundamental papel nesse diagnóstico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento sobre morte encefálica entre os intensivistas. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal em 15 unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI em oito hospitais da cidade de Porto Alegre, Brasil. RESULTADOS: Duzentos e quarenta e seis intensivistas foram entrevistados em uma amostra consecutiva entre abril e dezembro de 2005. Encontrou-se prevalência de desconhecimento do conceito de morte encefálica de 17%. Vinte por cento dos entrevistados desconheciam a necessidade legal de exame complementar para o seu diagnóstico. Quarenta e sete por cento se consideraram no nível máximo de segurança para explicar o conceito para a família de um paciente. Vinte e nove por cento desconheciam a hora do óbito legal para os pacientes em morte encefálica. Os intensivistas pediátricos tiveram menor conhecimento do conceito em relação aos intensivistas de adultos (p BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Failure or delay to diagnose brain death leads to needless occupation of a hospital bed, emotional and financial losses, and unavailability of organs for transplants. The intensive care physician plays an essential role in this diagnosis. This study intended to evaluate intensivists' knowledge concerning brain death. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 15 intensive care units (ICU in eight hospitals in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-six intensivists were interviewed in a consecutive sample between April and December 2005. The prevalence of lack of knowledge regarding the concept was of 17%. Twenty per cent of the interviewees ignored the legal need for complementary confirmatory tests for their diagnosis. Forty-seven per

Localização encefálica da blastomicose sul-americana. Considerações a propósito de 9 casos

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Walter C. Pereira

1965-06-01

Full Text Available Lesões encefálicas produzidas pelo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis têm sido registradas na literatura com relativa freqüência. Os autores chamam a atenção para a dificuldade diagnóstica dêstes processos que, na quase totali- dade, constituem-se de achados cirúrgicos ou de necropsia. A síndrome de hipertensão intracraniana é a manifestação mais comum, levando quase sempre ao diagnóstico de tumor intracraniano. Os exames complementares, inclusive o líquido cefalorraqueano, são pobres em dados específicos; o encontro do parasita, assim como a positividade das reações de fixação de complemento e de precipitação nesse humor, são raramente verificadas. A natureza da afecção só tem sido suspeitada quando existem lesões paracocci-dióicas conhecidas em outros órgãos. Nove casos de blastomicose sul-americana com localização encefálica são estudados. Sete foram submetidos a intervenções cirúrgicas, dêstes, 3 tiveram boa evolução, sendo os únicos que sobreviveram de tôda a série. Nos três casos foi empregada, em épocas diversas depois da intervenção cirúrgica, anfotericina B pelas vias intravenosa ou intratecal. Os autores consideram a excição cirúrgica dos granulomas encefálicos imprescindível, mormente quando existem sinais de compressão bem localizadas. Após o ato cirúrgico a administração de anfotericina B, pelas vias intravenosa ou intratecal, deve ser prescrita a fim de evitar possíveis recidivas da moléstia.

Viral and host factors related with histopathologyc activity in patients with chronic hepatitis B and moderate or intermittently elevated alanine aminotransferase levels Influencia de factores virales y del huésped en la actividad histológica en pacientes con hepatitis crónica por virus de la hepatitis B y elevación moderada o intermitente de alanina aminotransferasa

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E. Molina Pérez

2010-09-01

Full Text Available Objective: viral and host factors are related with progression of pathological lesion in chronic hepatitis B. We analyzed these factors in patients with moderate or intermittently elevated ALT levels, and its threshold that determinate significant histological activity. Patients and methods: retrospective analyses of viral and host parameters in 89 consecutive chronic hepatitis B patients biopsied because of moderate or intermittently elevated ALT levels [1-2 x ULN (ULN = 39 IU/mL] and/or DNA-HBV > 2 x 10³ IU/mL in AntiHBe+ patients. It was analyzed age, gender, ALT levels, HBeAg, viral load and genotype. It was considered advanced histological lesion a Knodell Score (KS > 7 and histological lesion indicating treatment, lobular inflammation ≥ 2 or fibrosis ≥ 2 according to Scheuer Classification. Results: KS > 7 and histological lesion indicating treatment was found in 47.8 and 60.7% respectively. It was observed relationship between age, male gender, ALT levels and viral load with histological damage (p ULN (69.1 vs. 47.1%, p = 0.04. There were not significant upper frequencies of advanced lesion when a cut-off of 40 years or DNA-HBV > 2 x 10³ IU/mL viral load or serological status HBeAg was considerate. Histological activity was lesser in genotype D patients than those infected with others genotypes (p Objetivo: analizar factores virales y del huésped relacionados con actividad histológica en un subgrupo de pacientes con hepatitis crónica B y elevación intermitente o moderada de alanina aminotransferasa (ALT, y el umbral que determine daño histológico indicativo de tratamiento. Pacientes y métodos: análisis retrospectivo de parámetros virales y del huésped en 89 pacientes con hepatitis crónica B biopsiados consecutivamente por elevación intermitente o moderada de ALT [1-2 x USN (USN = 39 UI/mL]. Fueron analizados edad, sexo, ALT, HBeAg, carga viral y genotipo. Se consideró como lesion histologica avanzada un Índice de

Tamaño relativo encefálico e índices cerebrales en Vanellus c. chilensis (Aves: Charadriidae Relative encephalic size and cerebral indices of Vanellus c. chilensis (Aves: Charadriidae

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ESTELA PISTONE

2002-09-01

Full Text Available Se analizó la composición cuantitativa encefálica y se estimaron índices cerebrales en Vanellus c. chilensis (tero o queltehue. Se estimó el volumen porcentual e índices cerebrales del encéfalo total y de siete de sus componentes, como así también los núcleos de relevo de las vías trigeminal, visual y acústica. El telencéfalo es el componente de mayor volumen relativo, siendo el neoestriado la estructura telencefálica de tamaño superior. El desarrollo del estriado propiamente dicho, tecto óptico y los núcleos de relevo de las vías visual y trigeminal concuerdan con la dieta carnívora de Vanellus c. chilensis. El tamaño relativo del Wulst y de los núcleos de la vía acústica se asocia a las complicadas tácticas que utiliza esta especie en la defensa del nido. Los índices cerebrales de las estructuras encefálicas analizadas indican que Vanellus c. chilensis es un ave progresivaThe quantitative encephalic composition and cerebral indices of Vanellus c. chilensis (southern lapwing were analyzed. The percentual volumes and cerebral indices for the whole encephalon and for seven components were calculated as well as relevous nuclei of the trigeminal, visual and acoustic pathways. The component of greater relative volume is the telencephalon. The neostriatum is the most developed encephalic structure. Developing of bulbus olfactorius, striatum, tectum opticum and relevous nuclei of visual and trigeminal pathways are according with the carnivorous diet of Vanellus c. chilensis. The relative size of Wulst and relevous nuclei of acoustic pathway appears associated with the complex tactics used by this species in the defense of nest. Cerebral indices of all the analyzed structures suggest that Vanellus c. chilensis is a progresive bird

Hepatitis C seroprevalence and correlation between viral load and viral genotype among primary care clients in Mexico Seroprevalencia de hepatitis C y correlación entre la carga viral y el genotipo viral en asistentes al nivel primario de atención enMéxico

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Ana I Burguete-Garcia

2011-01-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To measure hepatitis C virus (HCV sero-prevalence, prevalence, hepatitis risk characteristics frequency, and genotype correlation with viral load among clients attending health care clinics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Venous blood samples from l12 226 consecutive consenting adults were collected from January 2006 through December 2009. HCV antibodies were detected by immunoassay. HCV RNA was detected by qRT-PCR and viral genotype was performed by PCR and LIPA test. RESULTS: The HCV seroprevalence observed was l.5 % (C.I. 95% l.3-l.7, from seropositive individuals 60.9 % reported previous blood transfusion, 28.3% declared to have relatives with cirrhosis, 25.2% had tattoos or piercings, and 6.9% referred to have used drugs. Male gender and transfusion (pOBJETIVO: Medir la seroprevalencia y prevalencia del virus de hepatitis C (VHC, la frecuencia de caracteristicas de riesgo y la correlacion genotipica con la carga viral en sujetos asistentes a clinicas de medicina familiar. MATERIAL Y METODOS: muestras de sangre venosa se colectaron de l12 226 adultos, previo consentimiento informado, de enero 2006 hasta diciembre 2009, para la deteccion de anticuerpos contra VHC por ELISA. La deteccion de RNA-VHC y el genotipo viral se realizo mediante qRT-PCR. RESULTADOS: La seroprevalencia de VHC fue l.5 % (C.I. 95% l.3-l.7, 60.9% reportaron transfusion sanguinea previa, 28.3% dijo tener familiares cercanos con cirrosis, 25.2% tenian tatuajes o piercing y 6.9% refirio ser usuario de drogas intravenosas. El ser hombre, el antecedente de transfusiones y el uso de drogas (p<0.00l, fueron los factores con mayor frecuencia en el grupo VHC seropositivo. La prevalencia del RNA-VHC en seropositivos fue de 48.3%. El genotipo mas frecuente en todas las areas geograficas de Mexico fue el l (subtipo lA, 33%; subtipo lB, 21.4% seguido por el genotipo 2 (subtipo 2A, 8.50%. Se observó una correlación positiva de 51% con la carga viral más alta y el genotipo viral 1A

Escalas para avaliação da sobrecarga de cuidadores de pacientes com Acidente Vascular Encefálico Escalas para evaluación de la sobrecarga de cuidadores de pacientes con Accidente Vascular Encefálico Scales for evaluation of the overload of caregivers of patients with Stroke

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Ana Railka de Souza Oliveira

2012-10-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as escalas disponíveis na literatura para medir a sobrecarga de cuidadores de pacientes acometidos por acidente vascular encefálico. Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica nas três bases de dados: LILACS, CINAHL e SCOPUS. Selecionaram-se 23 trabalhos e identificaram-se 24 diferentes escalas. Destas, as mais citadas foram o Caregiver Strain Index, a Caregiver Burden Scale, a Caregiver Reaction Assessment, o Sense of Competence Questionnaire, a Relatives Stress Scale e a Zarit Burden Interview. O uso de escalas para mensurar a sobrecarga é uma ferramenta importante para avaliar o contexto no qual está inserido o cuidador, entretanto é mais fidedigno quando associado a outros instrumentos de mensuração. Portanto, é fundamental pesquisas de validação de escalas para essa população.El objetivo de esto estudio fue evaluar las escalas disponibles en literatura para evaluar la sobrecarga de cuidadores de pacientes acometidos por accidente vascular encefálico. Una revisión bibliográfica fue desarrollada en tres bases de datos: LILAS, CINAHL y SCOPUS. En 23 trabajos seleccionados, 24 diferentes escalas fueron identificadas, siendo las principales: el Caregiver Strain Index, la Caregiver Burden Scale, el Caregiver Reaction Assessment, el Sense of Competence Questionnaire, la Relatives Stress Scale y la Zarit Burden Interview. El uso de escalas para mensurar sobrecarga es una herramienta importante en el contexto donde se inserta el cuidador. Es más confiable utilizar más que uno instrumento de mensuración. Por esto, la validación de escalas es importante para esta población.The objective of the study was to evaluate the available productions in literature about scales to measure the overload of caregivers of patients with stroke. It was carried out a bibliographical revision in three databases: LILACS, CINAHL and SCOPUS. In 23 works, 24 different scales were identified, and the most cited were: the

Identificación y caracterización genética de agentes virales diarreagénicos en niños menores de cinco años de edad con o sin diarrea en Bucaramanga

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Nayibe Tatiana Sánchez Álvarez

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Introducción: La enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA, es una de las principales causas de morbi-mortalidad en todos los grupos de edad, con mayor incidencia en niños menores de cinco años. EDA es causada por diversos agentes. Entre los que se asocian de tipo bacteriano, parasitario y principalmente viral. La epidemiología y el diagnóstico en las infecciones virales es limitado debido a los altos costos en las técnicas moleculares y al desconocimiento por parte del personal de salud sobre su importancia. En Colombia son escasos los estudios reportados sobre la prevalencia de las infecciones virales diarreagénicas. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia de agentes virales asociados a las enfermedades diarreicas y caracterizar el agente viral más en los niveles genéticos y filogenéticos. Materiales y métodos: Este estudio hace parte de un estudio de casos y controles aprobado por el National Institutes of Health (NIH, en esta investigación se incluyeron 405 niños con EDA y 405 controles de niños sanos. Las muestras de heces se procesaron por métodos moleculares basados en la detección de adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, y astrovirus. Rotavirus se detectó mediante un ensayo de ELISA convencional. Análisis filogenético se llevó a cabo tanto para rotavirus como norovirus, mediante la amplificación de secuencia de ADN de los fragmentos de la región C de la cápside y detección de las proteínas VP4 y VP7 respectivamente. Las secuencias para cada tipo de virus se compararon y se construyó un árbol filogenético utilizando secuencias de referencia. Resultados: En general 243 virus fueron detectados entre las 810 muestras, 183 en casos y 60 en controles. El virus con mayor prevalencia fue norovirus GII con 10.9 %, seguido de rotavirus sapovirus con 5.1 %. Norovirus GI, astrovirus y adenovirus fueron identificados en 3.8 %, 3.2 % y 1.7 % respectivamente. La positividad fue más frecuente en el rango de edad  de 12 a 23 meses y de 24 a

El virus HHV-6 y su relación con los trastornos del neurodesarrollo.

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Alma Dzib Goodin

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Casos / Brief Report Resumen El virus HHV-6 es parte de la familia de los herpesvirus y se encuentra presente en la mayoría de los humanos, aunque sólo se activa para atacar a su huésped en casos donde se presenta inmunodepresión. Posee dos subtipos que se diferencian por el tamaño y la forma de infección que son el HHV-6A y el HHV-6B. En los recién nacidos, se le ha detectado y relacionado con trastornos neuro pediátricos desde hace más de 15 años. Principalmente se le relaciona con la epilepsia benigna, las convulsiones febriles, la encefalitis, la meningoencefalitis, la meningitis y la esclerosis multiple. Actualmente el virus se evoca en estudios de caso relacionados con los trastornos del neurodesarrollo, debido a que éste puede atacar el Sistema Nervioso Central. El daño causado se manifestaría a largo plazo a través de una presentación sintomática similar a lo que se observa por ejemplo en los trastornos del espectro autista. Este artículo busca analizar la presencia del virus y su relación con los trastornos del desarrollo en infantes alrededor del mundo.

Avaliação da aptidão cardiopulmonar em indivíduos com hemiparesia após acidente vascular encefálico Evaluación de la aptitud cardiopulmonar en individuos con hemiparesia tras accidente vascular encefálico Evaluation of cardiopulmonary fitness in individuals with hemiparesis after cerebrovascular accident

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Angélica Cristiane Ovando

2011-02-01

Full Text Available FUNDAMENTO: Devido à hemiparesia, a avaliação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória de indivíduos após acidente vascular encefálico (AVE, por meio de testes ergométricos com protocolos convencionais, tem se tornado um desafio. OBJETIVO: Realizar teste cardiopulmonar (TCP em hemiparéticos para uma avaliação pré-participação visando uma criteriosa prescrição de exercício aeróbico. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 8 indivíduos com hemiparesia crônica, que foram submetidos a TCP realizado com protocolo individualizado em rampa, desenvolvido a partir da informação da velocidade de marcha dos indivíduos previamente avaliados em teste de pista. Foi considerada a proposta de inclinação variando entre 0 e 10,0%, velocidade inicial correspondente a 70,0% do ritmo de caminhada confortável e velocidade máxima 40,0% superior à velocidade máxima no teste de pista, na expectativa de que o TCP, com este incremento gradativo e constante da intensidade, durasse entre 6 e 8 minutos. RESULTADOS: Em 100,0% dos avaliados, o motivo para a interrupção do teste foi fadiga periférica. O VO2 de pico alcançado foi de 20,6 ± 5,7 ml/kg.min. O Limiar I foi identificado em todos os exames, situando-se em 82,64 ± 4,78% da FC de pico e 73,31 ± 4,97% do VO2 de pico. O quociente respiratório (R do grupo foi de 0,96 ± 0,09, e três dos 8 indivíduos (37,5% atingiram R superior a 1,00, sendo o Limiar II identificado nestes sujeitos. Foram encontradas relações positivas entre variáveis do TCP e escores de equilíbrio, desempenho no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e velocidade de marcha no solo. CONCLUSÃO: O teste mostrou ser útil para prescrição de atividade física nesses indivíduos.FUNDAMENTO: Debido a la hemiparesia, la evaluación de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria de individuos después de accidente vascular encefálico (AVE, por medio de pruebas ergométricas con protocolos convencionales, se ha vuelto en un reto. OBJETIVO: Llevar a cabo

Uso de la inmunohistoquímica como herramienta epidemiológica para el diagnóstico de rabia bovina a partir de casos no conclusivos

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Gloria Jurado G.

2012-08-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. Identificar el virus de la rabia en casos de encefalitis bovina a partir de muestras archivadas en el laboratorio sin diagnóstico conclusivo. Materiales y métodos. Doce muestras de cerebro bovino sospechosas de rabia, fueron procesadas por la técnica de inmunoperoxidasa indirecta, usando anticuerpos policlonales contra el agente viral. Resultados. Se demostró la presencia de antígenos virales en tres casos en forma de agregados pequeños en el citoplasma de las neuronas, con un patrón de forma redonda u oval y un número variable de corpúsculos de inclusión viral. Se discute sobre la importancia de los resultados en Colombia, la utilidad de la técnica en las difíciles condiciones de envío de muestras al laboratorio, además la posible relación de los casos negativos con herpesvirus bovino 5. Conclusiones. La utilización de la técnica de inmunohistoquímica para demostrar antígenos del virus rábico en encéfalos bovinos fijados en formol, puede ayudar en el perfeccionamiento del mapa epidemiológico de la enfermedad de la rabia en Colombia y puede disminuir el alto subdiagnóstico de otras enfermedades que afectan el sistema nervioso de los bovinos.

Encefalitis aguda mediada por anticuerpos contra el receptor ionotrópico de glutamato activado por N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDAR: análisis de once casos pediátricos en Argentina (Premio Benito Yelín

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Elisa Pérez

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Las encefalitis son procesos inflamatorios de diverso origen, entre las cuales se incluyen las autoinmunes. La identificación de anticuerpos contra el receptor N-metil-D-aspartato permitió la caracterización clínico-inmunológica de una entidad susceptible a tratamiento inmunomodulador. Descripta originalmente en mujeres jóvenes, asociada a teratoma de ovario, es hoy una entidad reconocida en niños aun en ausencia de tumores detectables. El objetivo del trabajo, realizado a través de la revisión de historias clínicas, fue describir las características clínicas, evolutivas y los hallazgos en estudios complementarios de once niños con diagnóstico confirmado de esta entidad a través de la identificación de los anticuerpos específicos. Todos debutaron con síntomas psiquiátricos, en nueve de ellos asociando a convulsiones, y dos a movimientos extrapiramidales. En su evolución, todos presentaron compromiso del lenguaje, nueve, síntomas autonómicos graves, en uno con hipoventilación y requerimientos de ARM. La RM de cerebro fue anormal en tres. Ocho tuvieron EEG con asimetría del voltaje y/o amplitud, tres de ellos presentaron espigas. En el LCR seis tuvieron pleocitosis y tres de siete bandas oligoclonales positivas. Cinco, serologías IgM para micoplasma. El aumento de CPK en coincidencia con antipsicóticos ocurrió en cinco. Con el tratamiento inmunomodulador, cinco tuvieron recuperación total, tres, alteraciones conductuales/cognitivas y uno déficits severo. Un paciente resolvió su cuadro clínico sin tratamiento. En ninguno se detectó tumor asociado. Concluimos que frente a un niño con encefalopatía aguda y clínica compatible con esta entidad, una vez descartada causa infecciosa, se debe comenzar tratamiento inmunomodulador precozmente, evitar la utilización de fármacos antipsicóticos y realizar la búsqueda de posibles tumores ocultos.

Ausência de associação entre polimorfismo do gene da interleucina-1 beta e o prognóstico de pacientes com traumatismo crânio-encefálico grave Lack of association between interleukin-1 gene polymorphism and prognosis in severe traumatic brain injury patients

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Taís Frederes Krämer Alcalde

2009-12-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: O traumatismo crânio-encefálico é a principal causa de óbito em indivíduos com idade entre 1 a 45 anos. O desfecho do traumatismo crânio-encefálico pode estar relacionado, além de fatores pré-morbidade e gravidade do dano, com fatores genéticos. Genes que podem ter relação com o resultado pós-trauma vêm sendo estudados, porém, ainda existem poucas informações sobre a associação entre polimorfismos genéticos e o desfecho do traumatismo crânio-encefálico. O gene da interleucina-1 beta (IL-1B é um dos genes estudados, pois esta citocina encontra-se em níveis elevados após o traumatismo crânio-encefálico e pode afetar de forma negativa seu desfecho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o polimorfismo -31C/T, localizado na região promotora do gene IL-1B, em pacientes com traumatismo crânio-encefálico grave visando correlacioná-lo com o desfecho primário precoce (alta do centro de terapia intensiva ou morte. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 69 pacientes internados por traumatismo crânio-encefálico grave em três hospitais de Porto Alegre e região metropolitana. O polimorfismo foi analisado através da reação em cadeia da polimerase, seguida da digestão com enzima de restrição. RESULTADOS: O traumatismo crânio-encefálico grave foi associado a uma mortalidade de 45%. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas frequências alélicas e genotípicas entre os grupos de pacientes divididos pelo desfecho do traumatismo crânio-encefálico. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados sugerem que o polimorfismo -31C/T do gene IL-1B não tem impacto significativo no desfecho fatal dos pacientes com traumatismo crânio-encefálico grave.OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury is the major cause of death among individuals between 1-45 years-old. The outcome of traumatic brain injury may be related to brain susceptibility to the injury and genetic factors. Genes that may affect traumatic brain injury outcome are being

Aplicación clínica de las imágenes de resonancia potenciadas en difusión y tractografía en un niño con holoprosencefalia

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Blair Ortiz

2011-03-01

Presentamos un paciente con holoprosencefalia semilobar en quien la imagen potenciada en difusión y la tractografía demostró falla de la inducción ventral del prosencéfalo y fusión anormal de varios fascículos de la sustancia blanca en el cerebro y en el tallo encefálico. De esta forma, las anormalidades de los fascículos de la sustancia blanca en casos de holoprosencefalia se pueden identificar por medio de las imágenes potenciadas en difusión y tractografía fasciculografía.

Alterações na audiometria de tronco encefálico em mulheres adultas com hipotireoidismo subclínico

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Figueiredo Lília Cristiane M. S.

2003-01-01

Full Text Available A correlação entre perda auditiva e distúrbios adquiridos da glândula tireóide tem sido tema de interesse há muito tempo na Medicina. Diversos trabalhos foram dedicados à investigação audiológica de pacientes com hipotireoidismo, mas poucos autores abordaram a forma subclínica desta doença utilizando a audiometria de tronco encefálico (ABR. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se ocorrem ou não alterações na ABR em mulheres normoacúsicas com hipotireoidismo subclínico não tratado quando comparadas a mulheres sem doença endócrina. DESENHO DO ESTUDO: Prospectivo clínico. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Uma série de 16 pacientes foi analisada com ABR e seus resultados foram relacionados aos do grupo-controle análogo em sexo e idade. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05 nas médias das latências absolutas das ondas III (p=0,039 e V (p=0,006 e dos intervalos interpicos I-III (p=0,017, III-V (p=0,044 e I-V (p=0,002 entre os dois grupos, mostrando que as medidas destas latências foram significativamente maiores no grupo do hipotireoidismo. CONCLUSÃO: Na condição de hipotireoidismo subclínico, antes mesmo de haver qualquer anormalidade nos limiares psicoacústicos, já poderá ser observado comprometimento na condução nervosa ao longo das vias auditivas no tronco encefálico, como demonstrado pela avaliação com ABR.

Marketing Viral aplicado a la difusión musical

OpenAIRE

Carrasco Dorado, Eva

2014-01-01

Trabajo Fin de Grado leído en la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos en el curso académico 2013/2014. Director/a: Raquel Sardá En este Trabajo Fin de grado se analiza el Marketing Viral como técnica de comunicación y se aplica a cinco casos prácticos relacionados directamente con el panorama musical. Además, se realiza un recorrido por las principales plataformas y formatos utilizados por esta herramienta de comunicación. Finalmente, se pone de manifiesto el auge del Marketing Viral en la actualid...

Potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico em usuários de crack e múltiplas drogas Auditory brainstem evoked potentials in crack and multiple drugs addicts

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Loretta Fabianni Nigri

2009-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Analisar os potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico em usuários de crack e múltiplas drogas, bem como levantar as possíveis queixas auditivas e de equilíbrio nesta população. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 40 usuários de drogas (20 com uso há mais de cinco anos e 20 há menos de cinco anos e 20 não usuários, do sexo masculino, com idades entre 19 e 46 anos, com limiares auditivos dentro da normalidade. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças significativas dos potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico dos usuários de drogas quando comparados ao grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Os potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico dos usuários de drogas não diferiram significantemente do grupo controle. As queixas apresentadas pelos usuários de drogas foram hiperacusia, alucinação auditiva, zumbido e alteração de equilíbrio.PURPOSE: To study the findings of auditory brainstem evoked potentials in crack and multiple drugs users, as well as to raise possible auditory and balance complaints in this population. METHODS: A total of 40 drugs addicts (20 who had been using drugs for over five years and 20 for less than five years and 20 non-users were evaluated. Subjects were all male, with ages ranging from 19 to 46 years, and had auditory thresholds within normal. RESULTS: No significant statistical differences were found regarding the auditory brainstem evoked potentials findings of the addicts group, when compared to the non-users. CONCLUSION: Auditory brainstem evoked potentials in crack and multiple drugs users did not differ significantly from the control group. Complaints presented by drugs addicts were hyperacusis, auditory hallucination, tinnitus and altered balance.

Associação entre acidentes vasculares encefálicos e doença de Chagas

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Edison Reis Lopes

1991-06-01

Full Text Available Foi pesquisada a freqüência de acidentes vasculares encefálicos (A VE, isquêmicos e hemorrágicos, em chagásicos crônicos e em não chagásicos, maiores de 15 anos de idade, necropsiados em Uberaba, de 1979 a 1988, optando-se por estudo emparelhado por sexo e idade em 208 pares. Em 41 (19,7% dos chagásicos e em 55 (26,4% dos não chagásicos foram diagnosticados AVE, diferença não significante ao nível de 5%. Dos chagásicos 12 (75% tiveram infarto e 4 (25% hemorragia encefálica; dos não chagásicos 5 (31,3% tiveram infarto e 11 (68,7% hemorragia. As .diferenças são significantes ao nível de 5%. Os resultados demonstram menor freqüência de AVE hemorrágico em chagásicos que em não chagásicos e comprovam alta freqüência de AVE isqüêmico na doença de Chagas humana.The frequency of strokes was studied in chronic chagasic and years ofage, non-chagasicpatients, older than 15 coming to necropsy in Uberaba, from 1979 than 1988. The study consisted of paired sex and age matched controls. Two hundred and eight pairs were analysed. Either ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes were found in 41 (19,7% of the chagasics and in 55 (26.4% of the non-chagasic, a difference not significant at the level of 5%. Twelve (75% of the former had infarcts and 4(25% had brain hemorrhage; five (31,3% of the non-chagasics had ischemic strokes and 11 (68,7% had hemorrhagic strokes. The differences were significant to the level of 5%. The results indicate a high frequency of ischemic strokes in human Chagas'disease and demonstrate a lesser frequency of hemorrhagic stroke in chagasics when compared with non-chagasics.

Avaliação da influência da idade no potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico

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Anias C. R.

2004-01-01

Full Text Available O potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico (ABR é um método simples, objetivo e não invasivo de avaliação das vias auditivas do tronco encefálico, que pode ser realizado em qualquer idade e que detecta a atividade elétrica desde a orelha interna até o colículo inferior. O ABR é composto por 7 ondas (I - VII, sendo as ondas I, III e V os componentes mais importantes. O nível de sensação (NS é uma unidade de estímulo que se baseia no limiar psicoacústico do indivíduo e a esse limiar acrescenta-se uma determinada intensidade de estímulo em decibel (dB, com o objetivo de fornecer a mesma quantidade de energia acústica em caso de perdas auditivas assimétricas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da idade no ABR em homens, utilizando o NS como unidade de estímulo. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Observacional coorte com corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Quinze indivíduos do sexo masculino entre 20 e 30 anos e 15 do sexo masculino a partir de 60 anos passaram por um critério clínico de seleção a fim de afastar outros fatores que pudessem influenciar os resultados. Foram determinadas as latências absolutas das ondas I, III, e V e as latências interpicos (LIPs I-III, III-V e I-V nos 2 grupos e os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: As latências absolutas e interpicos do ABR foram semelhantes nos 2 grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: No grupo etário analisado e nas condições pré-estabelecidas neste estudo, a idade não representou um fator de influência nos achados do ABR.

Hipoxia após traumatismos crânio-encefálicos graves

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R. A. Frowein

1964-09-01

Full Text Available Após traumatismos crânio-encefálicos graves ocorre hipoxia cerebral, não apenas nas primeiras horas mas também durante vários dias da fase aguda. A saturação arterial de O2 é muitas vêzes normal, mas, com mais freqüência do que se supõe, existe anemia; como conseqüência do aumento da pressão intracraniana, da hipotensão arterial ou da alcalose respiratória, diminui o afluxo sangüíneo ao encéfalo, baixando a tensão do O2 celular, o que é demonstrado pela diminuição da tensão de O2 no sangue venoso provindo do encéfalo. Por isso, no tratamento da fase aguda pós-traumática deve-se, ao lado da normalização da pressão intracraniana, manter a pressão arterial, evitar a hiperventilação pulmonar mediante a administração de neuroplégicos e impedir a anemia mediante transfusões de sangue.

Impact of Chloroquine on Viral Load in Breast Milk

Science.gov (United States)

Semrau, Katherine; Kuhn, Louise; Kasonde, Prisca; Sinkala, Moses; Kankasa, Chipepo; Shutes, Erin; Vwalika, Cheswa; Ghosh, Mrinal; Aldrovandi, Grace; Thea, Donald M.

2006-01-01

, chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, charge virale du lait maternel, fièvre Impacto de la cloroquina en la carga viral de la leche materna El antimalárico cloroquina tiene actividad frente al VIH. Comparamos el efecto de la cloroquina (n = 18) frente a un antimalárico sin actividad anti-VIH conocida, la sulfadoxina-pirimetamina (n = 12), en los niveles de ARN en la leche materna de mujeres infectadas con VIH, en Zambia. Después de ajustar para recuento de CD4 y la carga viral en plasma, se asoció a la cloroquina con una tendencia hacia menores niveles de ARN del VIH en leche materna, comparado con la sulfadoxina pirimetamina (P = 0.05). También se observó una mayor carga viral en la leche materna de mujeres recibiendo tratamiento presuntivo para malaria sintomática, que en los controles asintomáticos y controles que habáan reportado fiebre la semana anterior. Es necesario realizar más estudios para determinar el papel potencial de la cloroquina en la prevención de la trasmisión de VIH a través de la lactancia materna. palabras claveVIH, malaria, lactancia materna, cloroquina, sulfadoxina pirimetamina, transmisión vertical, leche materna, carga viral, fiebre PMID:16772000

Análise de terapias coadjuvantes de intervenção terapêutica na funcionalidade em doentes com acidente vascular encefálico

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Sousa, João Paulo de

2015-01-01

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Fisioterapia Objectivo: Analisar as diferentes terapias coadjuvantes de intervenção terapêutica na funcionalidade de doentes com Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE). Metodologia: Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed e PEDro. Foram utilizadas as palavras-chave: “stroke”, “physical therapy” e “outcome FIM”. Resultado: Obtiveram-se 144 estudos, após a...

Tratamiento sin antibióticos en recién nacidos febriles con pleocitosis del líquido cefalorraquídeo y presunta meningitis viral Treatment without antibiotics in febrile infants presenting with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and supposed viral meningitis

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Manuel Díaz Álvarez

2011-03-01

Full Text Available INTRODUCCIÓN. El objetivo de esta investigación fue presentar la experiencia en antibioticoterapia en recién nacidos (RN febriles con pleocitosis del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR y presunción médica de meningitis viral. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con 310 RN con diagnóstico de meningitis aséptica, ingresados en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario «Juan Manuel Márquez» entre 1992 y 2009. Se determinó, utilizando estadística descriptiva, la indicación o no de tratamiento antibiótico, momento y motivos de la indicación. RESULTADOS. Hubo 204 RN (65,8 % con meningitis aséptica que egresaron favorablemente sin haber recibido tratamiento antibiótico. En 106 RN (34,2 % se indicaron antibióticos (en 76 inmediatamente al diagnóstico de meningitis y en 30 casos, mediatamente por diversos motivos. Los motivos para tratamiento inmediato fueron principalmente los resultados del examen citoquímico del LCR muy semejantes a los de una meningitis de causa bacteriana y los antecedentes de fiebre elevada o persistente. En la indicación mediata el principal motivo fue la concurrencia de infección del tracto urinario. En los pacientes que nunca recibieron tratamiento antibiótico, la mediana de estadía hospitalaria fue de 4 días (intervalo intercuartil 3-5 días y para los que sí lo recibieron fue de 5 días (intervalo intercuartil 4-7 días (p INTRODUCTION. The aim of present research was to present the antibiotic-therapy experience in febrile newborn (NB presenting with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (CSFP and supposed viral meningitis. METHODS. A retrospective study was conducted in 310 NB diagnosed with aseptic meningitis admitted in the Neonatology Service of the "Juan Manuel Márquez" Children University Hospital between 1992 and 2009. Using the descriptive statistic method the indication or not of antibiotic treatment, moment and indication reasons were determined. RESULTS. There

Características da demanda por tomografia computadorizada crânio-encefálica motivos e custos dos exames

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Ana Tereza Ramos de Oliveira

1992-03-01

Full Text Available Foram levantadas as 2860 tomografias computadorizadas crânio-encefálicas (TCCE feitas em um dos três serviços da cidade do Salvador, Brasil, sendo: caracterizados o perfil do usuário e a procedência da demanda; analisados os motivos dos exames e os custos com TCCE normais e anormais. Foram constatadas frequências altas de exames normais: (a para o sexo feminino (66,0% e até os 54 anos (73,0%, neste sexo (variação de exames normais entre 65 e 80%; (b para o sexo masculino nos grupos <15, 25-34 e 35-44 anos (64,7%; (c para solicitações efetuadas pelos convênios (65,3%; (d pelos seguintes motivos, para homens e mulheres respectivamente: cefaléias (81,3 e 87,5%; desmaios/tonturas (79,3 e 78,6%; convulsões (67,3 e 70%; retardo do desenvolvimento psicomotor (72,0 e 67,7%; «distúrbios endócrinos» (75,0% em cada sexo. Proporções altas de exames anormais foram observadas pelos seguintes motivos e para homens e mulheres, respectivamente: síndrome demencial (91,7 e 83,3%; acidentes vasculares encefálicos (85,1 e 73,7%; doenças infecciosas (76,5 e 78,6%; suspeitas de tumor (65,8 e 55,4%; e traumatismo crâ-nioencefálico, 63,6% no sexo masculino. No total, os custos com as TCC normais corresponderam a US$ 565,255 e com as anormais, US$ 381,247; para os convênios, os custos com TCC normais foram 2,2 vezes superiores ao INAMPS e 2,8 vezes superiores àqueles da medicina privada.

Papel de los anticuerpos antiplaquetarios en la infección viral: una revisión sistemática de la literatura

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Yenny M. Montenegro-Medina

2011-04-01

Conclusiones. Aunque la aparición de anticuerpos antiplaquetarios no se considera el único mecanismo que explica la trombocitopenia desarrollada en las infecciones virales mencionadas, de acuerdo con la literatura científica disponible, su presencia se asocia con la gravedad de la trombocitopenia y con potenciales implicaciones clínicas en los pacientes.

Encefalitis por virus San Luis en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires durante el brote de dengue 2009 Saint Louis encephalitis virus in Buenos Aires city during the outbreak of dengue in 2009

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Horacio López

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Se presenta un paciente de 80 años de edad, residente en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, con diagnóstico serológico para el virus de la encefalitis de San Luis (SLE durante el brote de dengue ocurrido entre enero y mayo de 2009. Presentaba leucemia linfoide crónica en tratamiento con clorambucilo, cáncer de próstata tratado con hormonoterapia y radioterapia, e imágenes óseas compatibles con metástasis. El estudio del líquido cefalorraquídeo demostró pleocitosis con predominio de mononucleares y proteinorraquia elevada. El resultado de los cultivos para bacterias, hongos y micobacterias, así como el PCR en LCR para herpes virus, HSV, CMV y EBV, fue negativo. Se detectaron anticuerpos IgM para virus SLE tanto en LCR como en muestra de suero, con seroconversión IgG por neutralización en cultivos celulares y resultados negativos para los demás Flavivirus con circulación en Argentina. Se revisan evidencias sobre la presencia de virus de San Luis en nuestro país, y se señala la importancia de la confirmación diagnóstica y el estudio de otros Flavivirus en casos sospechosos de dengue con presentación grave o atípica. Este trabajo remarca la necesidad de fortalecer tanto la vigilancia epidemiológica del virus SLE, como el control vectorial para prevenir las diferentes infecciones transmitidas por mosquitos y conocer su efecto en Salud Pública en la Argentina.We report the case of a male, 80-year-old resident in the City of Buenos Aires, with a diagnosis of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE during a countrywide dengue outbreak, from January to May 2009. The patient had a chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with chlorambucil, prostate cancer (hormone therapy and radiotherapy and images consistent with bone metastases. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed pleocytosis with a predominance of mononuclear cells and high protein concentration. Bacteria, fungi and mycobacteria cultures, as well as the PCR for herpes virus, HSV, CMV and EBV, were

Escalas para avaliação da sobrecarga de cuidadores de pacientes com Acidente Vascular Encefálico

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Ana Railka de Souza Oliveira

2012-10-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as escalas disponíveis na literatura para medir a sobrecarga de cuidadores de pacientes acometidos por acidente vascular encefálico. Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica nas três bases de dados: LILACS, CINAHL e SCOPUS. Selecionaram-se 23 trabalhos e identificaram-se 24 diferentes escalas. Destas, as mais citadas foram o Caregiver Strain Index, a Caregiver Burden Scale, a Caregiver Reaction Assessment, o Sense of Competence Questionnaire, a Relatives Stress Scale e a Zarit Burden Interview. O uso de escalas para mensurar a sobrecarga é uma ferramenta importante para avaliar o contexto no qual está inserido o cuidador, entretanto é mais fidedigno quando associado a outros instrumentos de mensuração. Portanto, é fundamental pesquisas de validação de escalas para essa população.

Uso de alteplase no tratamento do acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico agudo: o que sabem os enfermeiros?

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Samia Jardelle Costa de Freitas Maniva

2012-06-01

Full Text Available O estudo objetivou analisar o conhecimento de enfermeiros acerca do uso de alteplase no tratamento do acidente vascular encefálico (AVE isquêmico agudo. Estudo descritivo-exploratório realizado em uma unidade de AVE de um hospital público localizado na cidade de Fortaleza-CE, durante o mês de outubro de 2010. Participaram do estudo dez enfermeiros, com idade média de 25 anos. Os benefícios da medicação foram apresentados em justaposição com as limitações do uso. Estratégias para ampliar a utilização de alteplase foram apontadas pelos enfermeiros. O conhecimento da realidade investigada contribui na construção do saber de enfermagem e pode auxiliar o enfermeiro que presta assistência direta ao paciente que se submete a este tratamento.

Carga viral para citomegalovirus, en líquido de lavado bronquioalveolar, en población pediátrica

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B H Aristizabal-Bernal

2017-03-01

Full Text Available INTRODUCCIÓN: las infecciones pulmonares son comunes en los pacientes inmunocomprometidos. La carga viral de citomegalovirus se utiliza de rutina para determinar en qué momento se debe iniciar la terapia preventiva en hospederos inmunocomprometidos, diagnosticar enfermedad activa y supervisar la repuesta a una terapia implementada.   OBJETIVO: describir el valor de la carga viral de citomegalovirus en líquido de lavado bronquioalveolar vs. sangre periférica en población pediátrica con signos de infección respiratoria.   MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, observacional de 16 pacientes pediátricos y 19 episodios, a quienes se les realizó, de manera simultánea, la carga viral de citomegalovirus en sangre y lavado bronquioalveolar.   RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: todas las cargas virales de citomegalovirus realizadas en lavado bronquioalveolar fueron positivas y en general se obtuvieron valores más elevados que en sangre, lo que sugiere una mayor sensibilidad de la prueba cuando se realiza en este tipo de muestra, en pacientes con sospecha clínica de infección respiratoria por citomegalovirus, lo cual la convierte en una ayuda diagnóstica importante según lo muestran los resultados obtenidos.

Nucleocapsid-Independent Specific Viral RNA Packaging via Viral Envelope Protein and Viral RNA Signal

OpenAIRE

Narayanan, Krishna; Chen, Chun-Jen; Maeda, Junko; Makino, Shinji

2003-01-01

For any of the enveloped RNA viruses studied to date, recognition of a specific RNA packaging signal by the virus's nucleocapsid (N) protein is the first step described in the process of viral RNA packaging. In the murine coronavirus a selective interaction between the viral transmembrane envelope protein M and the viral ribonucleoprotein complex, composed of N protein and viral RNA containing a short cis-acting RNA element, the packaging signal, determines the selective RNA packaging into vi...

Emissões otoacústicas evocadas por estímulos transientes e potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico automático na triagem auditiva neonatal"

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Isabela de Souza Jardim

2006-01-01

Com o objetivo de verificar a necessidade de aplicação dos testes de Emissões Otoacústicas Evocadas por Estímulos Transientes (EOAT) e Potencial Evocado auditivo de Tronco Encefálico (PEATEA) combinados e comparar a ocorrência de resultados " Passa" entre os grupos de berçário comum e de UTI-Neonatal, foram avaliados 150 recém-nascidos de berçário comum e 70 recém-nascidos de UTI-Neonatal. Os testes de EOAT e PEATEA apresentaram ocorrência de resposta semelhante quando os grupos foram analisa...

Enfoque inmunopatogénico de las infecciones respiratorias agudas virales

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Enelis Reyes Reyes

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Las infecciones virales respiratorias constituyen uno de los principales problemas de salud de cualquier país; por lo tanto, es de vital importancia para los médicos, otros profesionales y estudiantes de la medicina, incorporar conocimientos actualizados de los factores inmunológicos involucrados en la patogénesis de estas enfermedades, que les garanticen lograr un diagnóstico preciso y un manejo clínico correcto de estos pacientes. La revisión realizada tuvo como objetivo profundizar en los conocimientos de los procesos inmunes activados por una infección viral, a partir de la literatura científica actualizada. Se emplearon los servicios disponibles desde la red Infomed y se consultaron 30 revisiones bibliográficas sobre el tema, el 76 % de los últimos cinco años. En las infecciones virales respiratorias se activan una serie de mecanismos innatos y específicos de defensas, en correspondencia con la principal función fisiológica del sistema inmune. Algunos virus desarrollan mecanismos de evasión, logrando burlar las defensas del cuerpo.

Prevalencia de trombocitopenia en niños con HIV/sida

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Graciela Barboni

2010-10-01

Full Text Available La trombocitopenia es una de las múltiples alteraciones hematológicas presentes en pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV. Puede ser de curso crónico, en la cual la destrucción inmune, el secuestro esplénico o el daño en la producción son los mecanismos primariamente involucrados, o aguda, acompañando a otra intercurrencia. En este trabajo se evaluó la prevalencia de trombocitopenia en un lapso de 14 años, en una población pediátrica con HIV/sida, analizando las características clínicas y la relación con el estado inmuno-virológico. La prevalencia de trombocitopenia fue de 8.5%, (29 de los 339 niños en seguimiento. En 22 fue de curso crónico y en 7 aguda. Los pacientes evaluados presentaron niveles porcentuales de TCD4+ variables y la presencia de trombocitopenia no estuvo en relación con el compromiso inmunitario. Los pacientes trombocitopénicos tuvieron niveles de carga viral significativamente mayores que los que no la presentaron. En 10 de los 29 niños con recuentos plaquetarios disminuidos, la trombocitopenia fue la manifestación inicial de la infección por HIV. Las manifestaciones hemorrágicas de las trombocitopenias crónicas fueron leves, presentes en el 23% de los niños y no se asociaron al deterioro inmunológico, mientras que en las agudas fueron más graves y condicionadas a la evolución de la enfermedad coexistente. El desarrollo de trombocitopenias se ve favorecido por la continua actividad viral y la falla en la implementación del tratamiento antirretroviral adecuado.

Peritonitis infecciosa felina, gastroenteritis y colangiohepatitis parasitaria (platinosomiasis) con colangiocarcinoma hepático: estudio clínico y anatomopatológico de tres casos

OpenAIRE

Vale Echeto, Oswaldo E.; Madrigal, Karina; Admadé, María; Vale Oviedo, Oswaldo R.; Moreno, Alejandro; Simoes, David

2009-01-01

La Peritonitis Infecciosa Felina (PIF) es una enfermedad viral sistémica producida por un coronavirus (ARN) que ocurre con frecuencia en los felinos domésticos. Este proceso patológico ha sido referido en el felino doméstico y relacionado concurrentemente con otras enfermedades virales tales como la panleucopenia felina, leucemia felina y enteritis por coronavirus. En el presente trabajo se reportan los hallazgos clínicos y anatomopatológicos de tres casos de PIF, asociados a gastroenteritis ...

Viral Hepatitis

Science.gov (United States)

... Home A-Z Health Topics Viral hepatitis Viral hepatitis > A-Z Health Topics Viral hepatitis (PDF, 90 ... liver. Source: National Cancer Institute Learn more about hepatitis Watch a video. Learn who is at risk ...

Prevalencia de leucemia viral felina, inmunodeficiencia viral felina y dirofilariosis felina en gatos refugiados en un albergue de animales en Maracaibo, Venezuela

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Avila P., Nancy; Parra, Omaira; Barrios Mantilla, Liliana T.; Bello Gil, María del R.; Zambrano Guerrero, María Lourdes; González, Alberto

2015-01-01

A 95 gatos mestizos de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre seis meses y un año, ubicados en un refugio de animales en el municipio Maracaibo, Venezuela, se les tomó muestra de sangre para realizar la detección del antígeno del virus de Leucemia Felina (vLF) y Dirofilaria inmitis (dirofilariosis felina) (DF), y anticuerpos contra el virus de Inmunodeficiencia viral felina (vIVF) a través de pruebas de SNAP® triple felino, además de realizar hemograma y detección de ...

Vivendo o acidente vascular encefálico agudo: significados da doença para pessoas hospitalizadas Viviendo el accidente cerebrovascular agudo: significado de la enfermedad para personas hospitalizadas Experiencing acute stroke: the meaning of the illness for hospitalized patients

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Samia Jardelle Costa de Freitas Maniva

2013-04-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se compreender o significado da experiência vivenciada pela pessoa adoecida por acidente vascular encefálico agudo. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, fundamentado nos pressupostos teóricos do interacionismo simbólico, realizado em uma unidade especializada no tratamento de acidente vascular encefálico de um hospital terciário, situado na cidade de Fortaleza, CE. Participaram do estudo 10 pacientes. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista aberta e os dados foram organizados e analisados segundo a técnica de enunciação. Cumpriram-se todos os aspectos éticos. O significado da experiência de adoecimento foi construído com base na percepção dos sentimentos surgidos durante a hospitalização, caracterizados por medo da morte e das sequelas da doença; tristeza pelo distanciamento do lar; alívio, ao evidenciar-se melhora do quadro clínico, e desejo de mudança dos hábitos de vida. Apreendeu-se que a experiência de adoecimento por acidente vascular encefálico é complexa, e nela os significados são elaborados com base em sentimentos, ações e comportamentos dos sujeitos.Se objetivó comprender el significado de la experiencia de la persona que padeció accidente cerebrovascular agudo. Estudio cualitativo, fundamentado en los presupuestos teóricos del interaccionismo simbólico, realizado en unidad especializada en tratamiento de accidente cerebrovascular de un hospital terciario en Fortaleza-CE. Participaron diez pacientes. Datos recolectados mediante entrevista abierta, organizados y analizados según técnica de enunciación. Se cumplió con todos los aspectos éticos. El significado de la experiencia del padecimiento fue construido en base a la percepción de los sentimientos surgidos durante la internación, caracterizados por el miedo a la muerte y a las secuelas de la enfermedad; tristeza por alejarse del hogar; alivio al evidenciarse mejoras del cuadro clínico; e intención de cambio de hábitos de vida

Exendin-4 na prevenção de danos teciduais decorrentes da morte encefálica e no controle bioenergético da célula β pancreática

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Rodrigo Maron Carlessi

2015-01-01

A reposição de ilhotas pancreáticas é uma forma eficaz de se restabelecer a homeostase glicêmica em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 com controle metabólico instável (“DM1 lábil”). Entretanto, ao longo do processo de isolamento, a partir do pâncreas do doador em morte encefálica (ME) e posterior enxerto no receptor, perdas importantes, tanto no número quanto na qualidade das ilhotas, limitam a eficácia do procedimento de transplante. Frequentemente, transplantes sequenciais de dois ou a...

Comprometimento de estruturas encefálicas não hipotalâmicas na moléstia de Hand-Schüller-Christian: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

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José Geraldo Camargo Lima

1975-06-01

Full Text Available É relatado um caso de moléstia de Hand-Schüller-Christian que, além de elementos da tríade clássica e retração concêntrica do campo visual, apresentava uma síndrome piramidal. A raridade do comprometimento de estruturas encefálicas não hipotalâmicas nessa moléstia é realçada. É enfatizada a ação benéfica da corticoterapia e radioterapia observada no caso.

Replicación del Herpesvirus equino y su asociación con la patogénesis molecular

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Julián Ruiz Sáenz

2006-07-01

Full Text Available El herpesvirus equino (EHV es uno de los patógenos virales de mayor importancia en la industria equina mundial, debido a las grandes pérdidas económicas que acarrea. La enfermedad comúnmente asociada con el EHV se denomina rinoneumonitis equina y se caracteriza por ser una infección primaria del tracto respiratorio superior, que progresa a través de la mucosa; puede causar aborto en los últimos meses de gestación, muerte perinatal de potros, mortinatos y mieloencefalitis. La infección productiva es seguida por un estado de latencia viral, etapa en la cual el animal no presenta ningún signo clínico de enfermedad y no hay replicación viral. Bajo una situación de estrés, el virus puede reactivarse y caballos infectados infectar a otros caballos sanos. En esta revisión se presenta de manera sintetizada, los principales hallazgos relacionados con la replicación viral y patogénesis molecular del EHV, relacionando además las proteínas implicadas en la regulación de la replicación del genoma, todas las glicoproteínas estructurales que han sido estudiadas hasta el momento y que son el eje central de investigación de distintos grupos en el mundo. Se discute además, la verdadera importancia de la dispersión directa célula-célula del virus, la formación de placas, el crecimiento in vitro y en algunos casos, la asociación con la patogénesis, bien sea en un modelo animal o en el hospedero natural.

Estudio de cultivos celulares primarios de Psorophora confinnis (Díptera: Culicidae)

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Felio J. Bello; Jaime A. Rodríguez; Alberto Morales; Víctor A. Olano

1999-01-01

Con el propósito de obtener una línea celular de Psorophora confinnis (Arribalzaga, 1891) para estudios de susceptibilidad a infecciones con arbovirus, se iniciaron los cultivos primarios de esta especie, vectora del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana, tipo epidemo-epizoótico. A partir de huevos embrionados, larvas de primer estadio recién eclosionadas y ovarios de hembras adultas, se realizaron explantes por separado de tejidos embrionarios en diversos medios de cultivos, suplementado...

Resultados de los primeros casos de craneoplastia con tela de titanio y colgajo galeal bipediculado postraumatismo craneano Resultados dos primeiros casos da cranioplastia com tela de titânio e retalho galeal bipediculado pós-trauma crânio-encefálico Results of first cases of craneoplasty with titanium mesh and galeal bipediculated flap after craneal trauma

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L. Dos Santos Fonseca

2010-03-01

Full Text Available La causa más frecuente de una solución de continuidad de los huesos de la calota craneana es un traumatismo craneoencefálico grave. La reparación de la misma es lo que conocemos como craneoplastia. El objetivo de nuestro artículo es presentar nuestros primeros resultados de craneoplastia con tela de titanio y colgajo galeal bipediculado. A través de un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, tipo serie de casos, relatamos los resultados de nuestra experiencia en craneoplastia con tela de titanio y colgajo sobre 10 pacientes operados entre Enero y Octubre de 2007, tras valoración con Tomografía Computerizada, de los cuales el 90% fueron de sexo masculino y con una edad media de 29,9 años. El tiempo medio de internamiento hospitalario fue de 10,3 días. Tuvimos un caso de complicación y una reintervención por desplazamiento de la tela de titanio a los 4 meses. Todos los pacientes quedaron satisfechos con los resultados. Como conclusión, la craneoplastia con tela de titanio asociada a colgajo galeal bipediculado es un procedimiento eficaz y viable dentro de la red pública hospitalaria.A falta de continuidade entre ossos da calota craniana é mais frequentemente causada por trauma crânio-encefálico grave. A reparação dessas deformidades é conhecida como cranioplastia. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados dos primeiros casos da cranioplastia com tela de titânio e retalho galeal bipediculado. Por meio de estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, tipo série de casos, relatam-se os resultados de cranioplastia com tela de titânio e retalho a que 10 pacientes foram submetidos, entre Janeiro a Outubro de 2007, após avaliação por tomografia computadorizada, sendo 90% do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 29,9 anos. O tempo médio de internamento foi de 10,3 dias. Houve uma complicação e uma reoperação por deslocamento da tela após quatro meses. Todos os pacientes ficaram satisfeitos com os resultados. Conclusão: A cranioplastia com tela de

Hyperammonemic encephalopathy after urinary diversion. Diet therapy. Encefalopatía hiperamoniémica tras cistectomía radical y derivación urinaria. Tratamiento nutricional

OpenAIRE

Moriana, Miriam; Martinez-Ibañez, Juncal; Civera, Miguel; Martínez-Valls, José Francisco; Ascaso Gimilio, Juan Francisco

2016-01-01

La diabetes tipo 1 se asocia a otras enfermedades autoinmunes,con más frecuencia a tiroiditis linfocitaria o a celiaquía. En la última década se ha descrito algunos casos de encefalitis límbica asociados a diabetes tipo 1, tiroiditis u otros procesos autoinmunes, incluso en edad pediátrica.

Contaminación de los alimentos por virus: un problema de salud pública poco comprendido Viral contamination of food products: a poorly understood public health problem

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Carlos K. B. Ferrari

1998-06-01

Full Text Available En todas partes del mundo han surgido epidemias de enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos (ETA sobre las que no existe suficiente información para guiar las acciones de las instituciones de salud pública. El presente estudio se hizo con objeto de contribuir a la diseminación de información sobre esas enfermedades, sus agentes etiológicos y su epidemiología y control. Se utilizaron datos de 61 estudios, entre ellos revisiones, descripciones de brotes y sistematización de datos. De los resultados obtenidos se pudo concluir que hay un gran problema de subregistro y falta de datos sobre estas enfermedades en los diversos países, pero los virus constituyen la segunda causa más importante de ETA en los Estados Unidos de América. Dos agentes, el virus Norwalk y el de la hepatitis A, ocuparon el quinto y sexto lugares, respectivamente, entre las causas principales de ETA, aunque el primero ocupó el primer puesto en 1982 y el segundo lugar como causa principal de enfermedades de transmisión hídrica durante el período de 1986 a 1988. A pesar de la escasez de datos al respecto, los rotavirus, poliovirus, virus de la hepatitis E, astrovirus y pequeños virus gastroentéricos también tienen importancia como agentes de ETA. En el artículo se discute también la importancia de las zoonosis víricas, especialmente de las fiebres hemorrágicas transmitidas por excretas de roedores y las encefalitis víricas transmitidas por garrapatas (fiebre difásica de la leche. Asimismo se presenta la polémica sobre la enfermedad de las vacas locas y su posible transmisión por los alimentos, además de los cuidados alimentarios relacionados con el sida y otras infecciones víricas. Por último, se describen los procedimientos de prevención y control de las ETA víricas.Throughout the world there have been several epidemics of food-borne diseases (FBD about which there is lack of sufficient information for public health institutions to take appropriate

Maintenance of T1 response as induced during PEG-IFNalpha plus ribavirin therapy controls viral replication in genotype-1 patients with chronic hepatitis C La respuesta inmune T1 inducida durante el tratamiento con PEG-IFNα mαs ribavirina controla la replicaciσn viral en pacientes con hepatitis crónica C

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M. Trapero

2005-07-01

(1-1,2 g/día durante 48 semanas. Los 28 pacientes (edad media 45 ± 8 años finalizaron el tratamiento y seguimiento: 12 (43% presentaron respuesta viral sostenida (RVS, 13 recidivaron (47% y sólo 3 fueron no respondedores (10%. Se estudiaron 16 controles sanos (edad media de 39 ± 17 años. Se analizó mediante citometría de flujo la producción intracitoplásmica de IL-4, IFNγ y TNFα por los linfocitos T CD8+ en reposo y tras ser estimulados con un ιster de forbol. Anαlisis estadístico: t de Student, test de χ² y ANOVA; se agrupan los pacientes recidivantes y no respondedores para obtener mayor potencia estadística. Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los niveles de citocinas de controles sanos y pacientes con HCC. Al tercer mes de tratamiento, los niveles de IL-4 inducidos tendían a ser menores en los pacientes que obtuvieron una RVS que en el resto de pacientes (0,97 vs. 2,58; p = 0,1; tampoco se encontró significación estadística en relación a los niveles de IIFNγ y de TTNFα. Al final del tratamiento, la producciσn de IIFNγ estimulado fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes que obtuvieron una RVS (20 vs. 8; p < 0,05. Por el contrario, la producción de IL-4 fue mayor en los pacientes no respondedores, aunque estos datos no alcanzaron significación estadística (p < 0,1. No se encontraron diferencias en relación con los niveles de TTNFα (14 vs. 7; p < 0,2. Conclusiones: el mantenimiento de la respuesta inmune tipo T1 durante el tratamiento combinado, medida en función de la síntesis de IIFNγ por los linfocitos T CD8, se asocia con RVS y sugiere el control de la replicaciσn y el aclaramiento posterior de los pacientes infectados con el genotipo 1 del VHC.

CARACTERIZACIÓN CLÍNICA Y PATÓLOGICA DE LA ENCEFALITIS EQUINA VENEZOLANA SUBTIPO IE EN UNA REGIÓN ENDÉMICA EN EL SUR DEL ESTADO DE VERACRUZ EN MODELOS EQUINOS

OpenAIRE

FABELA BECERRIL, VERÓNICA ALEJANDRINA

2016-01-01

La Encefalitis Equina Venezolana (EEV) es una enfermedad que se presenta principalmente en equinos y humanos y se caracteriza por un cuadro febril que en ocasiones va seguido de uno neurológico y la muerte. El agente etiológico es un virus clasificado dentro de la familia Togaviridae, género alfavirus (1) , el cual fue reconocido por primera vez en Venezuela por Beck y Wickoff en 1938 y por Kubes y Ríos en 1939 (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) La enfermedad se consideró propia del norte de Sudamérica...

Pharyngitis - viral

Science.gov (United States)

... throat is due to a viral infection. The antibiotics will not help. Using them to treat viral infections helps bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. With some sore throats (such as those caused ...

Fatores de risco para dependência após trauma crânio-encefálico Factores de riesgo para la dependencia despues del trauma crâneo-encefálico Risk factors for dependency after traumatic brain injury

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Regina Márcia Cardoso de Sousa

2005-12-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: identificar entre as características das vítimas de trauma crânio-encefálico contuso (idade, sexo, escolaridade, antecedentes, tempo de internação, complicações pós-traumáticas e indicadores da gravidade do trauma e lesão craniana fatores de risco para prognóstico desfavorável. MÉTODOS: análise de 63 vítimas, com idade entre 12 e 65 anos, em seguimento ambulatorial em centro para atendimento de trauma, entre 6 meses e 3 anos após evento traumático. Utilizando-se a regressão logística múltipla foi construído um modelo para condição funcional. RESULTADOS: indivíduos que alcançaram pontuação 5 no máximo Abbreviated Injury Scale da região cabeça tiveram 4,89 vezes mais chance de dependência quando comparados com os que apresentaram escore menor. Vítimas internadas durante 12 dias ou mais mostraram 5,76 vezes mais chance para se tornarem dependentes em relação às demais. CONCLUSÃO: os fatores de risco para dependência foram o máximo Abbreviated Injury Scale da região cabeça e o tempo de internação.OBJETIVO: identificar entre las características de las víctimas con trauma encéfalo craneano (edad, sexo, escolaridad, antecedentes, tiempo de internamiento, complicaciones post traumáticas e indicadores de gravedad del trauma y lesión craneana factores de riesgo para pronóstico desfavorable. METODOS: análisis de 63 víctimas, con edades entre 12 y 65 años, con seguimiento ambulatorio en un centro de atención de trauma, entre 6 meses a 3 años posteriores al evento traumático. Se utilizó la regresión logística múltiple y fue construido un modelo para condición funcional. RESULTADOS: los individuos que alcanzaron puntuación de 5 como máximo en la Abbreviated Injury Scale de la región de la cabeza tuvieron 4,89 veces más oportunidad de dependencia que los que presentaron menor escore. Las víctimas internadas durante 12 días o más mostraron 5,76 veces más oportunidad de tornarse

Non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: Challenges and opportunities.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Ling; Hu, Shuo; Chen, Xiaoyuan

2018-07-01

In recent years, CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) genome editing systems have become one of the most robust platforms in basic biomedical research and therapeutic applications. To date, efficient in vivo delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to the targeted cells remains a challenge. Although viral vectors have been widely used in the delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in vitro and in vivo, their fundamental shortcomings, such as the risk of carcinogenesis, limited insertion size, immune responses and difficulty in large-scale production, severely limit their further applications. Alternative non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9 are urgently needed. With the rapid development of non-viral vectors, lipid- or polymer-based nanocarriers have shown great potential for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. In this review, we analyze the pros and cons of delivering CRISPR/Cas9 systems in the form of plasmid, mRNA, or protein and then discuss the limitations and challenges of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. Furthermore, current non-viral vectors that have been applied for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery in vitro and in vivo are outlined in details. Finally, critical obstacles for non-viral delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system are highlighted and promising strategies to overcome these barriers are proposed. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Os efeitos das alterações comportamentais das vítimas de trauma crânio-encefálico para o cuidador familiar Los efectos de las alteraciones comportamentales de las victimas de trauma cráneo encefálico para el cuidador familiar Effect of the behavioral alterations of victims of traumatic brain injury for the family caregiver

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Edilene Curvelo Hora

2005-02-01

Full Text Available O estudo teve como objetivos identificar alterações na intensidade que os comportamentos negativos das vítimas de Trauma Craniencefálico (TCE afetavam o cuidador familiar principal, comparando o período anterior ao posterior ao trauma e verificar a relação entre intensidade dessas alterações e tempo decorrido após o evento traumático. Incluiu 50 cuidadores de vítimas com diferentes níveis de dependência após TCE. Os efeitos dos comportamentos da vítima para o cuidador foram mensurados por meio da escala Likert, tendo em vista onze comportamentos negativos citados em literatura. Na visão do cuidador, a vítima ficou mais agressiva, ansiosa, dependente, deprimida, irritada, esquecida, com temperamento mais explosivo, após o trauma, além de mais egocêntrica, impulsiva, com maior inadequação social e oscilação de humor. Os seis primeiros comportamentos citados eram os que afetaram mais negativamente o cuidador. Não houve relação entre o tempo decorrido e os efeitos das alterações comportamentais.El estudio tiene como objetivos identificar las alteraciones en la intensidad con que los comportamientos negativos de las victimas de Trauma Cráneo-Encefálico (TCE inciden sobre el cuidador familiar principal, comparando los periodos anterior y posterior al trauma, y verificar la relación entre la intensidad de esas alteraciones y el tiempo transcurrido después del evento traumático. Los participantes son 50 casos de cuidadores de victimas con diferentes niveles de dependencia tras TCE. Los efectos de los comportamientos de la victima para con el cuidador fueron medidos por medio de una escala Likert, teniéndose en cuenta once comportamientos negativos mencionados en la literatura. En la visión del cuidador, la victima después del trauma está más agresiva, ansiosa, dependiente, deprimida, irritada, olvidadiza, con temperamento más explosivo, además de más egocentrista, impulsiva, con mayor inadecuación social y

Stem cell gene therapy for HIV: strategies to inhibit viral entry and replication.

Science.gov (United States)

DiGiusto, David L

2015-03-01

Since the demonstration of a cure of an HIV+ patient with an allogeneic stem cell transplant using naturally HIV-resistant cells, significant interest in creating similar autologous products has fueled the development of a variety of "cell engineering" approaches to stem cell therapy for HIV. Among the more well-studied strategies is the inhibition of viral entry through disruption of expression of viral co-receptors or through competitive inhibitors of viral fusion with the cell membrane. Preclinical evaluation of these approaches often starts in vitro but ultimately is tested in animal models prior to clinical implementation. In this review, we trace the development of several key approaches (meganucleases, short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and fusion inhibitors) to modification of hematopoietic stem cells designed to impart resistance to HIV to their T-cell and monocytic progeny. The basic evolution of technologies through in vitro and in vivo testing is discussed as well as the pros and cons of each approach and how the addition of postentry inhibitors may enhance the overall antiviral efficacy of these approaches.

Viral Meningitis

Science.gov (United States)

... better from treatment such as an antiviral medicine. Antibiotics do not help viral infections, so they are not useful in the treatment of viral meningitis. However, antibiotics do fight bacteria, so they are very important ...

La infección con el virus del dengue induce apoptosis en células del neuroblastoma humano SH-SY5Y

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Jaime E. Castellanos

2016-08-01

Conclusión. Estos resultados sugieren, en su conjunto, que la regulación positiva del TNF-α podría hacer parte del proceso que induce daño y muerte celular durante el desarrollo de la encefalitis por dengue.

Business application of viral marketing and Electronic Word-of-mouth. Firm opinions.

OpenAIRE

Virginia Aguilar Arcos; Sonia San Martín Gutiérrez; René Payo Hernanz

2013-01-01

[ES] La práctica tradicional del boca-oreja, natural desde hace años como modo de publicidad efectiva sin recurrir a grandes inversiones ni contrataciones en medios masivos se ha convertido en una nueva posibilidad de marketing con la llegada de las nuevas tecnologías e Internet. Así ha aparecido una nueva estrategia de marketing que consiste en explotar las redes sociales preexistentes para producir incrementos exponenciales en conocimiento de marca, denominada marketing viral. El efecto "bo...

Concepto Bobath en traumatismo cráneo-encefálico

OpenAIRE

Ibargoien Azcárate, Irati

2014-01-01

Paciente de 59 años que padece un TCE con hemiparesia izquierda de 7 años de evolución consecuencia de un accidente de moto que provocó un hematoma intraparenquimatoso parietal derecho y hemorragia subaracnoidea. Para su tratamiento se ha utilizado el concepto Bobath. Durante el periodo de intervención, recibe dos sesiones por semana de 45 minutos en ADACEN y tres sesiones a la semana de 2h de duración cada una con un fisioterapeuta privado, desde que le dieron el alta en Ubarmin hasta hoy...

Efeito da postura no controle da força de preensão do membro superior não parético ao acidente vascular encefálico

OpenAIRE

Silva, Fábio Santi Rosendo da

2011-01-01

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência da condição postural sentado e em pé na adaptação do controle da força de preensão manual do membro superior não parético durante a atividade de pegar e levantar um objeto, em indivíduos com hemiparesia após acidente vascular encefálico (AVE). Foram avaliados 15 indivíduos com hemiparesia (GE) e 15 indivíduos saudáveis (GC) com idade de 57,3 ±10,17 e 55,5±11,27 anos respectivamente. Para caracterização do GE foram realizados os testes de ...

Atuação da enfermagem no autocuidado e reabilitação de pacientes que sofreram Acidente Vascular Encefálico

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Juliana Cristina Lessmann

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Quando o cérebro sofre alterações vasculares podem ocorrer sérias sequelas motoras, sensoriais e na percepção. Nesta perspectiva o estudo objetiva relatar/ compartilhar assistência de Enfermagem ao indivíduo acometido pelo Acidente Vascular Encefálico enfatizando a reabilitação e o autocuidado baseado em Orem. Trata-se de relato de experiência de prática assistencial, realizada de maio a julho de 2006, com 15 indivíduos e seus familiares, em um centro de reabilitação da região sul do Brasil. O cuidado de Enfermagem integral ocorre com atividades de estimulação sensitiva, motora, controle postural, amplitude de movimentos e treino de marcha, sempre acompanhados por ações de educação em saúde. Estas habilidades conferem aos enfermeiros capacidades de atuação proporcionando a redução de danos e incapacidades

Virale commercials: de consument als marketeer. Onderzoek naar de redenen waarom consumenten virale commercials doorsturen: hun motieven, de inhoudskenmerken van viral commercials en de mediumcontext waarin virale commercials verschijnen

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Ketelaar, P.E.; Lucassen, P.; Kregting, G.H.J.

2010-01-01

Research into the reasons why consumers pass along viral commercials: their motives, the content characteristics of viral commercials and the medium context in which viral commercials appear. Based on the uses and gratifications perspective this study has determined which motives of consumers,

BIOÉTICA, TRASPLANTE DE ÓRGANOS Y DERECHO PENAL EN COLOMBIA

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Yolanda M. Guerra García

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo presenta los lineamientos del Derecho Penal que trascienden los conceptos de trasplantes de órganos y las implicaciones Bioéticas de los mismos. Del mismo modo se establecen algunos de los principales criterios relacionados con el debate bioético en torno al problema de la Donación y Trasplante de Órganos, problemas relacionados con temas como la Muerte Encefálica, el consentimiento informado, Justicia y Distribución, los Xenotrasplantes y la Clonación Embrionaria entre otros.

Problematica del mal de las vacas locas y consecuencias

OpenAIRE

Fernandez Boj, Olga

2003-01-01

El presente trabajo se basa en el estudio sobre una enfermedad que causa una especie de locura en los bovinos denominada encefalitis espongiforme bovina, (EEB) y que también puede afectar al hombre con el nombre de Creutzfeldt-Jakob. La EEB (enfermedad espongiforme bovina) esta vinculada con el scrapie una enfermedad también prionica que se conoce desde hace 250 años y que afecta a las ovejas. Todo comenzó 1883 cuando una vaca tenia los mismos signos clínicos que las ovejas, per...

Viral Disease Networks?

Science.gov (United States)

Gulbahce, Natali; Yan, Han; Vidal, Marc; Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo

2010-03-01

Viral infections induce multiple perturbations that spread along the links of the biological networks of the host cells. Understanding the impact of these cascading perturbations requires an exhaustive knowledge of the cellular machinery as well as a systems biology approach that reveals how individual components of the cellular system function together. Here we describe an integrative method that provides a new approach to studying virus-human interactions and its correlations with diseases. Our method involves the combined utilization of protein - protein interactions, protein -- DNA interactions, metabolomics and gene - disease associations to build a ``viraldiseasome''. By solely using high-throughput data, we map well-known viral associated diseases and predict new candidate viral diseases. We use microarray data of virus-infected tissues and patient medical history data to further test the implications of the viral diseasome. We apply this method to Epstein-Barr virus and Human Papillomavirus and shed light into molecular development of viral diseases and disease pathways.

Mobil Viral Pazarlama

OpenAIRE

Barutçu, Süleyman

2011-01-01

OBJECTIVE: Mobile Viral Marketing, with using mobile phones, is one of the most importantinnovations after Word of Mouth Marketing performed by face to face amongpeople and Viral Marketing performed in the İnternet. The main objective of thisstudy is to call marketing communicators’ and academicians’ attentions whowant to increase the recognition of companies’ products, services and brands tobecome a current issue in the marketplace using Mobile Viral Marketingapplications by reason of techno...

Tratamiento con dosis moderada de hidroxiurea en la drepanocitosis Treatment with moderate doses of hydroxyurea in drepanocytosis

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Sergio Machín García

2008-08-01

Full Text Available En el período comprendido entre junio del 2003 y junio del 2005 se trataron con hidroxiurea 45 pacientes con anemia drepanocítica; 16 niños y 29 adultos, al menos con una de las manifestaciones siguientes: más de 3 crisis vasooclusivas (CVO dolorosas al año en los 3 años previos al estudio, uno o más episodios de síndrome torácico agudo (STA al año en los 2 años previos al estudio, o accidente vascular encefálico (AVE en el año anterior. La hidroxiurea se administró en dosis de 15mg/kg/día. El número de CVO dolorosas, STA, AVE, ingresos y transfusiones disminuyó significativamente (pFrom June 2003 to June 2005, 45 patients with drepanocytic anemia, 16 children and 29 adults, with at least one of the following manifestations were treated with hydroxyurea: more than 3 painful vasoocclusive crises (VOC at a year and 3 years before the study, one or more episodes of acute thoracic syndrome (ATS at a year and 2 years previous to the study, or vascular encephalic accident (VEA in the previous year. Hydroxyurea was administered at doses of 15mg/kg/day. The number of painful VOC, ATS, VEA, admissions and transfusions decreased significantly (p<0.001. There was not either reduction of the hematological parameters or increase of creatinin or alanine aminotransferase. An important rise of fetal hemoglobin values (p<0.008 was reported. There were no toxic manifestations and the fulfilment was good. It was proved in this paper that it is not necessary to take the maximum tolerated dose of hydroxyurea to improve the clinical picture in drepanocytic anemia. Two of its advantages are its lower toxicity and the less expensive treatment. This would make possible that a greater amount of children in those countries with scarce resources may benefit from the treatment.

Understanding Image Virality

Science.gov (United States)

2015-06-07

Example non-viral images. Figure 1: Top: Images with high viral scores in our dataset depict internet “celebrity” memes ex. “Grumpy Cat”; Bottom: Images...of images that is most similar to ours is the concurrently introduced viral meme generator of Wang et al., that combines NLP and Computer Vision (low...doing any of our tasks. The test included questions about widely spread Reddit memes and jargon so that anyone familiar with Reddit can easily get a high

Prototype of a computerized scale for the active search for potential organ donors.

Science.gov (United States)

Ludwig, Érika Fernanda Dos Santos Bezerra; Pereira, Marta Cristiane Alves; Martinez, Yolanda Dora Évora; Mendes, Karina Dal Sasso; Rossaneis, Mariana Angela

2017-09-12

, foi informatizada por modelo de prototipação. foram identificadas 34 subnotificações de morte encefálica nos prontuários dos casos de parada cardiorrespiratória. O teste de Wilcoxon demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os escores de admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva e abertura do protocolo de morte encefálica, para ambos os índices de gravidade. o protótipo foi efetivo para identificação de potenciais doadores, bem como o grau de disfunção orgânica de pacientes em morte encefálica. desarrollar un prototipo de escala informatizada para la búsqueda activa de potenciales donantes de órganos y tejidos. investigación metodológica, con el análisis de 377 registros médicos electrónicos de pacientes, que fallecieron por muerte encefálica o paro cardiorrespiratorio, en las unidades de cuidados intensivos de un hospital terciario. Entre las muertes por paro cardiorrespiratorio, se buscó identificar los factores que indicasen subnotificación de muerte encefálica. Las puntuaciones de los índices de gravedad Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II y Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment se aplicaron en los protocolos. A partir de eso, la escala fue construida y enviada a cinco expertos para la evaluación del contenido, y posteriormente, fue informatizada mediante un modelo de prototipación. se identificaron 34 casos de subnotificación de muerte encefálica en los registros médicos de los casos de paro cardiorrespiratorio. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la prueba de Wilcoxon, entre las puntuaciones de los ingresos hospitalarios en unidad de cuidados intensivos y apertura del protocolo de muerte encefálica para ambos índices de gravedad. el prototipo fue eficaz para la identificación de potenciales donantes, así como para la identificación del grado de disfunción orgánica en pacientes con muerte encefálica.

Caracterización de los pacientes con cirrosis hepática atendidos en Las Tunas

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alina Torreblanca Xiques

2014-11-01

Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, con el objetivo de caracterizar los pacientes con cirrosis hepática (CH, atendidos en el servicio de gastroenterología del Hospital General Docente “Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna”, Las Tunas, Cuba, en el período comprendido entre febrero de 2012 y febrero de 2014. Se estudiaron 55 pacientes con cirrosis hepática diagnosticada por laparoscopia. Predominaron los pacientes del grupo de edad entre 50 y 59 años, siendo el sexo masculino el más afectado. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas que se apreciaron en estos pacientes fueron la ascitis y los edemas en miembros inferiores, así como las complicaciones más frecuentemente encontradas, la ascitis y la hemorragia digestiva alta. El alcoholismo y la etiología viral por virus C se presentaron con mayor frecuencia, predominando el primero. En el mayor por ciento de los pacientes debutó la enfermedad con al menos una complicación

Prevalencia de Neospora caninum y DVB en una finca con problemas reproductivos en Sopó (Cundinamarca

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John Fredy García-Chaparro

2015-04-01

Full Text Available La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de Neospora caninum y del virus de la diarrea viral bovina (DVB en bovinos de una finca con problemas reproductivos, en el municipio de Sopó (Cundinamarca, y su relación con la presentación de abortos. Se tomaron muestras de suero sanguíneo de 397 animales de alta producción lechera y con antecedentes reproductivos, seleccionados al azar.Se utilizó la inmunofluoresencia indirecta para la N. caninum, y seroneutralización para DVB, y los procedimientos se realizaron en el Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la Universidad de Parma (Italia. Se encontró una prevalencia de 10.37% para DVB con respecto a 21.26% para N. caninum, y estadísticamente no hubo relación directa con respecto a los problemas reproductivos. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se reportó mayor presencia significativa de N. caninum con relación a la de DVB en el hato lechero objeto de estudio.

Intervenções de enfermagem aos pacientes com acidente vascular encefálico: uma revisão integrativa de literatura

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tahissa Frota Cavalcante

2011-12-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o conhecimento sobre as intervenções de enfermagem aos pacientes hospitalizados por acidente vascular encefálico. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura a partir de acesso on-line a cinco bases de dados, no mês de setembro de 2009. Utilizou-se os descritores Cuidados de Enfermagem e Acidente Cerebral Vascular nas línguas portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola. Foram encontrados 223 artigos e selecionados 12. Identificou-se nos artigos um maior número de intervenções de enfermagem assistenciais, seguidas das educacionais, gerenciais e de pesquisa. As do domínio assistencial estão mais relacionadas aos aspectos biológicos dos pacientes. Em relação às educativas, os artigos apontam o papel fundamental do enfermeiro, bem como dos familiares e dos cuidadores. A principal intervenção gerencial foi a coordenação dos cuidados. Quanto às intervenções de pesquisa foi identificada apenas uma descrita como o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento da prática de cuidados por meio de evidências clínicas.

Bile acids for viral hepatitis

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Chen, Weikeng; Liu, J; Gluud, C

2003-01-01

The viral hepatitides are common causes of liver diseases globally. Trials have assessed bile acids for patients with viral hepatitis, but no consensus was reached regarding their usefulness.......The viral hepatitides are common causes of liver diseases globally. Trials have assessed bile acids for patients with viral hepatitis, but no consensus was reached regarding their usefulness....

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia

Science.gov (United States)

Batts, William N.; Winton, James R.

2012-01-01

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is one of the most important viral diseases of finfish worldwide. In the past, VHS was thought to affect mainly rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared at freshwater facilities in Western Europe where it was known by various names including Egtved disease and infectious kidney swelling and liver degeneration (Wolf 1988). Today, VHS is known as an important source of mortality for cultured and wild fish in freshwater and marine environments in several regions of the northern hemisphere (Dixon 1999; Gagné et al. 2007; Kim and Faisal 2011; Lumsden et al. 2007; Marty et al. 1998, 2003; Meyers and Winton 1995; Skall et al. 2005b; Smail 1999; Takano et al. 2001). Viral hemorrhagic septicemia is caused by the fish rhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a member of the genus Novirhabdovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae

ViralORFeome: an integrated database to generate a versatile collection of viral ORFs.

Science.gov (United States)

Pellet, J; Tafforeau, L; Lucas-Hourani, M; Navratil, V; Meyniel, L; Achaz, G; Guironnet-Paquet, A; Aublin-Gex, A; Caignard, G; Cassonnet, P; Chaboud, A; Chantier, T; Deloire, A; Demeret, C; Le Breton, M; Neveu, G; Jacotot, L; Vaglio, P; Delmotte, S; Gautier, C; Combet, C; Deleage, G; Favre, M; Tangy, F; Jacob, Y; Andre, P; Lotteau, V; Rabourdin-Combe, C; Vidalain, P O

2010-01-01

Large collections of protein-encoding open reading frames (ORFs) established in a versatile recombination-based cloning system have been instrumental to study protein functions in high-throughput assays. Such 'ORFeome' resources have been developed for several organisms but in virology, plasmid collections covering a significant fraction of the virosphere are still needed. In this perspective, we present ViralORFeome 1.0 (http://www.viralorfeome.com), an open-access database and management system that provides an integrated set of bioinformatic tools to clone viral ORFs in the Gateway(R) system. ViralORFeome provides a convenient interface to navigate through virus genome sequences, to design ORF-specific cloning primers, to validate the sequence of generated constructs and to browse established collections of virus ORFs. Most importantly, ViralORFeome has been designed to manage all possible variants or mutants of a given ORF so that the cloning procedure can be applied to any emerging virus strain. A subset of plasmid constructs generated with ViralORFeome platform has been tested with success for heterologous protein expression in different expression systems at proteome scale. ViralORFeome should provide our community with a framework to establish a large collection of virus ORF clones, an instrumental resource to determine functions, activities and binding partners of viral proteins.

UGGT1 enhances enterovirus 71 pathogenicity by promoting viral RNA synthesis and viral replication.

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Peng-Nien Huang

2017-05-01

Full Text Available Positive-strand RNA virus infections can induce the stress-related unfolded protein response (UPR in host cells. This study found that enterovirus A71 (EVA71 utilizes host UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1, a key endoplasmic reticulum protein (ER involved in UPR, to enhance viral replication and virulence. EVA71 forms replication complexes (RCs on cellular membranes that contain a mix of host and viral proteins to facilitate viral replication, but the components and processes involved in the assembly and function of RCs are not fully understood. Using EVA71 as a model, this study found that host UGGT1 and viral 3D polymerase co-precipitate along with other factors on membranous replication complexes to enhance viral replication. Increased UGGT1 levels elevated viral growth rates, while viral pathogenicity was observed to be lower in heterozygous knockout mice (Uggt1 +/- mice. These findings provide important insight on the role of UPR and host UGGT1 in regulating RNA virus replication and pathogenicity.

Manifestaciones digestivas en pacientes con fibrosis quística

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Eloísa Martí Castelló

1996-08-01

Full Text Available La mayoría de los pacientes con fibrosis quística presentan una insuficiencia exocrina de la función pancreática que entraña trastornos digestivos complejos. Se estudian 8 pacientes entre 1 y 12 años con el diagnóstico de fibrosis quística. Se les realizó enzimas pancreáticas en suero, electroforesis de proteínas y marcadores virales de la hepatitis B y C. También se les efectuó ultrasonido abdominal, gammagrafía esofágica, hepática y biliar. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron la esteatorrea, cólicos abdominales y hepatomegalia. Se encontró la lipasa aumentada en suero en 2 pacientes con suficiencia pancreática y las transaminasas normales en todos ellos. Las manifestaciones hepáticas estuvieron presentes en 3 pacientes y el reflujo gastroesofágico y el prolapso rectal en 2, respectivamente. Se observó que el control terapéutico de estas manifestaciones reportan un buen estado nutricional y mejor calidad de vida.Most of the patients suffering from cystic fibrosis present an exocrine insufficiency of the pancreatic function leading to complex digestive disorders. 8 patients between 1 and 12 years old with the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis are studied. Pancreatic enzymes in serum, protein electrophoresis, and viral markers of hepatitis B and C were carried out. Abdominal ultrasound, esophageal, hepatic and biliary gammagraphy were also performed. The most frequent clinical manifestations were steatorrhea, abdominal colics and hepatomegalia. Augmented lipase in serum was found in two patients with pancreatic sufficiency, whereas transaminases were normal in all of them. 3 patients showed clinical manifestations and 2 had gastroesophageal reflux and rectal prolapse, respectively. It was observed that with the therapeutic control of these manifestations a good nutrional status and a better quality of life are reported.

Impacto da intubação orotraqueal na deglutição do indivíduo pós-acidente vascular encefálico após cirurgia cardíaca

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Tatiana Magalhães de Almeida

2015-04-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO:associar o grau de disfagia orofaríngea e o tempo de intubação orotraqueal no indivíduo pós-acidente vascular encefálico após cirurgia cardíaca.MÉTODOS:estudo clínico transversal descritivo, retrospectivo, realizado por meio da coleta de dados de protocolos e registros de prontuário, durante seis meses, em Hospital Público de Referência em Cardiologia. Foram analisados 25 protocolos e prontuários de indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca, que evoluíram com acidente vascular encefálico e foram assistidos pela equipe de Fonoaudiologia. Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos. O Grupo I (GI constou de 10 indivíduos com intubação orotraqueal menor que 24 horas e o Grupo II (GII de 15 indivíduos com intubação orotraqueal maior que 24 horas. Realizada avaliação clínica da deglutição e analisada a associação entre a classificação clínica do grau de comprometimento para disfagia e o tempo de intubação orotraqueal.RESULTADOS:verificou-se que no GI 40% apresentaram disfagia leve, 30% moderada e 20% grave. No GII 13,3% apresentaram disfagia leve, 33,3% moderada e 53,33% grave. Verificou-se associação linear significante entre o grau de disfagia e o tempo de IOT (p= 0,031, indicando que o número de indivíduos com disfagia moderada e grave foi maior no grupo com mais tempo de intubaçao.CONCLUSÕES:constatou-se que o tempo de intubação orotraqueal maior que 24 horas aumentou o grau da disfagia orofaríngea nesta população.

Viral Marketing

OpenAIRE

Sorina Raula Gîrboveanu; Silvia Puiu

2008-01-01

With consumers showing increasing resistance to traditional forms of advertising such as TV or newspaper ads, marketers have turned to alternate strategies, including viral marketing. Viral marketing exploits existing social networks by encouraging customers to share product information with their friends.In our study we are able to directly observe the effectiveness of person to person word of mouth advertising for hundreds of thousands of products for the first time

Identification of viral genes associated with the interferon-inducing phenotype of a synthetic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain.

Science.gov (United States)

Sun, Haiyan; Pattnaik, Asit K; Osorio, Fernando A; Vu, Hiep L X

2016-12-01

We recently generated a fully synthetic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain (designated as PRRSV-CON), which confers unprecedented levels of heterologous protection. We report herein that the synthetic PRRSV-CON possesses a unique phenotype in that it induces type-I interferons (IFNs) instead of suppressing these cytokines as most of the naturally occurring PRRSV isolates do. Through gain- and loss- of-function studies, the IFN-inducing phenotype of PRRSV-CON was mapped to the 3.3kb genomic fragment encoding three viral nonstructural proteins: nsp1α, nsp1β and the N-terminal part of nsp2. Further studies indicated that a cooperation among these 3 proteins was required for effective induction of IFNs. Collectively, this study constitutes the first step toward understanding the mechanisms by which the synthetic PRRSV-CON confers heterologous protection. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Value of Sharing: Viral Advertisement

OpenAIRE

Duygu Aydın; Aşina Gülerarslan; Süleyman Karaçor; Tarık Doğan

2013-01-01

Sharing motivations of viral advertisements by consumers and the impacts of these advertisements on the perceptions for brand will be questioned in this study. Three fundamental questions are answered in the study. These are advertisement watching and sharing motivations of individuals, criteria of liking viral advertisement and the impact of individual attitudes for viral advertisement on brand perception respectively. This study will be carried out via a viral advertise...

Viral Marketing and Academic Institution

OpenAIRE

Koktová, Silvie

2010-01-01

This bachelor thesis examines modern and constantly developing kind of internet marketing -- the so called viral marketing. It deals with its origin, principle, process, advantages and disadvantages, types of viral marketing and presumptions of creating successful viral campaign. The aim of the theoretical part is especially the understanding of viral marketing as one of the effective instruments of contemporary marketing. In this theoretical part the thesis also elaborates a marketing school...

Detección del virus de papiloma humano en muestras de pacientes con ectropión cervical

OpenAIRE

De Guglielmo, Zoraya; Ávila, Maira; Mora, Adriana; Meléndez, Marianna; Correnti, María

2013-01-01

Objetivo: Detección subclínica del virus de papiloma humano en muestras de pacientes diagnosticadas con ectropión cervical, para evaluar la prevalencia de la infección viral asociada a dicha condición. Métodos: El ADN fue extraído utilizando solventes orgánicos (fenol/cloroformo-alcohol isoamílico). La detección del virus de papiloma humano se realizó mediante PCR con iniciadores genéricos MY09/MY11 y para la tipificación de las muestras positivas se utilizó un kit comercial de PCR múltiple. ...

Enfermedad neurologica por adenovirus Neurologic disease due to adenovirus infection

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Cristina L. Lema

2005-06-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de adenovirus (ADV en las infecciones del sistema nervioso central (SNC. Se analizaron 108 muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR provenientes de 79 casos de encefalitis, 7 meningitis y 22 de otras patologías neurológicas, recibidas en el período 2000-2002. Cuarenta y nueve (47.35% se obtuvieron de pacientes inmunocomprometidos. La presencia de ADV se investigó mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en formato anidado (Nested-PCR. La identificación del genogrupo se realizó mediante análisis filogenético de la secuencia nucleotídica parcial de la región que codifica para la proteína del hexón. Se detectó la presencia de ADV en 6 de 108 (5.5% muestras de LCR analizadas. Todos los casos positivos pertenecieron a pacientes con encefalitis que fueron 79, (6/79, 7.6%. No se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los casos de infección por ADV en pacientes inmunocomprometidos e inmunocompetentes (p>0.05. Las cepas de ADV detectadas se agruparon en los genogrupos B1 y C. En conclusión, nuestros resultados describen el rol de los ADV en las infecciones neurológicas en Argentina. La información presentada contribuye al conocimiento de su epidemiología, en particular en casos de encefalitis.The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of adenovirusm (ADV infections in neurological disorders. A total of 108 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF samples from 79 encephalitis cases, 7 meningitis and 22 other neurological diseases analysed in our laboratory between 2000 and 2002 were studied. Forty nine (47.4% belonged to immunocompromised patients. Viral genome was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction (Nested-PCR and ADV genotypes were identified using partial gene sequence analysis of hexon gene. Adenovirus were detected in 6 of 108 (5.5% CSF samples tested. All of these were from encephalitis cases, 6/79, representing 7.6% of them. No statistically

Correlación inversa entre Carga Viral y recuento de Linfocitos t cd4 entre pacientes VIH/Sida atendidos en un hospital distrital de Bogotá.

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Elkin Lemos-Luengas

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Antecedente: Se realizó un seguimiento en los niveles plasmáticos de VIH-1 (Carga Viral o CV y el número de linfocitos T CD4 (LTCD4, importantes como predictores independientes de progresión del VIH-1 a enfermedad oportunista o a la muerte. En la población colombiana existe una información limitada sobre la correlación CV y recuento de linfocitos T CD4. Objetivos: Describir la correlación inversa entre CV y LTCD4 en una cohorte de pacientes con infección por VIH/SIDA, admitidos en el programa especial de un hospital distrital de Bogotá entre marzo de 2009 y enero de 2011. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo longitudinal en donde se tomaron 102 pacientes con antecedente de VIH positivo y SIDA. Se describen los valores de la primera y última CV y LTCD4, los cuales fueron analizados con una correlación lineal de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios para estimar su asociación. Se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas como el estadístico F y T, con el fin de validar la significancia estadística del análisis Resultados: Se tomaron 102 pacientes VIH positivos. De este grupo, 72% eran hombres (73 pacientes y 28% mujeres (29 pacientes, se incluyeron madres gestantes. Con respecto a la orientación sexual, en un 21% no se encontró información; de aquellos en quienes se encontró información, 59% eran heterosexuales y del otro grupo, 41% eran lesbianas, homosexuales, (gays, bisexuales y transgeneristas (LGBT. Se encontró que por cada aumento en un logaritmo de la carga viral, el conteo de CD4 disminuye en promedio 63 linfocitos (p< 0.05 IC 95%. Conclusión: Existe una correlación lineal estadísticamente significativa, de proporcionalidad inversa entre el logaritmo base 10 de la carga viral y el conteo de linfocitos CD4.

[Emergent viral infections

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Galama, J.M.D.

2001-01-01

The emergence and re-emergence of viral infections is an ongoing process. Large-scale vaccination programmes led to the eradication or control of some viral infections in the last century, but new viruses are always emerging. Increased travel is leading to a rise in the importation of exotic

Sarcoma de Kaposi: Etiología viral y transmisión sexual

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Luis Alejandro Gómez

1999-07-01

Full Text Available EI Sarcoma de Kaposi (SK es la neoplasia más común en los pacientes infectados con el Virus de la lnmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH, tiene relación directa con la progresión de la infección a SIDA y tiene valor como predictor de sobrevida de los pacientes. Históricamente se ha vinculado con factores directamente relacionados can el VlH como el gen tat y la proteína del mismo nombre, así como se ha sugerido una fuerte asociación con factores de crecimiento y drogas inmunosupresoras, en aquellos individuos que han presentado el sarcoma sin estar infectados par el VIH. Los más recientes estudios en torno a la tiopatogenia del SK, se han encaminado a la búsqueda de un agente causal de naturaleza viral llamado el Herpes, Virus Humano tipo 8 (HVH-8, que se transmite por contacto sexual y del cual se ha logrado establecer su presencia en fluido seminal y prostático, así como en las lesiones de SK y en otros tejidos del cuerpo como piel y mucosas. La cavidad oral es el sitio de más frecuente aparición del Sarcoma de Kaposi y por tanto ha sido de especial interés cuantificar la cantidad de HVH-8 que se encuentra en esta y en otras lesiones bucales asociadas con el SIDA, donde se ha encontrado el virus en relación can SK clínicamente visible y no se ha relacionado con otras lesiones orales asociadas al VIH. De igual manera se ha determinado la presencia del virus en la saliva de pacientes que presentan el SK lo que se ha relacionado can la alta posibilidad de transmisión del HVH-8 par prácticas de sex a oral.

Efectos neurotóxicos del timerosal, a dosis de vacuna, sobre el encéfalo y el desarrollo en hámsteres de 7 días de nacidos

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Jonny Laurente

2007-09-01

Full Text Available Objetivos: Determinar si la administración de timerosal, en cantidades equivalentes al contenido en las vacunas, produce efectos neurotóxicos a nivel encefálico en hámsteres de 7 días de nacidos y evaluar las influencias sobre el desarrollo de los animales de experimentación. Diseño: Estudio experimental, prospectivo y bietápico. Lugar: Bioterio de la Facultad de Medicina de San Fernando, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Material biológico: Hámsteres de 7 días de nacidos. Métodos: Se estudió 45 hámsteres divididos en tres grupos: grupo A (n = 15, grupo B (n = 15 y grupo C (n = 15. Se administró a los grupos B y C, por vía intramuscular, 3 dosis equivalentes de sucrosa y timerosal, respectivamente, los días 7 (0,227 µg, 9 (0,216 µg y 11 (0,220 µg de nacimiento, en un volumen de 20 µL de suero fisiológico. El grupo A solo recibió igual cantidad de suero fisiológico en los mismos días. Principales medidas de resultados: Peso corporal, peso encefálico, talla de los hámsteres y alteraciones histopatólógicas encefálicas. Resultados: Las pruebas Anova y t de student fueron significativas en favor al menor peso corporal, menor peso encefálico y menor talla del grupo C con respecto a los grupos A y B (p<0,000. Mediante χ2, se obtuvo significancia en relación a la presencia de alteraciones histopatológicas en el grupo C (p<0,000. El RR de presentar alteraciones fue muy elevado en este grupo. Conclusiones: La exposición a timerosal, en cantidades equivalentes al contenido en las vacunas, disminuyó de manera significativa el peso corporal, el peso encefálico y la talla de hámsteres posnatales. Asimismo, produjo efectos neurotóxicos a nivel encefálico, encontrándose a nivel del hipocampo (regiones CA1, CA3, DG, corteza cerebral y cerebelo (células de Purkinje y células granulosas disminución de la densidad neuronal, necrosis neuronal, desmielinización axonal y gliosis; además, el riesgo de presentar

Prevalencia de trombocitopenia en niños con HIV/sida Prevalence of thrombocytopenia in HIV infected children

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Graciela Barboni

2010-10-01

Full Text Available La trombocitopenia es una de las múltiples alteraciones hematológicas presentes en pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV. Puede ser de curso crónico, en la cual la destrucción inmune, el secuestro esplénico o el daño en la producción son los mecanismos primariamente involucrados, o aguda, acompañando a otra intercurrencia. En este trabajo se evaluó la prevalencia de trombocitopenia en un lapso de 14 años, en una población pediátrica con HIV/sida, analizando las características clínicas y la relación con el estado inmuno-virológico. La prevalencia de trombocitopenia fue de 8.5%, (29 de los 339 niños en seguimiento. En 22 fue de curso crónico y en 7 aguda. Los pacientes evaluados presentaron niveles porcentuales de TCD4+ variables y la presencia de trombocitopenia no estuvo en relación con el compromiso inmunitario. Los pacientes trombocitopénicos tuvieron niveles de carga viral significativamente mayores que los que no la presentaron. En 10 de los 29 niños con recuentos plaquetarios disminuidos, la trombocitopenia fue la manifestación inicial de la infección por HIV. Las manifestaciones hemorrágicas de las trombocitopenias crónicas fueron leves, presentes en el 23% de los niños y no se asociaron al deterioro inmunológico, mientras que en las agudas fueron más graves y condicionadas a la evolución de la enfermedad coexistente. El desarrollo de trombocitopenias se ve favorecido por la continua actividad viral y la falla en la implementación del tratamiento antirretroviral adecuado.Thrombocytopenia is a common hematologic finding in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Multiple mechanisms may contribute to the development of chronic thrombocytopenia as immune-mediated platelet destruction, enhanced platelet splenic sequestration and impaired platelet production. Acute thrombocytopenia is frequently associated with coexisting disorders. In this study, the prevalence of

Analysis of host genetic diversity and viral entry as sources of between-host variation in viral load

Science.gov (United States)

Wargo, Andrew R.; Kell, Alison M.; Scott, Robert J.; Thorgaard, Gary H.; Kurath, Gael

2012-01-01

Little is known about the factors that drive the high levels of between-host variation in pathogen burden that are frequently observed in viral infections. Here, two factors thought to impact viral load variability, host genetic diversity and stochastic processes linked with viral entry into the host, were examined. This work was conducted with the aquatic vertebrate virus, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), in its natural host, rainbow trout. It was found that in controlled in vivo infections of IHNV, a suggestive trend of reduced between-fish viral load variation was observed in a clonal population of isogenic trout compared to a genetically diverse population of out-bred trout. However, this trend was not statistically significant for any of the four viral genotypes examined, and high levels of fish-to-fish variation persisted even in the isogenic trout population. A decrease in fish-to-fish viral load variation was also observed in virus injection challenges that bypassed the host entry step, compared to fish exposed to the virus through the natural water-borne immersion route of infection. This trend was significant for three of the four virus genotypes examined and suggests host entry may play a role in viral load variability. However, high levels of viral load variation also remained in the injection challenges. Together, these results indicate that although host genetic diversity and viral entry may play some role in between-fish viral load variation, they are not major factors. Other biological and non-biological parameters that may influence viral load variation are discussed.

Laboratory procedures to generate viral metagenomes.

Science.gov (United States)

Thurber, Rebecca V; Haynes, Matthew; Breitbart, Mya; Wegley, Linda; Rohwer, Forest

2009-01-01

This collection of laboratory protocols describes the steps to collect viruses from various samples with the specific aim of generating viral metagenome sequence libraries (viromes). Viral metagenomics, the study of uncultured viral nucleic acid sequences from different biomes, relies on several concentration, purification, extraction, sequencing and heuristic bioinformatic methods. No single technique can provide an all-inclusive approach, and therefore the protocols presented here will be discussed in terms of hypothetical projects. However, care must be taken to individualize each step depending on the source and type of viral-particles. This protocol is a description of the processes we have successfully used to: (i) concentrate viral particles from various types of samples, (ii) eliminate contaminating cells and free nucleic acids and (iii) extract, amplify and purify viral nucleic acids. Overall, a sample can be processed to isolate viral nucleic acids suitable for high-throughput sequencing in approximately 1 week.

Hepatitis A through E (Viral Hepatitis)

Science.gov (United States)

... Treatment Eating, Diet, & Nutrition Clinical Trials Wilson Disease Hepatitis (Viral) View or Print All Sections What is Viral Hepatitis? Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation ...

Adsorption of viral particles from the blood plasma of patients with viral hepatitis on nanodiamonds.

Science.gov (United States)

Baron, A V; Osipov, N V; Yashchenko, S V; Kokotukha, Yu A; Baron, I J; Puzyr, A P; Olkhovskiy, I A; Bondar, V S

2016-07-01

Adsorption of viral particles from the blood plasma of patients with viral hepatitis B and C on modified nanodiamonds (MNDs) was shown in the in vitro experiments. PCR method showed the treatment of plasma with MNDs leads to a decrease in the viral load by 2-3 orders of magnitude or more in both cases studied. These results make it possible to predict the applicability of MNDs for the development of new technologies of hemodialysis and plasmapheresis for binding and removal of viral particles from the blood of infected patients.

Faktor Risiko Non Viral Pada Karsinoma Nasofaring

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Sukri Rahman

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Abstrak           Latar belakang: Karsinoma nasofaring adalah tumor ganas epitel nasofaring yang sampai saat ini penyebabnya belum diketahui, infeksi virus Epstein Barr dilaporkan sebagai faktor dominan terjadinya karsinoma nasofaring tetapi faktor non viral juga berperan untuk timbulnya keganasan nasofaring. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui faktor non viral  yang dapat meningkatkan kejadian karsinoma nasofaring sehingga dapat mencegah dan menghindari faktor-faktor non viral tersebut. Tinjauan Pustaka: Karsinoma nasofaring merupakan tumor ganas epitel nasofaring yang penyebabnya berhubungan dengan faktor viral dan non viral diantaranya asap rokok, ikan asin, formaldehid, genetik, asap kayu bakar , debu kayu, infeksi kronik telinga hidung tenggorok, alkohol dan obat tradisional. Kesimpulan: Pembuktian secara klinis dan ilmiah terhadap faktor non viral sebagai penyebab timbulnya karsinoma nasofaring masih belum dapat dijelaskan secara pasti. Faktor non viral merupakan salah satu faktor risiko yang dapat meningkatkan angka kejadian timbulnya keganasan nasofaring Kata kunci: karsinoma nasofaring, faktor risiko, non viral AbstractBackground: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a malignant epithelial nasopharyngeal tumor that until now the cause still unknown, Epstein barr virus infection had reported as predominant occurance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma but non viral factors may also contribute to the onset of the incidence of nasopharyngeal malignancy. Purpose: To find non viral factors that may increase the incidence of nasopharyngel carcinoma in order to prevent and avoid non-viral factors Literature: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a malignant tumor that causes nasopharyngeal epithelium associated with viral and non-viral factors such as cigarette smoke, salt fish, formaldehyde, genetic, wood smoke ,wood dust, ear nose throat chronic infections, alcohol, and traditional medicine. Conclusion: Clinically and scientifically proving the non-viral factors as

Metabolism goes viral.

Science.gov (United States)

Miyake-Stoner, Shigeki J; O'Shea, Clodagh C

2014-04-01

Viral and cellular oncogenes converge in targeting critical protein interaction networks to reprogram the cellular DNA and protein replication machinery for pathological replication. In this issue, Thai et al. (2014) show that adenovirus E4ORF1 activates MYC glycolytic targets to induce a Warburg-like effect that converts glucose into nucleotides for viral replication. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Contribuições da Análise Conversacional ao estudo do traumatismo craneo-encefálico: relato de um caso Contributions of Conversation Analysis to the study of traumatic brain injury: a single case report

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Véronique Agnes Guernet Steiner

2008-03-01

Full Text Available A persistência de dificuldades no processo de comunicação em sujeitos acometidos por um traumatismo craneo-encefálico requer a utilização de instrumentos de avaliação, sensíveis às alterações lingüístico-cognitivas apresentadas, que possam facilitar a reintegração desses indivíduos na sociedade. O presente estudo de caso investiga as contribuições da Análise Conversacional, na avaliação das habilidades funcionais de um jovem de 27 anos, acometido por um traumatismo craneo-encefálico grave. Analisa uma interação conversacional espontânea por meio do estudo do mecanismo colaborativo da tomada de turno, do gerenciamento do tópico e das reformulações, comparando os resultados com testes formais de linguagem. Discute as contribuições dessa abordagem ao processo de reabilitação fonoaudiológica. Enquanto os testes formais não indicaram alterações de linguagem, a Análise Conversacional permitiu, ao analisar a seqüência de turnos e as reações mútuas dos interlocutores, identificar problemas comunicativos e verificar como os interlocutores lidavam com os mesmos. A Análise Conversacional mostrou-se sensível às alterações lingüístico-cognitivas apresentadas pelo traumatismo craneo-encefálico, fornecendo elementos concretos para, no processo de reabilitação, abordar, de forma organizada, o discurso mais utilizado no cotidiano.The persistence of communication impairments in individuals who sustained a traumatic brain injury requires the use of sensitive tools to evaluate the linguistic-cognitive problems they present, aiming at their reintegration in society. This single case study investigates the contributions of Conversation Analysis to the evaluation of the pragmatic abilities of a 27 year-old man who sustained a severe traumatic brain injury. It analyses a spontaneous conversational interaction through the study of the collaborative mechanism of turn-taking, topic management and repairs, comparing the

Experiencia con las reacciones adversas asociadas con el interferón alfa 2b recombinante en hematología Experience with the adverse reactions associated with recombinant alpha 2b interferon in hematology

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Idalmis Brito Pascual

2005-08-01

Full Text Available El interferón alfa 2b es una citoquina con actividad antiviral, antiproliferativa e inmunomoduladora que ha demostrado ser eficaz para el tratamiento de enfermedades virales y neoplásicas. El presente trabajo se realizó con el propósito de describir la frecuencia de las reacciones adversas asociada con la administración de Heberon alfa R (interferón alfa 2b recombinante en enfermedades hematológicas. Se analizaron las características de base de los pacientes, así como la frecuencia, intensidad y relación de causalidad de los eventos reportados. Los eventos adversos más frecuentes fueron las manifestaciones del síndrome gripal que incluyó fiebre, escalofrío, astenia, mialgias, anorexia y cefalea. Estas manifestaciones son transitorias y responden al tratamiento con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. La mayoría de los eventos fueron de intensidad leve a moderada y no requirieron la suspensión del tratamiento. En conclusión, el Heberon alfa R es un fármaco relativamente seguro para el tratamiento de trastornos hematológicosAlpha 2b interferon is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulator activity that has proved to be efficient for the treatment of viral and neoplastic diseases, This paper is aimed at describing the frequency of adverse reactions associated with the administration of alpha R Heberon (recombinant alpha 2b interferon in hematological diseases. The basic characteristics of the patients, as well as the frequency, intensity and causality relation of the reported events were analyzed. The most common adverse effects were the manifestations of the gripal syndrome that included fever, chills, astenia, myalgia, anorexia and headache. These manifestations are transitory and respond to the treatment with non-steroideal antiinflammatory drugs. Most of the events were from mild to moderate intensity and did not require the suspension of the treatment. To conclude, alpha R Heberon is a relatively safe drug

Experiencia del tratamiento con lopinavirritonavir en pacientes del programa de infección por VIH en un hospital universitario, Bogotá, Colombia Experience with lopinavir/ritonavir for patients with HIV infection at an university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

JORGE ALBERTO CORTÉS

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Resumen La terapia antirretroviral con varios medicamentos de diferentes familias es altamente efectiva para controlar la replicación viral y mejorar la respuesta inmunológica y las posibilidades de supervivencia en los pacientes infectados por el VIH. Objetivos. Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento de rescate con lopinavir/ritonavir en una cohorte de pacientes en un país subdesarrollado. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión retrospectiva de los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento antirretroviral con la combinación de lopinavir/ritonavir en el Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio. Se seleccionaron los pacientes del programa integral de atención a pacientes con infección por VIH y se evaluaron la respuesta virológica e inmunológica, la tolerancia y el cumplimiento de la terapia. Resultados. Veinticinco pacientes con tratamiento anitrretroviral previo y un paciente con tratamiento por primera vez tuvieron un seguimiento promedio de 13 meses, con medición de la carga viral y recuento de CD4. El promedio de esquemas antirretrovirales utilizados fue de 2,28. El recuento de CD4 se elevó significativamente y ninguno de los pacientes con seguimiento de 36 meses tuvo recuentos de CD4 menores a 50 por mililitro. El porcentaje de pacientes con carga viral indetectable (Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of rescue treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir in a cohort of patients infected with HIV in a developing country. Methods. Retrospective evaluation of patients who received combined antiretroviral treatment (cART using lopinavir/ritonavir at an universitary hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. The virological and immunological follow up was evaluated, together with the tolerance and adherence. Results. 25 patients with previous cART and a patient naïve had a mean follow up of 13 months. The mean of previously used cART schemes was 2.28. The CD4 count increased over time and none of the individuals with a follow up of 36 months had CD4 counts

Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Olesen, Niels Jørgen; Skall, Helle Frank

2013-01-01

This chapter covers the genetics (genotypes and serotypes), clinical signs, host species, transmission, prevalence, diagnosis, control and prevention of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus.......This chapter covers the genetics (genotypes and serotypes), clinical signs, host species, transmission, prevalence, diagnosis, control and prevention of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus....

Assembly of viral genomes from metagenomes

NARCIS (Netherlands)

S.L. Smits (Saskia); R. Bodewes (Rogier); A. Ruiz-Gonzalez (Aritz); V. Baumgärtner (Volkmar); M.P.G. Koopmans D.V.M. (Marion); A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (Albert); A. Schürch (Anita)

2014-01-01

textabstractViral infections remain a serious global health issue. Metagenomic approaches are increasingly used in the detection of novel viral pathogens but also to generate complete genomes of uncultivated viruses. In silico identification of complete viral genomes from sequence data would allow

Viral commercials: the consumer as marketeer

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Ketelaar, P.E.; Lucassen, P.; Kregting, G.H.J.

2010-01-01

Research into the reasons why consumers pass along viral commercials: their motives, the content characteristics of viral commercials and the medium context in which viral commercials appear. Based on the uses and gratifications perspective this study has determined which motives of consumers,

Viral Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients

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Jovana Cukuranovic

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Viruses are among the most common causes of opportunistic infection after transplantation. The risk for viral infection is a function of the specific virus encountered, the intensity of immune suppression used to prevent graft rejection, and other host factors governing susceptibility. Although cytomegalovirus is the most common opportunistic pathogen seen in transplant recipients, numerous other viruses have also affected outcomes. In some cases, preventive measures such as pretransplant screening, prophylactic antiviral therapy, or posttransplant viral monitoring may limit the impact of these infections. Recent advances in laboratory monitoring and antiviral therapy have improved outcomes. Studies of viral latency, reactivation, and the cellular effects of viral infection will provide clues for future strategies in prevention and treatment of viral infections. This paper will summarize the major viral infections seen following transplant and discuss strategies for prevention and management of these potential pathogens.

Viral Metagenomics: MetaView Software

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhou, C; Smith, J

2007-10-22

The purpose of this report is to design and develop a tool for analysis of raw sequence read data from viral metagenomics experiments. The tool should compare read sequences of known viral nucleic acid sequence data and enable a user to attempt to determine, with some degree of confidence, what virus groups may be present in the sample. This project was conducted in two phases. In phase 1 we surveyed the literature and examined existing metagenomics tools to educate ourselves and to more precisely define the problem of analyzing raw read data from viral metagenomic experiments. In phase 2 we devised an approach and built a prototype code and database. This code takes viral metagenomic read data in fasta format as input and accesses all complete viral genomes from Kpath for sequence comparison. The system executes at the UNIX command line, producing output that is stored in an Oracle relational database. We provide here a description of the approach we came up with for handling un-assembled, short read data sets from viral metagenomics experiments. We include a discussion of the current MetaView code capabilities and additional functionality that we believe should be added, should additional funding be acquired to continue the work.

Acute Pancreatitis in acute viral hepatitis

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S K.C.

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Introduction: The association of acute viral hepatitis and acute pancreatitis is well described. This study was conducted to find out the frequency of pancreatic involvement in acute viral hepatitis in the Nepalese population. Methods: Consecutive patients of acute viral hepatitis presenting with severe abdominal pain between January 2005 and April 2010 were studied. Patients with history of significant alcohol consumption and gall stones were excluded. Acute viral hepatitis was diagnosed by clinical examination, liver function test, ultrasound examination and confirmed by viral serology. Pancreatitis was diagnosed by clinical presentation, biochemistry, ultrasound examination and CT scan. Results: Severe abdominal pain was present in 38 of 382 serologically-confirmed acute viral hepatitis patients. Twenty five patients were diagnosed to have acute pancreatitis. The pancreatitis was mild in 14 and severe in 11 patients. The etiology of pancreatitis was hepatitis E virus in 18 and hepatitis A virus in 7 patients. Two patients died of complications secondary to shock. The remaining patients recovered from both pancreatitis and hepatitis on conservative treatment. Conclusions: Acute pancreatitis occurred in 6.5 % of patients with acute viral hepatitis. Cholelithiasis and gastric ulcers are the other causes of severe abdominal pain. The majority of the patients recover with conservative management. Keywords: acute viral hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, pain abdomen, hepatitis E, hepatitis A, endemic zone

Viral O-GalNAc peptide epitopes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Olofsson, Sigvard; Blixt, Klas Ola; Bergström, Tomas

2016-01-01

Viral envelope glycoproteins are major targets for antibodies that bind to and inactivate viral particles. The capacity of a viral vaccine to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies is often used as a marker for vaccine efficacy. Yet the number of known neutralization target epitopes is restricted o...

Viral infections in transplant recipients.

Science.gov (United States)

Razonable, R R; Eid, A J

2009-12-01

Solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are uniquely predisposed to develop clinical illness, often with increased severity, due to a variety of common and opportunistic viruses. Patients may acquire viral infections from the donor (donor-derived infections), from reactivation of endogenous latent virus, or from the community. Herpes viruses, most notably cytomegalovirus and Epstein Barr virus, are the most common among opportunistic viral pathogens that cause infection after solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The polyoma BK virus causes opportunistic clinical syndromes predominantly in kidney and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. The agents of viral hepatitis B and C present unique challenges particularly among liver transplant recipients. Respiratory viral illnesses due to influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus may affect all types of transplant recipients, although severe clinical disease is observed more commonly among lung and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Less common viral infections affecting transplant recipients include those caused by adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, and West Nile virus. Treatment for viruses with proven effective antiviral drug therapies should be complemented by reduction in the degree of immunosuppression. For others with no proven antiviral drugs for therapy, reduction in the degree of immunosuppression remains as the sole effective strategy for management. Prevention of viral infections is therefore of utmost importance, and this may be accomplished through vaccination, antiviral strategies, and aggressive infection control measures.

[Viral hepatitis in travellers].

Science.gov (United States)

Abreu, Cândida

2007-01-01

Considering the geographical asymmetric distribution of viral hepatitis A, B and E, having a much higher prevalence in the less developed world, travellers from developed countries are exposed to a considerable and often underestimated risk of hepatitis infection. In fact a significant percentage of viral hepatitis occurring in developed countries is travel related. This results from globalization and increased mobility from tourism, international work, humanitarian and religious missions or other travel related activities. Several studies published in Europe and North America shown that more than 50% of reported cases of hepatitis A are travel related. On the other hand frequent outbreaks of hepatitis A and E in specific geographic areas raise the risk of infection in these restricted zones and that should be clearly identified. Selected aspects related with the distribution of hepatitis A, B and E are reviewed, particularly the situation in Portugal according to the published studies, as well as relevant clinical manifestations and differential diagnosis of viral hepatitis. Basic prevention rules considering enteric transmitted hepatitis (hepatitis A and hepatitis E) and parenteral transmitted (hepatitis B) are reviewed as well as hepatitis A and B immunoprophylaxis. Common clinical situations and daily practice "pre travel" advice issues are discussed according to WHO/CDC recommendations and the Portuguese National Vaccination Program. Implications from near future availability of a hepatitis E vaccine, a currently in phase 2 trial, are highlighted. Potential indications for travellers to endemic countries like India, Nepal and some regions of China, where up to 30% of sporadic cases of acute viral hepatitis are caused by hepatitis E virus, are considered. Continued epidemiological surveillance for viral hepatitis is essential to recognize and control possible outbreaks, but also to identify new viral hepatitis agents that may emerge as important global health

Assembly of viral genomes from metagenomes

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Saskia L Smits

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Viral infections remain a serious global health issue. Metagenomic approaches are increasingly used in the detection of novel viral pathogens but also to generate complete genomes of uncultivated viruses. In silico identification of complete viral genomes from sequence data would allow rapid phylogenetic characterization of these new viruses. Often, however, complete viral genomes are not recovered, but rather several distinct contigs derived from a single entity, some of which have no sequence homology to any known proteins. De novo assembly of single viruses from a metagenome is challenging, not only because of the lack of a reference genome, but also because of intrapopulation variation and uneven or insufficient coverage. Here we explored different assembly algorithms, remote homology searches, genome-specific sequence motifs, k-mer frequency ranking, and coverage profile binning to detect and obtain viral target genomes from metagenomes. All methods were tested on 454-generated sequencing datasets containing three recently described RNA viruses with a relatively large genome which were divergent to previously known viruses from the viral families Rhabdoviridae and Coronaviridae. Depending on specific characteristics of the target virus and the metagenomic community, different assembly and in silico gap closure strategies were successful in obtaining near complete viral genomes.

Viral marketing as epidemiological model

OpenAIRE

Rodrigues, Helena Sofia; Fonseca, Manuel

2015-01-01

In epidemiology, an epidemic is defined as the spread of an infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time. In the marketing context, a message is viral when it is broadly sent and received by the target market through person-to-person transmission. This specific marketing communication strategy is commonly referred as viral marketing. Due to this similarity between an epidemic and the viral marketing process and because the understanding of...

Ethical Considerations in Research Participation Virality.

Science.gov (United States)

Ellis-Barton, Carol

2016-07-01

This article seeks to commence and encourage discussion around the upcoming ethical challenges of virality in network structures. When the call for participation in a research project on lupus in Ireland went from an advertisement in a newsletter to a meme (unit of transmissible information) on a closed Facebook page, the ethical considerations of virality were raised. The article analyzes the Association of Internet Researchers guidelines, Facebook policies, and the context of privacy in relation to virality. Virality creates the leverage for methodological pluralism. The nature of the inquiry can determine the method rather than the other way around. Viral ethical considerations are evolving due to the cyber world becoming the primary meme of communication, with flexibility in the researcher's protocol providing opportunities for efficient, cost-effective, and diverse recruitment. © The Author(s) 2016.

The N-Terminal of Aquareovirus NS80 Is Required for Interacting with Viral Proteins and Viral Replication.

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Jie Zhang

Full Text Available Reovirus replication and assembly occurs within viral inclusion bodies that formed in specific intracellular compartments of cytoplasm in infected cells. Previous study indicated that aquareovirus NS80 is able to form inclusion bodies, and also can retain viral proteins within its inclusions. To better understand how NS80 performed in viral replication and assembly, the functional regions of NS80 associated with other viral proteins in aquareovirus replication were investigated in this study. Deletion mutational analysis and rotavirus NSP5-based protein association platform were used to detect association regions. Immunofluorescence images indicated that different N-terminal regions of NS80 could associate with viral proteins VP1, VP4, VP6 and NS38. Further co-immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed the interaction between VP1, VP4, VP6 or NS38 with different regions covering the N-terminal amino acid (aa, 1-471 of NS80, respectively. Moreover, removal of NS80 N-terminal sequences required for interaction with proteins VP1, VP4, VP6 or NS38 not only prevented the capacity of NS80 to support viral replication in NS80 shRNA-based replication complementation assays, but also inhibited the expression of aquareovirus proteins, suggesting that N-terminal regions of NS80 are necessary for viral replication. These results provided a foundational basis for further understanding the role of NS80 in viral replication and assembly during aquareovirus infection.

Eficácia da fonoterapia em um caso de afasia expressiva decorrente de acidente vascular encefálico Speech therapy effectiveness in a case of expressive aphasia resulting from stroke

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Letícia Regina Kunst

2012-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi relatar e analisar o caso de um paciente afásico adulto em tratamento fonoaudiológico na clínica escola do Curso de Fonoaudiologia de uma instituição federal de ensino. O sujeito estudado é um paciente do sexo masculino, com 68 anos de idade, em tratamento na clínica escola desde maio de 2009, sendo que seu processo terapêutico foi analisado até dezembro de 2010. Quanto à história clínica, o paciente sofreu acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico no hemisfério esquerdo, em janeiro de 2009, quando repentinamente apresentou um quadro de mutismo. Após serem realizadas avaliações fonoaudiológicas, concluiu-se que o mesmo apresentava como hipótese diagnóstica "Afasia de expressão, oral e escrita, decorrente de acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico." Diante disto foi elaborado o planejamento terapêutico. Desde o início do processo de terapia foi possível observar evoluções linguísticas no paciente. O fato de o sujeito ter procurado atendimento fonoaudiológico 15 dias após o acometimento pelo acidente vascular encefálico, provavelmente foi um fator fundamental para sua boa recuperação, pois há um grau de recuperação espontânea em pacientes afásicos, porém a melhora é mínima sem o tratamento adequado. Em aproximadamente um mês de terapia fonoaudiológica, o paciente expandiu consideravelmente seu vocabulário. Apesar de a área lesada ser extensa e fundamental para a linguagem, observou-se avanços bastante positivos com a terapia. Deste modo, acredita-se que a intervenção fonoaudiológica precoce contribuiu, em grande parte, para a reorganização da atividade linguística, visto que o paciente comunica-se satisfatoriamente considerando a grande extensão de sua lesão.The purpose of this article was doing a report case of an aphasic client subjected to speech therapy in the clinic of a Speech Pathology and Audiology course of a federal university. The studied subject is

Identificação do risco de quedas em idosos após acidente vascular encefálico Identicación del riesgo de caídas en ancianos después de accidente cerebrovascular Identification of the risk of falls in elderly after stroke

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Alice Gabrielle de Sousa Costa

2010-12-01

Full Text Available O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar a ocorrência do diagnóstico de enfermagem Risco de quedas em indivíduos idosos acometidos por acidente vascular encefálico. Estudo do tipo exploratório, realizado em unidades de reabilitação, no período de novembro de 2007 a março de 2008, por meio de entrevista e exame físico. Utilizou-se a Taxonomia II da Nursing American North Diagnosis Association quanto à nomeação diagnóstica. A população foi composta por 73 idosos com idade média de 69,5 anos, predominância do sexo feminino, baixo nível de escolaridade e renda financeira. Encontrou-se média de 1,6 episódio de acidente vascular encefálico em 2,4 anos. O diagnóstico esteve presente na totalidade dos participantes, e os fatores de risco mais percebidos foram: Força diminuída nas extremidades inferiores, Mobilidade física prejudicada, Dificuldades na marcha e Equilíbrio prejudicado. Assim, a avaliação diagnóstica contínua e individualizada faz-se imprescindível para nortear ações preventivas aos problemas de saúde dos idosos.El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la ocurrencia del diagnóstico de enfermería Riesgo de caídas en ancianos con enfermedad cerebrovascular. Estudio exploratorio, desarrollado en unidades de rehabilitación, de noviembre de 2007 a marzo de 2008, por medio de entrevista y examen físico. Se utilizó la Taxonomía II de la Nursing American North Diagnosis Association para la designación del diagnóstico. La populación fue compuesta por 73 ancianos con 69,5 años en media, predominancia de mujeres, bajo nivel educacional y renta financiera. Se encontró media de 1,6 episodios de enfermedad cerebrovascular en 2,4 años. El diagnóstico fue presente en la totalidad de los participantes y los factores de riesgo más percibidos fueron: Disminución de la fuerza en las extremidades inferiores, Movilidad física perjudicada, Dificultades en la marcha y Equilibrio perjudicado. La evaluación diagn

Mucormicosis (ficomicosis en Colombia

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Carlos E. Peña

1965-10-01

Full Text Available Se presentan dos casos de mucormicosis (ficomicosis, entidad que ha sido muy raramente encontrada en Colombia. El primer caso se refiere a un prematuro con deshidratación consecutiva a vómito y diarrea. A la autopsia se encontró una mucormicosis del intestino delgado con necrosis del mismo e invasión al bazo, a la vez que una candidiasis esofágica. El segundo caso es el de un niño de 5 meses de edad, con diarreas, vómito, acidosis y signos de trombosis del seno cavernoso derecho y de meningitis. La autopsia reveló una mucormicosis ocular y meningo-encefálica acompañada de trombosis de la arteria cerebral media derecha y del seno cavernoso del mismo lado.

Usefulness of the detection of Toxoplasma gondii antigens in AIDS patients Utilidad de la detección de antígenos de Toxoplasma gondii en pacientes con SIDA

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Alberto Fachado

1994-12-01

Full Text Available Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE is a mayor cause of central nervous system infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS. Toxoplasma antibodies were detected in 56 of 79 patients with AIDS (71%, in the present study. Fourteen out of 57 seropositive patients developed TF (25% and had Toxoplasma gondii antigen detected in their urine. For this, most of them received an effective therapy, with the subsequent disappearance of the symptoms and discontinuity of excretion of the T. gondii antigens. Our results suggest that the monitoring of T. gondii antigen in the urine of AIDS patients may be useful to decide on the proper time for therapy, as well as to avoid the beginning of neurologic signs in these patients.La Encefalitis Toxoplásmica (ET es la más importante complicación infecciosa del Sistema Nervioso Central en pacientes de SIDA. Anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii fueron detectados en 57 de 79 pacientes de SIDA (71%. De estos seropositivos, desarrollaron la enfermedad (ET 14 (25%, en los que coincidentemente se detectó la presencia de antígeno del parásito en orina y por tanto fueron objeto de una terapia efectiva, con la subsecuente desaparición de los sintomas y de los antígenos excretados. Por los resultados del presente trabajo, consideramos lo útil de monitorear en estos pacientes la presencia de antígenos de T. gondii con el objetivo de aplicar oportunamente métodos quimoprofilácticos que eviten el surgimiento de manifestaciones neurológicas en estos pacientes.

How Can Viral Dynamics Models Inform Endpoint Measures in Clinical Trials of Therapies for Acute Viral Infections?

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Carolin Vegvari

Full Text Available Acute viral infections pose many practical challenges for the accurate assessment of the impact of novel therapies on viral growth and decay. Using the example of influenza A, we illustrate how the measurement of infection-related quantities that determine the dynamics of viral load within the human host, can inform investigators on the course and severity of infection and the efficacy of a novel treatment. We estimated the values of key infection-related quantities that determine the course of natural infection from viral load data, using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. The data were placebo group viral load measurements collected during volunteer challenge studies, conducted by Roche, as part of the oseltamivir trials. We calculated the values of the quantities for each patient and the correlations between the quantities, symptom severity and body temperature. The greatest variation among individuals occurred in the viral load peak and area under the viral load curve. Total symptom severity correlated positively with the basic reproductive number. The most sensitive endpoint for therapeutic trials with the goal to cure patients is the duration of infection. We suggest laboratory experiments to obtain more precise estimates of virological quantities that can supplement clinical endpoint measurements.

Constrained pattern of viral evolution in acute and early HCV infection limits viral plasticity.

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Katja Pfafferott

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Cellular immune responses during acute Hepatitis C virus (HCV and HIV infection are a known correlate of infection outcome. Viral adaptation to these responses via mutation(s within CD8+ T-cell epitopes allows these viruses to subvert host immune control. This study examined HCV evolution in 21 HCV genotype 1-infected subjects to characterise the level of viral adaptation during acute and early HCV infection. Of the total mutations observed 25% were within described CD8+ T-cell epitopes or at viral adaptation sites. Most mutations were maintained into the chronic phase of HCV infection (75%. The lack of reversion of adaptations and high proportion of silent substitutions suggests that HCV has structural and functional limitations that constrain evolution. These results were compared to the pattern of viral evolution observed in 98 subjects during a similar phase in HIV infection from a previous study. In contrast to HCV, evolution during acute HIV infection is marked by high levels of amino acid change relative to silent substitutions, including a higher proportion of adaptations, likely reflecting strong and continued CD8+ T-cell pressure combined with greater plasticity of the virus. Understanding viral escape dynamics for these two viruses is important for effective T cell vaccine design.

Desarrumou tudo!O impacto do acidente vascular encefálico na família It changed everything! The impact of the stroke on the family

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Eliana Sales Brito

2008-06-01

Full Text Available O acidente vascular encefálico (AVE resulta em déficits neurológicos temporários ou permanentes, de variadas intensidades, que podem comprometer a independência do indivíduo acometido na realização de atividades de vida diária. Este estudo de caso investigou famílias de pacientes com diagnóstico de AVE, buscando compreender as dificuldades de ordem estrutural, socioeconômica e emocional pelas quais elas passam; a relação entre o grau de severidade de agravo, tempo de ocorrência da doença e o desenvolvimento de estratégias de proteção e cuidado ao familiar doente. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de coleta de dados: questionário; roteiro de entrevista; observações registradas em diário de pesquisa; aplicação do Índice de Barthel, escala de avaliação funcional internacionalmente validada. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, produzindo representações sociais e idéias centrais. Constatou-se que a família passa por um processo de transformação que implica em reorganização e adoção de estratégias de enfrentamento favorecidas pela existência de uma rede de suporte. Esses resultados apontam para a necessidade de se habilitar a família para o cuidado ao paciente com incapacidade decorrente de acidente vascular encefálico e para o autocuidado.Strokes (cerebrovascular accidents result in temporal or permanent neurological deficits of varied intensities that can endanger the victim's independency in performing everyday activities. This qualitative case study investigated the families of patients with diagnosis of stroke, in order to understand the structural, socioeconomic and emotional difficulties that they face, and the relationship between the degree of damage severity, the time of disease occurrence and the development of strategies for the relative's protection and care. Data collection instruments were: questionnaire; interview guide; observations registered in a research

Bile acids for viral hepatitis

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Chen, Weikeng; Liu, J; Gluud, C

2007-01-01

Trials have assessed bile acids for patients with viral hepatitis, but no consensus has been reached regarding their usefulness.......Trials have assessed bile acids for patients with viral hepatitis, but no consensus has been reached regarding their usefulness....

Inmunizaciones en la adolescencia

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Dr. V. Jacob Cohen

2011-01-01

Se agregan vacunas especiales en caso de viaje a zonas endémicas, como es el caso de rabia, encefalitis japonesa o fiebre amarilla; tema que no se incluye en este artículo, propio de la medicina del viajero, o tampoco el de aquellos con mayor susceptibilidad a infecciones específicas como las vacunas anti neumocócica 23 valente, anti meningocócica no conjugada o anti Hemophilus influenza b (Ej., Asplénicos, Hipogamaglobulinemia, S. nefrótico etc..

Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond

Science.gov (United States)

... National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse What is viral hepatitis? Viral hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by ... and serious. Drugs are available to treat chronic hepatitis. 4 Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond What else ...

Cuidados Paliativos: o necessário para o idoso com acidente vascular encefálico

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Sônia Maria Dorta Ferreira

2014-03-01

Full Text Available A expectativa de vida do ser humano tem aumentado nas últimas décadas, o que vem exigindo o avanço da qualidade dos cuidados destinados a pessoas com fragilidades, especialmente em decorrência do crescimento considerável das doenças crônicas. Dentre essas doenças, destaca-se o acidente vascular encefálico (AVE que acomete grande parte da população idosa, ocasionando perdas e sequelas significativas. Formas inovadoras quanto à essência do cuidar devem ser estudadas e praticadas em nossa sociedade, reconhecendo-se como exemplar nesse sentido a intervenção em cuidados paliativos, que pode melhorar a qualidade de vida e confortar uma pessoa nos seus últimos dias. Nessa direção, objetiva este trabalho enfatizar a necessidade e o valor dos cuidados paliativos para a pessoa idosa com AVE e, para tal, foi realizado um levantamento da pesquisa científica sobre a temática nas principais revistas indexadas. Os resultados indicaram um número limitado de produção científica a esse respeito, assim como se verifica a escassez de serviços que assistam os idosos no final da vida, evidenciando ainda o desconhecimento dos serviços de cuidados paliativos à maior parte dos doentes e suas famílias. Os dados mostram que são múltiplos os sintomas físicos e psicológicos que comprometem a qualidade de vida dessas pessoas em terminalidade, e que a comunicação é essencial nas relações entre paciente, cuidador, família e equipe de saúde. No caso de idosos com AVE, a presença dos Cuidados Paliativos torna-se ainda mais relevante na relação desses pacientes com familiares e outros profissionais. Trabalhos futuros envolvendo os variados aspectos dos Cuidados Paliativos são necessários, para que se possa assegurar um atendimento mais competente e efetivo a essa população.

Factores de riesgo de las Infecciones de transmisión sexual virales en policlínico “Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía”

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Eldir Diéguez Velázquez

2015-12-01

Full Text Available El Herpes simple genital, el Condiloma acuminado y el Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida son infecciones de transmisión sexual viral no curable, con aumento de su incidencia en el área de salud del policlínico “Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima”, lo cual motivó a realizar un estudio, con el objetivo de determinar, por orden de frecuencia, los factores de riesgo que guardan asociación causal con este fenómeno. La investigación analítica de casos y controles se llevó a cabo durante el período de enero a diciembre de 2011. El grupo de enfermos estuvo formado por 20 pacientes diagnosticados clínicamente y el grupo control estuvo constituido por 40 individuos no afectados, escogidos al azar. Estadísticamente se determinó odds ratio con su nivel de confianza, Chi-cuadrado, probabilidad y Fisher. Se pudo determinar que las personas, en las que concomitan otras infecciones de transmisión sexual, las prácticas sexuales de riesgo, los grupos con vida sexual potencialmente activa y la promiscuidad constituyen los factores de riesgo que guardan relación causal con esta problemática.

Viral Hepatitis: Information for Gay and Bisexual Men

Science.gov (United States)

VIRAL HEPATITIS Information for Gay and Bisexual Men What is viral hepatitis? Viral hepatitis is an infection of the liver caused by one of several ... each virus is spread in different ways. Are gay and bisexual men at risk for viral hepatitis? ...

Duck viral enteritis in domestic muscovy ducks in Pennsylvania

Science.gov (United States)

Davison, S.; Converse, K.A.; Hamir, A.N.; Eckroade, R.J.

1993-01-01

Duck viral enteritis (DVE) outbreaks occurred at two different locations in Pennsylvania in 1991 and 1992. In the first outbreak, four ducks died out of a group of 30 domestic ducks; in the second outbreak, 65 ducks died out of a group of 114 domestic ducks, and 15 domestic geese died as well. A variety of species of ducks were present on both premises, but only muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) died from the disease. On necropsy, gross lesions included hepatomegaly with petechial hemorrhages, petechial hemorrhages in the abdominal fat, petechial hemorrhages on the epicardial surface of the heart, and multifocal to coalescing areas of fibrinonecrotic material over the mucosal surface of the trachea, esophagus, intestine, and cloaca. Histologically, the liver had random multifocal areas of necrosis and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes. DVE virus was isolated and identified using muscovy duck embryo fibroblast inoculation and virus neutralization. /// En dos sitios diferentes se presentaron brotes de enteritis viral de los patos en el estados de Pensilvania en los a??os 1991 y 1992. En el primer brote, cuatro de un lote de 30 patos murieron mientras que en el segundo brote murieron 65 patos de un lote de 114 patos y 15 gansos. En ambas localidades exist?-a una variedad de especies de patos, sin embargo, s??lamente los patos almizcleros (Cairina moschata) murieron. A la necropsia, las lesiones macrosc??picas incluyeron hepatomegalia con hemorragias petequiales, hemorragias petequiales en la grasa abdominal y en la superficie del epicardio, y ?!reas multifocales o coalescentes de material fibrinonecr??tico sobre la superficie de la mucosa de la tr?!quea, es??fago, intestino y cloaca. Histol??gicamente, el h?-gado mostraba ?!reas multifocales de necrosis y cuerpos de inclusi??n intranucleares eosinof?-licos en los hepatocitos. El virus de la enteritis viral de los patos fue aislado e identificado usando fibroblasto de embriones de pato almizclero

Interacciones de las proteínas disulfuro isomerasa y de choque térmico Hsc70 con proteínas estructurales recombinantes purificadas de rotavirus

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Luz Y. Moreno

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Introducción. La entrada de rotavirus a las células parece estar mediado por interacciones secuenciales entre las proteínas estructurales virales y algunas moléculas de la superficie celular. Sin embargo, los mecanismos por los cuales el rotavirus infecta la célula diana aún no se comprenden bien. Existe alguna evidencia que muestra que las proteínas estructurales de rotavirus VP5* y VP8* interactúan con algunas moléculas de la superficie celular. La disponibilidad de las proteínas estructurales de rotavirus recombinantes en cantidad suficiente se ha convertido en un aspecto importante para la identificación de las interacciones específicas de los receptores virus-célula durante los eventos tempranos del proceso infeccioso. Objetivo. El propósito del presente trabajo es realizar un análisis de las interacciones entre las proteínas estructurales de rotavirus recombinante VP5*, VP8* y VP6, y las proteínas celulares Hsc70 y PDI utilizando sus versiones recombinantes purificadas. Materiales y métodos. Las proteínas recombinantes de rotavirus VP5* y VP8* y las proteínas recombinantes celulares Hsc70 y PDI se expresaron en E. coli BL21 (DE3, mientras que VP6 se expresó en células MA104 con virus vaccinia recombinante transfectada. La interacción entre el rotavirus y las proteínas celulares se estudió mediante ELISA, co-inmunoprecipitación y SDS-PAGE/ Western. Resultados. Las condiciones óptimas para la expresión de proteínas recombinantes se determinaron y se generaron anticuerpos contra ellas. Los resultados sugirieron que las proteínas virales rVP5* y rVP6 interactúan con Hsc70 y PDI in vitro. También se encontró que éstas proteínas virales recombinantes interactúan con Hsc70 en las balsas lipídicas (“Rafts” en un cultivo celular. El tratamiento de las células, ya sea con DLP o rVP6 produjo significativamente la inhibición de la infección por rotavirus. Conclusión. Los resultados permiten concluir que r

¿Existe el deterioro de categorías específicas en la enfermedad de Alzheimer?

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Iván Moratilla Pérez

2012-10-01

Full Text Available Diversos estudios con pacientes con lesiones neuronales bien localizadas, como las asociadas a la encefalitis herpética, han revelado que el procesamiento de distintas categorías o dominios semánticos puede verse diferencialmente afectado. De este modo, mientras algunos pacientes muestran déficits selectivos en el procesamiento de ítems del dominio de los seres vivos, otros muestran déficits selectivos en el procesamiento del dominio de los seres no vivos. Sin embargo, en lo que respecta a patologías que provocan un daño difuso, como la enfermedad de Alzheimer, este tipo de hallazgos no se ha confirmado de manera concluyente.

vConTACT: an iVirus tool to classify double-stranded DNA viruses that infect Archaea and Bacteria

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Benjamin Bolduc

2017-05-01

Full Text Available Taxonomic classification of archaeal and bacterial viruses is challenging, yet also fundamental for developing a predictive understanding of microbial ecosystems. Recent identification of hundreds of thousands of new viral genomes and genome fragments, whose hosts remain unknown, requires a paradigm shift away from traditional classification approaches and towards the use of genomes for taxonomy. Here we revisited the use of genomes and their protein content as a means for developing a viral taxonomy for bacterial and archaeal viruses. A network-based analytic was evaluated and benchmarked against authority-accepted taxonomic assignments and found to be largely concordant. Exceptions were manually examined and found to represent areas of viral genome ‘sequence space’ that are under-sampled or prone to excessive genetic exchange. While both cases are poorly resolved by genome-based taxonomic approaches, the former will improve as viral sequence space is better sampled and the latter are uncommon. Finally, given the largely robust taxonomic capabilities of this approach, we sought to enable researchers to easily and systematically classify new viruses. Thus, we established a tool, vConTACT, as an app at iVirus, where it operates as a fast, highly scalable, user-friendly app within the free and powerful CyVerse cyberinfrastructure.

Contagious Content: Viral Video Ads Identification of Content Characteristics that Help Online Video Advertisements Go Viral

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Yentl Knossenburg

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Why do some online video advertisements go viral while others remain unnoticed? What kind of video content keeps the viewer interested and motivated to share? Many companies have realized the need to innovate their marketing strategies and have embraced the newest ways of using technology, as the Internet, to their advantage as in the example of virality. Yet few marketers actually understand how, and academic literature on this topic is still in development. This study investigated which content characteristics distinguish successful from non-successful online viral video advertisements by analyzing 641 cases using Structural Equation Modeling. Results show that Engagement and Surprise are two main content characteristics that significantly increase the chance of online video advertisements to go viral.  

Kinetics of viral shedding provide insights into the epidemiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in Pacific herring

Science.gov (United States)

Hershberger, Paul K.; Gregg, Jacob L.; Winton, James R.; Grady, Courtney; Collins, Rachael

2010-01-01

Losses from infectious diseases are an important component of natural mortality among marine fish species, but factors controlling the ecology of these diseases and their potential responses to anthropogenic changes are poorly understood. We used viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and a laboratory stock of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii to investigate the kinetics of viral shedding and its effect on disease transmission and host mortality. Outbreaks of acute disease, accompanied by mortality and viral shedding, were initiated after waterborne exposure of herring to concentrations of VHSV as low as 101 plaque-forming units (pfu) ml–1. Shed virus in flow-through tanks was first detected 4 to 5 d post-exposure, peaked after 6 to 10 d, and was no longer detected after 16 d. Shedding rates, calculated from density, flow and waterborne virus titer reached 1.8 to 5.0 × 108 pfu fish–1 d–1. Onset of viral shedding was dose-dependent and preceded initial mortality by 2 d. At 21 d, cumulative mortality in treatment groups ranged from 81 to 100% and was dependent not on challenge dose, but on the kinetics and level of viral shedding by infected fish in the tank. Possible consequences of the viral shedding and disease kinetics are discussed in the context of epizootic initiation and perpetuation among populations of wild Pacific herring.

preescolares desnutridos con madres con obesidad y sin obesidad

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Viridiana Vanessa Conzuelo-González

2009-01-01

Full Text Available El primer objetivo fue conocer cuántos menores de cinco años con diferentes grados de desnutrición tienen una madre con sobrepeso/obesidad/ en una comunidad indígena que vive en extrema pobreza y bajo condiciones de migración masculina internacional. El segundo fue comparar tres variables socionutricionales (ingreso familiar, educación de la madre y adecuación nutrimental de la dieta diaria entre estos hogares y los hogares con desnutrición infantil y madres sin obesidad. Se realizó un estudio transversal (2006-2007, en la comunidad mazahua de San Francisco Tepeolulco, Municipio de Temascalcingo; que incluyó a 85 hogares integrados por preescolares con desnutrición inscritos al programa Oportunidades. Se determinó el estado nutrición de los preescolares con indicadores antropométricos y se obtuvo el IMC de las madres de estos infantes. Se aplicó una encuesta socionutricional, incluida el recordatorio de 24 horas, y complementado con la observación participante (cualitativa. Se encontró que 83% de las madres mazahuas presentaron sobrepeso u obesidad. El estado de nutrición de los preescolares con madres con obesidad presentó un porcentaje mayor de desnutrición (76%. En la variable género, se encontró que 54% de los niños con madres con obesidad tenía baja talla. Al relacionar el nivel educativo de la madre, esta variable resultó ser estadísticamente significativa (p=0.015, donde el analfabetismo está más relacionado con la desnutrición infantil que tienen madres de bajo y/o peso normal. La elevada prevalencia de hogares conformados con preescolares con desnutrición y madres con obesidad, es un síntoma más de la pobreza en zonas indígenas en México, con bajo índice de desarrollo humano.

Virus del dengue: estructura y ciclo viral Dengue virus: structure and viral cycle

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Myriam L Velandia

2011-03-01

Full Text Available El virus del dengue (DENV es el agente causal de la enfermedad conocida como dengue, que es la principal enfermedad viral transmitida por artrópodos en el mundo. El DENV es un flavivirus que ingresa por endocitosis y se replica en el citoplasma de la célula infectada, originando tres proteínas estructurales y siete proteínas no estructurales, sobre las cuales se conocen sólo algunas de sus funciones en la replicación viral o en la infección. El ciclo viral que ocurre en las células infectadas hasta ahora está comenzando a aclararse y su conocimiento permitirá en el futuro próximo diseñar racionalmente moléculas que lo intervengan y eviten la replicación del virus. Durante la infección, el individuo puede presentar fiebre indiferenciada o, en otros casos, puede presentar un proceso generalizado de activación de la respuesta inmunitaria innata y adquirida, lo cual provoca la liberación de factores inflamatorios solubles que alteran la fisiología de los tejidos, principalmente el endotelio, conllevando al desarrollo de manifestaciones clínicas graves. Aunque se ha identificado un gran número de factores del individuo asociados al desarrollo de la enfermedad por DENV, queda por identificar el papel de las diferentes proteínas virales en la patogenia de la enfermedad. En la presente revisión, se presenta una breve actualización sobre la estructura y biología del DENV, de su ciclo viral intracelular y, finalmente, se introducen algunos conceptos sobre la inmunopatogenia de la enfermedad producida por este agente.Dengue virus (DENV is responsible for the clinical entity known as dengue that is a great concern for economy and public health of tropical countries. This flavivirus is a single strand RNA virus that after their translation and replication in host cells produces three structural and seven non-structural proteins with specific function in replication or cell binding process that we will describe here. Intracellular

Enterovirus no polio de casos con parálisis residual. Colombia, 1992-1995

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Dioselina Peláez

1999-06-01

Full Text Available Las parálisis fláccidas agudas (PFA tienen una amplia variedad de orígenes y de agentes causales: físicos, fisiopatológicos, tóxicos e infecciosos. Entre estos últimos, el virus salvaje (silvestre de la poliomielitis y el enterovirus 71 (EV71, parecen ser los agentes virales más frecuentes. Habiendo eliminado el poliovirus salvaje autóctono como agente causal de enfermedad paralítica en Colombia desde junio de 1991 y teniendo aislamientos de virus no polio en el 20,8% del total de casos de PFA notificados anualmente, quisimos conocer el papel que juegan los enterovirus en la incidencia de parálisis fláccida aguda y la dinámica de circulación y distribución de los mismos en Colombia. Se revisó la base de datos de los casos notificados al Programa de Erradicación de la Poliomielitis en Colombia entre el 1"" de enero de 1992 y el 31 de diciembre de 1995, al cual se notificaron 856 casos sospechosos de niños menores de 15 años, y se escogieron 69 casos para el estudio pero se recuperaron 57 aislamientos virales por reinoculación en células RD y Hep-2C. Estos se identificaron mediante neutralización con mezclas de antisueros de Lim & Benyesh-Melnick (LBM.Todos ellos fueron sometidos a caracterización molecular mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa -PCR-, utilizando iniciadores complementarios a la regiónVP1 del genoma viral, seguida del análisis de secuencia de nucleótidos de los fragmentos amplificados por PCR. La identificación final del serotipo se realizó por comparación de nucleótidos en auto assemblery el análisis descriptivo de los datos. No se estableció circulación mayor de ningún serotipo específico en región geográfica alguna del país. Tampoco hubo asociación causal a ninguna patología característica con ninguno de los enterovirus aislados. Se describe el hallazgo de EV71 en un caso de PFA con diagnóstico clínico de síndrome de Guillain-Barré. La descripción de 22 serotipos diferentes

Ausencia de circulación de poliovirus en departamentos colombianos con coberturas vacunales inferiores a 80%

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María Mercedes González

2012-08-01

Full Text Available El presente estudio se propuso explorar la posible circulación silente de poliovirus salvajes y derivados de la vacuna (VDPV, por sus siglas en inglés, en departamentos de Colombia con cobertura de vacunación para polio (OPV, por sus siglas en inglés menor de 80%. Se colectaron 52 muestras de aguas residuales que se concentraron mediante precipitación con polietilenglicol y cloruro de sodio. La detección viral se realizó mediante aislamiento y la identificación por neutralización del efecto citopático, así como mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional y en tiempo real, posterior a la transcripción reversa (TR-RCP y rTR-RCP. Los poliovirus aislados se caracterizaron por secuenciación del gen VP1. En dos de las 52 muestras hubo presencia de poliovirus Sabin 2 con más de 99% de similitud de secuencia con la cepa OPV Sabin 2. Se detectó circulación de enterovirus no polio en 17,3% de las muestras. Los serotipos identificados correspondieron a coxsackievirus B1, echovirus 30 y echovirus 11. No se detectaron evidencias de circulación de VDPV ni poliovirus salvaje en los departamentos de Colombia con coberturas de OPV inferiores a 80%.

Potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico de ex-usuários de drogas Brain stem evoked response audiometry of former drug users

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Tainara Milbradt Weich

2012-10-01

Full Text Available As drogas ilícitas são conhecidas pelos seus efeitos deletérios no sistema nervoso central; no entanto, elas também podem atingir o sistema auditivo, provocando alterações. OBJETIVOS: Analisar e comparar os resultados dos potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico (PEATE de frequentadores de grupos de apoio a ex-usuários de drogas. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, não experimental, descritivo e quantitativo. A amostra foi composta por 17 indivíduos divididos conforme o tipo de droga mais consumida: 10 indivíduos no grupo maconha (G1 e sete no grupo crack/cocaína (G2. Eles foram subdivididos pelo tempo de uso de drogas: um a cinco anos, seis a 10 anos e mais que 15 anos. A avaliação foi feita por meio de anamnese, audiometria tonal liminar, medidas de imitância acústica e PEATE. RESULTADOS: Ao comparar os resultados de G1 e G2, independente do tempo de uso de drogas, não se observou diferença estatisticamente significante nas latências absolutas e nos intervalos interpicos. No entanto, apenas cinco dos 17 indivíduos tiveram PEATE com resultados adequados para a faixa etária. CONCLUSÃO: Independentemente do tempo de utilização das drogas, o uso de maconha e crack/cocaína pode provocar alterações difusas no tronco encefálico, comprometendo a transmissão do estímulo auditivo.Illicit drugs are known for their deleterious effects upon the central nervous system and more specifically for how they adversely affect hearing. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze and compare the hearing complaints and the results of brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA of former drug user support group goers. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional non-experimental descriptive quantitative study. The sample consisted of 17 subjects divided by their preferred drug of use. Ten individuals were placed in the marijuana group (G1 and seven in the crack/cocaine group (G2. The subjects were further divided based on how long they had been using

Morte encefálica e cuidados na manutenção do potencial doador de órgãos e tecidos para transplante

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Izaura Luzia Silvério Freire

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho trata-se de estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem quantitativa e dados prospectivos que objetivou verificar o conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre a Morte Encefálica (ME e a manutenção do Potencial Doador (PD. A população constou de 55 profissionais de enfermagem. Destes, a maioria eram técnicos em enfermagem (74,5%; 78,2% informaram já ter trabalhado com PDs e 50,9% afirmaram estar preparados para cuidar desses pacientes. Das condições indispensáveis para a abertura do protocolo de ME, 49,1% afirmaram erroneamente a temperatura superior a 36ºC. No manejo dos distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos, 50,9% optaram incorretamente sobre a reposição de sódio, potássio e magnésio. Nos cuidados com córneas, 58,2% optaram erradamente sobre a proteção com gaze. E 52,7% afirmaram corretamente que o PD pode ser reanimado. O conhecimento sobre o diagnóstico de ME e manutenção ao PD era insuficiente entre os pesquisados, necessitando de educação sobre o tema a fim de aumentar a oferta de órgãos/tecidos para transplantes.

APOBEC3 Interference during Replication of Viral Genomes

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Luc Willems

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Co-evolution of viruses and their hosts has reached a fragile and dynamic equilibrium that allows viral persistence, replication and transmission. In response, infected hosts have developed strategies of defense that counteract the deleterious effects of viral infections. In particular, single-strand DNA editing by Apolipoprotein B Editing Catalytic subunits proteins 3 (APOBEC3s is a well-conserved mechanism of mammalian innate immunity that mutates and inactivates viral genomes. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of APOBEC3 editing during viral replication, the viral strategies that prevent APOBEC3 activity and the consequences of APOBEC3 modulation on viral fitness and host genome integrity. Understanding the mechanisms involved reveals new prospects for therapeutic intervention.

The Pacific Ocean virome (POV: a marine viral metagenomic dataset and associated protein clusters for quantitative viral ecology.

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Bonnie L Hurwitz

Full Text Available Bacteria and their viruses (phage are fundamental drivers of many ecosystem processes including global biogeochemistry and horizontal gene transfer. While databases and resources for studying function in uncultured bacterial communities are relatively advanced, many fewer exist for their viral counterparts. The issue is largely technical in that the majority (often 90% of viral sequences are functionally 'unknown' making viruses a virtually untapped resource of functional and physiological information. Here, we provide a community resource that organizes this unknown sequence space into 27 K high confidence protein clusters using 32 viral metagenomes from four biogeographic regions in the Pacific Ocean that vary by season, depth, and proximity to land, and include some of the first deep pelagic ocean viral metagenomes. These protein clusters more than double currently available viral protein clusters, including those from environmental datasets. Further, a protein cluster guided analysis of functional diversity revealed that richness decreased (i from deep to surface waters, (ii from winter to summer, (iii and with distance from shore in surface waters only. These data provide a framework from which to draw on for future metadata-enabled functional inquiries of the vast viral unknown.

The Pacific Ocean virome (POV): a marine viral metagenomic dataset and associated protein clusters for quantitative viral ecology.

Science.gov (United States)

Hurwitz, Bonnie L; Sullivan, Matthew B

2013-01-01

Bacteria and their viruses (phage) are fundamental drivers of many ecosystem processes including global biogeochemistry and horizontal gene transfer. While databases and resources for studying function in uncultured bacterial communities are relatively advanced, many fewer exist for their viral counterparts. The issue is largely technical in that the majority (often 90%) of viral sequences are functionally 'unknown' making viruses a virtually untapped resource of functional and physiological information. Here, we provide a community resource that organizes this unknown sequence space into 27 K high confidence protein clusters using 32 viral metagenomes from four biogeographic regions in the Pacific Ocean that vary by season, depth, and proximity to land, and include some of the first deep pelagic ocean viral metagenomes. These protein clusters more than double currently available viral protein clusters, including those from environmental datasets. Further, a protein cluster guided analysis of functional diversity revealed that richness decreased (i) from deep to surface waters, (ii) from winter to summer, (iii) and with distance from shore in surface waters only. These data provide a framework from which to draw on for future metadata-enabled functional inquiries of the vast viral unknown.

Viral-specific T-cell transfer from HSCT donor for the treatment of viral infections or diseases after HSCT.

Science.gov (United States)

Qian, C; Wang, Y; Reppel, L; D'aveni, M; Campidelli, A; Decot, V; Bensoussan, D

2018-02-01

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative option for treatment of some malignant and non-malignant hematological diseases. However, post-HSCT patients are severely immunocompromised and susceptible to viral infections, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although antiviral agents are now available for most types of viral infections, they are not devoid of side effects and their efficacy is limited when there is no concomitant antiviral immune reconstitution. In recent decades, adoptive transfer of viral-specific T cells (VSTs) became an alternative treatment for viral infection after HSCT. However, two major issues are concerned in VST transfer: the risk of GVHD and antiviral efficacy. We report an exhaustive review of the published studies that focus on prophylactic and/or curative therapy by donor VST transfer for post-HSCT common viral infections. A low incidence of GVHD and a good antiviral efficacy was observed after adoptive transfer of VSTs from HSCT donor. Viral-specific T-cell transfer is a promising approach for a broad clinical application. Nevertheless, a randomized controlled study in a large cohort of patients comparing antiviral treatment alone to antiviral treatment combined with VSTs is still needed to demonstrate efficacy and safety.

Viral membrane fusion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Harrison, Stephen C.

2015-01-01

Membrane fusion is an essential step when enveloped viruses enter cells. Lipid bilayer fusion requires catalysis to overcome a high kinetic barrier; viral fusion proteins are the agents that fulfill this catalytic function. Despite a variety of molecular architectures, these proteins facilitate fusion by essentially the same generic mechanism. Stimulated by a signal associated with arrival at the cell to be infected (e.g., receptor or co-receptor binding, proton binding in an endosome), they undergo a series of conformational changes. A hydrophobic segment (a “fusion loop” or “fusion peptide”) engages the target-cell membrane and collapse of the bridging intermediate thus formed draws the two membranes (virus and cell) together. We know of three structural classes for viral fusion proteins. Structures for both pre- and postfusion conformations of illustrate the beginning and end points of a process that can be probed by single-virion measurements of fusion kinetics. - Highlights: • Viral fusion proteins overcome the high energy barrier to lipid bilayer merger. • Different molecular structures but the same catalytic mechanism. • Review describes properties of three known fusion-protein structural classes. • Single-virion fusion experiments elucidate mechanism

Viral membrane fusion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Harrison, Stephen C., E-mail: harrison@crystal.harvard.edu

2015-05-15

Membrane fusion is an essential step when enveloped viruses enter cells. Lipid bilayer fusion requires catalysis to overcome a high kinetic barrier; viral fusion proteins are the agents that fulfill this catalytic function. Despite a variety of molecular architectures, these proteins facilitate fusion by essentially the same generic mechanism. Stimulated by a signal associated with arrival at the cell to be infected (e.g., receptor or co-receptor binding, proton binding in an endosome), they undergo a series of conformational changes. A hydrophobic segment (a “fusion loop” or “fusion peptide”) engages the target-cell membrane and collapse of the bridging intermediate thus formed draws the two membranes (virus and cell) together. We know of three structural classes for viral fusion proteins. Structures for both pre- and postfusion conformations of illustrate the beginning and end points of a process that can be probed by single-virion measurements of fusion kinetics. - Highlights: • Viral fusion proteins overcome the high energy barrier to lipid bilayer merger. • Different molecular structures but the same catalytic mechanism. • Review describes properties of three known fusion-protein structural classes. • Single-virion fusion experiments elucidate mechanism.

Viral Advertising on Facebook in Vietnam

OpenAIRE

Tran, Phuong

2014-01-01

The purpose of this thesis is to explore which factors affect the effectiveness of viral advertising on Facebook in Vietnam. The quantitative research method is applied in this research and the sample is Vietnamese Facebook users. After the data analysis stage using SPSS, it became clear that weak ties, perceptual affinity and emotions have an impact on the effectiveness of viral advertising. The results provide a pratical implication of how to make an Ad which can go viral on Facebook. Moreo...

Lesão encefálica hipóxica em vítimas fatais de acidente de trânsito: prevalência, distribuição e associação com tempo de sobrevida e outras lesões cranioencefálicas e extracranianas Hypoxic brain damage in victims of fatal road traffic accident: prevalence, distribution and association with survival time and other head and extracranial injuries

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Sebastião Silva Gusmão

2002-09-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência e a distribuição da lesão encefálica hipóxica e sua associação com tempo de sobrevida e outras lesões cranioencefálicas e extracranianas. MÉTODO: Realizou-se o estudo anátomo-patológico macro e microscópico de 120 vítimas fatais de acidente de trânsito, independente do tempo de sobrevida, necropsiadas no Instituto Médico Legal de Minas Gerais, em Belo Horizonte, no período entre 1989 e 1993. O estudo foi prospectivo e os indivíduos foram selecionados aleatoriamente. RESULTADOS: Das 120 vítimas, 51 eram motoristas ou passageiros de veículos motorizados e 69 eram pedestres. Oitenta e três pacientes (69,2% faleceram no local do acidente ou com menos de 24 horas de sobrevida e 37 (30,8% sobreviveram um ou mais dias. Evidência histológica de lesão encefálica hipóxica foi detectada em 23 (19,2% dos 120 encéfalos. A prevalência foi de 4,8% entre os pacientes que sobreviveram menos de 24 horas e 51,4% para aqueles com um ou mais dias de sobrevida. A lesão encefálica hipóxica foi encontrada principalmente no hipocampo e subiculum (65,2%, tálamo (34,8%, neocórtex cerebral (26,1% e núcleos da base (21,7%. Não se observou associação significativa entre lesão encefálica hipóxica e hipertensão intracraniana, trauma tóraco-abdominal e pneumonia e/ou meningite nos pacientes com sobrevida igual ou superior a um dia. CONCLUSÃO: A lesão encefálica hipóxica ocorre em alta frequência em vítimas fatais de acidente de trânsito com um ou mais dias de sobrevida, não estando significativamente associada a hipertensão intracraniana, trauma tóraco-abdominal e pneumonia e/ou meningite.OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and distribution of hypoxic brain damage and its association with survival time and other head and extracranial injuries. METHOD: A macro and microscopical study of brain lesions in 120 victims of fatal road traffic accident, independent of the survival time, was made

Síndrome hemofagocítico asociado con dengue hemorrágico

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Ernesto Rueda

2002-06-01

Full Text Available El síndrome hemofagocítico se caracteriza por proliferación histiocítica con fagocitosis de células hemáticas que ocasionan citopenia. Ha sido relacionado antes con diversas infecciones, principalmente por virus. Informamos de tres pacientes con síndrome hemofagocítico secundario a dengue hemorrágico, confirmado por exámenes específicos de laboratorio, quienes fueron internados en el Hospital Universitario Ramón González Valencia de Bucaramanga, Colombia, durante los últimos dos años. Los tres pacientes fueron escolares que presentaron dengue hemorrágico y manifestaron dolor abdominal intenso, fiebre prolongada, hipotensión y hepatomegalia dolorosa; los exámenes paraclínicos mostraron plaquetopenia, anemia y leucopenia; en la ecografía abdominal se observó colecistitis acalculosa y en todos los aspirados de medula ósea se encontraron histiocitos fagocitando células hemáticas de la serie eritroide, mieloide o plaquetaria. Se definió y clasificó el síndrome hemofagocítico, según la Sociedad Internacional de Histiocitosis, en tres grandes clases, recalcando que los casos informados corresponden a histiocitosis clase II y, más específicamente, al síndrome hemofagocítico secundario. Se mencionan las diversas asociaciones de este síndrome con infecciones, principalmente virales, y otras enfermedades no infecciosas; se hace diferenciacion entre síndrome hemofagocítico familiar o primario y el secundario. Finalmente, se enfatiza que los tres pacientes con este síndrome asociado con dengue hemorrágico tuvieron una evolución atípica durante el curso de su enfermedad; la fiebre prolongada y el dolor abdominal persistente fueron los síntomas más importantes. Los autores recomiendan realizar un aspirado de médula ósea como parte de los estudios para el diagnóstico diferencial de casos atípicos de dengue, especialmente con fiebre prolongada, buscando la posibilidad de un síndrome hemofagocítico secundario.

Aneurisma luético de arco aórtico roto, complicado pela oclusão de vasos braquiocefálicos e acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico: relato de caso tratado cirurgicamente

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CORSO Ricardo Barros

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Homem de 44 anos, com dor torácica crônica há um ano, apresentou dois episódios de acidentes vasculares encefálicos isquêmicos, desencadeados pela oclusão e trombose das artérias carótida e subclávia esquerdas, em aneurisma sifilítico gigante de arco aórtico roto. O paciente foi submetido à correção cirúrgica com sucesso via esternotomia mediana, utilizando-se proteção cerebral anterógrada e perfusão corporal distal contínuas. Aspectos referentes à técnica operatória utilizada e ampla revisão bibliográfica das diferentes formas de apresentação do comprometimento cardiovascular na sífilis terciária são discutidos.

HIV Viral Load: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information

Science.gov (United States)

... this page: https://medlineplus.gov/labtests/hivviralload.html HIV Viral Load To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. What is an HIV Viral Load? An HIV viral load is a ...

Origins and challenges of viral dark matter.

Science.gov (United States)

Krishnamurthy, Siddharth R; Wang, David

2017-07-15

The accurate classification of viral dark matter - metagenomic sequences that originate from viruses but do not align to any reference virus sequences - is one of the major obstacles in comprehensively defining the virome. Depending on the sample, viral dark matter can make up from anywhere between 40 and 90% of sequences. This review focuses on the specific nature of dark matter as it relates to viral sequences. We identify three factors that contribute to the existence of viral dark matter: the divergence and length of virus sequences, the limitations of alignment based classification, and limited representation of viruses in reference sequence databases. We then discuss current methods that have been developed to at least partially circumvent these limitations and thereby reduce the extent of viral dark matter. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Valor del electroencefalograma en la asfixia perinatal

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Desiderio Pozo Lauzán

1995-04-01

Full Text Available La obtención de un electroencefalograma en neonatos con asfixia permitió la detección de elementos subclínicos (eléctricos que reflejan disfunción cerebral o no. El registro simultáneo del electroencefalograma, con otros parámetros (respiración, electromiograma de los músculos del mentón, motilidad ocular y corporal y electrocardiogramas, constituye lo que se denomina un registro poligráfico. Con este método fue posible identificar los diferentes estadios del ciclo vigilia-sueño (activo, tranquilo y las etapas transicionales lo cual es fundamental para la categorización de los trazados normales y con anomalías. Se relacionaron diferentes hallazgos del electroencefalograma con el grado de asfixia y con la evolución de los pacientes (a largo plazo. Dichos resultados dieron respuesta a problemas de salud y de atención a los recién nacidos con asfixia y contribuyeron al tratamiento más adecuado a éstos al identificar elementos de disfunción encefálica y también en lo que se relaciona con criterios pronósticos.

Good Friends, Bad News - Affect and Virality in Twitter

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hansen, Lars Kai; Arvidsson, Adam; Nielsen, Finn Årup

2011-01-01

The link between affect, defined as the capacity for sentimental arousal on the part of a message, and virality, defined as the probability that it be sent along, is of significant theoretical and practical importance, e.g. for viral marketing. The basic measure of virality in Twitter is the prob......The link between affect, defined as the capacity for sentimental arousal on the part of a message, and virality, defined as the probability that it be sent along, is of significant theoretical and practical importance, e.g. for viral marketing. The basic measure of virality in Twitter...

Infección por Polyoma virus en un paciente con transplante renal: A propósito de un caso

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Reyner Loza Munarriz

2008-07-01

Full Text Available La nefropatia por polyoma virus (NVBK esta siendo reconocida como causa importante de falla del injerto, usualmente confundido con rechazo agudo. A la fecha, no se han reportado casos en el Perú. Se presenta el caso de un niño trasplantado, 17 años de edad, quien presentó elevación persistente de la creatinina sérica en el primer mes postrasplante. Fue tratado como rechazo agudo. Al no presentar mejoría se realizó biopsia renal que mostró marcado daño del epitelio tubular con necrosis parcial y desprendimiento hacia la luz tubular y la presencia de células atípicas con escaso citoplasma e inclusiones intranucleares basofilicas, hallazgos compatibles con infección por virus BK. No se evidenció signos de rechazo. Además, en el papanicolao de orina, se encontró Decoy cells. La carga viral de virus BK fue elevada en sangre y en orina. Se suspendió el tratamiento con mofetil micofenolato, se redujo la dosis de tacrolimus y se inició el tratamiento con leflunomide 40 mg/dia. Seis meses después la función renal del paciente se estabilizó, pero sin mejoría completa quedando con una depuración de creatinina de 30 ml/min/1,73 m² SC. (Rev Med Hered 2008;19:123-127

Redes sociales y marketing viral: repercusión e incidencia en la construcción de la agenda mediática

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Miguel Túñez-López

2011-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se demuestra cómo el establecimiento de relaciones consolidadas entre los usuarios que participan en los contextos sociales virtuales, y el ejercicio de prácticas vinculadas con el marketing viral, pueden alterar el proceso tradicional de producción informativa. La agenda mediática se había construido con la participación del medio y sus fuentes, pero en la actualidad, la participación activa de muchos de estos usuarios en la red repercute en la creación de contenidos que ellos mismos elaboran y difunden mediante técnicas virales. Estos contenidos no son información periodística en la mayoría de los casos, pero cuando alcanzan repercusión acaban siendo noticia y accediendo al temario de los medios tradicionales y digitales, de manera que son los propios usuarios los que promueven los contenidos que los medios seleccionan para elaborar el temario que dirigen a los ciudadanos. Este fenómeno se materializa en las elecciones federales de México de 2007, donde la participación política y ciudadana en los nuevos escenarios virtuales no solo acabó por modificar el temario de los medios tradicionales, sino por cambiar la realidad política del país.

Revista de tesis

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Facultad de Medicina Revista

1944-12-01

Full Text Available Cuerpos extraños del ojo. Tesis de grado aceptada con "Mención honorífica". 1944. - Presentada por Gabriel Jiménez Cadena / Los traumatismos craneo-encefálicos. Tesis de grado aceptada con "Mención Honorífica". 1944. - Presentada por Ernesto Meléndez Sandoval / Cateterismo y avenamiento en las operaciones sobre las vías biliares. Tesis de grado, declarada "Meritoría". 1944. - Presentada por Hernando Galvis Ordóñez / Valor relativo de los sulfamidados en la esquizofrenia y otras psicosis. Tesis de grado declarada ""Meritoría". 1944. - Presentada por Alfonso Camacho Forero / Observaciones sobre metabolismo basal. Tesis de grado. 1944. - Presentada por William Brandford Herrera.

Afrontamiento de las familias ante las consecuencias generadas en los pacientes que sufrieron trauma cráneo encefálico

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Alix Zoraida Bohórquez de Figueroa

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Resumen El Traumatismo craneoencefálico es la primera causa de muerte e incapacidad en la población < de 45 años, afectando principalmente a la población activa y originando terribles secuelas. La mayoría de las personas presentan diversos grados de discapacidad que los limitan para desempeñar los niveles de funcionalidad y 1 estilos de vida previos a la lesión. Todas estas secuelas devienen un golpe arrollador para la familia y demanda una drástica variación y cambios en su funcionamiento habitual, el impacto es violento; cambia todo el sistema de prioridades y como todo evento estresante, está marcado por la incertidumbre y la ambigüedad. Presupone legitimar el indiscutible papel de la familia en la atención y afrontamiento por mantener, restablecer u optimizar la salud de cualquiera 2 de sus miembros durante el proceso de recuperación. La realización de esta investigación cualitativa tiene como objetivo conocer las diferentes estrategias de afrontamiento empleadas por las familias ante las secuelas generadas en los pacientes que sufrieron trauma cráneo encefálico en el primer semestre de 2008, las cuales son una respuesta al cambio que requiere creatividad y producción de nuevas conductas, que le permitan a la familia obtener un grado de cohesión y adaptabilidad frente a las diversas problemáticas y cambios a lo largo del sistema familiar.

What makes a marketing campaing a viral success? : A descriptive model exploring the mechanisms of viral marketing

OpenAIRE

Stålnacke Larsson, Richard; Odén, Niklas

2011-01-01

What makes some marketing campaigns so immensely big and well known when they are marketed through social media or with a viral approach? How can a company reach out to customers through viral marketing and how can they make use of today’s social media to achieve it? In this article we will try to understand and further explore what a campaign have to accomplish in order to achieve a viral spread, using a descriptive model which uses a number of factors and terms necessary in order to properl...

Emerging Viral Diseases of Tomato Crops

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hanssen, I.M.; Lapidot, M.; Thomma, B.P.H.J.

2010-01-01

Viral diseases are an important limiting factor in many crop production systems. Because antiviral products are not available, control strategies rely on genetic resistance or hygienic measures to prevent viral diseases, or on eradication of diseased crops to control such diseases. Increasing

Anatomía, fisiología y rol clínico de la corteza vestibular

OpenAIRE

Aedo Sánchez, Cristian; Collao, Juan Pablo; Délano Reyes, Paul

2016-01-01

El sistema vestibular, mediante sus órganos periféricos, nos permite procesar correctamente los cambios de aceleración angular de la cabeza y lineal del cuerpo y así permitirnos una correcta orientación en el espacio. Esta información sensorial es dirigida hacia los núcleos vestibulares y desde aquí se comunica con los núcleos óculo-motores y estructuras del tálamo a través de tractos ascendentes del tronco encefálico. Posteriormente la información se dirige hacia centros subcorticales y cort...

Sensitive detection of viral transcripts in human tumor transcriptomes.

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Sven-Eric Schelhorn

Full Text Available In excess of 12% of human cancer incidents have a viral cofactor. Epidemiological studies of idiopathic human cancers indicate that additional tumor viruses remain to be discovered. Recent advances in sequencing technology have enabled systematic screenings of human tumor transcriptomes for viral transcripts. However, technical problems such as low abundances of viral transcripts in large volumes of sequencing data, viral sequence divergence, and homology between viral and human factors significantly confound identification of tumor viruses. We have developed a novel computational approach for detecting viral transcripts in human cancers that takes the aforementioned confounding factors into account and is applicable to a wide variety of viruses and tumors. We apply the approach to conducting the first systematic search for viruses in neuroblastoma, the most common cancer in infancy. The diverse clinical progression of this disease as well as related epidemiological and virological findings are highly suggestive of a pathogenic cofactor. However, a viral etiology of neuroblastoma is currently contested. We mapped 14 transcriptomes of neuroblastoma as well as positive and negative controls to the human and all known viral genomes in order to detect both known and unknown viruses. Analysis of controls, comparisons with related methods, and statistical estimates demonstrate the high sensitivity of our approach. Detailed investigation of putative viral transcripts within neuroblastoma samples did not provide evidence for the existence of any known human viruses. Likewise, de-novo assembly and analysis of chimeric transcripts did not result in expression signatures associated with novel human pathogens. While confounding factors such as sample dilution or viral clearance in progressed tumors may mask viral cofactors in the data, in principle, this is rendered less likely by the high sensitivity of our approach and the number of biological replicates

Viral marketing: the use of surprise

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Lindgreen, A.; Vanhamme, J.; Clarke, I.; Flaherty, T.B.

2005-01-01

Viral marketing involves consumers passing along a company's marketing message to their friends, family, and colleagues. This chapter reviews viral marketing campaigns and argues that the emotion of surprise often is at work and that this mechanism resembles that of word-of-mouth marketing.

Viral evasion of intracellular DNA and RNA sensing

Science.gov (United States)

Chan, Ying Kai; Gack, Michaela U.

2016-01-01

The co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has led to the emergence of viral pathogens that are adept at evading or actively suppressing host immunity. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key components of antiviral immunity that detect conserved molecular features of viral pathogens and initiate signalling that results in the expression of antiviral genes. In this Review, we discuss the strategies that viruses use to escape immune surveillance by key intracellular sensors of viral RNA or DNA, with a focus on RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) and interferon-γ (IFNγ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Such viral strategies include the sequestration or modification of viral nucleic acids, interference with specific post-translational modifications of PRRs or their adaptor proteins, the degradation or cleavage of PRRs or their adaptors, and the sequestration or relocalization of PRRs. An understanding of viral immune-evasion mechanisms at the molecular level may guide the development of vaccines and antivirals. PMID:27174148

Molecular imaging of oncolytic viral therapy

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Dana Haddad

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Oncolytic viruses have made their mark on the cancer world as a potential therapeutic option, with the possible advantages of reduced side effects and strengthened treatment efficacy due to higher tumor selectivity. Results have been so promising, that oncolytic viral treatments have now been approved for clinical trials in several countries. However, clinical studies may benefit from the ability to noninvasively and serially identify sites of viral targeting via molecular imaging in order to provide safety, efficacy, and toxicity information. Furthermore, molecular imaging of oncolytic viral therapy may provide a more sensitive and specific diagnostic technique to detect tumor origin and, more importantly, presence of metastases. Several strategies have been investigated for molecular imaging of viral replication broadly categorized into optical and deep tissue imaging, utilizing several reporter genes encoding for fluorescence proteins, conditional enzymes, and membrane protein and transporters. Various imaging methods facilitate molecular imaging, including computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission CT, gamma-scintigraphy, and photoacoustic imaging. In addition, several molecular probes are used for medical imaging, which act as targeting moieties or signaling agents. This review will explore the preclinical and clinical use of in vivo molecular imaging of replication-competent oncolytic viral therapy.

Pediatric Viral Exanthema: A Review Article

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Mohammed Jafar Saffar

2017-04-01

Full Text Available Context Many diseases caused by viral agents are associated with fever and cutaneous manifestations. Viral exanthema is a widespread nonspecific skin rash, commonly characterized by generalized eruption of erythematous macules and papular lesions. Although these rashes are mostly benign and self-limited, some may be serious and life-threatening. Differentiation between severe and benign types is clinically important and life-saving. Evidence Acquisition In this narrative review, electronic databases, including Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed (including Medline, Web of Science, Scientific Information Database, and Scopus, were searched. We conducted a narrative review of papers published on pediatric viral exanthema during 2000 - 2016. The used keywords included “viral exanthema”, “fever”, and “skin rash”. Articles on skin rash, caused by drug reactions or nonviral exanthema, were excluded. Results Different viral agents can cause different types of skin reactions. Cutaneous manifestations and skin rashes can be categorized, based on the form of the rash (macular, papular, vesicular, blistery, petechial, and purpuric or the general term, which denotes illnesses such as measles-like morbilliform rash, rubella or rubelliform rash, and scarlatiniform rash, a scarlet-fever like infection. Conclusions Based on the findings, a systematic approach relying on accurate history-taking and analysis of epidemiological cues and rash characteristics is of great significance.

Oxygen tension level and human viral infections

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Morinet, Frédéric, E-mail: frederic.morinet@sls.aphp.fr [Centre des Innovations Thérapeutiques en Oncologie et Hématologie (CITOH), CHU Saint-Louis, Paris (France); Université Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, Paris (France); Casetti, Luana [Institut Cochin INSERM U1016, Paris (France); François, Jean-Hugues; Capron, Claude [Institut Cochin INSERM U1016, Paris (France); Laboratoire d' Hématologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne (France); Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelynes, Versailles (France); Pillet, Sylvie [Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne (France); Université de Lyon et Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet, GIMAP EA3064, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, Lyon (France)

2013-09-15

The role of oxygen tension level is a well-known phenomenon that has been studied in oncology and radiotherapy since about 60 years. Oxygen tension may inhibit or stimulate propagation of viruses in vitro as well as in vivo. In turn modulating oxygen metabolism may constitute a novel approach to treat viral infections as an adjuvant therapy. The major transcription factor which regulates oxygen tension level is hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). Down-regulating the expression of HIF-1α is a possible method in the treatment of chronic viral infection such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, chronic hepatitis B and C viral infections and Kaposi sarcoma in addition to classic chemotherapy. The aim of this review is to supply an updating concerning the influence of oxygen tension level in human viral infections and to evoke possible new therapeutic strategies regarding this environmental condition. - Highlights: • Oxygen tension level regulates viral replication in vitro and possibly in vivo. • Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α) is the principal factor involved in Oxygen tension level. • HIF-1α upregulates gene expression for example of HIV, JC and Kaposi sarcoma viruses. • In addition to classical chemotherapy inhibition of HIF-1α may constitute a new track to treat human viral infections.

Rituximab-related viral infections in lymphoma patients.

Science.gov (United States)

Aksoy, Sercan; Harputluoglu, Hakan; Kilickap, Saadettin; Dede, Didem Sener; Dizdar, Omer; Altundag, Kadri; Barista, Ibrahim

2007-07-01

Recently, a human/mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody, rituximab, has been successfully used to treat cases of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and some autoimmune diseases. However, several viral infections related to rituximab have been reported in the literature, but were not well characterized. To further investigate this topic, relevant English language studies were identified through Medline. There were 64 previously reported cases of serious viral infection after rituximab treatment. The median age of the cases was 61 years (range: 21 - 79). The median time period from the start of rituximab treatment to viral infection diagnosis was 5.0 months (range: 1 - 20). The most frequently experienced viral infections were hepatitis B virus (HBV) (39.1%, n = 25), cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) (23.4%, n = 15), varicella-zoster virus (VZV) (9.4%, n = 6), and others (28.1%, n = 18). Of the patients with HBV infections, 13 (52.0%) died due to hepatic failure. Among the 39 cases that had viral infections other than HBV, 13 died due to these specific infections. In this study, about 50% of the rituximab-related HBV infections resulted in death, whereas this was the case in only 33% of the cases with other infections. Close monitoring for viral infection, particularly HBV and CMV, in patients treated with rituximab should be recommended.

Viral vector-based influenza vaccines

Science.gov (United States)

de Vries, Rory D.; Rimmelzwaan, Guus F.

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Antigenic drift of seasonal influenza viruses and the occasional introduction of influenza viruses of novel subtypes into the human population complicate the timely production of effective vaccines that antigenically match the virus strains that cause epidemic or pandemic outbreaks. The development of game-changing vaccines that induce broadly protective immunity against a wide variety of influenza viruses is an unmet need, in which recombinant viral vectors may provide. Use of viral vectors allows the delivery of any influenza virus antigen, or derivative thereof, to the immune system, resulting in the optimal induction of virus-specific B- and T-cell responses against this antigen of choice. This systematic review discusses results obtained with vectored influenza virus vaccines and advantages and disadvantages of the currently available viral vectors. PMID:27455345

De novo assembly of highly diverse viral populations

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Yang Xiao

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Extensive genetic diversity in viral populations within infected hosts and the divergence of variants from existing reference genomes impede the analysis of deep viral sequencing data. A de novo population consensus assembly is valuable both as a single linear representation of the population and as a backbone on which intra-host variants can be accurately mapped. The availability of consensus assemblies and robustly mapped variants are crucial to the genetic study of viral disease progression, transmission dynamics, and viral evolution. Existing de novo assembly techniques fail to robustly assemble ultra-deep sequence data from genetically heterogeneous populations such as viruses into full-length genomes due to the presence of extensive genetic variability, contaminants, and variable sequence coverage. Results We present VICUNA, a de novo assembly algorithm suitable for generating consensus assemblies from genetically heterogeneous populations. We demonstrate its effectiveness on Dengue, Human Immunodeficiency and West Nile viral populations, representing a range of intra-host diversity. Compared to state-of-the-art assemblers designed for haploid or diploid systems, VICUNA recovers full-length consensus and captures insertion/deletion polymorphisms in diverse samples. Final assemblies maintain a high base calling accuracy. VICUNA program is publicly available at: http://www.broadinstitute.org/scientific-community/science/projects/viral-genomics/ viral-genomics-analysis-software. Conclusions We developed VICUNA, a publicly available software tool, that enables consensus assembly of ultra-deep sequence derived from diverse viral populations. While VICUNA was developed for the analysis of viral populations, its application to other heterogeneous sequence data sets such as metagenomic or tumor cell population samples may prove beneficial in these fields of research.

Raw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations

Science.gov (United States)

Cantalupo, Paul G.; Calgua, Byron; Zhao, Guoyan; Hundesa, Ayalkibet; Wier, Adam D.; Katz, Josh P.; Grabe, Michael; Hendrix, Roger W.; Girones, Rosina; Wang, David; Pipas, James M.

2011-01-01

ABSTRACT At this time, about 3,000 different viruses are recognized, but metagenomic studies suggest that these viruses are a small fraction of the viruses that exist in nature. We have explored viral diversity by deep sequencing nucleic acids obtained from virion populations enriched from raw sewage. We identified 234 known viruses, including 17 that infect humans. Plant, insect, and algal viruses as well as bacteriophages were also present. These viruses represented 26 taxonomic families and included viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), positive-sense ssRNA [ssRNA(+)], and dsRNA genomes. Novel viruses that could be placed in specific taxa represented 51 different families, making untreated wastewater the most diverse viral metagenome (genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples) examined thus far. However, the vast majority of sequence reads bore little or no sequence relation to known viruses and thus could not be placed into specific taxa. These results show that the vast majority of the viruses on Earth have not yet been characterized. Untreated wastewater provides a rich matrix for identifying novel viruses and for studying virus diversity. Importance At this time, virology is focused on the study of a relatively small number of viral species. Specific viruses are studied either because they are easily propagated in the laboratory or because they are associated with disease. The lack of knowledge of the size and characteristics of the viral universe and the diversity of viral genomes is a roadblock to understanding important issues, such as the origin of emerging pathogens and the extent of gene exchange among viruses. Untreated wastewater is an ideal system for assessing viral diversity because virion populations from large numbers of individuals are deposited and because raw sewage itself provides a rich environment for the growth of diverse host species and thus their viruses. These studies suggest that

Plasma Viral miRNAs Indicate a High Prevalence of Occult Viral Infections

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Enrique Fuentes-Mattei

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Prevalence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8 varies greatly in different populations. We hypothesized that the actual prevalence of KSHV/HHV8 infection in humans is underestimated by the currently available serological tests. We analyzed four independent patient cohorts with post-surgical or post-chemotherapy sepsis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and post-surgical patients with abdominal surgical interventions. Levels of specific KSHV-encoded miRNAs were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR, and KSHV/HHV-8 IgG were measured by immunoassay. We also measured specific miRNAs from Epstein Barr Virus (EBV, a virus closely related to KSHV/HHV-8, and determined the EBV serological status by ELISA for Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1 IgG. Finally, we identified the viral miRNAs by in situ hybridization (ISH in bone marrow cells. In training/validation settings using independent multi-institutional cohorts of 300 plasma samples, we identified in 78.50% of the samples detectable expression of at least one of the three tested KSHV-miRNAs by RT-qPCR, while only 27.57% of samples were found to be seropositive for KSHV/HHV-8 IgG (P < 0.001. The prevalence of KSHV infection based on miRNAs qPCR is significantly higher than the prevalence determined by seropositivity, and this is more obvious for immuno-depressed patients. Plasma viral miRNAs quantification proved that EBV infection is ubiquitous. Measurement of viral miRNAs by qPCR has the potential to become the “gold” standard method to detect certain viral infections in clinical practice.

Wastewater viral community

Data.gov (United States)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — The dataset contains the information used to generate the figures in the manuscript. The data describes the viral loss measured at all steps of sample processing,...

Rinovirus: Frecuencia en niños con infección respiratoria aguda, no internados

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Débora N. Marcone

2012-02-01

Full Text Available Los métodos moleculares para diagnosticar rinovirus humanos (RVH han aumentado la sensibilidad de detección. Esto ha permitido documentar la asociación entre los RVH y las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA altas y bajas. La infección por RVH durante la infancia se asoció con posterior desarrollo de asma. Se estudió la frecuencia de RVH en 186 niños menores de 6 años ambulatorios con IRA (alta o baja, durante 2 años consecutivos (1/6/2008 - 31/5/2010. Se correlacionó la presencia de RVH con los antecedentes y características clínico-epidemiológicas. La detección de RVH se realizó con una RT-PCR en tiempo real que amplifica parte de la región 5' no codificante del genoma. Los virus respiratorios clásicos se estudiaron por inmunofluorescencia. En el 61% de los niños se detectó etiología viral. Las frecuencias fueron: RVH 27%, virus sincicial respiratorio (VSR 16%, influenza A y B 9%, parainfluenza 8%, metapneumovirus 7% y adenovirus 0.5%. Se observaron coinfecciones duales en 8 casos, siendo RVH el más frecuente (en 4 de ellos. Los RVH circularon durante todo el período estudiado, con picos en invierno y primavera. No se observaron diferencias clínico-epidemiológicas significativas entre pacientes con o sin RVH, excepto un mayor porcentaje de niños afebriles con RVH. Los RVH fueron los virus más detectados en niños ambulatorios, principalmente en menores de 2 años, los segundos virus asociados a bronquiolitis, luego del VSR, y detectados tres veces más en los niños expuestos a tabaquismo pasivo (OR: 2,91; p = 0.012 que en el resto. Fueron identificados como único agente en el 28% de las bronquiolitis.

Viral Advertising: Branding Effects from Consumers’ Perspectives

OpenAIRE

Jiang, Yueqing

2012-01-01

Viral advertising is popular for its high viral transmission results online. Its increased impacts on the social media users have been noticed by the author. At the same time, viewers’ negative attitudes toward traditional advertisements become obvious which can be regarded as the phenomenon of advertisement avoidance. It arouses author’s interests to know how the viral advertising reduces the viewers’ negative emotions and its performances in branding online. This paper is going to look into...

Recycling Endosomes and Viral Infection.

Science.gov (United States)

Vale-Costa, Sílvia; Amorim, Maria João

2016-03-08

Many viruses exploit specific arms of the endomembrane system. The unique composition of each arm prompts the development of remarkably specific interactions between viruses and sub-organelles. This review focuses on the viral-host interactions occurring on the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), and mediated by its regulatory Ras-related in brain (Rab) GTPase Rab11. This protein regulates trafficking from the ERC and the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. Such transport comprises intricate networks of proteins/lipids operating sequentially from the membrane of origin up to the cell surface. Rab11 is also emerging as a critical factor in an increasing number of infections by major animal viruses, including pathogens that provoke human disease. Understanding the interplay between the ERC and viruses is a milestone in human health. Rab11 has been associated with several steps of the viral lifecycles by unclear processes that use sophisticated diversified host machinery. For this reason, we first explore the state-of-the-art on processes regulating membrane composition and trafficking. Subsequently, this review outlines viral interactions with the ERC, highlighting current knowledge on viral-host binding partners. Finally, using examples from the few mechanistic studies available we emphasize how ERC functions are adjusted during infection to remodel cytoskeleton dynamics, innate immunity and membrane composition.

Beyond viral suppression of HIV

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Safreed-Harmon, Kelly; Barton, Simon E

2016-01-01

BACKGROUND: In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted a new Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV for 2016-2021. It establishes 15 ambitious targets, including the '90-90-90' target calling on health systems to reduce under-diagnosis of HIV, treat a greater number of those diagnosed......, and ensure that those being treated achieve viral suppression. DISCUSSION: The WHO strategy calls for person-centered chronic care for people living with HIV (PLHIV), implicitly acknowledging that viral suppression is not the ultimate goal of treatment. However, it stops short of providing an explicit target...... for health-related quality of life. It thus fails to take into account the needs of PLHIV who have achieved viral suppression but still must contend with other intense challenges such as serious non-communicable diseases, depression, anxiety, financial stress, and experiences of or apprehension about HIV...

Microbiological diagnostics of viral hepatitis

OpenAIRE

HASDEMİR, Ufuk

2016-01-01

Viral hepatitis is an infection that primarily affects the liverbut may also have systemic clinical manifestations. The vastmajority of viral hepatitis are caused by one of five hepatotropicviruses: hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV),hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D (delta) virus (HDV), andhepatitis E virus (HEV) (Table I) [1]. HBV, HCV, and HDValso cause chronic hepatitis, whereas HAV does not. HEVcauses acute hepatitis in normal hosts but can cause protractedand chronic he...

Valuable Virality

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Akpinar, E.; Berger, Jonah

2017-01-01

Given recent interest in social media, many brands now create content that they hope consumers will view and share with peers. While some campaigns indeed go “viral,” their value to the brand is limited if they do not boost brand evaluation or increase purchase. Consequently, a key question is how

Marketing viral en medios sociales:¿qué contenido es más contagioso y por qué?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paús, Fermín

2014-12-01

Full Text Available El marketing viral es una de las herramientas más relevantes del marketing digital que ha tomado gran relevancia luego de la explosión de los medios sociales. El siguiente ensayo brinda un entendimiento integral del fenómeno contagioso a través del estudio de tres elementos claves: su importancia dentro del contexto actual, su definición y su vinculación con el boca a boca tanto offline (Word of Mouth como online (Electronic Word of Mouth y por último, el entendimiento de qué contenido es más viral y por qué. Esta última sección identifica las principales características del contenido contagioso y explica de manera simple por qué los usuarios pasan algunos contenidos y no otros a sus pares. De esta manera, el siguiente ensayo es una buena combinación entre conceptos teóricos y prácticos que resulta en una excelente guía para profundizar el entendimiento del fenómeno y perfeccionar el uso de la herramienta.

LATENCIA DEL HERPESVIRUS BOVINO-1: EL PAPEL DE LOS TRANSCRITOS RELACIONADOS CON LATENCIA (RL

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JULIÁN, RUIZ

2008-01-01

Full Text Available El herpesvirus bovino-1 es un virus de distribución mundial causante de graves pérdidas económicas debidas principalmente a la disminución de la eficiencia y en los indicadores de salud y productividad de cualquier hato ganadero infectado. Luego de la infección inicial del tracto respiratorio de los animales, el virus establece un estado de latencia viral en las neuronas sensoriales del ganglio trigémino y en los centros germinales de las tonsilas faríngeas. Periódicamente, el virus es reactivado y excretado en secreciones a través de las cuales puede infectar a otros animales susceptibles. Durante dicho estado de latencia hay disminución dramática de la expresión de genes virales, llevando solo a la expresión de dos transcritos: El RNA codificado por el gen relacionado con latencia (RL y el ORF-E viral. Múltiples estudios demuestran como el RL y el ORF-E están involucrados en la regulación del complejo ciclo de latencia y reactivación de la infección. La presente revisión de literatura se enfocará en describir y analizar los distintos estudios que han llevado a dilucidar el papel jugado por el gen RL y el ORF-E, sus transcritos y sus productos proteicos en el establecimiento, mantenimiento y reactivación de la latencia del HVB-1.

An integrated approach to elucidate the intra-viral and viral-cellular protein interaction networks of a gamma-herpesvirus.

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Shaoying Lee

2011-10-01

Full Text Available Genome-wide yeast two-hybrid (Y2H screens were conducted to elucidate the molecular functions of open reading frames (ORFs encoded by murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68. A library of 84 MHV-68 genes and gene fragments was generated in a Gateway entry plasmid and transferred to Y2H vectors. All possible pair-wise interactions between viral proteins were tested in the Y2H assay, resulting in the identification of 23 intra-viral protein-protein interactions (PPIs. Seventy percent of the interactions between viral proteins were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. To systematically investigate virus-cellular protein interactions, the MHV-68 Y2H constructs were screened against a cellular cDNA library, yielding 243 viral-cellular PPIs involving 197 distinct cellar proteins. Network analyses indicated that cellular proteins targeted by MHV-68 had more partners in the cellular PPI network and were located closer to each other than expected by chance. Taking advantage of this observation, we scored the cellular proteins based on their network distances from other MHV-68-interacting proteins and segregated them into high (Y2H-HP and low priority/not-scored (Y2H-LP/NS groups. Significantly more genes from Y2H-HP altered MHV-68 replication when their expression was inhibited with siRNAs (53% of genes from Y2H-HP, 21% of genes from Y2H-LP/NS, and 16% of genes randomly chosen from the human PPI network; p<0.05. Enriched Gene Ontology (GO terms in the Y2H-HP group included regulation of apoptosis, protein kinase cascade, post-translational protein modification, transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, and IκB kinase/NFκB cascade. Functional validation assays indicated that PCBP1, which interacted with MHV-68 ORF34, may be involved in regulating late virus gene expression in a manner consistent with the effects of its viral interacting partner. Our study integrated Y2H screening with multiple functional validation approaches to create �

Mast cells in viral infections

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Piotr Witczak

2012-04-01

Full Text Available  There are some premises suggesting that mast cells are involved in the mechanisms of anti-virus defense and in viral disease pathomechanisms. Mast cells are particularly numerous at the portals of infections and thus may have immediate and easy contact with the external environment and invading pathogens. These cells express receptors responsible for recognition of virus-derived PAMP molecules, mainly Toll-like receptors (TLR3, TLR7/8 and TLR9, but also RIG-I-like and NOD-like molecules. Furthermore, mast cells generate various mediators, cytokines and chemokines which modulate the intensity of inflammation and regulate the course of innate and adaptive anti-viral immunity. Indirect evidence for the role of mast cells in viral infections is also provided by clinical observations and results of animal studies. Currently, more and more data indicate that mast cells can be infected by some viruses (dengue virus, adenoviruses, hantaviruses, cytomegaloviruses, reoviruses, HIV-1 virus. It is also demonstrated that mast cells can release pre formed mediators as well as synthesize de novo eicosanoids in response to stimulation by viruses. Several data indicate that virus-stimulated mast cells secrete cytokines and chemokines, including interferons as well as chemokines with a key role in NK and Tc lymphocyte influx. Moreover, some information indicates that mast cell stimulation via TLR3, TLR7/8 and TLR9 can affect their adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and chemotaxis, and influence expression of some membrane molecules. Critical analysis of current data leads to the conclusion that it is not yet possible to make definitive statements about the role of mast cells in innate and acquired defense mechanisms developing in the course of viral infection and/or pathomechanisms of viral diseases.

Surveillance for Viral Hepatitis - United States, 2014

Science.gov (United States)

... Resource Center Anonymous Feedback Viral Hepatitis Surveillance for Viral Hepatitis – United States, 2014 Recommend on Facebook Tweet Share ... Cases Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Discussion Hepatitis A virus Index PAGE DESCRIPTION Table 2.1 Reported ...

View and review on viral oncology research

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Parolin Cristina

2010-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract To date, almost one and a half million cases of cancer are diagnosed every year in the US and nearly 560,000 Americans are expected to die of cancer in the current year, more than 1,500 people a day (data from the American Cancer Society at http://www.cancer.org/. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, roughly 20% of all cancers worldwide results from chronic infections; in particular, up to 15% of human cancers is characterized by a viral aetiology with higher incidence in Developing Countries. The link between viruses and cancer was one of the pivotal discoveries in cancer research during the past Century. Indeed, the infectious nature of specific tumors has important implications in terms of their prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. In the 21st Century, the research on viral oncology field continues to be vigorous, with new significant and original studies on viral oncogenesis and translational research from basic virology to treatment of cancer. This review will cover different viral oncology aspects, starting from the history of viral oncology and moving to the peculiar features of oncogenic RNA and DNA viruses, with a special focus on human pathogens.

Optimizing viral and non-viral gene transfer methods for genetic modification of porcine mesenchymal stem cells

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Stiehler, Maik; Duch, Mogens; Mygind, Tina

2006-01-01

INTRODUCTION: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide an excellent source of pluripotent progenitor cells for tissue-engineering applications due to their proliferation capacity and differentiation potential. Genetic modification of MSCs with genes encoding tissue-specific growth factors...... viral and non-viral ex vivo gene delivery systems with respect to gene transfer efficiency, maintenance of transgene expression, and safety issues using primary porcine MSCs as target cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MSCs were purified from bone marrow aspirates from the proximal tibiae of four 3-month......-old Danish landrace pigs by Ficoll step gradient separation and polystyrene adherence technique. Vectors expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were transferred to the cells by different non-viral methods and by use of recombinant adeno...

Possible Relevance of Receptor-Receptor Interactions between Viral- and Host-Coded Receptors for Viral-Induced Disease

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Luigi F. Agnati

2007-01-01

Full Text Available It has been demonstrated that some viruses, such as the cytomegalovirus, code for G-protein coupled receptors not only to elude the immune system, but also to redirect cellular signaling in the receptor networks of the host cells. In view of the existence of receptor-receptor interactions, the hypothesis is introduced that these viral-coded receptors not only operate as constitutively active monomers, but also can affect other receptor function by interacting with receptors of the host cell. Furthermore, it is suggested that viruses could also insert not single receptors (monomers, but clusters of receptors (receptor mosaics, altering the cell metabolism in a profound way. The prevention of viral receptor-induced changes in host receptor networks may give rise to novel antiviral drugs that counteract viral-induced disease.

A família também adoece!: mudanças secundárias à ocorrência de um acidente vascular encefálico na família

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Eliana Sales Brito

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Este estudo buscou compreender o impacto da doença incapacitante na família de pacientes vítimas de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE, investigando as mudanças de ordem estrutural, social e emocional. Foram analisadas nove famílias de pacientes com primeiro episódio de AVE identificados pelo registro geral de doenças do Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Bahia. A coleta dos dados foi realizada mediante aplicação de questionário, roteiro de entrevista, escala de avaliação funcional e observações registradas em diário de campo. O método empregado para análise dos dados foi o discurso do sujeito coletivo, produzindo representações sociais e transformando em um só discurso a fala dos sujeitos pesquisados. Constatou-se que a ocorrência de um AVE é uma experiência marcada por bruscas transformações no cotidiano familiar e na vida de cada um de seus membros. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de se habilitar a família para o cuidado ao paciente e para o autocuidado.

Immunity: Insect Immune Memory Goes Viral.

Science.gov (United States)

Ligoxygakis, Petros

2017-11-20

Adaptive memory in insect immunity has been controversial. In this issue, Andino and co-workers propose that acquisition of viral sequences in the host genome gives rise to anti-sense, anti-viral piRNAs. Such sequences can be regarded as both a genomic archive of past infections and as an armour of potential heritable memory. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A highly intensified ART regimen induces long-term viral suppression and restriction of the viral reservoir in a simian AIDS model.

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Iart Luca Shytaj

Full Text Available Stably suppressed viremia during ART is essential for establishing reliable simian models for HIV/AIDS. We tested the efficacy of a multidrug ART (highly intensified ART in a wide range of viremic conditions (10³-10⁷ viral RNA copies/mL in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques, and its impact on the viral reservoir. Eleven macaques in the pre-AIDS stage of the disease were treated with a multidrug combination (highly intensified ART consisting of two nucleosidic/nucleotidic reverse transcriptase inhibitors (emtricitabine and tenofovir, an integrase inhibitor (raltegravir, a protease inhibitor (ritonavir-boosted darunavir and the CCR5 blocker maraviroc. All animals stably displayed viral loads below the limit of detection of the assay (i.e. <40 RNA copies/mL after starting highly intensified ART. By increasing the sensitivity of the assay to 3 RNA copies/mL, viral load was still below the limit of detection in all subjects tested. Importantly, viral DNA resulted below the assay detection limit (<2 copies of DNA/5*10⁵ cells in PBMCs and rectal biopsies of all animals at the end of the follow-up, and in lymph node biopsies from the majority of the study subjects. Moreover, highly intensified ART decreased central/transitional memory, effector memory and activated (HLA-DR⁺ effector memory CD4⁺ T-cells in vivo, in line with the role of these subsets as the main cell subpopulations harbouring the virus. Finally, treatment with highly intensified ART at viral load rebound following suspension of a previous anti-reservoir therapy eventually improved the spontaneous containment of viral load following suspension of the second therapeutic cycle, thus leading to a persistent suppression of viremia in the absence of ART. In conclusion, we show, for the first time, complete suppression of viral load by highly intensified ART and a likely associated restriction of the viral reservoir in the macaque AIDS model, making it a useful platform for testing

The proteasomal Rpn11 metalloprotease suppresses tombusvirus RNA recombination and promotes viral replication via facilitating assembly of the viral replicase complex.

Science.gov (United States)

Prasanth, K Reddisiva; Barajas, Daniel; Nagy, Peter D

2015-03-01

RNA viruses co-opt a large number of cellular proteins that affect virus replication and, in some cases, viral genetic recombination. RNA recombination helps viruses in an evolutionary arms race with the host's antiviral responses and adaptation of viruses to new hosts. Tombusviruses and a yeast model host are used to identify cellular factors affecting RNA virus replication and RNA recombination. In this study, we have examined the role of the conserved Rpn11p metalloprotease subunit of the proteasome, which couples deubiquitination and degradation of proteasome substrates, in tombusvirus replication and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and plants. Depletion or mutations of Rpn11p lead to the rapid formation of viral RNA recombinants in combination with reduced levels of viral RNA replication in yeast or in vitro based on cell extracts. Rpn11p interacts with the viral replication proteins and is recruited to the viral replicase complex (VRC). Analysis of the multifunctional Rpn11p has revealed that the primary role of Rpn11p is to act as a "matchmaker" that brings the viral p92(pol) replication protein and the DDX3-like Ded1p/RH20 DEAD box helicases into VRCs. Overexpression of Ded1p can complement the defect observed in rpn11 mutant yeast by reducing TBSV recombination. This suggests that Rpn11p can suppress tombusvirus recombination via facilitating the recruitment of the cellular Ded1p helicase, which is a strong suppressor of viral recombination, into VRCs. Overall, this work demonstrates that the co-opted Rpn11p, which is involved in the assembly of the functional proteasome, also functions in the proper assembly of the tombusvirus VRCs. RNA viruses evolve rapidly due to genetic changes based on mutations and RNA recombination. Viral genetic recombination helps viruses in an evolutionary arms race with the host's antiviral responses and facilitates adaptation of viruses to new hosts. Cellular factors affect viral RNA recombination, although the role

Modern marketing approach: Concept of viral marketing

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mihailović Lidija B.

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Today, viral marketing is one of the most effective forms of marketing and it can be used to raise awareness about the product/service of a specific company. This type of marketing thrives in a modern environment, where final users (buyers/clients dominate by spreading messages within themselves. Boosted by the advantages that modern technology brings, viral marketing is booming in the online world. For the first time, small brands have a chance to make their appearance in the global market ad challenge the dominating position of the historically top brands. All they need is content that draws attention and modern, digital culture will help spread their message. Viral marketing is the future. And with the growth of social media and other channels, marketing managers need to be careful, because it is a thin line between a good and a bad (backfired viral campaign.

ViralEpi v1.0: a high-throughput spectrum of viral epigenomic methylation profiles from diverse diseases.

Science.gov (United States)

Khan, Mohd Shoaib; Gupta, Amit Kumar; Kumar, Manoj

2016-01-01

To develop a computational resource for viral epigenomic methylation profiles from diverse diseases. Methylation patterns of Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis B virus genomic regions are provided as web platform developed using open source Linux-Apache-MySQL-PHP (LAMP) bundle: programming and scripting languages, that is, HTML, JavaScript and PERL. A comprehensive and integrated web resource ViralEpi v1.0 is developed providing well-organized compendium of methylation events and statistical analysis associated with several diseases. Additionally, it also facilitates 'Viral EpiGenome Browser' for user-affable browsing experience using JavaScript-based JBrowse. This web resource would be helpful for research community engaged in studying epigenetic biomarkers for appropriate prognosis and diagnosis of diseases and its various stages.

A comprehensive and quantitative exploration of thousands of viral genomes

Science.gov (United States)

Mahmoudabadi, Gita

2018-01-01

The complete assembly of viral genomes from metagenomic datasets (short genomic sequences gathered from environmental samples) has proven to be challenging, so there are significant blind spots when we view viral genomes through the lens of metagenomics. One approach to overcoming this problem is to leverage the thousands of complete viral genomes that are publicly available. Here we describe our efforts to assemble a comprehensive resource that provides a quantitative snapshot of viral genomic trends – such as gene density, noncoding percentage, and abundances of functional gene categories – across thousands of viral genomes. We have also developed a coarse-grained method for visualizing viral genome organization for hundreds of genomes at once, and have explored the extent of the overlap between bacterial and bacteriophage gene pools. Existing viral classification systems were developed prior to the sequencing era, so we present our analysis in a way that allows us to assess the utility of the different classification systems for capturing genomic trends. PMID:29624169

Conhecimento leigo sobre doença vascular encefálica Lay knowledge about stroke

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Edison Matos Nóvak

2003-09-01

Full Text Available A magnitude das doenças vasculares encefálicas (DVE, com a sua prevalência, gravidade e elevados índices de morbi-mortalidade, faz com que se busquem formas de prevenção e de diagnóstico precoce. Considerando que as informações sobre os fatores de risco e os sintomas de DVE, pelos doentes de risco e pela população em geral, tem um papel preponderante nesta estratégia de tratamento, os autores buscaram conhecer qual o grau deste conhecimento em um grupo populacional amplo e variado. Assim, aplicou-se em 500 pessoas leigas um questionário de que constavam questões sobre os fatores de risco e sobre os sintomas de DVE com termos não médicos. Os resultados da análise estatística mostraram surpreendente conhecimento sobre os fatores de risco, a par de menor reconhecimento sobre os sintomas e sinais de doença vascular. Os autores detalham os achados e comentam sobre este aspecto importante das DVE.The significance of the risk factors and the rapid diagnosis of encephalic vascular disease (EVD is the reason for this research, where the authors decided to register and analyze the non-medical people knowledge about these risk factors and the symptoms of this group of disease. For this purpose a questionnaire with questions about these facts was applied to 500 voluntaries without pre-selection, 72.6% of them with ages between 16-35 years old, and the answers analyzed by statistical methods. The authors recognized that the risk factors has a good level of knowledge by this population (87.8 % for hypertension, 76.8 % for smoking, 70.8 % for obesity, 68.7 % for sedentary persons, 66.7 % to stress, 66.3 % to alcohol ingest, 60.7 % for fat diet, 59 % to illicit drugs while the signs and symptoms of EVD has a minor level of knowing and correction: lost sensitivity 70.3 %, headache 64.2 %, twisted mouth 59.5 %, lost or altered speech 57.5 %, dizziness 56 %, syncope 51.7 %, amaurosis 50.3 %, disequilibrium 45 %, deafness 31.2 %, weakness 41

Viral haemorrhagic fever and vascular alterations.

Science.gov (United States)

Aleksandrowicz, P; Wolf, K; Falzarano, D; Feldmann, H; Seebach, J; Schnittler, H

2008-02-01

Pathogenesis of viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is closely associated with alterations of the vascular system. Among the virus families causing VHF, filoviruses (Marburg and Ebola) are the most fatal, and will be focused on here. After entering the body, Ebola primarily targets monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells. Infected dendritic cells are largely impaired in their activation potency, likely contributing to the immune suppression that occurs during filovirus infection. Monocytes/macrophages, however, immediately activate after viral contact and release reasonable amounts of cytokines that target the vascular system, particularly the endothelial cells. Some underlying molecular mechanisms such as alteration of the vascular endothelial cadherin/catenin complex, tyrosine phosphorylation, expression of cell adhesion molecules, tissue factor and the effect of soluble viral proteins released from infected cells to the blood stream will be discussed.

ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY OF GLYCIRRHETINIC AND GLYCIRRHIZIC ACIDS

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V. V. Zarubaev

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Influenza is a highly contagious human disease. In the course of use of antiviral drugs drug-resistant strains of the virus are formed, resulting in reduced efficiency of the chemotherapy. The review describes the biological activity of glycirrhetinic (GLA and glycirrhizic (GA acids in terms of their use as a therapeutic agent for viral infections. So, these compounds are against a broad spectrum of viruses, including herpes, corona-, alphaand flaviviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, vaccinia virus, poliovirus type I, vesicular stomatitis virus and influenza A virus. These data indicate that anti-viral effect of these compounds is due to several types of activity — direct antiviral effects, effects on cellular proand anti-viral and immunomodulating pathways, in particular by activation of innate immunity system. GA interferes with early steps of the viral reproductive cycle such as virus binding to its receptor, the absorption of the virus by endocytosis or virus decapsidation in the cytoplasm. This is due to the effect of GA-induced reduction of membrane fluidity. Thus, one mechanism for the antiviral activity of GA is that GA molecule increases the rigidity of cellular and viral membranes after incorporation in there. This results in increasing of energy threshold required for the formation of negative curvature at the fusion zones, as well as difficult lateral migration of the virus-receptor complexes. In addition, glycyrrhizin prevents interaction of viral nucleoprotein with cellular protein HMGB1, which is necessary for the viral life cycle. Glycyrrhizin also inhibits the induction of oxidative stress during influenza infection, exhibiting antioxidant properties, which leads to a reduction of virus-induced production of cytokines/chemokines, without affecting the replication of the virus. A wide spectrum of biological activity and effect on various aspects of the viral pathogenesis substantiate the effect of GA and GLA as a component

Aspectos puntuales del estado vegetativo persistente

OpenAIRE

Hodelín Tablada, Ricardo

2013-01-01

El estado vegetativo persistente es una condición clínica caracterizada por la ausencia completa de conciencia sobre uno mismo y el entorno, unido a ciclos de sueño-vigilia, con preservación total o parcial de las funciones hipotalámicas y autonómicas del tallo encefálico. En el presente artículo, el autor discute aspectos puntuales sobre la entidad clínica, basado en su experiencia y en la revisión de la bibliografía sobre el tema; igualmente se exponen elementos clínicos y epidemiológicos d...

Rapid and highly fieldable viral diagnostic

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

McKnight, Timothy E.

2016-12-20

The present invention relates to a rapid, highly fieldable, nearly reagentless diagnostic to identify active RNA viral replication in a live, infected cells, and more particularly in leukocytes and tissue samples (including biopsies and nasal swabs) using an array of a plurality of vertically-aligned nanostructures that impale the cells and introduce a DNA reporter construct that is expressed and amplified in the presence of active viral replication.

Physical non-viral gene delivery methods for tissue engineering.

Science.gov (United States)

Mellott, Adam J; Forrest, M Laird; Detamore, Michael S

2013-03-01

The integration of gene therapy into tissue engineering to control differentiation and direct tissue formation is not a new concept; however, successful delivery of nucleic acids into primary cells, progenitor cells, and stem cells has proven exceptionally challenging. Viral vectors are generally highly effective at delivering nucleic acids to a variety of cell populations, both dividing and non-dividing, yet these viral vectors are marred by significant safety concerns. Non-viral vectors are preferred for gene therapy, despite lower transfection efficiencies, and possess many customizable attributes that are desirable for tissue engineering applications. However, there is no single non-viral gene delivery strategy that "fits-all" cell types and tissues. Thus, there is a compelling opportunity to examine different non-viral vectors, especially physical vectors, and compare their relative degrees of success. This review examines the advantages and disadvantages of physical non-viral methods (i.e., microinjection, ballistic gene delivery, electroporation, sonoporation, laser irradiation, magnetofection, and electric field-induced molecular vibration), with particular attention given to electroporation because of its versatility, with further special emphasis on Nucleofection™. In addition, attributes of cellular character that can be used to improve differentiation strategies are examined for tissue engineering applications. Ultimately, electroporation exhibits a high transfection efficiency in many cell types, which is highly desirable for tissue engineering applications, but electroporation and other physical non-viral gene delivery methods are still limited by poor cell viability. Overcoming the challenge of poor cell viability in highly efficient physical non-viral techniques is the key to using gene delivery to enhance tissue engineering applications.

Physical non-viral gene delivery methods for tissue engineering

Science.gov (United States)

Mellott, Adam J.; Forrest, M. Laird; Detamore, Michael S.

2016-01-01

The integration of gene therapy into tissue engineering to control differentiation and direct tissue formation is not a new concept; however, successful delivery of nucleic acids into primary cells, progenitor cells, and stem cells has proven exceptionally challenging. Viral vectors are generally highly effective at delivering nucleic acids to a variety of cell populations, both dividing and non-dividing, yet these viral vectors are marred by significant safety concerns. Non-viral vectors are preferred for gene therapy, despite lower transfection efficiencies, and possess many customizable attributes that are desirable for tissue engineering applications. However, there is no single non-viral gene delivery strategy that “fits-all” cell types and tissues. Thus, there is a compelling opportunity to examine different non-viral vectors, especially physical vectors, and compare their relative degrees of success. This review examines the advantages and disadvantages of physical non-viral methods (i.e., microinjection, ballistic gene delivery, electroporation, sonoporation, laser irradiation, magnetofection, and electric field-induced molecular vibration), with particular attention given to electroporation because of its versatility, with further special emphasis on Nucleofection™. In addition, attributes of cellular character that can be used to improve differentiation strategies are examined for tissue engineering applications. Ultimately, electroporation exhibits a high transfection efficiency in many cell types, which is highly desirable for tissue engineering applications, but electroporation and other physical non-viral gene delivery methods are still limited by poor cell viability. Overcoming the challenge of poor cell viability in highly efficient physical non-viral techniques is the key to using gene delivery to enhance tissue engineering applications. PMID:23099792

Viral kinetics of Enterovirus 71 in human abdomyosarcoma cells

Science.gov (United States)

Lu, Jing; He, Ya-Qing; Yi, Li-Na; Zan, Hong; Kung, Hsiang-Fu; He, Ming-Liang

2011-01-01

AIM: To characterise the viral kinetics of enterovirus 71 (EV71). METHODS: In this study, human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells were infected with EV71 at different multiplicity of infection (MOI). After infection, the cytopathic effect (CPE) was monitored and recorded using a phase contrast microscope associated with a CCD camera at different time points post viral infection (0, 6, 12, 24 h post infection). Cell growth and viability were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in both EV71 infected and mock infected cells at each time point. EV71 replication kinetics in RD cells was determined by measuring the total intracellular viral RNA with real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Also, the intracellular and extracellular virion RNA was isolated and quantified at different time points to analyze the viral package and secretion. The expression of viral protein was determined by analyze the levels of viral structure protein VP1 with Western blotting. RESULTS: EV71 infection induced a significant CPE as early as 6 h post infection (p.i.) in both RD cells infected with high ratio of virus (MOI 10) and low ratio of virus (MOI 1). In EV71 infected cells, the cell growth was inhibited and the number of viable cells was rapidly decreased in the later phase of infection. EV71 virions were uncoated immediately after entry. The intracellular viral RNA began to increase at as early as 3 h p.i. and the exponential increase was found between 3 h to 6 h p.i. in both infected groups. For viral structure protein synthesis, results from western-blot showed that intracellular viral protein VP1 could not be detected until 6 h p.i. in the cells infected at either MOI 1 or MOI 10; and reached the peak at 9 h p.i. in the cells infected with EV71 at both MOI 1 and MOI 10. Simultaneously, the viral package and secretion were also actively processed as the virus underwent rapid replication. The viral package kinetics

Viral Evasion of Natural Killer Cell Activation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yi Ma

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Natural killer (NK cells play a key role in antiviral innate defenses because of their abilities to kill infected cells and secrete regulatory cytokines. Additionally, NK cells exhibit adaptive memory-like antigen-specific responses, which represent a novel antiviral NK cell defense mechanism. Viruses have evolved various strategies to evade the recognition and destruction by NK cells through the downregulation of the NK cell activating receptors. Here, we review the recent findings on viral evasion of NK cells via the impairment of NK cell-activating receptors and ligands, which provide new insights on the relationship between NK cells and viral actions during persistent viral infections.

Viral Evasion of Natural Killer Cell Activation.

Science.gov (United States)

Ma, Yi; Li, Xiaojuan; Kuang, Ersheng

2016-04-12

Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in antiviral innate defenses because of their abilities to kill infected cells and secrete regulatory cytokines. Additionally, NK cells exhibit adaptive memory-like antigen-specific responses, which represent a novel antiviral NK cell defense mechanism. Viruses have evolved various strategies to evade the recognition and destruction by NK cells through the downregulation of the NK cell activating receptors. Here, we review the recent findings on viral evasion of NK cells via the impairment of NK cell-activating receptors and ligands, which provide new insights on the relationship between NK cells and viral actions during persistent viral infections.

HIV Viral Load

Science.gov (United States)

... PF4 Antibody Hepatitis A Testing Hepatitis B Testing Hepatitis C Testing HER2/neu Herpes Testing High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP) Histamine Histone Antibody HIV Antibody and HIV Antigen (p24) HIV Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Testing, Genotypic HIV Viral Load HLA Testing HLA- ...

con dietas suplementadas con Cromo-L-metionina

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ram\\u00F3n Garc\\u00EDa-Castillo

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Un total de 48 cerdos (Sus scrofa domesticus; 24 machos castrados y 24 hembras cruzados (Yorkshire, Hampshire, Duroc y Landrace de 3,5 a 4,0 meses de edad y 60,0 ± 5,0 kg PV en finalización. Se alimentaron con dietas isoproteícas (14,5 % PC e isoenergéticas (3.400 kcal EM/kg de MS, adicionadas con Cr-L-metionina (MiCroPlex® (0, 200, 400 y 600 ppb. El experimento tuvo una duración de 45 días y se realizó de agosto a noviembre del 2002 en las instalaciones de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, localizada en Saltillo, Coahuila, México. Al tener los animales aproximadamente 95 kg PV, se tomó muestra de 15 ml de sangre por cada animal para determinar la concentración de glucosa, ácido úrico, creatinina, urea, proteinas totales y colesterol. Se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 4; dos para el factor sexo y cuatro para nivel de cromo. Los metabolitos en suero no fueron afectados (P>0,05 por el factor sexo. La glucosa en suero disminuyó (P<0,05 y el colesterol incrementó (P<0,05 con cromo en la dieta. Se concluye que el Cr incrementa el metabolismo de glucosa y disminuye el de colesterol, con lo cual puede haber energía disponible para síntesis de proteína la cual es necesaria para el crecimiento de los animales

El citoesqueleto en la infección con virus dengue

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francisco Javier Díaz Castrillón

2004-03-01

Full Text Available

El dengue constituye la enfermedad viral transmitida por artrópodos más frecuente en Colombia y otros países en vías de desarrollo del trópico. La incidencia anual en Colombia es de aproximadamente 50.000 casos. Aunque el dengue tiene baja mortalidad, es una enfermedad con gran impacto económico en países en vía de desarrollo; inclusive podría postularse como un indicador de subdesarrollo.

Durante los últimos años, debido principalmente al aumento en la temperatura global, el crecimiento de la población humana con planes de urbanización precarios y la alteración de los ecosistemas naturales, ha sido notorio un incremento en la frecuencia del dengue (DF, y la aparición de cuadros clínicos severos, como dengue hemorrágico (DHF y síndrome de choque por dengue (DSS. Las diferencias en la severidad han sido asociadas a infecciones con los diferentes serotipos del virus, potenciación dependiente de anticuerpos (ADE producto de infecciones secundarias con distintos serotipos y al nivel molecular, por la variabilidad genotípica de los virus.

Con el surgimiento de una nueva rama “Biología Celular de la Infección Viral”, se abren nuevas posibilidades para el estudio de la patogénesis viral, en el contexto de la interacción virus-célula. Dentro de la familia Flaviviridae, algunas publicaciones reportan alteraciones del citoesqueleto en células infectadas con diversos virus, siendo estos resultados claves para el entendimiento de la utilización de la célula por los virus y la comprensión de la relación entre las proteínas celulares y las virales.

La diferenciación entre DHF y DF ha sido difícil, por lo que nuevos

Viral and cellular subnuclear structures in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells.

Science.gov (United States)

Strang, Blair L

2015-02-01

In human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected cells, a dramatic remodelling of the nuclear architecture is linked to the creation, utilization and manipulation of subnuclear structures. This review outlines the involvement of several viral and cellular subnuclear structures in areas of HCMV replication and virus-host interaction that include viral transcription, viral DNA synthesis and the production of DNA-filled viral capsids. The structures discussed include those that promote or impede HCMV replication (such as viral replication compartments and promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies, respectively) and those whose role in the infected cell is unclear (for example, nucleoli and nuclear speckles). Viral and cellular proteins associated with subnuclear structures are also discussed. The data reviewed here highlight advances in our understanding of HCMV biology and emphasize the complexity of HCMV replication and virus-host interactions in the nucleus. © 2015 The Authors.

V-GAP: Viral genome assembly pipeline

KAUST Repository

Nakamura, Yoji

2015-10-22

Next-generation sequencing technologies have allowed the rapid determination of the complete genomes of many organisms. Although shotgun sequences from large genome organisms are still difficult to reconstruct perfect contigs each of which represents a full chromosome, those from small genomes have been assembled successfully into a very small number of contigs. In this study, we show that shotgun reads from phage genomes can be reconstructed into a single contig by controlling the number of read sequences used in de novo assembly. We have developed a pipeline to assemble small viral genomes with good reliability using a resampling method from shotgun data. This pipeline, named V-GAP (Viral Genome Assembly Pipeline), will contribute to the rapid genome typing of viruses, which are highly divergent, and thus will meet the increasing need for viral genome comparisons in metagenomic studies.

V-GAP: Viral genome assembly pipeline

KAUST Repository

Nakamura, Yoji; Yasuike, Motoshige; Nishiki, Issei; Iwasaki, Yuki; Fujiwara, Atushi; Kawato, Yasuhiko; Nakai, Toshihiro; Nagai, Satoshi; Kobayashi, Takanori; Gojobori, Takashi; Ototake, Mitsuru

2015-01-01

Next-generation sequencing technologies have allowed the rapid determination of the complete genomes of many organisms. Although shotgun sequences from large genome organisms are still difficult to reconstruct perfect contigs each of which represents a full chromosome, those from small genomes have been assembled successfully into a very small number of contigs. In this study, we show that shotgun reads from phage genomes can be reconstructed into a single contig by controlling the number of read sequences used in de novo assembly. We have developed a pipeline to assemble small viral genomes with good reliability using a resampling method from shotgun data. This pipeline, named V-GAP (Viral Genome Assembly Pipeline), will contribute to the rapid genome typing of viruses, which are highly divergent, and thus will meet the increasing need for viral genome comparisons in metagenomic studies.

Viral pathogenesis in diagrams

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Tremblay, Michel; Berthiaume, Laurent; Ackermann, Hans-Wolfgang

2001-01-01

.... The 268 diagrams in Viral Pathogenesis in Diagrams were selected from over 800 diagrams of English and French virological literature, including one derived from a famous drawing by Leonardo da Vinci...

Plum Pox Virus 6K1 Protein Is Required for Viral Replication and Targets the Viral Replication Complex at the Early Stage of Infection.

Science.gov (United States)

Cui, Hongguang; Wang, Aiming

2016-05-15

The potyviral RNA genome encodes two polyproteins that are proteolytically processed by three viral protease domains into 11 mature proteins. Extensive molecular studies have identified functions for the majority of the viral proteins. For example, 6K2, one of the two smallest potyviral proteins, is an integral membrane protein and induces the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-originated replication vesicles that target the chloroplast for robust viral replication. However, the functional role of 6K1, the other smallest protein, remains uncharacterized. In this study, we developed a series of recombinant full-length viral cDNA clones derived from a Canadian Plum pox virus (PPV) isolate. We found that deletion of any of the short motifs of 6K1 (each of which ranged from 5 to 13 amino acids), most of the 6K1 sequence (but with the conserved sequence of the cleavage sites being retained), or all of the 6K1 sequence in the PPV infectious clone abolished viral replication. The trans expression of 6K1 or the cis expression of a dislocated 6K1 failed to rescue the loss-of-replication phenotype, suggesting the temporal and spatial requirement of 6K1 for viral replication. Disruption of the N- or C-terminal cleavage site of 6K1, which prevented the release of 6K1 from the polyprotein, either partially or completely inhibited viral replication, suggesting the functional importance of the mature 6K1. We further found that green fluorescent protein-tagged 6K1 formed punctate inclusions at the viral early infection stage and colocalized with chloroplast-bound viral replicase elements 6K2 and NIb. Taken together, our results suggest that 6K1 is required for viral replication and is an important viral element of the viral replication complex at the early infection stage. Potyviruses account for more than 30% of known plant viruses and consist of many agriculturally important viruses. The genomes of potyviruses encode two polyproteins that are proteolytically processed into 11 mature

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated viral interference in plants

KAUST Repository

Ali, Zahir; Abulfaraj, Aala A.; Idris, Ali; Ali, Shawkat; Tashkandi, Manal; Mahfouz, Magdy M.

2015-01-01

These data establish the efficacy of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for viral interference in plants, thereby extending the utility of this technology and opening the possibility of producing plants resistant to multiple viral infections.

Análisis de la epidemia de muertes infantiles en Talara durante el Fenómeno El Niño de 1997 - 1998: ¿estamos preparados para enfrentar otra?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aníbal Del Águila

2007-06-01

Full Text Available Los cambios climáticos producidos últimamente en el mundo debido al calentamiento global son motivo de preocupación creciente por su impacto en la salud y particularmente por su influencia en la presentación de las llamadas infecciones emergentes. Un aspecto poco estudiado de estas infecciones es el cambio en la virulencia y presentación clínica de infecciones producidas por agentes conocidos. La epidemia que ocasionó un elevado número de muertes infantiles en la provincia de Talara, durante el fenómeno El Niño de 1997 y 1998, fue producida por una enfermedad de presentación inusual, de rápida evolución y elevada mortalidad. La secuencia de síntomas, el examen físico y los resultados de laboratorio correspondieron a un patrón de infección viral. El compromiso neurológico nos planteó el diagnóstico de encefalitis, siendo el edema cerebral la causa de muerte de estos niños. El cuadro clínico pudo corresponder al de virus conocidos, como los arbovirus o al de los virus influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, echovirus, coxsackie, enterovirus, herpesvirus, entre otros, pero con mayor impacto a nivel del sistema nervioso central, o de un nuevo virus con características neurotrópicas. Analizamos la relación entre infecciones y elevación de temperatura. Destacamos la importancia de la historia clínica y el conocimiento de la fisiopatología de las infecciones virales para hacer su diagnóstico y la necesidad de estar preparados ante la presentación de una nueva epidemia en infraestructura, insumos y especialmente capacitación del personal de salud. En este sentido, se señala las limitaciones de los programas de salud vigentes. El mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida, saneamiento ambiental y cuidado del medio ambiente son la mejor manera de prevenir y controlar la presentación de infecciosas emergentes. Debemos aprender de las lecciones que nos dejó esta epidemia y del elevado número de muertes infantiles que ocasion

Subpoblaciones neuronales presentes en cultivos primarios de ganglio espinal y su relación con la infección in vitro por virus de rabia

OpenAIRE

Hernán Hurtado; Jaime E. Castellanos; Niyibi Quiroga; Marlén Martínez

2000-01-01

El virus de la rabia presenta un fuerte tropismo neuronal y que produce una encefalitis generalmente letal. En un accidente rábico clásico, producido por la mordedura de un animal infectado, el virus es captado por terminaciones nerviosas motoras, autonómicas o sensoriales. Si es captado por estas últimas, el virus se transporta retrógradamente hacia los somas neuronales ubicados en los ganglios espinales y de...

Translation of a nonpolyadenylated viral RNA is enhanced by binding of viral coat protein or polyadenylation of the RNA.

Science.gov (United States)

Neeleman, L; Olsthoorn, R C; Linthorst, H J; Bol, J F

2001-12-04

On entering a host cell, positive-strand RNA virus genomes have to serve as messenger for the translation of viral proteins. Efficient translation of cellular messengers requires interactions between initiation factors bound to the 5'-cap structure and the poly(A) binding protein bound to the 3'-poly(A) tail. Initiation of infection with the tripartite RNA genomes of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and viruses from the genus Ilarvirus requires binding of a few molecules of coat protein (CP) to the 3' end of the nonpolyadenylated viral RNAs. Moreover, infection with the genomic RNAs can be initiated by addition of the subgenomic messenger for CP, RNA 4. We report here that extension of the AMV RNAs with a poly(A) tail of 40 to 80 A-residues permitted initiation of infection independently of CP or RNA 4 in the inoculum. Specifically, polyadenylation of RNA 1 relieved an apparent bottleneck in the translation of the viral RNAs. Translation of RNA 4 in plant protoplasts was autocatalytically stimulated by its encoded CP. Mutations that interfered with CP binding to the 3' end of viral RNAs reduced translation of RNA 4 to undetectable levels. Possibly, CP of AMV and ilarviruses stimulates translation of viral RNAs by acting as a functional analogue of poly(A) binding protein or other cellular proteins.

Relación entre adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral y subpoblaciones linfocitarias en niños con HIV/Sida

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Jeannette Balbaryski

2013-08-01

Full Text Available El curso de la infección por HIV se caracteriza principalmente por una depleción grave de los linfocitos TCD4+ y una activación inmune marcada, hallazgos centrales que conducen a variaciones numéricas y fenotípicas de las poblaciones linfocitarias TCD4+. El tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV combinado ha modificado sustancialmente el curso de la infección por HIV, y la correcta adherencia al mismo resulta en una disminución de la carga viral a niveles indetectables, y a un incremento significativo en la repoblación de los linfocitos T periféricos. En este trabajo se evaluó en 28 niños HIV (+ la relación entre los cambios en los niveles de las poblaciones linfocitarias y la adherencia al TARV, luego de 9 meses en promedio de iniciado el mismo. El grupo de 18 niños con buena adherencia, superior al 95%, presentó un aumento significativo en los porcentajes de células naive CD4+CD45RA+CD62L+ y un descenso en las células de memoria central CD4+CD45RA-CD62L+, entre ambos momentos del seguimiento. Por el contrario, los 10 niños con fallas en la adherencia no mostraron diferencias significativas en los niveles de tales poblaciones. La buena adherencia al TARV produce el rápido y significativo descenso de la replicación viral lo cual se asocia a la progresiva reconstitución cuantitativa y funcional del sistema inmune.

VirSorter: mining viral signal from microbial genomic data

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Simon Roux

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Viruses of microbes impact all ecosystems where microbes drive key energy and substrate transformations including the oceans, humans and industrial fermenters. However, despite this recognized importance, our understanding of viral diversity and impacts remains limited by too few model systems and reference genomes. One way to fill these gaps in our knowledge of viral diversity is through the detection of viral signal in microbial genomic data. While multiple approaches have been developed and applied for the detection of prophages (viral genomes integrated in a microbial genome, new types of microbial genomic data are emerging that are more fragmented and larger scale, such as Single-cell Amplified Genomes (SAGs of uncultivated organisms or genomic fragments assembled from metagenomic sequencing. Here, we present VirSorter, a tool designed to detect viral signal in these different types of microbial sequence data in both a reference-dependent and reference-independent manner, leveraging probabilistic models and extensive virome data to maximize detection of novel viruses. Performance testing shows that VirSorter’s prophage prediction capability compares to that of available prophage predictors for complete genomes, but is superior in predicting viral sequences outside of a host genome (i.e., from extrachromosomal prophages, lytic infections, or partially assembled prophages. Furthermore, VirSorter outperforms existing tools for fragmented genomic and metagenomic datasets, and can identify viral signal in assembled sequence (contigs as short as 3kb, while providing near-perfect identification (>95% Recall and 100% Precision on contigs of at least 10kb. Because VirSorter scales to large datasets, it can also be used in “reverse” to more confidently identify viral sequence in viral metagenomes by sorting away cellular DNA whether derived from gene transfer agents, generalized transduction or contamination. Finally, VirSorter is made

VirSorter: mining viral signal from microbial genomic data

Science.gov (United States)

Roux, Simon; Enault, Francois; Hurwitz, Bonnie L.

2015-01-01

Viruses of microbes impact all ecosystems where microbes drive key energy and substrate transformations including the oceans, humans and industrial fermenters. However, despite this recognized importance, our understanding of viral diversity and impacts remains limited by too few model systems and reference genomes. One way to fill these gaps in our knowledge of viral diversity is through the detection of viral signal in microbial genomic data. While multiple approaches have been developed and applied for the detection of prophages (viral genomes integrated in a microbial genome), new types of microbial genomic data are emerging that are more fragmented and larger scale, such as Single-cell Amplified Genomes (SAGs) of uncultivated organisms or genomic fragments assembled from metagenomic sequencing. Here, we present VirSorter, a tool designed to detect viral signal in these different types of microbial sequence data in both a reference-dependent and reference-independent manner, leveraging probabilistic models and extensive virome data to maximize detection of novel viruses. Performance testing shows that VirSorter’s prophage prediction capability compares to that of available prophage predictors for complete genomes, but is superior in predicting viral sequences outside of a host genome (i.e., from extrachromosomal prophages, lytic infections, or partially assembled prophages). Furthermore, VirSorter outperforms existing tools for fragmented genomic and metagenomic datasets, and can identify viral signal in assembled sequence (contigs) as short as 3kb, while providing near-perfect identification (>95% Recall and 100% Precision) on contigs of at least 10kb. Because VirSorter scales to large datasets, it can also be used in “reverse” to more confidently identify viral sequence in viral metagenomes by sorting away cellular DNA whether derived from gene transfer agents, generalized transduction or contamination. Finally, VirSorter is made available through the i

The Ins and Outs of Viral Infection: Keystone Meeting Review

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sara W. Bird

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Newly observed mechanisms for viral entry, assembly, and exit are challenging our current understanding of the replication cycle of different viruses. To address and better understand these mechanisms, a Keystone Symposium was organized in the snowy mountains of Colorado (“The Ins and Outs of Viral Infection: Entry, Assembly, Exit, and Spread”; 30 March–4 April 2014, Beaver Run Resort, Breckenridge, Colorado, organized by Karla Kirkegaard, Mavis Agbandje-McKenna, and Eric O. Freed. The meeting served to bring together cell biologists, structural biologists, geneticists, and scientists expert in viral pathogenesis to discuss emerging mechanisms of viral ins and outs. The conference was organized around different phases of the viral replication cycle, including cell entry, viral assembly and post-assembly maturation, virus structure, cell exit, and virus spread. This review aims to highlight important topics and themes that emerged during the conference.

Comparación de los métodos de cuantificación de carga viral de VIH: COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan HIV-1 test, v 2.0, y VERSANT HIV-1 RNA 1.0 Assay (kPCR Comparison of COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan HIV-1 test, v 2.0 and VERSANT HIV-1 RNA 1.0 (kPCR assays for HIV-1 plasma viral load

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

María Isabel Múnera-Jaramillo

2012-03-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el desempeño del método VERSANTHIV-1RNA 1.0 Assay® (kPCR (Siemens, para la cuantificación de la carga viral en pacientes con VIH-1, en comparación con el método COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 test®, v2.0 (Roche Diagnostics (CAP/CTM. Métodos. Las muestras fueron tomadas en dos tubos con EDTA, de 60 pacientes remitidos por el médico tratante para pruebas de carga viral como parte de su control de rutina de VIH/sida, y fueron procesadas para la cuantificación del ARN del VIH-1 por ambas técnicas. Se hizo análisis de regresión y se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson, y los de correlación y concordancia de Lin. Se evalúo la concordancia entre las dos técnicas mediante el método de Bland-Altman. Resultados. El promedio de la carga viral por el método CAP/CTM fue 3,2±1,4 long10 copias/ml y, por el método kPCR, 3,0±1,3 long10 copias/ml. El 86,7 % de muestras presentó diferencias entre los dos métodos, menores de 0,5 long10 copias/ml, y el 13,3 % presentó diferencias mayores. El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre los dos métodos fue de 0,97 (IC95% 0,95-0,99 y el índice kappa ponderado entre los dos métodos en diferentes rangos de concentración, fue de 0,91 (IC95% 0,87-0,96. El promedio de las diferencias entre las mediciones fue 0,22 long10 copias/ml (IC95% -0,45 a 0,89. Conclusión. Las dos técnicas evaluadas fueron comparables, con el método kPCR se observaron resultados más bajos.Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the kPCR VERSANT (™ 440 HIV-1RNA 3.0 Assay® (Siemens method for the quantification of viral load in HIV-1 patients, compared to the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBASTaqMan HIV-1 test®, v. 2.0 (Roche Diagnostics (CAP/CTM. Methods: Samples were taken in 2 tubes with EDTA, in 60 patients referred by the attending physician for viral load tests as part of their routine control of HIV/AIDS, and were

Resultado de los embarazos complicados con rubéola, 1990-1997

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Figueroa-Damián Ricardo

1999-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO. Describir la experiencia del manejo de embarazadas con rubéola, evaluando el resultado perinatal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Del 1 de enero de 1990 al 31 de octubre de 1997 se incluyeron 67 embarazadas con diagnóstico de rubéola, corroborada con la determinación de anticuerpos séricos IgM. Se dio seguimiento hasta la resolución del embarazo en 66 de estas mujeres: en cuatro se realizó un aborto electivo y una tuvo un embarazo molar. En 61 pacientes se pudo evaluar el efecto de la rubéola sobre el producto y la gestación. A los productos con determinación positiva de IgM contra rubéola se les realizó ecocardiograma, estudio oftalmológico y potenciales provocados auditivos del tallo cerebral (PPATC. RESULTADOS. El promedio de edad de las embarazadas fue de 24.7±5.5 años; 28 pacientes cursaban su primer embarazo. Ninguna de las embarazadas presentó alguna complicación del episodio de rubéola. En 35 casos (52.2% la infección viral se presentó durante el primer trimestre de gestación; en 23 (34.5% sucedió durante el segundo trimestre, y en nueve (13.3% ocurrió en el último trimestre. De los casos de infección materna durante el primer trimestre gestacional, 71% de los productos se infectaron y 51.6% desarrollaron un síndrome de rubéola congénita. Las manifestaciones de rubéola congénita más frecuentes fueron prematurez, bajo peso al nacimiento y alteración de los PPATC. CONCLUSIONES. En México la rubéola continúa causando daño fetal, de tal manera que es necesario establecer medidas de prevención, como la vacunación universal, para evitar la infección por rubéola.

Viral tropism and pathology associated with viral hemorrhagic septicemia in larval and juvenile Pacific herring

Science.gov (United States)

Lovy, Jan; Lewis, N.L.; Hershberger, P.K.; Bennett, W.; Meyers, T.R.; Garver, K.A.

2012-01-01

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVa causes mass mortality in wild Pacific herring, a species of economic value, in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Young of the year herring are particularly susceptible and can be carriers of the virus. To understand its pathogenesis, tissue and cellular tropisms of VHSV in larval and juvenile Pacific herring were investigated with immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and viral tissue titer. In larval herring, early viral tropism for epithelial tissues (6d post-exposure) was indicated by foci of epidermal thickening that contained heavy concentrations of virus. This was followed by a cellular tropism for fibroblasts within the fin bases and the dermis, but expanded to cells of the kidney, liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract and meninges in the brain. Among wild juvenile herring that underwent a VHS epizootic in the laboratory, the disease was characterized by acute and chronic phases of death. Fish that died during the acute phase had systemic infections in tissues including the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, kidney, liver, and meninges. The disease then transitioned into a chronic phase that was characterized by the appearance of neurological signs including erratic and corkscrew swimming and darkening of the dorsal skin. During the chronic phase viral persistence occurred in nervous tissues including meninges and brain parenchymal cells and in one case in peripheral nerves, while virus was mostly cleared from the other tissues. The results demonstrate the varying VHSV tropisms dependent on the timing of infection and the importance of neural tissues for the persistence and perpetuation of chronic infections in Pacific herring.

Viral infection and antiviral therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Science.gov (United States)

Barford, Galina; Rentz, Alison C; Faix, Roger G

2004-01-01

Viral diseases are leading causes of mortality and morbidity among infants requiring care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), with ongoing discoveries of new viral pathology likely to add to the burdens posed. Many viral diseases in NICU infants are undiagnosed or appreciated only late in the course because of subtle or asymptomatic presentation, confusion with bacterial disease, and failure to consider viral disease. We present an overview of viral disease in NICU infants, with emphasis on pharmacologic agents currently employed for prophylaxis and treatment of such diseases. Advances in molecular biology and popular demand to develop antiviral agents for viral diseases (eg, human immunodeficiency virus) offer great promise for the future.

Novel viral genomes identified from six metagenomes reveal wide distribution of archaeal viruses and high viral diversity in terrestrial hot springs

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Islin, Sóley Ruth; Menzel, Peter; Krogh, Anders

2016-01-01

Limited by culture-dependent methods the number of viruses identified from thermophilic Archaea and Bacteria is still very small. In this study we retrieved viral sequences from six hot spring metagenomes isolated worldwide, revealing a wide distribution of four archaeal viral families....... Among the novel genomes, one belongs to a putative thermophilic virus infecting the bacterium Hydrogenobaculum, for which no virus has been reported in the literature. Moreover, a high viral diversity was observed in the metagenomes, especially among the Lipothrixviridae, as indicated by the large...

Improving laboratory efficiencies to scale-up HIV viral load testing.

Science.gov (United States)

Alemnji, George; Onyebujoh, Philip; Nkengasong, John N

2017-03-01

Viral load measurement is a key indicator that determines patients' response to treatment and risk for disease progression. Efforts are ongoing in different countries to scale-up access to viral load testing to meet the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS target of achieving 90% viral suppression among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. However, the impact of these initiatives may be challenged by increased inefficiencies along the viral load testing spectrum. This will translate to increased costs and ineffectiveness of scale-up approaches. This review describes different parameters that could be addressed across the viral load testing spectrum aimed at improving efficiencies and utilizing test results for patient management. Though progress is being made in some countries to scale-up viral load, many others still face numerous challenges that may affect scale-up efficiencies: weak demand creation, ineffective supply chain management systems; poor specimen referral systems; inadequate data and quality management systems; and weak laboratory-clinical interface leading to diminished uptake of test results. In scaling up access to viral load testing, there should be a renewed focus to address efficiencies across the entire spectrum, including factors related to access, uptake, and impact of test results.

FastStats: Viral Hepatitis

Science.gov (United States)

... Submit What's this? Submit Button NCHS Home Viral Hepatitis Recommend on Facebook Tweet Share Compartir Data are for the U.S. Morbidity Number of new hepatitis A cases: 1,239 (2014) Number of new ...

454-Pyrosequencing: A Molecular Battiscope for Freshwater Viral Ecology

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

David J. Rooks

2010-07-01

Full Text Available Viruses, the most abundant biological entities on the planet, are capable of infecting organisms from all three branches of life, although the majority infect bacteria where the greatest degree of cellular diversity lies. However, the characterization and assessment of viral diversity in natural environments is only beginning to become a possibility. Through the development of a novel technique for the harvest of viral DNA and the application of 454 pyrosequencing, a snapshot of the diversity of the DNA viruses harvested from a standing pond on a cattle farm has been obtained. A high abundance of viral genotypes (785 were present within the virome. The absolute numbers of lambdoid and Shiga toxin (Stx encoding phages detected suggested that the depth of sequencing had enabled recovery of only ca. 8% of the total virus population, numbers that agreed within less than an order of magnitude with predictions made by rarefaction analysis. The most abundant viral genotypes in the pond were bacteriophages (93.7%. The predominant viral genotypes infecting higher life forms found in association with the farm were pathogens that cause disease in cattle and humans, e.g. members of the Herpesviridae. The techniques and analysis described here provide a fresh approach to the monitoring of viral populations in the aquatic environment, with the potential to become integral to the development of risk analysis tools for monitoring the dissemination of viral agents of animal, plant and human diseases.

NaVirCept - Nucleic Acid-Based Anti-Viral Project

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Stephen, E. R.; Wong, J.; Van Loon, D.

2007-01-01

Vaccines are generally considered to be the most effective countermeasures to bacterial and viral diseases, however, licensed vaccines against many disease agents are either not available or their efficacies have not been demonstrated. Vaccines are generally agent specific in terms of treatment spectrum and are subject to defeat through natural mutation or through directed efforts. With respect to viral therapeutics, one of the major limitations associated with antiviral drugs is acquired drug resistance caused by antigenic shift or drift. A number of next-generation prophylactic and/or therapeutic measures are on the horizon. Of these, nucleic acid-based drugs are showing great antiviral potential. These drugs elicit long-lasting, broad spectrum protective immune responses, especially to respiratory viral pathogens. The Nucleic Acid-Based Antiviral (NaVirCept) project provides the opportunity to demonstrate the effectiveness of novel medical countermeasures against military-significant endemic and other viral threat agents. This project expands existing DRDC drug delivery capability development, in the form of proprietary liposome intellectual property, by coupling it with leading-edge nucleic acid-based technology to deliver effective medical countermeasures that will protect deployed personnel and the warfighter against a spectrum of viral disease agents. The technology pathway will offer a means to combat emerging viral diseases or modified threat agents such as the bird flu or reconstructed Spanish flu without going down the laborious, time-consuming and expensive paths to develop countermeasures for each new and/or emerging viral disease organism.(author)

Experiencia en el manejo del paciente con VIH entre médicos de la Secretaría de Salud

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Magis-Rodríguez Carlos

1999-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Conocer la experiencia que los médicos de la Secretaría de Salud (SSA han obtenido en el manejo del sujeto infectado por el VIH y en el uso de antirretrovirales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal, con el apoyo del Consejo Nacional para la Prevención y el Control del SIDA (CONASIDA, en marzo-mayo de 1998. Se proporcionaron cuestionarios autoaplicables a médicos de la SSA con experiencia en el manejo clínico del paciente con VIH, al inicio de cinco simposios sobre VIH/SIDA, realizados en diversas ciudades del país. El análisis estadístico incluyó la prueba ji². RESULTADOS: Se recolectaron 181 encuestas. La mediana de pacientes con VIH atendidos fue de cuatro (intervalo 1-97. De los médicos encuestados, 36.5% manifestó administrar antirretrovirales (35.4% prescribía los análogos de los nucleósidos, y 9.9%, los inhibidores de proteasa. Los fármacos más usados fueron AZT y ddI (40.3%. Expresó 17.7% de los médicos haber utilizado la cuenta de linfocitos T CD4+, y 8.8% la carga viral como indicadores pronósticos y de respuesta a la farmacoterapia. CONCLUSIONES: Se observó una baja proporción de médicos de la SSA con experiencia en el manejo del paciente con VIH y en el uso de los antirretrovirales. Se deben enfocar esfuerzos para mejorar la atención de los pacientes VIH positivos mediante la capacitación del personal médico.

Community-driven demand creation for the use of routine viral load testing: a model to scale up routine viral load testing.

Science.gov (United States)

Killingo, Bactrin M; Taro, Trisa B; Mosime, Wame N

2017-11-01

HIV treatment outcomes are dependent on the use of viral load measurement. Despite global and national guidelines recommending the use of routine viral load testing, these policies alone have not translated into widespread implementation or sufficiently increased access for people living with HIV (PLHIV). Civil society and communities of PLHIV recognize the need to close this gap and to enable the scale up of routine viral load testing. The International Treatment Preparedness Coalition (ITPC) developed an approach to community-led demand creation for the use of routine viral load testing. Using this Community Demand Creation Model, implementers follow a step-wise process to capacitate and empower communities to address their most pressing needs. This includes utlizing a specific toolkit that includes conducting a baseline assessment, developing a treatment education toolkit, organizing mobilization workshops for knowledge building, provision of small grants to support advocacy work and conducting benchmark evaluations. The Community Demand Creation Model to increase demand for routine viral load testing services by PLHIV has been delivered in diverse contexts including in the sub-Saharan African, Asian, Latin American and the Caribbean regions. Between December 2015 and December 2016, ITPC trained more than 240 PLHIV activists, and disbursed US$90,000 to network partners in support of their national advocacy work. The latter efforts informed a regional, community-driven campaign calling for domestic investment in the expeditious implementation of national viral load testing guidelines. HIV treatment education and community mobilization are critical components of demand creation for access to optimal HIV treatment, especially for the use of routine viral load testing. ITPC's Community Demand Creation Model offers a novel approach to achieving this goal. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & sons Ltd on behalf of

HPV integration hijacks and multimerizes a cellular enhancer to generate a viral-cellular super-enhancer that drives high viral oncogene expression

Science.gov (United States)

Redmond, Catherine J.; Dooley, Katharine E.; Fu, Haiqing; Gillison, Maura L.; Akagi, Keiko; Symer, David E.; Aladjem, Mirit I.

2018-01-01

Integration of human papillomavirus (HPV) genomes into cellular chromatin is common in HPV-associated cancers. Integration is random, and each site is unique depending on how and where the virus integrates. We recently showed that tandemly integrated HPV16 could result in the formation of a super-enhancer-like element that drives transcription of the viral oncogenes. Here, we characterize the chromatin landscape and genomic architecture of this integration locus to elucidate the mechanisms that promoted de novo super-enhancer formation. Using next-generation sequencing and molecular combing/fiber-FISH, we show that ~26 copies of HPV16 are integrated into an intergenic region of chromosome 2p23.2, interspersed with 25 kb of amplified, flanking cellular DNA. This interspersed, co-amplified viral-host pattern is frequent in HPV-associated cancers and here we designate it as Type III integration. An abundant viral-cellular fusion transcript encoding the viral E6/E7 oncogenes is expressed from the integration locus and the chromatin encompassing both the viral enhancer and a region in the adjacent amplified cellular sequences is strongly enriched in the super-enhancer markers H3K27ac and Brd4. Notably, the peak in the amplified cellular sequence corresponds to an epithelial-cell-type specific enhancer. Thus, HPV16 integration generated a super-enhancer-like element composed of tandem interspersed copies of the viral upstream regulatory region and a cellular enhancer, to drive high levels of oncogene expression. PMID:29364907

Junk DNA enhances pEI-based non-viral gene delivery

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Gaal, E.V.B. van; Oosting, R.S.; Hennink, W.E.; Crommelin, D.J.A.; Mastrobattista, E.

Gene therapy aims at delivering exogenous DNA into the nuclei of target cells to establish expression of a therapeutic protein. Non-viral gene delivery is examined as a safer alternative to viral approaches, but is presently characterized by a low efficiency. In the past years several non-viral

Características clínicas e laboratoriais da meningite asséptica associada à vacina tríplice viral

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lucena Rita

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Objetivos. Descrever os achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e liquóricos dos casos de meningite asséptica associada à vacina tríplice viral (sarampo, caxumba e rubéola, ocorridos no Estado da Bahia após campanha de vacinação em massa promovida pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em agosto de 1997, e comparar esses casos aos de meningite asséptica não associada à vacina ocorridos no mesmo ano. Métodos. Entre março e outubro de 1997, foi realizado acompanhamento prospectivo de todos os indivíduos com idade de 1 a 12 anos admitidos no Hospital Couto Maia com diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial de meningite asséptica. A população do estudo foi dividida em dois grupos, representando indivíduos vacinados e não vacinados. Foram coletadas informações demográficas, clínicas e laboratoriais para ambos os grupos. Resultados. No mês de setembro, logo após a campanha de vacinação, 74 casos de meningite asséptica foram atendidos no Hospital Couto Maia, em comparação com a média mensal de 7,5 casos. Verificamos maior freqüência de rigidez de nuca e níveis mais altos de celularidade liquórica nas crianças cuja meningite foi associada à vacina. Por outro lado, houve maior número de casos com comprometimento encefálico no grupo de meningites não associadas à vacinação. Conclusões. Embora a meningite pós-vacinal tenha curso mais benigno, seu tratamento continua gerando custos com exames complementares e internações. As campanhas de vacinação em larga escala devem utilizar vacinas contendo cepas menos reatogênicas.

Nucleic Acid-Based Approaches for Detection of Viral Hepatitis

Science.gov (United States)

Behzadi, Payam; Ranjbar, Reza; Alavian, Seyed Moayed

2014-01-01

Context: To determining suitable nucleic acid diagnostics for individual viral hepatitis agent, an extensive search using related keywords was done in major medical library and data were collected, categorized, and summarized in different sections. Results: Various types of molecular biology tools can be used to detect and quantify viral genomic elements and analyze the sequences. These molecular assays are proper technologies for rapidly detecting viral agents with high accuracy, high sensitivity, and high specificity. Nonetheless, the application of each diagnostic method is completely dependent on viral agent. Conclusions: Despite rapidity, automation, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity, and high specificity of molecular techniques, each type of molecular technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. PMID:25789132

[Immunotherapy for refractory viral infections].

Science.gov (United States)

Morio, Tomohiro; Fujita, Yuriko; Takahashi, Satoshi

Various antiviral agents have been developed, which are sometimes associated with toxicity, development of virus-resistant strain, and high cost. Virus-specific T-cell (VST) therapy provides an alternative curative therapy that can be effective for a prolonged time without eliciting drug resistance. VSTs can be directly separated using several types of capture devices and can be obtained by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with viral antigens (virus, protein, or peptide) loaded on antigen-presenting cells (APC). APC can be transduced with virus-antigen coding plasmid or pulsed with overlapping peptides. VST therapy has been studied in drug non-responsive viral infections after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Several previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of VST therapy without significant severe GVHD. In addition, VSTs from a third-party donor have been prepared and administered for post-HCT viral infection. Although target viruses of VSTs include herpes virus species and polyomavirus species, a wide variety of pathogens, such as papillomavirus, intracellular bacteria, and fungi, can be treated by pathogen-specific T-cells. Perhaps, these specific T-cells could be used for opportunistic infections in other immunocompromised hosts in the near future.

Interplay Among Constitutes of Ebola Virus: Nucleoprotein, Polymerase L, Viral Proteins

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Minchuan; He, Peiming; Su, Jing; Singh, Dadabhai T.; Su, Hailei; Su, Haibin

Ebola virus is a highly lethal filovirus, claimed thousands of people in its recent outbreak. Seven viral proteins constitute ebola viral structure, and four of them (nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase L, VP35 and VP30) participate majorly in viral replication and transcription. We have elucidated a conformation change of NP cleft by VP35 NP-binding protein domains through superimposing two experimental NP structure images and discussed the function of this conformation change in the replication and transcription with polymerase complex (L, VP35 and VP30). The important roles of VP30 in viral RNA synthesis have also been discussed. A “tapping” model has been proposed in this paper for a better understanding of the interplay among the four viral proteins (NP, polymerase L, VP35 and VP30). Moreover, we have pinpointed some key residue changes on NP (both NP N- and C-terminal) and L between Reston and Zaire by computational studies. Together, this paper provides a description of interactions among ebola viral proteins (NP, L, VP35, VP30 and VP40) in viral replication and transcription, and sheds light on the complex system of viral reproduction.

Insect symbiotic bacteria harbour viral pathogens for transovarial transmission.

Science.gov (United States)

Jia, Dongsheng; Mao, Qianzhuo; Chen, Yong; Liu, Yuyan; Chen, Qian; Wu, Wei; Zhang, Xiaofeng; Chen, Hongyan; Li, Yi; Wei, Taiyun

2017-03-06

Many insects, including mosquitoes, planthoppers, aphids and leafhoppers, are the hosts of bacterial symbionts and the vectors for transmitting viral pathogens 1-3 . In general, symbiotic bacteria can indirectly affect viral transmission by enhancing immunity and resistance to viruses in insects 3-5 . Whether symbiotic bacteria can directly interact with the virus and mediate its transmission has been unknown. Here, we show that an insect symbiotic bacterium directly harbours a viral pathogen and mediates its transovarial transmission to offspring. We observe rice dwarf virus (a plant reovirus) binding to the envelopes of the bacterium Sulcia, a common obligate symbiont of leafhoppers 6-8 , allowing the virus to exploit the ancient oocyte entry path of Sulcia in rice leafhopper vectors. Such virus-bacterium binding is mediated by the specific interaction of the viral capsid protein and the Sulcia outer membrane protein. Treatment with antibiotics or antibodies against Sulcia outer membrane protein interferes with this interaction and strongly prevents viral transmission to insect offspring. This newly discovered virus-bacterium interaction represents the first evidence that a viral pathogen can directly exploit a symbiotic bacterium for its transmission. We believe that such a model of virus-bacterium communication is a common phenomenon in nature.

A Herpesviral Immediate Early Protein Promotes Transcription Elongation of Viral Transcripts

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hannah L. Fox

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1 genes are transcribed by cellular RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II. While four viral immediate early proteins (ICP4, ICP0, ICP27, and ICP22 function in some capacity in viral transcription, the mechanism by which ICP22 functions remains unclear. We observed that the FACT complex (comprised of SSRP1 and Spt16 was relocalized in infected cells as a function of ICP22. ICP22 was also required for the association of FACT and the transcription elongation factors SPT5 and SPT6 with viral genomes. We further demonstrated that the FACT complex interacts with ICP22 throughout infection. We therefore hypothesized that ICP22 recruits cellular transcription elongation factors to viral genomes for efficient transcription elongation of viral genes. We reevaluated the phenotype of an ICP22 mutant virus by determining the abundance of all viral mRNAs throughout infection by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq. The accumulation of almost all viral mRNAs late in infection was reduced compared to the wild type, regardless of kinetic class. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq, we mapped the location of RNA Pol II on viral genes and found that RNA Pol II levels on the bodies of viral genes were reduced in the ICP22 mutant compared to wild-type virus. In contrast, the association of RNA Pol II with transcription start sites in the mutant was not reduced. Taken together, our results indicate that ICP22 plays a role in recruiting elongation factors like the FACT complex to the HSV-1 genome to allow for efficient viral transcription elongation late in viral infection and ultimately infectious virion production.

CT images of infantile viral encephalitis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sugimoto, Tateo; Okazaki, Hitoshi; Woo, Man

1985-01-01

Cranial CT scanning was undertaken in 40 patients with infantile viral encephalitis seen from 1977 to 1983. According to the pathogenic viruses, abnormal CT findings were detected most frequently in cases of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), followed by non-eruptive viral encephalitis, measles encephalitis, and rubella encephalitis in that order, which coincided well with neurological prognosis. Although CT findings lay within a normal range in cases of measles encephalitis, except a case in which cerebral ventricle was slightly dilated, the degree of consciousness disturbance was unfavorable and it persisted long. This revealed that there is no distinct correlation between the degree of consciousness disturbance and CT findings. Normal CT findings were detected in 13% of patients aged less than 5 years and 76.5% of patients aged 5 years or more. In many patients who had an attack of viral encephalitis at the age of 5 years or more, epileptic seizures occurred frequently, even though CT findings were normal. (Namekawa, K.)

Effect of oligonucleotide primers in determining viral variability within hosts

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Moya Andrés

2004-12-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Genetic variability in viral populations is usually estimated by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR based methods in which the relative abundance of each amplicon is assumed to be proportional to the frequency of the corresponding template in the initial sample. Although bias in template-to-product ratios has been described before, its relevance in describing viral genetic variability at the intrapatient level has not been fully assessed yet. Results To investigate the role of oligonucleotide design in estimating viral variability within hosts, genetic diversity in hepatitis C virus (HCV populations from eight infected patients was characterised by two parallel PCR amplifications performed with two slightly different sets of primers, followed by cloning and sequencing (mean = 89 cloned sequences per patient. Population genetics analyses of viral populations recovered by pairs of amplifications revealed that in seven patients statistically significant differences were detected between populations sampled with different set of primers. Conclusions Genetic variability analyses demonstrates that PCR selection due to the choice of primers, differing in their degeneracy degree at some nucleotide positions, can eclipse totally or partially viral variants, hence yielding significant different estimates of viral variability within a single patient and therefore eventually producing quite different qualitative and quantitative descriptions of viral populations within each host.

Effect of oligonucleotide primers in determining viral variability within hosts.

Science.gov (United States)

Bracho, Maria Alma; García-Robles, Inmaculada; Jiménez, Nuria; Torres-Puente, Manuela; Moya, Andrés; González-Candelas, Fernando

2004-12-09

Genetic variability in viral populations is usually estimated by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods in which the relative abundance of each amplicon is assumed to be proportional to the frequency of the corresponding template in the initial sample. Although bias in template-to-product ratios has been described before, its relevance in describing viral genetic variability at the intrapatient level has not been fully assessed yet. To investigate the role of oligonucleotide design in estimating viral variability within hosts, genetic diversity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) populations from eight infected patients was characterised by two parallel PCR amplifications performed with two slightly different sets of primers, followed by cloning and sequencing (mean = 89 cloned sequences per patient). Population genetics analyses of viral populations recovered by pairs of amplifications revealed that in seven patients statistically significant differences were detected between populations sampled with different set of primers. Genetic variability analyses demonstrates that PCR selection due to the choice of primers, differing in their degeneracy degree at some nucleotide positions, can eclipse totally or partially viral variants, hence yielding significant different estimates of viral variability within a single patient and therefore eventually producing quite different qualitative and quantitative descriptions of viral populations within each host.

A Herpesviral Immediate Early Protein Promotes Transcription Elongation of Viral Transcripts.

Science.gov (United States)

Fox, Hannah L; Dembowski, Jill A; DeLuca, Neal A

2017-06-13

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genes are transcribed by cellular RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II). While four viral immediate early proteins (ICP4, ICP0, ICP27, and ICP22) function in some capacity in viral transcription, the mechanism by which ICP22 functions remains unclear. We observed that the FACT complex (comprised of SSRP1 and Spt16) was relocalized in infected cells as a function of ICP22. ICP22 was also required for the association of FACT and the transcription elongation factors SPT5 and SPT6 with viral genomes. We further demonstrated that the FACT complex interacts with ICP22 throughout infection. We therefore hypothesized that ICP22 recruits cellular transcription elongation factors to viral genomes for efficient transcription elongation of viral genes. We reevaluated the phenotype of an ICP22 mutant virus by determining the abundance of all viral mRNAs throughout infection by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). The accumulation of almost all viral mRNAs late in infection was reduced compared to the wild type, regardless of kinetic class. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), we mapped the location of RNA Pol II on viral genes and found that RNA Pol II levels on the bodies of viral genes were reduced in the ICP22 mutant compared to wild-type virus. In contrast, the association of RNA Pol II with transcription start sites in the mutant was not reduced. Taken together, our results indicate that ICP22 plays a role in recruiting elongation factors like the FACT complex to the HSV-1 genome to allow for efficient viral transcription elongation late in viral infection and ultimately infectious virion production. IMPORTANCE HSV-1 interacts with many cellular proteins throughout productive infection. Here, we demonstrate the interaction of a viral protein, ICP22, with a subset of cellular proteins known to be involved in transcription elongation. We determined that ICP22 is required to recruit the FACT complex and other transcription

Estudio de diez casos de encefalitis letárgica epidémica

OpenAIRE

Grossman, Morris

2014-01-01

La aparición en forma epidémica de una rara enfermedad que afecta profundamente el sistema nervioso central ha suscitado, durante estos últimos tres años, mucho interés en el mundo científico. Esta enfermedad ha sido estudiada con mayor ahinco en Austria y Australia, en donde apareció en 1917 y en Inglaterra, Francia y Estados Unidos en donde se presentó después. The appearance in epidemic form of a rare disease that profoundly affects the central nervous system has raised during the past ...

Tratamiento con implantes Leader-Nano en paciente con oligodoncia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Salvador Javier Santos Medina

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Los implantes dentales de titanio han revolucionado el mundo de la rehabilitación desde su surgimiento. De manera particular, el empleo de implantes de carga inmediata acorta el tiempo quirúrgico y protésico, con el consiguiente bienestar estético. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 32 años de edad, con antecedentes de oligodoncia de ambos incisivos laterales superiores y portadora de prótesis parcial acrílica. Fue atendida por el equipo multidisciplinario de implantes en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente “3 de Octubre” y se le realizó tratamiento de rehabilitación integral con implantes Leader-Nano y prótesis fija con corona acrílica sobre dichos implantes. La implantología fue satisfactoria en la paciente; la mejoría estética y funcional, así como la satisfacción de la paciente, fueron los principales logros obtenidos

Tissue viral load variability in chronic hepatitis C.

LENUS (Irish Health Repository)

Fanning, L

2012-02-03

OBJECTIVE: Liver biopsy is regarded as the gold standard for assessing disease activity in chronic hepatitis C, but sampling error is a potential limitation. Whether sampling variability applies equally to viral load assessment as it does to histology is uncertain. To examine this, we compared viral load between right- and left-lobe biopsy specimens from patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS: Bilobe biopsies were taken from 16 patients who were serum positive for HCV RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Genotype was identified by reverse line probe hybridization. There was an absence of competing risk factors for infectious and other liver diseases in this patient group. Histology and hepatic viral load were assessed blindly. None of the patients had received antiviral therapy at the time of study. RESULTS: Detection of HCV in right and left lobes was concordant with serum positivity in all cases. The viral load between lobes was highly correlated (p = 0.0003, r = 0.79). In contrast, the histological activity indices of inflammation and fibrosis\\/cirrhosis were poorly correlated between lobes (p = 0.038, r = 0.60, and p = 0.098, r = 0.50, respectively). CONCLUSION: Hepatic viral load variability does not suffer from the same degree of heterogeneity of sampling variability as does histology.

Experiencias de haber crecido con un padre/madre con trastorno mental severo (TMS)

OpenAIRE

Vivanco B, Gabriela; Grandón F, Pamela

2016-01-01

Introducción. La experiencia de vivir con personas que presentan un Trastorno Mental Severo (TMS) es difícil para las familias, en especial para los hijos quienes han sido poco estudiados. El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer cómo la experiencia de haber vivido con un padre o madre con un trastorno mental severo influyó en la infancia, adolescencia y adultez joven de sus hijos e hijas. Método. Se analizan las experiencias de convivencia con un padre/madre con TMS en 10 hijos (6 hombres...

Cinesioterapia previne ombro doloroso em pacientes hemiplégicos/paréticos na fase sub-aguda do acidente vascular encefálico

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Horn Agnes Irna

2003-01-01

Full Text Available CONTEXTO: Ombro doloroso é freqüente em pacientes com hemiplegia/hemiparesia (H/P por acidente vascular encefálico (AVE, dificultando a recuperação neuromotora gerando incapacidade funcional. OBJETIVO: Estudar tratamento fisioterapêutico para a prevenção da dor no ombro com H/P em pacientes com AVE na fase sub-aguda, e analisar desfechos secundários (força muscular do ombro acometido e movimentos funcionais ativos básicos. MÉTODO: Estudaram-se 21 pacientes (12 homens, 9 mulheres; idades 26 a 87 anos com H/P. O tratamento fisioterapêutico consistiu de 30 minutos diários de cinesioterapia, desde as 48 horas após o AVE até a alta hospitalar. Os pacientes foram avaliados antes e após o tratamento em relação à presença ou ausência de dor no ombro H/P, à força dos diversos grupos musculares do ombro e quanto aos movimentos funcionais de transferência e manutenção postural básica. RESULTADOS: Nenhum paciente apresentava dor no ombro H/P na alta (p<0,001. A força muscular aumentou significativamente em relação à elevação, protusão, abdução e flexão do ombro (p<0,001. Houve melhora dos movimentos funcionais: decúbito dorsal para lateral, decúbito lateral para sentado e manter-se sentado (p<0,001. CONCLUSÃO: A cinesioterapia na fase aguda do AVE preveniu a dor no ombro H/P e favoreceu a recuperação motora.

Institute of Medicine's Report on Viral Hepatitis

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

2010-05-18

In this podcast, Dr. John Ward, Director of CDC’s Division of Viral Hepatitis, discusses the 2010 report, Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C, from the Institute of Medicine.  Created: 5/18/2010 by National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP).   Date Released: 5/18/2010.

Anti-viral RNA silencing: do we look like plants ?

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Lecellier Charles-Henri

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Abstract The anti-viral function of RNA silencing was first discovered in plants as a natural manifestation of the artificial 'co-suppression', which refers to the extinction of endogenous gene induced by homologous transgene. Because silencing components are conserved among most, if not all, eukaryotes, the question rapidly arose as to determine whether this process fulfils anti-viral functions in animals, such as insects and mammals. It appears that, whereas the anti-viral process seems to be similarly conserved from plants to insects, even in worms, RNA silencing does influence the replication of mammalian viruses but in a particular mode: micro(miRNAs, endogenous small RNAs naturally implicated in translational control, rather than virus-derived small interfering (siRNAs like in other organisms, are involved. In fact, these recent studies even suggest that RNA silencing may be beneficial for viral replication. Accordingly, several large DNA mammalian viruses have been shown to encode their own miRNAs. Here, we summarize the seminal studies that have implicated RNA silencing in viral infection and compare the different eukaryotic responses.

Non-Viral Deoxyribonucleoside Kinases

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Christiansen, Louise Slot; Munch-Petersen, Birgitte; Knecht, Wolfgang

2015-01-01

Deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dNKs) phosphorylate deoxyribonucleosides to their corresponding monophosphate compounds. dNks also phosphorylate deoxyribonucleoside analogues that are used in the treatment of cancer or viral infections. The study of the mammalian dNKs has therefore always been of gr...

Hepatitis C Virus: Viral Quasispecies and Genotypes.

Science.gov (United States)

Tsukiyama-Kohara, Kyoko; Kohara, Michinori

2017-12-22

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) mainly replicates in the cytoplasm, where it easily establishes persistent infection, resulting in chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its high rate of mutation, HCV forms viral quasispecies, categorized based on the highly variable regions in the envelope protein and nonstructural 5A protein. HCV possesses seven major genotypes, among which genotype 1 is the most prevalent globally. The distribution of HCV genotypes varies based on geography, and each genotype has a different sensitivity to interferon treatment. Recently-developed direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), which target viral proteases or polymerases, mediate drastically better antiviral effects than previous therapeutics. Although treatment with DAAs has led to the development of drug-resistant HCV mutants, the most recently approved DAAs show improved pan-genomic activity, with a higher barrier to viral resistance.

Viral Infections in Pregnancy: A Focus on Ebola Virus.

Science.gov (United States)

Olgun, Nicole S

2018-01-30

During gestation, the immune response of the placenta to viruses and other pathogens plays an important role in determining a pregnant woman's vulnerability toward infectious diseases. Located at the maternal- fetal interface, trophoblast cells serve to minimize the spread of viruses between the host and developing fetus through an intricate system of innate antiviral immune signaling. Adverse pregnancy outcomes, ranging from learning disabilities to preterm birth and fetal death, are all documented results of a viral breach in the placental barrier. Viral infections during pregnancy can also be spread through blood and vaginal secretions, and during the post-natal period, via breast milk. Thus, even in the absence of vertical transmission of viral infection to the fetus, maternal health can still be compromised and threaten the pregnancy. The most common viral DNA isolates found in gestation are adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and enterovirus. However, with the recent pandemic of Ebola virus, and the first documented case of a neonate to survive due to experimental therapies in 2017, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the changing roles and impacts of viral infection during pregnancy needs to be better understood, while strategies to minimize adverse pregnancy outcomes need to be identified. This review focuses on the adverse impacts of viral infection during gestation, with an emphasis on Ebola virus. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

Nanotip analysis for dielectrophoretic concentration of nanosized viral particles.

Science.gov (United States)

Yeo, Woon-Hong; Lee, Hyun-Boo; Kim, Jong-Hoon; Lee, Kyong-Hoon; Chung, Jae-Hyun

2013-05-10

Rapid and sensitive detection of low-abundance viral particles is strongly demanded in health care, environmental control, military defense, and homeland security. Current detection methods, however, lack either assay speed or sensitivity, mainly due to the nanosized viral particles. In this paper, we compare a dendritic, multi-terminal nanotip ('dendritic nanotip') with a single terminal nanotip ('single nanotip') for dielectrophoretic (DEP) concentration of viral particles. The numerical computation studies the concentration efficiency of viral particles ranging from 25 to 100 nm in radius for both nanotips. With DEP and Brownian motion considered, when the particle radius decreases by two times, the concentration time for both nanotips increases by 4-5 times. In the computational study, a dendritic nanotip shows about 1.5 times faster concentration than a single nanotip for the viral particles because the dendritic structure increases the DEP-effective area to overcome the Brownian motion. For the qualitative support of the numerical results, the comparison experiment of a dendritic nanotip and a single nanotip is conducted. Under 1 min of concentration time, a dendritic nanotip shows a higher sensitivity than a single nanotip. When the concentration time is 5 min, the sensitivity of a dendritic nanotip for T7 phage is 10(4) particles ml(-1). The dendritic nanotip-based concentrator has the potential for rapid identification of viral particles.

Nanotip analysis for dielectrophoretic concentration of nanosized viral particles

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yeo, Woon-Hong; Lee, Hyun-Boo; Kim, Jong-Hoon; Chung, Jae-Hyun; Lee, Kyong-Hoon

2013-01-01

Rapid and sensitive detection of low-abundance viral particles is strongly demanded in health care, environmental control, military defense, and homeland security. Current detection methods, however, lack either assay speed or sensitivity, mainly due to the nanosized viral particles. In this paper, we compare a dendritic, multi-terminal nanotip (‘dendritic nanotip’) with a single terminal nanotip (‘single nanotip’) for dielectrophoretic (DEP) concentration of viral particles. The numerical computation studies the concentration efficiency of viral particles ranging from 25 to 100 nm in radius for both nanotips. With DEP and Brownian motion considered, when the particle radius decreases by two times, the concentration time for both nanotips increases by 4–5 times. In the computational study, a dendritic nanotip shows about 1.5 times faster concentration than a single nanotip for the viral particles because the dendritic structure increases the DEP-effective area to overcome the Brownian motion. For the qualitative support of the numerical results, the comparison experiment of a dendritic nanotip and a single nanotip is conducted. Under 1 min of concentration time, a dendritic nanotip shows a higher sensitivity than a single nanotip. When the concentration time is 5 min, the sensitivity of a dendritic nanotip for T7 phage is 10 4 particles ml −1 . The dendritic nanotip-based concentrator has the potential for rapid identification of viral particles. (paper)

Antígenos leucocitarios humanos y su asociación con resistencia/susceptibilidad a la infección por el VIH-1 = Human leukocyte antigens associated to resistance/susceptibility to HIV infection

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Rugeles López, María Teresa

2012-01-01

Full Text Available El curso clínico de la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 es un proceso variable y complejo que depende de componentes virales y del hospedero. En la mayoría de los individuos infectados, la respuesta inmune generada en las fases iniciales de la infección logra controlar la replicación viral por mecanismos efectores innatos, de anticuerpos neutralizantes específicos y particularmente de la actividad de los linfocitos T CD8+ (LT CD8+. A pesar de generarse una respuesta inmune específica, esta se vuelve ineficaz en las etapas crónicas de la infección debido a cambios en los péptidos virales blanco, los cuales conducen a una pérdida del reconocimiento del antígeno presentado; dichos cambios son dados por la baja fidelidad de la transcriptasa reversa y la selección de cuasi-especies por la presión inmunológica. Durante la activación de los LT CD8+ es importante la señal ejercida por el péptido viral, el cual se presenta en el contexto de una molécula del complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad clase I (CMH-I. Estudios de correlación entre el CMH-I y la resistencia/susceptibilidad (R/S al VIH se han centrado en cuatro aspectos: 1 la expresión de alelos específicos; 2 el grado de homocigocidad/heterocigocidad; 3 la exposición a diversos aloantígenos; 4 la relación con receptores KIR. En esta revisión se aborda el fenómeno de resistencia/susceptibilidad a la infección por el VIH-I relacionado con el CMH-I, cuyo entendimiento favorecerá el desarrollo de herramientas novedosas de intervención terapéutica.

Lymphocytes Negatively Regulate NK Cell Activity via Qa-1b following Viral Infection

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Haifeng C. Xu

2017-11-01

Full Text Available NK cells can reduce anti-viral T cell immunity during chronic viral infections, including infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV. However, regulating factors that maintain the equilibrium between productive T cell and NK cell immunity are poorly understood. Here, we show that a large viral load resulted in inhibition of NK cell activation, which correlated with increased expression of Qa-1b, a ligand for inhibitory NK cell receptors. Qa-1b was predominantly upregulated on B cells following LCMV infection, and this upregulation was dependent on type I interferons. Absence of Qa-1b resulted in increased NK cell-mediated regulation of anti-viral T cells following viral infection. Consequently, anti-viral T cell immunity was reduced in Qa-1b- and NKG2A-deficient mice, resulting in increased viral replication and immunopathology. NK cell depletion restored anti-viral immunity and virus control in the absence of Qa-1b. Taken together, our findings indicate that lymphocytes limit NK cell activity during viral infection in order to promote anti-viral T cell immunity.

Viral findings in adult hematological patients with neutropenia.

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Lars Ohrmalm

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Until recently, viral infections in patients with hematological malignancies were concerns primarily in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT recipients. During the last years, changed treatment regimens for non-transplanted patients with hematological malignancies have had potential to increase the incidence of viral infections in this group. In this study, we have prospectively investigated the prevalence of a broad range of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA as well as viruses that commonly reactivate after allogeneic HSCT. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Patients with hematological malignancies and therapy induced neutropenia (n = 159 were screened regarding a broad range of common respiratory viruses in the nasopharynx and for viruses commonly detected in severely immunosuppressed patients in peripheral blood. Quantitative PCR was used for detection of viruses. A viral pathogen was detected in 35% of the patients. The detection rate was rather similar in blood (22% and NPA (18% with polyoma BK virus and rhinovirus as dominating pathogens in blood and NPA, respectively. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL (p<0.01 and patients with fever (p<0.001 were overrepresented in the virus-positive group. Furthermore, viral findings in NPA were associated with upper respiratory symptoms (URTS (p<0.0001. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Both respiratory viral infections and low titers of viruses in blood from patients with neutropenia were common. Patients with CLL and patients with fever were independently associated to these infections, and viral findings in NPA were associated to URTS indicating active infection. These findings motivate further studies on viruses' impact on this patient category and their potential role as causative agents of fever during neutropenia.

Viral diseases in honey bee queens

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Francis, Roy Mathew

Honey bees are important insects for human welfare, due to pollination as well as honey production. Viral diseases strongly impact honey bee health, especially since the spread of varroa mites. This dissertation deals with the interactions between honey bees, viruses and varroa mites. A new tool...... was developed to diagnose three viruses in honey bees. Quantitative PCR was used to investigate the distribution of two popular viruses in five different tissues of 86 honey bee queens. Seasonal variation of viral infection in honey bee workers and varroa mites were determined by sampling 23 colonies under...

Viral infections as controlling factors for the deep biosphere? (Invited)

Science.gov (United States)

Engelen, B.; Engelhardt, T.; Sahlberg, M.; Cypionka, H.

2009-12-01

The marine deep biosphere represents the largest biotope on Earth. Throughout the last years, we have obtained interesting insights into its microbial community composition. However, one component that was completely overlooked so far is the viral inventory of deep-subsurface sediments. While viral infections were identified to have a major impact on the benthic microflora of deep-sea surface sediments (Danavaro et al. 2008), no studies were performed on deep-biosphere samples, so far. As grazers probably play only a minor role in anoxic and highly compressed deep sediments, viruses might be the main “predators” for indigenous microorganisms. Furthermore, the release of cell components, called “the viral shunt”, could have a major impact on the deep biosphere in providing labile organic compounds to non-infected microorganisms in these generally nutrient depleted sediments. However, direct counting of viruses in sediments is highly challenging due to the small size of viruses and the high background of small particles. Even molecular surveys using “universal” PCR primers that target phage-specific genes fail due to the vast phage diversity. One solution for this problem is the lysogenic viral life cycle as many bacteriophages integrate their DNA into the host genome. It is estimated that up to 70% of cultivated bacteria contain prophages within their genome. Therefore, culture collections (Batzke et al. 2007) represent an archive of the viral composition within the respective habitat. These prophages can be induced to become free phage particles in stimulation experiments in which the host cells are set under certain stress situations such as a treatment with UV exposure or DNA-damaging antibiotics. The study of the viral component within the deep biosphere offers to answer the following questions: To which extent are deep-biosphere populations controlled by viral infections? What is the inter- and intra-specific diversity and the host-specific viral

Treating viral hemorrhagic fever.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Mairuhu, A.T.; Brandjes, D.P.; Gorp, E. van

2003-01-01

Viral hemorrhagic fevers are illnesses associated with a number of geographically restricted, mostly tropical areas. Over recent decades a number of new hemorrhagic fever viruses have emerged. Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases have improved our initial supportive

Viral impacts on microbial carbon cycling in thawing permafrost soils

Science.gov (United States)

Trubl, G. G.; Roux, S.; Bolduc, B.; Jang, H. B.; Emerson, J. B.; Solonenko, N.; Li, F.; Solden, L. M.; Vik, D. R.; Wrighton, K. C.; Saleska, S. R.; Sullivan, M. B.; Rich, V. I.

2017-12-01

Permafrost contains 30-50% of global soil carbon (C) and is rapidly thawing. While the fate of this C is unknown, it will be shaped in part by microbes and their associated viruses, which modulate host activities via mortality and metabolic control. To date, viral research in soils has been outpaced by that in aquatic environments, due to the technical challenges of accessing viruses as well as the dramatic physicochemical heterogeneity in soils. Here, we describe advances in soil viromics from our research on permafrost-associated soils, and their implications for associated terrestrial C cycling. First, we optimized viral resuspension-DNA extraction methods for a range of soil types. Second, we applied cutting-edge viral-specific informatics methods to recover viral populations, define their gene content, connect them to potential hosts, and analyze their relationships to environmental parameters. A total of 781 viral populations were recovered from size-fractionated virus samples of three soils along a permafrost thaw gradient. Ecological analyses revealed endemism as recovered viral populations were largely unique to each habitat and unlike those in aquatic communities. Genome- and network-based classification assigned these viruses into 226 viral clusters (VCs; genus-level taxonomy), 55% of which were novel. This increases the number of VCs by a third and triples the number of soil viral populations in the RefSeq database (currently contains 256 VCs and 316 soil viral populations). Genomic analyses revealed 85% of the genes were functionally unknown, though 5% of the annotatable genes contained C-related auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs; e.g. glycoside hydrolases). Using sequence-based features and microbial population genomes, we were able to in silico predict hosts for 30% of the viral populations. The identified hosts spanned 3 phyla and 6 genera but suggested these viruses have species-specific host ranges as >80% of hosts for a given virus were in the same

Hemorrhagic stroke after naphazoline exposition: case report Acidente vascular encefálico hemorrágico após exposição à nafazolina: relato de caso

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Jorge A.A. Zavala

2004-09-01

Full Text Available Ten percent of all strokes are due to spontaneous cerebral hemorrhages. They are associated to drugs (licit and illicit in 9.5% of all cases in young adults. This is a case report of a 44-year-old man, without previous morbidities, who presented a sudden onset headache and arterial hypertension 24 hours after use of naphazoline as nasal decongestant. Cranial tomography showed right thalamus hemorrhage. Cerebral angiography showed no aneurisms, vascular malformations or vasculitis. No other risk factors were found during investigation in this patient and the stroke was attributed to naphazoline exposition.Dez por cento de todos os eventos vasculares encefálicos são devido às hemorragias intracerebrais espontâneas, associados a drogas (lícitas e ilícitas em 9,5% de todos os casos em adultos jovens. Relatamos o caso de um homem de 44 anos de idade, sem doenças prévias, que apresentou cefaléia súbita e hipertensão arterial 24 horas após o uso de congestionante nasal contendo nafazolina. A tomografia de crânio evidenciou hemorragia talâmica. Durante a investigação não foram encontrados outros fatores de risco e a hemorragia foi atribuída à exposição à nafazolina.

The Immunoproteasome and Viral Infection: A Complex Regulator of Inflammation

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Mary Katherine McCarthy

2015-01-01

Full Text Available During viral infection, proper regulation of immune responses is necessary to ensure successful viral clearance with minimal host tissue damage. Proteasomes play a crucial role in the generation of antigenic peptides for presentation on MHC class I molecules, and thus activation of CD8 T cells, as well as activation of the NF-kB pathway. A specialized type of proteasome called the immunoproteasome is constitutively expressed in hematopoietic cells and induced in nonimmune cells during viral infection by interferon (IFN signaling. The immunoproteasome regulates CD8 T cell responses to many viral epitopes during infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that the immunoproteasome may also contribute to regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production, activation of the NF-kB pathway, and management of oxidative stress. Many viruses have mechanisms of interfering with immunoproteasome function, including prevention of transcriptional upregulation of immunoproteasome components as well as direct interaction of viral proteins with immunoproteasome subunits. A better understanding of the role of the immunoproteasome in different cell types, tissues, and hosts has the potential to improve vaccine design and facilitate the development of effective treatment strategies for viral infections.

Disparities in HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STDs, and TB

Science.gov (United States)

... Search The CDC Health Disparities in HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STDs, and TB Note: Javascript is disabled or ... Other Pacific Islanders MMWR Publications HIV and AIDS Viral Hepatitis STDs Tuberculosis Training and Networking Resources Call for ...

[History of viral hepatitis].

Science.gov (United States)

Fonseca, José Carlos Ferraz da

2010-01-01

The history of viral hepatitis goes back thousands of years and is a fascinating one. When humans were first infected by such agents, a natural repetitive cycle began, with the capacity to infect billions of humans, thus decimating the population and causing sequelae in thousands of lives. This article reviews the available scientific information on the history of viral hepatitis. All the information was obtained through extensive bibliographic review, including original and review articles and consultations on the internet. There are reports on outbreaks of jaundice epidemics in China 5,000 years ago and in Babylon more than 2,500 years ago. The catastrophic history of great jaundice epidemics and pandemics is well known and generally associated with major wars. In the American Civil War, 40,000 cases occurred among Union troops. In 1885, an outbreak of catarrhal jaundice affected 191 workers at the Bremen shipyard (Germany) after vaccination against smallpox. In 1942, 28,585 soldiers became infected with hepatitis after inoculation with the yellow fever vaccine. The number of cases of hepatitis during the Second World War was estimated to be 16 million. Only in the twentieth century were the main agents causing viral hepatitis identified. The hepatitis B virus was the first to be discovered. In this paper, through reviewing the history of major epidemics caused by hepatitis viruses and the history of discovery of these agents, singular peculiarities were revealed. Examples of this include the accidental or chance discovery of the hepatitis B and D viruses.

Microneedle-mediated delivery of viral vectored vaccines.

Science.gov (United States)

Zaric, Marija; Ibarzo Yus, Bárbara; Kalcheva, Petya Petrova; Klavinskis, Linda Sylvia

2017-10-01

Microneedle array platforms are a promising technology for vaccine delivery, due to their ease of administration with no sharp waste generated, small size, possibility of targeted delivery to the specified skin depth and efficacious delivery of different vaccine formulations, including viral vectors. Areas covered: Attributes and challenges of the most promising viral vector candidates that have advanced to the clinic and that have been leveraged for skin delivery by microneedles; The importance of understanding the immunobiology of antigen-presenting cells in the skin, in particular dendritic cells, in order to generate further improved skin vaccination strategies; recent studies where viral vectors expressing various antigens have been coupled with microneedle technology to examine their potential for improved vaccination. Expert opinion: Simple, economic and efficacious vaccine delivery methods are needed to improve health outcomes and manage possible outbreaks of new emerging viruses. Understanding what innate/inflammatory signals are required to induce both immediate and long-term responses remains a major hurdle in the development of the effective vaccines. One approach to meet these needs is microneedle-mediated viral vector vaccination. In order for this technology to fulfil this potential the industry must invest significantly to further develop its design, production, biosafety, delivery and large-scale manufacturing.

Tomografía cerebral, SPECT cerebral y neurocognición en trauma craneoencefálico

OpenAIRE

Casallo Quiliano, Carlos

2013-01-01

Introduccion: La tomografía cerebral (TC) es el examen de elección para evaluar un trauma cráneo encefálico (TCE) agudo. Otras pruebas, como la tomografía computarizada por emisión de fotón único (SPECT) están siendo utilizadas en el TCE, siendo mejor que la TC o la Resonancia magnética (RM) en la evaluación funcional del cerebro. La mayoría de estudios no incluyen, ni relacionan los resultados de la TC y SPECT con la evaluación neuropsicológica, la cual puede estar alterada a pesar de tener ...

Hepatitis C Virus: Viral Quasispecies and Genotypes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Hepatitis C virus (HCV mainly replicates in the cytoplasm, where it easily establishes persistent infection, resulting in chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its high rate of mutation, HCV forms viral quasispecies, categorized based on the highly variable regions in the envelope protein and nonstructural 5A protein. HCV possesses seven major genotypes, among which genotype 1 is the most prevalent globally. The distribution of HCV genotypes varies based on geography, and each genotype has a different sensitivity to interferon treatment. Recently-developed direct-acting antivirals (DAAs, which target viral proteases or polymerases, mediate drastically better antiviral effects than previous therapeutics. Although treatment with DAAs has led to the development of drug-resistant HCV mutants, the most recently approved DAAs show improved pan-genomic activity, with a higher barrier to viral resistance.

Biological species in the viral world.

Science.gov (United States)

Bobay, Louis-Marie; Ochman, Howard

2018-06-05

Due to their dependence on cellular organisms for metabolism and replication, viruses are typically named and assigned to species according to their genome structure and the original host that they infect. But because viruses often infect multiple hosts and the numbers of distinct lineages within a host can be vast, their delineation into species is often dictated by arbitrary sequence thresholds, which are highly inconsistent across lineages. Here we apply an approach to determine the boundaries of viral species based on the detection of gene flow within populations, thereby defining viral species according to the biological species concept (BSC). Despite the potential for gene transfer between highly divergent genomes, viruses, like the cellular organisms they infect, assort into reproductively isolated groups and can be organized into biological species. This approach revealed that BSC-defined viral species are often congruent with the taxonomic partitioning based on shared gene contents and host tropism, and that bacteriophages can similarly be classified in biological species. These results open the possibility to use a single, universal definition of species that is applicable across cellular and acellular lifeforms.

Avaliação da Barreira Hemato-Encefálica no transplante de medula óssea Blood-Brain Barrier evaluation in bone marrow transplantation

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Sérgio Monteiro de Almeida

1997-01-01

Full Text Available A barreira hemato-encefálica (BHE contribui para o isolamento imunológico do sistema nervoso central (SNC. Sua avaliação nunca foi realizada em pacientes submetidos a transplante de medula óssea (TMO. Neste estudo a integridade da BHE foi avaliada através das proteínas do LCR, de forma quantitativa, a fim de observar a incidência e entender a fisiopatologia da doença do enxerto contra o hospedeiro crônica (DECH-C no SNC. Foram estudadas amostras pareadas de LCR e soro de 33 pacientes com leucemia mielóide crônica submetidos a TMO alogênico, de doador aparentado, HLA idêntico. As amostras foram coletadas nos períodos pré TMO, pós TMO e concomitante à DECH-C. Não foi evidenciada quebra de BHE durante a DECH-C em nenhum dos casos estudados.The blood-brain barrier (BBB contributes to the central nervous system (CNS immunological isolation. BBB has never been studied in patients who developed chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD after allogeneic bone marrow transplants (BMT, from HLA identical related donors. BBB disruption was investigated through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF proteins, quantitative and graphically, in order to detect the incidence and possible pathophysiology of the CNS involvement in chronic GVHD. Thirty three CSF and matched serum samples from chronic myeloid leukemia patients were collected pre BMT, pos BMT and during chronic GVHD. There was no evidence of BBB disruption in any patient studied.

Recent Advances in Non-viral Vectors for Gene Delivery

Science.gov (United States)

Guo, Xia; Huang, Leaf

2011-01-01

CONSPECTUS Non-viral vectors, typically based on cationic lipids or polymers, are preferred due to safety concerns with viral vectors. So far, non-viral vectors can proficiently transfect cells in culture, but obtaining efficient nanomedicines is far from evident. To overcome the hurdles associated with non-viral vectors is significant for improving delivery efficiency and therapeutic effect of nucleic acid. The drawbacks include the strong interaction of cationic delivery vehicles with blood components, uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), toxicity, targeting ability of the carriers to the cells of interest, and so on. PEGylation is the predominant method used to reduce the binding of plasma proteins with non-viral vectors and minimize the clearance by RES after intravenous administration. The nanoparticles that are not rapidly cleared from the circulation accumulate in the tumors due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and the targeting ligands attached to the distal end of the PEGylated components allow binding to the receptors on the target cell surface. Neutral or anionic liposomes have been also developed for systemic delivery of nucleic acids in experimental animal model. Designing and synthesizing novel cationic lipids and polymers, and binding nucleic acid with peptides, targeting ligands, polymers, or environmentally sensitive moieties also attract many attentions for resolving the problems encountered by non-viral vectors. The application of inorganic nanoparticles in nucleic acid delivery is an emerging field, too. Recently, different classes of non-viral vectors appear to be converging and the features of different classes of non-viral vectors could be combined in one strategy. More hurdles associated with efficient nucleic acid delivery therefore might be expected to be overcome. In this account, we will focus on these novel non-viral vectors, which are classified into multifunctional hybrid nucleic acid vectors, novel

Viral Immunotherapy to Eradicate Subclinical Brain Metastases

Science.gov (United States)

2014-05-01

flash frozen brain tissue. Hoechst and CFSE labeled cells are readily visualized in fresh CSF. The brightest staining is achieved with Hoechst and is...viral infection in the meninges is in part due to reduction of the effects of suppressor macrophages. The work is complicated by the fact that...therapeutic effect of viral infection in the meninges is in part due to reduction of the effects of suppressor macrophages. • We found that mice cured

Information Overload and Viral Marketing: Countermeasures and Strategies

Science.gov (United States)

Cheng, Jiesi; Sun, Aaron; Zeng, Daniel

Studying information diffusion through social networks has become an active research topic with important implications in viral marketing applications. One of the fundamental algorithmic problems related to viral marketing is the Influence Maximization (IM) problem: given an social network, which set of nodes should be considered by the viral marketer as the initial targets, in order to maximize the influence of the advertising message. In this work, we study the IM problem in an information-overloaded online social network. Information overload occurs when individuals receive more information than they can process, which can cause negative impacts on the overall marketing effectiveness. Many practical countermeasures have been proposed for alleviating the load of information on recipients. However, how these approaches can benefit viral marketers is not well understood. In our work, we have adapted the classic Information Cascade Model to incorporate information overload and study its countermeasures. Our results suggest that effective control of information overload has the potential to improve marketing effectiveness, but the targeting strategy should be re-designed in response to these countermeasures.

Aptamers in Diagnostics and Treatment of Viral Infections

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Tomasz Wandtke

2015-02-01

Full Text Available Aptamers are in vitro selected DNA or RNA molecules that are capable of binding a wide range of nucleic and non-nucleic acid molecules with high affinity and specificity. They have been conducted through the process known as SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment. It serves to reach specificity and considerable affinity to target molecules, including those of viral origin, both proteins and nucleic acids. Properties of aptamers allow detecting virus infected cells or viruses themselves and make them competitive to monoclonal antibodies. Specific aptamers can be used to interfere in each stage of the viral replication cycle and also inhibit its penetration into cells. Many current studies have reported possible application of aptamers as a treatment or diagnostic tool in viral infections, e.g., HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HBV (Hepatitis B Virus, HCV (Hepatitis C Virus, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, H5N1 avian influenza and recently spread Ebola. This review presents current developments of using aptamers in the diagnostics and treatment of viral diseases.

Aspectos Psicosociales Relacionados con el TEPT en Pacientes con Cáncer de Mama

OpenAIRE

Hernández Moreno, Fresia Paloma; Landero Hernández, René

2015-01-01

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación del estrés, la depresión y las estrategias de afrontamiento con el Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) en una muestra de pacientes con cáncer de mama. Se realizó con una muestra no probabilística de 52 mujeres con cáncer de mama. Se encontró una relación entre TEPT y estrés (r= .344, p= .014), TEPT y depresión (rs=.346, p= .013). El TEPT correlacionó con evitación cognitiva (r= .437, p= .001), TEPT y desesperanza (rs= .437, p= .001) y TEPT...

Viral Warts-A Clinico-Epidemiological Study

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Laxmisha Chandrashekar

2003-01-01

Full Text Available Although clinical criteria, laboratory diagnosis and treatment are well established, scanty attention has been paid to prevalence and pattern of viral warts in India. HIV is widely prevalent and its influence on the number and morphology of viral warts has not yet been studied in our setup. Hence, this study was undertaken. One hindered and forty four cases of viral warts were studied between September 2000 and June 2002 at the department of Dermatology and STD, JIPMER, Pondicherry. These included 81childeren and 63 adults. In Children, viral warts were most commonly seen in the age group of 10to14 years (41.9%, whereas in adults, the most commonly seen in the age 14to20 years (46.03%. The average age at presentation was 11.5 years. The male to female ratio was 2.2 to 1 in children and 1.8 to 1 in adults. Family history of warts was observed in 27.7% of the cases. In children, multiple site involvement (62.9% was more common than single site involvement. The most commonly involved site was hand in children as also in adults. In adults, single site involvement (66.6%was more common than multiple site involvement. The most common type of wart seen in both children and adults was the common wart. Twenty percent of the cases showed koebnerization. Four cases were found to be seropositive for HIV infection, who were adult with genital warts, but florid manifestations were not seen.

HPV-16 viral load in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma using digital PCR.

Science.gov (United States)

Antonsson, Annika; Knight, Lani; Panizza, Benedict J; Porceddu, Sandro V; Emmett, Sarah; Whiteman, David C

2018-05-09

We did not identify any strong associations between HPV-16 viral load and any of the clinical or lifestyle factors. The epidemiology of oropharyngeal SCC is changing, with an increasing proportion of HPV-positive cases seen in the last decade. It is known that a high viral load is linked to the development of cervical cancer, the relation between viral load and oropharyngeal SCC is less clear. We sought to determine HPV-16 viral load in HPV-positive oropharyngeal SCCs using highly sensitive digital PCR and to identify clinical and lifestyle factors associated with viral load. We analysed 45 HPV-16 positive oropharyngeal SCCs diagnosed between 2013 and 2015. All patients completed a lifestyle questionnaire and clinical data were extracted from medical charts. Viral load was determined using digital PCR assays for HPV-L1 and RNAseP. We found large variations in HPV-16 viral load from 1 to 930 copies per cell (median 34 copies per cell).

Towards Sustainability in Viral Marketing with User Engaging Supporting Campaigns

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Jarosław Jankowski

2017-12-01

Full Text Available While viral marketing has captured substantial academic and professional interest, the processes that underpin successful viral marketing campaigns remain poorly understood. High competition and pressure for successful campaigns lead to strategies based on persuasion, unsolicited messages, and other techniques that negatively affect brand perception. The need for more sustainable strategies with a limited negative impact on web users is observed. Therefore, the current study examines the effectiveness of viral marketing and a supporting campaign, where the main goal was to increase user engagement and overall campaign performance. Supporting campaigns were evaluated, to determine whether they enhanced viral activity, but without the need for high persuasion or intrusive techniques. Results showed that supporting actions could be integrated with lower performing campaigns to increase their effectiveness. Apart from the main scientific goal that is presented, the study demonstrates how virtual worlds can provide a laboratory-like environment for identifying the processes that underpin viral marketing.

Viral pneumonias: Typical and atypical findings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Westhoff-Bleck, M.; Bleck, J.S.; Schirg, E.

1987-01-01

The clinical and radiological features of viral pneumonias are summarized and discussed. Although viral infections of the lung belong to atypical pneumonias they demonstrate not always the radiographic pattern of an interstitial pneumonia. Characteristic radiographic findings are quite rare. In most cases the microbial etiology cannot be predicted from chest radiographs. The appearance varies depending on the virulence of the organism and the resistence of the host. In this regard knowledge of epidemiological data as well as patients condition and underlying disease is of utmost importance. Differentiation between community- and hospital-acquired infection may be very helpful. (orig.) [de

Viral gastroenteritis in daily pediatric practice

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kracmarova, R.; Plisek, S.

2011-01-01

Diarrhoeal disease is one of the most common causes of an acute examination and hospitalisation of a child. Portion of a viral etiology of intestinal diseases is increasing in connection with an improvement of social and economical conditions. The most common viral agents are rotaviruses, caliciviruses, adenoviruses and astroviruses, but also other viruses cause an intestinal disease. The most severe clinical course is expected from the rotaviral and noroviral infection. The dehydratation, which could be less or more severe, often complicated the infection. The treatment is symptomatic. The most important role for the prevention of rotavirus disease is played by the vaccination. (author)

Comparison of tissue sample processing methods for harvesting the viral metagenome and a snapshot of the RNA viral community in a turkey gut.

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Shah, Jigna D; Baller, Joshua; Zhang, Ying; Silverstein, Kevin; Xing, Zheng; Cardona, Carol J

2014-12-01

RNA viruses have been associated with enteritis in poultry and have been isolated from diseased birds. The same viral agents have also been detected in healthy flocks bringing into question their role in health and disease. In order to understand better eukaryotic viruses in the gut, this project focused on evaluating alternative methods to purify and concentrate viral particles, which do not involve the use of density gradients, for generating viral metagenome data. In this study, the sequence outcomes of three tissue processing methods have been evaluated and a data analysis pipeline has been established for RNA viruses from the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, with the use of the best method and increased sequencing depth, a glimpse of the RNA viral community in the gastrointestinal tract of a clinically normal 5-week old turkey is presented. The viruses from the Reoviridae and Astroviridae families together accounted for 76.3% of total viruses identified. The rarefaction curve at the species level further indicated that majority of the species diversity was included with the increased sequencing depth, implying that viruses from other viral families were present in very low abundance. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Viral gene products and replication of the human immunodeficiency type 1 virus.

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Morrow, C D; Park, J; Wakefield, J K

1994-05-01

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic represents a modern-day plague that has not only resulted in a tragic loss of people from a wide spectrum of society but has reshaped our viewpoints regarding health care, the treatment of infectious diseases, and social issues regarding sexual behavior. There is little doubt now that the cause of the disease AIDS is a virus known as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV virus is a member of a large family of viruses termed retroviruses, which have as a hallmark the capacity to convert their RNA genome into a DNA form that then undergoes a process of integration into the host cell chromosome, followed by the expression of the viral genome and translation of viral proteins in the infected cell. This review describes the organization of the HIV-1 viral genome, the expression of viral proteins, as well as the functions of the accessory viral proteins in HIV replication. The replication of the viral genome is divided into two phases, the early phase and the late phase. The early phase consists of the interaction of the virus with the cell surface receptor (CD4 molecule in most cases), the uncoating and conversion of the viral RNA genome into a DNA form, and the integration into the host cell chromosome. The late phase consists of the expression of the viral proteins from the integrated viral genome, the translation of viral proteins, and the assembly and release of the virus. Points in the HIV-1 life cycle that are targets for therapeutic intervention are also discussed.

Paciente con esquizofrenia tratado con ziprasidona + clozapina

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Pol Yanguas E.

2013-05-01

Full Text Available P es un paciente diagnosticado de esquizofrenia, sigue en un piso tutelado un programa de rehabilitación, está medicado con clozapina 500 mg/día y ziprasidona 280 mg/ día. Padece hipercolesterolemia, tabaquismo y sus hábitos alimenticios no son buenos. La medicación que utiliza desde 2007 hasta ahora se refleja en la tabla 1. El último tratamiento se le introdujo el 7 de agosto de 2012, habiendo presentado un electro cardiograma (ECG normal, pero con ligera taquicardia ventricular y prolactinemia de 44,8 ng/ml (valores normales: 2-18 ng/ml.

The Impact of Viral Marketing Through Social Media on BCD's Consumer Brand Knowledge

OpenAIRE

Kusumadjaja, Levina

2014-01-01

Due to the continous increase in viral marketing's popularity phenomenon that causes viral marketing to later become a strategic requirement for marketers worldwide, a necessity to assess the effectiveness of viral marketing in achieveing its objectives in leveraging brand and products has emerged. This research was accomplished to study the impact of viral marketing through social media on consumer brand knowledge of a franchised Taiwanese bubble tea company, BCD. The company utilizes viral...

Viral-Associated GN: Hepatitis C and HIV.

Science.gov (United States)

Kupin, Warren L

2017-08-07

Viruses are capable of inducing a wide spectrum of glomerular disorders that can be categorized on the basis of the duration of active viremia: acute, subacute, or chronic. The variable responses of the adaptive immune system to each time period of viral infection results mechanistically in different histologic forms of glomerular injury. The unique presence of a chronic viremic carrier state with either hepatitis C (HCV) or HIV has led to the opportunity to study in detail various pathogenic mechanisms of viral-induced glomerular injury, including direct viral infection of renal tissue and the development of circulating immune complexes composed of viral antigens that deposit along the glomerular basement membrane. Epidemiologic data show that approximately 25%-30% of all HIV patients are coinfected with HCV and 5%-10% of all HCV patients are coinfected with HIV. This situation can often lead to a challenging differential diagnosis when glomerular disease occurs in this dual-infected population and requires the clinician to be familiar with the clinical presentation, laboratory workup, and pathophysiology behind the development of renal disease for both HCV and HIV. Both of these viruses can be categorized under the new classification of infection-associated GN as opposed to being listed as causes of postinfectious GN as has previously been applied to them. Neither of these viruses lead to renal injury after a latent period of controlled and inactive viremia. The geneses of HCV- and HIV-associated glomerular diseases share a total dependence on the presence of active viral replication to sustain renal injury so the renal disease cannot be listed under "postinfectious" GN. With the new availability of direct-acting antivirals for HCV and more effective combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV, successful remission and even regression of glomerular lesions can be achieved if initiated at an early stage. Copyright © 2017 by the American Society of Nephrology.

KSHV Rta promoter specification and viral reactivation

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Jonathan eGuito

2012-02-01

Full Text Available Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens whose biological success depends upon replication and packaging of viral genomes, and transmission of progeny viruses to new hosts. The biological success of herpesviruses is enhanced by their ability to reproduce their genomes without producing progeny viruses or killing the host cells, a process called latency. Latency permits a herpesvirus to remain undetected in its animal host for decades while maintaining the potential to reactivate, or switch, to a productive life cycle when host conditions are conducive to generating viral progeny. Direct interactions between many host and viral molecules are implicated in controlling herpesviral reactivation, suggesting complex biological networks that control the decision. One viral protein that is necessary and sufficient to switch latent KSHV into the lytic infection cycle is called K-Rta. Rta is a transcriptional activator that specifies promoters by binding direct DNA directly and interacting with cellular proteins. Among these cellular proteins, binding of K-Rta to RBP-Jk is essential for viral reactivation.. In contrast to the canonical model for Notch signaling, RBP-Jk is not uniformly and constitutively bound to the latent KSHV genome, but rather is recruited to DNA by interactions with K-Rta. Stimulation of RBP-Jk DNA binding requires high affinity binding of Rta to repetitive and palindromic CANT DNA repeats in promoters, and formation of ternary complexes with RBP-Jk. However, while K-Rta expression is necessary for initiating KSHV reactivation, K-Rta’s role as the switch is inefficient. Many factors modulate K-Rta’s function, suggesting that KSHV reactivation can be significantly regulated post-Rta expression and challenging the notion that herpesviral reactivation is bistable. This review analyzes rapidly evolving research on KSHV K-Rta to consider the role of K-Rta promoter specification in regulating the progression of KSHV reactivation.

Viral-bacterial associations in acute apical abscesses.

Science.gov (United States)

Ferreira, Dennis C; Rôças, Isabela N; Paiva, Simone S M; Carmo, Flávia L; Cavalcante, Fernanda S; Rosado, Alexandre S; Santos, Kátia R N; Siqueira, José F

2011-08-01

Viral-bacterial and bacterial synergism have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of several human diseases. This study sought to investigate the possible associations between 9 candidate endodontic bacterial pathogens and 9 human viruses in samples from acute apical abscesses. DNA extracts from purulent exudate aspirates of 33 cases of acute apical abscess were surveyed for the presence of 9 selected bacterial species using a 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach. Single or nested PCR assays were used for detection of the human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpesviruses types 1 to 8. Two-thirds of the abscess samples were positive for at least one of the target viruses. Specifically, the most frequently detected viruses were HHV-8 (54.5%); HPV (9%); and varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and HHV-6 (6%). Bacterial DNA was present in all cases and the most prevalent bacterial species were Treponema denticola (70%), Tannerella forsythia (67%), Porphyromonas endodontalis (67%), Dialister invisus (61%), and Dialister pneumosintes (57.5%). HHV-8 was positively associated with 7 of the target bacterial species and HPV with 4, but all these associations were weak. Several bacterial pairs showed a moderate positive association. Viral coinfection was found in 6 abscess cases, but no significant viral association could be determined. Findings demonstrated that bacterial and viral DNA occurred concomitantly in two-thirds of the samples from endodontic abscesses. Although this may suggest a role for viruses in the etiology of apical abscesses, the possibility also exists that the presence of viruses in abscess samples is merely a consequence of the bacterially induced disease process. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of these viral-bacterial interactions, if any, in the pathogenesis of acute apical abscesses. Copyright © 2011 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why pass on viral messages? Because they connect emotionally

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dobele, A.; Lindgreen, A.; Beverland, M.; Vanhamme, J.; Wijk, van R.

2007-01-01

In this article, we identify that successful viral marketing campaigns trigger an emotional response in recipients. Working under this premise, we examine the effects of viral messages containing the six primary emotions (surprise, joy, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust) on recipients' emotional

Evolution of approaches to viral safety issues for biological products.

Science.gov (United States)

Lubiniecki, Anthony S

2011-01-01

CONFERENCE PROCEEDING Proceedings of the PDA/FDA Adventitious Viruses in Biologics: Detection and Mitigation Strategies Workshop in Bethesda, MD, USA; December 1-3, 2010 Guest Editors: Arifa Khan (Bethesda, MD), Patricia Hughes (Bethesda, MD) and Michael Wiebe (San Francisco, CA) Approaches to viral safety issues for biological products have evolved during the past 50+ years. The first cell culture products (viral vaccines) relied largely on the use of in vitro and in vivo virus screening assays that were based upon infectivity of adventitious viral agents. The use of Cohn fractionation and pasteurization by manufacturers of plasma derivatives introduced the concepts that purification and treatment with physical and chemical agents could greatly reduce the risk of viral contamination of human albumin and immunoglobulin products. But the limitations of such approaches became clear for thermolabile products that were removed early in fractionation such as antihemophilic factors, which transmitted hepatitis viruses and HIV-1 to some product recipients. These successes and limitations were taken into account by the early developers of recombinant DNA (rDNA)-derived cell culture products and by regulatory agencies, leading to the utilization of cloning technology to reduce/eliminate contamination due to human viruses and purification technologies to physically remove and inactivate adventitious and endogenous viruses, along with cell banking and cell bank characterization for adventitious and endogenous viruses, viral screening of biological raw materials, and testing of cell culture harvests, to ensure virus safety. Later development and incorporation of nanofiltration technology in the manufacturing process provided additional assurance of viral clearance for safety of biotechnology products. These measures have proven very effective at preventing iatrogenic infection of recipients of biotechnology products; however, viral contamination of production cell cultures has

Ruptura da barreira hematoencefálica após injeção de droga gliotóxica no tronco encefálico de ratos wistar

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Bondan Eduardo Fernandes

2002-01-01

Full Text Available O brometo de etídio (BE determina desaparecimento astrocitário local, com ruptura da glia limitans e suposto dano na barreira hematoencefálica (BBB. Este estudo visou avaliar a integridade da BBB após injeção de solução de BE a 0,1% (grupo E ou de salina a 0,9% (grupo C na cisterna pontis de ratos Wistar. Fragmentos do tronco encefálico foram coletados das 24 horas aos 31 dias pós-injeção para estudo ultra-estrutural e marcação imuno-histoquímica para a GFAP. Alguns animais receberam carvão coloidal por via intravenosa nos mesmos períodos. Nos ratos do grupo C, não houve sinal de perda astrocitária, nem extravasamento vascular de carvão no sítio da injeção. No grupo E, o desaparecimento astrocitário começou às 48 horas e algumas áreas estavam ainda destituídas de processos astrocíticos 31 dias após. Extravasamento de partículas de carvão nas lesões foi visto de 48 horas até 7 dias, não sendo detectada qualquer alteração ultra-estrutural das junções oclusivas pela falta de astrócitos perivasculares.

Fibrilación auricular en el período posoperatorio precoz de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria

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Maikel Rodulfo García

2013-06-01

Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 73 pacientes con fibrilación auricular de nueva aparición en las primeras 72 horas del periodo posoperatorio de revascularización coronaria, intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2010 hasta igual período de 2013. En la serie, los mayores de 60 años fueron los más afectados (71,2%, con un aumento en la frecuencia a medida que avanzó la edad. Primaron el sexo masculino (74,3 % y el hábito de fumar (86,0 %. Entre los factores más notables figuraron: antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda por debajo de 55,0 %, revascularización incompleta y uso del bypass de apoyo. Aunque esta arritmia se relacionó con otras complicaciones posoperatorias, el bajo gasto cardiaco y los accidentes vasculares encefálicos predominaron en esta investigación.

Treinamento de marcha, cardiorrespiratório e muscular após acidente vascular encefálico: estratégias, dosagens e desfechos

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Angélica Cristiane Ovando

Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: Um número crescente de programas de treinamento com resultados positivos tem sido proposto para a reabilitação de pacientes com sequelas motoras após acidente vascular encefálico (AVE. No entanto, observa-se que muitos não oferecem recomendações no que diz respeito a indicações para técnicas e procedimentos específicos. OBJETIVO: Revisar a literatura pertinente sobre programas de treinamento envolvendo marcha, condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e fortalecimento muscular de membros inferiores em pacientes portadores de hemiparesia por sequela de AVE, e descrever a eficácia, limitações e efeitos desses programas na recuperação cardiovascular, funcional e motora dessa população. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma busca por ensaios clínicos, trabalhos pré-experimentais, meta-análises e revisões de literatura que abordassem os temas treinamento físico, fortalecimento muscular, treinamento de marcha e programas de exercícios para membros inferiores após AVE. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 27 artigos relatando diversos protocolos de treinamento (marcha, treinamento cardiovascular, fortalecimento muscular, entre outros e seus efeitos no sistema cardiovascular, músculo-esquelético e sobre o status funcional em indivíduos portadores de hemiparesia após AVE. CONCLUSÃO: Praticamente todas as intervenções relatam resultados positivos em termos de ganhos funcionais, além de efeitos específicos de acordo com o tipo de treinamento. No entanto, as diferenças metodológicas, a carência de grupo controle em alguns estudos, a variabilidade da população estudada e os critérios de análise nem sempre permitem a recomendação segura de procedimentos específicos na prática clínica.

Recombinant viruses as vaccines against viral diseases

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A.P.D. Souza

2005-04-01

Full Text Available Vaccine approaches to infectious diseases are widely applied and appreciated. Amongst them, vectors based on recombinant viruses have shown great promise and play an important role in the development of new vaccines. Many viruses have been investigated for their ability to express proteins from foreign pathogens and induce specific immunological responses against these antigens in vivo. Generally, gene-based vaccines can stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune responses and viral vectors might be an effective strategy for both the delivery of antigen-encoding genes and the facilitation and enhancement of antigen presentation. In order to be utilized as a vaccine carrier, the ideal viral vector should be safe and enable efficient presentation of required pathogen-specific antigens to the immune system. It should also exhibit low intrinsic immunogenicity to allow for its re-administration in order to boost relevant specific immune responses. Furthermore, the vector system must meet criteria that enable its production on a large-scale basis. Several viral vaccine vectors have thus emerged to date, all of them having relative advantages and limits depending on the proposed application, and thus far none of them have proven to be ideal vaccine carriers. In this review we describe the potential, as well as some of the foreseeable obstacles associated with viral vaccine vectors and their use in preventive medicine.

Potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico em frentistas Auditory brainstem response in gas station attendants

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Lenita da Silva Quevedo

2012-12-01

Full Text Available A ototoxidade dos solventes orgânicos pode atingir o sistema auditivo a nível coclear e retrococlear. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a integridade neurofisiológica do sistema auditivo até tronco cerebral por meio do PEATE. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo. Estudados frentistas de três postos de gasolina da cidade de Santa Maria/RS. A amostra ficou composta por 21 sujeitos, que foram avaliados por meio de potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico. RESULTADOS: Alteração nas latências absolutas das ondas I e III e em todas as latências interpicos, na orelha direita. Na orelha esquerda houve alteração na latência absoluta de todas as ondas, e em todos os intervalos interpicos. Alteração na diferença interaural da onda V foi verificada em 19% dos sujeitos. No grupo exposto há mais de cinco anos, foram estatisticamente significantes o número de sujeitos com alteração: no intervalo interpico I-V da orelha direita; na latência absoluta da onda I e no intervalo interpico III-V da orelha esquerda. CONCLUSÃO: A exposição a combustíveis pode causar alterações no sistema auditivo central.Ototoxicity of organic solvents can affect the hearing system up to the cochlea level and the central structures of hearing. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the neurophysiological integrity of the hearing system in subjects exposed to fuels using ABR. METHOD: Prospective study. We evaluated attendants from three gas stations in Santa Maria/RS. The sample had 21 subjects, who were evaluated by auditory brainstem response. RESULTS: We found an alteration in the absolute latencies of Waves I and III and in all the interpeak latencies, in the right ear. In the left ear there was a change in the absolute latencies of all Waves, and in all the interpeak intervals. A change in the interaural difference of Wave V was found in 19% of the individuals. In the group exposed for more than five years, there were subjects with a statistically significant changes: in the I

Riesgo familiar total en familias con mujeres diagnosticadas con neoplasia de mama

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Nancy Cecilia Charrys-Bravo

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo familiar total de las familias con mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama, que asisten a un centro de salud oncológico en la ciudad de Barranquilla. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo, transversal con abordaje cuantitativo. Se utilizó el instrumento Riesgo Familiar Total RFT 5-33. El universo estuvo conformado por familias con mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer en mama. La muestra fue de 41 familias que integraron a 154 miembros; se abordó el estudio de manera censal, y no por medio de una muestra, porque el acceso a la información de la totalidad de las familia fue viable. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que las familias, en su mayoría, son de tipo 2. El 68 % de las pacientes categorizan sus familias como amenazadas, el 5 % como familias de alto riesgo y un 27 % de las familias con un bajo riesgo. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos encontrados en esta investigación son importantes para las familias, lo cual permitirá establecer acciones y actividades que logren orientar e implementar procesos de atención específicos con el propósito de cuidar a las familias para que se mantengan sanos en un nivel de bajo riesgo; además, desarrollar controles y seguimiento a aquellas familias que se encuentran en un riesgo alto de amenazas, mediante acciones de promoción y prevención de la enfermedad de una manera amplia. Por lo anterior, se deben emprender programas más agresivos de prevención y promoción, especialmente con las familias que asisten en busca de apoyo médico para este padecimiento; de esta forma, se podrán diagnosticar los casos de forma temprana y proceder al respectivo tratamiento.

REDUCCIÓN DE ÓXIDOSDE NITROGENO CON CATALIZADORES ZEOLÍTICOS INTERCAMBIADOS CON COBALTO

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Enrique Alexis García Moya

2012-10-01

Full Text Available Se presenta un estudio sobre la reducción catalítica selectiva (RCS de NOx con metano en presencia de oxígeno en exceso con varios catalizadores a base de las zeolitas mordenita, ferrierita y ZSM-5 intercambiadas con diferentes cargas de cobalto y con las correspondientes zeolitas en forma acida. Cuando la mezcla reactiva contenía mayormente NO2 en lugar de NO, los catalizadores ácidos mostraron las más altas velocidades de formación de N2 en condiciones secas. Las mayores actividades se obtuvieron con los catalizadores Co-mordenita, siguiendo en orden de actividad los catalizadores Co-Ferrierita y Co-ZSM-5. El catalizador Co-Mordenita más activo se ensayó con una mezcla reactiva donde predominó el NO en lugar del NO2 bajo condiciones secas e hidrotérmicas y en presencia de SO2. Con la adición de 8% de agua a la mezcla de reacción se observó desactivación reversible, especialmente a bajas temperaturas. La adición de 60 ppm de SO2 disminuyó la velocidad de reacción aproximadamente a la mitad debido posiblemente al envenenamiento de algunos sitios activos.

Viral Evolution Core | FNLCR Staging

Science.gov (United States)

Brandon F. Keele, Ph.D. PI/Senior Principal Investigator, Retroviral Evolution Section Head, Viral Evolution Core Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick, MD 21702-1201 Tel: 301-846-173

Konjungtivitis Viral: Diagnosis dan Terapi di Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer

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Ratna Sitompul

2017-04-01

Full Text Available Konjungtiva adalah membran mukosa tipis transparan yang melapisi bagian anterior bola mata dan bagian dalam palpebral. Konjungtiva berfungsi sebagai salah satu komponen sistem perlindungan mata dari peradangan dan infeksi. Peradangan konjungtiva disebut konjungtivitis dan infeksi virus merupakan etiologi peradangan akut tersering pada konjungtiva. Virus yang menyebabkan konjungtivitis adalah adenovirus, herpes simpleks, herpes zoster, pox virus, myxovirus, paramyxovirus, dan arbovirus. Konjungtivitis sering terjadi bersama atau sesudah infeksi saluran napas dan umumnya terdapat riwayat kontak dengan pasien konjungtivitis viral. Gejala konjungtivitis viral berupa mata merah, sekret mata berair dan dapat disertai pembesaran kelenjar limfe. Gejala konjungtivitis viral biasanya ringan, dapat sembuh sendiri dan tidak disertai penurunan tajam penglihatan sehingga dapat ditatalaksana di pelayanan kesehatan primer. Meskipun demikian, terdapat kasus-kasus yang bersifat mengancam penglihatan sehingga perlu segera dirujuk ke rumah sakit atau dokter spesialis mata. Konjungtivitis viral sangat menular sehingga pasien perlu mendapat edukasi untuk mengurangi kontak langsung dan tidak langsung agar tidak menjadi sumber infeksi bagi lingkungannya. Konjungtivitis viral dapat sembuh sendiri, namun pemberian air mata buatan, antihistamin topikal, atau kompres dingin berguna untuk meredakan gejala. Terapi antiviral tidak diperlukan untuk konjungtivitis virus, kecuali untuk konjungtivitis herpetik. Kata kunci: epidemi, konjungtivitis, virus.     Viral Conjunctivitis: Diagnosis and Therapy in Primary Health Care   Abstract Conjunctivae is a transparent thin mucosal membrane covering the outer anterior eye and inner palpebrae. This structure is vital for eye defense from inflammation and infection. Inflammation occurring on the conjunctivae is called conjunctivitis and virus is one of the most common etiologic agent. Such viruses are adenovirus, herpes simplex virus

How Viral Poems are Annotated : On ‘OCD’ by Neil Hilborn

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van der Starre, K.A.

2015-01-01

In How Viral Poems are Annotated: On ‘OCD’ by Neil Hilborn Kila van der Starre explores how, where and by whom viral poems are annotated. The article focuses on the performance of the poem ‘OCD’ by Neil Hilborn that went viral in the summer of 2013 and has been viewed more than 10 million times on

Terapias alternativas con animales para niños con necesidades especiales

OpenAIRE

Cea-Chueca, Aihnoa

2014-01-01

El presente trabajo de fin de grado consiste en la realización de un análisis y descripción de la literatura acerca de las distintas terapias animales, destinadas a niños con necesidades especiales: cómo y por qué surgieron, en qué consisten las terapias, cómo podemos utilizarlas, etc. Las terapias alternativas con animales se conocen como una alternativa terapéutica, donde se utiliza a un animal como co-terapeuta para poder desarrollar diferentes capacidades de los niños con necesidades espe...

HIV and Viral Hepatitis

Science.gov (United States)

... common causes of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). HBV and HCV are common ... gov/ mmwr/ preview/ mmwrhtml/ rr5516a1. htm? s_ cid= rr5516a1_ e. The Numbers • • Of people with HIV in the ...

Anti-viral effect of herbal medicine Korean traditional Cynanchum ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Background: Pestiviruses in general, and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) in particular, present several potential targets for directed antiviral therapy. Material and Methods: The antiviral effect of Cynanchum paniculatum (Bge.) Kitag (Dog strangling vine: DS) extract on the bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus was tested. First ...

Use of profile hidden Markov models in viral discovery: current insights

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Reyes A

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Alejandro Reyes,1–3 João Marcelo P Alves,4 Alan Mitchell Durham,5 Arthur Gruber4 1Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, MO, USA; 3Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; 4Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 5Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Abstract: Sequence similarity searches are the bioinformatic cornerstone of molecular sequence analysis for all domains of life. However, large amounts of divergence between organisms, such as those seen among viruses, can significantly hamper analyses. Profile hidden Markov models (profile HMMs are among the most successful approaches for dealing with this problem, which represent an invaluable tool for viral identification efforts. Profile HMMs are statistical models that convert information from a multiple sequence alignment into a set of probability values that reflect position-specific variation levels in all members of evolutionarily related sequences. Since profile HMMs represent a wide spectrum of variation, these models show higher sensitivity than conventional similarity methods such as BLAST for the detection of remote homologs. In recent years, there has been an effort to compile viral sequences from different viral taxonomic groups into integrated databases, such as Prokaryotic Virus Orthlogous Groups (pVOGs and database of profile HMMs (vFam database, which provide functional annotation, multiple sequence alignments, and profile HMMs. Since these databases rely on viral sequences collected from GenBank and RefSeq, they suffer in variable extent from uneven taxonomic sampling, with low sequence representation of many viral groups, which affects the

Cas9 specifies functional viral targets during CRISPR-Cas adaptation.

Science.gov (United States)

Heler, Robert; Samai, Poulami; Modell, Joshua W; Weiner, Catherine; Goldberg, Gregory W; Bikard, David; Marraffini, Luciano A

2015-03-12

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci and their associated (Cas) proteins provide adaptive immunity against viral infection in prokaryotes. Upon infection, short phage sequences known as spacers integrate between CRISPR repeats and are transcribed into small RNA molecules that guide the Cas9 nuclease to the viral targets (protospacers). Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 cleavage of the viral genome requires the presence of a 5'-NGG-3' protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence immediately downstream of the viral target. It is not known whether and how viral sequences flanked by the correct PAM are chosen as new spacers. Here we show that Cas9 selects functional spacers by recognizing their PAM during spacer acquisition. The replacement of cas9 with alleles that lack the PAM recognition motif or recognize an NGGNG PAM eliminated or changed PAM specificity during spacer acquisition, respectively. Cas9 associates with other proteins of the acquisition machinery (Cas1, Cas2 and Csn2), presumably to provide PAM-specificity to this process. These results establish a new function for Cas9 in the genesis of prokaryotic immunological memory.

Viral entry pathways: the example of common cold viruses.

Science.gov (United States)

Blaas, Dieter

2016-05-01

For infection, viruses deliver their genomes into the host cell. These nucleic acids are usually tightly packed within the viral capsid, which, in turn, is often further enveloped within a lipid membrane. Both protect them against the hostile environment. Proteins and/or lipids on the viral particle promote attachment to the cell surface and internalization. They are likewise often involved in release of the genome inside the cell for its use as a blueprint for production of new viruses. In the following, I shall cursorily discuss the early more general steps of viral infection that include receptor recognition, uptake into the cell, and uncoating of the viral genome. The later sections will concentrate on human rhinoviruses, the main cause of the common cold, with respect to the above processes. Much of what is known on the underlying mechanisms has been worked out by Renate Fuchs at the Medical University of Vienna.

HSV-1 Remodels Host Telomeres to Facilitate Viral Replication

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Zhong Deng

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Telomeres protect the ends of cellular chromosomes. We show here that infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1 results in chromosomal structural aberrations at telomeres and the accumulation of telomere dysfunction-induced DNA damage foci (TIFs. At the molecular level, HSV-1 induces transcription of telomere repeat-containing RNA (TERRA, followed by the proteolytic degradation of the telomere protein TPP1 and loss of the telomere repeat DNA signal. The HSV-1-encoded E3 ubiquitin ligase ICP0 is required for TERRA transcription and facilitates TPP1 degradation. Small hairpin RNA (shRNA depletion of TPP1 increases viral replication, indicating that TPP1 inhibits viral replication. Viral replication protein ICP8 forms foci that coincide with telomeric proteins, and ICP8-null virus failed to degrade telomere DNA signal. These findings suggest that HSV-1 reorganizes telomeres to form ICP8-associated prereplication foci and to promote viral genomic replication.

Life cycle synchronization is a viral drug resistance mechanism.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iulia A Neagu

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Viral infections are one of the major causes of death worldwide, with HIV infection alone resulting in over 1.2 million casualties per year. Antiviral drugs are now being administered for a variety of viral infections, including HIV, hepatitis B and C, and influenza. These therapies target a specific phase of the virus's life cycle, yet their ultimate success depends on a variety of factors, such as adherence to a prescribed regimen and the emergence of viral drug resistance. The epidemiology and evolution of drug resistance have been extensively characterized, and it is generally assumed that drug resistance arises from mutations that alter the virus's susceptibility to the direct action of the drug. In this paper, we consider the possibility that a virus population can evolve towards synchronizing its life cycle with the pattern of drug therapy. The periodicity of the drug treatment could then allow for a virus strain whose life cycle length is a multiple of the dosing interval to replicate only when the concentration of the drug is lowest. This process, referred to as "drug tolerance by synchronization", could allow the virus population to maximize its overall fitness without having to alter drug binding or complete its life cycle in the drug's presence. We use mathematical models and stochastic simulations to show that life cycle synchronization can indeed be a mechanism of viral drug tolerance. We show that this effect is more likely to occur when the variability in both viral life cycle and drug dose timing are low. More generally, we find that in the presence of periodic drug levels, time-averaged calculations of viral fitness do not accurately predict drug levels needed to eradicate infection, even if there is no synchronization. We derive an analytical expression for viral fitness that is sufficient to explain the drug-pattern-dependent survival of strains with any life cycle length. We discuss the implications of these findings for

[Investigation of RNA viral genome amplification by multiple displacement amplification technique].

Science.gov (United States)

Pang, Zheng; Li, Jian-Dong; Li, Chuan; Liang, Mi-Fang; Li, De-Xin

2013-06-01

In order to facilitate the detection of newly emerging or rare viral infectious diseases, a negative-strand RNA virus-severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus, and a positive-strand RNA virus-dengue virus, were used to investigate RNA viral genome unspecific amplification by multiple displacement amplification technique from clinical samples. Series of 10-fold diluted purified viral RNA were utilized as analog samples with different pathogen loads, after a series of reactions were sequentially processed, single-strand cDNA, double-strand cDNA, double-strand cDNA treated with ligation without or with supplemental RNA were generated, then a Phi29 DNA polymerase depended isothermal amplification was employed, and finally the target gene copies were detected by real time PCR assays to evaluate the amplification efficiencies of various methods. The results showed that multiple displacement amplification effects of single-strand or double-strand cDNA templates were limited, while the fold increases of double-strand cDNA templates treated with ligation could be up to 6 X 10(3), even 2 X 10(5) when supplemental RNA existed, and better results were obtained when viral RNA loads were lower. A RNA viral genome amplification system using multiple displacement amplification technique was established in this study and effective amplification of RNA viral genome with low load was achieved, which could provide a tool to synthesize adequate viral genome for multiplex pathogens detection.

Viral capsid is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern in adenovirus keratitis.

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Ashish V Chintakuntlawar

2010-04-01

Full Text Available Human adenovirus (HAdV infection of the human eye, in particular serotypes 8, 19 and 37, induces the formation of corneal subepithelial leukocytic infiltrates. Using a unique mouse model of adenovirus keratitis, we studied the role of various virus-associated molecular patterns in subsequent innate immune responses of resident corneal cells to HAdV-37 infection. We found that neither viral DNA, viral gene expression, or viral replication was necessary for the development of keratitis. In contrast, empty viral capsid induced keratitis and a chemokine profile similar to intact virus. Transfected viral DNA did not induce leukocyte infiltration despite CCL2 expression similar to levels in virus infected corneas. Mice without toll-like receptor 9 (Tlr9 signaling developed clinical keratitis upon HAdV-37 infection similar to wild type mice, although the absolute numbers of activated monocytes in the cornea were less in Tlr9(-/- mice. Virus induced leukocytic infiltrates and chemokine expression in mouse cornea could be blocked by treatment with a peptide containing arginine glycine aspartic acid (RGD. These results demonstrate that adenovirus infection of the cornea induces chemokine expression and subsequent infiltration by leukocytes principally through RGD contact between viral capsid and the host cell, possibly through direct interaction between the viral capsid penton base and host cell integrins.

Principios del manejo hospitalario en pacientes con politraumatismo en cara, en el área de urgencias del servicio de cirugía maxilofacial

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Ivan Manotas Arevalo

2013-10-01

Full Text Available Title: Hospital management principles in patients with polytrauma in face, in the area of emergency service of maxillofacial surgery.Resumen:La siringomielia es un trastorno que consiste en la formación de uno o varios quistes en la médula espinal, que generalmente inician en la región cervical y pueden extenderse hasta la región torácica o hacia el tronco encefálico. Su etiología es multifactorial, pudiendo ser secundaria a malformación de Arnold-Chiari, causas idiopáticas, y traumatismos. Las manifestaciones clínicas son variadas presentando un curso crónico-progresivo. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 47 años de edad con diagnóstico de siringomielia cervicotorácica, cuya manifestación inicial fue inusual, aguda y progresiva, ameritando procedimiento quirúrgico con buenos resultados. Se discute sobre la presentación clínica atípica y las medidas terapéuticas quirúrgicas empleadas en éste caso. (DUAZARY 2012 No. 2, 167 - 175AbstractWhen we talk about physical trauma, we refer to a type of injury or wound that directly affects the body at the somatic level. The physical trauma can be caused both by blows and by sharp wounds, that is to say, by external elements that do not penetrate in the organism as for external elements that yes do it, the initial assistance with facial polytraumatism must approach the patient from a scheme with a clear and sequential methodology, which allows an effective resuscitation and a diagnosis and treatment of all the present injuries on order of importance. In the following work it proposes to announce the processes and / or guidelines that must be born in mind to the moment to stabilize the patient with severe traumatism to level of face during the immediate attention in the area of hospitable urgencies by means of a bibliographical review, demonstrating the importance of the interdisciplinary managing for the clinical managing of this type of patients.Keywords: facial trauma

Variables socionutricionales de hogares mazahuas integrados por preescolares desnutridos con madres con obesidad y sin obesidad

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Conzuelo González, Viridiana Vanessa

2009-01-01

Full Text Available El primer objetivo fue conocer cuántos menores de cinco años con diferentes grados de desnutrición tienen una madre con sobrepeso/obesidad/ en una comunidad indígena que vive en extrema pobreza y bajo condiciones de migración masculina internacional. El segundo fue comparar tres variables socionutricionales (ingreso familiar, educación de la madre y adecuación nutrimental de la dieta diaria entre estos hogares y los hogares con desnutrición infantil y madres sin obesidad. Se realizó un estudio transversal (2006-2007, en la comunidad mazahua de San Francisco Tepeolulco, Municipio de Temascalcingo; que incluyó a 85 hogares integrados por preescolares con desnutrición inscritos al programa Oportunidades. Se determinó el estado nutrición de los preescolares con indicadores antropométricos y se obtuvo el IMC de las madres de estos infantes. Se aplicó una encuesta socionutricional, incluida el recordatorio de 24 horas, y complementado con la observación participante (cualitativa. Se encontró que 83% de las madres mazahuas presentaron sobrepeso u obesidad. El estado de nutrición de los preescolares con madres con obesidad presentó un porcentaje mayor de desnutrición (76%. En la variable género, se encontró que 54% de los niños con madres con obesidad tenía baja talla. Al relacionar el nivel educativo de la madre, esta variable resultó ser estadísticamente significativa (p=0.015, donde el analfabetismo está más relacionado con la desnutrición infantil que tienen madres de bajo y/o peso normal. La elevada prevalencia de hogares conformados con preescolares con desnutrición y madres con obesidad, es un síntoma más de la pobreza en zonas indígenas en México, con bajo índice de desarrollo humano.

Predictors of viral pneumonia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

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Ji Eun Kim

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Viruses are increasingly recognized as major causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP. Few studies have investigated the clinical predictors of viral pneumonia, and the results have been inconsistent. In this study, the clinical predictors of viral pneumonia were investigated in terms of their utility as indicators for viral pneumonia in patients with CAP. METHODS: Adult patients (≥ 18 years old with CAP, tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR for respiratory virus, at two teaching hospitals between October 2010 and May 2013, were identified retrospectively. Demographic and clinical data were collected by reviewing the hospital electronic medical records. RESULTS: During the study period, 456 patients with CAP were identified who met the definition, and 327 (72% patients were tested using the respiratory virus PCR detection test. Viral pneumonia (n = 60 was associated with rhinorrhea, a higher lymphocyte fraction in the white blood cells, lower serum creatinine and ground-glass opacity (GGO in radiology results, compared to non-viral pneumonia (n = 250 (p < 0.05, each. In a multivariate analysis, rhinorrhea (Odd ratio (OR 3.52; 95% Confidence interval (CI, 1.58-7.87 and GGO (OR 4.68; 95% CI, 2.48-8.89 were revealed as independent risk factors for viral pneumonia in patients with CAP. The sensitivity, specificity, positive- and negative-predictive values (PPV and NPV of rhinorrhea were 22, 91, 36 and 83%: the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of GGO were and 43, 84, 40 and 86%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Symptom of rhinorrhea and GGO predicted viral pneumonia in patients with CAP. The high specificity of rhinorrhea and GGO suggested that these could be useful indicators for empirical antiviral therapy.

Immigration and viral hepatitis

NARCIS (Netherlands)

S. Sharma (Suraj); M. Carballo (Manuel); J.J. Feld (Jordan J.); H.L.A. Janssen (Harry)

2015-01-01

textabstractWHO estimates reveal that the global prevalence of viral hepatitis may be as high as 500 million, with an annual mortality rate of up to 1.3 million individuals. The majority of this global burden of disease is borne by nations of the developing world with high rates of vertical and

Hepatitis C virus genotypes: A plausible association with viral loads

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Salma Ghulam Nabi

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Background and Aim: The basic aim of this study was to find out the association of genotypes with host age, gender and viral load. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted at Social Security Hospital, Pakistan. This study included 320 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV infection who were referred to the hospital between November 2011 and July 2012. HCV viral detection and genotyping was performed and the association was seen between genotypes and host age, gender and viral load. Results : The analysis revealed the presence of genotypes 1 and 3 with further subtypes 1a, 1b, 3a, 3b and mixed genotypes 1b + 3a, 1b + 3b and 3a + 3b. Viral load quantification was carried out in all 151 HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA positive patients. The genotype 3a was observed in 124 (82.12% patients, 3b was found in 21 (13.91%, 1a was seen in 2 (1.32%, 1b in 1 (0.66%, mixed infection with 1b + 3a in 1 (0.66%, 1b + 3b in 1 (0.66% and 3a + 3b was also found in 1 (0.66% patient. Viral load quantification was carried out in all 151 HCV RNA positive patients and was compared between the various genotypes. The mean viral load in patients infected with genotype 1a was 2.75 × 10 6 , 1b 3.9 × 10 6 , 3a 2.65 × 10 6 , 3b 2.51 × 10 6 , 1b + 3a 3.4 × 106, 1b + 3b 2.7 × 106 and 3a + 3b 3.5 × 10 6 . An association between different types of genotypes and viral load was observed. Conclusion : Further studies should be carried out to determine the association of viral load with different genotypes so that sufficient data is available and can be used to determine the type and duration of therapy needed and predict disease outcome.

Viral metagenomics: Analysis of begomoviruses by illumina high-throughput sequencing

KAUST Repository

Idris, Ali; Al-Saleh, Mohammed; Piatek, Marek J.; Al-Shahwan, Ibrahim; Ali, Shahjahan; Brown, Judith K.

2014-01-01

Traditional DNA sequencing methods are inefficient, lack the ability to discern the least abundant viral sequences, and ineffective for determining the extent of variability in viral populations. Here, populations of single-stranded DNA plant

Influenza virus gene expression: viral RNA replication in vivo and in vitro

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shapiro, G.I.

1987-01-01

To develop an overall scheme for the control of influenza virus gene expression, single-stranded M13 DNAs specific for the various genomic segments were used to analyze the synthesis of virus-specific RNAs in infected cells. The results showed that virus infection is divided into two distinct phases. During the early phase, the syntheses of specific virion RNAs (vRNAs), viral mRNAs, and viral proteins were coupled. This phase lasted for 2.5 hours in BHK-21 cells, the time when the rate of synthesis of all the viral mRNAs was maximal. During the late phase, the synthesis of all the vRNAs remained at or near maximum, whereas the rate of synthesis of all the viral mRNAs declined dramatically. Viral mRNA and protein syntheses were also not coupled, as the synthesis of all the viral proteins continued at maximum levels, indicating that protein synthesis during this phase was directed principally by previously synthesized viral mRNAs. Pulses with [ 3 H]uridine and nonaqueous fractionation of cells were used to show that influenza vRNA, like viral mRNAs, are synthesized in the nucleus and efficiently transported to the cytoplasm. In contrast, the full-length transcripts of the vRNAs, the templates for new vRNA synthesis, were synthesized only at early times, and remained sequestered in the nucleus to direct vRNA synthesis throughout infection

Helical plant viral nanoparticles-bioinspired synthesis of nanomaterials and nanostructures.

Science.gov (United States)

Narayanan, Kannan Badri; Han, Sung Soo

2017-05-19

Viral nanotechnology is revolutionizing the biomimetic and bioinspired synthesis of novel nanomaterials. Bottom-up nanofabrication by self-assembly of individual molecular components of elongated viral nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like particles (VLPs) has resulted in the production of superior materials and structures in the nano(bio)technological fields. Viral capsids are attractive materials, because of their symmetry, monodispersity, and polyvalency. Helical VNPs/VLPs are unique prefabricated nanoscaffolds with large surface area to volume ratios and high aspect ratios, and enable the construction of exquisite supramolecular nanostructures. This review discusses the genetic and chemical modifications of outer, inner, and interface surfaces of a viral protein cage that will almost certainly lead to the development of superior next-generation targeted drug delivery and imaging systems, biosensors, energy storage and optoelectronic devices, therapeutics, and catalysts.

Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin modulates skin host response to viral infection.

Science.gov (United States)

Bin, Lianghua; Kim, Byung Eui; Brauweiler, Anne; Goleva, Elena; Streib, Joanne; Ji, Yinduo; Schlievert, Patrick M; Leung, Donald Y M

2012-09-01

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) with a history of eczema herpeticum have increased staphylococcal colonization and infections. However, whether Staphylococcus aureus alters the outcome of skin viral infection has not been determined. We investigated whether S aureus toxins modulated host response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and vaccinia virus (VV) infections in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) and in murine infection models. NHKs were treated with S aureus toxins before incubation of viruses. BALB/c mice were inoculated with S aureus 2 days before VV scarification. Viral loads of HSV-1 and VV were evaluated by using real-time PCR, a viral plaque-forming assay, and immunofluorescence staining. Small interfering RNA duplexes were used to knockdown the gene expression of the cellular receptor of α-toxin, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). ADAM10 protein and α-toxin heptamers were detected by using Western blot assays. We demonstrate that sublytic staphylococcal α-toxin increases viral loads of HSV-1 and VV in NHKs. Furthermore, we demonstrate in vivo that the VV load is significantly greater (P skin inoculated with an α-toxin-producing S aureus strain compared with murine skin inoculated with the isogenic α-toxin-deleted strain. The viral enhancing effect of α-toxin is mediated by ADAM10 and is associated with its pore-forming property. Moreover, we demonstrate that α-toxin promotes viral entry in NHKs. The current study introduces the novel concept that staphylococcal α-toxin promotes viral skin infection and provides a mechanism by which S aureus infection might predispose the host toward disseminated viral infections. Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Core Gene Expression and Association of Genotypes with Viral ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Purpose: To determine genotypic distribution, ribonucleic acid (RNA) RNA viral load and express core gene from Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infected patients in Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 1690 HCV RNA positive patients were included in the study. HCV genotyping was tested by type-specific genotyping assay, viral ...

Distribution, incidence and severity of viral diseases of yam ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

A survey was conducted in major yam cultivation zones in Côte d'Ivoire in 2009 to determine the incidence, severity of viral diseases, and viruses associated with the infected plants. Incidence and severity of the viral diseases were estimated based on symptoms. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ...

Who Regulates Whom? An Overview of RNA Granules and Viral Infections

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Natalia Poblete-Durán

2016-06-01

Full Text Available After viral infection, host cells respond by mounting an anti-viral stress response in order to create a hostile atmosphere for viral replication, leading to the shut-off of mRNA translation (protein synthesis and the assembly of RNA granules. Two of these RNA granules have been well characterized in yeast and mammalian cells, stress granules (SGs, which are translationally silent sites of RNA triage and processing bodies (PBs, which are involved in mRNA degradation. This review discusses the role of these RNA granules in the evasion of anti-viral stress responses through virus-induced remodeling of cellular ribonucleoproteins (RNPs.

Caracterización epidemiológica de la infección respiratoria aguda grave y circulación viral en Boyacá, julio de 2012 a julio de 2013

OpenAIRE

García García, Constanza Marcela

2014-01-01

Objetivo. Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente la Infección respiratoria aguda grave y circulación viral en Boyacá a partir de la vigilancia centinela entre Julio de 2012 y Julio de 2013. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo a partir de información del Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública. La población estuvo conformada por 530 casos con muestra de hisopado nasofaríngeo de las Instituciones centinela en Tunja, las muestras se procesaron por inmunofluorescencia indirecta ...

Terapia regenerativa con plasma rico en plaquetas en pacientes con quemaduras

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María del Carmen Franco Mora

2015-10-01

Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio comparativo, longitudinal y prospectivo de 60 adultos con quemaduras profundas, atendidos en el Hospital General docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, desde febrero de 2013 hasta igual mes de 2014, para evaluar la efectividad de la terapia regenerativa con plasma rico en plaquetas para la cicatrización de estas lesiones. La muestra fue dividida en 2 grupos de 30 integrantes cada uno: a los del primero se les aplicó plasma rico en plaquetas y a los del segundo sulfadiazina de plata. Se utilizaron las frecuencias absolutas y el porcentaje como medidas de resumen para variables cualitativos, así como la media aritmética y la desviación estándar para las cuantitativas. Con el proceder aplicado la cicatrización se completó en un tiempo menor, de manera que se demostró la efectividad de esta alternativa terapéutica en relación con el tratamiento convencional

Heat shock protein-90-beta facilitates enterovirus 71 viral particles assembly

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang, Robert Y.L.; Kuo, Rei-Lin; Ma, Wei-Chieh; Huang, Hsing-I; Yu, Jau-Song; Yen, Sih-Min; Huang, Chi-Ruei; Shih, Shin-Ru

2013-01-01

Molecular chaperones are reported to be crucial for virus propagation, but are not yet addressed in Human Enterovirus 71 (EV71). Here we describe the specific association of heat shock protein-90-beta (Hsp90β), but not alpha form (Hsp90α), with EV71 viral particles by the co-purification with virions using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and by the colocalization with viral particles, as assessed by immunogold electron microscopy. The reduction of the Hsp90β protein using RNA interference decreased the correct assembly of viral particles, without affecting EV71 replication levels. Tracking ectopically expressed Hsp90β protein associated with EV71 virions revealed that Hsp90β protein was transmitted to new host cells through its direct association with infectious viral particles. Our findings suggest a new antiviral strategy in which extracellular Hsp90β protein is targeted to decrease the infectivity of EV71 and other enteroviruses, without affecting the broader functions of this constitutively expressed molecular chaperone. - Highlights: • Hsp90β is associated with EV71 virion and is secreted with the release virus. • Hsp90β effects on the correct assembly of viral particles. • Viral titer of cultured medium was reduced in the presence of geldanamycin. • Viral titer was also reduced when Hsp90β was suppressed by siRNA treatment. • The extracellular Hsp90β was also observed in other RNA viruses-infected cells

Heat shock protein-90-beta facilitates enterovirus 71 viral particles assembly

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wang, Robert Y.L., E-mail: yuwang@mail.cgu.edu.tw [Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan (China); Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan (China); Kuo, Rei-Lin [Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan (China); Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science and Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan (China); Ma, Wei-Chieh [Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan (China); Huang, Hsing-I [Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan (China); Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science and Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan (China); Yu, Jau-Song [Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan (China); Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan (China); Yen, Sih-Min [Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan (China); Huang, Chi-Ruei [Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan (China); Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan (China); Shih, Shin-Ru [Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan (China); Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science and Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan (China)

2013-09-01

Molecular chaperones are reported to be crucial for virus propagation, but are not yet addressed in Human Enterovirus 71 (EV71). Here we describe the specific association of heat shock protein-90-beta (Hsp90β), but not alpha form (Hsp90α), with EV71 viral particles by the co-purification with virions using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and by the colocalization with viral particles, as assessed by immunogold electron microscopy. The reduction of the Hsp90β protein using RNA interference decreased the correct assembly of viral particles, without affecting EV71 replication levels. Tracking ectopically expressed Hsp90β protein associated with EV71 virions revealed that Hsp90β protein was transmitted to new host cells through its direct association with infectious viral particles. Our findings suggest a new antiviral strategy in which extracellular Hsp90β protein is targeted to decrease the infectivity of EV71 and other enteroviruses, without affecting the broader functions of this constitutively expressed molecular chaperone. - Highlights: • Hsp90β is associated with EV71 virion and is secreted with the release virus. • Hsp90β effects on the correct assembly of viral particles. • Viral titer of cultured medium was reduced in the presence of geldanamycin. • Viral titer was also reduced when Hsp90β was suppressed by siRNA treatment. • The extracellular Hsp90β was also observed in other RNA viruses-infected cells.

Viral indicators for fecal contamination - a one-year viral metagenomic study of treatment efficiency in danish waste water treatment plants

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hellmér, Maria; Stranddorf, Kasper; Seidel, Michael

2017-01-01

from two urban waste water treatment plants in Copenhagen. All samples are investigated for their viral content and the presence of pathogens by metagenomic sequencing and analyzed specifically for HAdV, JCPyV, norovirus GI and GII (NoV GI and GII) using quantitative (q)PCR. Preliminary qPCR results......, the number of identified pathogenic viral species decreases with treatment of the waste water. Further bioinformatic analyses will investigate the seasonal variations of viral composition within a sample as well as the effect of the treatment system. Updated qPCR and metagenomics data will be presented....... are therefore using metagenomics sequencing with the aim to map the viriome in different water sources. In addition we investigate the possibility to use Human Adenovirus (HAdV) or JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV) as indicator for human fecal contamination. Water has been sampled monthly throughout the treatment process...

Estudo clínico e videofluoroscópico da disfagia na fase subaguda do acidente vascular encefálico

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Xerez Denise Rodrigues

2004-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Correlacionar, em pacientes portadores de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE na fase subaguda, as alterações clínicas da deglutição com as observadas na videofluoroscopia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: De 37 portadores de AVE subagudo confirmado por exame de imagem, 26 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 59,69 anos, foram avaliados clínica e videofluoroscopicamente. Consideramos como variáveis para pareamento estatístico os parâmetros clínicos indicativos de penetração/aspiração e sua confirmação na videofluoroscopia. RESULTADOS: Identificamos disfagia em 19 (73% dos 26 pacientes que fizeram videofluoroscopia; dez (38,46% apresentaram penetração/aspiração de líquidos. Os dados resultantes mostraram não existir correlação (p < 0,05 entre a presença de disfagia e/ou disartria e a presença de penetração/aspiração de líquidos na videofluoroscopia. Houve correlação entre a presença de penetração/aspiração de líquidos observados na videofluoroscopia com os seguintes parâmetros clínicos: estado dos dentes (p = 0,047, mobilidade (p = 0,019 e sensibilidade da face (p = 0,039 e mobilidade da língua (p = 0,012. CONCLUSÃO: Não foi possível definir a presença de penetração/aspiração de líquidos nas vias aéreas por dados epidemiológicos do AVE. A existência de mau estado de preservação dos dentes, alterações na mobilidade da face e da língua e na sensibilidade da face mostrou risco aumentado de penetração/aspiração para líquidos. Permanece importante a indicação da videofluoroscopia para melhor avaliação dos quadros de disfagia após AVE.

Tombusvirus-yeast interactions identify conserved cell-intrinsic viral restriction factors

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Zsuzsanna eSasvari

2014-08-01

Full Text Available To combat viral infections, plants possess innate and adaptive immune pathways, such as RNA silencing, R gene and recessive gene-mediated resistance mechanisms. However, it is likely that additional cell-intrinsic restriction factors (CIRF are also involved in limiting plant virus replication. This review discusses novel CIRFs with antiviral functions, many of them RNA-binding proteins or affecting the RNA binding activities of viral replication proteins. The CIRFs against tombusviruses have been identified in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is developed as an advanced model organism. Grouping of the identified CIRFs based on their known cellular functions and subcellular localization in yeast reveals that TBSV replication is limited by a wide variety of host gene functions. Yeast proteins with the highest connectivity in the network map include the well-characterized Xrn1p 5’-3’ exoribonuclease, Act1p actin protein and Cse4p centromere protein. The protein network map also reveals an important interplay between the pro-viral Hsp70 cellular chaperone and the antiviral co-chaperones, and possibly key roles for the ribosomal or ribosome-associated factors. We discuss the antiviral functions of selected CIRFs, such as the RNA binding nucleolin, ribonucleases, WW-domain proteins, single- and multi-domain cyclophilins, TPR-domain co-chaperones and cellular ion pumps. These restriction factors frequently target the RNA-binding region in the viral replication proteins, thus interfering with the recruitment of the viral RNA for replication and the assembly of the membrane-bound viral replicase. Although many of the characterized CIRFs act directly against TBSV, we propose that the TPR-domain co-chaperones function as guardians of the cellular Hsp70 chaperone system, which is subverted efficiently by TBSV for viral replicase assembly in the absence of the TPR-domain co-chaperones.

Oxygen minimum zones harbour novel viral communities with low diversity.

Science.gov (United States)

Cassman, Noriko; Prieto-Davó, Alejandra; Walsh, Kevin; Silva, Genivaldo G Z; Angly, Florent; Akhter, Sajia; Barott, Katie; Busch, Julia; McDole, Tracey; Haggerty, J Matthew; Willner, Dana; Alarcón, Gadiel; Ulloa, Osvaldo; DeLong, Edward F; Dutilh, Bas E; Rohwer, Forest; Dinsdale, Elizabeth A

2012-11-01

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are oceanographic features that affect ocean productivity and biodiversity, and contribute to ocean nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emissions. Here we describe the viral communities associated with the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) OMZ off Iquique, Chile for the first time through abundance estimates and viral metagenomic analysis. The viral-to-microbial ratio (VMR) in the ETSP OMZ fluctuated in the oxycline and declined in the anoxic core to below one on several occasions. The number of viral genotypes (unique genomes as defined by sequence assembly) ranged from 2040 at the surface to 98 in the oxycline, which is the lowest viral diversity recorded to date in the ocean. Within the ETSP OMZ viromes, only 4.95% of genotypes were shared between surface and anoxic core viromes using reciprocal BLASTn sequence comparison. ETSP virome comparison with surface marine viromes (Sargasso Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Kingman Reef, Chesapeake Bay) revealed a dissimilarity of ETSP OMZ viruses to those from other oceanic regions. From the 1.4 million non-redundant DNA sequences sampled within the altered oxygen conditions of the ETSP OMZ, more than 97.8% were novel. Of the average 3.2% of sequences that showed similarity to the SEED non-redundant database, phage sequences dominated the surface viromes, eukaryotic virus sequences dominated the oxycline viromes, and phage sequences dominated the anoxic core viromes. The viral community of the ETSP OMZ was characterized by fluctuations in abundance, taxa and diversity across the oxygen gradient. The ecological significance of these changes was difficult to predict; however, it appears that the reduction in oxygen coincides with an increased shedding of eukaryotic viruses in the oxycline, and a shift to unique viral genotypes in the anoxic core. © 2012 Society for Applied Microbiology and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

HIV-1 transmitting couples have similar viral load set-points in Rakai, Uganda.

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T Déirdre Hollingsworth

2010-05-01

Full Text Available It has been hypothesized that HIV-1 viral load set-point is a surrogate measure of HIV-1 viral virulence, and that it may be subject to natural selection in the human host population. A key test of this hypothesis is whether viral load set-points are correlated between transmitting individuals and those acquiring infection. We retrospectively identified 112 heterosexual HIV-discordant couples enrolled in a cohort in Rakai, Uganda, in which HIV transmission was suspected and viral load set-point was established. In addition, sequence data was available to establish transmission by genetic linkage for 57 of these couples. Sex, age, viral subtype, index partner, and self-reported genital ulcer disease status (GUD were known. Using ANOVA, we estimated the proportion of variance in viral load set-points which was explained by the similarity within couples (the 'couple effect'. Individuals with suspected intra-couple transmission (97 couples had similar viral load set-points (p = 0.054 single factor model, p = 0.0057 adjusted and the couple effect explained 16% of variance in viral loads (23% adjusted. The analysis was repeated for a subset of 29 couples with strong genetic support for transmission. The couple effect was the major determinant of viral load set-point (p = 0.067 single factor, and p = 0.036 adjusted and the size of the effect was 27% (37% adjusted. Individuals within epidemiologically linked couples with genetic support for transmission had similar viral load set-points. The most parsimonious explanation is that this is due to shared characteristics of the transmitted virus, a finding which sheds light on both the role of viral factors in HIV-1 pathogenesis and on the evolution of the virus.

Conditions for Viral Influence Spreading through Multiplex Correlated Social Networks

Science.gov (United States)

Hu, Yanqing; Havlin, Shlomo; Makse, Hernán A.

2014-04-01

A fundamental problem in network science is to predict how certain individuals are able to initiate new networks to spring up "new ideas." Frequently, these changes in trends are triggered by a few innovators who rapidly impose their ideas through "viral" influence spreading, producing cascades of followers and fragmenting an old network to create a new one. Typical examples include the rise of scientific ideas or abrupt changes in social media, like the rise of Facebook to the detriment of Myspace. How this process arises in practice has not been conclusively demonstrated. Here, we show that a condition for sustaining a viral spreading process is the existence of a multiplex-correlated graph with hidden "influence links." Analytical solutions predict percolation-phase transitions, either abrupt or continuous, where networks are disintegrated through viral cascades of followers, as in empirical data. Our modeling predicts the strict conditions to sustain a large viral spreading via a scaling form of the local correlation function between multilayers, which we also confirm empirically. Ultimately, the theory predicts the conditions for viral cascading in a large class of multiplex networks ranging from social to financial systems and markets.

Viral Diversity Threshold for Adaptive Immunity in Prokaryotes

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Weinberger, Ariel D.; Wolf, Yuri I.; Lobkovsky, Alexander E.; Gilmore, Michael S.; Koonin, Eugene V.

2012-01-01

ABSTRACT Bacteria and archaea face continual onslaughts of rapidly diversifying viruses and plasmids. Many prokaryotes maintain adaptive immune systems known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated genes (Cas). CRISPR-Cas systems are genomic sensors that serially acquire viral and plasmid DNA fragments (spacers) that are utilized to target and cleave matching viral and plasmid DNA in subsequent genomic invasions, offering critical immunological memory. Only 50% of sequenced bacteria possess CRISPR-Cas immunity, in contrast to over 90% of sequenced archaea. To probe why half of bacteria lack CRISPR-Cas immunity, we combined comparative genomics and mathematical modeling. Analysis of hundreds of diverse prokaryotic genomes shows that CRISPR-Cas systems are substantially more prevalent in thermophiles than in mesophiles. With sequenced bacteria disproportionately mesophilic and sequenced archaea mostly thermophilic, the presence of CRISPR-Cas appears to depend more on environmental temperature than on bacterial-archaeal taxonomy. Mutation rates are typically severalfold higher in mesophilic prokaryotes than in thermophilic prokaryotes. To quantitatively test whether accelerated viral mutation leads microbes to lose CRISPR-Cas systems, we developed a stochastic model of virus-CRISPR coevolution. The model competes CRISPR-Cas-positive (CRISPR-Cas+) prokaryotes against CRISPR-Cas-negative (CRISPR-Cas−) prokaryotes, continually weighing the antiviral benefits conferred by CRISPR-Cas immunity against its fitness costs. Tracking this cost-benefit analysis across parameter space reveals viral mutation rate thresholds beyond which CRISPR-Cas cannot provide sufficient immunity and is purged from host populations. These results offer a simple, testable viral diversity hypothesis to explain why mesophilic bacteria disproportionately lack CRISPR-Cas immunity. More generally, fundamental limits on the adaptability of biological

Neural stem cell-derived exosomes mediate viral entry

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Sims B

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Brian Sims,1,2,* Linlin Gu,3,* Alexandre Krendelchtchikov,3 Qiana L Matthews3,4 1Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, 2Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, 3Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, 4Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Viruses enter host cells through interactions of viral ligands with cellular receptors. Viruses can also enter cells in a receptor-independent fashion. Mechanisms regarding the receptor-independent viral entry into cells have not been fully elucidated. Exosomal trafficking between cells may offer a mechanism by which viruses can enter cells.Methods: To investigate the role of exosomes on cellular viral entry, we employed neural stem cell-derived exosomes and adenovirus type 5 (Ad5 for the proof-of-principle study. Results: Exosomes significantly enhanced Ad5 entry in Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CAR-deficient cells, in which Ad5 only had very limited entry. The exosomes were shown to contain T-cell immunoglobulin mucin protein 4 (TIM-4, which binds phosphatidylserine. Treatment with anti-TIM-4 antibody significantly blocked the exosome-mediated Ad5 entry.Conclusion: Neural stem cell-derived exosomes mediated significant cellular entry of Ad5 in a receptor-independent fashion. This mediation may be hampered by an antibody specifically targeting TIM-4 on exosomes. This set of results will benefit further elucidation of virus/exosome pathways, which would contribute to reducing natural viral infection by developing therapeutic agents or vaccines. Keywords: neural stem cell-derived exosomes, adenovirus type 5, TIM-4, viral entry, phospholipids

Ventilator and viral induced inflammation

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hennus, M.P.

2013-01-01

This thesis expands current knowledge on ventilator induced lung injury and provides insights on the immunological effects of mechanical ventilation during viral respiratory infections. The experimental studies in the first part of this thesis improve our understanding of how mechanical ventilation

RadConEd: A Graphical Data Editor for the Radiological Consequences Model, RadCon

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Crawford, J.; Domel, R.U.

2000-05-01

This document describes the application, RadConEd, which has been designed and implemented to enable users of the RadCon system to update these parameter files. The RadCon system is written in the Java programming language, and as such provides portability across computer platforms. The software described in this report was developed in line with the portability requirements of RadCon, thus providing a uniform user interface across computer platforms and bypassing the need of using system editors. In addition a number of data integrity measures were implemented

Human Lectins and Their Roles in Viral Infections

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Christopher P. Mason

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Innate recognition of virus proteins is an important component of the immune response to viral pathogens. A component of this immune recognition is the family of lectins; pattern recognition receptors (PRRs that recognise viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs including viral glycoproteins. In this review we discuss the contribution of soluble and membrane-associated PRRs to immunity against virus pathogens, and the potential role of these molecules in facilitating virus replication. These processes are illustrated with examples of viruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV and Ebola virus (EBOV. We focus on the structure, function and genetics of the well-characterised C-type lectin mannose-binding lectin, the ficolins, and the membrane-bound CD209 proteins expressed on dendritic cells. The potential for lectin-based antiviral therapies is also discussed.

Associations between national viral hepatitis policies/programmes and country-level socioeconomic factors: a sub-analysis of data from the 2013 WHO viral hepatitis policy report.

Science.gov (United States)

Lazarus, Jeffrey V; Sperle, Ida; Safreed-Harmon, Kelly; Gore, Charles; Cebolla, Beatriz; Spina, Alexander

2017-07-26

As more countries worldwide develop national viral hepatitis strategies, it is important to ask whether context-specific factors affect their decision-making. This study aimed to determine whether country-level socioeconomic factors are associated with viral hepatitis programmes and policy responses across WHO Member States (MS). WHO MS focal points completed a questionnaire on national viral hepatitis policies. This secondary analysis of data reported in the 2013 Global Policy Report on the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis in WHO Member States used logistic regression to examine associations between four survey questions and four socioeconomic factors: country income level, Human Development Index (HDI), health expenditure and physician density. This analysis included 119 MS. MS were more likely to have routine viral hepatitis surveillance and to have a national strategy and/or policy/guidelines for preventing infection in healthcare settings if they were in the higher binary categories for income level, HDI, health expenditure and physician density. In multivariable analyses, the only significant finding was a positive association between having routine surveillance and being in the higher binary HDI category (adjusted odds ratio 26; 95% confidence interval 2.0-340). Countries with differing socioeconomic status indicators did not appear to differ greatly regarding the existence of key national policies and programmes. A more nuanced understanding of the multifaceted interactions of socioeconomic factors, health policy, service delivery and health outcomes is needed to support country-level efforts to eliminate viral hepatitis.

Calidad de vida, satisfacción con el tratamiento y bienestar emocional en pacientes con diabetes LADA

OpenAIRE

Granado Casas, Minerva

2014-01-01

Introducción: La calidad de vida, satisfacción con el tratamiento y bienestar emocional en pacientes con diabetes mellitus están relacionados con el control metabólico, las complicaciones y algunas variables socioeconómicas. Actualmente, no existe ningún estudio científico que analice la calidad de vida, satisfacción con el tratamiento y bienestar emocional en pacientes con diabetes LADA. Objetivos: Los objetivos principales fueron conocer la calidad de vida, satisfacción con el tratamient...

Viral hepatitis A, B, and C: grown-up issues.

Science.gov (United States)

Sharapov, Umid M; Hu, Dale J

2010-08-01

Viral hepatitis is a major global health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although there are five major and distinct human hepatitis viruses characterized to date--referred to as hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, respectively--only hepatitis A, B, and C are epidemiologically and clinically relevant for adolescents in North America. The clinical presentation of acute infection with each of these viruses is similar; thus, diagnosis depends on the use of specific serologic markers and viral nucleic acids. This review provides data on the epidemiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of each of these three viral infections, along with points that are important or unique to adolescent patients.

Viral vector-based tools advance knowledge of basal ganglia anatomy and physiology.

Science.gov (United States)

Sizemore, Rachel J; Seeger-Armbruster, Sonja; Hughes, Stephanie M; Parr-Brownlie, Louise C

2016-04-01

Viral vectors were originally developed to deliver genes into host cells for therapeutic potential. However, viral vector use in neuroscience research has increased because they enhance interpretation of the anatomy and physiology of brain circuits compared with conventional tract tracing or electrical stimulation techniques. Viral vectors enable neuronal or glial subpopulations to be labeled or stimulated, which can be spatially restricted to a single target nucleus or pathway. Here we review the use of viral vectors to examine the structure and function of motor and limbic basal ganglia (BG) networks in normal and pathological states. We outline the use of viral vectors, particularly lentivirus and adeno-associated virus, in circuit tracing, optogenetic stimulation, and designer drug stimulation experiments. Key studies that have used viral vectors to trace and image pathways and connectivity at gross or ultrastructural levels are reviewed. We explain how optogenetic stimulation and designer drugs used to modulate a distinct pathway and neuronal subpopulation have enhanced our mechanistic understanding of BG function in health and pathophysiology in disease. Finally, we outline how viral vector technology may be applied to neurological and psychiatric conditions to offer new treatments with enhanced outcomes for patients. Copyright © 2016 the American Physiological Society.

Effects of Interferon-α/β on HBV Replication Determined by Viral Load

Science.gov (United States)

Tian, Yongjun; Chen, Wen-ling; Ou, Jing-hsiung James

2011-01-01

Interferons α and β (IFN-α/β) are type I interferons produced by the host to control microbial infections. However, the use of IFN-α to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients generated sustained response to only a minority of patients. By using HBV transgenic mice as a model and by using hydrodynamic injection to introduce HBV DNA into the mouse liver, we studied the effect of IFN-α/β on HBV in vivo. Interestingly, our results indicated that IFN-α/β could have opposite effects on HBV: they suppressed HBV replication when viral load was high and enhanced HBV replication when viral load was low. IFN-α/β apparently suppressed HBV replication via transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations. In contrast, IFN-α/β enhanced viral replication by inducing the transcription factor HNF3γ and activating STAT3, which together stimulated HBV gene expression and replication. Further studies revealed an important role of IFN-α/β in stimulating viral growth and prolonging viremia when viral load is low. This use of an innate immune response to enhance its replication and persistence may represent a novel strategy that HBV uses to enhance its growth and spread in the early stage of viral infection when the viral level is low. PMID:21829354

DMPD: Viral recognition by Toll-like receptors. [Dynamic Macrophage Pathway CSML Database

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

Full Text Available 17336545 Viral recognition by Toll-like receptors. Barton GM. Semin Immunol. 2007 F...eb;19(1):33-40. Epub 2007 Mar 2. (.png) (.svg) (.html) (.csml) Show Viral recognition by Toll-like receptors.... PubmedID 17336545 Title Viral recognition by Toll-like receptors. Authors Barton GM. Publication Semin Imm

Viral diseases of marine invertebrates

Science.gov (United States)

Johnson, P. T.

1984-03-01

Approximately 40 viruses are known from marine sponges; turbellarian and monogenetic flatworms; cephalopod, bivalve, and gastropod mollusks; nereid polychaetes; and isopod and decapod crustaceans. Most of the viruses can be tentatively assigned to the Herpesviridae, Baculoviridae, Iridoviridae, Adenoviridae, Papovaviridae, Reoviridae, “Birnaviridae”, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Picornaviridae. Viruslike particles found in oysters might be representatives of the Togaviridae and Retroviridae. Enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses from crustaceans have developmental and morphological characteristics intermediate between families, and some show evidence of relationships to the Paramyxoviridae as well as the Bunyaviridae or Rhabdoviridae. Certain small viruses of shrimp cannot be assigned, even tentatively, to a particular family. Some viruses cause disease in wild and captive hosts, others are associated with disease states but may not be primary instigators, and many occur in apparently normal animals. The frequency of viral disease in natural populations of marine invertebrates is unknown. Several viruses that cause disease in captive animals, with or without experimental intervention, have also been found in diseased wild hosts, including herpeslike viruses of crabs and oysters, iridovirus of octopus, and reolike and bunyalike viruses of crabs. Iridolike viruses have been implicated in massive mortalities of cultured oysters. Baculoviruses, and IHHN virus, which is of uncertain affinities, cause economically damaging diseases in cultured penaeid shrimp. Double or multiple viral infection is common in crabs. For example, a reolike virus and associated rhabdolike virus act synergistically to cause paralytic and fatal disease in Callinectes sapidus. Information on host range, most susceptible stage, and viral latency is available only for viruses of shrimp. One baculovirus attacks five species of New World penaeid shrimp. IHHN virus infects three species of

Associations between national viral hepatitis policies/programmes and country-level socioeconomic factors

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lazarus, Jeffrey V; Sperle, Ida; Safreed-Harmon, Kelly

2017-01-01

BACKGROUND: As more countries worldwide develop national viral hepatitis strategies, it is important to ask whether context-specific factors affect their decision-making. This study aimed to determine whether country-level socioeconomic factors are associated with viral hepatitis programmes...... and policy responses across WHO Member States (MS). METHODS: WHO MS focal points completed a questionnaire on national viral hepatitis policies. This secondary analysis of data reported in the 2013 Global Policy Report on the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis in WHO Member States used logistic...... regression to examine associations between four survey questions and four socioeconomic factors: country income level, Human Development Index (HDI), health expenditure and physician density. RESULTS: This analysis included 119 MS. MS were more likely to have routine viral hepatitis surveillance and to have...

Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Juei-Low, Sung [ed.; National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (Republic of China Taiwan). Department of Internal Medicine; Ding-Shinn, Chen [ed.; National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (Republic of China Taiwan). Hepatitis Research Center National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (Republic of China Taiwan). Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine

1990-01-01

Two papers in this volume are in INIS scope, respectively dealing with MRI in the study of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and The use of {sup 131}I-labeled Lipidol in the diagnosis of hepato-cellular carcinoma. (H.W.). refs.; figs.; tabs.

Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sung Juei-Low; Chen Ding-Shinn

1990-01-01

Two papers in this volume are in INIS scope, respectively dealing with MRI in the study of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and The use of 131 I-labeled Lipidol in the diagnosis of hepato-cellular carcinoma. (H.W.). refs.; figs.; tabs

La depleción de las células T regulatorias aumenta el número de las células CD8 durante la infección con el virus del tumor mamario murino

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Gabriel Cabrera

2011-06-01

Full Text Available El virus del tumor mamario murino (MMTV es un retrovirus que se transmite durante la lactancia y que ha desarrollado estrategias para explotar y subvertir el sistema inmune. En un modelo de infección natural con MMTV hemos mostrado previamente que la infección causa incrementos tempranos y progresivos de células T regulatorias (Treg CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ específicas para el superantígeno (Sag viral en las placas de Peyer (PP. En este trabajo se evaluó si la depleción de las células Treg influencia la población de células CD8+ durante la infección con MMTV a través del amamantamiento. La depleción de las células Treg al día 6 de infección causó incrementos en el porcentaje y número absoluto de las células CD8+ en los ganglios y provocó un incremento en la intensidad de fluorescencia media del marcador de activación CD44 en esas células. Los incrementos en el número absoluto de las células CD8 se observaron en células con cadenas variables Vβ del receptor de las células T (TCR tanto reactivas como no reactivas al Sag. Previamente habíamos demostrado que la depleción de las células Treg al día 6 de infección disminuye la carga viral. Los resultados presentados en este trabajo sugieren que, al menos a partir del día 6 de infección con MMTV, las células Treg podrían tener un rol inhibiendo la generación de una respuesta CD8 antiviral.

Clinical definition of respiratory viral infections in young children and potential bronchiolitis misclassification.

Science.gov (United States)

Megalaa, Rosemary; Perez, Geovanny F; Kilaikode-Cheruveettara, Sasikumar; Kotwal, Nidhi; Rodriguez-Martinez, Carlos E; Nino, Gustavo

2018-01-01

Viral respiratory infections are often grouped as a single respiratory syndrome named 'viral bronchiolitis', independently of the viral etiology or individual risk factors. Clinical trials and guidelines have used a more stringent definition of viral bronchiolitis, including only the first episode of wheezing in children less than 12 months of age without concomitant respiratory comorbidities. There is increasing evidence suggesting that this definition is not being followed by pediatric care providers, but it is unclear to what extent viral respiratory infections are currently misclassified as viral bronchiolitis using standard definitions. We conducted a retrospective analysis of hospitalized young children (≤3 years) due to viral respiratory infections. Bronchiolitis was defined as the first wheezing episode less than 12 months of age. Demographic variables and comorbidities were obtained by electronic medical record review. The study comprised a total of 513 hospitalizations (n=453). Viral bronchiolitis was diagnosed in 144 admissions (28.1%). Notably, we identified that the majority of children diagnosed with bronchiolitis (63%) were misclassified as they had prior episodes of wheezing. Many children with bronchiolitis misclassification had significant comorbidities, including prematurity (51%), neuromuscular conditions (9.8%), and congenital heart disease (9.8%). Misclassification of bronchiolitis is a common problem that may lead to inappropriate management of viral respiratory infections in young children. A comprehensive approach that takes into consideration viral etiology and individual risk factors may lead to a more accurate clinical assessment of this condition and would potentially prevent bronchiolitis misclassification. © American Federation for Medical Research (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Reading the viral signature by Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors.

Science.gov (United States)

Mogensen, Trine H; Paludan, Søren R

2005-03-01

Successful host defense against viral infections relies on early production of type I interferon (IFN) and subsequent activation of a cellular cytotoxic response. The acute IFN and inflammatory response against virus infections is mediated by cellular pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize specific molecular structures on viral particles or products of viral replication. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute a class of membrane-bound PRRs capable of detecting microbial infections. While TLR2 and TLR4, which were first identified to recognize Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, sense specific viral proteins on the cell surface, TLRs 3, 7, 8, and 9 serve as receptors for viral nucleic acids in endosomic compartments. In addition to TLRs, cells express cytoplasmic PRRs such as the RNA helicase retinoic acid inducible gene I and the kinase double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R, both of which sense dsRNA, a characteristic signature of viral replication, and initiate a protective cellular response. Here we review the recent progress in our understanding of PRRs and viral infections and discuss the molecular and cellular responses evoked by virus-activated PRRs. Finally, we look into what is currently known about the role of PRRs in viral infections in vivo.

Diabetes mellitus and renal involvement in chronic viral liver disease.

Science.gov (United States)

Iovanescu, V F; Streba, C T; Ionescu, M; Constantinescu, A F; Vere, C C; Rogoveanu, I; Moța, E

2015-01-01

Chronic viral liver disease is often associated with other conditions. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is frequently reported in this context and may play a role in the progression of the liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Renal disease is also an important extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis viral infection and its presence is associated with poor prognosis and management issues. Our study had multiple purposes: to determine the frequency of the association between chronic viral liver disease and diabetes mellitus, evaluate the potential of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for HCC and assess an eventual renal involvement. We included in our study a number of 246 patients with chronic liver disease, from whom 136 were diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis and 110 with viral liver cirrhosis. These patients were assessed by using a clinical examination and a series of tests, including serum transaminase levels, serum bilirubin, serum albumin, markers of cholestasis, fasting plasma glucose levels, serum creatinine, urea, albuminuria, Addis-Hamburger test, electrophoresis of urinary proteins, abdominal ultrasound and, in some cases, CT examination. We obtained the following results: diabetes mellitus is often associated with chronic liver disease of viral etiology, having been identified in 18.29% of the patients in our study. Age above 60 in patients with chronic hepatitis (p=0.013diabetes mellitus. Renal disease was present in 13.4% of the patients with chronic liver disease and it was especially associated with liver cirrhosis and hepatitis C virus. The most common form of renal injury was glomerulonephritis. Acute kidney injury was diagnosed only in cirrhotic patients as hepatorenal syndrome, occurring in 7.27% of the subjects, while chronic kidney disease was identified only in two cases of chronic viral hepatitis. Four patients in our study were diagnosed with HCC and none of them presented diabetes mellitus. Our study revealed that there is a

Viral diseases and human evolution

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Leal Élcio de Souza

2000-01-01

Full Text Available The interaction of man with viral agents was possibly a key factor shaping human evolution, culture and civilization from its outset. Evidence of the effect of disease, since the early stages of human speciation, through pre-historical times to the present suggest that the types of viruses associated with man changed in time. As human populations progressed technologically, they grew in numbers and density. As a consequence different viruses found suitable conditions to thrive and establish long-lasting associations with man. Although not all viral agents cause disease and some may in fact be considered beneficial, the present situation of overpopulation, poverty and ecological inbalance may have devastating effets on human progress. Recently emerged diseases causing massive pandemics (eg., HIV-1 and HCV, dengue, etc. are becoming formidable challenges, which may have a direct impact on the fate of our species.

Marcadores virológicos no convencionales en pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: ADN HIV-T, ADN HIV- 2LTR y ARN de HIV Non conventional virological markers in HIV-infected patients: T-HIV DNA, 2LTR-HIV DNA and HIV RNA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rosana Gariglio

2004-10-01

Full Text Available La terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia (TAAE induce una reducción marcada y persistente de la viremia plasmática, contribuyendo a disminuir la mortalidad y morbilidad de los pacientes HIV-positivos. Así, la carga viral (CV es el método de referencia para evaluar la eficacia terapéutica. Sin embargo, aun en presencia de una TAAE eficiente no se ha logrado la erradicación viral. En este estudio analizamos la presencia del ADN total de HIV (ADN HIV-T, del ADN no integrado con 2LTR (ADN HIV-2LTR y del ARN de HIV, en un grupo de 55 pacientes HIV-positivos en distintos estadios clínicos, con y sin TAAE, mediante ensayos de PCR con revelado colorimétrico en microplaca, optimizados en nuestro laboratorio. La sensibilidad clínica del ARN del HIV fue evaluada con el bDNA, resultando del 74% y del 64%, respectivamente, con una concordancia del 85%. Este ensayo podría ser utilizado en el seguimiento de pacientes bajo TAAE. El ADN HIV-2LTR resultó positivo en el 54% aunque estuvo ausente en pacientes con elevada CV. Este marcador se consideraba un producto lábil y su presencia se asociaba a infección reciente. Sin embargo, actuales evidencias ponen en discusión su estabilidad por lo que su significado clínico debe ser reconsiderado. La ausencia del ADN HIV-2LTR en pacientes con CV detectable puede relacionarse con la heterogeneidad de la secuencia utilizada para su detección. El ADN HIV-T estuvo presente en el 100% de las muestras y resultaría relevante como marcador de remisión cuando se dispongan de terapias que efectivamente erradiquen la infección.Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART induces a persistent reduction of the plasmatic viremia, contributing to decrease mortality and morbidity of infected people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV. Thus, viral load (VL is the reference method to evaluate therapy effectiveness. However, even in the presence of efficient HAART viral eradication was yet not achieved. In this

Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta (δ) viral genome

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Kang-Sheng; Choo, Qui-Lim; Weiner, Amy J.; Ou, Jing-Hsiung; Najarian, Richard C.; Thayer, Richard M.; Mullenbach, Guy T.; Denniston, Katherine J.; Gerin, John L.; Houghton, Michael

1986-10-01

Biochemical and electron microscopic data indicate that the human hepatitis δ viral agent contains a covalently closed circular and single-stranded RNA genome that has certain similarities with viroid-like agents from plants. The sequence of the viral genome (1,678 nucleotides) has been determined and an open reading frame within the complementary strand has been shown to encode an antigen that binds specifically to antisera from patients with chronic hepatitis δ viral infections.

Reverse transcriptase directs viral evolution in a deep ocean methane seep

Science.gov (United States)

Paul, B. G.; Bagby, S. C.

2013-12-01

Deep ocean methane seeps are sites of intense microbial activity, with complex communities fueled by aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophy. Methane consumption in these communities has a substantial impact on the global carbon cycle, yet little is known about their evolutionary history or their likely evolutionary trajectories in a warming ocean. As in other marine systems, viral predation and virally mediated horizontal gene transfer are expected to be major drivers of evolutionary change in these communities; however, the host cells' resistance to cultivation has impeded direct study of the viral population. We conducted a metagenomic study of viruses in the anoxic sediments of a deep methane seep in the Santa Monica Basin in the Southern California Bight. We retrieved 1660 partial viral genomes, tentatively assigning 1232 to bacterial hosts and 428 to archaea. One abundant viral genome, likely hosted by Clostridia species present in the sediment, was found to encode a diversity-generating retroelement (DGR), a module for reverse transcriptase-mediated directed mutagenesis of a distal tail fiber protein. While DGRs have previously been described in the viruses of human pathogens, where diversification of viral tail fibers permits infection of a range of host cell types, to our knowledge this is the first description of such an element in a marine virus. By providing a mechanism for massively broadening potential host range, the presence of DGRs in these systems may have a major impact on the prevalence of virally mediated horizontal gene transfer, and even on the phylogenetic distances across which genes are moved.

Method for detection of a suspect viral deoxyribonucleic acid in an acellular biological fluid

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Berninger, M S

1982-10-06

A method for evaluating an acellular biological fluid for the presence of a suspect viral DNA, such as DNA of the Hepatitis-B virus, is described. The acellular biological fluid is treated to immobilize in denatured form the DNAs including the suspect viral DNA on a solid substrate. This substrate is contacted with a solution including radioisotopically-labelled suspect viral denatured DNA to renature the immobilized suspect viral native DNA. The solid substrate is then evaluated for radioisotopically-labelled suspect viral renatured DNA.

Viral tRNA Mimicry from a Biocommunicative Perspective

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Ascensión Ariza-Mateos

2017-12-01

Full Text Available RNA viruses have very small genomes which limits the functions they can encode. One of the strategies employed by these viruses is to mimic key factors of the host cell so they can take advantage of the interactions and activities these factors typically participate in. The viral RNA genome itself was first observed to mimic cellular tRNA over 40 years ago. Since then researchers have confirmed that distinct families of RNA viruses are accessible to a battery of cellular factors involved in tRNA-related activities. Recently, potential tRNA-like structures have been detected within the sequences of a 100 mRNAs taken from human cells, one of these being the host defense interferon-alpha mRNA; these are then additional to the examples found in bacterial and yeast mRNAs. The mimetic relationship between tRNA, cellular mRNA, and viral RNA is the central focus of two considerations described below. These are subsequently used as a preface for a final hypothesis drawing on concepts relating to mimicry from the social sciences and humanities, such as power relations and creativity. Firstly, the presence of tRNA-like structures in mRNAs indicates that the viral tRNA-like signal could be mimicking tRNA-like elements that are contextualized by the specific carrier mRNAs, rather than, or in addition to, the tRNA itself, which would significantly increase the number of potential semiotic relations mediated by the viral signals. Secondly, and in particular, mimicking a host defense mRNA could be considered a potential new viral strategy for survival. Finally, we propose that mRNA’s mimicry of tRNA could be indicative of an ancestral intracellular conflict in which species of mRNAs invaded the cell, but from within. As the meaning of the mimetic signal depends on the context, in this case, the conflict that arises when the viral signal enters the cell can change the meaning of the mRNAs’ internal tRNA-like signals, from their current significance to that

Economic and legal conceptual framework of viral marketing

OpenAIRE

Kostić Marija; Jovanović-Tončev Melita; Džamić Vladimir; Knežević Miroslav

2015-01-01

Electronic and online communications are modern, and perhaps the most common form of communication between individuals and legal entities, and thus have become one of the most used ways of market communication. Viral marketing is evolving into the dominant form of marketing and exchange of information for the purpose of advertising, promoting, or achieving other goals. In this paper we present and analyse the phenomenon of viral marketing-its purpose, effects, and power of influence, and disc...

Mastopexia con prótesis: técnica triplanar con colgajo en cola de pez para mamas con pobre calidad de cobertura

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M. Berrocal-Revueltas

2013-12-01

Full Text Available La mastopexia con implantes de silicona, es uno de los procedimientos más frecuentes en la práctica diaria en Cirugía Plástica. Sin embargo, la pobre calidad de la cobertura de las mamas, relacionada con piel estriada, escaso tejido subcutáneo y pérdida del parénquima mamario secundarios a la lactancia prolongada y a la pérdida masiva de peso, son causa del incremento progresivo de resultados insatisfactorios a medio y largo plazo que han sido evaluados, analizados y discutidos por los especialistas. Los resultados insatisfactorios más frecuentes en mastopexia con implantes en posición retromuscular son: doble contorno mamario, asimetrías y desplazamiento de los implantes. Los objetivos del presente estudio son: describir el nuevo método triplanar como alternativa útil para lograr mejores resultados en pacientes con mala calidad de cobertura y analizar los resultados obtenidos con el mismo. Realizamos un estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, en un grupo de 268 pacientes con diagnóstico de ptosis mamaria con hipotrofia y mala calidad de cobertura por piel estriada, escaso tejido celular subcutáneo y pérdida del parénquima mamario, secundarios a lactancia prolongada y pérdida masiva de peso, entre otros, a las que se les practicó mamoplastia de aumento con implantes de silicona mediante la aplicación del método triplanar descrito por la autora, entre enero del 2004 y enero del 2013 en el Hospital de Bocagrande de Cartagena, Colombia. El diseño de la técnica se basa en los principios de cicatriz vertical descrita por Lassus o Lejour o mediante cicatriz en "J", descrita por la autora. El método triplanar se basa en tres planos de cobertura del implante. Plano I: submuscular, para cubrir los dos tercios superiores del implante. Plano II: colgajo dermoglandular con dos prolongaciones distales triangulares de tejido adiposo, en forma de pez, para cubrir el tercio inferior del implante y el borde libre del m

Dengue viral infections

OpenAIRE

Malavige, G; Fernando, S; Fernando, D; Seneviratne, S

2004-01-01

Dengue viral infections are one of the most important mosquito borne diseases in the world. They may be asymptomatic or may give rise to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), or dengue shock syndrome. Annually, 100 million cases of dengue fever and half a million cases of DHF occur worldwide. Ninety percent of DHF subjects are children less than 15 years of age. At present, dengue is endemic in 112 countries in the world. No vaccine is available for preventing...

Zika Fetal Neuropathogenesis: Etiology of a Viral Syndrome.

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Zachary A Klase

2016-08-01

Full Text Available The ongoing Zika virus epidemic in the Americas and the observed association with both fetal abnormalities (primary microcephaly and adult autoimmune pathology (Guillain-Barré syndrome has brought attention to this neglected pathogen. While initial case studies generated significant interest in the Zika virus outbreak, larger prospective epidemiology and basic virology studies examining the mechanisms of Zika viral infection and associated pathophysiology are only now starting to be published. In this review, we analyze Zika fetal neuropathogenesis from a comparative pathology perspective, using the historic metaphor of "TORCH" viral pathogenesis to provide context. By drawing parallels to other viral infections of the fetus, we identify common themes and mechanisms that may illuminate the observed pathology. The existing data on the susceptibility of various cells to both Zika and other flavivirus infections are summarized. Finally, we highlight relevant aspects of the known molecular mechanisms of flavivirus replication.

Zika Fetal Neuropathogenesis: Etiology of a Viral Syndrome

Science.gov (United States)

Klase, Zachary A.; Khakhina, Svetlana; Schneider, Adriano De Bernardi; Callahan, Michael V.; Glasspool-Malone, Jill

2016-01-01

The ongoing Zika virus epidemic in the Americas and the observed association with both fetal abnormalities (primary microcephaly) and adult autoimmune pathology (Guillain–Barré syndrome) has brought attention to this neglected pathogen. While initial case studies generated significant interest in the Zika virus outbreak, larger prospective epidemiology and basic virology studies examining the mechanisms of Zika viral infection and associated pathophysiology are only now starting to be published. In this review, we analyze Zika fetal neuropathogenesis from a comparative pathology perspective, using the historic metaphor of “TORCH” viral pathogenesis to provide context. By drawing parallels to other viral infections of the fetus, we identify common themes and mechanisms that may illuminate the observed pathology. The existing data on the susceptibility of various cells to both Zika and other flavivirus infections are summarized. Finally, we highlight relevant aspects of the known molecular mechanisms of flavivirus replication. PMID:27560129

Redox Imbalance and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Dolores Limongi

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Reactive oxygen species (ROS are essential molecules for many physiological functions and act as second messengers in a large variety of tissues. An imbalance in the production and elimination of ROS is associated with human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. In the last years the notion that neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by chronic viral infections, which may result in an increase of neurodegenerative diseases progression, emerged. It is known in literature that enhanced viral infection risk, observed during neurodegeneration, is partly due to the increase of ROS accumulation in brain cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of viral infection, occurring during the progression of neurodegeneration, remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the recent knowledge regarding the role of influenza, herpes simplex virus type-1, and retroviruses infection in ROS/RNS-mediated Parkinson’s disease (PD, Alzheimer’s disease (AD, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS.

Epidemiological Investigation of an Outbreak of Viral Hepatitis.

Science.gov (United States)

Singh, Pmp; Handa, S K; Banerjee, A

2006-10-01

There was a rise in the number of viral hepatitis cases in a regimental training centre in Mar 2003 and an epidemic of viral hepatitis was suspected. The clinical case sheets and preliminary investigations carried out in the local military hospital (MH) were reviewed. A cross sectional descriptive epidemiological study was undertaken with survey odf the suspected sewage and water pipelines. A total of 36 cases occurred from Mar 2003 to Apr 2003. There was clustering in time and space suggesting common source epidemic. All the 36 serum samples tested for IgM anti HEV antibodies were positive. Exploration of the water pipelines revealed sewage contamination due to leakage in the pipeline passing close to the sewage line. The overall attack rate was 1.44%. The outbreak of viral hepatitis in the regimental training centre occurred due to sewage contamination of drinking water pipeline.

Meta-analyses on viral hepatitis

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Gluud, Lise L; Gluud, Christian

2009-01-01

This article summarizes the meta-analyses of interventions for viral hepatitis A, B, and C. Some of the interventions assessed are described in small trials with unclear bias control. Other interventions are supported by large, high-quality trials. Although attempts have been made to adjust...

Trabajos de la "Sociedad de Estudios de Patología Qurúrgica": Bacteriófago de D'herelle

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Jorge L. Ramirez Sendoya

1932-11-01

Full Text Available Al lado de las enfermedades causadas por agentes perfectamente conocidos, visibles al microscopio gracias a procedimientos especiales de coloración, hay otras cuyo agente no se conoce a causa de la relativa insuficiencia de nuestros medios actuales de observación; estas misteriosas causas han sido denominadas Ultravirus o Virus filtrantes, relacionado este último nombre con la propiedad que tienen de atravesar los más finos filtros de porcelana. A esta categoría de enfermedades de Ultravirus, pertenecen: la Rabia, maravillosamente estudiada por Pasteur hasta llegar a dominarla con el descubrimiento del suero antirrábico; la Poliomielitis, suficiente estudiada por Landsteiner, Popper y Levaditi, quienes fijaron los caracteres del virus; el Zona, la Varicela, el Herpes y la Encefalitis epidémica que presentan semejanzas muy grandes; el Tracoma cuyo virus ha sido considerado como una forma de involución del gonococo; el Alastrim, la Viruela, la Vacuna, el Molusco contagioso y las Verrugas.

Viral Pneumonia in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy or Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Science.gov (United States)

Vakil, Erik; Evans, Scott E

2017-03-01

Viral pneumonias in patients with hematologic malignancies and recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation cause significant morbidity and mortality. Advances in diagnostic techniques have enabled rapid identification of respiratory viral pathogens from upper and lower respiratory tract samples. Lymphopenia, myeloablative and T-cell depleting chemotherapy, graft-versus-host disease, and other factors increase the risk of developing life-threatening viral pneumonia. Chest imaging is often nonspecific but may aid in diagnoses. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage is recommended in those at high risk for viral pneumonia who have new infiltrates on chest imaging. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Viral subversion of the immune system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gillet, L.; Vanderplasschen, A.

2005-01-01

The continuous interactions between host and viruses during their co-evolution have shaped not only the immune system but also the countermeasures used by viruses. Studies in the last decade have described the diverse arrays of pathways and molecular targets that are used by viruses to elude immune detection or destruction, or both. These include targeting of pathways for major histocompatibility complex class I and class II antigen presentation, natural killer cell recognition, apoptosis, cytokine signalling, and complement activation. This paper provides an overview of the viral immune-evasion mechanisms described to date. It highlights the contribution of this field to our understanding of the immune system, and the importance of understanding this aspect of the biology of viral infection to develop efficacious and safe vaccines. (author)

Short Report Challenges with targeted viral load testing for medical ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Challenges with targeted viral load testing 179. Malawi Medical ... targeted viral load (VL) testing for patients who have been on ART for at least .... Tuberculosis. 32. Community-acquired pneumonia. 17. Non-typhoidal Salmonella sepsis. 5. Bacterial meningitis. 5. Disseminated Kaposi sarcoma. 4. Cryptococcal meningitis. 4.

Method for detection of a suspect viral deoxyribonucleic acid in an acellular biological fluid

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Berninger, M.S.

1982-01-01

A method for evaluating an acellular biological fluid for the presence of a suspect viral DNA, such as DNA of the Hepatitis-B virus, is described. The acellular biological fluid is treated to immobilize in denatured form the DNAs including the suspect viral DNA on a solid substrate. This substrate is contacted with a solution including radioisotopically-labelled suspect viral denatured DNA to renature the immobilized suspect viral native DNA. The solid substrate is then evaluated for radioisotopically-labelled suspect viral renatured DNA. (author)

Indicadores del estrés oxidativo en pacientes afectados por VIH/sida con manifestaciones reumatológicas

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Olga Pomier Suárez

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Introducción: el estrés oxidativo se ha reconocido como cofactor en la progresión de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH y en las manifestaciones reumatológicas. Objetivo: valorar los indicadores del estrés oxidativo en los pacientes afectados por VIH con manifestaciones reumatológicas. Métodos: se estudiaron 31 pacientes VIH con manifestaciones reumatológicas y se compararon los índices evaluados con un grupo control, 31 individuos aparentemente sanos. Los pacientes fueron clasificados según los siguientes criterios de actividad: escala de actividad de la enfermedad para manifestaciones reumatológicas, e índice de actividad de enfermedad y la escala visual analógica de dolor nocturno para manifestaciones reumatológicas. Las concentraciones plasmáticas de los indicadores de estrés oxidativo fueron cuantificadas mediante técnicas espectrofotométricas y el análisis estadístico realizado, mediante el programa estadístico SPSS 13. Resultados: los pacientes VIH evaluados presentaron un estrés oxidativo de moderado a severo, caracterizado por aumento significativo de los parámetros indicadores de daño oxidativo y disminución de los sistemas antioxidantes (p< 0,05, con respecto a lo evaluado en un grupo de pacientes supuestamente sanos relacionado en edad y género. No se encontró significación estadística en los estudios de asociación de las manifestaciones reumatológicas, el tiempo transcurrido desde el diagnóstico confirmado de la infección por el VIH y género, conteo de linfocitos T CD4+ ni la carga viral. Conclusiones: los datos muestran que los indicadores del proceso de estrés oxidativo empleados en los pacientes afectados por VIH con manifestaciones reumatológicas, podrían ser útiles en su seguimiento y tratamiento.

[Atomic force microscopy: a tool to analyze the viral cycle].

Science.gov (United States)

Bernaud, Julien; Castelnovo, Martin; Muriaux, Delphine; Faivre-Moskalenko, Cendrine

2015-05-01

Each step of the HIV-1 life cycle frequently involves a change in the morphology and/or mechanical properties of the viral particle or core. The atomic force microscope (AFM) constitutes a powerful tool for characterizing these physical changes at the scale of a single virus. Indeed, AFM enables the visualization of viral capsids in a controlled physiological environment and to probe their mechanical properties by nano-indentation. Finally, AFM force spectroscopy allows to characterize the affinities between viral envelope proteins and cell receptors at the single molecule level. © 2015 médecine/sciences – Inserm.

Increased Intracranial Pressure in the Setting of Enterovirus and Other Viral Meningitides

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Jules C. Beal

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Increased intracranial pressure due to viral meningitis has not been widely discussed in the literature, although associations with Varicella and rarely Enterovirus have been described. Patients with increased intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid analysis suggestive of a viral process are sometimes classified as having atypical idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH. However, a diagnosis of IIH requires normal cerebrospinal fluid, and therefore in these cases an infection with secondary intracranial hypertension may be a more likely diagnosis. Here seven patients are presented with elevated intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid suggestive of viral or aseptic meningitis. Of these, 1 had Enterovirus and the remainder were diagnosed with nonspecific viral meningitis. These data suggest that viral meningitis may be associated with elevated intracranial pressure more often than is commonly recognized. Enterovirus has previously been associated with increased intracranial pressure only in rare case reports.

Human viral pathogens are pervasive in wastewater treatment center aerosols.

Science.gov (United States)

Brisebois, Evelyne; Veillette, Marc; Dion-Dupont, Vanessa; Lavoie, Jacques; Corbeil, Jacques; Culley, Alexander; Duchaine, Caroline

2018-05-01

Wastewater treatment center (WTC) workers may be vulnerable to diseases caused by viruses, such as the common cold, influenza and gastro-intestinal infections. Although there is a substantial body of literature characterizing the microbial community found in wastewater, only a few studies have characterized the viral component of WTC aerosols, despite the fact that most diseases affecting WTC workers are of viral origin and that some of these viruses are transmitted through the air. In this study, we evaluated in four WTCs the presence of 11 viral pathogens of particular concern in this milieu and used a metagenomic approach to characterize the total viral community in the air of one of those WTCs. The presence of viruses in aerosols in different locations of individual WTCs was evaluated and the results obtained with four commonly used air samplers were compared. We detected four of the eleven viruses tested, including human adenovirus (hAdV), rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). The results of the metagenomic assay uncovered very few viral RNA sequences in WTC aerosols, however sequences from human DNA viruses were in much greater relative abundance. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Health Inequities and HIV, Viral Hepatitis, TB, and STDs

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

2010-09-15

Dr. Kevin A. Fenton, Director of CDC's National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), discusses health inequities in the United States and how NCHHSTP research, policies, and programs can address them.  Created: 9/15/2010 by National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention.   Date Released: 9/15/2010.

Struggle for space: viral extinction through competition for cells.

Science.gov (United States)

Cuesta, José A; Aguirre, Jacobo; Capitán, José A; Manrubia, Susanna C

2011-01-14

The design of protocols to suppress the propagation of viral infections is an enduring enterprise, especially hindered by limited knowledge of the mechanisms leading to viral extinction. Here we report on infection extinction due to intraspecific competition to infect susceptible hosts. Beneficial mutations increase the production of viral progeny, while the host cell may develop defenses against infection. For an unlimited number of host cells, a feedback runaway coevolution between host resistance and progeny production occurs. However, physical space limits the advantage that the virus obtains from increasing offspring numbers; thus, infection clearance may result from an increase in host defenses beyond a finite threshold. Our results might be relevant to devise improved control strategies in environments with mobility constraints or different geometrical properties.

Avances recientes en HIV/SIDA: Patogénesis, historia natural y carga viral

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Rafael E Campo

1996-10-01

Full Text Available Results of recent investigations have given us a new understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infection. This findings provide us with a kinetic model of pathogenesis in which continuous, high-grade viral replication. This findings provide us with a kinetic model of pathogenesis in which continuous, high-grade viral replication is the principal force driving the destruction of CD4 lymphocytes. This knowledge will lead us to design better treatment strategies directed to curtail viral replication and prevent the emergence of viral resistance, and the use of combination antiretroviral therapy is a first example of these new strategies. The concept of viral load is introduced, and we discuss the usefulness of viral load in the clinical prognosis of this disease, and its use as an aid in the decision-making process when starling or mordifyng antiretroviral therapy in our patients. (Rev Med Hered 1996; 7: 182-188.

Associations between national viral hepatitis policies/programmes and country-level socioeconomic factors: a sub-analysis of data from the 2013 WHO viral hepatitis policy report

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Jeffrey V Lazarus

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background As more countries worldwide develop national viral hepatitis strategies, it is important to ask whether context-specific factors affect their decision-making. This study aimed to determine whether country-level socioeconomic factors are associated with viral hepatitis programmes and policy responses across WHO Member States (MS. Methods WHO MS focal points completed a questionnaire on national viral hepatitis policies. This secondary analysis of data reported in the 2013 Global Policy Report on the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis in WHO Member States used logistic regression to examine associations between four survey questions and four socioeconomic factors: country income level, Human Development Index (HDI, health expenditure and physician density. Results This analysis included 119 MS. MS were more likely to have routine viral hepatitis surveillance and to have a national strategy and/or policy/guidelines for preventing infection in healthcare settings if they were in the higher binary categories for income level, HDI, health expenditure and physician density. In multivariable analyses, the only significant finding was a positive association between having routine surveillance and being in the higher binary HDI category (adjusted odds ratio 26; 95% confidence interval 2.0–340. Conclusion Countries with differing socioeconomic status indicators did not appear to differ greatly regarding the existence of key national policies and programmes. A more nuanced understanding of the multifaceted interactions of socioeconomic factors, health policy, service delivery and health outcomes is needed to support country-level efforts to eliminate viral hepatitis.

Estudio comparativo del efecto del cepillado con una crema dental con propóleos rojos y de un gel con clorofila

OpenAIRE

Estela Gispert Abreu; Elena Cantillo Estrada; Aracelys Rivero López; Berta Oramas Rodríguez

1998-01-01

Se analiza comparativamente el efecto de un gel dental de clorofila y de una crema dental con propóleos rojos sobre varios parámetros relacionados con la caries dental, en escolares que se cepillaron durante 21 días con dichos productos. Se obtuvieron resultados favorables principalmente en la disminución del grado de infección por Streptococcus mutans y la elevación de la capacidad individual de remineralización; salvo en este último no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas.Author...

Dynamics of viral replication in blood and lymphoid tissues during SIVmac251 infection of macaques

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Mannioui Abdelkrim

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Extensive studies of primary infection are crucial to our understanding of the course of HIV disease. In SIV-infected macaques, a model closely mimicking HIV pathogenesis, we used a combination of three markers -- viral RNA, 2LTR circles and viral DNA -- to evaluate viral replication and dissemination simultaneously in blood, secondary lymphoid tissues, and the gut during primary and chronic infections. Subsequent viral compartmentalization in the main target cells of the virus in peripheral blood during the chronic phase of infection was evaluated by cell sorting and viral quantification with the three markers studied. Results The evolutions of viral RNA, 2LTR circles and DNA levels were correlated in a given tissue during primary and early chronic infection. The decrease in plasma viral load principally reflects a large decrease in viral replication in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT, with viral RNA and DNA levels remaining stable in the spleen and peripheral lymph nodes. Later, during chronic infection, a progressive depletion of central memory CD4+ T cells from the peripheral blood was observed, accompanied by high levels of viral replication in the cells of this subtype. The virus was also found to replicate at this point in the infection in naive CD4+ T cells. Viral RNA was frequently detected in monocytes, but no SIV replication appeared to occur in these cells, as no viral DNA or 2LTR circles were detected. Conclusion We demonstrated the persistence of viral replication and dissemination, mostly in secondary lymphoid tissues, during primary and early chronic infection. During chronic infection, the central memory CD4+ T cells were the major site of viral replication in peripheral blood, but viral replication also occurred in naive CD4+ T cells. The role of monocytes seemed to be limited to carrying the virus as a cargo because there was an observed lack of replication in these cells. These data may have important

Combining genomic sequencing methods to explore viral diversity and reveal potential virus-host interactions

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Cheryl-Emiliane Tien Chow

2015-04-01

Full Text Available Viral diversity and virus-host interactions in oxygen-starved regions of the ocean, also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZs, remain relatively unexplored. Microbial community metabolism in OMZs alters nutrient and energy flow through marine food webs, resulting in biological nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas production. Thus, viruses infecting OMZ microbes have the potential to modulate community metabolism with resulting feedback on ecosystem function. Here, we describe viral communities inhabiting oxic surface (10m and oxygen-starved basin (200m waters of Saanich Inlet, a seasonally anoxic fjord on the coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia using viral metagenomics and complete viral fosmid sequencing on samples collected between April 2007 and April 2010. Of 6459 open reading frames (ORFs predicted across all 34 viral fosmids, 77.6% (n=5010 had no homology to reference viral genomes. These fosmids recruited a higher proportion of viral metagenomic sequences from Saanich Inlet than from nearby northeastern subarctic Pacific Ocean (Line P waters, indicating differences in the viral communities between coastal and open ocean locations. While functional annotations of fosmid ORFs were limited, recruitment to NCBI’s non-redundant ‘nr’ database and publicly available single-cell genomes identified putative viruses infecting marine thaumarchaeal and SUP05 proteobacteria to provide potential host linkages with relevance to coupled biogeochemical cycling processes in OMZ waters. Taken together, these results highlight the power of coupled analyses of multiple sequence data types, such as viral metagenomic and fosmid sequence data with prokaryotic single cell genomes, to chart viral diversity, elucidate genomic and ecological contexts for previously unclassifiable viral sequences, and identify novel host interactions in natural and engineered ecosystems.

Viral Richness is Positively Related to Group Size, but Not Mating System, in Bats.

Science.gov (United States)

Webber, Quinn M R; Fletcher, Quinn E; Willis, Craig K R

2017-12-01

Characterizing host traits that influence viral richness and diversification is important for understanding wildlife pathogens affecting conservation and/or human health. Behaviors that affect contact rates among hosts could be important for viral diversification because more frequent intra- and inter-specific contacts among hosts should increase the potential for viral diversification within host populations. We used published data on bats to test the contact-rate hypothesis. We predicted that species forming large conspecific groups, that share their range with more heterospecifics (i.e., sympatry), and with mating systems characterized by high contact rates (polygynandry: multi-male/multi-female), would host higher viral richness than species with small group sizes, lower sympatry, or low contact-rate mating systems (polygyny: single male/multi-female). Consistent with our hypothesis and previous research, viral richness was positively correlated with conspecific group size although the relationship plateaued at group sizes of approximately several hundred thousand bats. This pattern supports epidemiological theory that, up to a point, larger groups have higher contact rates, greater likelihood of acquiring and transmitting viruses, and ultimately greater potential for viral diversification. However, contrary to our hypothesis, there was no effect of sympatry on viral richness and no difference in viral richness between mating systems. We also found no residual effect of host phylogeny on viral richness, suggesting that closely related species do not necessarily host similar numbers of viruses. Our results support the contact-rate hypothesis that intra-specific viral transmission can enhance viral diversification within species and highlight the influence of host group size on the potential of viruses to propagate within host populations.

NNDSS - Table II. Hepatitis (viral, acute)

Data.gov (United States)

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — NNDSS - Table II. Hepatitis (viral, acute) - 2016. In this Table, provisional* cases of selected† notifiable diseases (≥1,000 cases reported during the preceding...

Viral Marketing Determinants of Top Online Shop Brands in Indonesia

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Aditya Wardhana

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The existence of the internet starts to shifting the purchase as a conventional to online. One of marketing strategies used by online store is viral marketing.The purpose of this study is to find determinant that forms viral marketing based on perceived customers in top brand online store such as lazada.com, olx.com, tokopedia.com, zalora.com, blibli.com, and bhinneka.com. The Research methodology used is the quantitative method with descriptive analysis using factor analysis by a population as 3.271.147 people and the number of sample uses Slovin formulas with confidency level at 95 % obtained as 400 respondents. Based on the result of research, there are twelve factors formed a new factor called viral marketing online store. Based on its priority, those dimensions of viral marketing online store can be sorted as follows: customer recommendation, newsletter, linking strategies, communities, free offer, sweepstakes, list of prospective buyers, chatrooms, reference list, product texts, affiliate programs, dan search engine.

Tipificación molecular del Virus Papiloma Humano en mujeres con lesiones cervicales de alto grado y cáncer de cérvix atentidas en el área de colposcopía en consulta externa del ION Solca Guayaquil, periodo 2013 - 2014.

OpenAIRE

Morocho Molina, Nancy Jannet

2015-01-01

El Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) está asociado directamente con el desarrollo del cáncer de cérvix. Objetivo: tipificación y asociación de VPH de alto riesgo en pacientes con LIEAG y cáncer de cérvix que acudieron a la consulta externa del ION SOLCA-GUAYAQUIL, durante el período 2013- 2014. Metodología: el presente estudio fue de tipo descriptivo, observacional y analítico, los exámenes utilizados fueron el papanicolaou, colposcopia, biopsia de cérvix y tipificación viral del VPH medi...

Ultra-Sensitive HIV-1 Latency Viral Outgrowth Assays Using Humanized Mice.

Science.gov (United States)

Schmitt, Kimberly; Akkina, Ramesh

2018-01-01

In the current quest for a complete cure for HIV/AIDS, highly sensitive HIV-1 latency detection methods are critical to verify full viral eradication. Until now, the in vitro quantitative viral outgrowth assays (qVOA) have been the gold standard for assessing latent HIV-1 viral burden. However, these assays have been inadequate in detecting the presence of ultralow levels of latent virus in a number of patients who were initially thought to have been cured, but eventually showed viral rebound. In this context, new approaches utilizing in vivo mouse-based VOAs are promising. In the murine VOA (mVOA), large numbers of CD4 + T cells or PBMC from aviremic subjects are xenografted into immunodeficient NSG mice, whereas in the humanized mouse-based VOA (hmVOA) patient CD4 + T cell samples are injected into BLT or hu-hematopoetic stem cells (hu-HSC) humanized mice. While latent virus could be recovered in both of these systems, the hmVOA provides higher sensitivity than the mVOA using a fewer number of input cells. In contrast to the mVOA, the hmVOA provides a broader spectrum of highly susceptible HIV-1 target cells and enables newly engrafted cells to home into preformed human lymphoid organs where they can infect cells in situ after viral activation. Hu-mice also allow for both xenograft- and allograft-driven cell expansions with less severe GvH providing a longer time frame for potential viral outgrowth from cells with a delayed latent viral activation. Based on these advantages, the hmVOA has great potential in playing an important role in HIV-1 latency and cure research.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a modulator of anti-viral immunity

Science.gov (United States)

Head, Jennifer L.; Lawrence, B. Paige

2009-01-01

Although immune modulation by AhR ligands has been studied for many years, the impact of AhR activation on host defenses against viral infection has not, until recently, garnered much attention. The development of novel reagents and model systems, new information regarding antiviral immunity, and a growing appreciation for the global health threat posed by viruses have invigorated interest in understanding how environmental signals affect susceptibility to and pathological consequences of viral infection. Using influenza A virus as a model of respiratory viral infection, recent studies show that AhR activation cues signaling events in both leukocytes and non-immune cells. Functional alterations include suppressed lymphocyte responses and increased inflammation in the infected lung. AhR-mediated events within and extrinsic to hematopoietic cells has been investigated using bone marrow chimeras, which show that AhR alters different elements of the immune response by affecting different tissue targets. In particular, suppressed CD8+ T cell responses are due to deregulated events within leukocytes themselves, whereas increased neutrophil recruitment to and IFN-γ levels in the lung result from AhR-regulated events extrinsic to bone marrow-derived cells. This latter discovery suggests that epithelial and endothelial cells are overlooked targets of AhR-mediated changes in immune function. Further support that AhR influences host cell responses to viral infection are provided by several studies demonstrating that AhR interacts directly with viral proteins and affects viral latency. While AhR clearly modulates host responses to viral infection, we still have much to understand about the complex interactions between immune cells, viruses, and the host environment. PMID:19027719

A metagenomic survey of viral abundance and diversity in mosquitoes from Hubei province.

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Chenyan Shi

Full Text Available Mosquitoes as one of the most common but important vectors have the potential to transmit or acquire a lot of viruses through biting, however viral flora in mosquitoes and its impact on mosquito-borne disease transmission has not been well investigated and evaluated. In this study, the metagenomic techniquehas been successfully employed in analyzing the abundance and diversity of viral community in three mosquito samples from Hubei, China. Among 92,304 reads produced through a run with 454 GS FLX system, 39% have high similarities with viral sequences belonging to identified bacterial, fungal, animal, plant and insect viruses, and 0.02% were classed into unidentified viral sequences, demonstrating high abundance and diversity of viruses in mosquitoes. Furthermore, two novel viruses in subfamily Densovirinae and family Dicistroviridae were identified, and six torque tenosus virus1 in family Anelloviridae, three porcine parvoviruses in subfamily Parvovirinae and a Culex tritaeniorhynchus rhabdovirus in Family Rhabdoviridae were preliminarily characterized. The viral metagenomic analysis offered us a deep insight into the viral population of mosquito which played an important role in viral initiative or passive transmission and evolution during the process.

A Metagenomic Survey of Viral Abundance and Diversity in Mosquitoes from Hubei Province

Science.gov (United States)

Shi, Chenyan; Liu, Yi; Hu, Xiaomin; Xiong, Jinfeng; Zhang, Bo; Yuan, Zhiming

2015-01-01

Mosquitoes as one of the most common but important vectors have the potential to transmit or acquire a lot of viruses through biting, however viral flora in mosquitoes and its impact on mosquito-borne disease transmission has not been well investigated and evaluated. In this study, the metagenomic techniquehas been successfully employed in analyzing the abundance and diversity of viral community in three mosquito samples from Hubei, China. Among 92,304 reads produced through a run with 454 GS FLX system, 39% have high similarities with viral sequences belonging to identified bacterial, fungal, animal, plant and insect viruses, and 0.02% were classed into unidentified viral sequences, demonstrating high abundance and diversity of viruses in mosquitoes. Furthermore, two novel viruses in subfamily Densovirinae and family Dicistroviridae were identified, and six torque tenosus virus1 in family Anelloviridae, three porcine parvoviruses in subfamily Parvovirinae and a Culex tritaeniorhynchus rhabdovirus in Family Rhabdoviridae were preliminarily characterized. The viral metagenomic analysis offered us a deep insight into the viral population of mosquito which played an important role in viral initiative or passive transmission and evolution during the process. PMID:26030271

Antiretroviral treatment, viral load of mothers & perinatal HIV transmission in Mumbai, India

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Swati P Ahir

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Background & objectives: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT is the most significant route of HIV transmission in children below the age of 15 yr. In India, perinatal HIV transmission, even after treatment, accounts for 5.4 per cent of HIV cases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of anti-retro viral therapy (ART or prophylactic treatment (PT to control maternal viral load in HIV positive women, and its effect on vertical HIV transmission to their infants. Methods: A total of 58 HIV positive women were enrolled at the time of delivery and their plasma samples were obtained within 24 h of delivery for estimation of viral load. Viral load analysis was completed in 38 women. Infants received single dose nevirapine within 2 h of birth and zidovudine for 6 wk. At the end of 18 month follow up, HIV positive or negative status was available in 28 infants. Results: Results revealed undetectable levels of viral load in 58.3 per cent of women with ART compared to 30.7 per cent of women with PT. No women on ART had viral load more than 10,000 copies/ml, whereas seven (26.9%, P=0.07 women receiving PT had this viral load. Median CD4 count of women on PT (483 cells/μl was high compared to the women on ART (289 cells/ μl. At the end of 18 months follow up, only two children were HIV positive, whose mothers were on PT. One had in utero transmission; infection detected within 48 h of delivery, while the other child was infected post partum as HIV was detected at six months follow up. Interpretation & conclusions: Women who received a single dose of nevirapine during delivery had higher levels of viral load than women on ART. Combination drug therapy for pregnant women is now a standard of care in most of the western countries; use of nevirapine monotherapy at the time of delivery in our settings is not effective in controlling viral load. This highlights initiation of ART in pregnant women to control their viral load and thus to inhibit

Comparison of reproductive protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus provided by multivalent viral vaccines containing inactivated fractions of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2

Science.gov (United States)

The objective of this study was to compare reproductive protection in cattle against the impacts of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) provided by three different multivalent vaccines containing inactivated BVDV. Beef heifers and cows (n=122), seronegative and virus negative for BVDV, were randomly ...

Viral infections, prevalence and costs: A5-year, hospital based, retrospective observational study in shiraz, iran

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sabayan, B.; Zamiri, N.; Chohedry, A.

2007-01-01

Many patients suffering from viral infections attend to health care centers. Data gathered from viral infections is limited to specific cases such as AIDS, viral hepatitis and Influenza. There is a significant lack of reliable documentation about other viral infections. In this study the prevalence and related costs of viral infections in hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences were reviewed. In this cross-sectional study the data were extracted from files of 1319 patients with viral infection admitted in two university hospitals during a five year period (1999-2004). The frequencies of different viral infections along with their demographic data were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 29.24 with the range of 90 years. Hospitalization days were 8636 in 40 different wards in two hospitals. US$ 30.84 was the daily mean cost for each admitted patient. Viral meningitis was most frequent (14.2%) and 8.4% of patients died during hospitalization. This study confirms the necessity of expanding management programs for viral infections especially hepatitis B in youths in Iran. Unspecified viral infections cost much more than specified viral diseases. Viral infection costs can be reduced by finding more sensitive and specific diagnostic methods. (author)

Hipersexualidad asociada a pramipexol, en el tratamiento de síntomas parkinsonianos: revisión de la literatura, a propósito de 3 casos

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Nilton Custodio

2010-03-01

Full Text Available Introducción: Los desórdenes del control de los impulsos han sido reportados en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson (EP, así como en usuarios de agonistas dopaminérgicos. Comunicamos tres casos de pacientes con síntomas parkinsonianos e hipersexualidad, un desorden del control de los impulsos, asociado al uso de pramipexol. Casos clínicos: Caso 1: Varón de 62 años de edad con EP en tratamiento con levodopa/carbidopa, que requirió inicio de pramipexol; a los doce meses presentó hipersexualidad que remitió parcialmente con escitalopram. Caso 2: Varón de 66 años de edad con EP en tratamiento con levodopa/carbidopa, entacapona y clonazepam; requirió inicio de pramipexol y a los dieciséis meses presentó hipersexualidad, que remitió totalmente con escitalopram. Caso 3: Varón de 45 años de edad con parkinsonismo secundario a encefalitis esclerosante aguda en tratamiento con risperidona, amitriptilina y clonazepam; requirió inicio de pramipexol; a los dos meses presentó hipersexualidad, recibió escitalopram, pero la hipersexualidad solo desapareció al disminuir la dosis de pramipexol; se inició levodopa/carbidopa y reapareció la hipersexualidad, que desapareció con la disminución de la dosis de levodopa/carbidopa. Conclusiones: Pramipexol podría estar asociado a hipersexualidad; pero, es necesario tener en cuenta las características relacionadas a cada enfermedad, así como los factores individuales. La hipersexualidad podría mejorar con el escitalopram, siendo necesario tratar los síntomas asociados.

Uncovering Viral Protein-Protein Interactions and their Role in Arenavirus Life Cycle

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Nora López

2012-09-01

Full Text Available The Arenaviridae family includes widely distributed pathogens that cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Replication and packaging of their single-stranded RNA genome involve RNA recognition by viral proteins and a number of key protein-protein interactions. Viral RNA synthesis is directed by the virus-encoded RNA dependent-RNA polymerase (L protein and requires viral RNA encapsidation by the Nucleoprotein. In addition to the role that the interaction between L and the Nucleoprotein may have in the replication process, polymerase activity appears to be modulated by the association between L and the small multifunctional Z protein. Z is also a structural component of the virions that plays an essential role in viral morphogenesis. Indeed, interaction of the Z protein with the Nucleoprotein is critical for genome packaging. Furthermore, current evidence suggests that binding between Z and the viral envelope glycoprotein complex is required for virion infectivity, and that Z homo-oligomerization is an essential step for particle assembly and budding. Efforts to understand the molecular basis of arenavirus life cycle have revealed important details on these viral protein-protein interactions that will be reviewed in this article.

Characterization of the receptor-binding domain of Ebola glycoprotein in viral entry.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Jizhen; Manicassamy, Balaji; Caffrey, Michael; Rong, Lijun

2011-06-01

Ebola virus infection causes severe hemorrhagic fever in human and non-human primates with high mortality. Viral entry/infection is initiated by binding of glycoprotein GP protein on Ebola virion to host cells, followed by fusion of virus-cell membrane also mediated by GP. Using an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-based pseudotyping system, the roles of 41 Ebola GP1 residues in the receptor-binding domain in viral entry were studied by alanine scanning substitutions. We identified that four residues appear to be involved in protein folding/structure and four residues are important for viral entry. An improved entry interference assay was developed and used to study the role of these residues that are important for viral entry. It was found that R64 and K95 are involved in receptor binding. In contrast, some residues such as I170 are important for viral entry, but do not play a major role in receptor binding as indicated by entry interference assay and/or protein binding data, suggesting that these residues are involved in post-binding steps of viral entry. Furthermore, our results also suggested that Ebola and Marburg viruses share a common cellular molecule for entry.

Dengue viral infections

OpenAIRE

Gurugama Padmalal; Garg Pankaj; Perera Jennifer; Wijewickrama Ananda; Seneviratne Suranjith

2010-01-01

Dengue viral infections are one of the most important mosquito-borne diseases in the world. Presently dengue is endemic in 112 countries in the world. It has been estimated that almost 100 million cases of dengue fever and half a million cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) occur worldwide. An increasing proportion of DHF is in children less than 15 years of age, especially in South East and South Asia. The unique structure of the dengue virus and the pathophysiologic responses of the host...

NNDSS - Table II. Hepatitis (viral, acute)

Data.gov (United States)

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — NNDSS - Table II. Hepatitis (viral, acute) - 2015.In this Table, provisional cases of selected notifiable diseases (≥1,000 cases reported during the preceding year),...

Evolution of the proportions of two sigma viral types in experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster in the absence of the allele that is restrictive of viral multiplication.

Science.gov (United States)

Fleuriet, A

1999-12-01

A minority of flies in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster are endemically infected by a rhabdovirus, sigma. The virus is vertically transmitted through male and female gametes. Two alleles of a fly locus, the ref(2)P locus, are present as a polymorphism in all populations: O permissive, and P restrictive for viral multiplication and transmission. Two viral types are known, Type I, which is very sensitive to the P allele, and Type II, which is more resistant. Previous observations have shown that, in presence of the P allele, viral Type II is selected for, in both natural and experimental populations. The aim of the present study was to determine whether, in the absence of P, Type I is selected for, or whether the two types are equivalent. For this purpose, experimental populations deprived of the P allele and differing in the initial proportions of the two viral types were established. After several generations, and despite a possible bias toward Type I, the frequencies of Type I and Type II clones differed in the various populations, depending on their initial values. These findings do not rule out selective advantage of viral Type I in the absence of P, but suggest that, if any, this advantage is in no way comparable to that displayed by viral Type II in the presence of P.

101 . experience with hepatitis b viral load testing in nigeria

African Journals Online (AJOL)

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ABSTRACT. Background: Quantification of the viral burden is an important laboratory tool in the management of hepatitis B virus. (HBV)-infected patients. However, widespread use of assays is still hampered by the high cost. Treatment reduces viral load to undetectable levels. HBV infected patients tend to have high HBV ...

Interactions Between HIV-1 Gag and Viral RNA Genome Enhance Virion Assembly

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Dilley, Kari A; Nikolaitchik, Olga A; Galli, Andrea

2017-01-01

between Gag and viral RNA are required for the enhancement of particle production. Taken together, these studies are consistent with our previous hypothesis that specific dimeric viral RNA:Gag interactions are the nucleation event of infectious virion assembly, ensuring that one RNA dimer is packaged......Most HIV-1 virions contain two copies of full-length viral RNA, indicating that genome packaging is efficient and tightly regulated. However, the structural protein Gag is the only component required for the assembly of noninfectious virus-like particles and the viral RNA is dispensable...... in this process. The mechanism that allows HIV-1 to achieve such high efficiency of genome packaging when a packageable viral RNA is not required for virus assembly is currently unknown. In this report, we examined the role of HIV-1 RNA in virus assembly and found that packageable HIV-1 RNA enhances particle...

How to be good at being a virus : Biochemical constraints of viral life-history evolution

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Berngruber, Thomas

2008-01-01

Viral reproduction depends on a careful balance of the viral life-cycle in time and magnitude. Maintenance of this balance is granted by the regulation of viral protein production and protein interactions. Viral evolution therefore hinges on the possibilities to optimize these protein interactions.

Characterization of viral proteins of Oryctes baculovirus and comparison between two geographical isolates.

Science.gov (United States)

Mohan, K S; Gopinathan, K P

1989-01-01

Bacilliform Oryctes baculovirus particles have been visualized in electron micrographs of midgut sections from virus infected Oryctes rhinoceros beetles. Morphologically the Indian isolate (Oryctes baculovirus, KI) resembled the previously reported Oryctes baculovirus, isolate PV505. The constituent proteins of baculovirus KI have been analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by Western blots using polyclonal antibodies raised against the complete viral particles, as probes. A total of forty eight viral proteins have been identified. Fourteen viral proteins were located on the viral envelope. Among the proteins constituting the nucleocapsid, three were located internally within the capsid. A 23.5 kDa protein was tightly associated with viral DNA in the nucleocapsid core. Two envelope and seven capsid proteins of KI and PV505 revealed differences in SDS-PAGE profiles and glycosylation patterns. Immunoblotting of KI and PV505 proteins with anti KI antiserum demonstrated antigenic differences between the two viral isolates.

Viral Interference and Persistence in Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses

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Juan Santiago Salas-Benito

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are important pathogens for humans, and the detection of two or more flaviviruses cocirculating in the same geographic area has often been reported. However, the epidemiological impact remains to be determined. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are primarily transmitted through Aedes and Culex mosquitoes; these viruses establish a life-long or persistent infection without apparent pathological effects. This establishment requires a balance between virus replication and the antiviral host response. Viral interference is a phenomenon whereby one virus inhibits the replication of other viruses, and this condition is frequently associated with persistent infections. Viral interference and persistent infection are determined by several factors, such as defective interfering particles, competition for cellular factors required for translation/replication, and the host antiviral response. The interaction between two flaviviruses typically results in viral interference, indicating that these viruses share common features during the replicative cycle in the vector. The potential mechanisms involved in these processes are reviewed here.

Towards Viral Genome Annotation Standards, Report from the 2010 NCBI Annotation Workshop.

Science.gov (United States)

Brister, James Rodney; Bao, Yiming; Kuiken, Carla; Lefkowitz, Elliot J; Le Mercier, Philippe; Leplae, Raphael; Madupu, Ramana; Scheuermann, Richard H; Schobel, Seth; Seto, Donald; Shrivastava, Susmita; Sterk, Peter; Zeng, Qiandong; Klimke, William; Tatusova, Tatiana

2010-10-01

Improvements in DNA sequencing technologies portend a new era in virology and could possibly lead to a giant leap in our understanding of viral evolution and ecology. Yet, as viral genome sequences begin to fill the world's biological databases, it is critically important to recognize that the scientific promise of this era is dependent on consistent and comprehensive genome annotation. With this in mind, the NCBI Genome Annotation Workshop recently hosted a study group tasked with developing sequence, function, and metadata annotation standards for viral genomes. This report describes the issues involved in viral genome annotation and reviews policy recommendations presented at the NCBI Annotation Workshop.

Towards Viral Genome Annotation Standards, Report from the 2010 NCBI Annotation Workshop

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Qiandong Zeng

2010-10-01

Full Text Available Improvements in DNA sequencing technologies portend a new era in virology and could possibly lead to a giant leap in our understanding of viral evolution and ecology. Yet, as viral genome sequences begin to fill the world’s biological databases, it is critically important to recognize that the scientific promise of this era is dependent on consistent and comprehensive genome annotation. With this in mind, the NCBI Genome Annotation Workshop recently hosted a study group tasked with developing sequence, function, and metadata annotation standards for viral genomes. This report describes the issues involved in viral genome annotation and reviews policy recommendations presented at the NCBI Annotation Workshop.

Determining mutant spectra of three RNA viral samples using ultra-deep sequencing

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chen, H

2012-06-06

RNA viruses have extremely high mutation rates that enable the virus to adapt to new host environments and even jump from one species to another. As part of a viral transmission study, three viral samples collected from naturally infected animals were sequenced using Illumina paired-end technology at ultra-deep coverage. In order to determine the mutant spectra within the viral quasispecies, it is critical to understand the sequencing error rates and control for false positive calls of viral variants (point mutantations). I will estimate the sequencing error rate from two control sequences and characterize the mutant spectra in the natural samples with this error rate.

Role of viral coinfections in asthma development.

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Maria Luz Garcia-Garcia

Full Text Available Viral respiratory infections, especially acute bronchiolitis, play a key role in the development of asthma in childhood. However, most studies have focused on respiratory syncytial virus or rhinovirus infections and none of them have compared the long-term evolution of single versus double or multiple viral infections.Our aim was to compare the frequency of asthma development at 6-8 years in children with previous admission for bronchiolitis associated with single versus double or multiple viral infection.A cross-sectional study was performed in 244 children currently aged 6-8 years, previously admitted due to bronchiolitis between September 2008 and December 2011. A structured clinical interview and the ISAAC questionnaire for asthma symptoms for 6-7-year-old children, were answered by parents by telephone. Specimens of nasopharyngeal aspirate for virological study (polymerase chain reaction and clinical data were prospectively taken during admission for bronchiolitis.Median current age at follow-up was 7.3 years (IQR: 6.7-8.1. The rate of recurrent wheezing was 82.7% in the coinfection group and 69.7% in the single-infection group, p = 0.06. The number of wheezing-related admissions was twice as high in coinfections than in single infections, p = 0.004. Regarding the ISAAC questionnaire, 30.8% of coinfections versus 15% of single infections, p = 0.01, presented "wheezing in the last 12 months", data that strongly correlate with current prevalence of asthma. "Dry cough at night" was also reported more frequently in coinfections than in single infections, p = 0.02. The strongest independent risk factors for asthma at 6-8 years of age were: age > 9 months at admission for bronchiolitis (OR: 3.484; CI95%: 1.459-8.317, p:0.005, allergic rhinitis (OR: 5.910; 95%CI: 2.622-13.318, p<0.001, and viral coinfection-bronchiolitis (OR: 3.374; CI95%: 1.542-7.386, p:0.01.Asthma at 6-8 years is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized

Intrinsically disordered region of influenza A NP regulates viral genome packaging via interactions with viral RNA and host PI(4,5)P2.

Science.gov (United States)

Kakisaka, Michinori; Yamada, Kazunori; Yamaji-Hasegawa, Akiko; Kobayashi, Toshihide; Aida, Yoko

2016-09-01

To be incorporated into progeny virions, the viral genome must be transported to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) and accumulate there. Some viruses utilize lipid components to assemble at the PM. For example, simian virus 40 (SV40) targets the ganglioside GM1 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) utilizes phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Recent studies clearly indicate that Rab11-mediated recycling endosomes are required for influenza A virus (IAV) trafficking of vRNPs to the PM but it remains unclear how IAV vRNP localized or accumulate underneath the PM for viral genome incorporation into progeny virions. In this study, we found that the second intrinsically disordered region (IDR2) of NP regulates two binding steps involved in viral genome packaging. First, IDR2 facilitates NP oligomer binding to viral RNA to form vRNP. Secondly, vRNP assemble by interacting with PI(4,5)P2 at the PM via IDR2. These findings suggest that PI(4,5)P2 functions as the determinant of vRNP accumulation at the PM. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparative analysis of measures of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 eradication studies.

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Susanne Eriksson

2013-02-01

Full Text Available HIV-1 reservoirs preclude virus eradication in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART. The best characterized reservoir is a small, difficult-to-quantify pool of resting memory CD4(+ T cells carrying latent but replication-competent viral genomes. Because strategies targeting this latent reservoir are now being tested in clinical trials, well-validated high-throughput assays that quantify this reservoir are urgently needed. Here we compare eleven different approaches for quantitating persistent HIV-1 in 30 patients on HAART, using the original viral outgrowth assay for resting CD4(+ T cells carrying inducible, replication-competent viral genomes as a standard for comparison. PCR-based assays for cells containing HIV-1 DNA gave infected cell frequencies at least 2 logs higher than the viral outgrowth assay, even in subjects who started HAART during acute/early infection. This difference may reflect defective viral genomes. The ratio of infected cell frequencies determined by viral outgrowth and PCR-based assays varied dramatically between patients. Although strong correlations with the viral outgrowth assay could not be formally excluded for most assays, correlations achieved statistical significance only for integrated HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and HIV-1 RNA/DNA ratio in rectal CD4(+ T cells. Residual viremia was below the limit of detection in many subjects and did not correlate with the viral outgrowth assays. The dramatic differences in infected cell frequencies and the lack of a precise correlation between culture and PCR-based assays raise the possibility that the successful clearance of latently infected cells may be masked by a larger and variable pool of cells with defective proviruses. These defective proviruses are detected by PCR but may not be affected by reactivation strategies and may not require eradication to accomplish an effective cure. A molecular understanding of the discrepancy

Potyviral VPg enhances viral RNA Translation and inhibits reporter mRNA translation in planta.

Science.gov (United States)

Eskelin, Katri; Hafrén, Anders; Rantalainen, Kimmo I; Mäkinen, Kristiina

2011-09-01

Viral protein genome-linked (VPg) plays a central role in several stages of potyvirus infection. This study sought to answer questions about the role of Potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus) VPg in viral and host RNA expression. When expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves in trans, a dual role of VPg in translation is observed. It repressed the expression of monocistronic luciferase (luc) mRNA and simultaneously induced a significant upregulation in the expression of both replicating and nonreplicating PVA RNAs. This enhanced viral gene expression was due at least to the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of PVA RNA, eukaryotic initiation factors 4E and iso 4E [eIF4E/eIF(iso)4E], and the presence of a sufficient amount of VPg. Coexpression of VPg with viral RNA increased the viral RNA amount, which was not the case with the monocistronic mRNA. Both mutations at certain lysine residues in PVA VPg and eIF4E/eIF(iso)4E depletion reduced its ability to upregulate the viral RNA expression. These modifications were also involved in VPg-mediated downregulation of monocistronic luc expression. These results suggest that VPg can titrate eIF4Es from capped monocistronic RNAs. Because VPg-mediated enhancement of viral gene expression required eIF4Es, it is possible that VPg directs eIF4Es to promote viral RNA expression. From this study it is evident that VPg can serve as a specific regulator of PVA expression by boosting the viral RNA amounts as well as the accumulation of viral translation products. Such a mechanism could function to protect viral RNA from being degraded and to secure efficient production of coat protein (CP) for virion formation.

Potyviral VPg Enhances Viral RNA Translation and Inhibits Reporter mRNA Translation In Planta▿

Science.gov (United States)

Eskelin, Katri; Hafrén, Anders; Rantalainen, Kimmo I.; Mäkinen, Kristiina

2011-01-01

Viral protein genome-linked (VPg) plays a central role in several stages of potyvirus infection. This study sought to answer questions about the role of Potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus) VPg in viral and host RNA expression. When expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves in trans, a dual role of VPg in translation is observed. It repressed the expression of monocistronic luciferase (luc) mRNA and simultaneously induced a significant upregulation in the expression of both replicating and nonreplicating PVA RNAs. This enhanced viral gene expression was due at least to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of PVA RNA, eukaryotic initiation factors 4E and iso 4E [eIF4E/eIF(iso)4E], and the presence of a sufficient amount of VPg. Coexpression of VPg with viral RNA increased the viral RNA amount, which was not the case with the monocistronic mRNA. Both mutations at certain lysine residues in PVA VPg and eIF4E/eIF(iso)4E depletion reduced its ability to upregulate the viral RNA expression. These modifications were also involved in VPg-mediated downregulation of monocistronic luc expression. These results suggest that VPg can titrate eIF4Es from capped monocistronic RNAs. Because VPg-mediated enhancement of viral gene expression required eIF4Es, it is possible that VPg directs eIF4Es to promote viral RNA expression. From this study it is evident that VPg can serve as a specific regulator of PVA expression by boosting the viral RNA amounts as well as the accumulation of viral translation products. Such a mechanism could function to protect viral RNA from being degraded and to secure efficient production of coat protein (CP) for virion formation. PMID:21697470

Parvovirus b19 DNA CpG dinucleotide methylation and epigenetic regulation of viral expression.

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Francesca Bonvicini

Full Text Available CpG DNA methylation is one of the main epigenetic modifications playing a role in the control of gene expression. For DNA viruses whose genome has the ability to integrate in the host genome or to maintain as a latent episome, a correlation has been found between the extent of DNA methylation and viral quiescence. No information is available for Parvovirus B19, a human pathogenic virus, which is capable of both lytic and persistent infections. Within Parvovirus B19 genome, the inverted terminal regions display all the characteristic signatures of a genomic CpG island; therefore we hypothesised a role of CpG dinucleotide methylation in the regulation of viral genome expression.The analysis of CpG dinucleotide methylation of Parvovirus B19 DNA was carried out by an aptly designed quantitative real-time PCR assay on bisulfite-modified DNA. The effects of CpG methylation on the regulation of viral genome expression were first investigated by transfection of either unmethylated or in vitro methylated viral DNA in a model cell line, showing that methylation of viral DNA was correlated to lower expression levels of the viral genome. Then, in the course of in vitro infections in different cellular environments, it was observed that absence of viral expression and genome replication were both correlated to increasing levels of CpG methylation of viral DNA. Finally, the presence of CpG methylation was documented in viral DNA present in bioptic samples, indicating the occurrence and a possible role of this epigenetic modification in the course of natural infections.The presence of an epigenetic level of regulation of viral genome expression, possibly correlated to the silencing of the viral genome and contributing to the maintenance of the virus in tissues, can be relevant to the balance and outcome of the different types of infection associated to Parvovirus B19.

Parvovirus B19 DNA CpG Dinucleotide Methylation and Epigenetic Regulation of Viral Expression

Science.gov (United States)

Bonvicini, Francesca; Manaresi, Elisabetta; Di Furio, Francesca; De Falco, Luisa; Gallinella, Giorgio

2012-01-01

CpG DNA methylation is one of the main epigenetic modifications playing a role in the control of gene expression. For DNA viruses whose genome has the ability to integrate in the host genome or to maintain as a latent episome, a correlation has been found between the extent of DNA methylation and viral quiescence. No information is available for Parvovirus B19, a human pathogenic virus, which is capable of both lytic and persistent infections. Within Parvovirus B19 genome, the inverted terminal regions display all the characteristic signatures of a genomic CpG island; therefore we hypothesised a role of CpG dinucleotide methylation in the regulation of viral genome expression. The analysis of CpG dinucleotide methylation of Parvovirus B19 DNA was carried out by an aptly designed quantitative real-time PCR assay on bisulfite-modified DNA. The effects of CpG methylation on the regulation of viral genome expression were first investigated by transfection of either unmethylated or in vitro methylated viral DNA in a model cell line, showing that methylation of viral DNA was correlated to lower expression levels of the viral genome. Then, in the course of in vitro infections in different cellular environments, it was observed that absence of viral expression and genome replication were both correlated to increasing levels of CpG methylation of viral DNA. Finally, the presence of CpG methylation was documented in viral DNA present in bioptic samples, indicating the occurrence and a possible role of this epigenetic modification in the course of natural infections. The presence of an epigenetic level of regulation of viral genome expression, possibly correlated to the silencing of the viral genome and contributing to the maintenance of the virus in tissues, can be relevant to the balance and outcome of the different types of infection associated to Parvovirus B19. PMID:22413013

Infecciones del sistema nervioso central por enterovirus en niños atendidos en un hospital de Lima, Perú Enteroviral central nervous system infections in children treated at a hospital in Lima, Peru

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Iván O Espinoza

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia y las características clínicas de las infecciones del sistema nervioso central por enterovirus en niños atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo desde abril 2008 hasta marzo 2010. Se enrolaron pacientes de un mes a 14 años con diagnóstico clínico de encefalitis o meningitis asépticas. Se investigó la presencia de enterovirus, virus herpes simple 1 (VHS-1, virus herpes simple 2 (VHS-2 y virus varicela-zoster (VZV mediante reacción en cadena de polimerasa (PCR. Resultados. Se enrolaron 97 pacientes de los cuales 69 % presentaron encefalitis aguda y 31 % meningitis aguda. Se identificó enterovirus en 52,6 % del total de infecciones agudas no bacterianas del sistema nervioso central; encontrándose en 83,3 % de las meningitis y en 38,8 % de las encefalitis. No hubo casos de infección por VHS-1, VHS-2 ni VZV. Las infecciones por enterovirus alcanzaron el 82,9 % en los meses cálidos de noviembre a enero y el 28,6 % en los meses fríos de mayo a julio. Conclusiones. Los enterovirus fueron los principales agentes etiológicos en las encefalitis y meningitis asépticas agudas en pacientes pediátricos de Lima, Perú. Los enterovirus tienen un comportamiento epidemiológico estacional con un claro aumento del número de casos en los meses de verano. Resulta útil tener disponible un método de diagnóstico rápido, como una ayuda para el manejo de las infecciones agudas del sistema nervioso.Objectives. To determine the frequency and clinical features of central nervous system infections caused by enterovirus in children treated at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods. A prospective, descriptive study was performed from April 2008 to March 2010. Patients aged 1 month - 14 years with clinical diagnosis of encephalitis or aseptic meningitis were included. We investigated the

Importance of viral diseases in irradiated persons

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Blaha, M.; Jebavy, L.; Merka, V.; Horacek, J.

1988-01-01

A preliminary study was performed aimed at establishing the incidence of some viral diseases in radiation syndrome patients and the significance of the diseases for prognosis. In the study, 77 patients with syndromologically identical acute hematological forms of radiation sickness, mainly leukemic patients suffering from severe blood formation suppression and/or hematoblastosis were examined for concurrent herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infections. Active viruses were isolated in almost 30% of the patients; nearly 90% of the patients were serologically positive, shedding antibodies. The findings thus confirmed the view that viral disease, especially in immunocompromised patients, has a critical effect on the survival of radiation sickness sufferers. (L.O.). 12 refs

VIRAL HEPATITIS A TO E IN SOUTH MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES

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Sanaa M. Kamal

2010-02-01

Full Text Available Viral hepatitis represents an important health problem in the South Mediterranean countries, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.  Emerging natural history and epidemiological information reveal differences in the overall epidemiology, risk factors and modes of transmission of viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, E infections in the South Mediterranean region. The differences in the in incidence and prevalence of viral hepatitis across North African countries is attributed to variations in health care  and sanitation standards, risk factors and immunization strategies. The active continuous population movement through travel, tourism and migration from and to the South Mediterranean countries contribute to the spread of infections due to hepatitis viruses across borders leading to outbreaks and emergence of new patterns of infection or introduction of uncommon genotypes in other countries, particularly in Europe.

Pest control through viral disease: mathematical modeling and analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Bhattacharyya, S; Bhattacharya, D K

2006-01-07

This paper deals with the mathematical modeling of pest management under viral infection (i.e. using viral pesticide) and analysis of its essential mathematical features. As the viral infection induces host lysis which releases more virus into the environment, on the average 'kappa' viruses per host, kappain(1,infinity), the 'virus replication parameter' is chosen as the main parameter on which the dynamics of the infection depends. We prove that there exists a threshold value kappa(0) beyond which the endemic equilibrium bifurcates from the free disease one. Still for increasing kappa values, the endemic equilibrium bifurcates towards a periodic solution. We further analyse the orbital stability of the periodic orbits arising from bifurcation by applying Poor's condition. A concluding discussion with numerical simulation of the model is then presented.

The susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model for viral marketing

Science.gov (United States)

Ismail, Siti Suhaila; Akil, Ku Azlina Ku; Chulan, Majdah; Sharif, Noorzila

2017-11-01

Viral marketing is a marketing strategy utilizes social media to spread information about a product or services provided. It is the most powerful way to share information in a short amount of time. The objective of this study is to investigate the dynamic of viral marketing within a time duration in the point of view of mathematics. This study used the epidemiological model known as Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR). The model consists of a system of three differential equations with three state variables namely susceptible (S), infected (I) and recovered (R). It considers a case of SIR model with demography. Numerical experiments have been performed. The results show that viral marketing reaches its peak within two days. The online messages shared will become higher if the initial number of the infected individual has been increased.

ASTHMA AND VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN

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D. Sh. Macharadze

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Viruses are the most common pathogens of acute respiratory diseases — most often causing mild symptoms of common cold: cough, runny nose, temperature increases. At the same time, 1/3 of children have the following symptoms of lower respiratory tract disorders: shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, respiratory failure. Virus-induced wheezing are risk factors for development of asthma in childhood. Recent clinical and scientific data suggest: the more difficult are viral respiratory infections in young children, the higher their risk of asthma later on. Another feature is that children with allergic diseases are much more likely to have viral respiratory infections(and with longer clinical course, compared with children without atopy. The use of ibuprofen is safe for children over 3 months, including suffering from bronchial asthma.

Experience with Hepatitis B viral load testing in Nigeria | Okwuraiwe ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Background: Quantification of the viral burden is an important laboratory tool in the management of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients. However, widespread use of assays is still hampered by the high cost. Treatment reduces viral load to undetectable levels. HBV infected patients tend to have high HBV DNA levels, ...

Evaluation of Viral Meningoencephalitis Cases

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Handan Ilhan

2012-08-01

Full Text Available AIM: To evaluate retrospectively adult cases of viral encephalitis. METHOD: Fifteen patients described viral encephalitis hospitalized between the years 2006-2011 follow-up and treatment at the infectious diseases clinic were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Most of the patients (%60 had applied in the spring. Fever (87%, confusion (73%, neck stiffness (73%, headache (73%, nausea-vomiting (33%, loss of consciousness (33%, amnesia (33%, agitation (20%, convulsion (%20, focal neurological signs (13%, Brudzinski-sign (13% were most frequently encountered findings. Electroencephalography test was applied to 13 of 14 patients, and pathological findings compatible with encephalitis have been found. Radiological imaging methods such as CT and MRI were performed in 9 of the 14 patients, and findings consistent with encephalitis were reported. All of initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF samples were abnormal. The domination of the first examples was lymphocytes in 14 patients; only one patient had an increase in neutrophilic cells have been found. CSF protein level was high in nine patients, and low glucose level was detected in two patients. Herpes simplex virus polymerized chain reaction (PCR analyze was performed to fourteen patients CSF. Only two of them (14% were found positive. One of the patients sample selectively examined was found to be Parvovirus B19 (+, the other patient urine sample Jacobs-creutzfeld virus PCR was found to be positively. Empiric acyclovir therapy was given to all patients. Neuropsychiatric squeal developed at the one patient. CONCLUSION: The cases in the forefront of change in mental status viral meningoencephalitis should be considered and empirical treatment with acyclovir should be started. [TAF Prev Med Bull 2012; 11(4.000: 447-452

Viral vs. bacterial pulmonary infections in chidren. Is roentgenographic differentiation possible

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Swischuk, L.E.; Hayden, C.K. Jr.

1986-01-01

This study was conducted to determine whether one could identify viral and bacterial pulmonary infections with confidence. It has been our impression for some time that one could differentiate viral from bacterial pulmonary infections on the basis of roentgenographic findings alone and test this hypothesis, we conducted this study where the roentgenographic findings first were categorized as being due to viral or bacterial infection and then compared with clinical results. The overall accuracy was just over 90% and our method of analysis is presented. (orig.)

Phage and Nucleocytoplasmic Large Viral Sequences Dominate Coral Viromes from the Arabian Gulf.

Science.gov (United States)

Mahmoud, Huda; Jose, Liny

2017-01-01

Corals that naturally thrive under extreme conditions are gaining increasing attention due to their importance as living models to understand the impact of global warming on world corals. Here, we present the first metagenomic study of viral communities in corals thriving in a thermally variable water body in which the temperature fluctuates between 11 and 39°C in different seasons. The viral assemblages of two of the most abundant massive ( Porites harrisoni ) and branching ( Acropora downingi ) corals in offshore and inshore reef systems in the northern Arabian Gulf were investigated. Samples were collected from five reef systems during summer, autumn and winter of 2011/2012. The two coral viromes contain 12 viral families, including 10 dsDNA viral families [Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, Myoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Baculoviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Alloherpesviridae, Mimiviridae and one unclassified family], one-ssDNA viral family (Microviridae) and one RNA viral family (Retroviridae). Overall, sequences significantly similar to Podoviridae were the most abundant in the P. harrisoni and A. downingi viromes. Various morphological types of virus-like particles (VLPs) were confirmed in the healthy coral tissue by transmission electron microscopy, including large tailless VLPs and electron-dense core VLPs. Tailed bacteriophages were isolated from coral tissue using a plaque assay. Higher functional gene diversity was recorded in A. downingi than in P. harrisoni , and comparative metagenomics revealed that the Gulf viral assemblages are functionally distinct from Pacific Ocean coral viral communities.

Phage and Nucleocytoplasmic Large Viral Sequences Dominate Coral Viromes from the Arabian Gulf

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Huda Mahmoud

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Corals that naturally thrive under extreme conditions are gaining increasing attention due to their importance as living models to understand the impact of global warming on world corals. Here, we present the first metagenomic study of viral communities in corals thriving in a thermally variable water body in which the temperature fluctuates between 11 and 39°C in different seasons. The viral assemblages of two of the most abundant massive (Porites harrisoni and branching (Acropora downingi corals in offshore and inshore reef systems in the northern Arabian Gulf were investigated. Samples were collected from five reef systems during summer, autumn and winter of 2011/2012. The two coral viromes contain 12 viral families, including 10 dsDNA viral families [Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, Myoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Baculoviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Alloherpesviridae, Mimiviridae and one unclassified family], one-ssDNA viral family (Microviridae and one RNA viral family (Retroviridae. Overall, sequences significantly similar to Podoviridae were the most abundant in the P. harrisoni and A. downingi viromes. Various morphological types of virus-like particles (VLPs were confirmed in the healthy coral tissue by transmission electron microscopy, including large tailless VLPs and electron-dense core VLPs. Tailed bacteriophages were isolated from coral tissue using a plaque assay. Higher functional gene diversity was recorded in A. downingi than in P. harrisoni, and comparative metagenomics revealed that the Gulf viral assemblages are functionally distinct from Pacific Ocean coral viral communities.

Análise cinemática e eletromiográfica do alcance em pacientes com acidente vascular encefálico

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Karoline Cipriano Raimundo

Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: O movimento de alcance é muito estudado na literatura, no entanto, poucos estudos realizam análise cinemática e eletromiográfica desse movimento em sujeitos hemiparéticos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o alcance de indivíduos hemiparéticos pós-acidente vascular encefálico (AVE em seus aspectos cinemáticos e eletromiográficos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados quatro indivíduos, idade média de 54,5 ± 10,7 anos, com diagnóstico de AVE associado à hemiparesia. Realizou-se a avaliação cinemática e eletromiográfica concomitantemente do movimento de alcance na postura sentada, tanto do lado parético quanto do não parético. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa entre os sujeitos com relação ao deslocamento (F(3,63 = 3.081, p = 0.03, porém, não ocorreu diferença significativa entre os lados (F(1,63 = 1.441, p = 0.23. Com relação às articulações (ombro, cotovelo e punho, houve diferença significativa entre os deslocamentos de cada uma (F(2,63 = 27.496, p = 0.00, assim como entre as coordenadas x, y e z (F(2,63 = 36.702, p = 0.00. Na análise dos dados eletromiográficos, não houve diferença significativa entre os sujeitos (F(3,31 = 2.437, p = 0.08, entre os lados (F(1,31 = 3.384, p = 0.07 e entre os músculos (F(4,31 = 0.942, p = 0.45. Existiu diferença no tempo de execução dos movimentos quando comparado o lado não acometido com o acometido. CONCLUSÃO: As análises cinemática e eletromiográfica, de um modo geral, mostraram resultados semelhantes aos encontrados na literatura. No entanto, este estudo acrescenta uma visão mais sistematizada do movimento de alcance, considerando seus aspectos funcionais, diferindo de outros estudos por apresentar, concomitantemente, análises cinemática e eletromiográfica e por investigar ambos os membros superiores.

INFEZIONI VIRALI CONGENITE, PERINATALI E NEONATALI VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN INFANT

Science.gov (United States)

Tremolada, Sara; Delbue, Serena; Ferrante, Pasquale

2009-01-01

Riassunto Alcuni virus possono essere trasmessi verticalmente da madre a figlio in seguito allo sviluppo, da parte della madre, di un’infezione primaria, ricorrente o cronica. La trasmissione materno-fetale dei virus, che può avvenire in utero (infezione congenita), durante il travaglio del parto (infezione perinatale), oppure attraverso l’allattamento (infezione postnatale), può causare aborto spontaneo, morte fetale, ritardo di crescita intrauterino, anomalie congenite e patologie neonatali o postnatali di diversa entità. Alcuni fattori di rischio sembrano influenzare l’incidenza di trasmissione materno-fetale dei virus, come ad esempio la presenza di altre infezioni virali, la carica virale materna, il tipo di infezione (primaria o ricorrente), la durata della rottura delle membrane, la modalità con cui avviene il parto, le condizioni socio-economiche e l’allattamento. Oggi è possibile prevenire la trasmissione materno-fetale di molti virus grazie all’utilizzo di vaccini, immunizzazione passiva e farmaci antivirali. Il rischio di trasmissione delle infezioni perinatali e postnatali, inoltre, può essere diminuito evitando l’allattamento o ricorrendo ad un parto cesareo. PMID:19216201

Non-viral Nucleic Acid Delivery Strategies to the Central Nervous System

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James-Kevin Tan

2016-11-01

Full Text Available With an increased prevalence and understanding of central nervous system injuries and neurological disorders, nucleic acid therapies are gaining promise as a way to regenerate lost neurons or halt disease progression. While more viral vectors have been used clinically as tools for gene delivery, non-viral vectors are gaining interest due to lower safety concerns and the ability to deliver all types of nucleic acids. Nevertheless, there are still a number of barriers to nucleic acid delivery. In this focused review, we explore the in vivo challenges hindering non-viral nucleic acid delivery to the central nervous system and the strategies and vehicles used to overcome them. Advantages and disadvantages of different routes of administration including: systemic injection, cerebrospinal fluid injection, intraparenchymal injection, and peripheral administration are discussed. Non-viral vehicles and treatment strategies that have overcome delivery barriers and demonstrated in vivo gene transfer to the central nervous system are presented. These approaches can be used as guidelines in developing synthetic gene delivery vectors for central nervous system applications and will ultimately bring non-viral vectors closer to clinical application.

Investigando con personas con dificultades de aprendizaje

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Borja González Luna

2013-12-01

Full Text Available El artículo muestra los orígenes de lo que Walmsley (2008 denomina «investigación inclusiva». Para comprender qué se entiende por investigación inclusiva tenemos que remontarnos a los debates epistemológicos sobre las metodologías cuantitativas y cualitativas, acontecidos en la década de los 90, en torno a la revista Disability & Society. A partir de una síntesis de dichos debates, focalizados en el ámbito de la «discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo», se exponen dos estrategias de colaboración con dicha población: a una aproximación etnográfica (de trabajo grupal, y b una aproximación biográfica (de trabajo individual. A continuación se esboza un posible diseño de trabajo de campo que intenta superar el paradigma cualitativo «clásico» con el objetivo de incluir a dicho colectivo más allá del rol de «sujetos de la investigación». Para finalizar se recoge el debate sobre la accesibilidad de los resultados de la investigación a los participantes en dichas investigaciones, y con ello la necesaria innovación en el ámbito de las «devoluciones» de los resultados, cuando se trata de incluir a personas que presentan limitaciones para la comprensión del lenguaje abstracto oral y/o escrito.

MODELADO CON REDES DE PETRI E IMPLEMENTACIÓN CON GRAFCET DE UN SISTEMA DE MANUFACTURA FLEXIBLE CON PROCESOS CONCURRENTES Y RECURSOS COMPARTIDOS

OpenAIRE

Johanna Stella Castellanos Arias; Leonardo Enrique Solaque Guzmán

2010-01-01

En este trabajo, se presenta el modelado de un Sistema de Manufactura Flexible (SMF), con procesos concurrentes y recursos compartidos mediante Sistemas a Eventos Discretos (SED), específicamente Redes de Petri (RdP), y GRAFCET. El SMF se plantea como un modelo hipotético que se modela con una RdP con el objeto de identificar su dinámica y hallar la secuencia óptima de funcionamiento del sistema. Se desarrolló un modelo matemático que permite estimar el vector de tiempo acumulado de un proces...

Viral phenotype, antiretroviral resistance and clinical evolution in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.

Science.gov (United States)

Mellado, M J; Cilleruelo, M J; Ortiz, M; Villota, J; García, M; Perez-Jurado, M L; Barreiro, G; Martín-Fontelos, P; Bernal, A

1997-11-01

The syncytium-inducing (SI) viral phenotype and the emergence of viral strains resistant to zidovudine have been described in persons infected with HIV, and in some cases they have been associated with poor prognosis. HIV isolates obtained from 37 HIV-infected children were analyzed to determine whether the SI viral phenotype and the mutation on the 215 position of the reverse transcriptase (M215) could be used as markers of disease progression. We performed peripheral blood coculture mononuclear cells, and we analyzed the induction of syncytia using the MT-2 cell line. The emergence of mutations on the 215 position was determined by PCR. We found a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) between SI viral phenotype and (1) recurrent serious bacterial infections, (2) absolute CD4+ cell counts <2 SD, (3) progression to AIDS and (4) death. Sixty percent of the children treated with zidovudine developed 215 mutant viral strains without statistically significant association with clinical or immunologic findings. The SI viral phenotype was statistically associated with the presence of the 215 mutation (P < 0.05). SI viral phenotype is a marker associated with a poor clinical and immunologic progression of the disease and it may facilitate the emergence of mutant strains in children treated with zidovudine.

The importance of lytic and nonlytic immune responses in viral infections

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Wodarz, Dominik; Christensen, Jan Pravsgaard; Thomsen, Allan Randrup