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Sample records for compounds untersuchungen ueber

  1. Solar-aided air conditioning through sorption. Final report. Phase 2; Solar unterstuetzte Klimatisierung ueber Sorption. Endbericht zur Phase 2

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Laevemann, E; Kessling, W; Peltzer, M

    1996-09-24

    The present article reports on possibilities of using solar energy for cooling buildings. It contains the following chapters: Current state of research and development; room air conditioning; planning and results of the studies; theory; experimental studies on the sorption dehumidifier; development of exchange surfaces; development of solution distributors; cooling of exchange surfaces; construction of a sorption dehumidifier. (HW) [Deutsch] Die Arbeit berichtet ueber Moeglichkeiten der Anwendung von Solarenergie zur Kuehlung von Gebaeuden. Die Arbeit enthaelt folgende Kapitel: - Stand der Forschung und Entwicklung - Raumklimatisierung - Planung und Ergebnis der Untersuchungen - Theorie - Experimentelle Untersuchungen am Sorptionsentfeuchter - Entwicklung von Austauschflaechen - Entwicklung von Loesungsverteilern - Kuehlung von Austauschflaechen - Konstruktion eines Sorptionsentfeuchters. (HW)

  2. Progress report within the series of GRS-F progress reports on reactor safety, sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour. Period: 1 July - 31 December 2003; Berichte ueber vom Bundesministerium fuer Wirtschaft und Arbeit gefoerderte Forschungsvorhaben auf dem Gebiet der Reaktorsicherheit. Berichtszeitraum: 01. Juli - 31. Dezember 2003

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2004-07-01

    The Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, by order of the BMWi, continuously issues information on the status of the investigations into the safety of nuclear power plants by publishing semi-annual and annual progress reports within the series of GRS-F-Fortschrittsberichte (GRS-F-Progress Reports). Each progress report represents a compilation of individual reports about the objectives, work performed, results achieved, next steps of the work etc. The individual reports are prepared in a standard form by the research organisations themselves as documentation of their progress in work and are published by the Research Management Division of GRS within the framework of general information on the progress in reactor safety research. The compilation of the reports is classified according to general topics related to reactor safety research. Further, use is made of the classification system ''Joint Safety Research Index'' of the CEC (commission of the european communities). The reports are arranged in sequence of their project numbers. (orig.) [German] Die Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH informiert im Auftrag des BMWi halbjaehrlich und jaehrlich ueber den Stand der Untersuchungen zur Sicherheit von Kernreaktoren in den Fortschrittsberichten der GRS-F-Berichtsreihe. Jeder Fortschrittsbericht stellt eine Sammlung von Einzelberichten ueber Zielsetzung, durchgefuehrte Arbeiten, erzielte Ergebnisse, geplante Weiterarbeit etc. dar, die von den Forschungsstellen selbst als Dokumentation ihres Arbeitsfortschritts in einheitlicher Form erstellt und von der Forschungsbetreuung (FB) in der GRS im Rahmen der allgemeinen Information ueber die Fortschritte von Untersuchungen zur Reaktorsicherheit herausgegeben werden. Die inhaltliche Gliederung der Berichtssammlung erfolgt durch sachliche Zuordnung der Vorhaben zu uebergeordneten Themenbereichen der Reaktorsicherheitsforschung, ferner nach dem Klassifikationsschema

  3. Geochemical investigations into the retention of reactive carbon compounds for toxic heavy metals. Final report; Geochemische Untersuchungen zur Retention von reaktiven Kohlenstoffverbindungen fuer toxische Schwermetalle. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kupsch, H.; Mansel, A.; Crustewitz, C.

    2003-03-01

    The composition, reactivity and stability of reactive organic carbon compounds adsorbed on geogenic matrices was investigated. The surface deposits of NOM and its dependence on geochemical parameters was investigated in selected geomatrices. The retention of toxic heavy metals on these surface deposits of NOM was investigated in consideration of the presence of hydroxy species and inorganic ligands. The investigations of the reactivity of the NOM species requires analyses of these compounds and of the heavy metals in the ultratracer region. This was possible by means of radiochemical methods that were further developed in the context of this project. Radioactive labeling of identified reactive carbon compounds, e.g. with radioactive iodine, on the one hand, and the use of radioactive Cu, Pb, Hg isotopes on the other hand enabled speciation analyses in the binary systems (heavy metal + geomatrix, heavy metal + reactive carbon compounds, reactive carbon compounds + geomatrix) and especially in the ternary system (heavy metal + geomatrix + reactive carbon compounds) in defined conditions. The special labelling techniques were a precondition for distribution measurements in the near-natural, low concentration range. (orig.) [German] Ziel des Projektes war es, mit der vorhandenen Analytik und Expertise die Zusammensetzung, die Reaktivitaet und die Stabilitaet der auf den geogenen Matrizes sorbierten reaktiven organischen Kohlenstoffverbindungen und die damit verbundenen Stoffumsaetze aufzuklaeren. An ausgewaehlten Geomatrizes wurde die Ausbildung von Oberflaechendepositen des NOM und deren Abhaengigkeit gegenueber geochemischen Parametern untersucht. Unter der Beruecksichtigung der Gegenwart von Hydroxyspezies und anorganischen Liganden wurde die Retention toxischer Schwermetalle an diesen Oberflaechendepositen des NOM untersucht. Die Untersuchungen zur Reaktivitaet der NOM-Spezies setzt eine Analytik dieser Verbindungen und der Schwermetalle im Ultraspurenbereich

  4. Studies on allergic reactions after exposure to platinum compounds; Untersuchungen ueber allergische Reaktionen bei Exposition gegen Platinverbindungen (VPT 07A)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Merget, R; Schultze-Werninghaus, G [Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken, Bergmannsheil - Universitaetsklinik, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Abt. fuer Pneumologie, Allergologie und Schlafmedizin, Bochum (Germany)

    1998-12-31

    The aim of the present study was to assess the allergic hazard potential of Pt-containing substances emitted from automotive catalytic converters for the population. This was done by determining exposure-effect relationships in subjects occupationally exposed to platinum compounds in a catalytic converter manufacturing company. The company had been deemed suitable because it could be assumed that the extensive technical industrial safety measures implemented there would make for a considerably reduced exposure to platinum compounds compared to, for example, a platinum separating plant. Exposure-effect relationships were determined on the basis of platinum measurements in a catalytic-converter-manufacturing plant and of a record of new sickness cases. [Deutsch] Ziel der Untersuchung war eine Risikoabschaetzung des Allergie-Gefaehrdungspotentials Pt-haltiger Automobilkatalysatoremittate fuer die Bevoelkerung durch Ermittlung der Expositions-Wirkungsbeziehung bei beruflich gegenueber Platinverbindungen Exponierten in einem Katalysatorfertigungsbertrieb. Der gewaehlte Katalysatorbetrieb war deshalb als geeignet betrachtet worden, weil durch weitgehende technische Arbeitsschutzmassnahmen eine wesentlich geringere Exposition gegenueber Platinverbindungen anzunehmen war als zum Beispiel in Platinscheidereien. Die Expositions-Wirkungsbeziehung sollte durch Platinmessungen in einem Katalysator-Betrieb und Erfassung der Haeufigkeit von Neuerkrankungen im Laengsschnitt definiert werden. (orig.)

  5. Studies on allergic reactions after exposure to platinum compounds; Untersuchungen ueber allergische Reaktionen bei Exposition gegen Platinverbindungen (VPT 07A)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Merget, R.; Schultze-Werninghaus, G. [Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken, Bergmannsheil - Universitaetsklinik, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Abt. fuer Pneumologie, Allergologie und Schlafmedizin, Bochum (Germany)

    1997-12-31

    The aim of the present study was to assess the allergic hazard potential of Pt-containing substances emitted from automotive catalytic converters for the population. This was done by determining exposure-effect relationships in subjects occupationally exposed to platinum compounds in a catalytic converter manufacturing company. The company had been deemed suitable because it could be assumed that the extensive technical industrial safety measures implemented there would make for a considerably reduced exposure to platinum compounds compared to, for example, a platinum separating plant. Exposure-effect relationships were determined on the basis of platinum measurements in a catalytic-converter-manufacturing plant and of a record of new sickness cases. [Deutsch] Ziel der Untersuchung war eine Risikoabschaetzung des Allergie-Gefaehrdungspotentials Pt-haltiger Automobilkatalysatoremittate fuer die Bevoelkerung durch Ermittlung der Expositions-Wirkungsbeziehung bei beruflich gegenueber Platinverbindungen Exponierten in einem Katalysatorfertigungsbertrieb. Der gewaehlte Katalysatorbetrieb war deshalb als geeignet betrachtet worden, weil durch weitgehende technische Arbeitsschutzmassnahmen eine wesentlich geringere Exposition gegenueber Platinverbindungen anzunehmen war als zum Beispiel in Platinscheidereien. Die Expositions-Wirkungsbeziehung sollte durch Platinmessungen in einem Katalysator-Betrieb und Erfassung der Haeufigkeit von Neuerkrankungen im Laengsschnitt definiert werden. (orig.)

  6. Clinically relevant incidental cardiovascular findings in CT examinations; Klinisch relevante kardiovaskulaere Zufallsbefunde bei CT-Untersuchungen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Voigt, P.; Fahnert, J.; Kahn, T.; Surov, A. [Universitaetsklinikum Leipzig, Klinik fuer Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Leipzig (Germany); Schramm, D.; Bach, A.G. [Universitaetsklinikum Halle (Saale), Klinik fuer Radiologie, Halle (Germany)

    2017-04-15

    Incidental cardiovascular findings are a frequent phenomenon in computed tomography (CT) examinations. As the result of a dedicated PubMed search this article gives a systemic overview of the current literature on the most important incidental cardiovascular findings, their prevalence and clinical relevance. The majority of incidental cardiovascular findings are of only low clinical relevance; however, highly relevant incidental findings, such as aortic aneurysms, thromboses and thromboembolic events can also occasionally be found, especially in oncology patients. The scans from every CT examination should also be investigated for incidental findings as they can be of decisive importance for the further clinical management of patients, depending on their clinical relevance. (orig.) [German] Inzidentelle kardiovaskulaere Befunde sind ein haeufiges Phaenomen bei CT-Untersuchungen. Mit dieser Arbeit soll nach gezielter PubMed-Recherche ein systematischer Literaturueberblick ueber die wichtigsten kardiovaskulaeren Zufallsbefunde sowie deren Haeufigkeit und klinische Relevanz gegeben werden. Die Mehrzahl der inzidentellen kardiovaskulaeren Befunde sind klinisch nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung, allerdings werden immer wieder auch hochgradig relevante Zufallsbefunde wie beispielsweise Aortenaneurysmata oder - gerade bei onkologischen Patienten - Thrombosen und thrombembolische Ereignisse detektiert. Jede CT-Untersuchung sollte gezielt nach inzidentellen Befunden durchsucht werden, da diese je nach klinischer Relevanz von entscheidender Bedeutung fuer das weitere klinische Management des Patienten sein koennen. (orig.)

  7. Laboratory experiments and analytical investigations on the transfer of organic substances from lignite into ground water and residue lakes during flooding of opencast lignite mines. Final report; Laborexperimente und analytische Untersuchungen ueber den Eintrag braunkohlebuertiger organischer Stoffe in Grundwaesser und Restseegewaesser bei der Flutung von Braunkohletagebauen. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Herzschuh, R.; Frauendorf, H.; Herrmann, D.; Pietzsch, K.

    2000-05-01

    Lignite samples of diffrent lithotypes and composition from opencast mines of Lusatia and the region near Leipzig were submitted to weathering processes in laboratory scale experiments and the transfer of organic matter from lignite into the hydrosphere has been observed. By means of high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry used in combination with data from gas chromatography/mass spectrometry numerous lignite-derived aromatic and heteroaromatic (poly-)carboxylic acids as well as aliphatic dicarboxylic acids could be characterized in the aqueous extracts. Investigations on water samples from lignite mining residue lakes cofirm these results. Furthermore, formation of chlororganic compounds like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxine and furans (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), benzenes (PCBz) and phenols (PCPh) has been investigated on different lignite samples under natural weathering conditions and thermal treatment. (orig.) [German] Braunkohlen verschiedener Lithotypen und Zusammensetzung aus Tagebauen der Lausitz und der Region um Leipzig wurden in Laborexperimenten Verwitterungsprozessen unterzogen und der Uebergang organischer Materie aus der Braunkohle in die Hydrosphaere beobachtet. Mit Hilfe der HPLC-Elektrospray-MS-Untersuchungen in Kombination mit Daten aus GC-MS-Messungen konnten zahlreiche aus der Braunkohle stammende aromatische und heteroaromatische (Poly-)Carbonsaeuren sowie aliphatische Dicarbonsaeuren in den waessrigen Extrakten charakterisiert werden. Untersuchungen an Wasserproben aus bereits gefluteten Tagebaurestseen bestaetigen diese Ergebnisse. Weiterhin wurde die Bildung chlororganischer Verbindungen, wie polychlorierter Dibenzo-p-dioxine und -furane (PCDD/F) sowie polychlorierter Biphenyle (PCB), Benzole (PCBz) und Phenole (PCPh) an unterschiedlichen Braunkohleproben unter natuerlichen Bedingungen und nach thermsicher Behandlung untersucht. (orig.)

  8. Ueber einige Entwicklungsstadien von Rhopilema hispidum (Vanhoeffen) Maas

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Stiasny, G.

    1933-01-01

    Gelegentlich der Durchsicht einiger älterer Planktonfänge aus dem malayischen Archipel in den Sammlungen des Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden fanden sich zahlreiche Entwicklungsstadien von Rhopilema hispidum (VANH.) MAAS vor, über die ich hier kurz berichten will. Ueber die

  9. Optimisation of solar collector foils with transparent thermal insulation. Final report; Optimierung von transparent waermegedaemmten Folien-Speicherkollektoren. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Michaelis, M

    1995-02-01

    The report describes storage collector foils which are used as hybrid systems. Contents: State of the art - solar test facility - tests on small test collectors - cost reduction. (HW) [Deutsch] Es wird berichtet ueber Folien-Speicherkollektoren, die als Hybridsysteme zum Einsatz kommen. Inhalt der Arbeit: - Stand der Technik - solare Testanlage - Untersuchungen an kleinen Testkollektoreinheiten - Kostenreduzierung. (HW)

  10. Untersuchungen an Eisen- und Lanthanoidhaltigen Koordinationsclustern mit Triazolat- sowie Semiquinonato-Liganden

    OpenAIRE

    Kriese, Thomas

    2016-01-01

    Magnetische Untersuchungen an Lanthanoiddimeren mit Semiquinonato-Liganden. Gemischtvalente Eisen-Koordinationsclustern. Lanthanoid-Koordinationscluster mit zwölf Lanthanoiden aber mit verschiedenen Clusterladungen.

  11. Clinical applications of single photon emission tomography in neuromedicine. Pt. 2. Dementia, psychotic disorders, inflammation, trauma; Klinische Anwendungen der Single-Photon-Emissionstomographie in der Neuromedizin. T. 2. Dementielle Erkrankungen, Psychosen, Entzuendungen, Schaedelhirntrauma

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bartenstein, P.; Gruenwald, F.; Kuwert, T.; Tatsch, K.; Sabri, O.; Benkert, O.; Fahlbusch, R.; Gruender, G.; Herholz, K.; Weiller, C. [Mainz Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin

    2000-12-01

    This article gives in his second part a critical review of the clinical applications of SPECT with perfusion markers and receptor ligands in dementing disorders and psychosis. In addition this review discusses clinical applications of SPECT investigations with perfusion markers in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system and in brain trauma. (orig.) [German] Die vorliegende Arbeit vermittelt in ihrem zweiten Teil eine kritisch wertende Uebersicht ueber die klinischen Anwendungsmoeglichkeiten von SPECT-Untersuchungen mit Perfusionsmarkern und Rezeptorliganden bei dementiellen Erkrankungen sowie affektiven und schizophrenen Psychosen. Darueber hinaus werden in dieser Uebersicht Anwendungen von SPECT-Untersuchungen mit Perfusionsmarkern bei Fragestellungen im Rahmen von Entzuendungen des zentralen Nervensystems und bei Schaedelhirntraumata diskutiert. (orig.)

  12. Multitracer studies for determining seepage water and anion movement in four types of soil using lysimeters with different functions and designs; Multitracer-Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Sickerwasser- und Anionenbewegung in vier Bodenformen bei Lysimetern unterschiedlicher Nutzung und Bauart

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Knappe, S.; Russow, R. [UFZ - Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle GmbH, Bad Lauchstaedt (Germany). Sektion Bodenforschung; Seeger, J. [Lysimeterstation Falkenberg (Germany)

    1999-02-01

    Lysimeter experiments based on the stable isotope tracer technique are a suitable means of examining the complex relationships governing water and material transport processes in the soil. The present paper reports on experiments in which water and nitrate movement was traced directly by means of lysimeters placed at different depths and using deuterium water and [{sup 15}N]N-nitrate for pulse marking. Extensive investigations carried out during the dissection of soil monoliths that had been used for many years in lysimeters offered an opportunity for stable isotope tracer studies aimed at determining seepage water and anion movement in undisturbed soils and, after dismantling the lysimeters, conducting soil analyses to find out more about the fate of nonpercolated tracers at various soil depths. Following other authors, bromide anions were additionally used as conservative tracers. [Deutsch] Zur Untersuchung der komplexen Zusammenhaenge des Wasser- und Stofftransportes im Boden bieten sich Lysimeterversuche unter Nutzung der stabilisotopen Tracertechnik an. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird zunaechst ueber die direkte Verfolgung der Wasser- und Nitrat-Bewegung in tiefengestaffelten Lysimetern durch Pulsmarkierung mit Deuteriumwasser und [{sup 15}N]Nitrat berichtet. Im Rahmen von umfangreichen Untersuchungen bei der Zerlegung von langjaehrig in Lysimetern genutzten Bodenmonolithen bestand des weiteren die Moeglichkeit, stabilisotope Traceruntersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Sickerwasser- und Anionenbewegung an ungestoerten Boeden durchzufuehren und nach der Zerlegung der Lysimeter ueber entsprechende Analysen des Bodens Aussagen zum Verbleib der nicht perkolierten Tracer in verschiedenen Bodentiefen zu treffen. Zusaetzlich wurde dabei das von anderen Autoren bereits genutzte Bromid-Anion als sogenannter konservativer Tracer eingesetzt. (orig.)

  13. High-performance HVDC transmission over long distances; Hochleistungsuebertragung ueber grosse Entfernungen mit hochgespanntem Gleichstrom

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Radtke, U. [PreussenElektra AG, Hannover (Germany)

    1998-12-31

    High-voltage DC transmission is a world-wide established technology for low-cost transmission of large amounts of electricity over long distances. Thanks to HVDC transmission, large amounts of electricity can now for the first time also be transmitted over long distances via ocean cable, something that cannot be done with AC power cables. HVDC transmission is independent of grid frequencies and can link grids of different frequency and different quality of frequency. Interconnected grids coupled via DC circuits can exploit additional technical and economic advantages such as mutual supply of power reserves, balancing of peak load, and modulation of active and reactive power. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Hochspannungs-Gleichstromuebertragung (HGUe) ist eine weltweit etablierte Technik zur kostenguenstigen Uebertragung grosser elektrischer Leistungen ueber grosse Entfernungen. Sie schafft erstmals die Moeglichkeit, auch mittels Seekabel grosse Leistungen ueber Entfernungen zu uebertragen, die mit der Drehstromtechnik nicht moeglich sind. HGUeist unabhaengig von den Netzfrequenzen und kann Netze unterschiedlicher Frequenz und Frequenzguete miteinander verbinden. Ueber Gleichstromkreise gekuppelte Verbundnetze koennen zusaetzliche technische und wirtschaftliche Vorteile wie gegenseitige Bereitstellung von Kraftwerksreserven, Spitzenlastausgleich sowie Wirk- und Blindleistungsmodulation nutzt. (orig.)

  14. Degradation behaviour and excess sludge production of mixed biocoenoses in membrane bioreactors; Abbauverhalten und Ueberschussschlammproduktion von Mischbiozoenosen in Membranbioreaktoren

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kraume, M. [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Inst. fuer Verfahrenstechnik; Szewzyk, U. [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Fachgebiet Oekologie und Mikroorganismen

    1999-07-01

    In three different membrane bioreactors (technical scale and pilot scale), process engineering and microbiological studies were carried out over a period of up to three years. The sewage used was sugar-beet molasses slop and municipal sewage. All three plants exhibited stable COD degradation rates of 87 % (molasses slop) and 95 % (municipal sewage). They could be operated during the test period without regular removal of excess sludge. (orig.) [German] An drei unterschiedlichen Membranbioreaktoren (Technikums- und Pilotmassstab) wurden ueber einen Zeitraum von bis zu 3 Jahren verfahrenstechnische und mirkobiologische Untersuchungen durchgefuehrt. Als Abwasser wurde Zuckerrueben-Melasseschlempe und kommunales Abwasser eingesetzt. Alle drei Anlagen zeigten stabile CSB-Abbaugrade von 87% (Melasseschlempe) und 95% (kommunale Abwasser). Sie konnten ueber den Vesuchszeitraum ohne regelmaessigen Abzug von Ueberschussschlamm betrieben werden. (orig.)

  15. Untersuchungen über Veronica triloba (Opiz) Kerner in Rheinhessen

    OpenAIRE

    Oesau, Albert

    1981-01-01

    Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1977-1979 ergaben, daß Veronica triloba (Opiz) Kerner, eine Sippe aus dem Veronica hederifolia-Aggregat, in Rheinhessen überraschenderweise weit verbreitet ist und bisher übersehen wurde. Sie siedelt vor allem in Ackerunkraut- und Felsgrus-Gesellschaften sowie lückigen Trockenrasen, ohne eine gesellschaftsspezifische Bindung zu zeigen. Gut ausgeprägte morphologische Merkmale gestatten eine sichere Differenzierung gegenüber den übrigen Sippenvertretern V. hederifol...

  16. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their transfer into and dislocation within soil; Eintraege von polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAH) und ihre Verlagerung im Boden

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Duerbeck, H W; Niehaus, R; Mueller, U; Bueker, I [Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH (Germany). Inst. fuer Angewandte Physikalische Chemie

    1998-12-31

    In order to assess the terrestrial hazard potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it is vital to investigate their nuisance concentrations and deposition to soil and plants as well as their dislocation in soil. This was the object of the first part of the research programme ``Locational evaluation of chemical soil pollution``, conducted by the national research institutions. It was headed ``Analysis of exposure`` and comprised the following individual contributions: 1. Integrated long-term measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil air at ground level (FZJ), 2. Determination of PAH nuisance concentrations at the Scheyern experimental station as well as at the motorway by-passing Munich to the east (A 99), near Kirchheim (GSF), 3. Investigations regarding PAH exposure via the air pathway and inclusion of acquired data in substance flows made up for the east-German dry zone (Bad Lauchstaedt), (UFZ), 4. Simulation of PAH concentration and deposition in south-western Germany (FZK). (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Zur Abschaetzung des Gefaehrdungspotentials von Polycyclischen Aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) im terrestrischen Bereich sind daher Untersuchungen ueber die Immissionskonzentrationen und die Deposition auf Boeden und Pflanzen sowie ueber ihre Verlagerung im Boden von essentieller Bedeutung. Die Bearbeitung dieser Thematik erfolgte im Teilbereich I `Eintragsanalyse` des AGF-Programms `Standortgerechte Bewertung chemischer Bodenbelastungen` mit folgenden Einzelbeitraegen: 1. Integrierende Langzeitmessung von Polycyclischen Aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen in bodennaher Luft, (FZJ) 2. Bestimmung der PAH-Immissionskonzentrationen am Versuchsgut Scheyern sowie an der oestlichen Autobahnumgehung von Muenchen (A 99) bei Kirchheim, (GSF) 3. Untersuchungen zum Eintrag von PAH ueber den Luftpfad und Einbeziehung der Daten in Stoffkreislaeufe im Mitteldeutschen Trockengebiet (Bad Lauchstaedt), (UFZ) 4. Simulation der PAH-Konzentration und

  17. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their transfer into and dislocation within soil; Eintraege von polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAH) und ihre Verlagerung im Boden

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Duerbeck, H.W.; Niehaus, R.; Mueller, U.; Bueker, I. [Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH (Germany). Inst. fuer Angewandte Physikalische Chemie

    1997-12-31

    In order to assess the terrestrial hazard potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it is vital to investigate their nuisance concentrations and deposition to soil and plants as well as their dislocation in soil. This was the object of the first part of the research programme ``Locational evaluation of chemical soil pollution``, conducted by the national research institutions. It was headed ``Analysis of exposure`` and comprised the following individual contributions: 1. Integrated long-term measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil air at ground level (FZJ), 2. Determination of PAH nuisance concentrations at the Scheyern experimental station as well as at the motorway by-passing Munich to the east (A 99), near Kirchheim (GSF), 3. Investigations regarding PAH exposure via the air pathway and inclusion of acquired data in substance flows made up for the east-German dry zone (Bad Lauchstaedt), (UFZ), 4. Simulation of PAH concentration and deposition in south-western Germany (FZK). (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Zur Abschaetzung des Gefaehrdungspotentials von Polycyclischen Aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) im terrestrischen Bereich sind daher Untersuchungen ueber die Immissionskonzentrationen und die Deposition auf Boeden und Pflanzen sowie ueber ihre Verlagerung im Boden von essentieller Bedeutung. Die Bearbeitung dieser Thematik erfolgte im Teilbereich I `Eintragsanalyse` des AGF-Programms `Standortgerechte Bewertung chemischer Bodenbelastungen` mit folgenden Einzelbeitraegen: 1. Integrierende Langzeitmessung von Polycyclischen Aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen in bodennaher Luft, (FZJ) 2. Bestimmung der PAH-Immissionskonzentrationen am Versuchsgut Scheyern sowie an der oestlichen Autobahnumgehung von Muenchen (A 99) bei Kirchheim, (GSF) 3. Untersuchungen zum Eintrag von PAH ueber den Luftpfad und Einbeziehung der Daten in Stoffkreislaeufe im Mitteldeutschen Trockengebiet (Bad Lauchstaedt), (UFZ) 4. Simulation der PAH-Konzentration und

  18. Pharmakobotanische Untersuchungen von Lavendelsorten auf dem Plattensee- Plateau

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tóth, Frida

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available Auf dem Hof Dörgicsei Levendula Major GmbH wurden 9 Lavendelsorten (6 Sorten von Lavandula angustifolia und 3 Sorten von Lavandula x intermedia untersucht. Neben den morphologischen und Wachstumseigenschaften wurden auch Frisch- und Trockengewichte bewertet. Quantitative und qualitative Untersuchungen von den Blüten- und Ätherischöldrogen wurden auch durchgeführt. Die statistische Analyse zeigte signifikant höhere Erträge bei den Sorten L. angustifolia ’Essence Purple’ und L. x intermedia ’Edelweiss’. Gehalt und Zusammensetzung von ätherischem Öl war eindeutig bei der Sorte L. angustifolia ’Ellagance Purple’ am günstigsten.

  19. Noble metal emissions. Final presentation, Hanover, October 17/18, 1996; Edelmetall - Emissionen. Abschlusspraesentation, Hannover, 17. und 18. Oktober 1996. Kurzfassung der Vortraege

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pohl, D [comp.

    1998-12-31

    The discussion concerning noble metal emissions, in particular platinum emissions, and their environmental effects, started with the introduction of catalytical cleaning of gasoline engine exhaust. The Research Association for Noble Metal Emissions (Forschungsverbund Edelmetallemissionen) ws founded for the purpose of investigating problems concerning the types and volumes of noble metal emissions as well as their toxicological and allergological potential. In order to make valid statements on physiological and toxicological effects, it was necessary to identify the chemical forms of platinum and to develop powerful methods of analysis. Investigations of platinum concentrations in environmental samples suggest a 10 percent bioavailability. [Deutsch] Mit der Einfuehrung der katalytischen Abgasreinigung von Ottomotoren begann gleichzeitig die Diskussion ueber moegliche Emissionen von Edelmetallen, insbesondere von Platin, sowie ueber ihre eventuell moeglichen negativen Wirkungen in der Umwelt. Zur Erforschung der Fragestellungen zur Art und Menge der emittierten Platinmetalle, ihrer Aufnahme und dem Uebergang in den Nahrungskreislauf, sowie zu ihrem toxikologischen und allergologischen Potential wurde der Forschungsverbund ``Edelmetallemissionen`` gegruendet. Um Aussagen ueber physiologische und toxikologische Einfluesse zu machen, war es notwendig, die chemischen Erscheinungsformen des Platins zu identifizieren und nachweisstarke Analysenmethoden zu entwickeln. Untersuchungen zu Platinkonzentrationen in Umweltproben deuten auf eine Bioverfuegbarkeit von ca. 10 % hin. (ABI)

  20. Noble metal emissions. Final presentation, Hanover, October 17/18, 1996; Edelmetall - Emissionen. Abschlusspraesentation, Hannover, 17. und 18. Oktober 1996. Kurzfassung der Vortraege

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pohl, D. [comp.

    1997-12-31

    The discussion concerning noble metal emissions, in particular platinum emissions, and their environmental effects, started with the introduction of catalytical cleaning of gasoline engine exhaust. The Research Association for Noble Metal Emissions (Forschungsverbund Edelmetallemissionen) ws founded for the purpose of investigating problems concerning the types and volumes of noble metal emissions as well as their toxicological and allergological potential. In order to make valid statements on physiological and toxicological effects, it was necessary to identify the chemical forms of platinum and to develop powerful methods of analysis. Investigations of platinum concentrations in environmental samples suggest a 10 percent bioavailability. [Deutsch] Mit der Einfuehrung der katalytischen Abgasreinigung von Ottomotoren begann gleichzeitig die Diskussion ueber moegliche Emissionen von Edelmetallen, insbesondere von Platin, sowie ueber ihre eventuell moeglichen negativen Wirkungen in der Umwelt. Zur Erforschung der Fragestellungen zur Art und Menge der emittierten Platinmetalle, ihrer Aufnahme und dem Uebergang in den Nahrungskreislauf, sowie zu ihrem toxikologischen und allergologischen Potential wurde der Forschungsverbund ``Edelmetallemissionen`` gegruendet. Um Aussagen ueber physiologische und toxikologische Einfluesse zu machen, war es notwendig, die chemischen Erscheinungsformen des Platins zu identifizieren und nachweisstarke Analysenmethoden zu entwickeln. Untersuchungen zu Platinkonzentrationen in Umweltproben deuten auf eine Bioverfuegbarkeit von ca. 10 % hin. (ABI)

  1. Saarbergwerke AG. Report on the business year 1995; Saarbergwerke AG. Bericht ueber das Geschaeftsjahr 1995

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1997-12-31

    The business report 1995 contains informations about the position of the energy economics, the position of the Saarberg trust and the yearly balance. The activities of the Saarberg trust are reported. (RHM) [Deutsch] Der Geschaeftsbericht 1995 enthaelt Ausfuehrungen ueber die Lage der Energiewirtschaft, die Lage des Saarberg-Konzerns und den Jahresabschluss. Die Aktivitaeten des Saarberg-Konzerns werden dargestellt. (RHM)

  2. Untersuchungen ausgewählter Nierenkrankheiten beim Frettchen (Mustela putorius f. furo L. 1758)

    OpenAIRE

    Riechert, Maren

    2005-01-01

    Um Häufigkeit, Bedeutung und diätetische Ursachen veränderter Nieren beim Frettchen zu erarbeiten, wurden die Nieren von 63 Heimtieren und 120 Labortieren sonographisch untersucht und Fütterungsanalysen durchgeführt. Anatomische Studien an gesunden Nieren wurden für den Vergleich mit den veränderten Nieren angefertigt. Die Untersuchungen zur Anatomie ergaben für das Frettchen Nieren vom einfachen glatten und einwarzigen Typ. Des Weiteren konnten mithilfe von anatomischen ...

  3. Analysis of the current cost situation of wind power in Germany; Untersuchungen der aktuellen Kostensituation der Windenergienutzung in Deutschland

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rehfeldt, K. [Deutsches Windenergie-Inst. Sucursal en Espana, Pamplona (Spain); Schwenk, B. [InnoVent GmbH, Varel (Germany)

    2000-07-01

    Against the background of the discussion concerning the Reimbursement Act (StrEG) and the draft Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), the Bundesverband Windenergie e.V. (BWE) asked the Deutsches Windenergie-Institut (DEWI) to investigate the current cost situation of wind power in Germany. This involved a statistics of wind power generation cost over a period of 20 years. The data were obtained from wind power system operators, technical experts, producers of wind power systems and insurance companies. It was found that especially the cost of component replacement was higher than expected, so that long component life must be one of the main goals in the further development of wind power systems. According to the technical experts, component life today is much less than the rated life of 20 years. [German] Vor dem Hintergrund der Diskussion um das Stromeinspeisegesetz (StrEG) bzw. des Neuentwurfs zum Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) wurde das Deutsche Windenergie-Institut (DEWI) vom Bundesverband Windenergie e.V. (BWE) beauftragt, eine Studie ueber die aktuelle Kostensituation in Deutschland zu erarbeiten. Erstmals wurden hierbei Stromerzeugungskosten aus Windenergieanlagen (WEA) ueber einen Zeitraum von 20 Jahren ermittelt. Hierbei wurden Umfrageergebnisse von Betreibern von WEA, technischen Sachverstaendigen sowie von Herstellern von WEA und Versicherungsgesellschaften verwendet, um belastbare Aussagen ueber Betriebskosten und notwendige Ersatzinvestitionen zu erhalten. Insbesondere die Aussagen ueber notwendige Ersatzinvestitionen durch die technischen Sachverstaendigen waren hoeher als erwartet, so dass es in Zukunft Ziel sein muss, insbesondere bei der Weiterentwicklung von WEA auf wesentlich laengere Lebensdauern der Bauteilkomponenten von WEA zu draengen. Nach Aussage der technischen Sachverstaendigen liegen bisher die Lebensdauern wesentlicher Bauteile der WEA, wie Rotor, Bremssystem, Pitchregelung usw., weit unter der kalkulierten Lebensdauer von 20 Jahren

  4. Numerical investigations on the influence of wind shear and turbulence on aircraft trailing vortices; Numerische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Windscherung und Turbulenz auf Flugzeugwirbelschleppen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hofbauer, T.

    2003-07-01

    In several aspects, the behaviour of aircraft wake vortices under situations of vertical wind shear is significantly different from non-shear scenarios and its operational real-time forcast is challenging. By means of numerical investigations of idealized scenarios, the influence of wind shear on the lateral and vertical transport of vortices is analysed both, phenomenologically as well as in the scope of a sensitivity study. The results allow for the verification of controversial views and the benchmark of modelling approaches. Case studies of turbulent shear flows focus on the persistence of vortices. A detailed analysis of the flow fields evidence that unequal vortex decay rates can be attributed to the asymmetric distribution of secondary vorticity structures. The results moreover suggest that extended vortex lifespans can be expected under situations of wind shear. The unusual vortex behaviour observed by means of a LIDAR measurement is reproduced by realistic simulations and permits to reveal potential causes. (orig.) [German] Das Wirbelschleppenverhalten unterscheidet sich in Situationen vertikaler Windscherung in mehrfacher Hinsicht signifikant von scherungsfreien Szenarien und stellt eine besondere Herausforderung fuer eine operationelle Echtzeitvorhersage dar. Mittels numerischer Untersuchungen idealisierter Szenarien wird zunaechst der Einfluss von Windscherung auf den lateralen und vertikalen Wirbeltransport sowohl phaenomenologisch als auch quantitativ im Rahmen einer Sensitivitaetsstudie analysiert. Anhand der gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden auseinandergehende Erklaerungsansaetze geprueft und Modellierungsansaetze bewertet. Fallstudien turbulenter Scherstroemungen zur Wirbelpersistenz stellen einen weiteren Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit dar. Durch die ausfuehrliche Analyse der Stroemungsfelder wird der Nachweis erbracht, dass sich unterschiedliche Zerfallsraten der Wirbel auf die asymmetrische Verteilung von sekundaeren Vorticity-Strukturen zurueckfuehren

  5. Aquisition of age- and sex-dependent patient data for the calculation of annual radiation exposure in nuclear medicine: a German pilot study; Erfassung alters- und geschlechtsbezogener Daten nuklearmedizinischer Untersuchungen zur Berechnung der jaehrlichen Strahlenexposition in der BRD: Eine Pilotstudie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schnell-Inderst, P.; Hacker, M.; Weiss, M.; Hahn, K. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin, Klinikum der Univ. Muenchen (Germany); Nosske, D.; Stamm-Meyer, A.; Brix, G. [Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Inst. fuer Strahlenhygiene, Neuherberg (Germany)

    2004-04-01

    patientenbezogene Daten zu Alter, Geschlecht, Art der nuklearmedizinischen Untersuchung, appliziertem Radiopharmakon, Hoehe der applizierten Aktivitaet, Krankenversicherung (privat/gesetzlich), Aufnahmestatus (stationaer/ambulant) und Leistungsziffer (GOAebzw. EBM). Die Berechnung der effektiven Dosis pro Untersuchung erfolgte nach ICRP 80. Es wurden Mittelwert, Standardabweichung, Median sowie 5. und 95. Perzentile der effektiven Dosis pro Untersuchungsart stratifiziert nach Organsystem und nach Geschlecht getrennt in drei Altersgruppen bei Patienten ab 18 Jahren ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Es wurden 82 039 Untersuchungen aus 9 Kliniken und 7 Praxen ausgewertet. Die mediane effektive Dosis (5.-95. Perzentile) pro Untersuchung betrug 2,9 mSv (0,4-8,5). Ein Patient erhielt durchschnittlich 1,2 Untersuchungen pro Jahr. Die drei haeufigsten waren Szintigraphien des Skeletts (Median 3,4 mSv; 2,9-5,1), der Schilddruese (0,9 mSv; 0,4-2,2) und des Herzens (7,3 mSv; 3,8-20,2). Die mediane effektive Dosis pro Untersuchung betrug bei Frauen von 18-40 Jahren 1,0 mSv (0,4-5,8), von 41-65 Jahren 2,2 mSv (0,4-7,3) und ueber 65 Jahren 2,4 mSv (0,5-7,6). Die entsprechenden Werte bei Maennern lagen bei 2,6 mSv (0,3-7,6), 3,3 mSv (0,4-9,1) und 3,4 mSv (0,5-8,8). Schlussfolgerung: Die genaue Ermittlung der Strahlenexposition durch Untersuchungen in der nuklearmedizinischen Diagnostik anhand von Routinedaten ist praktikabel. (orig.)

  6. Coordinated subprojects of the Austrian forest damage monitoring system; Koordinierte Teilprojekte des Oesterr. Waldschaden-Beobachtungssystem

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pollanschuetz, J

    1993-12-31

    Any actions to preserve nature as the base of our survival needs to rely on knowledge about the condition of ecosystems and their `evolutionary` trends. A monitoring system ensuring timely detection of a critical `evolution` of forests as sensitive bio-indicators is an absolute must when addressing the global threat to our living environment. The Austrian forest damage monitoring system addresses this task. It involves subprojects and interdisciplinary studies integrated within this biomonitoring system to enhance our knowledge about and detection capabilities for forest diseases and injuries. (orig.) [Deutsch] Massnahmen zur Bewahrung der Natur als Lebensgrundlage setzen das Wissen ueber den Zustand der Oekosysteme und Kenntnisse ueber deren Entwicklung voraus. Ein Ueberwachungssystem das rechtzeitig kritische Entwicklung am sensiblen Bioindikator Wald erkennen laesst, ist angesichts der Anzeichen einer globalen Bedrohung der belebten Umwelt eine zwingende Selbstverstaendlichkeit. Mit dem Waldschaden-Beobachtungssystem wird diesen Aufgabenstellungen Rechnung getragen. Durch die in diesem Biomonitoring-System integrierten Teilprojekte und interdisziplinaeren Untersuchungen wird auch ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur Erkennung von Ursachen fuer Waldschaeden und Waldkrankheiten geleistet. (orig.)

  7. Radiological dose and metadata management; Radiologisches Dosis- und Metadatenmanagement

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Walz, M.; Madsack, B. [TUeV SUeD Life Service GmbH, Aerztliche Stelle fuer Qualitaetssicherung in der Radiologie, Nuklearmedizin und Strahlentherapie Hessen, Frankfurt (Germany); Kolodziej, M. [INFINITT Europe GmbH, Frankfurt/M (Germany)

    2016-12-15

    This article describes the features of management systems currently available in Germany for extraction, registration and evaluation of metadata from radiological examinations, particularly in the digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) environment. In addition, the probable relevant developments in this area concerning radiation protection legislation, terminology, standardization and information technology are presented. (orig.) [German] Dieser Artikel stellt die aktuell in Deutschland verfuegbaren Funktionen von Managementsystemen zur Erfassung und Auswertung von Metadaten zu radiologischen Untersuchungen insbesondere im DICOM-Umfeld (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) vor. Ausserdem werden die in diesem Bereich voraussichtlich relevanten Entwicklungen von Strahlenschutzgesetzgebung ueber Terminologie und Standardisierung bis zu informationstechnischen Aspekten dargestellt. (orig.)

  8. Chemical-physical studies on SO{sub 2} deposition on rock samples and other absorber surfaces; Chemisch-physikalische Untersuchungen zur Deposition von Schwefeldioxid auf Gesteinsproben und anderen Absorberoberflaechen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wiese, U.

    2000-07-01

    Stone and other surfaces are still corroded by dry-deposited sulphur dioxide, although the present concentration is in the lower ppbv range. In this work experiments were conducted to separate and assign the different resistances during the deposition process at concentrations of SO{sub 2} found in the environment today. To compare surfaces with different reactivities, the varying uptake and the resulting SO{sub 2} concentration over the surface has to be concerned. Therefore a test chamber has been developed that allows the SO{sub 2} concentration to keep constant independent of the SO{sub 2} uptake. Different stones and passive samplers were investigated in this chamber, scanning a wide range of humidity and concentration that has not been studied before. The passive sampler was also studied in a closed wind tunnel with a sulphur dioxide containing atmosphere. It has been found that the deposition velocity is increasing with decreasing SO{sub 2} concentration for all stone types. (orig.) [German] Alle technischen Oberflaechen unterliegen Alterungsprozessen. Atmosphaerische Schadgase wie Schwefeldioxid tragen zur Korrosion dieser Oberflaechen in erheblichem Umfang bei. Auch wenn insbesondere die Konzentration an SO{sub 2} in der Aussenluft in den letzten Jahren in den unteren ppbV-Bereich gesunken ist, so ist der Anteil und die Potenz dieses Gases am Zerfallsprozess von Natursteinen aufgrund seiner guten Wasserloeslichkeit und der Saeurestaerke noch immer sehr hoch. Dennoch finden sich in der Literatur kaum zuverlaessige Daten ueber die Schwefeldioxid-Aufnahme verschiedener Natursteinvarietaeten. Insbesondere mangelt es an systematischen Untersuchungen der verschiedenen, den SO{sub 2}-Depositionsprozess bestimmenden Faktoren. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Schliessung dieser Luecken zu leisten. Dazu wurde ein Messsystem zur Untersuchung verschiedenartiger Gesteinsproben im Labor konzipiert und in Betrieb genommen. (orig.)

  9. Logfile-Analysen: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen ihrer Nutzung bei Untersuchungen zur Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Burkhard Priemer

    2004-06-01

    Full Text Available Die Aufzeichnung der Computernutzung in automatisch generierten elektronischen Protokollen – so genannten Logfiles – entwickelt sich zu einer zunehmend genutzten Erfassungsmethode bei Untersuchungen der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Computer. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen einführenden Überblick über Verfahren der Logfile-Aufzeichnung und der Analyse der Daten. Neben einer Erläuterung der Begrifflichkeiten werden sowohl Vor- und Nachteile von Logfile-Auswertungen als auch grundlegende Methoden, mathematische Beschreibungen des Nutzerverhaltens und Ansätze der Typisierung von Nutzeraktivitäten dargestellt.

  10. Investigations of pollutant migration using lysimeters; Untersuchungen zur Schadstoff-Migration in Lysimetern

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Klotz, D. (ed.)

    2002-07-01

    The third GSF Lysimeter Workshop focused on pollutant migration in underground strata, i.e. the dispersion of water constituents as referred to water transport on the basis of ideal tracer investigations. [German] Der am 29./30.04.2002 stattgefundene Workshop 'Untersuchungen zur Schadstoffmigration in Lysimetern' war der dritte GSF-Lysimeterworkshop nach denen in den Jahren 1998 und 2000 veranstalteten. Nachdem in den Jahren 1998 und 2000 der Wassertransport und die Bestimmung der Sickerwassergeschwindigkeit in Lysimetern im Mittelpunkt standen, war 2002 die Schadstoffmigration im Untergrund der Schwerpunkt der Vortraege und Poster. Unter Migration wird das Ausbreitungsverhalten von Wasserinhalts-(Fremd-, Schad-)Stoffen bezogen auf den Wassertransport, bestimmt mit idealen Tracern, verstanden. (orig.)

  11. Assessment of organic contaminants in sediments of the western Oder estuary and rivers of West Pomerania; Organische Schadstoffbelastung in Sedimenten des westlichen Oderaestuars und dessen vorpommerschen Zufluessen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dannenberger, D.; Witt, G.; Lerz, A.; Trost, E. [Rostock Univ., Warnemuende (Germany). Inst. fuer Ostseeforschung

    1997-12-01

    Preliminary investigations were made in 1994 and 1995 of organic micro-contaminants in sediments of coastal waters of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. On this basis a new, more detailed sampling strategy was developed to investigate contamination levels of selected area of the western Oderhaff and various revers (Peene, Uecker, Randow, Zarow and Ziese). Distribution patterns of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediment samples were investigated. (orig.) [Deutsch] Status-Quo-Untersuchungen zur Belastung der Oberflaechensedimente mit organischen Schadstoffen in den Kuestengewaessern Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns wurden erstmalig 1994 und 1995 im Rahmen eines Projektes mit dem Landesamt fuer Umwelt und Natur Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (LAUN) durchgefuehrt. Auf Grund der vorliegenden Ergebnisse aus den Jahren 1994 und 1995 wurde eine neue Messstrategie entwickelt. Dabei sollen ausgewaehlte Gebiete der inneren Kuestengewaesser eingehender, das heisst in einem engeren Stationsraster, beprobt werden. Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war es, Aussagen ueber die Belastungssituation eines Gewaessers machen zu koennen. Die vorliegende Publikation umfasst die Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse zur organischen Schadstoffbelastung der Oberflaechensedimente im wesentlichen Oderaestuar (Kleines Haff, Peenestrom) und in dessen vorpommerschen Zufluessen (Peene, Uecker, Randow, Zarow, Ziese). In den Sedimentproben wurden die Verteilungsmuster von chlorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen (CKW) und polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAH) untersucht. (orig.)

  12. Twenty years of environmental education in Germany - a stocktaking; 20 Jahre Umweltbildung in Deutschland. Eine Bilanz

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lob, R.E. [Essen Univ. (Gesamthochschule) (Germany). Zentralstelle fuer Umwelterziehung

    1997-12-31

    The book is a precise documentation of the development of environmental edcuation as an educational task in the Federal Republic of Germany. It covers a large range: from Stockholm over Tiflis and Moscow to Rio and Toronto under the catchword ``national and international conferences``, and from eco-pedagogy over environmental consciousness to environmental activities in the chapter ``fundamentals and concepts``. Inventories and analyses of activities at schools are given, curricula and textbooks are examined, and developments in the subjects biology and geography are assessed. The book deals with nature and forest pedagogy, environmental games and projects, LUCAS - the environmental education learning programme at schools of commerce, and the European environmental academy at Borken, Westphalia. After an overview on central research and sponsoring institutions, conclusions are drawn and an outlook is given. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das Buch ist eine praezise Dokumentation der Entwicklung der `Bildungsaufgabe Umwelterziehung` in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Der Bogen wird weit gespannt: Von Stockholm ueber Tiflis und Moskau nach Rio und Toronto beim Stichwort `nationale und internationale Konferenzen`, von der Oekopaedagogik ueber das Umweltbewusstsein bis hin zum Umwelthandeln im Kapitel `Grundlagen und Begriffe`. Es folgen Bestandsaufnahmen und Analysen der Schulpraxis, Untersuchungen von Lehrplaenen und Schulbuechern sowie eine Begutachtung der Entwicklungen in den Faechern Biologie und Geographie. Der Autor thematisiert Natur- und Waldpaedagogik, Umweltspiele oder Projekte, LUKAS - das Lernprogramm Umweltbildung an kaufmaennischen Schulen und die `Europaeische Umweltakademie` im westfaelischen Borken. Der Bestandsaufnahme ueber zentrale Forschungs- und Foerdereinrichtungen folgen abschliessend Bilanz und Ausblick. (orig.)

  13. Untersuchungen zur Involution der Vagina and Zervix beim Rind post partum unter Berücksichtigung der Zervix als Geburtshindernis

    OpenAIRE

    Wehrend, Axel

    2002-01-01

    Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es die physiologische Involution der Zervix im Vergleich zur Vagina beim Rind während der ersten zehn Tage post partum zu charakterisieren. Weiterhin sollte durch klinische Untersuchungen an Kühen nach Dystokie und einer retrospektiven Datenauswertung von Schwergeburten unterschiedlicher Tierarten der Anteil zervikal bedingter Geburtsstockungen im Interspeziesvergleich analysiert und Einflussfaktoren auf das Auftreten dieser Dystokieform sowie Störungen in der...

  14. GSF-Forschungszentrum fuer Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut fuer Hydrologie. Annual report 1995; GSF-Forschungszentrum fuer Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut fuer Hydrologie. Jahresbericht 1995

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1996-09-01

    The 1995 annual report of the Institute of Hydrology presents the findings of 19 current research projects on different subjects in hydrology. It is supplemented by information on cooperation with other scientific institutions in the form of lists of publications and reports, lectures and posters, university teaching projects, and finished and current dissertations. (VHE) [Deutsch] Der Jahresbericht 1995 des Institutes fuer Hydrologie im GSF-Forschungszentrum fuer Umwelt und Gesundheit stellt die Ergebnisse von derzeit 19 laufenden Untersuchungen zu unterschiedlichen hydrologischen Themen vor. Ergaenzt werden die Ausfuehrungen durch einen Ueberblick ueber die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen wissenschaftlichen Institutionen in Form von Verzeichnissen der Veroeffentlichungen und Berichte, der Vortraege und Poster, der Beitraege zur Lehre an Hochschulen sowie der abgeschlossenen und laufenden Dissertationen. (VHE)

  15. Gas sealing efficiency of cap rocks. Pt. 1: Experimental investigations in pelitic sediment rocks. - Pt. 2: Geochemical investigations on redistribution of volatile hydrocarbons in the overburden of natural gas reservoirs; Gas sealing efficiency of cap rocks. T. 1: Experimentelle Untersuchungen in pelitischen Sedimentgesteinen. - T.2: Geochemische Untersuchungen zur Umverteilung leichtfluechtiger Kohlenwasserstoffe in den Deckschichten von Erdgaslagerstaetten. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Leythaeuser; Konstanty, J.; Pankalla, F.; Schwark, L.; Krooss, B.M.; Ehrlich, R.; Schloemer, S.

    1997-09-01

    New methods and concepts for the assessment of sealing properties of cap rocks above natural gas reservoirs and of the migration behaviour of low molecular-weight hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins were developed and tested. The experimental work comprised the systematic assesment of gas transport parameters on representative samples of pelitic rocks at elevated pressure and temperature conditions, and the characterization of their sealing efficiency as cap rocks overlying hydrocarbon accumulations. Geochemical case histories were carried out to analyse the distribution of low molecular-weight hydrocarbons in the overburden of known natural gas reservoirs in NW Germany. The results were interpreted with respect to the sealing efficiency of individual cap rock lithologies and the type and extent of gas losses. (orig.) [Deutsch] Zur Beurteilung der Abdichtungseigenschaften von Caprocks ueber Gaslagerstaetten und des Migrationsverhaltens niedrigmolekularer Kohlenwasserstoffe in Sedimentbecken wurden neue Methoden und Konzepte entwickelt und angewendet. In experimentellen Arbeiten erfolgte die systematische Bestimmung von Gas-Transportparametern an repraesentativen Proben pelitischer Gesteine unter erhoehten Druck- und Temperaturbedingungen und die Charakterisierung ihrer Abdichtungseffizienz als Deckschicht ueber Kohlenwasserstofflagerstaetten. In geochemischen Fallstudien wurde die Verteilung niedrigmolekularer Kohlenwasserstoffe in den Deckschichten ueber bekannten Erdgaslagerstaetten in NW-Deutschland analysiert und im Hinblick auf die Abdichtungseffizienz einzelner Caprock-Lithologien bzw. Art und Ausmass von Gasverlusten interpretiert. (orig.)

  16. Toxicology of ozone on the basis of animal and clinical experimental studies; Toxikologie von Ozon auf der Grundlage tier- und klinisch-experimenteller Untersuchungen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kappus, H. [Humboldt-Universitaet, Berlin (Germany). Virchow-Klinikum

    2000-07-01

    This synopsis focuses on the toxic effects of ozone in humans and animals following inhalation. It is limited to studies that deal exclusively with ozone. These studies are reviewed with respect to action mechanisms underlying ozone-specific toxicity and, where present, dose-effect relationships. Both aspects today are indispensable for any risk assessment. As there have been very many studies on this issue and the number of publications increases every year, the present paper only quotes a few review articles and does not mention original papers unless they are of recent date or offer new information. [German] Diese Uebersicht konzentriert sich auf die toxischen Effekte von Ozon nach Inhalation bei Mensch und Tier. Nur Untersuchungen mit Ozon alleine werden miteinbezogen. Sie werden hauptsaechlich im Zusammenhang mit dem Wirkungsmechanismus der Ozon-bedingten Toxizitaet und, soweit vorhanden, Konzentrations-Wirkungsbeziehungen behandelt. Beide Aspekte sind heute fuer eine Risikoabschaetzung unerlaesslich. Da sehr viele Untersuchungen vorliegen und die Zahl der Veroeffentlichungen jaehrlich ansteigt, sollen hier nur einige neuere Uebersichtsarbeiten zitiert werden und Originalarbeiten nur dann erwaehnt werden, wenn sie neueren Datums sind bzw. zusaetzliche Informationen bringen. (orig.)

  17. Feinkartierung von Loss of Heterozygosity-Intervallen auf Chromosom 11p und Untersuchungen zum Expressions- und Methylierungsstatus von FANCF beim Ovarialkarzinom

    OpenAIRE

    Schulze, Kathrin

    2011-01-01

    Um Tumorsuppressorgene beim Ovarialkarzinom zu identifizieren wurde eine Kartierung von LOH-Intervallen der Region 11p15.5 - 11p11.2 mittels 11 Mikrosatellitenmarkern an 47 Ovarialtumorproben vorgenommen. Im Bereich des ST5- und AFM255/KAI1-Locus konnten potentielle Intervalle abgegrenzt werden. Das Fanconi Anämie Gen FANCF wurde für Untersuchungen zum Expressions- und Methylierungsstatus ausgewählt, da dessen Abschaltung mit einem besseren Ansprechen auf Cisplatin bei Ovarialkarzinompatienti...

  18. Mining lakes in Germany; Tagebauseen in Deutschland. Gegenwaertiger Kenntnisstand ueber wasserwirtschaftliche Belange von Braunkohlentagebaurestloechern - ein Ueberblick

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nixdorf, B.; Hemm, M.; Schlundt, A.; Kapfer, M.; Krumbeck, H. [Brandenburgische Technische Univ., Cottbus (Germany). Lehrstuhl Gewaesserschutz]|[UFZ - Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle GmbH, Magdeburg (Germany)

    2001-06-01

    More than 500 mining lakes of different age and maturity have formed in the lignite mining areas in Germany during the last hundred years. Compared to natural lakes mining lakes have a complex and diverse morphometry. They will be among the largest and deepest lakes in Germany (Hambacher See, Goitsche, Garzweiler II, Geiseltal) and have good chance of avoiding eutrophication. About 100 mining lakes will be greater than 50 ha. 230 lakes are documented in this report concerning morphometry, flooding and mixis regime, hydrochemistry, limnology, colonization, use and development of water quality. They are among the largest (Hambacher See, Goitsche, Garzweiler II, Geiseltal) and most acidic lakes in Germany. The extremely high acidity is from both iron and hydrogen ions due to pyrit oxidation. It influences trophic situation and food webs in mining lakes and reduces a diverse use of these lakes. (orig.) [German] Die Seelandschaft Deutschlands wird durch den Braunkohlenbergbau um ueber 500 Seen reicher. Technologiebedingt herrscht dabei eine grosse morphologische Vielfalt innerhalb der Tagebauseen vor, welche die groessten und tiefsten Seen Deutschlands hervorbringen wird (Hambacher See, Goitsche, Garzweiler II, Geiseltal), aber auch zahlreiche kleine, meist flachere Gewaesser miteinschliesst. Etwa 100 Taugebauseen sind groesser als 50 ha. Kleinere Tagebauseen wie z.B. die der Ville in Nordrhein-Westfalen wurden ebenfalls ausfuehrlich dokumentiert. In dieser Dokumentation wurden ueber 490 Seen erfasst, 230 davon wurden in der Dokumentation nach folgenden Kriterien beschrieben: Entstehung, Flutungsregime, Morphometrie und Mixis, Chemismus und Gewaesserentwicklung, Besiedlung und Nutzung. Dem Problem der Versauerung durch die Verwitterung sulfidischer Mineralien (Pyrit, Markasit) wurde besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet, weil sich biologische Komponenten und Gewaesserzustaende (Trophie, Nahrungsketten) abweichend zu den normalen Hartwasserseen Deutschlands verhalten und

  19. Working Group for Water Pollution Abatement in the Weser River. Weser water quality report 2001; Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Reinhaltung der Weser. Weserguetebericht 2001

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-07-01

    The Weser is Germany's only river whose catchment area is entirely in Germany. This opens up interesting options in terms of water quality investigations, water protection measures, and river management. The ARGE Weser working group, which comprises the German states of Bremen, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen and Thueringen, has been carrying out long-term measurements for many years in selected sites on the Werra, Fulda, Weser and Aller rivers. This report presents data, as well as information on the concentrations and action of the analyzed substances. It also presents an evaluation and assessment of the selected substances. [German] Das Einzugsgebiet der Weser befindet sich vollstaendig innerhalb der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Im Vergleich zu anderen bedeutenden deutschen Flusseinzugsgebieten sind mit dieser Besonderheit aussergewoehnliche Moeglichkeiten verbunden. So koennen Gewaesseruntersuchungen, Gewaesserschutz und Bewirtschaftungsmassnahmen effektiv und ohne Hemmnisse durchgefuehrt und umgesetzt werden. Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Reinhaltung der Weser (ARGE Weser), der die Bundeslaender Bremen, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen und Thueringen angehoeren, fuehrt seit vielen Jahren an ausgewaehlten Standorten der Werra, Fulda, Weser und Aller Untersuchungen zur Wasserbeschaffenheit durch. Grundlage hierfuer ist das Messprogramm Weser. Der vorliegende Bericht versucht ueber die reine Zahlendokumentation hinaus auch ueber Vorkommen und Wirkungsweise der analysierten Stoffe zu informieren. Die Betrachtung der Messdaten beinhaltet eine Auswertung und Bewertung der ausgewaehlten und untersuchten Substanzen. (orig.)

  20. Analysis of an accident involving a battery of hydrogen flasks; Analyse eines Unfalls mit einer Flaschenbatterieanlage fuer Wasserstoff

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lietze, D. [Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin (Germany)

    2000-09-01

    When a hydrogen storage flask battery was used again after an outage period, a small section of the high-pressure collecting main burst. Luckily, the leaking hydrogen did not ignite and there were no fires or explosions causing secondary damage. The cause of failure was identified on the basis of extensive knowledge on pipeline loads shortly after detonative reactions. [German] Nach einer laengeren Pause kam es bei der Inbetriebnahme einer Wasserstoff-Flaschenbatterieanlage zum Bersten eines kleinen Teilstuecks der Hochdrucksammelleitung. Gluecklicherweise gab es keine Zuendung des an dieser Bruchstelle ausstroemenden Wasserstoffs und damit auch keine weiteren Sekundaerschaeden durch einen Brand bzw. durch eine Raumexplosion. Aufgrund der bei umfangreichen Untersuchungen ueber die Beanspruchung von Rohrleitungen bei detonativ verlaufenden Reaktionen gemachten Erfahrungen konnte die Ursache fuer diesen Schadensfall ermittelt werden. (orig.)

  1. Carbon dioxide reduction potential of solar district heating systems; CO{sub 2}-Reduktionspotential solarer Nahwaermesysteme

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tepe, R. [Institut fuer Solarenergieforschung GmbH Hameln/Emmerthal (ISFH), Emmerthal (Germany)

    1998-02-01

    Ecological balances for systems and products attract increasingly interest because of the discussion about climate change caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Investigations into energy payback time and yield have shown that solar thermal systems can contribute considerably towards protecting our environment. But, because methodologies are approximate and data bases are not precise, ecological balances must be discussed with caution. (orig.) [Deutsch] Oekobilanzen fuer Systeme und Produkte unterschiedlicher Art haben in den letzten Jahren aufgrund der Diskussion um die Klimagefaehrdung durch treibhausrelevante Gase erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Untersuchungen bezueglich der charakteristischen Kennwerte energetische Amortisationszeit und Erntefaktor haben ergeben, dass solare Kollektoranlagen zur Schonung unserer Umwelt erheblich beitragen koennen. Die Analysen zur Oekobilanzierung beduerfen allerdings groesster Sorgfalt, da die Verfahren fuer und die verfuegbaren Daten ueber die materialbezogenen Primaerenergieaufwendungen ein erhebliches Fehlerpotential beinhalten. (orig.)

  2. ContiTronic - The intelligent conveyor belt from ContiTech; ContiTronic - Das intelligente Transportband von ContiTech

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Alles, R; Wach, T [ContiTech Transportbandsysteme GmbH, Hannover (Germany)

    1998-05-01

    ContiTech has investigated the use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) and found that specially developed transponders can be vulcanized into rubber conveyor belts without impairing their performance capabilities. The system opens up a whole host of new applications in bulk materials handling within various sectors of industry (mining, steel industry, etc.). With the support of the Cologne-based Rheinbraun AG, the ContiTronic system was tested in lignite mining Operations in Hambach. (orig.) [Deutsch] Untersuchungen bei ContiTech ueber die Radio-Frequenz-Identifikation (RFID) ergaben, dass sich speziell entwickelte Transponder in Gummifoerdergurte einvulkanisieren lassen, ohne dass deren Funktion beeintraechtigt wird. Das System eroeffnet bei der Schuettgutfoerderung in den verschiedensten Industriebereichen (Bergbau, Stahlindustrie usw.) neue Anwendungen. Mit Unterstuetzung der Rheinbraun AG, Koeln, wurde das ContiTronic-System im Braunkohlentagebau Hambach erprobt. (orig.)

  3. Experimental investigations on inlet flow of ducted turbines. A contribution to turbine intake optimization; Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Anstroemung von Rohrturbinen. Ein Beitrag zur Optimierung des Turbineneinlaufes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Godde, D. [Technische Univ. Muenchen, Obernach (Germany). Versuchsanstalt fuer Wasserbau und Wasserwirtschaft (Oskar-von-Miller-Institut)

    1994-12-31

    In the borderline region between hydraulic engineering and turbine technology, a wide range of conjectures on cause-effect relationships in connection with turbine inflow have existed for quite some time. It is remarkable that these conjectures, which are partly based on observations and `a feeling for hydraulics`, have not as yeet been subject to scientific scrutiny. This is more the remarkable when one considers the requirements specified by turbine manufacturers concerning the quality of the intake flow based upon such uncertain conjectures. However, extensive contructional measures are sometimes necessary to satisfy these requirements, which are also formulated in general terms in numerous publications. Within the scope of this treatise the new investigations in this field - at a model and a turbine test rig - concentrate on the separating pier, the trash rack and the adjoining convergence channel in the intake region of bulb turbines. The experimental results serve to clarify a number of relationships, partly negate or confirm previous assumptions and relativize some of the requirements. Although the results must be assessed in the light of model-specific restrictions and the characteristics of the turbines tested, they are nevertheless generally applicable to a certain degree owing to the wide scope of the investigations. (AKF) [Deutsch] Im Grenzbereich zwischen Wasserbau und Turbinentechnologie besteht seit geraumer Zeit zu Fragen der Turbinenanstroemung eine Reihe von Vermutungen ueber Ursache-Wirkung-Zusammenhaenge. Es ist bemerkenswert, dass diese zum Teil auf Beobachtungen und `hydraulischem Gefuehl` basierenden Deutungen bisher keiner wissenschaftlichen Ueberpruefung unterzogen wurden. Das ist um so bemerkenswerter, als auf der Grundlage solcher unsicheren Vermutungen seitens der Turbinenhersteller nun Anforderungen an die Stroemungsqualitaet im Einlaufbereich erhoben werden. Es erfordert aber mitunter grossen baulichen Aufwand, diese Forderungen zu

  4. Power transmission in combined compressors comprising a radial and side channel stage. Final report and appendices; Untersuchungen ueber die Energieuebertragung in kombinierten Verdichtern aus Radial- und Seitenkanalstufe. Abschlussbericht und Anlagen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Surek, D.

    2001-07-30

    In the field of turbo-compressors, the following problems must be solved in order to extend the range of operation: (a) Prevention of rotating stall at part load; (b) Extension of the permissible operating range at part load; (c) Extension of the operation range of radial and side channel compressors in higher vacuum below p{sub s}=50kPa. (c) can be achieved by changing the flow pattern in the rotor and in the region of interaction between the blade wheel and guide wheel of radial compressors or by actively influencing transient flow, e.g. by coupling radial compressor stages with a side channel compressor stage as final stage. The contribution goes into detail about the latter solution. [German] Fuer den Turboverdichterbau sind gegenwaertig folgende Probleme zur Erweiterung der Betriebsbereiche dringend zu loesen: (a) Vermeiden oder beseitigen von Rotating Stall im Teillastbereich,(b) Erweiterung des zulaessigen Arbeitsbereiches im Teillastgebiet, (c) Erschliessung des Arbeitsbereichs von Radial- und Seitenkanalverdichtern im hoeheren Vakuumbereich unterhalb von p{sub s}=50 kPa. Die Erweiterung des zulaessigen Arbeitsbereichs im Teillastgebiet kann durch Veraenderung der Stroemungsstruktur im Laufrad und im Interaktionsbereich zwischen Lauf- und Leitrad von Radialverdichtern oder durch die aktive Beeinflussung der instationaeren Stroemung z.B. durch Kopplung von Radialverdichterstufen mit einer Seitenkanalverdichterstufe als Endstufe erfolgen. Seitenkanalverdichter verfuegen ueber stabile Kennlinien im gesamten Betriebsbereich. Im Kombinationsbetrieb einer Radialverdichterstufe mit nach- oder vorgeschalteter Seitenkanalverdichterstufe praegte die Seitenkanalverdichterstufe dem Kombinationsverdichter ihr stabiles Kennlinienverhalten auf, so dass sich eine stabile Gesamtkennlinie ergibt. Eine Pumpgrenze tritt nicht mehr auf, so dass der Betrieb von Verdichterkombinationen aus Radial- und Seitenkanalstufe im gesamten Kennlinienbereich moeglich ist. Die

  5. Investigations on passive containment cooling; Untersuchungen zur passiven Containmentkuehlung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Knebel, J.U.; Cheng, X.; Neitzel, H.J.; Erbacher, F.J. [Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Technik und Umwelt (Germany). Inst. fuer Angewandte Thermo- und Fluiddynamik; Hofmann, F. [Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Technik und Umwelt (Germany). Projekt Nukleare Sicherheitsforschung

    1997-12-31

    The composite containment design for advanced LWRs that has been examined under the PASCO project is a promising design concept for purely passive decay heat removal after a severe accident. The passive cooling processes applied are natural convection and radiative heat transfer. Heat transfer through the latter process removes at an emission coefficient of 0.9 about 50% of the total heat removed via the steel containment, and thus is an essential factor. The heat transferring surfaces must have a high emission coefficient. The sump cooling concept examined under the SUCO project achieves a steady, natural convection-driven flow from the heat source to the heat sink. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Das im PASCO Programm untersuchte Verbundcontainment fuer zukuenftige Leichtwasserreaktoren ist ein erfolgversprechendes rein passives System zur Nachwaermeabfuhr nach einem schweren Stoerfall. Die passiven Mechanismen der Waermeuebertragung sind Naturkonvektion und Waermestrahlung. Die durch Waermestrahlung uebertragene Waerme betraegt fuer einen Emissionskoeffizienten von 0.9 etwa 50% der insgesamt ueber das Stahl-Containment abgefuehrten Waerme und ist somit von entscheidender Bedeutung fuer die Nachwaermeabfuhr. Fuer die waermeuebertragenden Oberflaechen ist ein hoher Emissionkoeffizient erforderlich. Das im SUCO Programm untersuchte Sumpfkuehlkonzept realisiert eine stabile Naturkonvektionsstroemung zwischen Waermequelle und Waermesenke. (orig./DG)

  6. Long-term performance of ETICS on external walls of large-panel buildings; Dauerbestaendigkeit von WDVS auf Plattenbau - Fassaden

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reuschel, M. [Materialforschungs- und Pruefungsanstalt fuer Bauwesen Leipzig (Germany)

    1997-12-31

    Urgently required renovation work on external walls of large panel buildings makes novel demands on thermal insulation composites. In the quest for a practice-oriented test method, a pilot project was carried out. Separate parts of a completely renovated housefront were covered with different thermal insulation composites in a way permitting to carry out investigations for a period of several years. The test methods used and the installed thermal insulation composites are described. The results are pointed out. (MSK) [Deutsch] Die dringend erforderlichen Fassadeninstandsetzungen von Plattenbauten stellen an Waermedaemmverbundsysteme neue Anforderungen. Auf der Suche nach einer praxisgerechten Pruefmethode wurde ein Demopruefstand errichtet, der es ermoeglicht im Rahmen einer Komplettsanierung einen separaten Fassadenbereich mit unterschiedlichen Waermedaemmverbundsystemen so zu bekleiden, dass Untersuchungen ueber mehrere Jahre durchgefuehrt werden koennen. Im Folgenden werden die angewendeten Pruefmethoden und die installierten WDV-Systeme erlaeutert. Die einzelnen Ergebnisse werden aufgezeigt.

  7. Insitut fuer Stroemungsmechanik und Hydraulische Stroemungsmaschinen, University of Stuttgart - topical research; Aktuelle Forschungsarbeiten des Instituts fuer Stroemungsmechanik und Hydraulische Stroemungsmaschinen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1994-12-31

    Number 9 of the communications of the institute offers an overview of its fields of research. Described are both projects lately finalized but which are still topical, and investigations currently under way which have already provided useful results. Part of the contributions will be submitted in their full versions as theses, others are condensations of reports commissioned by industry. (orig./GL) [Deutsch] Das vorliegende Heft Nr. 9 der Institutsmitteilungen bietet einen Ueberblick ueber die Arbeitsgebiete des Institutes. Es wurden sowohl Arbeiten aufgenommen, die in letzter Zeit abgeschlossen wurden, aber noch nicht an Aktualitaet verloren haben, als auch solche Untersuchungen, die noch im Gange sind, aber bereits zu brauchbaren Ergebnissen gefuehrt haben. Ein Teil der Beitraege wird ausfuehrlich in Form von Dissertationen vorgelegt werden, bei anderen handelt es sich um Kurzfassungen von Berichten, die im Rahmen von Industrieauftraegen erstellt wurden. (orig./GL)

  8. Investigation of LPP combustors under elevated pressure conditions; Untersuchungen zu LPP-Flugtriebwerksbrennkammern unter erhoehtem Druck

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fink, R.

    2001-05-01

    The development of new combustor concepts for aero engines to meet future emissions regulations in based on a detailed knowledge of the combustion process and the velocity field. In the presented thesis, non intrusive measurements were performed in a model combustion chamber under almost realistic pressure and temperature conditions. The species OH, NO, unburned hydrocarbons and fuel droplets were detected in 2 dimensions with the Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). The velocity field was measured with the Particle Image Velocimetry technique (PIV). [German] Die Weiterentwicklung neuer Brennkammerkonzepte zur Erfuellung zukuenftiger Schadstoffemissionsrichtlinien erfordert genaue Kenntnisse der ablaufenden Verbrennungs- und Stroemungsvorgaenge in der Brennkammer. Bei den in der Arbeit vorgestellten Untersuchungen wurden in einer LPP-Modellbrennkammer unter annaehernd realistischen Eintrittsbedingungen die Spezies OH, NO, unverbrannte Kohlenwasserstoffe sowie noch fluessiger Brennstoff zweidimensional anhand der Laserinduzierten Fluoreszenz (LIF) nachgewiesen. Das Stroemungsfeld wurde mit Hilfe der Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) gemessen.

  9. Percutaneous CT-guided treatment of osteoidosteomas: combination of drill biopsy and subsequent ethanol injection; Perkutane CT-gesteuerte Behandlung von Osteoidosteomen: kombiniertes Vorgehen mit einem Hohlbohrer und nachfolgender Aethanolinjektion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Adam, G. [Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik, RWTH Aachen (Germany); Keulers, P. [Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik, RWTH Aachen (Germany); Vorwerk, D. [Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik, RWTH Aachen (Germany); Heller, K.D. [Orthopaedische Klinik, RWTH Aachen (Germany); Fuezesi, L. [Inst. fuer Pathologie, RWTH Aachen (Germany); Guenther, R.W. [Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik, RWTH Aachen (Germany)

    1995-03-01

    The purpose of this study was the clinical evaluation of a percutaneous treatment modality in patients with an osteoidosteoma. 6 patients with an osteoidosteoma of the upper (n=1) and lower (n=5) extremity which were confirmed on plain film radiographs and computed tomography underwent CT controlled drill biopsy of the nidus with subsequent injection of 96% ethanol into the biopsy channel to sclerose probably remaining remnants of the nidus. The procedure was started under local anaesthesia, but drilling of the nidus was carried out under a short general anaesthesia using ketamine. The intervention was successful in all patients. No postinterventional infection occurred and no recurrence was observed in any of the patients in a follow-up time between 0.5 and 2 years. (orig./MG) [Deutsch] Zielsetzung der Untersuchungen war die klinische Erprobung eines perkutanen Verfahrens zur Behandlung von Osteoidosteomen. Bei 6 Patienten mit einem nativradiologisch und computertomographisch nachgewiesenen Osteoidosteom im Bereich der oberen (n=1) und der unteren Extremitaet (n=5) wurde perkutan unter CT-Kontrolle der Nidus ausgebohrt und ueber den Bohrkanal 96%iger Alkohol nachinjiziert, um etwaige Nidusreste zu sklerosieren. Der Eingriff wurde in Lokalanaesthesie begonnen, die Ausbohrung des Nidus unter einer Ketanestkurznarkose durchgefuehrt. Das Vorgehen war bei allen Patienten erfolgreich. In keinem Fall wurde eine postinterventionelle Infektion beobachtet. Ueber den Nachbeobachtungszeitraum von 0,5 bis zu 2,5 Jahren trat bei keinem der Patienten ein Rezidiv auf. (orig./MG)

  10. Incidental findings of liver, biliary system, pancreas and spleen in asymptomatic patients. Assessment and management recommendations; Zufallsbefunde von Leber, Gallensystem, Pankreas und Milz bei asymptomatischen Patienten. Bewertung und Managementempfehlung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Scharitzer, M.; Tamandl, D.; Ba-Ssalamah, A. [Medizinische Universitaet Wien, Universitaetsklinik fuer Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Wien (Austria)

    2017-04-15

    The increased use of highly developed imaging procedures, such as multidetector-row computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has led to a substantial increase of asymptomatic and unexpected findings. Abdominal CT investigations are particularly affected with a large number of incidental findings. This valuable diagnostic procedure also entails the risk of complex and cost-intensive subsequent investigations with partly invasive procedures. For this reason radiologists are more often confronted with the difficult task of correctly assessing these lesions, to decide on the need for additional investigations and to inform the patient in detail about the clinical relevance. The aims of this article are to describe the most common abdominal incidentalomas, to assist with the interpretation and differential diagnosis and to give recommendations for further management. (orig.) [German] Die vermehrte Verwendung hoch entwickelter bildgebender Verfahren wie Multidetektorcomputertomographie und Magnetresonanztomographie hat zu einer betraechtlichen Zunahme asymptomatischer und unerwarteter Befunde gefuehrt. Besonders betroffen sind abdominelle CT-Untersuchungen mit einer Vielzahl inzidenteller Befunde. Dieses wertvolle Diagnoseverfahren birgt auch die Gefahr aufwendiger und auch kostenintensiver Folgeuntersuchungen mit z. T. invasiven Verfahren. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich fuer den Radiologen immer haeufiger die schwierige Aufgabe, diese Laesionen korrekt einzuschaetzen, ueber die Notwendigkeit einer weiteren Abklaerung zu entscheiden und den Patienten umfassend ueber die klinische Relevanz zu informieren. Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die am haeufigsten vorkommenden abdominellen Zufallsbefunde zu beschreiben sowie Hilfestellung bei ihrer Interpretation und Differenzialdiagnose mit Empfehlungen fuer das weitere Management zu geben. (orig.)

  11. Optimum control strategy for phosphate elimination; Optimale Steuerstrategie zur Phosphatelimination

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Heinrich, D.

    1997-12-31

    This study describes the most common phosphate elimination techniques. In the simplest cases, the chemicals are dosed according to previously established time curves. Nowadays, by contrast, dosage in proportion to quantity is largely preferred. Freight-proportional dosage will be more frequently employed in the future at plants for a population of more than 10000. Since investigations revealed that the results obtained using control systems are inferior to those obtained by means of automatic control systems, the latter are increasingly used. Even if PID control devices perform best, overshoot is not to be avoided with certainty because of the long dead time. According to the current state of knowledge, matched control and automatic control systems yield the best results. Further optimization can be achieved by driving them via a fuzzy-based system. (orig.) [Deutsch] In der vorliegenden Ausarbeitung wurden die gebraeuchlichsten Verfahren zur Phosphatelimination vorgestellt. In einfachsten Faellen wird die Dosierung nach festen Ganglinien vorgenommen. Sie wird heute weitgehend durch eine mengenproportionale Dosierung ersetzt. Frachtproportionale Dosierungen sind fuer Anlagen ueber 10.000 EW in Zukunft haeufiger zu finden. Nachdem die Untersuchungen gezeigt haben, dass Steuerungen nicht so gute Ergebnisse wie Reglungen ergaben, finden diese verstaerkt Anwendung. Auch wenn PID Regler das beste Ergebnis bringen, so kann mit Ihen wegen der langen Totzeiten ein Ueberschwingen nicht sicher vermieden werden. Nach heutiger Kenntnis erbringen aufeinander abgestimmte Steuer- und Reglungen die besten Ergebnisse. Werden sie ueber ein fuzzybasiertes System angesteuert, so ist eine weitere Optimierung gegeben. (orig.)

  12. Advanced waste water cleaning with the aid of an algae biofilm; Weitergehende Abwasserreinigung mit Hilfe eines Algenbiofilms

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schumacher, G.; Patzold, V.; Ike, A.; Sekoulov, I. [Technische Univ. Hamburg-Harburg, Hamburg (Germany). Arbeitsbereich Abwasserwirtschaft

    1999-07-01

    These first investigations have led to results indicating that advanced waste water cleaning with the aid of algae biofilm as a downstream process stage is feasible. The concentration of phosphorus in waste water could be reduced to less than 1 mg per litre. Ammonium, which is toxic to fish, was nitrified, and the overall nitrogen concentration could be cut down. The concentration of bacteria was reduced by means of a close-to-nature process to less than the limiting values set by the European Union directive governing the quality of bathing waters. (orig.) [German] Die Ergebnisse dieser ersten Untersuchungen zeigen, dass eine weitergehende Abwasserreinigung mit Hilfe eines Algenbiofilms als nachgeschaltete Verfahrensstufe moeglich ist. Die Phosphorkonzentration im Abwasser konnte auf unter 1 mg/l reduziert werden. Fischgiftiges Ammonium wurde nitrifiziert und die Gesamtstickstoffkonzentration konnte gesenkt werden. Die Bakterienkonzentration konnte mit Hilfe eines naturnahen Verfahrens bis unter die Grenzwerte der EU-Richtlinie ueber die Qualitaet der Badegewaesser reduziert werden. (orig.)

  13. Formation and functions of aerobic microbial granula; Entstehung und Funktionen aerober mikrobieller Granula

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Etterer, T.; Wilderer, P.A. [Technische Univ. Muenchen, Garching (Germany). Lehrstuhl und Pruefamt fuer Wasserguete- und Abfallwirtschaft

    1999-07-01

    The present project investigates the phenomenon of the formation of aerobic microbial granula and their properties. To generate granula, sequencing batch reactors fed in batches were used. As shown by microbiological assays, fungi played an above-average role in granula formation and build-up. In first degradation experiments, furthermore, chemical oxygen demand (COD) could be reduced by over 90 %. The determination yielded comparable values to activated sludge, standing on average at 1.044g/ml. (orig.) [German] Im Rahmen des hier vorgestellten Projekts wurde das Phaenomen der Bildung aerober mikrobieller Granula sowie deren Eigenschaften untersucht. Zur Erzeugung von Granula wurden schubweise beschickte Reaktoren, sogenannte Sequencing-Batch-Reaktoren (SBR) verwendet. Wie mikrobiologische Untersuchungen zeigten spielen Pilze bei der Entstehung und beim Aufbau eine ueberdurchschnittliche Rolle. Des weiteren konnte in ersten Abbauversuchen der chemische Sauerstoff-Bedarf (CSB) um ueber 90% gesenkt werden. Die Dichtebestimmung ergab vergleichbare Werte zu Belebtschlamm und zwar im Durchschnitt 1,044 g/ml. (orig.)

  14. Investigations for assessing the health hazards of dichloromethane exposure. Final report; Untersuchungen zur Abschaetzung des gesundheitlichen Risikos infolge Dichlormethanexposition. Schlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pankow, D. [Halle-Wittenberg Univ., Halle (Germany). Inst. fuer Pharmakologie und Toxikologie

    1994-04-01

    The oxidative CYP2E1-catalyzed dechlorination of dichloremethane (DCM) is a saturable pathway with high affinity and low capacity. In general, due to increasing DCM concentration in the inhaled air COHb values up to 12% are expected, but higher COHb levels were found according to some case reports. It was the aim of this study to characterize the DCM-derived COHb formation and to test effects of DCM on the cardiovascular system using animal models. The results show that a high CYP2E1 activity correlates with enhanced COHb formation. The COHb formation is inhibited and the DCM level in the blood enhanced after simultaneous exposure to DCM and solvents or drugs known as substrates of CYP2E1. Therefore, the risk assessment of DCM exposure must comprimise a possible additional uptake of a substrate or inducer of CYP2E1. Existing PBPK models proved to be an insufficient description in cases of an accidental scenario, a short exposure to very high concentration of DCM. The moderate CO hypoxia following DCM exposure is determined not only by the carboxyhemoglobinemia but also by an inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity. Cardiovascular dysfunctions, mainly arrhythmias, are detectable after exposure to relatively high DCM concentration as well as under pathophysiological conditions which per se influenced the cardiovascular system. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die zu CO fuehrende oxydative, CYP2E1-katalysierte Dechlorierung von Dichlormethan (DCM) verfuegt ueber eine hohe Affinitaet bei begrenzter Kapazitaet, es handelt sich um einen saettigbaren Stoffwechselweg. Im allgemeinen werden trotz steigender DCM-Konzentration in der eingeatmeten Luft Werte von 10-12% COHb nicht ueberschritten. Vergiftungsfaelle mit weitaus hoeheren COHb-Spiegeln wurden aber beschrieben. Ziel der tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen war es, die DCM-bedingte COHb-Bildung naeher zu charakterisieren und die Wirkung von DCM auf kardiovaskulaere Funktionen zu pruefen. Die Resultate zeigen, dass es bei

  15. Image quality of paper prints compared to film copies in CT investigations; Bildqualitaet von Papierausdrucken zur Befunddokumentation im Vergleich zu Laserfilmen bei MSCT-Untersuchungen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bley, T.; Burger, D.; Ghanem, N.; Thuerl, C.; Saueressig, U.; Kotter, E.; Langer, M. [Abt. Roentgendiagnostik, Radiologische Klinik, Universitaetsklinikum Freiburg (Germany)

    2002-04-01

    Purpose: Evaluation of image quality of paper prints in routine CT investigations. Method: The image quality of paper prints from 104 CT scans of daily routine investigations was analysed by three observer three observers according to a five-point ranking scale for contrast, grey level, spatial resolution, and subjective confidence in correct evaluation. Each study was rated ''acceptable'' or ''not acceptable for documentation''. Results: In 312 ratings the mean grade for contrast was 2.7, for grey levels 3.2, and for spatial resolution 3.3. Grades ranged from 1 = very good to 5 = insufficient. Subjective confidence in correct evaluation was rated as ''certain'' in 77.4%, ''likely'' in 18.4% and ''impossible to evaluate'' in 4.2% of cases. 93.7% of printed CT images were rated ''acceptable for documentation''. Conclusion: Image quality of paper prints does not reach the quality of laser films concerning its contrast, grey levels, and spatial resolution. Nevertheless, paper prints are acceptable for documentation of findings in most CT investigations. A high confidence in correct evaluation was found. Limitations are found in documentation of small coin lesions of the lung and ischemic lesions of the neurocranium. (orig.) [German] Ziel: Qualitaetsbewertung von Papierausdrucken zur Bilddokumentation von Routine-CT-Untersuchungen. Material und Methoden: Bei 104 Routine-CT-Untersuchungen werteten drei Untersucher (insgesamt 312 Auswertungen) die Bildqualitaet von Papierausdrucken im Vergleich zu Laserfilmen bezueglich Kontrast, Grauwerten und Aufloesung sowie ''persoenlicher Befundsicherheit'' (Skala 1 - 5) aus. Abschliessend wurde entschieden, ob der Papierausdruck fuer die Befunddokumentation ausreiche. Ergebnisse: Mit Bewertungen zwischen 1 fuer ''sehr gut'' und 5 fuer &apos

  16. Biometrische Untersuchungen des Stylopodiums, Zygopodiums und Metapodiums pleistozäner Ursiden im Hinblick auf die Evolution des Höhlenbären und die Klassifizierung des Fundmaterials Einhornhöhle / Harz

    OpenAIRE

    Athen, Kerstin Anja

    2007-01-01

    In der vorliegenden Dissertation "Biometrische Untersuchungen des Stylopodiums, Zygopodiums und Metapodiums pleistozäner Ursiden im Hinblick auf die Evolution des Höhlenbären und die Klassifizierung des Fundmaterials Einhornhöhle / Harz" wurden Daten des oberpliozänen Ursus etruscus, des pleistozänen Ursus deningeri sowie des Ursus spelaeus ausgewertet. Zur Datenerhebung wurden 249 Messgrößen an den Skelettelementen Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Metacarpalia I-V, Femur, Tibia, Fibula und Metatarsali...

  17. Investigations of the metabolism of the hormones ethylen, abscisic acid and indol-3-acetic acid in coniferous trees in forest die-back areas of south western Germany; Untersuchungen zum Haushalt der Hormone Ethylen, Abscisinsaeure und Indol-3-essigsaeure in Nadelbaeumen aus Waldschadensgebieten Suedwestdeutschlands

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Christmann, A.

    1993-12-31

    The author investigated changes in the hormone metabolism of affected trees; he intended to analyze as many hormones as possible. The investigations were carried out on needles, owing to the fact that the symptoms observed suggested specific disturbances of the needle hormone metabolism. Further, needles are the main point of attack of airborne pollutants. In physiologically healthy trees, the seasonal changes in hormone levels were investigated as a function of different parameters such as forest site, needle age, tree age, and position of sample branches in the tree crown. On this basis, hormone changes resulting from tree disease were characterized for the sample trees. SO{sub 2} and ozone were taken into account in the investigations. It was found that although the development with time of physiological and structural characteristics suggests premature aging of the needles of affected trees, the changes in the hormone metabolism do not correspond to the hormonal control patterns of natural needle aging. SO-2 exposure or a lack of minerals at the forest site are excluded as causes of the observed damage. No conclusive information could be obtained on the effects of ozone. (orig./MG) [Deutsch] Es war ein Ziel dieser Arbeit, nachzuweisen, welche Veraenderungen im Hormonhaushalt erkrankter Baeume vorliegen und dabei moeglichst viele Hormone zu bearbeiten. Die Untersuchungen wurden an Nadeln durchgefuehrt, da die beobachtbaren Symptome fuer eine Stoerung des Hormonhaushaltes vor allem dieser Organe sprachen und sie zudem Hauptangriffsort fuer Luftschadstoffe sind. An physiologisch gesunden Baeumen wurde das Verhalten der einzelnen Hormone im Jahresverlauf in Abhaengigkeit von verschiedenen Einflussgroessen wie Standort, Nadelalter, Baumalter und Position von Probenaesten innerhalb der Baumkrone erarbeitet. Danach wurden die krankheitsbedingten Veraenderungen im Hormonhaushalt der entsprechenden Versuchsbaeume charakterisiert. Die Schadgase SO{sub 2} und Ozon wurden

  18. Engineering geological and hydrogeological invstigations for storage of medium and low-activity nuclear waste at Cernavoda, Romania. Soil stabilisation using the CONSOLID system; Ingenieurgeologische und hydrogeologische Untersuchungen zur Lagerung mittel- und schwachradioaktiver Abfaelle in Cernavoda Rumaenien. Baugrundstabilisierung mit dem CONSOLID-System

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Giurgea, V.; Merkler, G.P.; Hoetzl, H.; Hannich, D. [Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Angewandte Geologie

    1998-12-31

    In Cernavoda/Romania investigations and planning from a low and middle radioactive waste disposal site have been carried out. A multitude of hydrogeological, geological, engineering geological criteria`s and constructional security measures were examined with respect to the strict regulations for such a waste site. This studies and measures are shortly analyzed and discussed in this paper. In accordance with the selection criteria for such a hazardous waste site, several laboratory and `in situ` tests, soil-mechanic studies, numerical modeling and foundation tests for soil stabilization with the CONSOLID-System are presented. (orig.) [Deutsch] Zur Einhaltung der strengen Vorgaben, die bei einem Deponiestandort fuer mittel- und schwachradioaktive Abfaelle gestellt werden, sind in Cernavoda/Rumaenien eine Vielzahl von hydrogeologischen und ingenieurgeologischen Untersuchungen sowie bautechnischen Sicherungsmassnahmen vorgesehen, die im Rahmen dieser Publikation kurz analysiert und diskutiert werden. Im Zusammenhang mit den geologischen und hydrogeologischen Auswahlkriterien des Standortes werden eine Reihe von Labor- und `in situ` Untersuchungen, Modellrechnungen sowie Baugrundstabilisierungsmassnahmen mit dem CONSOLID-System vorgestellt. (orig.)

  19. Air quality III - experiments on emission and sensory perception of olfactory substances from ventilation systems. Final report; Luftqualitaet III - Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Emission und Wahrnehmung von Geruchsstoffen aus Lueftungsgeraeten. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fitzner, K.; Boettcher, O.

    2001-08-01

    Room air quality is highly important in Germany as people living here will spend 90 percent of their lives inside rooms. Air quality is defined to a large extent via the nose. This research project, in continuation of AiF 10525, involved investigations of materials and components of space HVAC systems with varying air temperatures, humidities and air flow rates for a subjective assessment of the air quality. The main goals were the definition of laws for identification of odorants and the derivation of laws for calculating pollutant-level-dependent ambient air rates for mechanically ventilated rooms. The experiments showed that both adsorption and desorption had a significant part in the addition of odorangs, causing deviations between theoretical and experimental values of felt air quality. The temperature and the relative humidity had an effect as well. Most measurements were made near the olfactory threshold, so that a number of participants were unable to complete the test. Later investigations will rely on analytical methods in addition to test persons. (orig.) [German] Das Thema der Luftqualitaet in Innenraeumen hat in Deutschland grosse Bedeutung, da sich die Bevoelkerung zu 90 Prozent ihres Lebens in Innenraeumen aufhaelt. Die Behaglichkeit der Atemluft wird in grossem Masse durch die mit der Nase wahrgenommenen Bestandteile der Luft beeinflusst. In Fortsetzung zum Forschungsvorhaben AiF 10525 wurden in diesem Forschungsvorhaben Untersuchungen mit Materialien und Komponenten aus RLT-Anlagen unter Veraenderung von Lufttemperatur, Luftfeuchte und Luftgeschwindigkeit zur subjektiven Beurteilung der Luftqualitaet durchgefuehrt. Die Hauptziele dieser Untersuchungen waren das Auffinden der Gesetzmaessigkeiten zur Wahrnehmung von Geruchsstoffen und das Ableiten von Rechenregeln zur Bestimmung verunreinigungslastabhaengiger Aussenluftraten fuer maschinell belueftete Raeume. Die Versuche zeigten, dass Adsorption und Desorption bei der Addition von Geruchsstoffen

  20. Pedological investigations regarding thermal, chemical and biological soil cleaning techniques. Final report for the period of investigation 1990 to 1994; Bodenkundliche Untersuchungen zu thermischen, chemischen und biologischen Bodenreinigungsverfahren. Schlussbericht fuer den Bearbeitungszeitraum 1990 bis 1994

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Goetz, D; Bauske, B; Claussen, A; Glaeseker, W; Holz, C [Hamburg Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Bodenkunde

    1998-12-31

    The hazard potential of contaminated sites is evaluated by means of risk assessments. These can entail diverse measures being taken that may range from the mere observation of the site over protective and restricting measures, different encapsulations to ensure its safety as well as the shifting of contaminated matter, to the decontamination of the site (Council of Experts on Environmental Questions SRU, 1990). Of these measures, soil cleaning demands the greatest effort and should lastingly repair the damage without new damage being caused in another place. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das Gefaehrdungspotential kontaminierter Standorte wird ueber Gefaehrdungsabschaetzungen klassifiziert. Diese Einschaetzung kann zu verschiedenen Massnahmen fuehren. Sie reichen von der reinen Ueberwachung des Standortes ueber Schutz- und Beschraenkungsmassnahmen, Sicherung durch verschiedene Einkapselungen, Umlagerungsmassnahmen bis zur Dekontamination der verunreinigten Materialien (SRU, 1990). Die Bodenreinigung ist dabei die aufwendigste Massnahme und sollte zu einer endgueltigen Beseitigung des Schadens fuehren, ohne dass an anderer Stelle neue Lasten entstehen. (orig.)

  1. Possibilities for exposure reduction in computed tomography examination of acute chest pain; Moeglichkeiten der Dosisreduktion bei CT-Untersuchungen des akuten Thoraxschmerzes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Becker, H.C. [Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Campus Grosshadern, Institut fuer Klinische Radiologie, Muenchen (Germany)

    2012-10-15

    Electrocardiogram-gated (ECG) computed tomography (CT) investigations can be accompanied by high amounts of radiation exposure. This is particularly true for the investigation of patients with unclear and acute chest pain. The common approach in patients with acute chest pain is standard spiral CT of the chest. The chest pain or triple-rule-out CT protocol is a relatively new ECG-gated protocol of the entire chest. This article reviews and discusses different techniques for the CT investigation of patients with acute chest pain. By applying the appropriate scan technique, the radiation exposure for an ECG-gated protocol must not necessarily be higher than a standard chest CT scan Aortic pathologies are far better depicted by ECG-gated scan protocols and depending on the heart rate coronary artery disease can also be detected at the same time. The use of ECG-triggered scans will not support the diagnostics of the pulmonary arteries. However, in unspecific chest pain an ECG-triggered scan protocol can provide information on the differential diagnosis. (orig.) [German] EKG-getriggerte CT-Untersuchungen koennen mit einer relativ hohen Strahlenexposition einhergehen. Dies gilt im besonderen Masse fuer die Untersuchung des gesamten Thorax bei Patienten mit unklarem akutem Thoraxschmerz. Bisher wurden Untersuchungen bei Patienten mit akutem Thoraxschmerz in Spiraltechnik ohne EKG-Triggerung durchgefuehrt. Das ''Chest-pain-'' oder ''Triple-rule-out''-Protokoll ist ein neues EKG-getriggertes Untersuchungsprotokoll des gesamten Thorax. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden verschiedene Techniken zur CT-Untersuchung von Patienten mit akutem Thoraxschmerz vorgestellt und besprochen. Mit der richtigen Untersuchungstechnik muss die Strahlenexposition fuer ein EKG-getriggertes Untersuchungsprotokoll nicht hoeher sein als eine Standarduntersuchung ohne EKG. Mit einem EKG-getriggerten Untersuchungsprotokoll laesst sich die Aorta in Hinblick auf

  2. Alexandru Popa, Untersuchungen zu den römisch-barbarischen Kontakten Östlich der römischen Provinz Dacia Antiquitatis reihe 3 Abhnadlungen zur vor-und frühgeschichte, zur klassichen und provinzial-römischen archäologie und zur geschichte des altertum

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vasile Iarmulschi

    2016-06-01

    Full Text Available Review on book - Alexandru Popa, Untersuchungen zu den römisch-barbarischen Kontakten Östlich der römischen Provinz Dacia Antiquitatis reihe 3 Abhnadlungen zur vor-und frühgeschichte, zur klassichen und provinzial-römischen archäologie und zur geschichte des altertum

  3. Ruedersdorf cement works substitutes raw material and fuel by means of a circulating fluidised bed; Roh- und Brennstoffsubstitution mit einer Zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht im Zementwerk Ruedersdorf

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Scur, P. [Ruedersdorfer Zement GmbH, Ruedersdorf (Germany)

    1998-09-01

    The purpose of the present paper is to point out the great potential the cement industry holds for the utilisation of waste materials. There are meanwhile sufficient studies and measuring results to demonstrate the environmental acceptability of the processes and products involved. The solution found for Ruedersdorf cement kiln of using a circulating a fluidised bed for waste utilisation is a good example of the potential still available for conserving natural resources and landfill area. Efficient industrial applications of this kind should become a future mainstay of the waste industry. [Deutsch] In dem vorliegenden Beitrag sollte gezeigt werden, dass die Zementindustrie ueber ein hohes Potential zur thermischen und stofflichen Verwertung von Abfallstoffen verfuegt. Es liegen ausreichende Untersuchungen und konkrete Messergebnisse vor, mit denen die Umweltvertraeglichkeit von Prozess und Produkt nachgewiesen werden kann. Die Loesung zur Abfallverwertung an der Ruedersdorfer Zementofenanlage mit Hilfe einer Zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht ist ein Beispiel fuer die Reserven zur Schonung natuerlicher Ressourcen und zur Einsparung von Deponieraeumen. Derartige sinnvolle industrielle Einsatzmoeglichkeiten sollten ein wichtiges Standbein fuer die zukuenftige Abfallwirtschaft sein. (orig.)

  4. Functional brain imaging - baric and clinical questions; Funktionelle Bildgebung in der Psychiatrie - Fragestellungen der Klinik und der Forschung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mager, T. [Psychiatrische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Muenchen Univ. (Germany); Moeller, H.J. [Psychiatrische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Muenchen Univ. (Germany)

    1997-06-01

    The advancing biological knowledge of disease processes plays a central part in the progress of modern psychiatry. An essential contribution comes from the functional and structural brain imaging techniques (CT, MRI, SPECT, PET). Their application is important for biological oriented research in psychiatry and there is also a growing relevance in clinical aspects. This development is taken into account by recent diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry. The capabilities and limitations of functional brain imaging in the context of research and clinic will be presented and discussed by examples and own investigations. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Fortschritt in der Psychiatrie der letzten Jahre ist eng verknuepft mit neuen biologischen Erkenntnissen ueber Krankheitsprozesse. Einen wesentlichen Beitrag hierzu leistet die moderne funktionelle und strukturelle Bildgebung, deren Anwendung ein wichtiger Bestandteil biologischer Forschung ist und zunehmend auch an klinischer Bedeutung gewinnt. In den neuen Klassifikationssystemen der Psychiatrie wird diese Entwicklung beruecksichtigt. Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen funktioneller Bildgebung fuer die Psychiatrie werden mit Blick auf die Klinik und wissenschaftliche Fragestellungen im folgenden anhand von Beispielen und eigenen Untersuchungen skizziert und diskutiert. (orig.)

  5. Fatigue behaviour of metals. 2. ed.; Ermuedungsverhalten metallischer Werkstoffe

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Christ, H.J. [Siegen Univ. (Gesamthochschule) (Germany). Inst. fuer Werkstofftechnik

    2009-07-01

    The book presents an outline of the fatigue characteristics of metals. Interested students, engineers, scientists and users are provided with a basic understanding of the possible processes, from which they will get a feeling for the processes going on inside materials under fatigue stress which is indispensable for developing and testing modern constructional materials. Subjects: Introduction and outline - Material fatigue and microstructure - Cyclic stress-strain behaviour - Cracking - Electron microscopy - Fundamentals of fracture mechanics - Fatigue crack growth - Cyclic strength of steels - Thermomechanical fatigue - Operating strength of components - Fatigue of welded constructions. [German] In dem vorliegenden Buch wird ein Ueberblick ueber die Ermuedung metallischer Werkstoffe gegeben. Interessierten Studenten, Ingenieuren, Wissenschaftlern und Anwendern wird ein Grundverstaendnis fuer die moeglichen Prozesse vermittelt, aus dem sich ein Gefuehl fuer die Vorgaenge im Werkstoff bei zyklischer Beanspruchung entwickelt - unabdingbar fuer Entwicklung und Pruefung moderner Kontruktionswerkstoffe. Es enthaelt folgende Themen: Einfuehrung und Ueberblick - Materialermuedung und Mikrostruktur - Zyklisches Spannungs-Dehnungsverhalten - Rissbildung - Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen - Grundlagen der Bruchmechanik - Ermuedungsrisswachstum - Schwingfestigkeit von Staehlen - Thermomechanisches Ermuedungsverhalten - Betriebsfestigkeit von Bauteilen - Ermuedung von Schweisskonstruktionen.

  6. Demonstration of site-dependent dynamics of ozone effects in tobacco (Nicotina tabacum L. Bel W3) in Greater Rostock; Nachweis einer standoertlich differenzierten Dynamik der Ozonwirkung an Tabak (Nicotina tabacum L. Bel W3) im Grossraum Rostock

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Odya, S.; Stuedemann, O.; Eckert, S. [Rostock Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Landschaftsplanung und Landschaftsoekologie

    1999-07-01

    The goal of the present study was to describe the genesis of a geographic pattern of phytotoxic ozone effects in the case of a mesoscale climate sequence. For this purpose the ''Applied Meteorology and Climatology'' working group carried out an active biomonitoring field trial with different bioindicator plants (Nicotina Tabacum L. Bel W3 and Bel B, bush bean, darnel, wheat and common nettle) over 4 vegetation periods. The trial was designed on the basis of existing knowledge on the spatially heterogeneous occurrence of ozone episodes and site-dependent phytotoxic ozone effects. [German] Das Ziel unserer Untersuchungen ist die Beschreibung der Genese des geographischen Musters phytotoxischer Ozonwirkungen im Bereich einer mesoskalen Klimasequenz in Nordost-Deutschland. Dazu wurde in Kenntnis des arealheterogenen Auftretens der Ozonepisoden und der standortabhaengigen phytotoxischen Ozonwirkung von der AG 'Angewandte Meteorologie und Klimatologie' ein aktives Biomonitoring mit verschiedenen Bioindikatorpflanzen (Nicotiana tabacum L. Bel W3 und Bel B, Buschbohne, Weidelgras, Weizen, Grosse Brennessel) ueber 4 Vegetationsperioden (1995-1998) im Freiland durchgefuehrt. (orig.)

  7. PAH analysis in Leipzig allotment soils; Untersuchungen zum Gefaehrdungspotential polycyclischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) in Leipziger Kleingartenboeden

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bittrich, R.; Butze, B.; Mueller, S.; Prawalsky, R.; Stoye, H. [Umwelt-Consult e.V., Leipzig (Germany)

    2000-09-01

    Soils in 29 allotments were analyzed systematically with a view to the following aspects: Concentration ratios of the 16 components analyzed. Occurrence and classification of so-called PAH patterns. Interdependences between PAH patterns and soil features. PAH concentrations and soil-immanent buffer characteristics (humus concentration, pH, clay concentration, sesquioxide concentrations, exchange capacity). [German] Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Untersuchung der PAK-Belastung kleingaertnerisch genutzter Boeden. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse resultieren aus Probjekten von Umwelt-Consult e.V. aus den Jahren 1995 bis 1997 im Auftrag der Stadt Leipzig und dem unter fachlicher Begleitung des Referates Geochemie der Abt. Boden/Geochemie vom LfUG gefoerderten Forschungsvorhaben 'Untersuchungen zum Gefaehrdungspotential polycyclischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) in Boeden der Stadt Leipzig'. Hierbei wurden systematisch Boeden in 29 Kleingartenanlagen untersucht. Folgende Fragestellungen sollten beantwortet werden: Stehen die PAK-Konzentrationen der 16 analysierten Einzelkomponenten in bestimmten Groessenverhaeltnissen zueinander? Sind sogenannte PAK-Muster zu erkennen und lassen sich diese klassifizieren? Welche Beziehungen gibt es zwischen PAK-Mustern und Bodenmerkmalen? Korrespondieren die PAK-Konzentrationen (Gesamt-PAK, Einzelkomponenten) im Boden und deren bodenhorizont-bezogene Abfolge mit der Auspraegung bodenimmanenter Puffermerkmale (Humusgehalt, pH-Wert, Tongehalt, Gehalt an Sesquioxiden, Austauschkapazitaet)? (orig.)

  8. Reduction of radiation exposure in PET examinations by data acquisition in the 3D mode; Reduktion der Strahlenexposition bei PET-Untersuchungen durch Datenakquisition im 3D-Modus

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brix, G. [Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg (Germany). Inst. fuer Strahlenhygiene]|[Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg (Germany). Forschungsschwerpunkt Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie; Adam, L.E. [Department of Radiology, Philadelphia, PA (United States). Div. of Nuclear Medicine; Zaers, J.; Trojan, H.; Doll, J. [Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg (Germany). Forschungsschwerpunkt Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie; Bellemann, M.E. [Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg (Germany). Forschungsschwerpunkt Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie]|[Fachhochschule Jena (Germany). Fachbereich Medizintechnik; Nosske, D. [Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg (Germany). Inst. fuer Strahlenhygiene

    1999-04-01

    , auf die abschirmende Wirkung von Septen zwischen den einzelnen Detektorringen (2D-Modus) zu verzichten, so dass auch koinzidente Ereignisse zwischen Detektoren auf weiter entfernt liegenden Ringen erfasst werden koennen (3D-Modus). Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, das Zaehlratenverhalten eines PET-Scanners der neuesten Generation im 2D- und im 3D-Modus anhand von Phantommessungen zu untersuchen und die sich daraus ergebenden Konsequenzen fuer die Strahlenhygiene bei PET-Untersuchungen mit 2-[F-18]-Fluor-2-Desoxyglukose (F-18-FDG) zu diskutieren. Methoden: Alle Messungen wurden am Ganzkoerper-PET-System ECAT EXACT HR{sup +} durchgefuehrt. Fuer die 2D-Messungen wurde ein Kollimator aus duennen Wolframlamellen in das Gesichtsfeld eingebracht. Das Zaehlratenverhalten des Scanners wurde dem NEMA-Protokoll folgend ueber einen weiten Bereich von F-18-Aktivitaetskonzentrationen untersucht. Darueber hinaus wurden PET-Aufnahmen des EEC-Ganzkoerperphantoms mit verschiedenen Einsaetzen im 2D- und im 3D-Modus jeweils ueber 15 min akquiriert, wobei die F-18-Aktivitaetskonzentrationen bei der 3D-Messung halb so hoch waren wie bei der 2D-Messung. Ergebnisse: Fuer das zylinderfoermige NEMA-Phantom (Durchmesser=19,4 cm, Laenge=19,0 cm) ergab sich im 3D-Modus eine im Vergleich zur 2D-Akquisition etwa fuenffach hoehere Systemsensitivitaet (27,7 statt 5,7 cps/Bq/ml). Die Auswertung der rekonstruierten Aktivitaetsverteilungen des EEC-Phantoms ergab, dass die Qualitaet der aus dem 3D-Projektionsdatensatz berechneten PET-Aufnahmen besser war als die der korrespondierenden 2D-Aufnahmen, obwohl die Aktivitaetskonzentrationen nur halb so hoch waren. Schlussfolgerungen: Durch die Datenakquisition im 3D-Modus kann die zu applizierende Aktivitaetsmenge bei gleichzeitiger Verbesserung der Bildqualitaet erheblich reduziert werden. Fuer Patientenuntersuchungen mit F-18-FDG im Ganzkoerperbereich reicht es unserer Erfahrung nach aus, eine Aktivitaet zwischen 150 und 200 MBq zu applizieren. Dies

  9. Investigation of the amount, distribution, and contents of atmospheric precipitations. Untersuchungen ueber Menge, Verteilung und Inhaltsstoffe der Niederschlaege

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kolbe, W

    1986-01-01

    The amount, distribution, and analysis of atmospheric precipitations collected in the experimental area at 205 m above sea level is reported. The analytical data show sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, and ammonium ions, and the metals Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Hg, As. The pH-values are also given. After the Chernobyl reactor accident, the analyses included radioactivity measurements. The contribution also presents data collected during the last 35 years, that reveal the connection between hail storms and the fruit crop.

  10. Comparative studies in the cellular immunostimulation by whole body irradiation. Vergleichende Untersuchungen ueber die zellulaere Immunstimulation durch Ganzkoerperbestrahlung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Dietz, R.; Schwarze, G. (Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (Luxembourg) Medizinische Universitaetsklinik I, Homburg/Saar (Germany))

    1992-04-01

    The effect of the cellular immune response by total body irradiation was investigated. The transplant survival (skin grafts) was determined as immune parameter. Donors were colony bred Wistar rats and recipients were colony bred Sprague Dawley rats. The investigations were carried out with irradiated rats and with rats irradiated after thymectomy and/or adrenalectomy as well as with animals without irradiation. A single total-body irradiation (1 and 2 Gy) was administered. The skin graft survival in irradiated rats was significant shorter (radiogenic immunostimulation) than in unirradiated rats; there were no significant differences between the operated (thymectomy and/or adrenalectomy) and not operated animals. Including precedent examinations this radiogenic immunostimulation is caused by relativly selective inactivation of T-suppressor cells. (orig.).

  11. Metabolic dose-effect relationships of different Pt compounds on growing, pregnant, and lactating rats; Metabolische Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen verschiedener Pt-Verbindungen bei wachsenden, graviden und laktierenden Ratten (VPT 04)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eder, K; Kirchgessner, M [Technische Univ. Muenchen, Freising (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Tierernaehrung

    1998-12-31

    The fact that humans can take up platinum via the food chain calls for an investigation of the effects of platinum ingestion on the organism. For this purpose a study was carried out on the dose-effect relationships of various platinum compounds using the rat as a model. To take due account of different physiological stages the study included growing, pregnant, and lactating rats. According to present knowledge platinum is primarily emitted in its elemental form by the catalytic converter, i.e. with the formal oxidation number zero, and to a lesser degree in ionic form. Beside elemental platinum the study therefore also involved exposure to PtCl{sub 2} and PtCl{sub 4}. Furthermore, to do justice to the fact that humans and animals take up platinum not only from its primary source but also from plants in the food chain, platinum was also administered as a Pt-II-phytochelatin complex previously isolated from Pt-contaminated material. Study criteria were chosen with a view to obtaining a general indication of potential toxic effects and included parameters such as the live weight curve, haematological status, and platinum accumulation in the body or in specific organs. Of particular interest in pregnant and lactating rats were platinum levels in foetuses and milk. [Deutsch] Ueber die Nahrungskette ist eine alimentaere Aufnahme von Platin durch den Menschen moeglich und erfordert, die Auswirkungen der ingestiven Platinzufuhr auf den Organismus zu untersuchen. Deshalb wurden am Modelltier Ratte Studien zur Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung verschiedener Platinverbindungen durchgefuehrt. Um den verschiedenen physiologischen Stadien gerecht zu werden, wurden sowohl wachsende wie auch gravide und laktierende Ratten in die Studien einbezogen. Soweit bislang bekannt, wird Platin vorwiegend in der formalen Oxidationsstufe Null als elementares Platin, zu einem geringeren Anteil aber auch in ionischer Form aus der Katalysatoreinheit ausgetragen. Deshalb wurden in den vorliegenden

  12. Metabolic dose-effect relationships of different Pt compounds on growing, pregnant, and lactating rats; Metabolische Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen verschiedener Pt-Verbindungen bei wachsenden, graviden und laktierenden Ratten (VPT 04)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eder, K.; Kirchgessner, M. [Technische Univ. Muenchen, Freising (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Tierernaehrung

    1997-12-31

    The fact that humans can take up platinum via the food chain calls for an investigation of the effects of platinum ingestion on the organism. For this purpose a study was carried out on the dose-effect relationships of various platinum compounds using the rat as a model. To take due account of different physiological stages the study included growing, pregnant, and lactating rats. According to present knowledge platinum is primarily emitted in its elemental form by the catalytic converter, i.e. with the formal oxidation number zero, and to a lesser degree in ionic form. Beside elemental platinum the study therefore also involved exposure to PtCl{sub 2} and PtCl{sub 4}. Furthermore, to do justice to the fact that humans and animals take up platinum not only from its primary source but also from plants in the food chain, platinum was also administered as a Pt-II-phytochelatin complex previously isolated from Pt-contaminated material. Study criteria were chosen with a view to obtaining a general indication of potential toxic effects and included parameters such as the live weight curve, haematological status, and platinum accumulation in the body or in specific organs. Of particular interest in pregnant and lactating rats were platinum levels in foetuses and milk. [Deutsch] Ueber die Nahrungskette ist eine alimentaere Aufnahme von Platin durch den Menschen moeglich und erfordert, die Auswirkungen der ingestiven Platinzufuhr auf den Organismus zu untersuchen. Deshalb wurden am Modelltier Ratte Studien zur Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung verschiedener Platinverbindungen durchgefuehrt. Um den verschiedenen physiologischen Stadien gerecht zu werden, wurden sowohl wachsende wie auch gravide und laktierende Ratten in die Studien einbezogen. Soweit bislang bekannt, wird Platin vorwiegend in der formalen Oxidationsstufe Null als elementares Platin, zu einem geringeren Anteil aber auch in ionischer Form aus der Katalysatoreinheit ausgetragen. Deshalb wurden in den vorliegenden

  13. Marginal flow in compressor cascades. Influence of gap, cascade geometry, loads and inflow boundary layer. Final report; Randstroemung in Verdichtergittern. Untersuchung der Randstroemung in Verdichtergittern unter dem Einfluss von Spalt, Gittergeometrie, Gitterbelastung und Zustroemgrenzschicht. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Huebner, J

    1996-07-01

    Experimental and theoretical investigations were made in order to define the main influencing parameters of gap flow and secondary flow in compressor cascades. The investigations and results are presented in detail. [German] Im Rahmen des FVV-Forschungsvorhabens 'Randstroemung in Verdichtergittern' wurden am Institut fuer Strahlantriebe der Universitaet der Bundeswehr Muenchen umfangreiche experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der wesentlichen Einflussgroessen auf die Spalt- und Sekundaerstroemung in Verdichtergittern durchgefuehrt. Als Parameter wurden die Spaltweite, das Schaufelseitenverhaeltnis mit Schaufelhoehe und Sehnenlaenge, die aerodynamische Belastung und die Zustroemgrenzschichtdicke variiert. Zur Analyse der Stroemungsvorgaenge wurden Fuenflochsonden-Stroemungsfeldtraversierungen, Profil- und Seitenwanddruckverteilungsmessungen und Laser-Zwei-Fokus-Messungen im Spalt herangezogen. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen zeigen eine komplexe Wechselwirkung zwischen Spalt- und Kanalwirbel. Die Spalt- und Sekundaerverluste steigen mit der Spaltweite und der aerodynamischen Belastung, wobei der Anstieg eine welchselseitige Abhaengigkeit der Parameter aufweist. Gegenueber dem Schaufelseitenverhaeltnis verhalten sich die Spalt- und Sekundaerverluste umgekehrt proportional. Die Zustroemgrenzschicht beeinflusst zwar den Verlust- und Abstroemwinkelverlauf ueber der Schaufelhoehe, jedoch nicht die sich abzueglich des Profil- und Zustroemverlustes ergebenden Spalt- und Sekundaerverluste. Die verwendeten 3D Stroemungsberechnungsverfahren erfassen die Stroemungsphaenomene qualitativ gut, wobei der Spaltmodellierung eine besondere Rolle zukommt. Die realistische Spaltmodellierung erlaubt einen sehr detaillierten Einblick in das Stroemungsgeschehen im Spalt. Die Verlustberechnung erweist sich jedoch als sehr unsicher. Auf der Grundlage einer umfangreichen Literaturanalyse wurden die verfuegbaren Korrelationen zur Berechnung des Spaltverlustes und

  14. Dynamics of very small soot particles during soot burnout in diesel engines; Dynamik kleinster Russteilchen waehrend der Russausbrandphase im Dieselmotor

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bockhorn, H. [Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany). Inst. fuer Chemische Technik; Peters, N. [RWTH Aachen (DE). Institut fuer Technische Mechanik (ITM); Pittermann, R. [WTZ fuer Motoren- und Maschinenforschung Rosslau gGmbH (Germany); Hentschel, J.; Weber, J.

    2003-07-01

    The investigations used advanced laser-optical methods for measuring soot particle size distributions, temporally and spectrally resolved measurements of engine combustion, measurements of composition and size distribution of particles in exhaust, and further development and validation of reaction-kinetic models. In all, it can be stated that mixing will affect not only soot particle formation but also soot particle emissions. Mixing can be influenced by using a fuel-water emulsion and by CR injection. Experiments and models both showed the advantageous effects of water added to the diesel fuels and of CR injection. The higher OH radical concentrations in the later combustion stages also serve to ensure faster oxidation of soot. (orig.) [German] Ziel des Projektes war es, Informationen ueber die Bildung und Oxidation von Russ sowie die Teilchendynamik der Russteilchen waehrend der Ausbrandphase zu erhalten. Dies wurde erreicht durch die Weiterentwicklung laseroptischer Methoden zur Bestimmung der Groessenverteilung von Russpartikeln, durch zeit- und spektral aufgeloeste Erfassung der motorischen Verbrennung, durch die Bestimmung von Zusammensetzung und Groessenverteilung von Partikeln im Abgas sowie durch die Weiterentwicklung und Validierung von reaktionskinetischen Modellen. Zusammenfassend laesst sich sagen, dass sich die Gemischbildung im Dieselmotor nicht nur auf die Bildung der Russpartikel sondern auch auf die Russpartikelemission auswirkt. Die Verwendung einer Kraftstoff-Wasser-Emulsion und die Common-Rail-Einspritzung stellen zwei Verfahren zur Beeinflussung der Gemischbildung dar. Sowohl die experimentellen Untersuchungen als auch die Modellierung zeigen den die Gemischbildung foerdernden Einfluss des Zusatzes von Wasser zum Dieselbrennstoff. Ein erhoehter Anteil an vorgemischter Verbrennung, wie er auch durch die Verwendung hoher Einspritzdruecke bei der Common-Rail-Einspritzung erreicht werden kann, verringert die waehrend der Verbrennung entstehende

  15. On the impact of isoelectric impurities on band bowing and disorder of compound semiconductors; Ueber den Einfluss von isoelektronischen Stoerstellen auf Bandbiegung und Unordnung in Verbindungshalbleitern

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Karcher, Christian

    2012-03-16

    Isolectronic impurities and their impact on the properties of compound semiconductors is discussed in two systems: Nitrogen in Ga(As,P) quantum wells on the one hand and Sulfur and Selenium in bulk ZnTe. The properties are reduced to two experimentally observable aspects: Band Bowing, i.e. the non-linearity of the band gap of the compound semiconductor and disorder, i.e. in particular the formation of a strongly localized density of states beneath the fundamental band gap. Apart of the pure experimental studies an insight into the theoretical model of disorder-induced temperature dependent luminescence properties of the compound semiconductors by means of Monte Carlo Simulations is given.

  16. Hormonally active substances in the environment: Xeno-estrogens. Opinion of an expert commission of the Toxicology Section of Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer experimentelle und klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (DGPT); Hormonell aktive Substanzen in der Umwelt: Xenooestrogene. Stellungnahme der Beratungskommission der Sektion Toxikologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (DGPT)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Degen, G.H.; Foth, H.; Kahl, R.; Kappus, H.; Neumann, H.G.; Oesch, F.; Schulte-Hermann, R. [Dortmund Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Arbeitsphysiologie

    1999-12-01

    Observations of disturbances in the hormonal regulation mechanisms of humans and animals raised an interest in the potential hazards of environmental pollutants with hormonal, in particular estrogenic activity. The available information on the mode of action, dose dependence and exposure pathways (exposure scenarios) suggests that the hazard to humans may be low. On the other hand, the exotoxicological effects are less easily assessible, and further investigations will be required for a well-founded risk characterisation and assessment. There are now many research programmes in this field in various countries including Germany. For example, there are projects concerning 'Environmental chemicals affecting the endocrineous system (environmental hormones)' which are funded by the German state (German Bundestag 1998) and several projects funded by the Association of the Chemical Industry and various German states. Further information on terminated and current projects is available from the Federal Environmental Office where the national activities are coordinated. [German] Beobachtungen ueber die Beeinflussung hormoneller Regulationsmechanismen bei Mensch und Tier haben die Aufmerksamkeit auf eine moegliche Gefaehrdung durch Umweltstoffe mit hormoneller, insbesondere solche mit oestrogener Aktivitaet gelenkt. Die verfuegbaren Informationen ueber Wirkungsweise, Dosisabhaengigkeit und Art der Exposition (Expositionsszenarien) lassen das Ausmass der Gefaehrdung fuer den Menschen gering erscheinen. Die oekotoxikologischen Auswirkungen sind demgegenueber weniger klar. Fuer eine fundierte Risikocharakterisierung und Risikoabschaetzung sind weitgehende Untersuchungen erforderlich. Dem tragen zahlreiche Forschungsprogramme in verschiedenen Laendern Rechnung. Auch in Deutschland wird Forschung auf diesem Gebiet unterstuetzt. Zum Beispiel: etliche Vorhaben zum Thema ''Chemikalien in der Umwelt mitWirkung auf das endokrine System (Umwelthormone

  17. 59. Report of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rhein-Wasserwerke e.V. (ARW). Annual report 2002; 59. Bericht der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rhein-Wasserwerke e.V. (ARW). Jahresbericht 2002

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-07-01

    This annual report presents the activities of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rhein-Wasserwerke e.V. (ARW), important results of Rhine water monitoring, and current developments in water management. This year, a special measuring programme was jointly carried out by ARW and the Deutsche Kommission zur Reinhaltung des Rheins on isoproturone and chlorotolurone concentrations in Rhine water, which used to be quite high in the Lower Rhine in the past. Further, an incident involving chloracetophenone release into the Rhine was followed up, and the effects on freshwater supply were assessed. The report also contains two practical contributions by member waterworks on de-acidification of shore filtrate and on the calcite solubility of the raw water of a shore filtration and production plant. There is also a chapter on further options for evaluating long-term measuring series using time series analysis and enhanced statistical methods. [German] Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rhein-Wasserwerke e. V. (ARW) legt hiermit bereits ihren 59. Jahresbericht vor, in dem ueber ihre Taetigkeiten, wesentliche Ergebnisse aus dem Untersuchungsprogramm der Rheinwasserwerke und aktuelle Entwicklungen aus der Wasserwirtschaft berichtet wird. Neben der Dokumentation und Bewertung der aktuellen Daten aus dem Untersuchungsprogramm, an dem zahlreiche Wasserwerke aktiv beteiligt sind, wird in dem vorliegenden Jahresbericht ueber ein gemeinsames Sondermessprogramm der ARW und der Deutschen Kommission zur Reinhaltung des Rheins zum Vorkommen und zur Bilanzierung der Eintraege von Isoproturon und Chlortoluron berichtet, die in der Vergangenheit in z. T. sehr hohen Konzentrationen im Niederrhein gefunden wurden. Ebenfalls durch zusaetzliche Untersuchungen der Wasserwerke konnte ein Schadensfall mit Chloracetophenon am Rhein verfolgt und die Auswirkungen auf die Trinkwassergewinnung abgeschaetzt werden. Des Weiteren sind zwei praxisnahe Beitraege aus Mitgliedswerken zur Entsaeuerung von Uferfiltrat und zum

  18. Investigation of the warm prestress effect by X-ray and microfractographic measurements; Roentgenografische und mikrofraktografische Untersuchungen zum Warmvorbeanspruchungs (WPS) - Effekt

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Blumenauer, H.; Eichler, B.; Krempe, M.; Ude, J. [Magdeburg Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Werkstofftechnik und Werkstoffpruefung

    1998-11-01

    The work reported was to investigate the changes caused at the crack tip of a specimen with incipient crack and to assess their effects with regard to component fracture. The steels selected for testing are the pressure vessel steels 10MnMoNi5-5 and 17MoV8-4, and the experiments were made with CT-25 specimens. The conclusion drawn from the results obtained is that the WPS effect is due to a stronger energy dissipation in the prestressed area ahead of the crack tip, assisted by intrinsic stress-induced crack closing. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die durch eine Vorbeanspruchung angerissener Proben hervorgerufenen Veraenderungen an der Rissspitze und ihre Auswirkungen auf das Bruchverhalten zu untersuchen. Die Untersuchungen wurden an den Druckbehaelterstaehlen 10MnMoNi5-5 und 17MoV8-4 durchgefuehrt. Die Versuche wurden an CT-25-Proben durchgefuehrt. Die Autoren kommen zum Schluss, dass der WPS-Effekt mit einer staerkeren Energiedissipation in der vorgeschaedigten Prozesszone vor der Rissspitze, unterstuetzt durch eigenspannungsbedingtes Rissschliessen, erklaert werden kann. (orig./MM)

  19. Optimised fuel cell operation management. Final report; Optimiertes Betriebsmanagement von Brennstoffzellen. Schlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2003-11-05

    Investigations were carried out on two fuel cell systems of the type ONSI PC 25C (large fuel cells) and three fuel cell heaters of the type HXS 1000 PREMIERE by Sulzer HEXIS (small fuel cells) for long periods of time and in different modes of operation. Information was obtained on efficiencies and performance, pollutant emissions, degradation and availability. The status of the project is reported and compared with the goals stated initially. (orig.) [German] Das Hauptziel des Projektes bestand darin, Kriterien fuer den optimalen Betrieb (hohe Verfuegbarkeit, geringe Anzahl von Abschaltungen, hohe Energienutzung etc.) von Brennstoffzellen im Zusammenspiel mit den peripheren Komponenten der Gebaeudetechnik zu ermitteln. Hierzu wurden Untersuchungen an zwei Brennstoffzellen-Anlagen vom Typ ONSI PC 25C (grosse BZ) und an drei Brennstoffzellen-Heizgeraeten HXS 1000 PREMIERE von Sulzer HEXIS (kleine BZ) ueber laengere Zeitraeume und bei weitestgehend unterschiedlichen Betriebsweisen durchgefuehrt. In Auswertung dieser Messkomplexe wurden Aussagen zum Betriebsverhalten der Brennstoffzellen, wie z.B. zu Wirk- und Nutzungsgraden, Schadstoffemissionen, Verlauf der Degradation sowie zur Verfuegbarkeit getroffen. Im vorliegenden Bericht wird der erreichte Sachstand detailliert dargestellt und mit den Zielsetzungen des FuE-Antrages verglichen. (orig.)

  20. Survey of legislation applicable in Germany for implementation of the EC Directive on environmental audits; Ueberblick ueber die in Deutschland fuer die Ausfuehrung der EG-Umwelt-Audit-Verordnung geltenden Rechtsvorschriften

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1997-06-01

    The brochure presents a comprehensive survey of the relevant legislation applicable in Germany to implementation of the EC Directive on environmental auditing. Readers interested in performing such auditing at one glance will find in this compiulation all relevant laws and regulations in full text that are to be observed for implementation of this novel environmental auditing instrument. (orig./RHM) [Deutsch] Diese Broschuere vermittelt einen umfassenden Ueberblick ueber die in Deutschland fuer die Ausfuehrung der EG-Umwelt-Audit-Verordnung geltenden Rechtsvorschriften. Damit wird fuer alle Interessenten ein rascher Zugriff auf die Rechtstexte, die zur praktischen Anwendung des neuartigen Umwelt-Audit-Instruments notwendig sind, ermoeglicht. (orig./RHM)

  1. Full scale application of the autotrophic denitrification in trickling filters for treatment of rejection water with high ammonia concentrations from sludge dewatering. Final report; Untersuchungen zur autotrophen Stickstoffentfernung aus ammoniumreichem Filtratwasser der Schlammentwaesserung mit grosstechnischer Realisierung in Tropfkoerpern. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Neumueller, B.; Metzger, J.W.; Pinnekamp, J.

    2003-07-01

    strictly. In a semi-technical anammox-reactor which was operated for several years showed, that the process is very robust. Performance loss is only temporary, if the operating conditions aren't fulfilled. (orig.) [German] Bei kommunalen Klaeranlagen mit anaerober Schlammbehandlung faellt bei der Entwaesserung des stabilisierten Schlammes stark ammoniumhaltiges Prozesswasser an. Die Mitbehandlung dieses Teilstroms aus der Schlammbehandlung in der Hauptstrombiologie der Klaeranlage kann zu einer Erhoehung der Stickstoffbelastung von bis zu 20% fuehren. Eine separate Behandlung von Prozesswaessern kann die Stickstoff-Ablaufwerte verbessern und schafft Reserven in der Hauptstrombiologie. Die autotrophe Denitrifikation nach vorangegangener Teilnitritation in Tropfkoerpern ist ein neuartiges Verfahren zur Behandlung hoch ammoniumhaltiger Abwaesser. Hierzu werden in einem ersten Tropfkoerper etwa 60% des Ammoniums zu Nitrit umgewandelt, wobei die Nitratation gehemmt wird. In einem zweiten geschlossenen Tropfkoerper wird das Ammonium unter anoxischen Bedingungen, mit Nitrit als Elektronenakzeptor, zu molekularem Stickstoff oxidiert. Dieses Verfahren wurde erstmals im grosstechnischen Betrieb auf der Klaeranlage Sindelfingen realisiert. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass bereits wenige mg/l Ammoniak im ersten Reaktor ausreichten, um die Nitratation zu hemmen. Da die Nitratation nach einem Anstieg und dem darauffolgenden Abfallen der Ammoniakkonzentration zunahm, fand offensichtlich eine Adaption der Biomasse an die hoeheren Ammoniakgehalte statt. Deshalb sollte die Ammoniakkonzentration moeglichst konstant gehalten und groessere Schwankungen ueber eine laengere Zeit vermieden werden. Nur mit der thermischen Abtoetung der Mikroorganismen und dem erneuten Einfahren des Prozesses konnte nach einer Adaption wieder eine vollstaendige Nitratationshemmung bei geringen Ammoniakkonzentrationen gewaehrleistet werden. Durch die aeusserst geringe Wachstumsrate der Anammoxbakterien nimmt

  2. New jobs - renewable energies. Congress. Proceedings; Neue Arbeitsplaetze durch Erneuerbare Energien. Kongress ueber die wirtschaftlichen Chancen der oekologischen Energiewende. Konferenzband

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2001-07-01

    The number of jobs in the field of renewable energy sources is disproportionately high as compared to conventional energy sources. For example, the German wind industry has 30,000 jobs for a 3% share in power supply. According to the White Book on Renewable Energy Sources of the European Commission, the share of renewable energy sources is to be increased to 12% by 2010. This will mean 1.2 million new jobs. If the share is increased to 20%, 2 million new jobs will be created in the European Union according to an EUROSOLAR study. [German] Die erneuerbaren Energien haben im Verhaeltnis zu konventionellen Energietraegern ein ueberproportional hohes Arbeitsplatzangebot. So sind bereits heute in der deutschen Windenergiebranche, die zur Zeit etwa 3 Prozent des Stromverbrauchs deckt, 30000 Menschen beschaeftigt. Das Weissbuch der Europaeischen Kommission ueber erneuerbare Energien hat das Ziel formuliert, den Anteil der erneuerbaren Energien bis zum Jahr 2010 auf 12 Prozent zu steigern. Die Europaeische Kommission sieht damit die Schaffung von 1,2 Millionen Arbeitsplaetzen verbunden. Wenn der Anteil der erneuerbaren Energien in der Europaeischen Union auf 20 Prozent erhoeht wird, werden gemaess einer EUROSOLAR - Studie in der EU sogar 2 Millionen neue Arbeitsplaetze entstehen. (orig.)

  3. PET-Studies in parkinson's disease; Untersuchungen mit der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) bei Patienten mit Morbus Parkinson

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schwarz, J. [Klinik fuer Neurologie, Univ. Leipzig (Germany)

    2002-09-01

    Positron-emission-tomography (PET) has enabled to study the metabolism and blood flow in specific brain areas. Besides, there is a variety of radiotracers that allow quantification of the function of distinct molecules. In respect to Parkinson's disease, PET allowed for the first time to assess the number of dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Thus, helping confirming a dopaminergic deficit, measuring disease progression and also help to determine the function of dopaminergic grafts. Current research has shifted to determine the role of related neurotransmitter systems in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. (orig.) [German] Die positronen-emissions-tomographie (PET) bietet neben der Messung von Metabolismus und Blutfluss die Moeglichkeit der Darstellung von einzelnen Molekuelen. Bei Patienten mit Morbus Parkinson hat es diese Technik erstmals erlaubt, die Anzahl der dopaminergen Neurone zu quantifizieren, wodurch die Diagnose gesichert, die Progression der Erkrankung beurteilt und auch das Anwachsen von Implantaten beurteilt werden kann. Die PET hat einen wesentlichen Beitrag zu unserem heutigen Wissen ueber die Pathophysiologie dieser Erkrankung beigetragen. (orig.)

  4. New EC Directive on the limitation of emissions from large combustion plants. Implications for German power plants; Neue EG-Richtlinie ueber nationale Emissionshoechstmengen. Folgerung fuer deutsche Kraftwerke

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hildebrand, M. [VDEW - e.V., Frankfurt am Main (Germany). Bereich Recht und Umwelt

    2002-03-25

    The Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants uses a regulatory instrument for limiting emissions at the national levels of EU member states. This approach is completely new and the author of this article therefore expects problems to arise in the context of transfer of this EC Directive into national law. Another aspect discussed is the assessment of implications for the operating power plants in Germany. (orig./CB) [German] Mit der im Herbst 2001 durch das Europaeische Parlament und durch den Umweltministerrat verabschiedeten Richtlinie ueber nationale Emissionshoechstmengen wurde vom europaeischen Vorschriftengeber ein in Deutschland bislang systemfremdes Regelungsinstrument geschaffen, dessen Umsetzung in nationales Recht und dessen anlagenspezifische Konsequenzen - zumindest hierzulande -bislang noch reichlich unklar sind. (orig.)

  5. Efficiencies of different flue gas purification systems in waste incinerators. Experimental report; Untersuchungen zur Effizienz von unterschiedlichen Systemen zur Rauchgasreinigung bei Muellverbrennungsanlagen. Untersuchungsbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Berghoff, R. (comp.)

    2001-07-01

    This investigation was carried out on behalf of the Environmental Office of the state of Nordrhein-Westfalen. Apart from the current and projected exhaust purification systems, also three exemplary systems were analyzed from the ecological and economic point of view. Effects on pollutant freights were established in consideration of energy consumption and the specific cost of waste treatment for each technology. [German] Das konkrete Ziel dieser vom Landesumweltamt NRW vergebenen Untersuchung war es, neben einer Uebersicht ueber die zzt. eingesetzten und auch geplanten Abgasreinigungssysteme (RGR) bei Muellverbrennungsanlagen, die Vor- und die Nachteile von 3 beispielhaft ausgewaehlten Systemen in einem oekologischen und oekonomischen Vergleich knapp und begrenzt darstellen zu lassen. Als Ergebnis wurden die Auswirkungen der unterschiedlichen Verfahren auf die Frachten der emittierten Schadstoffe unter Beruecksichtigung der unterschiedlichen Energieverbraeuche ermittelt und dargestellt. Darueber hinaus wurden die spezifischen Muellbehandlungskosten bei den jeweiligen Gasreinigungstechniken errechnet. (orig.)

  6. Electron microscopy and phase analysis of biofilms of bacterial cultures from hydrogeothermal water; Elektronenmikroskopische und phasenanalytische Untersuchungen an Biofilm von Bakterienkulturen aus geothermisch genutzten Tiefenwaessern

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Koehler, M; Voelsgen, F; Bochning, S [URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie, Greifswald (Germany); Kasbohm, J [Greifswald Univ. (Germany). FR Geowissenschaften

    1997-12-01

    In the context of a BMBF-funded project (1994 - 1996), concentrations and behaviour of microorganisms in hydrogeothermal water in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern were investigated. About 50 bacterial strains were isolated and characterized with respect to their cell morphology and relevant physiological properties. A relationship was found between bacterial cells and precipitation products. However, the methods of investigation could not differentiate between biogenic (biochemical) and chemical precipitation products, although the bacterial activity seems to be correlated with the precipitation of organic material. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen eines vom BMBF geforderten Projektes (1994 - 1996) wurde das Vorkommen und Verhalten von Mikroorganismen in geothermisch genutzen Tiefenwaessern Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns untersucht. Bisher wurden ca. 50 Bakterienstaemme isoliert und hinsichtlich Zellmorphologie sowie relevanter physiologischer Eigenschaften charakterisiert. Mit den durchgefuehrten Untersuchungen konnte eine unmittelbare Beziehung zwischen Bakterienzellen und Faellungsprodukten nachgewiesen werden. Anhand der verwendeten Untersuchungsmethoden ist jedoch eine eindeutige Differenzierung zwischen biogenen (biochemischen) und rein chemischen Faellungsprodukten nicht moeglich. Offenbar bestehen aber eindeutige Beziehungen zwischen Bakterientaetigkeit und der Ausfaellung organischen Materials. (orig.)

  7. Derelict radioactivity in Rhineland-Palatinate: A first report; Herrenlose Radioaktivitaet in Rheinland-Pfalz. Ein erster Bericht ueber das Ausmass, die Massnahmen und die Folgen fuer die Behoerden und den Strahlenschutz

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Steiner, J. [Landesamt fuer Umweltschutz und Gewerbeaufsicht Rheinland-Pfalz, Mainz (Germany)

    2001-07-01

    Following of theft of a radioactive source and radioactively contaminated material from the Reprocessing Plant Karlsruhe (WAK), persons, flats and vehicles in the Federal State of Rhineland-Palatinate were grossly contaminated. The article gives quantitative information about kind and height of the contaminations and describes the actions, measurements and measures taken by the radiation protection staff members in this extraordinary case. (orig.) [German] Nach dem Diebstahl einer Strahlenquelle und von kontaminiertem Material aus der Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage Karlsruhe (WAK) wurden im Bundesland Rheinland-Pfalz Personen, Wohnungen und Fahrzeuge stark kontaminiert. Der Aufsatz gibt zahlmaessige Angaben ueber die Art und Hoehe der Kontaminationen und beschreibt die Vorgehensweise bei den Messungen und die Massnahmen, die vom Strahlenschutz in diesem aussergewoehnlichen Fall getroffen werden mussten. (orig.)

  8. Investigation on the applicability of dust protection helmets in the mining industry. Untersuchungen ueber die Einsatzmoeglichkeiten von Staubschutzhelmen im Bergbau

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bauer, H.D.; Werner, W.; Fuerst, E.

    1984-10-01

    In case of static ambient air, leakages for volumes of 25 x 1,5 l/min and air supplies >= 120 l/min or 25 x 2,0 l/min and >= 160 l/min do not occur. The increasing flow rate of moving ambient air leads to an increase of leakages. They show their largest extensions in case of lateral flow. In addition, they expand together with increasing physiological load. Therefore, the inherent air supply should not be below 160 l/min. The comparison of the dust protection helmet 'Airstream AH 1' with two respirators revealed the lowest additional physiological load for the dust protection helmet. Applicability tests in situ resulted in the following principal objections: contamination and scratches on the visor leading to visibility restriction of the wearer, bad fit, weight distribution and helmet dimensions, pressure sores and chafes of sealing parts and edges, lamp installation. Air supply and movement were felt as too high in case of low ambient temperatures, and in case of high temperatures and physiological strain it was considered as too low. There were only few objections against fan noise, weight and impediment by cable and battery. Based on the results, a specification including monitoring and maintenance of the helmet was made and additional tests for DIN design 58 645, item 7, were induced. Furthermore, a proposal regarding helmet optimisation was made.

  9. Studies of volatile secondary molasses constituents with inhibitory effect on yeast fermentation. Pt. 1. Determination of molasses and yeast components by GC and HPLC; Untersuchungen ueber fluechtige Nebenbestandteile der Melasse mit inhibitorischer Wirkung auf die Hefegaerung. T. 1. Bestimmung von Melasse- und Hefeinhaltsstoffen mittels GC und HPLC

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fattohi, N.

    1994-07-20

    Beet molasses, the principal raw material of molasses distilleries and yeast factories, have in recent times with increasing frequency shown negative effects on the fermentation and quality of baking yeast. Based on the fact that with many ``problem molasses`` the inhibitory effect on fermentation can be substantially reduced and often even totally eliminated by prior aeration of the hot acidic molasses solution, the chemical-analytical and biological investigations presented here focused on the components of such problem molasses volatilizable in water vapour. The water vapour distillates contain, in particular, low carbon acids (C1-C10), and alkanols (C6-C7), the minimum inhibitory concentrations (m.i.c.) of which for yeast fermentation were established. This showed very high m.i.c. levels for an inhibitory effect on fermentation, which in practice are not reached by the individual carbon acid and alkanol constituents of the problem molasses. However, these acids and alcohols exhibit marked synergic effects which were confirmed by determining the m.i.c. values of mixtures. The inhibitory effect on yeast fermentation is due above all to the presence in problem molasses of butyric acid + caprilic acid + hexanol and heptanol. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ruebenmelasse, der Hauptrohstoff fuer die Melassebrennereien und Hefefabriken, zeigt in letzter Zeit immer haeufiger nachteilige Wirkungen bei der Vergaerung sowie der Qualitaet des Produkts Backhefe. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass sich bei vielen ``Problemmelassen`` der Gaerhemmeffekt durch vorangehende Belueftung der heiss-sauren Melasseloesung deutlich vermindern, haeufig sogar gaenzlich eliminieren laesst, wurde der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden chemisch-analytischen und biologischen Untersuchungen auf die wasserdampffluechtigen Komponenten solcher Problemmelassen gelegt. Die Wasserdampfdestillate enthalten insbesondere niedere Carbonsaeuren (C1-C10) und Alkanole (C6-C7). Ihre minimalen Hemmkonzentrationen (MHK) bei der

  10. Study of the influence of the cool-down speed at the dew-point level of the readings of the dew-point temperature; Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Abkuehlgeschwindigkeit am Taupunktspiegel auf Messwerte der Taupunkttemperatur

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bogoya, J.D. [Univ. Nacional de Colombia (Colombia); Mueller, C. [Inst. fuer Technische Thermodynamik und Kaeltetechnik, Univ. Karlsruhe (Germany); Oellrich, L.R. [Inst. fuer Technische Thermodynamik und Kaeltetechnik, Univ. Karlsruhe (Germany)

    1995-09-01

    The impact of the cool-down speed at the dew-point mirror on the behaviour of the readings of dew-point temperature of nitrogen-water mixtures has been investigated with the focus on mixtures with low water content. For this purpose a commercial dew-point mirror was equipped with a refrigerating device in order to cool the mirror surface. Moreover a data acquisition system was connected for the measurement of the rates of cooling. Via a control valve in the refrigerant cycle rates of cooling of about 1 to 35 C/min could be chosen. With a saturation system saturation conditions could be varied in the pressure range from 5 to 90 bar and in the temperature range from +10 to -15 C. The measuring instrument was continuously supplied with the gas mixture. The measurements were carried out under constant volume flow of the carrier gas. The results are discussed. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Einfluss der Abkuehlgeschwindigkeit am Taupunktspiegel auf die Lage der Messwerte der Taupunkttemperaturen von Stickstoff/Wasser-Gemischen wurde speziell im Bereich niedriger Wassergehalte untersucht. Dazu wurde ein kommerzieller Taupunktspiegel zur Kuehlung der Spiegeloberflaeche mit einer Kaeltemaschine ausgestattet und eine Messwerterfassung, mit der Abkuehlgeschwindigkeiten ermittelt werden konnte, angeschlossen. Ueber ein Regelventil im Kaeltemittelkreislauf konnten Abkuehlgeschwindigkeiten von ca. 1 bis 35 C/min eingestellt werden. Ueber eine Saettigungsanlage wurden Saettigungsbedingungen im Druckbereich von 5 bis 90 bar und im Temperaturbereich von +10 bis -15 C variiert und das Messgeraet kontinuierlich mit Gasgemisch versorgt. Die Messungen wurden bei konstantem Volumenstrom des Traegergases durchgefuehrt. Die Messergebisse werden diskutiert. (orig.)

  11. Cubic boron nitride coatings for innovative applications; Schichten aus kubischem Bornitrid (cBN) fuer innovative Anwendungen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Keunecke, M.; Bewilogua, K. [Fraunhofer Inst. fuer Schicht- und Oberflaechentechnik (Germany)

    2001-08-01

    Coatings of cubic boron nitride (cBN), the second hardest of all known materials, were prepared using a sputter process. A new coating design, based on a special B-C-N layer system, allows to deposit thick (> 2 {mu}m) cBN films, however so far only on silicon substrates. The properties of the coatings are quite similar to those of bulk cBN. Promising experiments were performed with respect to a transfer of this application relevant layer system to cemented carbide and steel substrates. First measurements of the mechanical and tribological properties confirmed the outstanding properties and the high potential of such cBN based coating systems. (orig.) [German] Schichten aus kubischem Bornitrid (cBN), dem nach Diamant zweithaertesten aller bekannten Materialien, wurden mit einem Sputter-Prozess hergestellt. Ein neuartiger Schichtaufbau, der auf einem speziellen B-C-N-Schichtsystem basiert, ermoeglicht die Abscheidung von cBN-Schichten mit ueber 2 {mu}m Dicke, allerdings bisher nur auf Siliciumsubstraten. Die Eigenschaften der Schichten sind denen von massivem cBN sehr aehnlich. Es wurden vielversprechende Experimente zur Uebertragung dieses fuer Werkzeugbeschichtungen und vielfaeltige andere Anwendungen interessanten Schichtsystems auf Werkzeugsubstrate durchgefuehrt. Erste Untersuchungen der mechanisch-tribologischen Eigenschaften der auf Hartmetall- und Stahlsubstraten abgeschiedenen Schichten belegen das aussergewoehnlich hohe Potential der cBN-basierten Schichtsysteme. (orig.)

  12. Dental CT: examination technique, radiation load and anatomy; Dental-CT: Untersuchungstechnik, Strahlenbelastung und Anatomie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lenglinger, F.X.; Muhr, T. [AKH Wels (Austria). Inst. fuer Radiologie; Krennmair, G. [Praxis fuer Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde und Implantologie, Marchtrenk (Austria)

    1999-12-01

    Traditionally oral surgeons and dentists have evaluated the jaws using intraoral films and panoramic radiographs. The involvement of radiologists has been limited. In the past few years dedicated CT-software-programs developed to evaluate dental implant patients have provided a new look at the jaws. The complex anatomy is described and identified on human skulls and on axial, panoramic, and cross-sectional images. With this anatomic description Dental-CT-scans are used to demonstrate the anatomy of maxilla and the mandible. An overview of the technique of Dental-CT is provided, furthermore the radiation dose of different organs is explained. Suggestions to reduce these doses by simple modifications of the recommended protocols are given. (orig.) [German] Die Einfuehrung im Bereich der Computertomographiesoftware (Dental-CT) ermoeglicht dem Radiologen zusaetzlich zu den ueblichen, von den Zahnaerzten durchgefuehrten Roentgenuntersuchungen eine ueberlagerungs- und verzerrungsfreie Darstellung des Ober- und Unterkiefers. In der Implantologie ist mit dieser Darstellung eine exakte Planung moeglich. Weiterhin haben sich Duennschicht-CT-Untersuchungen auch bei der Abklaerung von Zysten, Tumoren, Frakturen, tiefen Parodontitiden und retinierten Zaehnen bewaehrt. In dieser Zeit wird ein Ueberblick ueber die Anatomie, die Untersuchungstechnik des Dental-CT und die auftretende Strahlenbelastung gegeben. Basierend auf rezente Literaturangaben kann eine Reduktion der absorbierten Dosis bei gleichbleibender Bildqualitaet durch einfache Protokollmodifikationen erzielt werden. (orig.)

  13. Investigations on the chemical composition of the organic fraction of tropospheric aerosols. Final report; Untersuchungen zur chemischen Zusammensetzung der organischen Komponente des troposphaerischen Aerosols. AFS-Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hoffmann, T.; Warscheid, B.

    2000-07-01

    ] Obwohl das Wissen um die Bedeutung von luftgetragenen Partikeln fuer die Strahlungsbilanz der Atmosphaere in den letzten Jahren zugenommen hat, sind eine Reihe von wichtigen Aerosolbildungsmechanismen bisher nur unzureichend untersucht worden. Dies gilt insbesondere fuer Aerosole, die aus fluechtigen organischen Vorlaeufern natuerlichen wie auch antrophogenen Ursprungs im Verlauf von troposphaerischen Oxidationsprozessen gebildet werden. Das Vorhaben umfasste daher die Entwicklung massenspektrometrischer Methoden fuer qualitative wie auch fuer quantitative Studien zur chemischen Zusammensetzung von sekundaeren organischen Aerosolen (SOA), insbesondere gebildet aus der Ozonolyse von Monoterpenen (z.B. {alpha}-Pinen, {beta}-Pinen, Sabinen, {delta}{sup 3}-Caren, Limonen). Mit Hilfe eines entwickelten On-line APCI-ITMS-Systems (atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation, APCI) konnte die Bildung von Gas- und Partikelphasenprodukten in Echtzeit (Zeitaufloesung {proportional_to}1 s) als Folge der Monoterpen-Ozonolyse beobachtet werden. Die Nachweisgrenze der Methode liegt bei ca. 100 ppt(v/v) im positiven Ionenmodus. Basierend auf der Entwicklung geeigneter Standardadditionsmethoden erfolgte auch die unmittelbare Quantifizierung ausgewaehlter Oxidationsprodukte in der Gas- und Partikelphase. Mittels isotopenmarkiertem Wasser (H{sub 2}{sup 18}O) wurden darueber hinaus einige zugrundeliegende Reaktionsmechanismen aufgedeckt. Ein weiterer Teil des Projektes konzentrierte sich auf die Charakterisierung insbesondere der schwerfluechtigen Aerosolkomponenten der Monoterpen-Ozonolyse mittels MS/MS-Studien. Diese Studien ergaben, dass eine Reihe von multifunktionellen Carbonsaeureprodukte signifikante Aerosolbestandteile repraesentieren (Dicarbonsaeuren, Oxocarbonsaeuren, Hydroxycarbonsaeuren etc.). Schliesslich ergaben die massenspektrometrischen Untersuchungen deutliche Hinweise auf starke intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen zwischen den einzelnen Produkten (Assoziatbildung). Da ausserdem

  14. Vertical exchange and chemical conversion of trace elements over topographically complex terrain; Vertikaler Austausch und chemische Umwandlung von Spurenstoffen ueber topographisch gegliedertem Gelaende

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kuntze, K.

    2001-10-01

    The influence of topography on the vertical exchange of trace elements was investigated with the aid of a numeric simulation model. It is a couopled 3D model consisting of the mesoscale model KAMM and the dispersion model DRAIS, extended by the gaseous phase mechanism of the RADM model. This way, both meteorological and chemical processes can be analyzed in a preselected time and spatial resolution. The simulations were validated by a comparison with measurements made during the TRACT campaign. Satisfactory agreement between the two was established. [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss der Topographie auf den vertikalen Austausch von Spurenstoffen mit Hilfe eines numerischen Simulationsmodells untersucht. Bei dem Simulationsmodell handelt es sich um ein dreidimensionales gekoppeltes Modell, welches aus dem mesoskaligen Modell KAMM und dem um den Gasphasenmechanismus des RADM-Modells erweiterten Ausbreitungsmodell DRAIS besteht. Mit diesem Modellsystem war es moeglich, sowohl meterologische als auch chemische Prozesse in einer vorher gewaehlten zeitlichen und raeumlichen Aufloesung zu betrachten. Um die Qualitaet der Simulation und damit deren Verwendbarkeit fuer die Untersuchungen festzustellen, wurde ein Vergleich mit Messungen durchgefuehrt. Dazu wurden berechnete meterologische und chemische Groessen mit den waehrend der Feldmesskampagne TRACT gemessenen Groessen verglichen. Der Vergleich der simulierten Groessen sowohl mit Radiosondenaufstiegen als auch mit Zeitreihen und Flugzeugmessungen lieferte eine gute Uebereinstimmung. (orig.)

  15. Mineralogical investigations of the role of the clay fraction in geothermal energy use; Mineralogische Untersuchungen zur Rolle der Tonfraktion bei der Gewinnung geothermischer Energie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Althaus, E; Frosch, G [Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany). Mineralogisches Inst.

    1997-12-01

    Authigenic clay minerals strongly influence the quality of geothermal reservoir systems. Their precipitation may drastically change the properties of reservoir sandstones. They interact more strongly with non-equilibrium fluids than most other mineral phases. The most abundant clay minerals in geothermal wells of Northeastern Germany are kaolinite, illite and mixed-layer minerals. Experiments are being carried out to study the dissolution rates of these minerals in NaCl brines at different pH-values. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen des BMBF-Projektes `Evaluierung geowissenschaftlicher und wirtschaftlicher Bedingungen fuer die Nutzung hydrogeothermaler Ressourcen` werden am Mineralogischen Institut der Universitaet Karlsruhe (T.H.) Experimente zur Stabilitaet von Tonmineralen in geothermischen Systemen durchgefuehrt. Die Untersuchungen beziehen sich auf Gesteine und Solen, wie sie durch die nordostdeutschen Geothermiebohrungen Neustadt-Glewe, Rheinsberg und Neubrandenburg aufgeschlossen sind. Die Untersuchten Gesteinsproben enstammen der oberen Trias und dem Jura. Die vergleichbaren stratigraphischen Einheiten sind in den Bohrungen in unterschiedlicher Teufe und Maechtigkeit anzutreffen: So finden sich die Contorta-Schichten (Raetkeuper) bei Neustadt-Glewe in ca. 2200 m, bei Rheinsberg in ca. 1680 m und bei Neubrandenburg in ca. 1250 m Tiefe. (orig.)

  16. Scintigraphic evaluation of gastric emptying and motility; Nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik der Magenmotilitaet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Linke, R. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ. Muenchen (Germany)

    2003-06-01

    ermoeglicht eine regelrechte Magenentleerung. Stoerungen der Magenmotilitaet koennen Beschwerden, wie Voellegefuehl, Blaehungen, epigastrische Schmerzen, Uebelkeit und Erbrechen verursachen. Als Ursache fuer eine Magenfunktionsstoerung kommen Stoffwechselerkrankungen (z.B. Diabetes mellitus), Kollagenosen, Gastritiden, Tumoren, Operationen, aber auch funktionelle Krankheitsbilder und Nebenwirkungen von Medikamenten in Betracht. Fuer eine differenzial- und artdiagnostische Beurteilung der Funktionsstoerung sollten Kenntnisse ueber die Magenentleerung und die peristaltische Aktivitaet des Magens vorliegen. Mit der Magenfunktionsszintigraphie koennen die entsprechenden Daten einfach und schnell erfasst werden. Untersuchungen mit radioaktiv markierten Testspeisen sind physiologisch und nicht-invasiv. Die Standardauswertung der Magenentleerung mittels Zeit-Aktivitaetskurven gibt Aufschluss darueber, ob eine regelrechte, beschleunigte oder verzoegerte Magenentleerung vorliegt. Eine zusaetzliche Analyse von schnellen, dynamischen Aufnahmesequenzen mittels Phasenanalyse oder kondensierten Bildern, auf deren Grundlage mittels Fourier-Analyse Amplitude und Frequenz der Magenkontraktionen ermittelt werden, liefert die notwendige Information ueber die Magenperistaltik. Je nach zugrundliegender Erkrankung bzw. Stoerung finden sich typische Befundkombinationen, die eine differenziale- und artdiagnostische Einordnung ermoeglichen. (orig.)

  17. Comparative studies on ultrasonic, friction, laser and resistance pressure welding of NiTi shape memory alloys with high-alloy steels. Final report; Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Ultraschall-, Reib-, Laserstrahl- und Widerstandspressschweissen von NiTi-Shape-Memory-Metall mit hochlegierten Staehlen. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zuckschwerdt, K.

    2000-04-01

    The suitability of different welding techniques for welding of NiTi shape memory alloys with high-alloy steel (C12CrNi17-7, X5CrNiNb19-9, X20Cr13) was investigated. The quality of the welds was analyzed using mechanical-technological, fractographic, metallographic and electron microscopy analysis. [German] Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens ist es, die Eignung der einzelnen Schweissverfahren fuer das Fuegen von NiTi-Formgedaechtnislegierungen mit hochlegiertem Stahl (X12CrNi17-7, X5CrNiNb19-9, X20Cr13) darzustellen und zu beurteilen. Die Qualitaet der Fuegeverbindungen wird mit Hilfe mechanisch-technologischer, fraktographischer, metallographischer und elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen bewertet.

  18. About the nature of competing interactions in cerium based 1-9-4 compounds; Ueber die Natur konkurrierender Wechselwirkungen in Cer-basierten 1-9-4 Verbindungen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gold, Christian

    2014-02-04

    In addition to the high-temperature superconductors, the so-called heavy fermion systems are among the most fascinating representatives of strongly correlated electron systems. Caused by the competition of Kondo effect, RKKY interaction and electrostatic crystal field effects these compounds reveal a wide variety of different ground state properties. For example, many of these systems are located in the vicinity of a magnetic instability. At such a quantum critical point a continuous transition between two states with different symmetry occurs at absolute zero temperature. Apart from the three classic tuning parameters (i) chemical substitution, (ii) hydrostatic pressure, and (iii) external magnetic field also the reduction of the effective spin degeneracy N, i.e. the reduction of the number of crystal field levels which are shielded by the Kondo effect seems to induce quantum critical behavior. The proximity to a quantum critical point together with an unusually high effective spin degeneracy of N=4 make the ternary 1-9-4 compound CeNi{sub 9}Ge{sub 4} the perfect starting system for experimental studies of this new parameter. For the first and so far only time such a scenario could be observed in the substitution series CeNi{sub 9-x}Cu{sub x}Ge{sub 4} (0≤x≤1). Extensive studies show that in this system quantum criticality is not only caused by the balance between Kondo effect and RKKY interaction but also by a reduction of the effective spin degeneracy. The results on the copper series provided the incentive to synthesize and analyze related systems with regard to quantum criticality in the scope of this work. The focus here was on the systems CeNi{sub 9}Ge{sub 4-x}Si{sub x}, CeNi{sub 9}Ge{sub 4-x}Ga{sub x}, CeNi{sub 9-x}Fe{sub x}Ge{sub 4} and CeNi{sub 9-x}Co{sub x}Ge{sub 4}. This thesis was methodologically supported by X-ray studies, theoretical LDA+U calculations and extensive thermodynamic and magnetic investigations on the macroscopic and microscopic

  19. Clutches using engineering ceramics as friction material

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Albers, A.; Arslan, A.; Mitariu, M. [Universitaet Karlsruhe (T.H.), IPEK - Institut fuer Produktentwicklung, Kaiserstr. 10, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany)

    2005-03-01

    The experimental and constructive results illustrate that engineering ceramic materials have a high potential in the field of dry running friction systems. According to first estimations, it is possible to build the vehicle clutch 53 % smaller or to transmit up to 180 % higher torque with the same size by an appropriate selection of the system friction pairing and an adequate ceramic design [1, 2]. The friction coefficient characteristic (decreasing friction coefficient above sliding speed) is unfavourable with regard to comfort (self-induced grab oscillations [3]) of the vehicle clutch. Furthermore, it is important to select the test procedure of the experimental analyses to be as close to the system as possible in order to obtain exact information concerning the target system. (Abstract Copyright [2005], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) [German] Die experimentellen und konstruktiven Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass ingenieurkeramische Werkstoffe ein hohes Potenzial im Bereich der trockenlaufenden Friktionssysteme haben. Durch geeignete Wahl der Systemreibpaarung und eine keramikgerechte Konstruktion ist es nach ersten Abschaetzungen moeglich, die Kfz-Kupplung um 53 % kleiner zu bauen bzw. bei gleicher Groesse bis zu 180 % hoehere Drehmomente zu uebertragen [1, 2]. Die Reibungszahlcharakteristik (fallende Reibungszahl ueber Gleitgeschwindigkeit) ist im Hinblick auf Komfort (selbsterregte Rupfschwingungen [3]) fuer die Kraftfahrzeugkupplung unguenstig. Des Weiteren ist es wichtig, die Versuchsfuehrung der experimentellen Untersuchungen so systemnah wie moeglich zu waehlen, um genauere Aussagen auf das Zielsystem zu erhalten. (Abstract Copyright [2005], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

  20. Imaging of demyelinating and neoplastic diseases of the spinal cord; Bildgebung bei demyelinisierenden und tumoroesen Erkrankungen des Rueckenmarks

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mueller-Mang, C. [Institut fuer CT und MRT Gaenserndorf, Gaenserndorf (Austria)

    2010-12-15

    The clinical symptoms of myelopathy are variable and non-specific. Demyelinating as well as neoplastic spinal cord diseases can cause paresthesia, progressive sensomotoric deficits and bowel and bladder dysfunction. Imaging of the spine, especially with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is an essential component in the diagnostic assessment of myelopathy and makes a substantial contribution to achieving the correct diagnosis. Although intramedullary neoplasms are far less common than demyelinating spinal cord diseases, radiologists should be familiar with the three most common entities, astrocytoma, ependymoma and hemangioblastoma, which represent over 70% of all spinal cord neoplasms. An early diagnosis and therapy is essential with neoplastic and demyelinating spinal cord diseases to hold residual neurological deficits as low as possible. (orig.) [German] Die klinische Symptomatik von Myelopathien ist aeusserst variabel und unspezifisch. Sowohl demyelinisierende als auch tumoroese Rueckenmarkerkrankungen koennen Paraesthesien, progrediente sensomotorische Ausfaelle und eine Sphinkterdysfunktion hervorrufen. Bildgebende Untersuchungen, und hier allen voran die MRT, sind ein unerlaesslicher Bestandteil zur Abklaerung von Myelopathien und tragen wesentlich zur korrekten Diagnose bei. Intramedullaere Tumoren sind zwar weitaus seltener als demyelinisierende Rueckenmarkerkrankungen, dennoch sollte der Radiologe mit den Bildmerkmalen der 3 haeufigsten Tumorarten, dem Astrozytom, Ependymom und Haemangioblastom vertraut sein, die ueber 70% aller Rueckenmarktumoren verursachen. Eine moeglichst fruehe Diagnostik und Therapie sind bei tumoroesen und demyelinisierenden Rueckenmarkerkrankungen essenziell, um bleibende neurologische Defizite moeglichst gering zu halten. (orig.)

  1. Summarizing report on results obtained by institutions in Germany and Switzerland applying high-resolution detectors for health physics monitoring; Zusammenfassender Bericht ueber die Inkorporationsmessstellen mit hochaufloesenden Detektoren in Deutschland und der Schweiz

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sahre, P. [Verein fuer Kernverfahrenstechnik und Analytik Rossendorf e.V., Dresden (Germany)

    1997-12-01

    In order to gather as much information as possible about the performance of high-resolution detectors in whole-body and partial-body counters, a questionnaire was distributed to those health physics monitoring institutions in Germany and Switzerland known to apply such instruments. The inquiry also covered institutions in Prague, Budapest, and Seibersdorf which participate in activities of the AKI. The results of the inquiry are given in tabulated form. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Um moeglichst viele Informationen ueber Ganz- und Teilkoerperzaehler, die mit hochaufloesenden Detektoren arbeiten, zu erfassen, wurde an alle in Deutschland und in der Schweiz arbeitenden Inkorporationsmessstellen ein Formular zur Erfassung von Erfahrungen mit hochaufloesenden Detektoren gesendet. In die Abfrage einbezogen wurden auch Messstellen aus Prag, Budapest und Seibersdorf, die im AKI involviert sind. Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage fuer Ganzkoerperzaehler und fuer Teilkoerperzaehler werden tabellarisch zusammengefasst. (orig./SR)

  2. Synthesis of bis(oxamato) transition metal complexes and Ni nanoparticles and their structural, magnetic, optical, and magneto-optical characterization

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Braeuer, Bjoern

    2008-07-02

    In the framework of this thesis mono- and oligonuclear Cu(II)- anf Ni(II)-bis(oxamato) complexes are synthesized in view on their magneto-optical properties and structurally characterized. About transition-charge and transition-metal induced deviations from the general reaction behaviour described in literature is reported. From electron-spin-resonance studies the spin-density distribution in the mononuclear Cu(II) complexes is derived. The influence on this by coordination geometry as well as the effects of the superexchange interaction are discussed and compared with results from the density functional theory (DFT). Trinuclear bis(oxamato) complexes are for the first time deposited on Si(111) substrates by spin coating and studied by means of the spectroscopic ellipsometry as well as the Raman spectroscopy and evaluated by means of DFT calculations. Magneto-optical Kerr-effect studies were performed on thin layers of these complexes as well as phthalocyanines. For the comparison the magnetic and magneto-optical properties of Ni nanoparticles in different organic matrices were studied. By means of the photoelectron spectroscopy the oxidation behaviour of these is studied and conclusions on charge-transfer processes between the matrices and the nanoparticles are drawn. [German] Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden ein- und mehrkernige Cu(II)- und Ni(II)-bis-(oxamato)-Komplexe im Hinblick auf ihre magneto-optischen Eigenschaften gezielt hergestellt und strukturell charakterisiert. Ueber ladungs- und uebergangsmetallinduzierte Abweichungen vom allgemeinen in der Literatur beschriebenen Reaktionsverhalten wird berichtet. Aus Elektronenspinresonanz-Untersuchungen wird die Spindichteverteilung in den einkernigen Cu(II)-Komplexen abgeleitet. Die Beeinflussung dieser durch die Koordinationsgeometrie sowie die Auswirkungen auf die Superaustausch- Wechselwirkung werden diskutiert und mit Ergebnissen der Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) verglichen. Dreikernige bis

  3. Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer die Reinhaltung der Elbe - multi-element analysis of water samples from the Elbe and selected tributaries; Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer die Reinhaltung der Elbe - Multielementanalysen von Wasserproben der Elbe und ausgewaehlter Nebenfluesse. Laengsprofilbeprobung vom September 1997

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Krueger, F.; Berger, H. [Umweltbehoerde Hamburg (Germany). Amt fuer Umweltschutz, Umweltuntersuchungen; Aulinger, A.; Stachel, B.; Reincke, H. [Wasserguetestelle Elbe, Hamburg (Germany)

    2000-10-01

    This special report focuses on measurements of elements whose scope goes far beyond the routine monitoring for metals. The present studies are intended to extend the existing knowledge on the pollution situation of the Elbe and certain of its tributaries as well as provide a basis for formulating future guidelines for action. The first step towards this goal is sampling by means of an helicopter. The sampling is followed by a very involved and costly analysis programme, accompanied by extensive quality assurance measures. This is the only way of reliably analysing a large number of elements occurring in extremely low concentrations. Once the data have been recorded the question arises how they are to be evaluated. What schemes are suitable for categorising a large number of elements measured in either the suspended matter or the water compartment? What elements are to be regarded as the result of anthropogenic influences and what are their respective background concentrations in the fluvial system under study? These questions are approached by means of statistical methods which permit identifying elemental patterns and pollution sources as well as optimising the selection of measuring points for future studies. [German] In diesem Sonderbericht steht die Bestimmung von Elementen, die in ihrem Umfang ueber die routinemaessig erfassten Metalle deutlich hinausgeht, im Vordergrund. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen sollen das bereits vorhandene Wissen zur Beschreibung der Immissionssituation der Elbe und von bestimmten Nebenfluessen erweitern, verbunden mit der Moeglichkeit, zukuenftige Handlungsmaximen zu erarbeiten. Zur Erreichung dieses Ziels steht zu Beginn die Probenahme mit einem Helicopter. Im Anschluss an die Probenahme folgt eine sehr aufwendige und teure Analytik, die begleitet wird von umfassenden Massnahmen zur Qualitaetssicherung. Nur so ist es moeglich, eine grosse Vielzahl von Elementen in extrem niedrigen Konzentrationen sicher analysieren zu koennen. Sind

  4. Investigations to single and combined effects of organic pollutants (PAH, PCB) and heavy metals (Cd, Cu) on biomass production and soil-plant transfer by cultivation of raw and energy plants. Final report; Bodenoekologische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung und Verteilung von organischen Stoffgruppen (PAK, PCB) in ballungsraumtypischen Oekosystemen. Untersuchungen zu Einzel- und Kombinationswirkungen von organischen Schadstoffen (PAK, PCB) und Schwermetallen (Cd, Cu) auf Biomasseertrag und Boden-Pflanze-Transfer beim Anbau von Rohstoff- und Energiepflanzen. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Metz, R.; Dorn, J.; Sauer, W.

    1997-05-01

    Together with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals other elements and compounds as well as nutrients are present in typical contaminated areas like sewage fields. They are found as mixed undisturbed contamination and the transfer of these pollutants into food or forage plants is dangerous for people. So far investigations of ecological effects of these substances are focused mainly on single agents or on some agents of the same chemical group. But in most cases the mixture of different chemical compounds in extremely contaminated fields cause synergistic effects resulting in yield reduction and decrease of microbiological activity. Therefore the aim of the present report is to show combined effects of selected organic pollutants (benzo-a-pyren, 2,2`, 5,5` tetrachlorbiphenyl) and heavy metals (cadmium, copper) on parameters of soil biology, biomass production and pollutant uptake by plants. Resulting changes of cellulose decomposition, CO{sub 2}-release from soil and N-mineralization after separated and combined enrichment of weakly polluted sewage field soil with said pollutants up to concentrations of extremely polluted sewage field soils are presented in this paper. Data of yields and pollutant contents of plants (rye, maize and potatoes) cultivated on experimental soils are summarised and ecotoxicological risks resulting form pollutants and their interactions discussed. (orig.) [Deutsch] Polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, Polychlorierte Biphenyle und Schwermetalle sind zusammen mit anderen Elementen und Verbindungen u.a. auch mit Naehrstoffen als gemischte gewachsene Kontamination in ballungsraumtypischen Belastungsflaechen (z.B. Rieselfelder) vorhanden und stellen bei einem Transfer in Nahrungs- und Futterpflanzen eine besondere Gefaehrdung fuer den Menschen dar. Bei Untersuchungen hinsichtlich oekosystemarer Konsequenzen dieser Substanzen wurden bisher vor allem Einzelstoffbetrachtungen angestellt bzw. mehrere

  5. Research on the subject of air pollution and forest damage in the period from 1984 to 1995. Report on results; Forschung zum Schwerpunkt Luftverunreinigungen und Waldschaeden 1984-1995. Ergebnisbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reuther, M.; Kirchner, M.; Roesel, K.; Weissgerber, K.

    1996-02-01

    , Luftchemie, Stoffeintrag ueber Physiologie und Biochemie der Baeume bis hin zu bodenkundlichen Untersuchungen einschliesslich Feinwurzeln und Mykorrhiza. Die Freilanduntersuchungen wurden an den interdisziplinaer bearbeiteten Forschungsstandorten der bayerischen Waldschadensforschung durchgefuehrt. Einen besonderen Arbeitsschwerpunkt stellte der alpine Forschungsstandort Wank dar. Laborarbeiten sowie Experimente unter kontrollierten Bedingungen der GSF-Expositionskammern traten ergaenzend hinzu. Auch wenn viele Fragen zum Verstaendnis der stofflichen Vorgaenge und Veraenderungen im Oekosystem Wald noch offen sind, lassen sich aus den Ergebnissen der Waldschadensforschung in einigen Teilbereichen weitgehend abschliessliche Aussagen treffen. Die Ergebnisse werden zusammenfassend dargestellt. (orig.)

  6. Development of an aerobic/anaerobic process for in-situ-rehabilitation of a mostly with mineral oil contaminated location. Final report; Entwicklung eines aeroben/anaeroben Verfahrens zur `In situ-Sanierung` eines vorwiegend mineraloelkontaminierten Altlaststandortes. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Auerbach, C; Winsel, E; Wartenberg, G

    1994-12-31

    - A location contaminated with mineral oil was tested for the possibility of a bioremediation; - the microbiological tests showed, that there is both an aerobiotic and an optional anaerobic autochthonous pollutants degrading microflora but only the activation of the aerobiotic germs was possible by both suitable nutrients and test conditions; - in degrading tests with a high concentration of pollutants a degradation was possible by addition of different nutrients. Within a week a degradation of about 70% was shown. In areas of lower concentration the possible degradation was smaller. - An in-situ-rehabilitation by a hydraulic supply of the soil microorganisms was not possible because of the anisotropic conditions at the location in a depth of 5-10 m; - an in-situ-rehabilitation with both soil air aspiration and aeration, for the supply of the soil microorganisms too, is even possible at anisotropic soil conditions; - now there is knowledge about both a variable filtration and tubing for an optimal adaptation for the bioremediation to the damage; - apparatus were developped for in-situ-rehabilitation for small and medium locations, useable for biological processes too; - there is a wide utilization of the aeration apparatus is because of the careful environmental use. (orig.) [Deutsch] - Ein Mineraloel-kontaminierter Altlaststandort wurde im Hinblick auf eine moegliche biologische Sanierung untersucht. - Die mikrobiologischen Untersuchungen ergaben, dass eine aerobe und fakultativ anaerobe autochthone schadstoffabbauende Mikroflora vorhanden ist, aber nur der aeroben Keime durch geeignete Naehrstoffe und Versuchsbedingungen aktivierbar waren. - In Abbauuntersuchungen durch Zusatz unterschiedlicher Naehrsalze konnte bei hoher Schadstoffkonzentration schon nach 1 Woche ein Abbau > 70% erreicht werden. In niederen Konzentrationsbereichen war die Schadstoffabbaupotenz wesentlich geringer. - Die anisotropen Verhaeltnisse am Standort in 5-10m Tiefe liessen eine In

  7. Cooperation with UNEP/IRPTC as a contribution to the implementation of the 'Agenda 21' action programme, chapter 19 in the field of information exchange on hazardous substances; Kooperation mit UNEP/IRPTC als Beitrag zur Umsetzung des Aktionsprogramms 'Agenda 21', Kapitel 19 im Bereich Informationsaustausch ueber gefaehrliche Stoffe

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schock-Schmelzer, U.

    1999-09-01

    The United Nations 'Conference on Environment and Development' (Rio de Janeiro, June 1992) adopted the 'Agenda 21' action programme. Agenda 21, Chapter 19 'Environmentally Sound Management of Toxic Chemicals including the Prevention of Illegal International Traffic with Toxic and Dangerous Products' includes detailed instructions for activities for the improvement of chemical safety. As described in Programme Area C 'Information Exchange on Toxic Chemicals and Chemical Risks', international institutions responsible for the exchange of information on chemical risks are to be strengthened. The close cooperation between the Federal Environmental Agency and UNEP Chemicals (until 1995 UNEP/IRPTC (United Nations Environment Programme / International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals)) on the exchange of scientific and legal information on hazardous chemicals represents a direct and successful contribution to the implementation of Agenda 21, Chapter 19. UNEP Chemicals was supported in the area of data collection. In return, the noted data of UNEP Chemicals, which were elaborated in international cooperation, were made directly available to the Federal Environmental Agency. This cooperation with UNEP Chemicals represents an important contribution to the international exchange of data on hazardous chemicals. (orig.) [German] Die 'Konferenz der Vereinten Nationen fuer Umwelt und Entwicklung' (Rio de Janeiro, Juni 1992) verabschiedete das Aktionsprogramm 'Agenda 21'. Kapitel 19 der Agenda 21 'Umweltvertraeglicher Umgang mit giftigen Chemikalien einschliesslich der Verhinderung illegalen internationalen Handels mit giftigen und gefaehrlichen Produkten' enthaelt detaillierte Handlungsauftraege zur Verbesserung der Chemikaliensicherheit. Wie im Programmbereich C 'Informationsaustausch ueber giftige Chemikalien und Chemikalienrisiken' beschrieben, sollen internationale Zentren zum

  8. AG Turbo, Turbotech II, project 1.244. Experimental investigations of rotary instabilities in axial compressors and their effects in terms of compressor stability. Final report; AG Turbo, Turbotech II, Vorhaben 1.244. Experimentelle Untersuchungen rotierender Instabilitaeten in Axialverdichtern und ihr Einfluss auf die Verdichterstabilitaet. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Holste, F; Haukap, C; Kameier, F

    2000-07-10

    The physical phenomena of rotary instabilities in industrial compressors and high-pressure aircraft compressors were investigated, which may be a cause of compressor blade fracture. The investigations were carried out by Duesseldorf Technical University on behalf of Rolls-Royce Deutschland GmbH at the new four-stage low-pressure compressor test stand of TU Dresden University. Extensive measurements were made both in the rotary and stationary system in the third compressor stage. Rotary instabilities could be detected by increasing the clearance between the blade tip and compressor wall. Modal analyses yielded a rate of about 30 for 63 blades, i.e. a characteristic wavelength of about twice the length of a blade. So far, an accurate description of the physical mechanism was impossible. Investigations using a Snubber model showed no significant influence on the rotary instabilities. [German] Im Turbotech II Forschungsvorhaben 1.244 wurden die physikalischen Vorgaenge der rotierenden Instabilitaet untersucht, die sowohl in industriellen Verdichtern als auch in Hochdruckverdichtern von Flugtriebwerken auftreten koennen. Diese Instabilitaeten stellen eine zusaetzliche Belastung fuer die Verdichterblaetter dar und koennen damit die Ursache fuer Blattbrueche sein. Im Auftrag von Rolls-Royce Deutschland wurden die Untersuchungen von der Faachhochschule Duesseldorf durchgefuehrt. Testobjekt war der neu aufgebaute vier stufige Niedergeschwindigkeitsverdichter der TU Dresden. In enger Kooperation mit den Vorhaben 1.243 und 1.246 wurden umfangreiche Messungen sowohl im rotierenden als auch im festen System an der dritten Stufe des Verdichters durchgefuehrt. Durch Vergroesserung des Spaltes zwischen Schaufelspitze und Verdichterwandung konnten rotierenden Instabilitaeten nachgewiesen werden. Modenanalysen ergaben Umfangsordnungen von ungefaehr 30 bei einer Blattzahl von 63, wodurch die charakteristische Wellenlaenge etwa zwei Schaufelwellenlaengen entspricht. Eine exakte

  9. Working memory in volunteers and schizophrenics using BOLD fMRI; Das Arbeitsgedaechtnis bei Gesunden und bei Schizophrenen: Untersuchungen mit BOLD-fMRT

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Giesel, F.L. [Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Abteilung Radiologie (Germany); Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Abteilung Radiologie, Heidelberg (Germany); Hohmann, N. [Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Abteilung Radiologie (Germany); Psychiatrische Universitaetsklinik Heidelberg, Sektion Gerontopsychiatrie (Germany); Seidl, U.; Kress, K.R.; Schoenknecht, P.; Schroeder, J. [Psychiatrische Universitaetsklinik Heidelberg, Sektion Gerontopsychiatrie (Germany); Kauczor, H.-U.; Essig, M. [Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Abteilung Radiologie (Germany)

    2005-02-01

    Functional magnetic resonance imaging uses the blood oxygen level-dependent effect (BOLD MRI) for noninvasive display of cerebral correlatives of cognitive function. The importance for the understanding of physiological and pathological processes is demonstrated by investigations of working memory in schizophrenics and healthy controls. Working memory is involved in processing rather than storage of information and therefore is linked to complex processes such as learning and problem solving. In schizophrenic psychosis, these functions are clearly restricted. Training effects in the working memory task follow an inverse U-shape function, suggesting that cerebral activation reaches a peak before economics of the brain find a more efficient method and activation decreases. (orig.) [German] Die funktionelle Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT) nutzt den ''blood oxygen level dependent effect'' (BOLD-Effekt) zur nichtinvasiven Darstellung zerebraler Korrelate kognitiver Funktionen. Die Bedeutung dieses Verfahrens fuer das Verstaendnis physiologischer und pathologischer Prozesse wird anhand von Untersuchungen zum Arbeitsgedaechtnis bei Schizophrenen und gesunden Kontrollpersonen verdeutlicht. Das Arbeitsgedaechtnis dient weniger der Speicherung, sondern vielmehr der Verarbeitung von Informationen und ist deshalb in komplexe Prozesse wie Lernen und Problemloesen eingebunden. Im Rahmen schizophrener Psychosen kommt es zu einer deutlichen Einschraenkung dieser Funktionen. Erwartungsgemaess zeigen sich unter Durchfuehrung eines Arbeitsgedaechtnisparadigmas Unterschiede in der zerebralen Aktivitaet, die jedoch bei den Erkrankten unter Therapie prinzipiell reversibel sind. Von Interesse sind auch Trainingseffekte bei Gesunden, wobei eine verminderte Aktivierung nach Training auf eine ''Oekonomisierung'' schliessen laesst. (orig.)

  10. The new tyre book. New trends - technical aspects - driving characteristics - buyer's guide; Das neue Reifenbuch. Umruestung - Reifentechnik - Fahrpraxis - Kaufberatung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Backfisch, K.P.; Heinz, D.S.

    2000-07-01

    Contents: Test methods of the tyre industry and acceptance tests; Differences between winter tyres, summer tyres and four-season tyres; Quality characteristics; Conversion to broad tyres; Tyre wall lettering; light metal wheels and tyre maintenance. There is a chapter on car driving viewed as applied physics, and the book contains hints on tyre handling as well as information on current and future trends on the tyre market. [German] Berichtet wird ueber Testverfahren der Reifenindustrie und die Verfahren zur Erstausruestungsfreigabe bei den Automobilherstellern. Das Buch informiert ueber die Unterschiede zwischen Sommer-, Winter- und Ganzjahresreifen, ueber Qualitaetsmerkmale, Umruestung auf Breitreifen oder die Seitenwandbeschriftung eines Reifens, zudem ueber Leichtmetallraeder und Reifenpflege. Autofahren ist angewandte Physik, diesem Aspekt widmet sich ein ganzes Kapitel. Der Leser erhaelt wichtige Tips zum Umgang mit Reifen sowie Informationen ueber aktuelle und kuenftige Entwicklungen auf dem Reifenmarkt. (orig.)

  11. Studies on agglomeration of colloidal suspensions in an alternating electric field; Untersuchungen zur Agglomeration kolloidaler Suspensionen im elektrischen Wechselfeld

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mueller, M. [Inst. fuer Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Univ. Karlsruhe (Germany); Loeffler, F. [Inst. fuer Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Univ. Karlsruhe (Germany)

    1996-07-01

    Colloidal solutions contain particles in the {mu}m range whose agglomeration and coagulation is of interest for certain applications. `Electrocoagulation` means that in an electric field droplets or particles in a disperse phase have higher kinetic energy so that the probability of overcoming repulsive forces and of forming bigger aggregates will increase. The electrocoagulation technique is applied for emulsion cracking of water-in-oil systems (desalination and dewatering of petroleum, petroleum cracking) and, in some cases, also for cracking oil-in-water systems. Removal of colloidal solids from aqueous solution during electrochemical waste water treatment is often carried out with the aid of dissolving aluminium or iron electrodes. The authors describe experiments in which the flow of an electric current, which would cause the electrodes to dissolve, was to be prevented. An alternating field was to induce oscillation of the particles, i.e. relative motion of the particles with respect to each other. (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Kolloidale Loesungen enthalten Partikel im {mu}m-Bereich. In manchen Bereichen ist deren Agglomeration bzw. Koagulation von Interesse. Unter dem Begriff der Elektrokoagulation versteht man im allgemeinen das Phaenomen, dass in einem elektrischen Feld Tropfen oder Partikel in einer dispersen Phase eine hoehere kinetische Energie besitzen, und dadurch die Wahrscheinlichkeit zur Ueberwindung von Abstossungskraeften und zur Bildung groesserer Aggregate steigt. Das Verfahren der Elektrokoagulation wird bisher zur Emulsionsspaltung von Wasser/Oel-Systemen (Entsaltzung und Entwaesserung von Erdoel/Erdoelspaltung) und z.T. auch zur Spaltung von Oel/Wasser-Systemen eingesetzt. Zur Entfernung kolloidaler Feststoffe aus waessrigen Loesungen bei der elektrochemischen Aufarbeitung von Abwasser wird haeufig mit sich aufloesenden Aluminium- oder Eisenelektroden gearbeitet. In den im folgenden dargestellten Untersuchungen sollte ein Stromfluss durch die

  12. Diffusion formation and psychiatric diseases; Diffusionsbildung und psychiatrische Erkrankungen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Reith, W.; Kulikovski, J. [Universitaetsklinikum des Saarlandes, Klinik fuer Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Homburg/Saar (Germany)

    2015-09-15

    The basic principle behind diffusion is Brownian motion. The diffusion parameters obtained in a clinical association provide information on the spatial distribution of water molecule mobility and, therefore, evidence of the morphological integrity of the white and grey matters of the brain. In recent years functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) could contribute to obtaining a detailed understanding of the cortical and subcortical cerebral networks. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) investigations can demonstrate the extent of anisotropy and the fiber pathways in so-called parametric images. For example, in Alzheimer's disease DTI reveals a reduced structural connectivity between the posterior cingulum and the hippocampus. This article shows examples of the application of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in psychiatric disorders. (orig.) [German] Die Grundlagen der Diffusion bildet die brownsche Molekularbewegung. Die im klinischen Zusammenhang gewonnenen Diffusionsparameter geben Auskunft ueber die raeumliche Verteilung der Wassermolekuelmobilitaet und damit Hinweise auf die morphologische Integritaet der weissen und grauen Hirnsubstanz. Die funktionelle MRT (fMRT) konnte in den letzten Jahren dazu beitragen, ein detailliertes Verstaendnis der kortikalen und subkortikalen zerebralen Netzwerke zu erlangen. Diffusion-tensor-imaging(DTI)-Untersuchungen koennen in sogenannten Parameterbildern das Ausmass der Anisotropie und den Faserverlauf darstellen. So zeigte z. B. die DTI bei der Alzheimer-Demenz eine verminderte strukturelle Konnektivitaet zwischen dem posterioren Zingulum und dem Hippokampus. Dieser Beitrag zeigt Beispiele der Anwendung der Diffusionsbildgebung (''diffusion-weighted imaging'', DWI) bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. (orig.)

  13. DRUCKFLAMM - Investigation on combustion and hot gas cleanup in pulverized coal combustion systems. Final report; DRUCKFLAMM - Untersuchungen zur Verbrennung und Heissgasreinigung bei der Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung. Schlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hein, K.R.G.; Benoehr, A.; Schuermann, H.; Stroehle, J.; Klaiber, C.; Kuhn, R.; Maier, J.; Schnell, U.; Unterberger, S.

    2001-07-01

    facility of the Technical University of Aachen. (orig.) [German] Die Bestrebungen einer effizienten und schadstoffarmen Energieversorgung fuehrten bei der Kohleverbrennung zur Entwicklung von kohlebasierten Kombikraftwerken, die im Vergleich zum konventionellen Kondensationskraftwerk eine deutliche Anhebung des Nettowirkungsgrades erlauben. Eines der Kombikraftwerkskonzepte auf Kohlebasis stellt die Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung dar, die gegenueber den anderen Konzepten das hoechste Wirkungsgradpotential aufweist. Das Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens war die Gewinnung gesicherter Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich des Feuerungsverhaltens von Kohle in einer Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung. Es wurden an einem Druckflugstromreaktor detaillierte Untersuchungen zur Brennstoffumsetzung und zum Partikelverhalten, zur Schadstoffbildung und zum Werkstoffverhalten unter Bedingungen der Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung durchgefuehrt. Im Laufe des Forschungsvorhabens wurden einige neue Messtechniken eingesetzt und teilweise auch angeschafft, wie zum Beispiel ein Zwei- Farb-Pyrometer zur simultanen Erfassung von Partikeloberflaechentemperatur und Partikeldurchmesser von brennenden Brennstoffpartikeln. Parallel zu den experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde an der Erarbeitung neuer Berechnungsmodelle gearbeitet, um eine spaetere Feuerraumsimulation fuer ein verbessertes Scale-Up zu ermoeglichen. Die am Druckflugstromreaktor gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der erhoehte Systemdruck sich auf sehr viele Verbrennungsmechanismen stark auswirkt, so konnte eine schnellere Brennstoffumsetzung und gleichzeitig verminderte Stickoxid- und Alkaligasemission nachgewiesen werden. Die Werkstoffuntersuchungen zeigten, dass die aufgrund der sehr hohen Verbrennungstemperaturen benoetigten Keramikwerkstoffe sehr empfindlich gegenueber Verschlackung und schnellen Temperaturwechseln sind, weshalb hinsichtlich der benoetigten Standzeiten in einer zu realisierenden Druckbrennkammer noch erheblicher Entwicklungsbedarf besteht. Hinsichtlich

  14. Colliculus atlantis: an insufficiently considered anatomic structure in open-mouth radiography of the cervical spine; Der Colliculus atlantis - eine wenig beachtete anatomische Struktur - im transoralen Roentgenbild der Halswirbelsaeule

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schmidberger, H.R. [Universitaetsklinik fuer Radiologie, Graz (Austria); Weiglein, A.H. [Graz Univ. (Austria). Anatomisches Inst.

    1998-12-01

    Purpose: To study the time and mode of the development of the colliculus atlantis, the rate of its occurrence, the causes for its absence, and the radiological-clinical importance in the analysis of open-mouth-view radiographs. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of standardized radiographs of the cervical spine in more than 20 000 adults and 100 children. Study of 234 human skeletons of different ages and of 38 isolated adult atlases. Cadaveric dissection of 42 adults (age 48-87). Axial radiographs of isolated atlases and analysis of the bony structures of the colliculus atlantis. Results: The colliculus atlantis develops between age 10 and 13 years. It is always present after age 13 years. For the development of the colliculus atlantis a normal function of the craniocervical joints is necessary. In congenital dysmorphias of the craniocervical region with dysfunction of the craniocervical joints and in fractures of the dens axis before age 10 years with instable healing the colliculus atlantis is absent. Conclusions: The colliculus atlantis is developed at age 13 years apart from some rare exceptions as mentioned. Changes of the site and the structure of the colliculus atlantis allow an early diagnosis of certain traumatically and inflammatory diseases of this region. Furthermore, it serves as an additional parameter in functional analysis of the craniocervical joints. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ziel: Untersuchungen ueber den Zeitpunkt und die Art der Entstehung des Colliculus atlantis, die Haeufigkeit des Vorkommens, die Ursachen seines Fehlens und seine radiologisch-klinische Bedeutung bei der Analyse transoraler Roentgenaufnahmen. Methode: Retrospektive Analyse streng standardisierter Roentgenaufnahmen der Halswirbelsaeule von mehr als 20 000 Erwachsenen und 100 Kindern. Untersuchungen von 234 menschlichen Skeletten verschiedenen Alters und 38 isolierten Atlanten von Erwachsenen. Frische Sektionen von 42 Erwachsenen (48-87 Jahre). Axiale Roentgenaufnahmen

  15. High-resolution seismic studies on geothermal heat extraction from low, permeable rock strata in the city of Hanover using depth-dependent, optimized acquisition parameters; Hochaufloesende seismische Untersuchungen zur Erdwaermegewinnung aus tiefen, permeablen Gesteinsformationen im Stadtgebiet Hannover unter Verwendung von Profilen mit teufenabhaengig optimierten Akquisitionsparametern

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Thomas, R. [GGA-Inst. fuer Geowissenschaftliche Gemeinschaftsaufgaben, Hannover (Germany)

    2002-07-01

    The investigations accompanied a demonstration project on geothermal heat production planned by GEOZENTRUM, Hanover, in which geothermal heat will be produced from muschelkalk and mottled sandstone in the area of Hanover/Misburg by means of ''generated geothermal systems'' (GeneSys). This involves detailed seismic exploration of the geological strata of all depth levels. Profile data of the Thoense gas field will be integrated. [German] Die Untersuchungen stehen im Zusammenhang mit dem vom GEOZENTRUM-Hannover geplanten Demonstrationsvorhaben zur Erdwaermegewinnung mittels ''Generierter geothermischer Energie Systeme'' (GeneSys) im Stadtgebiet Hannover/Misburg. Zielhorizonte sind der Muschelkalk und der Buntsandstein. Dazu sollten die geologischen Strukturen im gesamten Teufenbereich detailliert seismisch erkundet werden, wobei neben neuen Messungen auch die vorliegenden Informationen aus bereits gemessenen Profilen des Gasfeldes Thoense einfliessen. (orig.)

  16. Investigations of co-combustion of plastics in a coal dust furnace; Untersuchungen zur Mitverbrennung von Kunststoffen in einer Kohlestaubfeuerung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gerhardt, T; Spliethoff, H; Hein, K R.G. [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen (IVD); Christill, M; Kicherer, A; Seifert, H [BASF AG, Verfahrenstechnik-ZET/EH-L544, Ludwigshafen am Rhein (Germany)

    1997-12-31

    In a cooperation project of the Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant TEchnology (IVD) at the University of Stuttgart and the BASF AG, investigations of co-combustion of plastic material in a coal dust furnace were carried out. The central question of the research work was the ignition and burnout of the particles in dependence of the residence time in the hot part of the furnace. Particle sizes were varied with the aim to define the largest possible particle size in order to minimize the cost of fuel preparation by grinding. On the other hand, tests were made with pure materials and synthetic mixtures of these in order to characterize the influence of different types of plastic. The investigations showed that plastics are suited as fuels for coal dust furnaces, and that the cost of fuel preparation can be reduced to an acceptable level. With polyethylene, which is difficult to ignite, an upper particle size limit of 1.25 to 1.5 mm was reached in the IVD test stand. In industrial applications with a different burner arrangement, even better results may be expected. (orig/AKB) [Deutsch] In einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Institut fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen (IVD) der Universitaet Stuttgart und der BASF AG wurden Versuche zur Coverbrennung von Kunststoffen in einer Kohlenstaubfeuerung durchgefuehrt. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen standen Zuendung und Abbrand der Kunststoffpartikel in Abhaengigkeit von der Verweilzeit im heissen Bereich der Brennkanner. Variiert wurden hierzu zum einen die Partikelgroessen mit dem Ziel, den Aufbereitungsaufwand durch Zerkleinerung zu minimieren. Zur Charakterisierung der Einfluesse verschiedener Kunststoffarten wurden die Versuche mit unterschiedlichen Reinkunststoffen und synthetischen Mischungen durchgefuehrt. Die Versuche zeigen, dass sich Kunststoffe mit vertretbarem Mahlaufwand in der Staubfeuerung einsetzen lassen. Am Beispiel des Polyethylen, eines der thermogravimetrischen Analyse nach relativ

  17. Investigations of co-combustion of plastics in a coal dust furnace; Untersuchungen zur Mitverbrennung von Kunststoffen in einer Kohlestaubfeuerung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gerhardt, T.; Spliethoff, H.; Hein, K.R.G. [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen (IVD); Christill, M.; Kicherer, A.; Seifert, H. [BASF AG, Verfahrenstechnik-ZET/EH-L544, Ludwigshafen am Rhein (Germany)

    1996-12-31

    In a cooperation project of the Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant TEchnology (IVD) at the University of Stuttgart and the BASF AG, investigations of co-combustion of plastic material in a coal dust furnace were carried out. The central question of the research work was the ignition and burnout of the particles in dependence of the residence time in the hot part of the furnace. Particle sizes were varied with the aim to define the largest possible particle size in order to minimize the cost of fuel preparation by grinding. On the other hand, tests were made with pure materials and synthetic mixtures of these in order to characterize the influence of different types of plastic. The investigations showed that plastics are suited as fuels for coal dust furnaces, and that the cost of fuel preparation can be reduced to an acceptable level. With polyethylene, which is difficult to ignite, an upper particle size limit of 1.25 to 1.5 mm was reached in the IVD test stand. In industrial applications with a different burner arrangement, even better results may be expected. (orig/AKB) [Deutsch] In einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Institut fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen (IVD) der Universitaet Stuttgart und der BASF AG wurden Versuche zur Coverbrennung von Kunststoffen in einer Kohlenstaubfeuerung durchgefuehrt. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen standen Zuendung und Abbrand der Kunststoffpartikel in Abhaengigkeit von der Verweilzeit im heissen Bereich der Brennkanner. Variiert wurden hierzu zum einen die Partikelgroessen mit dem Ziel, den Aufbereitungsaufwand durch Zerkleinerung zu minimieren. Zur Charakterisierung der Einfluesse verschiedener Kunststoffarten wurden die Versuche mit unterschiedlichen Reinkunststoffen und synthetischen Mischungen durchgefuehrt. Die Versuche zeigen, dass sich Kunststoffe mit vertretbarem Mahlaufwand in der Staubfeuerung einsetzen lassen. Am Beispiel des Polyethylen, eines der thermogravimetrischen Analyse nach relativ

  18. Osteoarthritis - histology and pathogenetic concepts; Arthrose - Histologie und pathogenetische Ansaetze

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sulzbacher, I. [Universitaetsklinik Wien (Austria). Klinisches Inst. fuer Klinische Pathologie

    2000-12-01

    Knorpelabbau als sekundaere Arthrose zu bezeichnen. Die Pathogenese der primaeren Arthrose basiert auf einer intrinsischen Erkrankung des Knorpels, bei der biochemische und metabolische Veraenderungen zu einem Zusammenbruch fuehren. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden jedoch auch Modelle entworfen, die andere Gelenkanteile wie Knochen oder den Bandapparat in den Mittelpunkt der Genese stellten. Veraenderungen des subchondralen Knochens, die dem Knorpelabbau vorangingen, wurden beschrieben, und lenkten die Aufmerksamkeit auf diese Region als Ort des primaeren Geschehens. Andere Untersuchungen konzentrierten sich auf die metabolische Aktivitaet der Chondrozyten im unveraenderten Knorpelgewebe von Arthrosepatienten. Der ausschlaggebende Faktor fuer den Krankheitsbeginn ist jedoch immer noch unklar. Dieser Uebersichtsartikel beschreibt die morphologischen Veraenderungen in Abhaengigkeit des Krankheitsstadiums und versucht einen Einblick ueber verschiedene pathogenetischen Konzepte zu schaffen. (orig.)

  19. Papers read at the 13th symposium on neuroradiological contrast media, April 3-5, 1992, Fulda; Vortraege des 13. Neuroradiologischen Kontrastmittelsymposiums, 3.-5. April 1992 Fulda

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nadjmi, M [ed.; Hacker, H [ed.; Sartor, K [ed.; Voigt, K [ed.

    1993-05-01

    In recent years, NMR imaging has become a most important tool for the diagnosis of central nervous disorders in children. Using this non-invasive method, which also obviates the need for ionizing rays, it was possible to gain entirely new insights into certain types of neuropaediatric diseases. The particular role of NMR imaging in the assessment of such changes hence was the topic discussed at the 13th Symposium of Neuroradiological Contrast Media. The special journal offers a choice of the papers read on that occasion, among them contributions on methods of anaesthesia used in NMR imaging, on gadolinium DTPA, the physiological development of the infantile brain, congenital malformations and disorders, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases, malformations developing during childhood as well as on the limitations that NMR imaging was found to have in the fields of neuropaediatrics and neuropathology. (orig./VHE) [Deutsch] Die Kernspintomographie hat in den letzten Jahren eine wesentliche Bedeutung fuer die Diagnostik von Erkrankungen des Zentralnervensystems im Kindesalter erlangt. Mit Hilfe dieser nicht invasiven und ohne ionisierende Strahlung arbeitenden Methode konnten voellig neue Erkenntnisse ueber bestimmte neuropaediatrische Krankheitsbilder gewonnen werden. Die Kernspintomographie neuropaediatrischer Erkrankungen war daher Gegenstand des 13. Neuroradiologischen Kontrastmittelsymposiums. Im vorliegenden Heft wird eine Auswahl der zu diesem Thema gehaltenen Vortraege veroeffentlicht, die sich u.a. mit Anaesthesie bei kernspintomographischen Untersuchungen, Gadolinium-DTPA, der normalen Reifung des kindlichen Gehirns, angeborenen Missbildungen und Krankheiten, neurodegenerativen und entzuendlichen Erkrankungen und Missbildungen im Kindesalter sowie den Grenzen der Kernspintomographie in der Neuropaediatrie und -pathologie beschaeftigen. (orig./VHE)

  20. Frequency and doses of diagnostic and interventional X-ray applications. Trends between 2007 and 2014; Haeufigkeit und Dosis diagnostischer und interventioneller Roentgenanwendungen. Trends zwischen 2007 und 2014

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nekolla, E.A. [BfS - Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Abteilung Medizinischer und Beruflicher Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg (Germany); Schegerer, A.A.; Griebel, J.; Brix, G.

    2017-07-15

    der Patienten in diesem Anwendungsbereich eine hohe Bedeutung zukommt. Auswertung und Bewertung aktueller Daten zu Haeufigkeit und Dosis von Roentgenanwendungen sowie von zeitlichen Entwicklungen fuer die Jahre 2007 bis 2014. Die Haeufigkeit von Roentgenanwendungen wurde fuer den ambulanten Bereich ueber Gebuehrenziffern der erbrachten radiologischen Leistungen abgeschaetzt, fuer den stationaeren Bereich mithilfe von Krankenhausstatistiken. Repraesentative Werte fuer die effektive Dosis pro Roentgenanwendung wurden fuer die betrachteten Jahre ueberwiegend aus Daten der Aerztlichen Stellen ermittelt. Im Jahr 2014 wurden in Deutschland etwa 140 Mio. Roentgenanwendungen durchgefuehrt, hiervon etwa 40 % im zahnmedizinischen Bereich. Im Mittel erfolgten 2007-2014 nahezu konstant 1,7 Anwendungen pro Einwohner und Jahr. Neben der zahnmedizinischen Diagnostik wurden am haeufigsten konventionelle Untersuchungen des Skeletts und des Thorax durchgefuehrt. Die CT-Haeufigkeit nahm um ca. 40 % zu. Mit etwa 55 % war der Anstieg bei der MRT zwar noch deutlicher, jedoch wurden insgesamt noch immer mehr CT- als MRT-Untersuchungen durchgefuehrt. Die Dosiswerte pro Untersuchung nahmen trotz der in den letzten Jahren etablierten Methoden zur Dosisreduktion nur leicht ab. In der Konsequenz nahm die mittlere effektive Dosis pro Einwohner im Untersuchungszeitraum von knapp 1,4 auf 1,6 mSv zu - im Wesentlichen aufgrund der zunehmenden CT-Haeufigkeit. Die Prinzipien der Rechtfertigung und Optimierung von medizinischen Strahlenanwendungen sind - insbesondere bei CT-Untersuchungen - in jedem Einzelfall konsequent anzuwenden. (orig.)

  1. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in neuroradiology; Funktionelle Magnetresonanztomographie in der Neuroradiologie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Essig, M.; Schoenberg, S.O.; Schlemmer, H.P.; Metzner, R.; Kaick, G. van [Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg (Germany). Forschungsschwerpunkt Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie

    2000-10-01

    Bildgebungssequenzen, optimierter Kontrastmittelapplikationen und spezieller Nachverarbeitungsmethoden wurde es moeglich, physiologische und pathophysiologische Prozesse mittels der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zu beobachten. Mit T1- und T2*-gewichteten kontrastmittelunterstuetzten Bildgebungssequenzen koennen Informationen ueber die Gewebeperfusion, Mikrozirkulation und die Permeabilitaet der Blut-Hirn-Schranke unter Anwendung spezieller, z.T. aus der Nuklearmedizin stammender Modelle erfasst werden. Die Eigendiffusion von Wassermolekuelen im Gewebe ist mit diffusiongewichteter MRT, die Markrovaskulatur, zeitlich aufgeloest, mit MR-angiographischen Techniken darstellbar. Auch eine neuronale Aktivitaet einfacher oder komplexer Natur kann mit funktionellen MR-Techniken visualisiert werden. Mit MR-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen koennen metabolische Verteilungen in normalem und pathologischem Gewebe mehrdimensional erfasst und Stoffwechselvorgaenge im Verlauf beobachtet werden. Vorteile der MRT ist die geringe Invasivitaet, die Moeglichkeit einer dreidimensionalen Darstellung der Daten und eine beliebige Wiederholbarkeit der Untersuchung bei fehlender Strahlenbelastung. Die bereits klinisch einsetzbaren funktionellen Methoden werden beschrieben und ihr Einsatz in der Neuroradiologie auch in Bezug auf die Wertigkeit im Vergleich zu nuklearmedizinischen Methoden diskutiert. Perfusions- und Diffusions-MRT liefern wichtige Zusatzinformationen im akuten und chronischen Stadium der zerebralen Ischaemie und werden bereits routinemaessig bei akutem Schlaganfall eingesetzt. Dynamische MR-Angiographien erlauben eine haemodynamische Einstufung von Gefaessmissbildungen. In der Tumordiagnostik liefern die funktionellen MR-Techniken wichtige Zusatzinformationen fuer die Therapiefindung, Therapieplanung und das Therapiemonitoring. Die Untersuchung psychiatrischen Erkrankungen wurden durch die funktionelle MRT revolutioniert, obwohl der klinische Einsatz noch limitiert ist. Erste Untersuchungen

  2. Isotopically modified compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kuruc, J.

    2009-01-01

    In this chapter the nomenclature of isotopically modified compounds in Slovak language is described. This chapter consists of following parts: (1) Isotopically substituted compounds; (2) Specifically isotopically labelled compounds; (3) Selectively isotopically labelled compounds; (4) Non-selectively isotopically labelled compounds; (5) Isotopically deficient compounds.

  3. MRI of the hyaline knee joint cartilage. Animal experimental and clinical studies; MRT des hyalinen Kniegelenkknorpels. Tierexperimentelle und klinische Untersuchungen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Adam, G. [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik; Prescher, A. [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Inst. fuer Anatomie; Nolte-Ernsting, C. [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik; Buehne, M. [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik; Scherer, K. [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Inst. fuer Versuchstierkunde; Kuepper, W. [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Inst. fuer Versuchstierkunde; Guenther, R.W. [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik

    1994-02-01

    The value of MR imaging for the detection of hyaline cartilage lesions using 2-D spin-echo and 3-D gradient-echo imaging was evaluated in an animal experiment in 10 dogs and in a clinical study in 30 patients. MR imaging findings were compared with histopathological and arthroscopy findings, respectively. Using MRI neither grade I nor grade II hyaline cartilage lesions were detectable. In the animal experiments 77% of grade III lesions and all the grade IV lesions were seen. However, in the clinical study only about the half of grade III and IV lesions were detected. 3-D gradient-echo MR imaging was superior to 2-D spin-echo imaging (p<0.001), while 3-D FLASH and 3-D FISP did not differ significantly in the detection rate (p<0.34). 3-D gradient-echo MR imaging seems to be the best method for the delineation of high grade cartilage lesions. However, early stages of cartilage degeneration are invisible even with this imaging modality. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Wertigkeit der MRT in der Erfassung von Knorpellaesionen mit 2-D-Spin-Echo- und 3-D-Grafienten-Echo-Sequenzen wurde in einer tierexperimentellen Untersuchung an 10 Hunden sowie in einer klinischen Studie an 30 Patienten ueberprueft. Die kernspintomographischen Ergebnisse wurden mit dem pathologisch-anatomischen Befund bzw. der Arthroskopie verglichen. MR-tomographisch konnten weder Grad-I- noch Grad-II-Knorpellaesionen erfasst werden. Die Erkennbarkeitsrate der Grad-III- und -IV-Laesionen lag fuer die tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen bei 77 bzw. 100%, waehrend klinisch nur etwa 50% dieser Veraenderungen erkannt werden konnten. Dabei waren die 3-D-Gradienten-Echo-Sequenzen den 2-D-Spin-Echo-Sequenzen signifikant ueberlegen (p<0,001), waehrend sich die 3-D-Gradienten-Echo-Sequenzen FISP und FLASH nicht voneinander unterschieden (p<0,34). Derzeit muessen die 3-D-Gradienten-Echo-Sequenzen als die beste Methode zur Erfassung hoehergradiger Knorpellaesionen angesehen werden. Fruehe Stadien der Knorpelschaedigung sind

  4. Catalytically supported reduction of emissions from small-scale biomass furnace systems; Katalytisch unterstuetzte Minderung von Emissionen aus Biomasse-Kleinfeuerungsanlagen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hartmann, Ingo; Lenz, Volker; Schenker, Marian; Thiel, Christian [DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnuetzige GmbH, Leipzig (Germany); Kraus, Markus; Matthes, Mirjam; Roland, Ulf [Helmholtz-Zentrum fuer Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig (Germany); Bindig, Rene; Einicke, Wolf-Dietrich [Leipzig Univ. (Germany)

    2011-06-29

    Einhaltung der Grenzwerte geeignet. Dagegen werden im Praxisbetrieb die Schadgasemissionen ohne sekundaere Massnahmen im Normalfall ueberschritten. Die durchgefuehrten experimentellen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass eine Minderung sowohl von CO als auch von organischen Verbindungen durch katalytische Nachverbrennung moeglich ist. Neben der Entwicklung speziell adaptierter Katalysatoren ist es aber notwendig, durch kombinierte Verfahren eine zusaetzliche Staubabscheidung zu erzielen, da herkoemmliche Katalysatoren nicht zur Abscheidung und Zurueckhaltung von Feinstaeuben geeignet sind bzw. ihre Aktivitaet durch Staubablagerungen auf der aktiven Oberflaeche verlieren wuerden, wenn sie gleichzeitig als Filter fungieren muessten. Um ausreichend hohe Reaktionstemperaturen und damit eine Totaloxidation der Schadstoffe zu ermoeglichen, ist im Regelfall eine externe Beheizung, vorzugsweise ueber elektrische Verfahren, notwendig. Damit lassen sich die Schadgasemissionen vor allem in den kritischen An-und Ausbrandphasen weiter senken. Die Untersuchungen zeigen jedoch auch, dass weiterhin ein erheblicher Forschungsbedarf vorhanden ist, um ausreichend aktive und langzeitstabile Katalysatoren verfuegbar zu machen. Die aufgebaute Versuchsanlage erlaubt die Untersuchung der Wirkung und der Alterungserscheinungen von zu charakterisierenden Katalysatoren unter praxisnahen Bedingungen. Die elektrostatische Vorabscheidung der Staeube kann die Staubbelastung des Katalysators deutlich reduzieren. Damit laesst sich eine Verblockung des freien Stroemungsquerschnittes verhindern, wodurch die Standzeit erhoeht und die Reinigungsintervalle verlaengert werden koennen. Ein Einfluss der katalytischen Abgasnachbehandlung auf die Staubzusammensetzung konnte anhand der vorliegenden Untersuchungen nicht eindeutig nachgewiesen werden, ein drastischer Einfluss kann aber auf Grund der Untersuchungen ausgeschlossen werden. Zur detaillierteren Untersuchung ist es jedoch notwendig, die Staubprobenahme auf Basis von

  5. Catalytically supported reduction of emissions from small-scale biomass furnace systems; Katalytisch unterstuetzte Minderung von Emissionen aus Biomasse-Kleinfeuerungsanlagen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hartmann, Ingo; Lenz, Volker; Schenker, Marian; Thiel, Christian [DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnuetzige GmbH, Leipzig (Germany); Kraus, Markus; Matthes, Mirjam; Roland, Ulf [Helmholtz-Zentrum fuer Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig (Germany); Bindig, Rene; Einicke, Wolf-Dietrich [Leipzig Univ. (Germany)

    2011-06-29

    Einhaltung der Grenzwerte geeignet. Dagegen werden im Praxisbetrieb die Schadgasemissionen ohne sekundaere Massnahmen im Normalfall ueberschritten. Die durchgefuehrten experimentellen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass eine Minderung sowohl von CO als auch von organischen Verbindungen durch katalytische Nachverbrennung moeglich ist. Neben der Entwicklung speziell adaptierter Katalysatoren ist es aber notwendig, durch kombinierte Verfahren eine zusaetzliche Staubabscheidung zu erzielen, da herkoemmliche Katalysatoren nicht zur Abscheidung und Zurueckhaltung von Feinstaeuben geeignet sind bzw. ihre Aktivitaet durch Staubablagerungen auf der aktiven Oberflaeche verlieren wuerden, wenn sie gleichzeitig als Filter fungieren muessten. Um ausreichend hohe Reaktionstemperaturen und damit eine Totaloxidation der Schadstoffe zu ermoeglichen, ist im Regelfall eine externe Beheizung, vorzugsweise ueber elektrische Verfahren, notwendig. Damit lassen sich die Schadgasemissionen vor allem in den kritischen An-und Ausbrandphasen weiter senken. Die Untersuchungen zeigen jedoch auch, dass weiterhin ein erheblicher Forschungsbedarf vorhanden ist, um ausreichend aktive und langzeitstabile Katalysatoren verfuegbar zu machen. Die aufgebaute Versuchsanlage erlaubt die Untersuchung der Wirkung und der Alterungserscheinungen von zu charakterisierenden Katalysatoren unter praxisnahen Bedingungen. Die elektrostatische Vorabscheidung der Staeube kann die Staubbelastung des Katalysators deutlich reduzieren. Damit laesst sich eine Verblockung des freien Stroemungsquerschnittes verhindern, wodurch die Standzeit erhoeht und die Reinigungsintervalle verlaengert werden koennen. Ein Einfluss der katalytischen Abgasnachbehandlung auf die Staubzusammensetzung konnte anhand der vorliegenden Untersuchungen nicht eindeutig nachgewiesen werden, ein drastischer Einfluss kann aber auf Grund der Untersuchungen ausgeschlossen werden. Zur detaillierteren Untersuchung ist es jedoch notwendig, die Staubprobenahme auf Basis von

  6. Study in environmental medicine in the areas of Bitterfeld and Hettstedt and a comparison area, 1995 - 1996. Data Book; Umweltmedizinische Untersuchungen im Raum Bitterfeld, im Raum Hettstedt und einem Vergleichsgebiet 1995-1996. Data Book

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Heinrich, J.; Jacob, B.; Hoelscher, B.; Wilde, B.; Wolff, H.; Wjst, M.; Cyrys, J.; Wichmann, H.E. [GSF - Forschungszentrum fuer Umwelt und Gesundheit Neuherberg GmbH, Oberschleissheim (Germany). Inst. fuer Epidemiologie

    1998-10-01

    were determined and heavy-metal analyses carried out. Complete blood tests were done for lead, cadmium and mercury; urine tests were done for arsenic, cadmium and mercury. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Umweltsituation im industriellen Ballungsgebiet Bitterfeld/Wolfen war in der Vergangenheit durch eine ausserordentlich hohe Belastung der Luft, u.a. mit Staeuben, Schwefeldioxid, Stickoxiden und chlorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen, der Gewaesser und des Bodens gekennzeichnet. Dagegen spielte im Raum Hettstedt die Schwermetallbelastung durch jahrzehntelangen Bergbau und die Emissionen der buntmetallurgischen Industriebetriebe die Hauptrolle. Ziel der vom Umweltbundesamt gefoerderten umweltepidemiologischen Studie ist es, moegliche gesundheitliche Beeintraechtigungen der Bevoelkerung in diesen zwei Belastungsgebieten im Vergleich zu dem wenig belasteten Kontrollterritorium Zerbst zu ermitteln. Diese sollen vor dem Hintergrund der Langzeitwirkung einer hohen Luftbelastung in den Regionen Bitterfeld und Hettstedt quantifiziert werden. Darueber hinaus werden die zeitlichen Veraenderungen der Gesundheitsparameter begleitend zu den laufenden Sanierungsmassnahmen ueber einen Zeitraum von 6 Jahren erfasst, um die Sanierung an den gesundheitlichen Gegebenheiten ausrichten zu koennen. Die Untersuchungen 1995/96 erfolgten wie auch beim 1. Survey im Jahre 1992/93 durch Aerzte und Schwestern in Schulen, Kindergaerten, Gesundheitsaemtern sowie teilweise in einem mit Lungenfunktionsgeraeten ausgestatteten Untersuchungsbus. In allen drei Orten wurde nach den gleichen standardisierten Vorschriften verfahren, wobei die gleichen Geraete und die gleichen Untersucher im Einsatz waren. Durch Befragung der Eltern der Kinder wurden Informationen erhoben zu Erkrankungen und Symptomen, insbesondere zu Atemwegserkrankungen und Allergien, sowie zu soziodemographischen Charakteristika und Merkmalen der haeuslichen Umgebung, welche die interessierenden Zielgroessen mitbeeinflussen koennen. Es wurde die

  7. Ueber das Insektenauge

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Richter Leopold

    1958-09-01

    Full Text Available El funcionamiento del ojo compuesto del insecto es totalmente distinto del del ojo sencillo.  Con el ojo compuesto cualquier movimiento en el espacio -desde el momento en que se encuentra dentro de la esfera visual- puede ser interpretado correcta y unívocamente. Ello demuestra y comprueba que, en general el reconocimiento como juicio no ha de ser necesariamente una función de la razón humana.  El ojo compuesto divide lo percibido en partes muy pequeñas que se siguen automáticamente, obteniendo así un propio concepto del tiempo. Este permite (cualquiera que sea el movimiento en el espacio solucionar con la objetivación de la fórmula: tiempo por camino, el problema de alcanzar con seguridad un objeto que vuela rápidamente en el libre espacio.  La línea que describe el vuelo, sea tan curva como fuere, se proyecta sobre la superficie de los ommatidia, siendo transmitida de un ommatidium al otro, sucesivamente, a un centro visual.  Este centro visual dirige el propio vuelo de manera que el retrato del objeto permanece visible por un tiempo cada vez más largo en un siempre menor numero de ommatidia.  Esto significa, para el insecto cazador: la presa se mueve de acuerdo con su tiempo, es decir, cada vez más lento.  Si finalmente no queda visible sino en un solo ommatidium, la presa, aparece como inmóvil y así puede ser cogida. Resulta de lo anterior que el insecto cazador ha de moverse de tal manera que la línea de vuelo del objeto perseguido se proyecte en el ojo compuesto de su perseguidor en forma cada vez más rectangular.  El método visual automático garantiza una alimentación segura por la caza de presas pequeñas de vuelo rápido en el libre espacio.

  8. Investigations into the formal pathogenesis of quartz-dust-induced tumours of the lungs in rats. Pt. 1. Pneumocyte proliferation and changes in the lung tissue; Untersuchungen zur formalen Pathogenese quarzstaubinduzierter Lungen-Tumoren bei der Ratte. T. 1. Pneumozytenproliferation und Lungenumbau

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Friemann, J. [Medizinisches Inst. fuer Umwelthygiene, Univ. Duesseldorf (Germany); Kubitza, R. [Medizinisches Inst. fuer Umwelthygiene, Univ. Duesseldorf (Germany); Weishaupt, C. [Medizinisches Inst. fuer Umwelthygiene, Univ. Duesseldorf (Germany); Varnai, M. [Medizinisches Inst. fuer Umwelthygiene, Univ. Duesseldorf (Germany); Pott, F. [Medizinisches Inst. fuer Umwelthygiene, Univ. Duesseldorf (Germany); Musinski, G. [Medizinisches Inst. fuer Umwelthygiene, Univ. Duesseldorf (Germany)

    1995-12-31

    organisierender Regionen (NOR) durchgefuehrt. Ergaenzend wurden morphometrische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung des Silikosegrades und zur Quantifizierung der Ausdehnung der Quarzstaub-induzierten bronchioloalveolaeren Hyperplasie durchgefuehrt. Die Untersuchungen fuehrten zusammenfassend zu dem Ergebnis, dass die inhalative und intratracheale Quarzstaubapplikation bei Ratten regelmaessig eine Alveolarproteinose in Kombination mit einer Dosis- und zeitabhaengigen Zunahme der Pneumozytenproliferationsrate induziert. Ferner kommt es regelmaessig zur Ausbildung einer multifokalen adenomatoesen Hyperplasie (bronchiolo-alveolaeren Hyperplasie) des Lungenparenchyms. Die moegliche Bedeutung beider Laesionen fuer die Entstehung experimenteller Quarzstaub-induzierter Lungentumoren wird diskutiert. (orig.)

  9. Hydrogen in motor car engineering. Production, storage, use. 3. rev. ed.; Wasserstoff in der Fahrzeugtechnik. Erzeugung, Speicherung, Anwendung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Eichlseder, Helmut [Technische Univ., Graz (Austria). Inst. fuer Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Thermodynamik; Klell, Manfred [HyCentA Research GmbH, Graz (Austria)

    2012-07-01

    The book outlines the various aspects of properties, generation, storage and uses of hydrogen. The focus is on the thermodynamics of hydrogen storage and on its applications in vehicle engineering and energy engineering. Using the example of current research projects of TU Graz university and HyCentA, the state of the art is presented in some detail. The sections on fuel cells for automotive power generation, hydrogen/methane mixtures and legal and safety aspects have been updated. [German] Dieses Buch bietet einen allgemeinen Ueberblick ueber die verschiedenen Aspekte von Eigenschaften, Erzeugung, Speicherung und Anwendung von Wasserstoff. Schwerpunkte liegen auf der Thermodynamik der Speicherung von Wasserstoff sowie auf der Anwendung in der Fahrzeugtechnik und in der Energietechnik. Mit Bezug zu Forschungsvorhaben an der TU Graz und dem HyCentA wird der aktuelle Stand der Technik fundiert dargestellt. Aktualisiert und ergaenzt wurden vor allem die Abschnitte ueber Brennstoffzellen zur Stromerzeugung fuer Elektroantriebe, ueber Gemische aus Wasserstoff und Methan sowie ueber Fragen von Recht und Sicherheit.

  10. Contributions to the workshop `Residual ponds from open pit brown coal mining`; Beitraege zum Workshop ``Braunkohlebergbaurestseen``

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-12-31

    The contributions to the workshop ``Investigations on flooding in residual ponds from open-pit mining`` deal, inter alia, with the hydrochemical development of flushing waters, the stability of the water quality of residual lakes, especially under the impact of land contamination, the influence of brine receipts by flushed residual lakes, and with the microbiological ecology of residual lakes from mining. Furthermore, geophysical studies for demonstrating paths of flow and for calculating the depth and volume of residual lakes from open-pit mining are discussed. (MSK) [Deutsch] Die Beitraege zu dem Workshop `Untersuchungen zu Flutungen in Tagebaurestseen` befassen sich unter anderem mit der hydrochemischen Entwicklung von Flutungsgewaessern, mit der Qualitaetsstabilitaet von Restseewaessern - insbesonders bei Einwirkung von Altlasten - und mit den Einfluessen von Solezufluessen bei Restseeflutung sowie mit Untersuchungen zur mikrobiologischen Oekologie in Bergbaurestseen. Desweiteren werden geophysikalische Untersuchungen zum Nachweis von Fliesswegen und die Tiefen- und Volumenberechnung eines Tagebaurestlochsees erlaeutert. (MSK)

  11. Contributions to the workshop `Residual ponds from open pit brown coal mining`; Beitraege zum Workshop ``Braunkohlebergbaurestseen``

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1996-12-31

    The contributions to the workshop ``Investigations on flooding in residual ponds from open-pit mining`` deal, inter alia, with the hydrochemical development of flushing waters, the stability of the water quality of residual lakes, especially under the impact of land contamination, the influence of brine receipts by flushed residual lakes, and with the microbiological ecology of residual lakes from mining. Furthermore, geophysical studies for demonstrating paths of flow and for calculating the depth and volume of residual lakes from open-pit mining are discussed. (MSK) [Deutsch] Die Beitraege zu dem Workshop `Untersuchungen zu Flutungen in Tagebaurestseen` befassen sich unter anderem mit der hydrochemischen Entwicklung von Flutungsgewaessern, mit der Qualitaetsstabilitaet von Restseewaessern - insbesonders bei Einwirkung von Altlasten - und mit den Einfluessen von Solezufluessen bei Restseeflutung sowie mit Untersuchungen zur mikrobiologischen Oekologie in Bergbaurestseen. Desweiteren werden geophysikalische Untersuchungen zum Nachweis von Fliesswegen und die Tiefen- und Volumenberechnung eines Tagebaurestlochsees erlaeutert. (MSK)

  12. Sanskrit Compound Processor

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kumar, Anil; Mittal, Vipul; Kulkarni, Amba

    Sanskrit is very rich in compound formation. Typically a compound does not code the relation between its components explicitly. To understand the meaning of a compound, it is necessary to identify its components, discover the relations between them and finally generate a paraphrase of the compound. In this paper, we discuss the automatic segmentation and type identification of a compound using simple statistics that results from the manually annotated data.

  13. Technical-scale realization of simultaneous aerobic nitrification/denitrification in cyclic plants for a population of more than 100 000; Grosstechnische Realisierung der simultanen, aeroben Nitrifikation/Denitrifikation in zyklischen Anlagen ueber 100.000 EGW

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Demoulin, G. [SFC-Umwelttechnik, Salzburg (Austria); Goronszy, M.C. [Tri Tech Inc., Lake Forest, CA (United States)

    1999-07-01

    On account of local requirements and because of its economic and technical advantages, cyclic activated sludge process was given preference over conventional technology when building the sewage treatment plant at Neubrandenburg. The process-technical installations were completely accommodated in two circular ponds of the diameter 62.3 m and water depth 5.5 m each, with two reactors to one circular pond each. Construction of the biological treatment plant started in 1998. At its start of operation in November 1998, it was the first European plant employing this technology. With the plant currently running to some 80 to 90 % of its capacity, specified elimination efficiency has been met since spring 1999. (orig.) [German] Aufgrund der oertlichen Gegebenheiten sowie der wirtschaftlichen und technischen Vorzuege des zyklischen Belebtschlammverfahrens wurde diesem beim Bau der Klaeranlage Neubrandenburg der Vorzug ueber die konventionelle Technologie gegeben. Die Verfahrensbauwerke fuer die biologische Abwasserbehandlung wurden komplett in zwei Rundbecken mit je 62,3 m Durchmesser und 5,5 m Wassertiefe untergebracht, wobei zwei Reaktoren jeweils ein Rundbecken ergeben. Im Februar 1998 wurde mit dem Bau der Biologie begonnen. Diese nahm bereits im November 1998 als erste Anlage nach diesem Verfahren in Europa den Betrieb auf. Die geforderten Entfernungsleistungen werden bei einer derzeitigen Auslastung von ca. 80-90% seit Fruehjahr 1999 eingehalten. (orig.)

  14. Phlebography of the upper extremity. Pt. 1. Technique and findings in 230 examinations; Die Phlebographie der oberen Extremitaet. T. 1. Technik und Befunde bei 230 Untersuchungen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Maas, R [Radiologische Klinik des Universitaets-Krankenhauses Hamburg-Eppendorf (Germany). Abt. Roentgendiagnostik; Nicolas, V [Radiologische Klinik des Universitaets-Krankenhauses Hamburg-Eppendorf (Germany). Abt. Roentgendiagnostik; Muegge-Hamann, U [Radiologische Klinik des Universitaets-Krankenhauses Hamburg-Eppendorf (Germany). Abt. Roentgendiagnostik; Steiner, P [Radiologische Klinik des Universitaets-Krankenhauses Hamburg-Eppendorf (Germany). Abt. Roentgendiagnostik

    1995-01-01

    We report on 230 phlebographic examinations in the shoulder arm region which were performed by conventional X-ray technique and/or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The detailed method of examination as well as anatomical variants of the vessels are explained. The group of patients was analysed concerning its composition and was subdivided with regard to clinically relevant diagnoses. Contrary to statements in the literature, the number of pathological findings in men or women were equal. The main age was between 40 and 50 years. The brachial vein was found to be doubled so often that this might be accepted as a normal situation. Phlebographic examinations were performed in the right arm twice as often as in the left one. 172 primary examinations, more than 60% showed a pathological result. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wird ueber 230 Phlebographien der Schulter-/Armregion berichtet, die bei 172 Patienten in konventioneller und/oder digitaler Technik (DSA) durchgefuehrt wurden. Die Untersuchungstechnik wird ebenso wie anatomische Gefaessvarianten dargestellt. Das Patientenkollektiv wurde sowohl hinsichtlich seiner Zusammensetzung analysiert als auch nach klinisch relevanten Diagnosegruppen hin aufgearbeitet. Entgegen den Literaturangaben waren Patienten mit pathologischen Armphlebographien gleichhaeufig maennlich oder weiblich. Der Altersgipfel lag zwischen 40 und 50 Jahren. Die V. brachialis war so haeufig doppelt angelegt, dass dieser Befund als Normsituation angesehen werden kann. Phlebographien wurden doppelt so oft am rechten als am linken Arm durchgefuehrt. Von 172 Erstuntersuchungen erbrachten mehr als 60% einen pathologischen Befund. (orig.)

  15. Measurements to check vapour recovery systems of public retail stations in Hamburg (Phase 1); Messaktion zur Ueberpruefung von Gasrueckfuehrungssystemen an oeffentlichen Tankstellen in der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (Phase 1)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Altmann, B.R. [Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft fuer Erdoel, Erdgas und Kohle e.V., Hamburg (Germany); Golgert, R. [Gesundheits- und Umweltamt, Hamburg (Germany). Bezirksamt Wandsbek; Okelmann, J. [Umweltbehoerde, Hamburg (Germany). Amt fuer Immissionsschutz und Betriebe; Schenck, H.G. [Gesundheits- und Umweltamt, Hamburg (Germany). Bezirksamt Eimsbuettel, Abt. fuer Umweltschutz

    2000-06-01

    DGMK jointly with the local authorities of health and environment, in close co-operation with the environmental authorities of the city of Hamburg, are thoroughly examining the vapour recovery systems at all public service stations in Hamburg. In phase I 50 sites were examined in August/September 1999 by several measuring methods called liquid-measurement, liquid-check, quick-check (UPA 50/Flo-Tester) and dry-measurement procedure. They delivered proportions and causes of bad performing and defective devices leading to appropriate maintenance. The dry-measurement procedure commonly used with regular checks by itself is not satisfactory to prove overall performance of the vapour recovery equipment. It should always be supplemented by a liquid-check procedure in order to ensure that the assigned vapour pumps work. As the dry-measurement procedure simulates a fuel flow it cannot detect such defects. Complete breakdowns of vapour recovery systems can be localised reliably with the quick check devices UPA 50/Flo-Tester. But due to high error tolerances, quick check devices are not suitable for quantitative measurement of vapour recovery rates on service stations. (orig.) [German] Die DGMK fuehrt unter Beteiligung der Umweltbehoerde Hamburg zusammen mit den Gesundheits- und Umweltaemtern der Bezirke und den Tankstellenbetreibern in einem Gemeinschaftsprojekt detaillierte Untersuchungen der Gasrueckfuehrungssysteme an allen Hamburger Tankstellen durch. Ziel der Untersuchung ist die Ueberpruefung und Verbesserung des technischen Zustandes der Gasrueckfuehrsysteme an allen Hamburger Tankstellen. Darueber hinaus sollen genaue Kenntnisse ueber die Verlaesslichkeit von gaengigen Messverfahren zur Ueberpruefung von Gasrueckfuehrsystemen erworben werden. In der Phase I wurden an 50 Tankstellen Messungen im August/September 1999 unter Anwendung des Nassmessverfahrens, des Trockenmessverfahrens, der Schnelltester (Flo-Tester und UPA 50) sowie der Nasskontrolle zur Ueberpruefung

  16. Lethal outcome after pelvic salvage radiotherapy in a patient with prostate cancer due to increased radiosensitivity. Case report and literature review

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fahrig, Antje; Koch, T. [Klinikum Bamberg, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Klinik und Praxis fuer Radioonkologie und Strahlentherapie, Bamberg (Germany); Lenhart, M. [Klinikum Bamberg, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Klinik fuer Diagnostische Radiologie, Interventionelle Radiologie und Neuroradiologie, Bamberg (Germany); Rieckmann, P. [Klinikum Bamberg, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Neurologische Klinik, Bamberg (Germany); Fietkau, R.; Distel, Luitpold; Schuster, B. [Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Strahlenklinik, Erlangen (Germany)

    2018-01-15

    In general, late side effects after salvage radiotherapy (RT) for prostate cancer are below 10%. Patients with impaired DNA repair ability and genetic instability can have significantly increased reactions after RT. We present a patient who experienced severe side effects after additive RT for prostate cancer and died from the complications 25 months after RT. Imaging (MR) is shown as well as three-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. The blood sample testing revealed that radiosensitivity was increased by 35-55%. We undertook a review of the literature to give an overview over the tests established that are currently considered useful. This case highlights that the identification of patients with increased radiosensitivity is an important task in radiation protection. Groups of patients who should be screened have to be found and corresponding research facilities have to be set up. (orig.) [German] Generell sind spaete Nebenwirkungen nach additiver Radiotherapie (RT) beim Prostatakarzinom mit deutlich unter 10 % selten. Allerdings haben Patienten mit eingeschraenkter DNA-Reparatur-Kapazitaet und genetischer Instabilitaet ein signifikant erhoehtes Nebenwirkungsrisiko. In diesem Fallbeispiel stellen wir einen Patienten vor, der nach additiver RT wegen Prostatakarzinom massive Nebenwirkungen erlitt und 25 Monate nach der RT daran verstarb. Wir zeigen die Ergebnisse der konsekutiven MR-Untersuchungen und 3-Farben-Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung. Die Blutuntersuchung ergab eine um 35-55 % erhoehte Strahlenempfindlichkeit. Eine aktuelle Literaturrecherche ergab, dass mittlerweile verschiedene Testverfahren zur Untersuchung der Strahlenempfindlichkeit etabliert sind. Das Fallbeispiel zeigt, dass die Identifikation besonders strahlenempfindlicher Patienten ein wichtiges Arbeitsziel im Strahlenschutz ist. Patientenparameter fuer eine erforderliche Testung ueber die bekannten Syndrome hinaus sollten identifizierbar werden. Entsprechende Forschungseinrichtungen sind

  17. German Environmental Information Network - GEIN; Grundlagen der Umweltpolitik, Umweltstrategien. Umweltinformationsnetz Deutschland - GEIN

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bandholtz, T.

    2001-05-01

    The German Environmental Information Network (GEIN) consolidates a wide range of information currently distributed across many different Web sites run by public institutions in Germany, such as environmental authorities, agencies and ministries at the federal and Land (state) levels. The 'Portal to German Environmental Information' offers an easy-to-use access for any internet user by one single address, supporting the choice of search conditions through thesaurus-terms, geographic names, and an interactive environmental calendar. Behind that a unique XML namespace giving a solid semantic ground to bhe communication between the information providers and their 'broker'. GEIN supports automatic, thesaurus-based indexing, and a fast broadcasting mechanism (XML via HTTP) for queries that cannot be processed using the index only. Since GEIN has been inaugurated on June 9th, 2000, it has found a broad acceptance in the general public as well as with the professionals. (orig.) [German] Das Umweltinformationsnetz Deutschland (GEIN) vereint ein weites Spektrum an Umweltinformation von oeffentlichen Einrichtungen und Behoerden im Internet, die zuvor allein ueber zahlreiche individuelle Websites erreichbar war. Das 'Portal der Deutschen Umweltinformation' bietet jedem Internetbenutzer zu diesen Informationen einen umkomplizierten Zugang ueber eine einzige Adresse. Darueber hinaus erhaelt der Benutzer vielfaeltige Unterstuetzung bei der Wahl geeigneter Suchbedingungen durch Fach-Vokabular, geografische Namen und einen interaktiven Umweltkalender. Dahinter steht ein eigener XML-'Namensraum' (namespace), der die Kommunikation zwischen den einzelnen Informationsanbietern und ihrem gemeinsamen 'Broker' auf eine stabile semantische Grundlage stellt. GEIN verfuegt ueber ein thesaurus-basiertes Indizierungsverfahren, sowie ueber einen schnellen Verteilungs-mechanismus fuer Anfragen, die nicht aus dem Index beantwortet werden koennen

  18. Indium-111 octreotide uptake in the surgical scar

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Degirmenci, B.; Bekis, R.; Durak, H.; Derebeck, E. [Dokuz Eylul Univ., Izmir (Turkey). Dept. of Nuclear Medicine; Sen, M. [Dokuz Eylul Univ., Izmir (Turkey). Dept. of Radiation Oncology

    1999-07-01

    Indium-111 octreotide uptake has been reported in various somatostatin receptor positive tumors, granulomas and autoimmune diseases in which activated leucocytes may play a role, subcutaneous cavernous hemangioma and angiofibroma. We present Indium-111 octreotide uptake in a surgical abdominal scar tissue 1.5 to 6 months after surgery in a patient who had been treated for recurrent carcinoid tumor in the rectosigmoid junction. Indium-111 octreotide uptake in a surgical scar may be related to the binding to somatostatin receptors in the activated lymphocytes and fibroblasts that is previously reported. (orig.) [German] In verschiedenen Somatostatinrezeptor-positiven Tumoren, Granulomen, bei Autoimmunerkrankungen, in denen aktivierte Leukozyten eine Rolle spielen, subcutanen kavernoesen Hammangiomen und Angiofibromen wurde ueber die Anreicherung von Indium-111-Oktreotid berichtet. Wir berichten ueber die Anreicherung von Indium-111-Oktreotid in einer chirurgischen Narbe ueber dem Abdomen nach 1,5 und 6 Monaten bei einem Patienten mit einem Rezidiv-Karzinoid im rektosigmoidalen Uebergang. Die Anreicherung von Indium-111-Oktreotid in chirurgischen Narbengewebe koennte in Zusammenhang stehen mit einer Bindung an Somatostationrezeptoren in aktivierten Lymphozyten und Fibroblasten, ueber die schon berichtet wurde. (orig.)

  19. Fuel cells in mobile applications; Die Brennstoffzelle im mobilen Einsatz

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Friedrich, J.K.H. [Daimler Benz AG, Stuttgart (Germany)

    1996-06-01

    The contribution presents the new electric vehicle developed by Daimler Benz AG, NECAR II (New Electric Car), which is fuelled by fuel cells. The future prospects of this technology are discussed. (MM) [Deutsch] Berichtet wird kurz ueber das von Daimler Benz AG vorgestellte Brennstoffzellen-Elektrofahrzeug NECAR II - New Electric Car - sowie ueber die Zukunftsaussichten dieses Antriebs. (MM) (MM)

  20. Effects of platinum in biological systems - toxicology and pharmaceutical applications; Wirkungen von Platin in biologischen Systemen - Toxikologie und pharmazeutische Anwendung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nachtigall, D [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Toxikologie und Aerosolforschung, Hannover (Germany)

    1998-12-31

    The title of this lecture has intentionally been worded rather vaguely with ``biological systems`` to do justice to the fact that there are meanwhile extensive data available on diverse levels of the toxicology and structure-effect relationships of some platinum compounds. These range from epidemiological descriptions over toxicity studies to molecular biological reaction mechanisms. Any discussion on the toxicity of a substance implies that the substance poses a direct or indirect hazard to humans. In the case of platinum and its compounds there are three main categories of exposure: platinum production including workplaces in the platinum processing industries; clinical treatment with antineoplastic platinum-containing agents; and, finally, the environment, where platinum levels are known to be rising since some years. The association between these exposures becomes clear when one considers the platinum pollution caused by automobile catalytic converters, hospital effluents, and by platinum-containing industrial products in the widest sense. [Deutsch] Der Titel des Vortrages ist mit `biologischen Systemen` sehr allgemein gehalten, da ueber die Toxikologie und die Struktur-Wirkungsbeziehungen einiger Platinverbindungen auf den verschiedensten Ebenen umfangreiche Daten vorliegen. Diese reichen von epidemiologischen Beschreibungen ueber Toxizitaetsstudien bis hin zu molekularbiologischen Reaktionsmechanismen. Die Diskussion um die Toxizitaet von Substanzen impliziert immer die direkte oder indirekte Gefaehrdung des Menschen. Im Falle des Platins und seiner Verbindungen existieren drei wesentliche Expositionsbereiche: Die Platingewinnung sowie die Arbeitsplaetze in der Platin verarbeitenden Industrie, die klinische Behandlung mit antineoplastischen Platinwirkstoffen und schliesslich die Umwelt, in der seit einigen Jahren ansteigende Platinkonzentrationen verzeichnet werden. Die Verbindung zwischen diesen Bereichen wird deutlich, wenn man die Platinimmissionen durch

  1. Effects of platinum in biological systems - toxicology and pharmaceutical applications; Wirkungen von Platin in biologischen Systemen - Toxikologie und pharmazeutische Anwendung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nachtigall, D. [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Toxikologie und Aerosolforschung, Hannover (Germany)

    1997-12-31

    The title of this lecture has intentionally been worded rather vaguely with ``biological systems`` to do justice to the fact that there are meanwhile extensive data available on diverse levels of the toxicology and structure-effect relationships of some platinum compounds. These range from epidemiological descriptions over toxicity studies to molecular biological reaction mechanisms. Any discussion on the toxicity of a substance implies that the substance poses a direct or indirect hazard to humans. In the case of platinum and its compounds there are three main categories of exposure: platinum production including workplaces in the platinum processing industries; clinical treatment with antineoplastic platinum-containing agents; and, finally, the environment, where platinum levels are known to be rising since some years. The association between these exposures becomes clear when one considers the platinum pollution caused by automobile catalytic converters, hospital effluents, and by platinum-containing industrial products in the widest sense. [Deutsch] Der Titel des Vortrages ist mit `biologischen Systemen` sehr allgemein gehalten, da ueber die Toxikologie und die Struktur-Wirkungsbeziehungen einiger Platinverbindungen auf den verschiedensten Ebenen umfangreiche Daten vorliegen. Diese reichen von epidemiologischen Beschreibungen ueber Toxizitaetsstudien bis hin zu molekularbiologischen Reaktionsmechanismen. Die Diskussion um die Toxizitaet von Substanzen impliziert immer die direkte oder indirekte Gefaehrdung des Menschen. Im Falle des Platins und seiner Verbindungen existieren drei wesentliche Expositionsbereiche: Die Platingewinnung sowie die Arbeitsplaetze in der Platin verarbeitenden Industrie, die klinische Behandlung mit antineoplastischen Platinwirkstoffen und schliesslich die Umwelt, in der seit einigen Jahren ansteigende Platinkonzentrationen verzeichnet werden. Die Verbindung zwischen diesen Bereichen wird deutlich, wenn man die Platinimmissionen durch

  2. structure-chemical analyses of half-antiperovskites and superconductivity of parkerites; Strukturchemische Untersuchungen an Halbantiperowskiten und Supraleitung der Parkerite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Peter, Philipp

    2015-04-22

    The aim of this work was the structural investigation on Halfantiperowskites. In the process four new compounds were synthesized and a new ordering variant was found. Furthermore superconductivity was measured on selected compounds of the Parkerite-type of structure and an attempt was made to change the transition temperature by selective doping.

  3. Investigations of microbial regeneration of abandoned mining land. Project 1: Leachate reduction in ore mining regions with high levels of heavy metal sulfides. Final report 2000; Untersuchungen zur mikrobiellen Sicherung von Bergbaualtlasten. Teilvorhaben 1: Laugungsreduzierung in Schwermetallsulfid-belasteten Erzbergbauregionen. Abschlussbericht 2000

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sand, W.; Jozsa, P.G.; Schippers, A.

    2001-02-01

    The project was aimed at the development of an optimized catalogue of measures for regeneration and reclamation of polluted mining land. Reports were published in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998. This report summarizes the work of 1999 and 2000. A catalogue of measures is proposed on the basis of the results. [German] Ziel des Projektes ist die Erarbeitung eines optimierten Massnahmenpaketes zur Sicherung und Sanierung von Bergbaualtlasten, die durch mikrobiologische Sauerwasserbildung und Schwermetallmobilisierung Boeden und Gewaesser kontaminieren. Die Problematik und der Stand der Kenntnisse sowie erste Ergebnisse der Bestandsaufnahmen wurden in den Jahresberichten 1995 und 1996 sowie im Fortsetzungsantrag ausfuehrlich dargestellt. Ueber die Versuchsergebnisse der Jahre 1997 und 1998 wurde bereits berichtet. Im Folgenden werden die in den Jahren 1999 und 2000 erzielten Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und eine Bewertung der Projektarbeit vorgenommen. Abschliessend wird ein Massnahmenkatalog vorgeschlagen, der bei der Planung und Durchfuehrung von Sanierungsaufgaben an Bergbaualtlasten den Anwendern die aus mikrobiologischer Sicht zu beruecksichtigenden Aspekte mit Loesungsmoeglichkeiten gebuendelt zur Verfuegung stellt. (orig.)

  4. Organolanthanoid compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Schumann, H.

    1984-01-01

    Up to little more than a decade ago organolanthanoid compounds were still a curiosity. Apart from the description of an isolated number of cyclopentadienyl and indenyl derivatives, very few significant contributions had been made to this interesting sector of organometallic chemistry. However, subsequent systematic studies using modern preparative and analytical techniques, together with X-ray single crystal structure determinations, enabled the isolation and characterization of a large number of very interesting homoleptic and heteroleptic compounds in which the lanthanoid is bound to hydrogen, to substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl groups, to allyl or alkynyl groups, or even to phosphorus ylides, trimethylsilyl, and carbonylmetal groups. These compounds, which are all extremely sensitive to oxygen and water, open up new possibilities in the field of catalysis and have great potential in organic synthesis - as recent studies with pentamethylcyclopentadienyl derivatives, organolanthanoid(II) compounds, and hexamethyllanthanoid complexes have already shown. (orig.) [de

  5. Permeable membranes - a tool for simplified sampling of hydrocarbon gases?; Permeable Membranen - Ein Wekzeug zur vereinfachten Probenahme von Kohlenwasserstoff-Gasen?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Faber, E.; Hollerbach, A.; Poggenburg, J.; Stahl, W. [BGR, Hannover (Germany); Kaiser, H. [KaiserGEOconsult GmbH, Erlangen (Germany); Huebner, M. [Siemens AG, Erlangen (Germany); Tobschall, H.J. [Erlangen-Nuernberg Univ. (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Angewandte Geologie

    1998-12-31

    Tissue membranes are commonly used for leak detection in gas pipes. Another interesting application is in the isolation of hydrocarbons in water, sediments and soils. this requires knowledge of the time variations of the parameters of the diffusion gases, e.g. gas and isotope fractionations. Laboratory experiments were carried out in order to describe these parameters. (orig.) [Deutsch] Membranen haben die spezifische Eigenschaft fuer bestimmte Stoffe in der Gasphase durchlaessig, fuer andere mehr oder weniger undurchlaessig zu sein. Grundlage fuer ein derartiges Trennverhalten ist die Gasdiffusion durch Membranen, die mit unterschiedlichen Diffusionskoeffizienten der verschiedenen Komponenten erfolgt. Membranen in Schlauchform sind in industriellem Massstab verfuegbar und werden zur Erkennung von Ortung von Gas-Leckagen eingesetzt (Huebner und Lilie, 1997). Ueber die Leckage-Thematik hinaus besteht Interesse, das Membransystem fuer neue Anwendungsbereiche wie z.B. die Isolierung von Kohlenwasserstoffgasen aus Wasser, Sedimenten oder auch Boeden zu verwenden, um detaillierte Informationen ueber ihre Natur und ihre Herkunft aus der Gaszusammensetzung und den Kohlenstoff-Isotopenwerten (Faber, 1987) abzuleiten. Voraussetzung hierfuer ist die Kenntnis ueber die zeitlichen Aenderungen der Parameter der diffundierenden Gase, d.h. ueber die bei Diffusionsvorgaengen grundsaetzlich auftretenden Gas- und Isotopenfraktionierungen. Verschiedene Laborversuche wurden durchgefuehrt, um diese Parameter zu bestimmen. (orig.)

  6. Theoretical and experimental investigations of on-board control of combustion air and/or fuel for emission reduction in internal combustion engines. Final report; Durchfuehrung theoretischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen zu den Moeglichkeiten der On-Board-Beeinflussung der Verbrennungsluftzusammensetzung und/oder des Kraftstoffs fuer Verbrennungsmotoren mit dem Ziel der Emissionsminderung. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Velji, A.; Hofmann, U.

    2001-11-01

    Theoretical and experimental investigations were made in order to find the optimal composition of combustion air for simultaneous reduction of NOx and particulate emissions. The effect was found to be in the same order of magnitude as with exhaust recirculation. 'Optimized' air should have an oxygen content of more than 20 percent and a CO2 content of more than 10 percent, with nitrogen more or less accounting for the rest. [German] Ausgehend von der Abgasrueckfuehrung wurde in theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen die optimale Zusammensetzung der Verbrennungsluft zur gleichzeitigen Reduktion der NO{sub x}- und Partikelemission ermittelt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass es mit dieser Verbrennungsluft moeglich ist, eine aehnlich hohe NO{sub x}-Reduktion wie bei der Abgasrueckfuehrung zu erzielen, ohne dass die Partikelemission drastisch ansteigt. Die 'optimale' Verbrennungsluft muss einen Sauerstoffgehalt groesser als 20% und einen CO{sub 2}-Gehalt groesser als 10% aufweisen. Der Rest besteht im Wesentlichen aus Stickstoff. (orig.)

  7. The formation of lithium diarylargentates from arylsilver compounds and the corresponding aryllithium compounds

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Blenkers, J.; Hofstee, H.K.; Boersma, J.; Kerk, G.J.M. van der

    1979-01-01

    Diarylsilverlithium compounds of the type Ar2AgLi are formed by treating arylsilver compounds with the corresponding aryllithium compounds. Cryoscopy in benzene shows that the Ar2AgLi compounds are associated into dimers. NMR spectroscopic data indicate that only one type of aryl group is present in

  8. Present DDT and lindane indoor concentrations after extensive use of wood preservatives in attics in the past; Aktuelle DDT- und Lindan-Konzentrationen in Wohnraeumen nach intensivem Holzschutzmitteleinsatz auf Dachboeden in der Vergangenheit

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rosskamp, E.; Horn, W.; Ullrich, D.; Seifert, B. [Umweltbundesamt, Berlin (Germany). Inst. fuer Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene

    1999-12-01

    In the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) the wood preservative Hylotox 59, which contained DDT and lindane as biocides, was used indoors until 1988. It was the aim of this study to determine the concentration levels of DDT and lindane in the air of attics, newly converted attic apartments or apartments situated immediately under attics which had been treated with Hylotox 59. In some cases dust and wood samples were examined, too. This study shows that concentrations of DDT and lindane of up to 4600 and 930 ng/m{sup 3} can be found in air of treated attics even more than 20 years after the application of wood preservatives. However, the median concentrations in recently converted attic apartments and apartments below an attic were much lower, namely 20 and 40 ng/m{sup 3}, respectively, for DDT and 5 and 20 ng/m{sup 3}, respectively, for lindane. Only some apartments showed DDT and lindane concentrations above 100 ng/m{sup 3}. In these cases biocides had been used directly in the apartment or there was a possibility for an air exchange between the attic and the rooms. Exposure of dwellers to DDT and lindane occurs mainly by inhalation. In addition, infants and small children who usually play on the floor may be exposed by contact with and intake of house dust. The maximum DDT content of house dust observed in the apartments under study was 200 mg/kg, with a median of 20 mg/kg. The lindane content of house dust reached only 9 mg/kg. The calculated exposure of a small child to DDT and lindane in house dust is far below the allowable daily intake (ADI) recommended by FAO/WHO. (orig.) [German] Die Biozide DDT und Lindan wurden in der ehemaligen DDR bis 1988 als Wirkstoffe im Holzschutzmittel Hylotox 59 auf Dachboeden und z.T. auch in Innenraeumen eingesetzt. Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war es, die Biozidbelastung der Raumluft und die von einigen Staub- und Holzproben in vormals Hylotox-behandelten Dachboeden, in Wohnungen direkt unter solchen Dachboeden sowie in

  9. Semiconducting III-V compounds

    CERN Document Server

    Hilsum, C; Henisch, Heinz R

    1961-01-01

    Semiconducting III-V Compounds deals with the properties of III-V compounds as a family of semiconducting crystals and relates these compounds to the monatomic semiconductors silicon and germanium. Emphasis is placed on physical processes that are peculiar to III-V compounds, particularly those that combine boron, aluminum, gallium, and indium with phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony (for example, indium antimonide, indium arsenide, gallium antimonide, and gallium arsenide).Comprised of eight chapters, this book begins with an assessment of the crystal structure and binding of III-V compounds, f

  10. Selenium-75-labelled foliate compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1974-01-01

    A saturation method to analyze a foliate is presented; it uses competitive reaction of the compound to be measured and of a radioactive-labelled version of this compound with a reagent specific to this compound present in insufficient quantity to combine with the whole of the compound and its labelled version, separation of the bound compound from its non-bound homologue and measurement of the radioactivity concentration in the bound compound, the non-bound compound or both. The radioactive isotope used in the labelled foliate is selenium 75 [fr

  11. Rubber compounding and processing

    CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

    John, MJ

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available This chapter presents an overview on the compounding and processing techniques of natural rubber compounds. The introductory portion deals with different types of rubbers and principles of rubber compounding. The primary and secondary fillers used...

  12. Multi-angle compound imaging

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Jespersen, Søren Kragh; Wilhjelm, Jens Erik; Sillesen, Henrik

    1998-01-01

    This paper reports on a scanning technique, denoted multi-angle compound imaging (MACI), using spatial compounding. The MACI method also contains elements of frequency compounding, as the transmit frequency is lowered for the highest beam angles in order to reduce grating lobes. Compared to conve......This paper reports on a scanning technique, denoted multi-angle compound imaging (MACI), using spatial compounding. The MACI method also contains elements of frequency compounding, as the transmit frequency is lowered for the highest beam angles in order to reduce grating lobes. Compared...... to conventional B-mode imaging MACI offers better defined tissue boundaries and lower variance of the speckle pattern, resulting in an image with reduced random variations. Design and implementation of a compound imaging system is described, images of rubber tubes and porcine aorta are shown and effects...... on visualization are discussed. The speckle reduction is analyzed numerically and the results are found to be in excellent agreement with existing theory. An investigation of detectability of low-contrast lesions shows significant improvements compared to conventional imaging. Finally, possibilities for improving...

  13. Development of an early warning system for strong environmental pollution by measuring the activation of defined universally existing stress genes. Final report; Das Auftreten spezifischer Stressproteine bei Umweltbelastung in Chironomiden: Entwicklung eines neuen Fruehwarnsystems fuer starke Umweltbelastung durch Messung der Aktivierung definierter, universell vorkommender Stressgene bei ausgewaehlten Indikatororganismen. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kloetzel, P.M.; Mueller, W.

    1991-12-31

    In the present pilot study we established an ELISA based detection system which allows sensitive monitoring of stress induction as a result of heavy metal pollution. The system is based on the immunological detection of the stress induced hsp70 in larvae of Chironomidae. Using this system it is possible to detect environmental pollution by heavy metals far beyond lethal toxicity values. Since only very few animals are needed the system can also be used in field tests. For poluted isopodes as Oniscus asellus for example a single animal turned out be sufficient to monitor stress induction by Pb{sup +}. The established system ought to serve as basis for a more extended study in which different animals are collected from various polluted environments and tested with respect to already induced hsp synthesis. (orig.) [Deutsch] In der vorliegenden Pilotstudie konnte ein sensitives Nachweissystem fuer die Induktion des ubiquitaeren Stresssystem durch Schwermetalle auf der Basis der immunologischen Detektion von HSP70 etabliert werden. Dieses, auf ELISA Basis arbeitende Testverfahren ermoeglicht es Schwermetallbelastungen weit unterhalb der Toxizitaetsgrenze ueber die Induktion der HSP70 Synthese in Chironomidenlarven nachzuweisen. Die Tatsache, dass nur wenige Tiere fuer eine statistische Aussage benoetigt werden laesst eine Anwendungsmoeglichkeit auch auf Freilandtiere erwarten. So reicht fuer bleibelastete Freiland-Asseln ein einziges Tier zum immunologischen Belastungsnachweis aus. Damit sind die Grundlagen fuer die zweite Phase, die Freilandphase, in welcher sowohl Freilandtiere als auch Gewaesser- und Sedimentproben von verschiedenen Standorten in die Untersuchungen miteinbezogen werden sollen; geschaffen. Es koennen jetzt Tiere aus belasteten Gewaessern bezueglich bereits erfolgter Stressproteinproduktion aber auch auf eine Neuinduzierbarkeit nach zusaetzlicher Laborbelastung untersucht werden. Ebenso koennen Labortiere auf ihre Reaktion gegenueber belasteten

  14. Examination of the presynaptic dopaminergic system using positron emission tomography in a family with autosomal dominant parkinsonism and dementia due to pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPNO)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cordes, M. [Neurodegenerative Disorders Centre, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada)]|[Strahlenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitaetsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Freie Univ. Berlin (Germany); Wszolek, Z.K. [Neurodegenerative Disorders Centre, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada)]|[Section of Neurology, Univ. of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (United States); Pfeiffer, R.F. [Section of Neurology, Univ. of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (United States); Calne, D.B. [Neurodegenerative Disorders Centre, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada)

    1993-12-31

    We report positron emission tomography (PET) examinations of presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in a large family with an autosomal dominant neuro-degenerative disorder characterized pathologically by pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration, and clinically by parkinsonism, dystonia, paresis of conjugate gaze, apraxia of eyelid opening and closing, pyramidal tract dysfunction, and urinary incontinence. Dopaminergic function was studied and quantified with [{sup 18}F]-L-6-fluorodopa (6 FD) and PET in five affected patients, 13 individuals at-risk, and 15 similarly aged controls. The rate constant K{sub i} (mL/striatum/min) for 6 FD was decreased in all patients. None of the individuals at risk had reduced 6 FD uptake. In fact, three of them had increased values. Repeat scans have revealed a fall in 6 FD uptake in two out of the three with initially high constants. This may reflect a preclinical stage of involvement, but longer observation is necessary. (orig.) [Deutsch] Wir berichten ueber Untersuchungen der praesynaptischen dopaminergen Funktion mit der Positronenemissionstomographie bei einer grossen Familie mit autosomal-dominant vererbtem Parkinsonismus und Demenz. Die Erkrankung ist pathologisch-anatomisch gekennzeichnet durch eine pallido-ponto-nigrale Degeneration. Klinisch bestehen ein Parkinsonismus, Dystonien, eine Apraxie der Augenoeffnung und -schliessung, pyramidale Dysfunktionen und eine Harninkontinenz. Die praesynaptische dopaminerge Funktion wurde untersucht und quantifiziert mittels [{sup 18}F]-L-6-Fluorodopa (6FD) PET bei fuenf erkrankten Patienten, 13 Risikopatienten und 15 Kontrollpersonen vergleichbaren Alters. Die Transportkonstante K{sub i} (ml/Striatum/min) fuer die striatale Aufnahme des Radiotracers war bei allen erkrankten Patienten erniedrigt. Von den 13 Risikopatienten hatte keiner eine reduzierte Aufnahme von 6FD. Drei Risikopatienten zeigten sogar Werte fuer K{sub i}, die oberhalb des Referenzbereiches der Kontrollpersonen lagen

  15. MR of the muskuloskeletal system: A review; MR-Tomographie (MRT) des Skeletts, der peripheren Weichteile und der Gelenke - aktuelle Uebersicht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bohndorf, K. [Zentralklinikum Augsburg (Germany). Klinik fuer Diagnostische und Neuroradiologie; Kretschmer, K.H. [Zentralklinikum Augsburg (Germany). Klinik fuer Diagnostische und Neuroradiologie

    1996-05-01

    The skeleton, the peripheral soft tissues, and the joints have become important indications to use MRI routinely. About 25-35% of daily examinations focus on these anatomic sites. Superior contrast resolution, the option of different imaging planes, and the unsurpassed visualization of bone marrow, fibrous and hyaline cartilage, ligaments, and tendons are the reasons for the overwhelming success of this imaging method. MRI often provides the direct way to diagnosis. More and more the so-called `step by step` approach to diagnosis by imaging methods is being abandoned in favor of the primary use of MRI. The present survey summarizes the main indications for MRI in the field of the musculoskeletal system, in adults as well as in children. Special topics like tumors, inflammation, ischemia, and trauma are discussed. Some anatomic sites like the carpal joint, the shoulder, and the knee are presented in more detail. (orig.) [Deutsch] Eine Vielzahl von Fragestellungen zu wesentlichen Indikationen der MR-Tomographie am Skelett, den peripheren Weichteilen und den Gelenken haben sich in der taeglichen Praxis entwickelt. Durchschnittlich 25-35% der taeglichen Untersuchungen betreffen diesen Themenkreis. Ueberlegene Kontrastaufloesung, die Darstellung in beliebig waehlbaren Ebenen und die unuebertroffene Visualisierung von Strukturen wie Knochenmark, fibroesem und hyalinem Knorpel, Ligamenten und Sehnen, sind die Ursache der raschen Verbreitung der Methode. Die MRT stellt haeufig den direkten Weg zur Diagnose dar und ersetzt zunehmend die sog. `Stufendiagnostik` und damit Methoden wie die Computertomographie, Arteriographie oder auch Skelettszintigraphie. In der vorliegenden Uebersicht werden wesentliche, heute als gesichert anzusehenden Anwendungsgebiete der MRT bei Kindern und Erwachsenen zusammengefasst. Die Arbeit gibt einen Ueberblick ueber spezielle Fragestellungen bei Tumoren, Entzuendungen, Ischaemie und traumatischen Fragestellungen. Eine Reihe von anatomischen

  16. The Hot-gas screw-type engine - Simulation as a basis for construction. Pt. 3; Die Heissgasschraubenmaschine - simulationsgestuetzte Auslegung. T. 3

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kauder, K.; Unwerth, T. von [Dortmund Univ. (Germany). FG Fluidenergiemaschinen

    1998-12-31

    In this paper new results of the research regarding the design of the first experimental plant for a hot-gas screw-type machine are reported. Target of the development is the verification of operating behaviour as well as the thermal and mechanical behaviour of the screw-type motor parts. The selection and dimensioning of the plant components is described with a main focus on the construction of the thermally high-loaded hot-gas screw-type engine. Its manufacturing tolerances are based on simulations, with which the mechanical deformations of the rotors and the casing respective the resulting clearance-heights can be calculated. With inclusion of an efficient cooling method for the motor parts, for the, in the article documented, projected nominal working condition with a material-depending limit for the entrance temperature at {theta}{sub E,} {sub M}=600 C, a pressure ratio {pi}=6 and a male rotor peripheral speed u{sub HR}=120 ms{sup -1}, each rotor should be decreased by 0.07 mm. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wird ueber neue Forschungsergebnisse im Hinblick auf die konstruktive Realisierung der ersten Versuchsanlage einer Heissgasschraubenmaschine berichtet. Ziel der daran durchgefuehrten Untersuchungen ist die Verifikation des Betriebsverhaltens sowie des thermischen und mechanischen Bauteilverhaltens des Heissgasschraubenmotors. Nachzulesen ist die Auswahl und Dimensionierung der Anlagenkomponenten, wobei ein Hauptaugenmerk auf der Auslegung des thermisch hoch belasteten Schraubenmotors liegt. Dessen Dimensionierung liegen Simulationsrechnungen zugrunde, mit deren Hilfe die mechanischen Verformungen der Rotoren und des Gehaeuses respektive der daraus resultierenden Spalthoehen a priori angegeben werden koennen. Fuer den hier dokumentierten, angestrebten Nennbetriebszustand mit einer werkstoffbedingt begrenzten Motoreintrittstemperatur von {theta}{sub E,} {sub M}=600 C, einem Druckverhaeltnis von {pi}=6 und einer Hauptrotorumfangsgeschwindigkeit von u{sub HR}=120 ms

  17. The Baltic Sea experiment BALTEX: a brief overview and some selected results

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Raschke, E.; Karstens, U.; Nolte-Holube, R.; Brandt, R.; Isemer, H.J.; Lohmann, D.; Lobmeyr, M.; Rockel, B.; Stuhlmann, R. [GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH (Germany). Inst. fuer Atmosphaerenphysik

    1997-12-31

    The mechanisms responsible for the transfer of energy and water within the climate system are under worldwide investigation within the framework of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) to improve the predictability of natural and man-made climate changes at short and long ranges and their impact on water resources. Five continental-scale experiments have been established within GEWEX to enable a more complete coupling between atmospheric and hydrodlogical models. One of them is the Baltic Sea Experiment (BALTEX). In this paper, the goals and structure of BALTEX are outlined. A short overview of measuring and modelling strategies is given. Atmospheric and hydrological model results of the authors are presented. This includes validation of precipitation using station measurements as well as validation of modelled cloud cover with cloud estimates form satellite data. Furthermore, results of a large-scale grid based hydrological model to be coupled to atmospheric models are presented. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen des Programmes GEWEX (Globales Energie- und Wasserkreislauf-Experiment) werden weltweite Untersuchungen derjenigen Mechanismen unternommen, die die Uebertragung von Energie und Wasser innerhalb des Klimasystems bestimmen. Dadurch soll die Vorhersagebarkeit von natuerlichen und anthropogenen Klimaaenderungen in kurzen und laengeren Zeitraeumen und deren Wirkung auf die verfuegbaren Wasservorraete verbessert werden. Insgesamt fuenf kontinentweite Experimente wurden innerhalb von GEWEX fuer diese Zwecke begonnen. In ihnen soll vordringlich eine Kopplung von Hydrologiemodellen an Atmosphaermodelle erfolgen. Eines dieser Experimente ist das BALTEX (Baltic Sea Experiment). In dieser Arbeit werden die Ziele und die Struktur von BALTEX vorgestellt. Es wird auch ein kurzer Ueberblick ueber die Mess- und Modellierstrategie vermittelt. Ferner werden erste Ergebnisse der Autoren vorgestellt. Diese schliessen auch einen Vergleich zwischen gemessenen und

  18. TA project 'Elements of a strategy for sustainable development in the energy sector'. Preliminary study; TA-Projekt 'Elemente einer Strategie fuer eine nachhaltige Energieversorgung'. Vorstudie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fleischer, T.; Gruenwald, R.; Oertel, D.; Paschen, H.

    2000-12-01

    The issue of projecting policies ensuring appropriate energy supply in the future has become more important in Germany after conclusion of the agreement on a long-term nuclear power phase-out. A recent comparative analysis of a selection of scientific studies forecasting the implications of a nuclear power phase-out has shown that there is demand for more studies examining the issue in greater detail, and on the basis of an enlarged scope of research topics. Hence the present study, intended as a preliminary analysis, will investigate the potential, conditions of successful application, conceivable support schemes, and effects of those policy options that in any case, apart from the nuclear power phase-out scenario, are of essential importance in the context of building the proper conditions for sustainable development of Germany's energy sector. The options and strategies examined are: stepping up energy efficiency programmes and incentives, enhancing exploitation of the considerable potential of renewable energy sources, considering problems and benefits of enhanced use of fossil energy sources, primarily natural gas. (orig./CB) [German] Die Frage der zukuenftigen Ausgestaltung der Energieversorgung hat nach der Vereinbarung ueber den langfristigen Kernenergie-Ausstieg einen hoeheren Stellenwert erhalten. Nach Vorliegen einer vergleichenden Analyse ausgewaehlter wissenschaftlicher Studien zu den Auswirkungen eines Ausstiegs aus der Nutzung der Kernenergie in Deutschland wurde deutlich, dass vertiefende Untersuchungen noetig sind, und dass das Thema umfassender formuliert werden muss. Die vorliegende Analyse in der Form einer Vorstudie untersucht daher die Potenziale, Einsatzbedingungen, Foerdermoeglichleiten und Auswirkungen derjenigen strategischen Optionen, die auf jeden Fall, abgesehen von den Auswirkungen eines Ausstiegs aus der Kernenergie, von zentraler Bedeutung fuer eine langfristig nachhaltige Entwicklung im Energiesektor Deutschlands sein werden

  19. Studies on the microbial sulphur cycle in acid ponds in the Niederlausitz mining region in Brandenburg; Untersuchungen zum mikrobiellen Schwefelkreislauf in sauren Tagebau-Restseen der Niederlausitz (Brandenburg)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Meier, J

    2001-07-01

    The water quality of the acid ponds in the Niederlausitz brown coal mining region is characterised by pH values below 3 and high concentrations of dissolved iron (up to 10 mM) and sulphate (up to 30 mM). The development of these ponds is determined by the equilibrium that arises between acidifying and alkalinising processes. Acidity develops through weathering and oxidation of iron sulphides in the mining refuse, whereas alkalinity arises through the reduction of iron (III) and sulphate in the pond sediments, a process associated with the oxidation of organic matter. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of sulphate reduction and sulphur oxidation on the neutralising potential of the sediments in acid ponds and to characterise and identify the microorganisms involved in these processes. Comparative explorations were performed in two acid waters, namely ponds 111 and 107, and in a neutral water, namely pond B, in a semi-natural area of the Niederlausitz region. [German] Die Wasserqualitaet der sauren Bergbau-Restseen im Braunkohlerevier der Niederlausitz ist durch pH-Werte unter pH 3 und hohe Konzentrationen an geloestem Eisen (bis zu 10 mM) und Sulfat (bis zu 30 mM) gekennzeichnet. Die Entwicklung der Restseen wird durch das Gleichgewicht von aziditaets- und alkalinitaetsbildenden Prozessen bestimmt. Aziditaet entsteht bei der Verwitterung bzw. der Oxidation der Eisensulfide im Kippmassiv, waehrend Alkalinitaet bei der an die Oxidation organischer Substanz gekoppelte Reduktion von Eisen(III) und Sulfat in den Sedimenten der Seen gebildet wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss der Sulfratreduktion und der Schwefeloxidation auf das Neutralisierungspotenzial der Sedimente der sauren Restseen untersucht sowie die an diesen Prozessen beteiligten Mikroorganismen charakterisiert und identifiziert. Vergleichende Untersuchungen wurden in zwei sauren, Restsee 111 und 107, und in einem neutralen Gewaesser, Restsee B, im naturnahen Bereich

  20. A cerium(IV)-carbon multiple bond

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gregson, Matthew; Lu, Erli; McMaster, Jonathan; Lewis, William; Blake, Alexander J.; Liddle, Stephen T. [Nottingham Univ. (United Kingdom). School of Chemistry

    2013-12-02

    Straightforward access to a cerium(IV)-carbene complex was provided by one-electron oxidation of an anionic ''ate'' cerium(III)-carbene precursor, thereby avoiding decomposition reactions that plague oxidations of neutral cerium(III) compounds. The cerium(IV)-carbene complex is the first lanthanide(IV)-element multiple bond and involves a twofold bonding interaction of two electron pairs between cerium and carbon. [German] Auf direktem Wege zu einem Cer(IV)-Carbenkomplex gelangt man durch die Einelektronenoxidation einer anionischen Carben-Cerat(III)-Vorstufe. So werden Zersetzungsprozesse vermieden, die die Oxidation neutraler Cer(III)-Verbindungen erschweren. Der Cer(IV)-Carbenkomplex enthaelt die erste Lanthanoid(IV)-Element-Mehrfachbindung; dabei binden Cer und Kohlenstoff ueber zwei Elektronenpaare.

  1. Phenolic Molding Compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Koizumi, Koji; Charles, Ted; de Keyser, Hendrik

    Phenolic Molding Compounds continue to exhibit well balanced properties such as heat resistance, chemical resistance, dimensional stability, and creep resistance. They are widely applied in electrical, appliance, small engine, commutator, and automotive applications. As the focus of the automotive industry is weight reduction for greater fuel efficiency, phenolic molding compounds become appealing alternatives to metals. Current market volumes and trends, formulation components and its impact on properties, and a review of common manufacturing methods are presented. Molding processes as well as unique advanced techniques such as high temperature molding, live sprue, and injection/compression technique provide additional benefits in improving the performance characterisitics of phenolic molding compounds. Of special interest are descriptions of some of the latest innovations in automotive components, such as the phenolic intake manifold and valve block for dual clutch transmissions. The chapter also characterizes the most recent developments in new materials, including long glass phenolic molding compounds and carbon fiber reinforced phenolic molding compounds exhibiting a 10-20-fold increase in Charpy impact strength when compared to short fiber filled materials. The role of fatigue testing and fatigue fracture behavior presents some insight into long-term reliability and durability of glass-filled phenolic molding compounds. A section on new technology outlines the important factors to consider in modeling phenolic parts by finite element analysis and flow simulation.

  2. Nomenclature on an inorganic compound

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1998-10-01

    This book contains eleven chapters : which mention nomenclature of an inorganic compound with introduction and general principle on nomenclature of compound. It gives the description of grammar for nomenclature such as brackets, diagonal line, asterisk, and affix, element, atom and groups of atom, chemical formula, naming by stoichiometry, solid, neutral molecule compound, ion, a substituent, radical and name of salt, oxo acid and anion on introduction and definition of oxo acid, coordination compound like symbol of stereochemistry , boron and hydrogen compound and related compound.

  3. Reservoir patterns of soot, organic particles, total carbon, soluble substances and aerosols (numbers and mass) in the droplet and interstitial phase of clouds; Reservoiraufteilung von Russ, organischen Bestandteilen, Gesamtkohlenstoff, loeslichen Substanzen und Aerosolpartikeln (Anzahl und Masse) in der Tropfen- und Zwischenraumphase von Wolken. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wieprecht, W.; Acker, K.; Moeller, D.; Auel, R.; Hofmeister, J.; Kalass, D.

    2002-07-01

    The reservoir patterns of the constitutents of representative clouds over Germany were investigated for a better characterisation of their optical, microphysical and chemical properties. One of the key points of interest was the distribution of carbonaceous aerosol particles in the droplet and interstitial phase, which was to provide information on the role of absorbing (soot or BC) and organic carbon (OC) in cloud formation. Data about the effects of potential CCN on cloud characteristics and about the changes in aerosol particles induced by cloud processes are required as input for models of the chemical and climate effects of atmospheric aerosol. [German] Ziel des Projektes war eine moeglichst umfassende experimentelle Ermittlung der Reservoiraufteilung der Inhaltsstoffe repraesentativer Wolken ueber der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, um ihre optischen, mikrophysikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften besser zu charakterisieren. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt des Gesamtprojekts lag auf der Bestimmung der Verteilung kohlenstoffhaltiger Aerosolpartikel auf die Tropfen- und interstitielle Phase, um Aufschluesse ueber die Rolle von absorbierendem (Russ oder BC) und organischem Kohlenstoff (OC) bei der Wolkenbildung zu erhalten. Erkenntnisse sowohl ueber die Beeinflussung potentieller CCN auf Wolkeneigenschaften als auch ueber die Veraenderung der Aerosolpartikel durch Wolkenprozesse sind erforderlich als Eingangsdaten in entsprechende Modelle, um die chemischen und klimatischen Effekte des atmosphaerischen Aerosols zu bestimmen. (orig.)

  4. Investigations on the effects of ``Ecstasy`` on cerebral glucose metabolism: an 18-FDG PET study; Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von ``Ecstasy`` auf den zerebralen Glukosemetabolismus: eine 18-FDG-PET-Studie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schreckenberger, M.; Sabri, O.; Arning, C.; Tuttass, T.; Schulz, G.; Kaiser, H.J.; Wagenknecht, G.; Buell, U. [Klinik fuer Nuklearmedizin, Universitaetsklinik, RWTH Aachen (Germany); Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E.; Sass, H. [Klinik fuer Psychiatrie, Universitaetsklinikum, RWTH Aachen (Germany)

    1998-12-31

    Doppelblindstudie wurden 16 gesunde Probanden ohne Drogenanamnese mittels 18-FDG-PET 110-120 min nach oraler Verabreichung von 2 mg/kg KG MDE (n=8) oder Placebo (n=8) untersucht. Zwei Minuten vor Injektion des Radiopharmazeutikums startend erfolgte ueber insgesamt 32 min eine konstante kognitive Stimulation ueber ein Wortrepetitionsparadigma, um konstante und vergleichbare mentale Bedingungen waehrend der zerebralen 18-FDG-Aufnahme zu gewaehrleisten. Die Darstellung der Individualanatomie erfolgte anhand T1-gewichteter 3D-flash MRT mit anschliessender manueller Regionalisierung in 108 Regions-of-Interest und PET/MRT Overlay. Absolute Quantifizierung der rMRGlu sowie Normierung auf den Globalmetabolismus mit anschliessendem Vergleich MDE versus Placebo mittels U-Test nach Mann und Whitney. Ergebnisse: Gegenueber der Placebo-Gruppe fand sich unter MDE keine signifikante Aenderung der globalen MRGlu (MDE: 41,8{+-}11,1 {mu}mol/min/100 g, Placebo: 50,1{+-}18,1 {mu}mol/min/100 g, p=0,298). Die normierten metabolischen Daten zeigten eine signifikante Minderung der rMRGlu im beidseitigen Frontalkortex: Links frontal posterior (-7,1%, p<0,05) und rechts praefrontal superior (-4,6%, p<0,05). Signifikante Steigerungen der rMRGlu fanden sich dagegen im beidseitigen Zerebellum (rechts: +10,1%, p<0,01; links: +7,6%, p<0,05) sowie im rechten Putamen (+6,2%, p<0,05). Schlussfolgerung: In der vorliegenden Studie konnten unter dem Akuteinfluss des `Ecstasy`-Analogons MDE neurometabolische Veraenderungen im Sinne einer fronto-striato-cerebellaeren Dysbalance nachgewiesen werden, die parallelen zu sowohl anderen psychotropen Substanzen als auch verschiedenen endogenen Psychosen aufweisen. (orig.)

  5. Raman scattering in transition metal compounds: Titanium and compounds of titanium

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jimenez, J.; Ederer, D.L.; Shu, T. [Tulane Univ., New Orleans, LA (United States)] [and others

    1997-04-01

    The transition metal compounds form a very interesting and important set of materials. The diversity arises from the many states of ionization the transition elements may take when forming compounds. This variety provides ample opportunity for a large class of materials to have a vast range of electronic and magnetic properties. The x-ray spectroscopy of the transition elements is especially interesting because they have unfilled d bands that are at the bottom of the conduction band with atomic like structure. This group embarked on the systematic study of transition metal sulfides and oxides. As an example of the type of spectra observed in some of these compounds they have chosen to showcase the L{sub II, III} emission and Raman scattering in some titanium compounds obtained by photon excitation.

  6. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the pressurized coal dust furnace of RWTH Aachen; Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen an der Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung der RWTH Aachen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Renz, U. [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Waermeuebertragung und Klimatechnik

    1999-09-01

    The contribution presents first results and activities funded by the BMBF, the MSWWF of Nordrhein-Westfalen, and the RWTH Aachen. The main component of the Dorsten plant is the pressure chamber which was designed and constructed in close cooperation with Messrs. L. und C. Steinmueller. The combustion chamber was installed inside the pressure vessel of the former pressurized fluidized bed steam generator of the heating power station of the RWTH Aachen. The combustion chamber is designed for a thermal power of 400 kW, corresponding to a coal mass flow of about 50 kg/h, at a pressure of 12 bar and temperatures up to 1700 degrees centigrade in melting chamber operation. It is vertical, with an inner diameter of about 400 mm, an axially movable roof burner, and four points for optical access. [Deutsch] Die Auslegung des Brenners un der Brennkammer fuer die Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung (DKSF) in Hinblick auf eine vollstaendige und stabile Verbrennung bei moeglichst geringen Emissionen an Schadgasen und Aschepartikeln war dagegen nicht primaeres Ziel des Verbundvorhabens in Dorsten. Dieses Thema wird in enger Abstimmung mit den Dorstener Aktivitaeten an einer Versuchsanlage der RWTH Aachen angegangen. Ueber die ersten Ergebnisse und die geplanten Arbeiten, die vom BMBF, vom MSWWF des Landes NRW und der RWTH Aachen gefoerdert werden, soll im Beitrag berichtet werden. Die Hauptkomponente der DKSF-Anlage ist die Druckkammer, die in enger Zusammenarbeit mit der Firma L. und C. Steinmueller ausgelegt und aufgebaut wurde. Die Aufstellung der Brennkammer im Druckbehaelter des ehemaligen Druckwirbelschicht-Dampferzeugers im Heizkraftwerk der RWTH Aachen wird aufgezeigt. Die Brennkammer ist fuer eine thermische Leistung von 400 kW, entsprechend einem Kohlenmassestrom von etwa 50 kg/h, bei einem Druck von 12 bar und fuer Temperaturen bis zu 1.700 C bei Schmelzkammerbetrieb ausgelegt. Sie ist als stehender Druckbehaelter mit einem Innendurchmesser von ca. 400 mm, einem axial

  7. On the issue of higher human sensitivity to carcinogenic substances in early childhood; Zur Frage einer hoeheren Empfindlichkeit von Kindern gegenueber krebserzeugenden Stoffen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schneider, K [comp.

    1998-09-01

    Age-dependent carcinogenesis in humans has been proven with high probability for a number of substances investigated within one or several model systems. Sometimes, very high tumor incidence after short exposure time was observed. Extreme differences were found in some models. (A) Vinyl chloride, Maltoni et al.,1981: 6000 ppm, hepatic angiosarcoma incidence: - Exposure for 4 weeks, from day 1: 40.5 %, - exposure for 4 weeks, from week 13: 0%, - exposure for 52 weeks, from week 13: 22%. Hepatoma incidence: - Exposure for 4 weeks, from day 1: 47.6%, exposure for 4 weeks, from week 13: 0%, exposure for 52 weeks, from week 13: 1.7%. (B) Diethyl nitrosamine, Dyroff et al., 1986: (DEN + phenobarbital), hepatic carcinoma after exposure of rats for 6 weeks: - as from 4 weeks of age: 100% incidence, - as from 8 weeks of age: 0% incidence. (C) Benzopyrene, Vesselinovitch et al., 1975: Hepatic tumor incidence after single, parenteral administration to rats: - at day 1: males: 81%, females: 18%, - at day 42: males: 9%, females: 0%. As is shown by the study on vinyl chloride by Maltoni et al., the same exposure concentration may lead to higher tumor incidence in young animals after short exposure times than it does in long-term experiments with adult animals. Genetic toxicity was detected for all substances, except for saccharin. So it can be assumed that the mechanism of carcinogenesis has an essential influence on the age-dependence. This conclusion agrees well with mechanistic approaches. (orig./CB) [German] Fuer eine Reihe von Schadstoffen ist eine Altersabhaengigkeit der Kanzerogenese mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit in einem oder mehreren Modellsystemen gezeigt worden. Dabei wurden zum Teil bereits nach kurzer Expositionszeit sehr hohe Tumorausbeuten erzielt. Extreme Unterschiede wurden in folgenden Modellen beobachtet. (A) Vinylchlorid, Maltoni et al., 1981: 6000 ppm, Inzidenz Leberangiosarkome: - Exposition ueber 4 Wochen ab Tag 1: 40,5%, - Exposition ueber 4 Wochen ab 13

  8. Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds from Pu-erh Tea

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Shu Shan Du

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available Eight compounds were isolated from the water extract of Pu-erh tea and their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS as gallic acid (1, (+-catechin (2, (−-epicatechin (3, (−-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (4, (−-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (5, (−-epiafzelechin- 3-O-gallate (6, kaempferol (7, and quercetin (8. Their in vitro antioxidant activities were assessed by the DPPH and ABTS scavenging methods with microplate assays. The relative order of DPPH scavenging capacity for these compounds was compound 8 > compound 7 > compound 1 > compound 6 > compound 4 ≈ compound 5 > compound 2 > VC (reference > compound 3, and that of ABTS scavenging capacity was compound 1 > compound 2 > compound 7 ≈ compound 8 > compound 6 > compound 5 > compound 4 > VC (reference > compound 3. The results showed that these phenolic compounds contributed to the antioxidant activity of Pu-erh tea.

  9. Partial purification of endogenous digitalis-like compound(s) in cord blood

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Balzan, S.; Ghione, S.; Biver, P.; Gazzetti, P.; Montali, U. (C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa (Italy))

    1991-02-01

    Increasing evidence indicates the presence of endogenous digitalis-like compound(s) in human body fluids. In this preliminary report, we describe a study of the partial purification by HPLC of these compounds in the plasma of neonates (who have particularly high concentrations of this substance) and adults. Plasma samples from neonates (cord blood) and adults, lyophilized and extracted with methanol, were applied on a 300 x 3.9 mm C18 Nova Pak column and eluted with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/methanol/water (17/17/66 or 14/14/72 by vol) and, after 30 min, with 100% methanol. We assayed eluted fractions for inhibitory activity of 86Rb uptake and for digoxin-like immunoreactivity. The elution profile revealed a first peak of inhibitory activity of 86Rb uptake at the beginning of the chromatography; another peak was eluted with the 100% methanol. The two peaks also cross-reacted with antidigoxin antibodies. Because the second peak could possibly reflect the nonspecific interference of various lipophilic compounds, we focused our attention on the first peak. For these fractions dose-response curves for 86Rb uptake and for displacement of digoxin were parallel, respectively, to those of ouabain and digoxin, suggesting similarities of digoxin-like immunoreactive substance to cardiac glycosides. Similar chromatographic profiles were also obtained for plasma from adults, suggesting that the endogenous glycoside-like compound(s) in the neonate may be the same as those in the adult.

  10. Support of the EMEP-project: European wide depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds as a consequence of sulphur, nitrogen oxides and ammonia emissions; Unterstuetzung der EMEP-Modellrechnungen: Europaweite Deposition schwefel- und stickstoffhaltiger Verbindungen als Folge der Emissionen von Schwefel, Stickoxiden und Ammoniak

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Krueger, O [Hamburg Univ. (Germany). Meteorologisches Inst.; Grassl, H [Hamburg Univ. (Germany). Meteorologisches Inst.

    1994-01-01

    For the European long range transport model EMEP the parametrisations of dry and wet deposition were improved. The dry deposition of sulphur and ammonia was improved in the source grid element with a high resolution Eulerian model. The wet deposition was improved over sea areas. With satellite measurements of the SSM/I it was demonstrated, that a detailed treatment of precipitation processes in the norwegian weather forecast model LAM50 with a prognostic equation for the cloud water content, in contrast to the routine version, provides more realistic precipitation fields for air pollution modelling. The agreement between modelled and observed concentrations of sulphur and nitrogen compounds in air and precipitation is within a range of 40 to 70%. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wurden beim europaweiten Ausbreitungsmodell EMEP die Parametrisierungen der Trocken- und Nassdeposition verbessert. Bei der Trockendeposition wurde die Ablagerung von Schwefeldioxid und Ammoniak im Quellgitterelement mit einem hochaufloesenden Eulerschen Modell verbessert. Die Nassdeposition wurde ueber Seegebieten verbessert. Es konnte mit Satellitenmessungen des SSM/I nachgewiesen werden, dass sie ausfuehrlichere Behandlung der Niederschlagsprozesse im Norwegischen Wetterdienstmodell LAM50, anders als in seiner Routineversion, mit einer prognostischen Gleichung fuer den Wolkenwassergehalt realistischere Niederschlagshoehen fuer die Stofftransportmodellierung liefert. Vergleiche von Modellrechnungen und Messdaten zeigen fuer Schwefel- und Stickstoffverbindungen fuer Konzentrationen in der Luft und im Niederschlag Abweichungen von 40 bis 70%. (orig.)

  11. Practical radiation protection of the patient in radiological diagnostics; Praktischer Strahlenschutz am Patienten in der radiologischen Diagnostik

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fiebich, M. [Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Institut fuer Medizinische Physik und Strahlenschutz, Giessen (Germany)

    2017-07-15

    The use of radiation protection equipment can reduce the radiation exposure of patients. The aim was to show which patient shields should be used for the different types of examination. The results of multiple studies were compiled and analyzed and recommendations made for the use of patient shields. The absolute dose values and the protective effect were considered. Radiological protection should be used in many investigations; particularly in the case of CT investigations, a reasonable dose reduction potential exists due to the higher radiation dose. Based on these recommendations, workflow changes in some types of investigation are expected due to the use of additional patient shields. (orig.) [German] Durch die Verwendung von Strahlenschutzmitteln kann die Strahlenexposition von Patienten reduziert werden. Es soll dargestellt werden, welche Strahlenschutzmittel bei welchen Untersuchungen eingesetzt werden sollen. Die Ergebnisse von Studien wurden zusammengestellt, analysiert und daraus Empfehlungen fuer die Anwendung von Strahlenschutzmitteln erstellt. Dabei wurden die absoluten Dosiswerte und die Schutzwirkung beruecksichtigt. Bei vielen Untersuchungen sind Strahlenschutzmittel anzuwenden, insbesondere bei CT-Untersuchungen besteht aufgrund der hoeheren Strahlendosis ein gutes Dosisreduktionspotenzial. Aufgrund der Empfehlungen ist bei einigen Untersuchungsarten mit veraenderten Arbeitsablaeufen aufgrund der Anwendung weiterer Strahlenschutzmittel zu rechnen. (orig.)

  12. Investigations on organogermanium compounds XII. Reactions of trialkylgermylalkalimetal compounds in hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPT) with some inorganic and organic compounds

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Bulten, E.J.; Noltes, J.G.

    1971-01-01

    Trialkylgermyl alkali metal compounds in HMPT have been found to be highly reactive nucleophiles. Reactions with some inorganic and organic compounds, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, inorganic and orgaanic halides, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides and lactones are described. Several new

  13. A guide for implementation of the European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) in Germany; Leitfaden zur Umsetzung des Europaeischen Schadstoffemissionsregisters (EPER) in Deutschland

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kuehne, C.; Striegel, G.

    2001-10-01

    The report presents specifications for implementing the European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) in Germany. [German] Gemaess Artikel 15 (3) der Richtlinie 96/61/EG ueber die integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung ('IVU-Richtlinie') veroeffentlicht die Kommission alle drei Jahre ein Verzeichnis der wichtigsten Emissionen und ihrer Quellen anhand der von den Mitgliedstaaten uebermittelten Informationen. Fuer die Mitgliedstaaten ergibt sich hieraus die Verpflichtung, die erforderlichen Daten zu erheben, auszuwerten und der Europaeischen Kommission zu berichten. In der Entscheidung der Kommission vom 17. Juli 2000 ueber den Aufbau eines Europaeischen Schadstoffemissionsregisters (EPER- 'European Pollutant Emission Register') 2000/479/EG ('EPER-Entscheidung') werden die Anforderungen an Inhalt und Form dieses Verzeichnisses konkretisiert: - Die Mitgliedstaaten berichten der Kommission ueber die Emissionen in die Luft und in das Wasser aus einzelnen Betriebseinrichtungen. Zu berichten sind die Emissionen bestimmter Schadstoffe, die ueber vorgegebenen Schwellenwerten liegen. Das Berichtsformat fuer die Mitgliedstaaten ist im Anhang A2 der EPER-Entscheidung festgelegt. - Der erste Bericht ist im Juni 2003 vorzulegen und soll Angaben ueber Emissionen im Jahr 2001 (bzw. wahlweise 2000 oder 2002) enthalten. Jeder Mitgliedstaat muss zudem einen zusammenfassenden nationalen Uebersichtsbericht erstellen. - Die Europaeische Kommission wird die Emissionsdaten ueber das Internet der Oeffentlichkeit zugaenglich machen. Fuer die Erhebung der fuer das EPER erforderlichen Daten in Deutschland wird ein schrittweises Vorgehen empfohlen: - Am Anfang steht die Identifizierung von Betriebseinrichtungen mit Taetigkeiten nach Anhang I der IVU-Richtlinie. - Angabe des NACE-Kodes der Betriebseinrichtung und Zuordnung der Anhang I-Taetigkeiten (Quellenkategorie) und des NOSE-P-Kodes gemaess Anhang A3 der EPER-Entscheidung. - Festlegung

  14. Experimental investigation and optimisation of burner systems for glass melting ends with regenerative air preheating. Final report; Experimentelle Untersuchung und Optimierung von Brennersystemen fuer Glasschmelzwannen mit regenerativer Luftvorwaermung. Schlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Scherello, A.; Flamme, M.; Kremer, H.

    2000-02-15

    The project comprised experiments on burner systems for glass melting ends with regenerative air preheating for the purpose of optimisation. The experimental set-up was to reflect realistic conditions. In the first stage of the investigations, modern burner systems were installed in a GWI test facility and investigated. [German] Ziel des oben genannten Forschungsvorhabens war die Durchfuehrung experimenteller Untersuchungen von Brennersystemen fuer Glasschmelzwannen mit regenerativer Luftvorwaermung sowie deren Optimierung. Dazu war es notwendig, einen experimentellen Aufbau zu realisieren, mit dessen Hilfe die Stroemungs-, Mischungs- und Umsetzungsphaenomene von Glasschmelzoefen realistisch nachgestellt und aussagekraeftige Untersuchungen durchgefuehrt werden koennen. In einem ersten Untersuchungsschritt wurden moderne Brennerlanzen an der GWI-Versuchsanlage installiert und untersucht. (orig.)

  15. Studies on the preparation of low-carrier Se-73,75 tracers for in vivo examinations; Untersuchungen zur Darstellung traegerarm 73,75Se-markierter Tracer fuer in vivo Untersuchungen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Helfer, Andreas

    2013-04-03

    With the growing importance of positron emission tomography (PET) for in vivo imaging in diagnostic medicine there is great interest of developing new labelling methods for the positron emitter selenium-73. As attractive application an examination of a no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) preparation of the analogous tracer Sulindac Selenid and of the selenium containing compound Ebselen was examined with {sup 73,75}Se. First of all a labelling strategy for Sulindac Selenid based on a protected precursor was developed. This precursor should further be transformed into the corresponding standard compound for chomatographic identification of the n.c.a. product. This, however, was not possible. An alternative synthesis method also did not result in a product. Thus, a radioactive labelling in case of Sulindac Selenid was not indicated in spite of a successful synthesis of a precursor. The preparation of Ebselen was performed as earlier described by a sequential one-pot synthesis with a yield of 46 %. An adaption of the reaction parameters to a radiosynthesis with {sup 75}Se failed on the n.c.a. state and also after adding carrier to the reaction mixture. The desired product could, however, be prepared in a copper catalysed one-pot radiosynthesis for the first time under carrier-added conditions. Here, optimized conditions resulted in radiochemical yields of 60 ± 18 %. A no-carrier-added product could finally be achieved using sulphur as nonisotopic carrier in the reaction mixture. After optimisation of reaction parameters n.c.a. [{sup 75}Se]Ebselen could be synthesized with radiochemical yields of 55 ± 7 % within 4 h. Furthermore the desired product could be separated by RHPL-chromatography from its co-produced sulfur-analogue. After transferring the conditions to radiosyntheses with the positron emitter {sup 73}Se, n.c.a. [{sup 73}Se]Ebselen could be achieved with a radiochemical yield of 22 ± 1 % and can now be used as a potential radiotracer in preclinical evaluation

  16. NATURAL POLYACETYLENE COMPOUNDS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    A. M. Nasukhova

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available In article the review of the initial stage of researches of natural polyacetylene compounds is resulted. The high reactionary ability leading to fast oxidation and degradation of these compounds, especially at influence of Uf-light, oxygen of air, pH and other factors, has caused the serious difficulties connected with an establishment of structure and studying of their physical and chemical properties. Therefore the greatest quantity of works of this stage is connected with studying of essential oils of plants from families Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Asteraceae, Campanulaceae, Olacaceae, Pittosporaceae and Santalaceae where have been found out, basically, diacetylene compounds. About development of physical and chemical methods of the analysis of possibility of similar researches have considerably extended. More than 2000 polyacetylenes are known today, from them more than 1100 are found out in plants fam. Asteraceae. Revolution in the field of molecular biology has allowed to study processes of biosynthesis of these compounds intensively.

  17. Cu/sub x/S-CdS thin film solar cells - aftertreatment and stability. Cu/sub x/S-CdS Duennschicht-Solarzellen - Untersuchungen ueber die Nachbehandlung und die Stabilitaet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pfisterer, F

    1987-02-19

    The performance of Cu/sub x/S-CdS thin film solar cells can be improved significantly by a secondary treatment of the Cu layer. The physical mechanisms underlying the aftertreatment process were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. A historical review is followed by an outline of the technology and theory of these solar cells (material properties, process engineering, photovoltaic properties) and a description of Cu aftertreatment and H glowing (experimental set-up, surface potential shift, electron beam scanning). Capacity measurements in this type of thin film cell are described (space charge profile, electrolytic decomposition, copper depletion between the contact web). Aftertreatment of the copper layer enhances the solar cell efficiency, stability, and productivity, makes the immersion process less tedious, and corrects the stoichiometry. (HWJ).

  18. Investigations on radionuclide release and on the corrosion behaviour of spent fuels from research reactors under disposal conditions. Final report; Untersuchungen zur Radionuklidfreisetzung und zum Korrosionsverhalten von bestrahltem Kernbrennstoff aus Forschungsreaktoren unter Endlagerbeedingungen. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bruecher, H.; Curtius, H.; Fachinger, J.; Kaiser, G.; Mazeina, L.; Nau, K.

    2003-12-01

    From the present report 'Untersuchungen zur Radionuklidfreisetzung und zum Korrosionsverhalten von bestrahltem Kernbrennstoff aus Forschungsreaktoren unter Endlagerbedingungen' with the code number FKZ 9108 carried out in the time periode 01.06.1998 till 30.11.2001 the following results can be withdrawn: U/Al-RR-fuel elements corroded slowly in granite water (Grimsel-West) at 90 C under anaerobic conditions. For a complete dissolution of the fuel element a time period of 10{sup 3} years is assumed according to present conservative results. In salt brines, especially in magnesium chloride rich brines the corrosion rate is high. Addition of GGG40 (basic material of the fuel element container with iron as main element) had an acceleration effect. A complete dissolution of the fuel is achieved within a couple of months. Under aerobic and under anaerobic conditions the bulk of released radionuclides were fixed by the corrosion products formed (secondary phases). The actinides were mobilised by variation of the ionic strength of the leaching solution. This process can be explained by phase conversion reactions within the secondary phases. Secondary phases formed by corrosion of a non-irradiated U/Al-RR-fuel element, were analysed and hydrotalcites were identified as phase components. This result justifies the assumption, that hydrotalcites are components of the corrosion products from irradiated fuels. To clarify the questions which bindings exist between radionuclides and secondary phases, sorption experiments were performed. The sorption experiments were performed in salt brines and in granite water using repository relevant radionuclides and minerals which are considered to represent thermodynamic final components of the secondary phases. Pu sorbed as cationic species quantitatively and the binding is covalent. In granite water the same behaviour was found for Am. (orig.) [German] Aus dem vorliegenden Bericht 'Untersuchungen zur Radionuklidfreisetzung

  19. Dose management in radiology. Review of the technological status; Dosismanagement in der Radiologie. Ein Ueberblick zum Stand der Technik

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Verius, M. [LKH Innsbruck, Universitaetsklinik fuer Radiologie, Innsbruck (Austria)

    2015-08-15

    vollstaendige Erfassung der applizierten Dosen aller Modalitaeten und Optimierung der radiologischen Untersuchungen, was eine Senkung der applizierten Dosis zur Folge haben soll. Erreicht werden kann dies durch automatisierte Systeme, welche nicht nur die Erfassung der Dosisparameter uebernehmen, sondern auch die Bewertung und Analyse dieser Daten. Mit Warnlevels versehen, sollte ein solches System den Anwender (und weitere Personen) ueber moegliche bereits erfolgte und im besten Fall auch ueber zukuenftige Ueberschreitungen informieren und warnen koennen. Abhaengig von der bereitgestellten Information der Modalitaet koennen Dosismanagementsysteme auf verschieden tiefen Ebenen im Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS), Radiologie-/Krankenhausinformationssystem (RIS/KIS) oder auf die Headerinformation der Digital-Imaging-and-Communications-in-Medicine(DICOM)-Bilddaten zugreifen und auswerten. Ein praxistauglicher Einsatz solcher Systeme ist nur in enger Zusammenarbeit von medizinischem Personal, Medizinphysikern und IT-Administratoren moeglich. Es sind verschiedene Systeme kommerziell oder frei erhaeltlich, jedoch abhaengig von den Anforderungen der radiologischen Praxis bzw. Klinik ist eine individuelle Adaptierung sinnvoll und noetig. (orig.)

  20. Oberbergamt fuer das Saarland und das Land Rheinland-Pfalz, Bergamt Saarbruecken/Bergamt Rheinland-Pfalz. Annual report 1999. Economic and technical aspects, industrial safety and environmental protection, statistics, activities of the mining authorities; Oberbergamt fuer das Saarland und das Land Rheinland-Pfalz, Bergamt Saarbruecken/Bergamt Rheinland-Pfalz. Jahresbericht 1999.. Bergwirtschaft, Bergtechnik, Arbeitsschutz, Umweltschutz, Statistiken, Taetigkeiten der Bergbehoerden

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Boettcher, R.; Hugo, K.H.; Kuhn, M.; Strauch, T. (comps.)

    1999-07-01

    The developments in Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate mining are presented. Structure and responsibilities of the regional mines inspectorate are described, and their activities in the following fields are reported: industrial safety, health, mining and safety, mining and environmental protection. (orig.) [German] Nach Darstellung der bergwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung im Saarland und im Land Rheinland-Pfalz wird ueber den Aufbau und die Zustaendigkeit der Bergbehoerden sowie ueber deren Taetigkeiten auf folgenden Gebieten berichtet: Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz, Bergtechnik und Sicherheit, Bergbau und Umwelt. (orig.)

  1. Theoretical and experimental investigations of an added firing system in cogeneration processes with gas turbines optimizing flame stability and burnout behaviour; Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen einer Zusatzfeuerung in gasturbinengestuetzten KWK-Prozessen fuer eine Optimierung hinsichtlich Flammenstabilitaet und Ausbrandverhalten

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Koesters, M.; Kliemt, C.

    2004-07-01

    The effects of the key flow, mixing and ignition parameters on the ignition process was investigated in near-practical conditions. It was found that the ignition energy can be minimized by careful selection of the electrode configuration and positioning near the burner. Further, a criterion was developed for developing characteristic fields and design specifications for gas burners. The FLUENT code can calculate the mixing, flow and turbulence situation of a burner. This, and plus the newly established ignition criterion, can support the development of characteristic fields and help to minimize the experimental expenditure. [German] Der Einfluss der wichtigsten Stroemungs-, Mischungs- und Zuendparameter auf die Zuendung wurde mit Hilfe gezielter experimenteller und theoretischer Untersuchungen unter industrienahen Bedingungen getestet. Hierbei konnte eine gute Uebereinstimmung zwischen den Messungen und Rechnungen erzielt werden. Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass durch eine geeignete Wahl der Elektrodenkonfiguration und der Elektrodenpositionierung im Brennernahbereich eine Zuendenergieminimierung erreicht werden kann. Gleichzeitig wurde ein Kriterium entwickelt, das zur Erarbeitung von Kennfeldern und Auslegungsvorschriften fuer Gasbrenner genutzt werden kann. Mit Hilfe des kommerziellen CFD-Programms FLUENT kann die Mischungs-, Stroemungs- und Turbulenzsituation eines Brenners numerisch berechnet werden. Mittels dieser Ergebnisse und unter Anwendung des ermittelten Zuendkriteriums kann die Erstellung von Arbeits- und Zuendkennfeldern fuer die Neuentwicklung bzw. Verbesserung von Industriegasbrennern unterstuetzt und somit der experimentelle Aufwand minimiert werden. (orig.)

  2. Multipurpose Compound

    Science.gov (United States)

    1983-01-01

    Specially formulated derivatives of an unusual basic compound known as Alcide may be the answer to effective treatment and prevention of the disease bovine mastitis, a bacterial inflammation of a cow's mammary gland that results in loss of milk production and in extreme cases, death. Manufactured by Alcide Corporation the Alcide compound has killed all tested bacteria, virus and fungi, shortly after contact, with minimal toxic effects on humans or animals. Alcide Corporation credits the existence of the mastitis treatment/prevention products to assistance provided the company by NERAC, Inc.

  3. KEROMIX. Sub-project: Basic experimental studies on mixing in swirl flow in gas turbine combustion chambers. Final report; KEROMIX. Arbeitspaket: Grundlegende experimentelle Untersuchungen der Mischungsvorgaenge drallbehafteter Stroemungen in Gasturbinenbrennkammern. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hennecke, D K

    2000-07-01

    This report describes investigations on advanced lean fuel combustion technologies with stable and low-pollution combustion in an aircraft gas turbine in all load stages. The key factors, i.e. stability and low pollutant concentrations, are closely related to the mixing characteristic of the combustion chamber. Lean fuel combustion does not go well with stable combustion which is indispensable inan aircraft engine. Further, the lean mixture must be maintained throughout the combustion chamber as local stoichiometries would automatically result in higher concentrations of nitric oxides. To solve the problems related to these processes, detailed knowledge of the mixing processes is required. [German] Als Teilprojekt des Vorhabens 'KEROMIX, stabile, schadstoffarme Magerverbrennung' leistet die vorliegende Arbeit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Beherrschung fortschrittlicher Verbrennungstechniken unter Anwendung des Mager-Konzeptes. Im Rahmen des Verbundprogrammes zum Technologieprogramm ENGINE 3E steht die Entwicklung von Verbrennungskonzepten, die eine stabile und schadstoffarme Verbrennung ueber den gesamten Lastbereich einer Flugzeug-Gasturbine hinweg gewaehrleisten. Die hier entscheidenden Attribute der Verbrennung, naemlich Stabilitaet und Schadstoffarmut sind eng mit der Mischungscharakteristik einer Brennkammer verbunden. Hier gilt es, die zum Teil gegenlaeufigen Effekte, die in einer Brennkammer auftreten, kontrollierbar zu machen. So steht die zur Verminderung der Stickoxidproduktion geforderte magere Verbrennung im ausgesprochenen Gegensatz zur Forderung einer in allen Betriebsbereichen stabilen Verbrennung, die allein schon aus Flugsicherheitsgruenden unabdingbar ist. Desweiteren muss der magere Gemischzustand unbedingt in der gesamten Brennkammer eingehalten werden, da lokale stoechiometrische Zustaende sofort zum Anstieg der Stickoxidproduktion fuehren. Um diese Prozesse beherrschen zu koennen, ist eine detaillierte Kenntnis der Mischungsvorgaenge bezueglich

  4. Studies on image quality, high contrast resolution and dose for the axial skeleton and limbs with a new, dedicated CT system (ISO-C-3D); Untersuchungen zur Bildqualitaet, Hochkontrastaufloesung und Dosis am Stamm- und Gliedmassenskelett mit einem neuen dedizierten CT-System (ISO-C-3D)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rock, C.; Kotsianos, D.; Linsenmaier, U. [Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen (Germany). Inst. fuer Klinische Radiologie; Fischer, T. [Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Muenchen (DE). Inst. fuer Klinische Radiologie] (and others)

    2002-02-01

    verwertbare Bildqualitaet; Score 4: hervorragende Bildqualitaet). Zusaetzlich erfolgten Dosismessungen und Hochkontraststudien an einem adaptierten Hochkontrastphantom (Catphan, Phantom Laboratories) im Vergleich zur Niedrigdosis- und Standarddosis-CT. Ergebinsse: Die Untersuchungen kleinerer Gelenke wie Hand-, Sprung-, Ellbogen- und Kniegelenk lieferten eine diagnostische Bildqualitaet (Scoremittelwerte 3-4) bei einer applizierten Dosis im Bereich der einer Niedrigdosis-CT. Dagegen war die Bildqualitaet der Hueftgelenks- und Wirbelsaeulenuntersuchungen trotz Dosiserhoehung um 85% eingeschraenkt (Scorewerte 2-3) und die der Schultergelenksuntersuchungen von schlechter Qualitaet (Score 1). Die Bilddaten der Hochkontraststudien zeigten in der xy-Achse eine der CT vergleichbare Hochkontrastaufloesung (9 LP/cm). Schlussfolgerung: Die vorlaeufigen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Bildqualitaet der ISO-C-3D-Untersuchungen von peripheren Gelenken von diagnostischer Qualitaet ist. Am Hueftgelenk und am Stammskelett ist die Bildqualitaet nicht adaequat und erscheint bisher nicht ausreichend zur Frakturdiagnostik. (orig.)

  5. Molecular modeling of inorganic compounds

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Comba, Peter; Hambley, Trevor W; Martin, Bodo

    2009-01-01

    ... mechanics to inorganic and coordination compounds. Initially, simple metal complexes were modeled, but recently the field has been extended to include organometallic compounds, catalysis and the interaction of metal ions with biological macromolecules. The application of molecular mechanics to coordination compounds is complicated by the numbe...

  6. Structural studies of novel coordination compounds run in the Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Antipin, M.Yu.; Starikova, Z.A.; Yanovskij, A.I.; Dolgushin, F.M.; Lysenko, K.A.; Khrustalev, V.N.; Vorontsov, I.I.; Korlyukov, A.A.; Andreev, G.B.; Neretin, I.S.

    2001-01-01

    The results of the investigation into structural chemistry of coordination compounds taking place in the X-ray Laboratory of the Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences are given. The review gives an idea on the tendencies to structural researches of complexes of varying categories of coordination compounds, among which are lithium, strontium, cadmium compounds, rare earth compounds, transuranium compounds, transition element compounds, carboranes, fullerenes. An attempt was made to prove the structure and reveal the novel structural and crystallochemical regularities in the studied series of relative compounds. The outlooks for the following progress of studies on this field are determined [ru

  7. In vivo measurement of Pb-210 in the skull for retrospective assessment of exposure to radon; Die in-vivo Messung von Pb-210 im Schaedel zur retrospektiven Bestimmung von Radon-Expositionen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Doerfel, H. [Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany). Hauptabteilung Sicherheit/Dosimetrie

    1997-12-01

    The study shows that the new HPGe detectors with a larger surface are significantly better in terms of results and performance than the Phoswich detectors hitherto used for in vivo measurement of Pb-210 in the human skull. The experimental evaluations indicate that smaller HPGe detectors likewise are better than the Phoswich detectors, but some additional studies are required for final evaluation of these instruments. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Die Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass die neuen grossflaechigen HPGe-Detektoren wesentlich besser zur in-vivo Messung von Pb-210 im Skelett geeignet sind als die bisher eingesetzten Phoswich-Detektoren. Auch kleinere HPGe-Detektoren sind offenbar besser geeignet als Phoswich-Detektoren, allerdings sind hier noch einige ergaenzende Untersuchungen erforderlich. (orig./SR)

  8. Devices for collecting chemical compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Scott, Jill R; Groenewold, Gary S

    2013-12-24

    A device for sampling chemical compounds from fixed surfaces and related methods are disclosed. The device may include a vacuum source, a chamber and a sorbent material. The device may utilize vacuum extraction to volatilize the chemical compounds from a fixed surface so that they may be sorbed by the sorbent material. The sorbent material may then be analyzed using conventional thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS) instrumentation to determine presence of the chemical compounds. The methods may include detecting release and presence of one or more chemical compounds and determining the efficacy of decontamination. The device may be useful in collection and analysis of a variety of chemical compounds, such as residual chemical warfare agents, chemical attribution signatures and toxic industrial chemicals.

  9. Studies on ternary and quaternary copper, lithium and silver sulfides with a diamond structure; Untersuchungen an ternaeren und quaternaeren Kupfer-, Lithium-, und Silbersulfiden mit Diamantstruktur

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Greil, Sebastian

    2015-04-09

    Within this work new attempts have been done to prepare unknown compounds in the field of quaternary tetrahedral compounds. Therefore it was tried to synthesize compounds of the composition A{sup I}{sub 2}M{sup II}M{sup IV}S{sub 4} with A = Ag, Li, M{sup II} = Fe, Co, Mn, Hg, Cd, Zn, Pb, MIV = Si, Ge, Sn, which are not known in the literature so far. For these compositions the known copper compounds were used as a model. Using this route, the new compounds Ag{sub 2}MnSnS{sub 4}, Ag{sub 2}FeGeS{sub 4}, Li{sub 2}MnSnS{sub 4} and Li{sub 2}FeSnS{sub 4} were synthesized. All of the mentioned compounds except Ag{sub 2}FeGeS{sub 4}, that crystallizes tetragonal, crystallize in the wurtzite-type. The predicted anti-ferromagnetism for Ag{sub 2}MnSnS{sub 4} mentioned in the literature could not be confirmed. Furthermore it was attempted to synthesize new compounds containing titanium, zirconium and hafnium as tetravalent cation that resulted in the compound Cu{sub 2}ZrS{sub 3} which was not known in the literature before. Additionally, the compounds Cu{sub 10}Cd{sub 2}As{sub 4}S{sub 13} and Cu{sub 10}Mn{sub 2}As{sub 4}S{sub 13} were prepared, which could be derived from Cu{sub 12}As{sub 4}S{sub 13}.

  10. Quality assurance and quality control of analytic data produced within the Association for Research on Heavy Metal Emissions; Qualitaetssicherung und Qualitaetskontrolle der analytischen Daten aus dem Forschungsverbund Edelmetallemissionen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wegscheider, W [Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Austria). Inst. fuer Allgemeine und Analytische Chemie

    1998-12-31

    In many fields of scientific research formalised quality assurance is not common practice. The present promotional measure by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research was nevertheless provided with an own research project for external quality assurance. This paper reports on the orientation and execution of the project. [Deutsch] Formalisierte Qualitaetssicherung ist ueber weite Bereiche in der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung nicht ueblich. Fuer diese Foerdermassnahme des BMBF wurde dennoch ein eigenes Forschungsvorhaben zur externen Qualitaetssicherung eingerichtet ueber dessen Ausrichtung und Durchfuehrung im folgenden berichtet wird. (orig.)

  11. Quality assurance and quality control of analytic data produced within the Association for Research on Heavy Metal Emissions; Qualitaetssicherung und Qualitaetskontrolle der analytischen Daten aus dem Forschungsverbund Edelmetallemissionen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wegscheider, W. [Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Austria). Inst. fuer Allgemeine und Analytische Chemie

    1997-12-31

    In many fields of scientific research formalised quality assurance is not common practice. The present promotional measure by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research was nevertheless provided with an own research project for external quality assurance. This paper reports on the orientation and execution of the project. [Deutsch] Formalisierte Qualitaetssicherung ist ueber weite Bereiche in der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung nicht ueblich. Fuer diese Foerdermassnahme des BMBF wurde dennoch ein eigenes Forschungsvorhaben zur externen Qualitaetssicherung eingerichtet ueber dessen Ausrichtung und Durchfuehrung im folgenden berichtet wird. (orig.)

  12. 2. Intermetallic compounds with lanthanides

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Elemans, J.B.A.A.

    1975-01-01

    Theoretical considerations are given concerning the structures of intermetallic compounds of the lanthanides and thorium (R) on the one hand, and with Fe, Co or Ni (M) on the other. They all derive from the parent composition RM 5 with the CaCu 5 hexagonal structure. This consists of alternate layers in which the M atoms are distinguished as M 1 and M 2 . The other compounds whose structures are studied are obtained by systematic replacement of R by M, or vice versa. In the first type, every third R is replaced by two M's yielding R 2 M 17 compounds. The substitution may be truly random or structured in two ways: so that either the hexagonal structure is maintained or that it is converted into a rhombihedral one. In the second type, one M (in a M 1 position) out of every five is replaced by one R, giving rise to RM 2 compounds which form Laves phases. In the third type, the M 1 's are replaced by R's, resulting in compounds RM 3 . In the fourth type, every third M is replaced by R, yielding R 2 M 7 compounds. With M = Co and R a light lanthanide, the compounds are ferromagnets; with R yttrium, thorium, or a heavy lanthanide, they are ferrimagnets. The preparation of the compounds in an arc-melting apparatus under an Ar-atmosphere followed by annealing is described

  13. Compounding around the world.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vail, Jane

    2008-01-01

    Pharmaceutical compounding is universal in its prevalence. Variations in disease patterns, culture, and tradition; the role of government in health care; and the availability of essential equipment and required agents shape a compounding profile unique to each country worldwide. In the following reflections, pharmacists form Argentina, Belgium, Colombia, Germany, Puerto Rico, Spain, and the United States describe their experiences in the compounding setting unique to their practice and their nation. The unifying theme in their comments is the dedication of each contributor to enabling recovery and ensuring the good health of his or her clients.

  14. Volatile flavor compounds in yogurt: a review.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cheng, Hefa

    2010-11-01

    Considerable knowledge has been accumulated on the volatile compounds contributing to the aroma and flavor of yogurt. This review outlines the production of the major flavor compounds in yogurt fermentation and the analysis techniques, both instrumental and sensory, for quantifying the volatile compounds in yogurt. The volatile compounds that have been identified in plain yogurt are summarized, with the few key aroma compounds described in detail. Most flavor compounds in yogurt are produced from lipolysis of milkfat and microbiological transformations of lactose and citrate. More than 100 volatiles, including carbonyl compounds, alcohols, acids, esters, hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, and heterocyclic compounds, are found in yogurt at low to trace concentrations. Besides lactic acid, acetaldehyde, diacetyl, acetoin, acetone, and 2-butanone contribute most to the typical aroma and flavor of yogurt. Extended storage of yogurt causes off-flavor development, which is mainly attributed to the production of undesired aldehydes and fatty acids during lipid oxidation. Further work on studying the volatile flavor compounds-matrix interactions, flavor release mechanisms, and the synergistic effect of flavor compounds, and on correlating the sensory properties of yogurt with the compositions of volatile flavor compounds are needed to fully elucidate yogurt aroma and flavor.

  15. Stable isotopes labelled compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1982-09-01

    The catalogue on stable isotopes labelled compounds offers deuterium, nitrogen-15, and multiply labelled compounds. It includes: (1) conditions of sale and delivery, (2) the application of stable isotopes, (3) technical information, (4) product specifications, and (5) the complete delivery programme

  16. Organic electronic devices using phthalimide compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hassan, Azad M.; Thompson, Mark E.

    2010-09-07

    Organic electronic devices comprising a phthalimide compound. The phthalimide compounds disclosed herein are electron transporters with large HOMO-LUMO gaps, high triplet energies, large reduction potentials, and/or thermal and chemical stability. As such, these phthalimide compounds are suitable for use in any of various organic electronic devices, such as OLEDs and solar cells. In an OLED, the phthalimide compounds may serve various functions, such as a host in the emissive layer, as a hole blocking material, or as an electron transport material. In a solar cell, the phthalimide compounds may serve various functions, such as an exciton blocking material. Various examples of phthalimide compounds which may be suitable for use in the present invention are disclosed.

  17. Organometallic compounds in the environment

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Craig, P. J

    2003-01-01

    ... of Organometallic Species in the Environment 20 1.10 Stability of Organometallic Compounds in Biological Systems 1.11 G eneral Comments on the Toxicities of Organometallic Compounds 22 1.12 General Considerations on Environmental R eactivity of Organometallic Compounds 24 1.13 Microbial Biotransformation of Metals and M etalloids 25 1.13.1 Introduction 25 1...

  18. II-VI semiconductor compounds

    CERN Document Server

    1993-01-01

    For condensed matter physicists and electronic engineers, this volume deals with aspects of II-VI semiconductor compounds. Areas covered include devices and applications of II-VI compounds; Co-based II-IV semi-magnetic semiconductors; and electronic structure of strained II-VI superlattices.

  19. Bioavailability of dietary phenolic compounds: Review

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Erick Gutiérrez-Grijalva Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Phenolic compounds are ubiquitous in plant-based foods. High dietary intake of fruits, vegetables and cereals is related to a decreased rate in chronic diseases. Phenolic compounds are thought to be responsible, at least in part, for those health effects. Nonetheless, phenolic compounds bioaccessibility and biotransformation is often not considered in these studies; thus, a precise mechanism of action of phenolic compounds is not known. In this review we aim to present a comprehensive knowledge of the metabolic processes through which phenolic compounds go after intake.

  20. Compound Semiconductor Radiation Detectors

    CERN Document Server

    Owens, Alan

    2012-01-01

    Although elemental semiconductors such as silicon and germanium are standard for energy dispersive spectroscopy in the laboratory, their use for an increasing range of applications is becoming marginalized by their physical limitations, namely the need for ancillary cooling, their modest stopping powers, and radiation intolerance. Compound semiconductors, on the other hand, encompass such a wide range of physical and electronic properties that they have become viable competitors in a number of applications. Compound Semiconductor Radiation Detectors is a consolidated source of information on all aspects of the use of compound semiconductors for radiation detection and measurement. Serious Competitors to Germanium and Silicon Radiation Detectors Wide-gap compound semiconductors offer the ability to operate in a range of hostile thermal and radiation environments while still maintaining sub-keV spectral resolution at X-ray wavelengths. Narrow-gap materials offer the potential of exceeding the spectral resolutio...

  1. The Onium Compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tsarevsky, Nicolay V.; Slaveykova, Vera; Manev, Stefan; Lazarov, Dobri

    1997-06-01

    The onium salts are of a big interest for theoretical and structural chemistry, and for organic synthesis. Some representatives of the group (e.g. ammonium salts) were known from the oldest times. Many onium salts are met the nature: ammonium salts (either as inorganic salts, and organic derivatives, e.g. aminoacids, salts of biogenic amines and alkaloids, etc.); oxonium salts (plant pigments as anthocyans are organic oxonium compounds), etc. In 1894 C. Hartmann and V. Meyer prepared the first iodonium salts - 4-iododiphenyliodonium hydrogensulfate and diphenyliodonium salts, and suggested the ending -onium for all compounds with properties similar to those of ammonium salts. Nowadays onium compounds of almost all nonmetals are synthesised and studied. A great variety of physical methods: diffraction (e.g. XRD) and spectral methods (IR-, NMR-, and UV-spectra), as well as the chemical properties and methods of preparation of onium salts have been used in determination of the structure of these compounds. The application of different onium salts is immense. Ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium salts are used as phase-transfer catalysts; diazonium salts - for the preparation of dyes, metalochromic and pH-indicators. All the onium salts and especially diazonium and iodonium salts are very useful reagents in organic synthesis.

  2. In-service monitoring of piping and vessels in nuclear power plants. Report on BMU-study SR 2218; Betriebsueberwachung von Rohrleitungen und Behaeltern in Kernkraftwerken. Bericht ueber die BMU-Studie SR 2218

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hofstoetter, P. [Technischer Ueberwachungs-Verein Rheinland e.V., Koeln (Germany); Dittmar, S. [Technischer Ueberwachungs-Verein Nord e.V., Hamburg (Germany); Maile, K. [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Staatliche Materialpruefungsanstalt; Metzner, K.J. [Preussen Elektra AG, Hannover (Germany). Hauptverwaltung

    1998-11-01

    Messergebnisse. Im folgenden soll ueber die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Studie berichtet werden. Dabei wurde der Teil Berechnung der Bauteilermuedung fuer einen spaeteren Beitrag ausgeklammert. (orig./MM)

  3. Peroxide organometallic compounds and their transformations

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Razuvaev, G.A.; Brilkina, T.G.

    1976-01-01

    A survey is given experimental works on synthesis and reactions of peroxide organometallic compounds. Reactions have been considered of organometallic compounds with oxygen and organic peroxides which result in formation of both peroxide and non-peroxide products. Possible routes and mechanisms of chemical transformations of peroxide organometallic compounds have been discussed. Reactions of organometallic compounds with oxygen and peroxides have been considered

  4. Catalytic properties of niobium compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tanabe, K.; Iizuka, T.

    1983-04-01

    The catalytic activity and selectivity of niobium compounds including oxides, salts, organometallic compounds and others are outlined. The application of these compounds as catalysts to diversified reactions is reported. The nature and action of niobium catalysts are characteristic and sometimes anomalous, suggesting the necessity of basic research and the potential use as catalysts for important processes in the chemical industry. (Author) [pt

  5. Aroma compounds in sweet whey powder.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mahajan, S S; Goddik, L; Qian, M C

    2004-12-01

    Aroma compounds in sweet whey powder were investigated in this study. Volatiles were isolated by solvent extraction followed by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation. Fractionation was used to separate acidic from nonacidic volatiles. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/olfactometry were used for the identification of aroma compounds. Osme methodology was applied to assess the relative importance of each aroma compound. The most aroma-intense free fatty acids detected were acetic, propanoic, butanoic, hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic, and 9-decenoic acids. The most aroma-intense nonacidic compounds detected were hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, phenylacetaldehyde, 1-octen-3-one, methional, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, furfuryl alcohol, p-cresol, 2-acetylpyrrole, maltol, furaneol, and several lactones. This study suggested that the aroma of whey powder could comprise compounds originating from milk, compounds generated by the starter culture during cheese making, and compounds formed during the manufacturing process of whey powder.

  6. Analytische Geometrie

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kemnitz, Arnfried

    Der Grundgedanke der Analytischen Geometrie besteht darin, dass geometrische Untersuchungen mit rechnerischen Mitteln geführt werden. Geometrische Objekte werden dabei durch Gleichungen beschrieben und mit algebraischen Methoden untersucht.

  7. Natural compounds with herbicidal activity

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mariano Fracchiolla

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available Research about phytotoxic activity of natural compounds could lead both to find new herbicidal active ingredients and to plan environmental friendly weed control strategies. Particularly, living organisms could be a source of compounds that are impossible, for their complexity, to synthesize artificially. More over, they could have alternative sites of action respect to the known chemical herbicides and, due to their origin, they should be more environmental safe. Many living organism, such as bacteria, fungi, insects, lichens and plants, are able to produce bioactive compounds. They generally are secondary metabolites or simply waste molecules. In this paper we make a review about these compounds, highlighting potential and constraints.

  8. Natural compounds with herbicidal activity

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pasquale Montemurro

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available Research about phytotoxic activity of natural compounds could lead both to find new herbicidal active ingredients and to plan environmental friendly weed control strategies. Particularly, living organisms could be a source of compounds that are impossible, for their complexity, to synthesize artificially. More over, they could have alternative sites of action respect to the known chemical herbicides and, due to their origin, they should be more environmental safe. Many living organism, such as bacteria, fungi, insects, lichens and plants, are able to produce bioactive compounds. They generally are secondary metabolites or simply waste molecules. In this paper we make a review about these compounds, highlighting potential and constraints.

  9. New uranium compounds preparation and use as catalyst for hydrogenation of non-saturated organic compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Arnaudet, L.; Folcher, G.

    1985-01-01

    Preparation of new organic uranium compounds and their use as catalysts for hydrogenation of non-saturated organic compounds are described. These compounds include Uranium III, a cyclopentadienic group, an alkyl group and an acetylenic derivative C 6 H 5 C triple bonds CR fixed by a π bond. Catalysts can be prepared with depleted uanium for hydrogenation of olefins for example [fr

  10. Analysis of isoelectron isonuclear series of holovalent tetraelectron compounds as a system of bicomponent chemical compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vigdorovich, V.N.; Dzhuraev, T.D.

    1985-01-01

    Analogs and prototypes of the compounds supplementing the system of isoelectron isonuclear series of holovalent tetraelectron compounds by Gorunova are revealed. The investigation of all series of tetraelectron ovalenthol compounds allows one to supplement the variety of known series used for regular tracing and forecasting of compound properties (series of cation and anion substitutions by isonuclear series of the A 4 B 4 , A 3 B 5 , A 1 B 7 type and others compounds. The above series for medium ordinal numbers anti Z equal 10, 14, 18, 23 and 36 permit to illustrate the possibility of existence of such analogs or series, for example for the compounds of the type A 3 -- B 5 :AlN-BP or Z=1(f AlP-ScN-BV (for Z=14), ScP-AlV (for Z=18), GaP-AlAs-YN-BNb ( for Z=23) and YAs-GaNb-InV-ScSb-LaP-AlPr (for Z=36)

  11. Letters on nuclear controversy. Streitbriefe ueber Kernenergie. Zwei Physiker ueber Wissenschaft, Fortschritt und die Folgen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kafka, P; Maier-Leibnitz, H

    1982-01-01

    Heinz Maier-Leibnitz a well-known scientist, nuclear physicist, for 50 years, who publicily supported the idea not to overrate the dangers of peaceful utilization of nuclear energy, has grown tired of talking only to colleagues. He invites a junior fellow physicist, who held engaged speeches against the nuclear power plant Zwentendorf, to an exchange of thoughts. Peter Kafka, an astro-physicist studied the self organisation of the universe from the big bang to the economic crisis and encountered the question of which conditions have to be fulfilled to prevent progress from becoming caranogenous. He became one of the spokesmen of 'political ecology' and called for resistance again large-scale technological use of scientific knowledge. He was enthusiastic about the idea of an exchange of letters, because he - just like his partner - believes in gaining knowledge by discussion. The variety of subjects is sketched briefly in form of three lectures. In the letters both scientists discuss intensly about: - Freedom of science and responsibility of science. - Decisions on energy questions under time-pressure. - Risks of nuclear plants. - Large scale technology and large-scale research or decentralization. - Energy utilization and energy waste. - Nuclear energy and alternatives. - Sense and nonsense of detailed future planning. In the end no one has convinced the other. The reader however finds a lot of new incentives in the letters - printed in unabridged form - a lot of new and significant arguments for a discussion which has only just started.

  12. Studying the propensity of compounds to supersaturate

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Palmelund, Henrik; Madsen, Cecilie Maria; Christensen, Jakob Plum

    2016-01-01

    Supersaturating drug delivery systems can enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drug compounds. Supersaturation of such compounds has been studied in many different ways; however, a more standardized method is required. The rationale of choosing suitable concentrations of supersatura......Supersaturating drug delivery systems can enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drug compounds. Supersaturation of such compounds has been studied in many different ways; however, a more standardized method is required. The rationale of choosing suitable concentrations...... of supersaturation to study has previously been very inconsistent. This makes comparisons between studies and compounds difficult, as the propensity of compounds to supersaturate varies greatly. This study presents a standardized method to study the supersaturation of drug compounds. The method allows, both......, for a ranking of compounds according to their supersaturation propensity and the effectiveness of precipitation inhibitors. The time-concentration profile of supersaturation and precipitation was studied in situ for 4 different concentrations for 6 model compounds (albendazole, aprepitant, danazol, felodipine...

  13. Potent antifouling compounds produced by marine Streptomyces

    KAUST Repository

    Xu, Ying

    2010-02-01

    Biofouling causes huge economic loss and a recent global ban on organotin compounds as antifouling agents has increased the need for safe and effective antifouling compounds. Five structurally similar compounds were isolated from the crude extract of a marine Streptomyces strain obtained from deep-sea sediments. Antifouling activities of these five compounds and four other structurally-related compounds isolated from a North Sea Streptomyces strain against major fouling organisms were compared to probe structure-activity relationships of compounds. The functional moiety responsible for antifouling activity lies in the 2-furanone ring and that the lipophilicity of compounds substantially affects their antifouling activities. Based on these findings, a compound with a straight alkyl side-chain was synthesized and proved itself as a very effective non-toxic, anti-larval settlement agent against three major fouling organisms. The strong antifouling activity, relatively low toxicity, and simple structures of these compounds make them promising candidates for new antifouling additives. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. Method for purifying bidentate organophosphorus compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Schulz, W.W.

    1977-01-01

    Bidentate organophosphorus compounds useful for extracting actinide elements from acidic nuclear waste solutions are purified of undesirable acidic impurities by contacting the compounds with ethylene glycol which preferentially extracts the impurities found in technical grade bidentate compounds

  15. Solid-phase synthesis of compounds of europium and terbium with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds under mechanical activation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kalinovskaya, I.V.; Karasev, V.E.

    2000-01-01

    Effect of solvents and parameters of mechanical treatment on basic regularities of synthesis of rare earth compounds with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds is studied. It is shown that interaction on europium (3) and terbium (3) nitrates with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds leads to formation of compounds of Ln(NO 3 )·2D composition, where Ln=Eu, Tb; D=2,2-dipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline, diphenylguanidine. Effect of conditions of mechanical treatment and different additions on process and yield of products is studied. Compounds prepared are characterized by the methods of chemical element analysis, IR spectroscopy and luminescent spectroscopy [ru

  16. Affixation and compounding in Hakka

    OpenAIRE

    Ungsitipoonporn, Siriopen

    2014-01-01

    This paper aims to present the internal structures of words in the Hakka language. Similar to other languages, affixation and compounding are outstanding in Hakka. In general, prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes which do not occur independently, but in Hakka they sometimes appear as independent forms. Apart from single words, identifying compound words is of particular interest. Compound nouns can be made up of two or three words (characters) which ...

  17. LithoRec. Recycling of lithium-ion batteries. Within the R and D program ''Promotion of research and development in the field of electric mobility''. Final report; LithoRec. Recycling von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Im Rahmen des FuE-Programms ''Foerderung von Forschung und Entwicklung im Bereich der Elektromobilitaet''. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kwade, Arno [Technische Univ. Braunschweig (Germany). Inst. fuer Partikeltechnik; Baerwaldt, Gunnar [Technische Univ. Braunschweig (Germany). Niedersaechsisches Forschungszentrum Fahrzeugtechnik

    2012-04-02

    durchgefuehrten Untersuchungen zeigten positive Ergebnisse. Zur Auftrennung der Batteriesysteme bis auf die Ebene des eingesetzten kathodischen Aktivmaterialpulvers wurde ein schluessiges Konzept entwickelt, das in Laborapparaturen sehr gute Ergebnisse zeigte. Die meisten konventionellen Verfahren zum Batterierecycling fokussieren auf die Rueckgewinnung der Wertmetalle Kobalt und Nickel durch ein im Wesentlichen pyrometallurgisches Verfahren, das zur Rueckgewinnung des Lithiums mit hydrometallurgischen Verfahren kombiniert werden muss. Die Rueckgewinnung eines signifikanten Anteils an Lithium ist mit diesen Verfahren nur mit extrem hohem Aufwand moeglich. In LithoRec konnte hingegen ein Verfahren entwickelt werden, in welchem auf mechanischem und hydrometallurgischem Wege je nach Aktivmaterial 85 bis ueber 95 % des Lithiums wiedergewonnen werden kann. Ein weiterer Vorteil des ''LithoRec-Prozesses'' ist, dass die zurueckgewonnenen Materialien bei mechanischer Aufbereitung im Labormassstab nachgewiesenermassen Batteriequalitaet aufweisen und somit ein geschlossener Kreislauf der strategisch wichtigen Batterierohstoffe erfolgt. So wurde aus Lithiumeisenphosphat Lithiumhydroxid gefaellt und aus Lithiumnickelmangankobaltoxid (NCM) wieder neues NCM in Batteriequalitaet hergestellt. Die Automatisierung der Demontage von Lithium-Ionen-Batteriesystemen wurde ebenfalls in LithoRec theoretisch untersucht. Es konnte hierbei gezeigt werden, dass einzelne dedizierte Demontageschritte wie z.B. die Entnahme der Batteriezellen ein ausgepraegtes Automatisierungspotenzial aufweisen. Ferner wurde beispielhaft ein Greifer zur Zellhandhabung mit integrierter Zustandsbestimmung (Spannungsmessung und Innenwiderstandsbestimmung) entwickelt. Eine durchgaengige Automatisierung von Demontagesequenzen von Batteriesystemen ist jedoch aufgrund der Umgebungsbedingungen in Demontagefabriken, der Variantenvielfalt bzw. fehlender Standardisierung der Systeme und der

  18. Compound-heterozygous Marfan syndrome

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    van Dijk, F. S.; Hamel, B. C.; Hilhorst-Hofstee, Y.; Mulder, B. J. M.; Timmermans, J.; Pals, G.; Cobben, J. M.

    2009-01-01

    We report two families in which the probands have compound-heterozygous Marfan syndrome (MFS). The proband of family I has the R2726W FBN1 mutation associated with isolated skeletal features on one allele and a pathogenic FBN1 mutation on the other allele. The phenotype of the compound-heterozygous

  19. Polishing compound for plastic surfaces

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stowell, M.S.

    1991-01-01

    This invention is comprised of a polishing compound for plastic materials. The compound includes approximately by approximately by weight 25 to 80 parts at least one petroleum distillate lubricant, 1 to 12 parts mineral spirits, 50 to 155 parts abrasive paste, and 15 to 60 parts water. Preferably, the compound includes approximately 37 to 42 parts at least one petroleum distillate lubricant, up to 8 parts mineral spirits, 95 to 110 parts abrasive paste, and 50 to 55 parts water. The proportions of the ingredients are varied in accordance with the particular application. The compound is used on PLEXIGLAS{trademark}, LEXAN{trademark}, LUCITE{trademark}, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and similar plastic materials whenever a smooth, clear polished surface is desired.

  20. Crystallographic properties of fertilizer compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Frazier, A.W.; Dillard, E.F.; Thrasher, R.D.; Waerstad, K.R.; Hunter, S.R.; Kohler, J.J.; Scheib, R.M.

    1991-02-01

    This bulletin is a compilation of crystallographic data collected at NFERC on 450 fertilizer-related compounds. In TVA's fertilizer R and D program, petrographic examination, XRD, and infrared spectroscopy are combined with conventional chemical analysis methods in identifying the individual compounds that occur in fertilizer materials. This handbook brings together the results of these characterization studies and supplemental crystallographic data from the literature. It is in one-compound-per-page, loose-leaf format, ordered alphabetically by IUPAC name. Indexes provided include IUPAC name, formula, group, alternate formula, synonyms, x-ray data, optical data. Tables are given for solids, compounds in commercial MAP and DAP, and matrix materials in phosphate rock.

  1. A Multiplexed Assay That Monitors Effects of Multiple Compound Treatment Times Reveals Candidate Immune-Enhancing Compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhao, Ziyan; Henowitz, Liza; Zweifach, Adam

    2018-05-01

    We previously developed a flow cytometry assay that monitored lytic granule exocytosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes stimulated by contacting beads coated with activating anti-CD3 antibodies. That assay was multiplexed in that responses of cells that did or did not receive the activating stimulus were distinguished via changes in light scatter accompanying binding of cells to beads, allowing us to discriminate compounds that activate responses on their own from compounds that enhance responses in cells that received the activating stimulus, all within a single sample. Here we add a second dimension of multiplexing by developing means to assess in a single sample the effects of treating cells with test compounds for different times. Bar-coding cells before adding them to test wells lets us determine compound treatment time while also monitoring activation status and response amplitude at the point of interrogation. This multiplexed assay is suitable for screening 96-well plates. We used it to screen compounds from the National Cancer Institute, identifying several compounds that enhance anti-LAMP1 responses. Multiple-treatment-time (MTT) screening enabled by bar-coding and read via high-throughput flow cytometry may be a generally useful method for facilitating the discovery of compounds of interest.

  2. Characterization of selected volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds at a roadside monitoring station

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ho, K. F.; Lee, S. C.; Chiu, Gloria M. Y.

    Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), PAHs and carbonyl compounds are the major toxic components in Hong Kong. Emissions from motor vehicles have been one of the primary pollution sources in the metropolitan areas throughout Hong Kong for a long time. A 1-yr monitoring program for VOCs, PAHs and carbonyl compounds had been performed at a roadside urban station at Hong Kong Polytechnic University in order to determine the variations and correlations of each selected species (VOCs, PAHs and carbonyl compounds). This study is aimed to analyze toxic volatile organic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene), two carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde), and selective polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The monitoring program started from 16 April 1999 to 30 March 2000. Ambient VOC concentrations, many of which originate from the same sources as particulate PAHs and carbonyls compounds, show significant quantities of benzene, toluene and xylenes. Correlations and multivariate analysis of selected gaseous and particulate phase organic pollutants were performed. Source identification by principle component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis allowed the identification of four sources (factors) for the roadside monitoring station. Factor 1 represents the effect of diesel vehicle exhaust. Factor 2 shows the contribution of aromatic compounds. Factor 3 explains photochemical products—formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Factor 4 explains the effect of gasoline vehicle exhaust.

  3. Radiation protection for the illegal governmental use of radiation sources. A case study

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Becker, K.

    2000-07-01

    Probably for the first time, illegal governmental uses of radiation sources, including the administrative infrastructure such as special radiation protection regulation, an advisory body etc., have been documented by the evaluation of the documents of the Ministry of State Security in the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Over a thousand persons, but also documents, money bills etc. were marked with a wide variety of radionuclides and traced with specially developed detectors. Among the many different nuclides provided regularly from the Rossendorf Research Center near Dresden, in particular {sup 46}Sc was popular. (orig.) [German] 'Regierungskriminalitaet' kann man auch im deutschen Strahlenschutz finden. Anhand neuer Dokumentationen der so genannten Gauckbehoerden, ueber die auch schon fluechtig in der Presse berichtet und spekuliert wurde, lassen sich Einzelheiten ueber die Vorgehensweisen einfallsreicher Stasi-Mitarbeiter, die Stasi-eigene Strahlenschutzverordnung und Strahlenschutz-Kommission usw. rekonstruieren. Ueber 1.000 Personen, aber auch Gegenstaende, Dokumente, Geldscheine etc. wurden markiert, wobei unter einer Vielzahl der regelmaessig aus Rossendorf gelieferten Nukliden {sup 46}Sc besonders gern eingesetzt sowie in Dresden spezielle Nachweisgeraete entwickelt wurden. (orig.)

  4. Response of Bioluminescent Bacteria to Alkyltin Compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1987-12-01

    found in the butyltiri series of compounds; tributyltin was (’Stimes more toxic than dibutyltin and (- 50 times more toxic than (mono)butyltin. When...correlations between compounds, tributyltin was -35 tine more Kicrotxit and fish bLoessays for pure toxic than dibutyltin end -750 times More compounds and...the compounds as a decrease in toxicity (5) tributyltin compounds ea -150 tines more and a method to study synergistic andtoxic than trinethyltia

  5. Analysis of isoelectron isonuclear series of holovalent tetraelectron compounds as a system of bicomponent chemical compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Vigdorovich, V.N.; Dzhuraev, T.D.

    1985-03-01

    Analogs and prototypes of the compounds supplementing the system of isoelectron isonuclear series of holovalent tetraelectron compounds by Gorunova are revealed. The investigation of all series of tetraelectron ovalenthol compounds allows one to supplement the variety of known series used for regular tracing and forecasting of compound properties (series of cation and anion substitutions by isonuclear series of the A/sup 4/B/sup 4/, A/sup 3/B/sup 5/, A/sup 1/B/sup 7/ type and others compounds. The above series for medium ordinal numbers anti Z equal 10, 14, 18, 23 and 36 permit to illustrate the possibility of existence of such analogs or series, for example for the compounds of the type A/sup 3/-- B/sup 5/:AlN-BP or Z=1(f AlP-ScN-BV (for Z=14), ScP-AlV (for Z=18), GaP-AlAs-YN-BNb (for Z=23) and YAs-GaNb-InV-ScSb-LaP-AlPr (for Z=36).

  6. Chemical compounds in teak

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernanda Viana da Silva Leonardo

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available Quinone compounds are largely generated at extractive fraction of the woods in a complex and variable biological system. The literature has indications for many segments from food industry to pharmaceutical industry. Within the field of industrial use of wood, they are less desirable since they are treated only as incidental substances in production strings of pulp, paper, charcoal, and sawmill. In spite of its small amount, compared to other chemical compounds called essential, these substances have received special attention from researchers revealing a diverse range of offerings to market products textiles, pharmaceuticals, colorants, and other polymers, for which are being tested and employed. Quinones are found in fungi, lichens, and mostly in higher plants. Tectona grandis, usually called teak, is able to biosynthesize anthraquinones, which is a quinone compound, byproduct of secondary metabolism. This species provides wood that is much prized in the furniture sector and can also be exploited for metabolites to supply the market in quinone compounds and commercial development of new technologies, adding value to the plantations of this species within our country.

  7. Fig volatile compounds--a first comparative study.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Grison-Pigé, Laure; Hossaert-McKey, Martine; Greeff, Jaco M; Bessière, Jean-Marie

    2002-09-01

    We analysed the compounds of volatile blends released by receptive figs of twenty Ficus species to attract their specific pollinating wasps. In all, 99 different compounds were identified. The compounds are mainly terpenoids, aliphatic compounds and products from the shikimic acid pathway. In each species blend, there are few major compounds, which are generally common among floral fragrances. Most species blends also include rare compounds, but generally their proportion in the blend is low. A possible basis for species-specificity of Ficus-wasp interactions is discussed in relation to the patterns of volatiles found in this interspecies comparison. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.

  8. Phenolic compounds in Ross Sea water

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zangrando, Roberta; Barbaro, Elena; Gambaro, Andrea; Barbante, Carlo; Corami, Fabiana; Kehrwald, Natalie; Capodaglio, Gabriele

    2016-04-01

    Phenolic compounds are semi-volatile organic compounds produced during biomass burning and lignin degradation in water. In atmospheric and paleoclimatic ice cores studies, these compounds are used as biomarkers of wood combustion and supply information on the type of combusted biomass. Phenolic compounds are therefore indicators of paleoclimatic interest. Recent studies of Antarctic aerosols highlighted that phenolic compounds in Antarctica are not exclusively attributable to biomass burning but also derive from marine sources. In order to study the marine contribution to aerosols we developed an analytical method to determine the concentration of vanillic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, isovanillic acid, homovanillic acid, syringaldehyde, acetosyringone and acetovanillone present in dissolved and particle phases in Sea Ross waters using HPLC-MS/MS. The analytical method was validated and used to quantify phenolic compounds in 28 sea water samples collected during a 2012 Ross Sea R/V cruise. The observed compounds were vanillic acid, vanillin, acetovanillone and p-coumaric acid with concentrations in the ng/L range. Higher concentrations of analytes were present in the dissolved phase than in the particle phase. Sample concentrations were greatest in the coastal, surficial and less saline Ross Sea waters near Victoria Land.

  9. Semiconducting compounds and devices incorporating same

    Science.gov (United States)

    Marks, Tobin J.; Facchetti, Antonio; Boudreault, Pierre-Luc; Miyauchi, Hiroyuki

    2016-01-19

    Disclosed are molecular and polymeric compounds having desirable properties as semiconducting materials. Such compounds can exhibit desirable electronic properties and possess processing advantages including solution-processability and/or good stability. Organic transistor and photovoltaic devices incorporating the present compounds as the active layer exhibit good device performance.

  10. Geschlechterstereotype im Einsatz

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Erika Kegyes

    2007-11-01

    Full Text Available Die umfangreiche Monographie gehört zum Forschungsbereich der kritischen angewandten Linguistik (Critical Applied Linguistics und liegt sowohl theoretisch als auch praktisch im Schnittpunkt der gender- und werbesprachlichen Untersuchungen.

  11. Compound Odontoma in young girl

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nurwahida Nurwahida

    2017-08-01

    Full Text Available Introduction. Odontomas are the most common type of odontogenic tumors and generally they are asymptomatic. These tumors are formed from enamel and dentin, and can have variable amounts of cement and pulp tissues. According to radiographic, microscopic, and clinical features, two types of odontomas are recognized: Complex and compound odontomas. Complex odontomas occur mostly in the posterior part of the mandible and compound odontomas in the anterior maxilla. Case Report. A young girl patient, 9 years old came to Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery with a slow growing and asymptomatic swelling in her left posterior mandible for 5 years in his history taking. The panoramic radiograph show  a radioopacity and radiolucent lesion at the lower second molar region, with well-corticated limits. An insisional biopsi   confirmed  as compound odontoma. The surgery  performed with simple enucleation and curettage under general anaesthesia. Discussion. Compound odontomas are usually located in the anterior maxilla, over the crowns of unerupted teeth, or between the roots of erupted teeth. In this case report, Compound odontomas are found in the posterior mandible. Conclusion. Compound odontomas in the posterior mandible is a rare. The treatment of odontomas depends on the size of the lesion. The early diagnosis, the treatment of choice is conservative surgical enucleation and curettage and prognosis is excellent.

  12. Prioritizing pesticide compounds for analytical methods development

    Science.gov (United States)

    Norman, Julia E.; Kuivila, Kathryn; Nowell, Lisa H.

    2012-01-01

    The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has a periodic need to re-evaluate pesticide compounds in terms of priorities for inclusion in monitoring and studies and, thus, must also assess the current analytical capabilities for pesticide detection. To meet this need, a strategy has been developed to prioritize pesticides and degradates for analytical methods development. Screening procedures were developed to separately prioritize pesticide compounds in water and sediment. The procedures evaluate pesticide compounds in existing USGS analytical methods for water and sediment and compounds for which recent agricultural-use information was available. Measured occurrence (detection frequency and concentrations) in water and sediment, predicted concentrations in water and predicted likelihood of occurrence in sediment, potential toxicity to aquatic life or humans, and priorities of other agencies or organizations, regulatory or otherwise, were considered. Several existing strategies for prioritizing chemicals for various purposes were reviewed, including those that identify and prioritize persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds, and those that determine candidates for future regulation of drinking-water contaminants. The systematic procedures developed and used in this study rely on concepts common to many previously established strategies. The evaluation of pesticide compounds resulted in the classification of compounds into three groups: Tier 1 for high priority compounds, Tier 2 for moderate priority compounds, and Tier 3 for low priority compounds. For water, a total of 247 pesticide compounds were classified as Tier 1 and, thus, are high priority for inclusion in analytical methods for monitoring and studies. Of these, about three-quarters are included in some USGS analytical method; however, many of these compounds are included on research methods that are expensive and for which there are few data on environmental samples. The remaining quarter of Tier 1

  13. Limited value of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET for the differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schroeder, O. [Frankfurt Univ. (Germany). Dept. of Nuclear Medicine]|[Frankfurt Univ. (Germany). 2. Dept. of Internal Medicine; Trojan, J.; Zeuzem, S. [Frankfurt Univ. (Germany). 2. Dept. of Internal Medicine; Baum, R.P. [Frankfurt Univ. (Germany). Dept. of Nuclear Medicine

    1998-12-31

    ueber einen moeglichen diagnostischen Zugewinn durch die Bestimmung des Glukosestoffwechsels mittels FDG-PET in der Evaluation fokaler Leberlaesionen bei Patienten mit chronischer Hepatitis C liegen nicht vor. Methoden: An 10 Patienten wurden nach Injektion von 370 MBq FDG-Ganzkoerper-PET sowie transmissionskorrigierte Regionalaufnahmen der Leber und SUV-Bestimmungen 60 Minuten nach i.v. Applikation von FDG durchgefuehrt. Parallel dazu erfolgten abdomineller Ultraschall, CT, Serum-anti-p53-Bestimmung sowie die histologische und p53-Antigen-immunhistochemische Aufarbeitung der fokalen Leberherde. Ergebnisse: Die histologische Untersuchung der sonographisch nachgewiesenen Leberherde ergab 5 HCC, 2 Lebermetastasen sowie 3 zirrhotische Regeneratknoten. Mit der FDG-PET konnten sowohl ein hepatisch metatasiertes Adeno-Ca des Rektums als auch 2/5 HCC detektiert werden. Alle benignen Leberlaesionen, jedoch auch 3 HCC und das hepatisch metastasierte Karzinoid waren dagegen nicht nachweisbar. Mit Ultraschall oder CT gelang der Nachweis saemtlicher intrahepatischer Prozesse. Beide Tumoren mit einer sehr starken Expression von p53 wiesen einen stark erhoehten Glukosemetabolismus auf. Schlussfolgerung: FDG-PET ist morphologischen bildgebenden Verfahren in der Detektion und der nichtinvasiven Differenzierung fokaler Leberlaesionen bei Patienten mit HCV unterlegen. Die nachgewiesene Beziehung zwischen der p53-Expression und dem SUV bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen. (orig.)

  14. Antifouling Compounds from Marine Invertebrates

    OpenAIRE

    Qi, Shu-Hua; Ma, Xuan

    2017-01-01

    In this review, a comprehensive overview about the antifouling compounds from marine invertebrates is described. In total, more than 198 antifouling compounds have been obtained from marine invertebrates, specifically, sponges, gorgonian and soft corals.

  15. Antifouling Compounds from Marine Invertebrates.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Qi, Shu-Hua; Ma, Xuan

    2017-08-28

    In this review, a comprehensive overview about the antifouling compounds from marine invertebrates is described. In total, more than 198 antifouling compounds have been obtained from marine invertebrates, specifically, sponges, gorgonian and soft corals.

  16. The demise of compound houses

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Andreasen, Jørgen; Eskemose Andersen, Jørgen

    2006-01-01

    of compound housing and analyses the advantages and disadvantages of life within such housing in Kumasi. Issues of privacy, image and communal life are usually cited by occupants dissatiesfied with life in compound houses, and the difficulty of extending them without spoiling the open spaces...... perceptions of what is acceptable urban life to the growing cohort of young African households. In addition, there is a need to explore innovative forms of tenure in order to secure the majority of Kumasi's population access to land for housing.......The compound house has long provided the accomodation required by low income households in West African cities. In Kumasi, Ghana, evidence suggests that no new compounds are being built. Instead, the city is being ringed by relatively affluent villa-style development while neighbourhoods dominated...

  17. Use of labeled compounds in tracer experiments

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Anon.

    1991-01-01

    The use of radiotracers in research has become common. This chapter looks at some of the underlying assumptions and advantages of labeled compounds: advantages of radiotracers; availability of suitable tracers and labeled compounds; purity of labeled compounds; autoradiolysis; storage of labeled compounds; detection systems for chromatography and electrophoretic methods. 14 refs., 2 figs

  18. Fluorine-18 labelled compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kleijn, J.P. de

    1978-01-01

    The work presented in this thesis deals with the problems involved in the adaption of reactor-produced fluorine-18 to the synthesis of 18 F-labelled organic fluorine compounds. Several 18 F-labelling reagents were prepared and successfully applied. The limitations to the synthetic possibilities of reactor-produced fluoride- 18 become manifest in the last part of the thesis. An application to the synthesis of labelled aliphatic fluoro amino acids has appeared to be unsuccessful as yet, although some other synthetic approaches can be indicated. Seven journal articles (for which see the availability note) are used to compose the four chapters and three appendices. The connecting text gives a survey of known 18 F-compounds and methods for preparing such compounds. (Auth.)

  19. Resistance to phenicol compounds following adaptation to quaternary ammonium compounds in Escherichia coli.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Soumet, C; Fourreau, E; Legrandois, P; Maris, P

    2012-07-06

    Bacterial adaptation to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) is mainly documented for benzalkonium chloride (BC) and few data are available for other QACs. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of repeated exposure to different quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) on the susceptibility and/or resistance of bacteria to other QACs and antibiotics. Escherichia coli strains (n=10) were adapted by daily exposure to increasingly sub-inhibitory concentrations of a QAC for 7 days. Three QACs were studied. Following adaptation, we found similar levels of reduction in susceptibility to QACs with a mean 3-fold increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) compared to initial MIC values, whatever the QAC used during adaptation. No significant differences in antibiotic susceptibility were observed between the tested QACs. Antibiotic susceptibility was reduced from 3.5- to 7.5-fold for phenicol compounds, β lactams, and quinolones. Increased MIC was associated with a shift in phenotype from susceptible to resistant for phenicol compounds (florfenicol and chloramphenicol) in 90% of E. coli strains. Regardless of the QAC used for adaptation, exposure to gradually increasing concentrations of this type of disinfectant results in reduced susceptibility to QACs and antibiotics as well as cross-resistance to phenicol compounds in E. coli strains. Extensive use of QACs at sub-inhibitory concentrations may lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and may represent a public health risk. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  20. THE COMPOUND NOUNS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN LANGUAGE

    OpenAIRE

    Shkelqim Millaku; Xhevahire Topanica

    2016-01-01

    The compound words are all the words that are compound from two or more words and both of them creative the new words with the new meaning. In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding or composition is the word-formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation). Compounding or Word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting toget...

  1. Equal chances are necessary. Political expert Bruno Frick discusses the competitive situation of the various energy sources; Wir fordern gleichlange Spiesse. Politiker Bruno Frick zur Wettbewerbssituation der Energietraeger

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Haag, J.

    1997-11-01

    Swiss politician Bruno Frick is in favour of renewable energy sources. In his opinion, future generations should not pay for our faults. HAUSTECH interviewed him about the Federal investment programme and on renewable energy sources in general. (orig.) [Deutsch] Bruno Frick, CVP-Staenderat aus dem Kanton Schwyz, gehoehrt im eidgenoessischen Parlament zu den dezidierten Befuerwortern erneuerbarer Energien. Der Grund: Die Konzequenzen davon, wie wir heute mit der Energie umgehen, haben nach seiner Ueberzeugung kommende Generationen zu tragen. `HAUS TECH` hat sich deshalb mit dem engagierten Politiker ueber das vom Bund initiierte Investitionsprogramm und generell ueber die erneuerbaren Energien unterhalten. (orig.)

  2. Biodiesel 2013/2014. Progress report and perspective. Extract from the UFOP annual report; Biodiesel 2013/2014. Sachstandsbericht und Perspektive. Auszug aus dem UFOP-Jahresbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2014-08-15

    In this publication the Union for the Promotion of Oil and Protein Plants (UFOP) their activities. Presented are the public relations, the activities of the Commission biofuels and renewable raw materials and their members. Too it is reported on the gasoline station testing, as well as about the UFOP position paper on biofuels policy. [German] In der vorliegenden Publikation beschreibt die Union zur Foerderung von Oel- und Proteinpflanzen e.V. (UFOP) ihre Aktivitaeten. Dargestellt wird die Oeffentlichkeitsarbeit, die Taetigkeit der Fachkommission Biokraftstoffe und nachwachsende Rohstoffe und deren Mitglieder. Berichtet wird noch ueber die Tankstellenerprobung, sowie ueber das UFOP-Positionspapier zur Biokraftstoffpolitik.

  3. Oberbergamt fuer das Saarland und das Land Rheinland-Pfalz, Bergamt Saarbruecken / Bergamt Rheinland-Pfalz. Annual report 1998. Economic and technical aspects, industrial safety and environmental protection, statistics, activities of the mining authorities; Oberbergamt fuer das Saarland und das Land Rheinland-Pfalz, Bergamt Saarbruecken / Bergamt Rheinland-Pfalz. Jahresbericht 1998. Bergwirtschaft, Bergtechnik, Arbeitsschutz, Umweltschutz, Statistiken, Taetigkeiten der Bergbehoerde

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Boettcher, R.; Hugo, K.H.; Kuhn, M.; Strauch, T. [comps.

    1999-07-01

    After outlining developmental trends in the various mining sectors as well as the structure and tasks of the State Mines Inspectorate, the annual report describes the activities in the fields of health and industrial safety, mining engineering and safety, and the environmental effects of mining activities, as well as special accidents and incidents. (HS) [German] Nach einem Ueberblick ueber die bergwirtschaftliche Entwicklung in den einzelnen Bergbauzweigen sowie ueber den Aufbau und die Zustaendigkeit der Bergbehoerde werden die Aktivitaeten in den Bereichen Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz, Bergtechnik und Sicherheit, Bergbau und Umwelt sowie bemerkenswerte Unfaelle und Vorkommnisse beschrieben. (HS)

  4. Right, laws, regulations and technical building systems; Recht, Gesetze, Verordnungen und Technische Gebaeudesysteme

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kranz, H.R. [Siemens AG, Karlsruhe (Germany)

    1995-12-31

    Chapter 23 of the anthology about building control gives an overview of the laws and regulations in the field of technical building systems. The following fields are discussed: license regulations in the field of building trade, communication law, environmental responsibility law, building right, European directives, laws and regulations of the Federal Government and the Laender. (BWI) [Deutsch] Kapitel 23 des Sammelbandes ueber Building Control gibt einen Ueberblick ueber Recht, Gesetze und Verordnungen im Bereich der Technischen Gebaeudesysteme. In diesem Zusammenhang kommen folgende Bereiche in Frage: Lizenzrecht im Bauwesen; Fernmelderecht; Umwelthaftungsgesetz; Baurecht; Europaeische Richtlinien; Gesetze und Verordnungen des Bundes und der Laender. (BWI)

  5. Insecticidal Activity of Cyanohydrin and Monoterpenoid Compounds

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Joel R. Coats

    2000-04-01

    Full Text Available The insecticidal activities of several cyanohydrins, cyanohydrin esters and monoterpenoid esters (including three monoterpenoid esters of a cyanohydrin were evaluated. Topical toxicity to Musca domestica L. adults was examined, and testing of many compounds at 100 mg/fly resulted in 100% mortality. Topical LD50 values of four compounds for M. domestica were calculated. Testing of many of the reported compounds to brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana Kellog resulted in 100% mortality at 10 ppm, and two compounds caused 100% mortality at 1 ppm. Aquatic LC50 values were calculated for five compounds for larvae of the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti (L.. Monoterpenoid esters were among the most toxic compounds tested in topical and aquatic bioassays.

  6. Bis(1,3-dithiole) Compounds

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Andersen, Jan Rud; Engler, E. M.; Green, D. C.

    1977-01-01

    There is described the preparation of bis-1,3-dithiole compounds (I) which are key synthetic precursors for the preparation of new polymeric metal bis(dithiolene) (i.e., II) and tetrathiafulvalene compounds (i.e., III): (Image Omitted)...

  7. Announcement of the agreement between the Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Department of Energy of the United States about the exchange of information in the area of energy. As of November 30, 1994; Bekanntmachung der Vereinbarung zwischen dem Bundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und dem Department of Energy der Vereinigten Staaten ueber den Austausch von Informationen auf dem Energiegebiet. Vom 30. November 1994

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-01-11

    The contracting parties establish under this agreement for the benefit of both sides and as support for their research and development work in the field of energy and exchange of information in the area of energy. This exchange includes publicly available scientific-technical information, concluded energy research and development projects, current energy research and development projects, relevant facts and figures as well as research in the area of information technology. (orig./HP) [Deutsch] Die Vertragsparteien richten im Rahmen dieser Vereinbarung zum beiderseitigen Nutzen und zur Ergaenzung ihrer Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten auf dem Energiesektor einen Austausch von Informationen auf dem Energiegebiet ein. Dieser Austausch umfasst oeffentlich zugaengliche wissenschaftlich-technische Informationen ueber abgeschlossene Energieforschungs- und -entwicklungsvorhaben, laufende Energieforschungs- und -entwicklungsvorhaben, einschlaegige Fakten und Zahlen sowie informationstechnische Forschung. (orig./HP)

  8. Molecular mechanism of radiosensitization by nitro compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kagiya, T.; Wada, T.; Nishimoto, S.I.

    1984-01-01

    In this chapter a molecular mechanism of radiosensitization by electron-affinic nitro compounds is discussed, mainly on the basis of the results of the radiation-induced chemical studies of DNA-related compounds in aqueous solutions. In Section II the general aspects of the radiation chemistry of organic compounds in the absence and presence of oxygen in aqueous solution are shown in order to demonstrate characteristic differences between radiation chemical reactions in hypoxic and oxic cells. The effects of nitro compounds on the radiolysis yields of DNA-related compounds in aqueous solutions are described in Section III. In Section IV the retardation effects of misonidazole on the radiation chemical processes of DNA-related compounds are shown along with the reaction characteristics of misonidazole with hydroxyl radical ( . OH) and hydrated electron (e/sub aq/-bar) produced by the radiolysis of water. The promotion of radiation-induced oxidation of thymine into thymine glycol (TG) by nitro radiosensitizers in deoxygenated solution and the relations between the activity of nitro compound for the thymine glycol formation and the enhancement activity measured in vitro are described in Section V. Finally, the protection against radiation-induced damage of thymine by a sulfhydryl compound of glutathione and the ability of electron-affinic compounds to decompose the intracellular radioprotector are described in Section VI

  9. Chemical behaviour of trivalent and pentavalent americium in saline NaCl-solutions. Studies of transferability of laboratory data to natural conditions. Interim report. Reported period: 1.2.1993-31.12.1993; Chemisches Verhalten von drei- und fuenfwertigem Americium in Salinen NaCl-Loesungen. Untersuchung der Uebertragbarkeit von Labordaten auf natuerliche Verhaeltnisse. Zwischenbericht. Berichtszeitraum 1.2.1993-31.12.1993

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Runde, W; Kim, J I

    1994-09-15

    In order to clarify the chemical behaviour of Americium in saline aqueous systems relevant for final storage this study deals with the chemical reactions of trivalent and pentavalent Americium in NaCl-solutions under the influence of radiolysis from its own alpha radiation. The focus of the study was on investigating the geologically relevant reactions, such as hydrolysis or carbonate- and chloride complexing in solid-liquid equilibriums. Comprehensive measurements on solubility and spectroscopic studies in NaCl-solutions were carried out in a CO{sub 2}-free atmosphere and 10{sup -2} atm CO{sub 2} partial pressure. Identification and characterisation of the AM (III) and AM(V) solid phases were supplemented by structural research with the chemically analogue EU (III) and Np(V) compounds. The alpha-radiation induced radiolysis in saline NaCl solutions and the redox behaviour of Americium which was influenced thereby were spectroscopically quantified. (orig.) [Deutsch] Zur Klaerung des chemischen Verhaltens von Americium in endlagerrelevanten salinen aquatischen Systemen befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit den chemischen Reaktionen des drei- und fuenfwertigen Americiums in NaCl-Loesungen unter dem Einfluss der Radiolyse durch die eigene {alpha}-Strahlung. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit lag auf der Untersuchung der geologisch relevanten Reaktionen, wie Hydrolyse sowie Carbonat- und Chloridkomplexierung in fest-fluessig Gleichgewichtssystemen. Hierzu wurden umfassende Loeslichkeitsmessungen und spektroskopische Untersuchungen in NaCl-Loesungen, sowohl unter CO{sub 2}-freier Atmosphaere als auch unter 10{sup -2} atm CO{sub 2}-Partialdruck, durchgefuehrt. Die Identifizierung und Charakterisierung der Am(III)- und Am(V)-Festphasen wurde ergaenzt durch strukturelle Untersuchungen mit den chemisch analogen Eu(III)- und Np(V)-Verbindungen. Die von der {alpha}-Strahlung induzierte Radiolyse in salinen NaCl-Loesungen und das dadurch beeinflusste Redoxverhalten von Americium

  10. Thin films of mixed metal compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mickelsen, Reid A.; Chen, Wen S.

    1985-01-01

    A compositionally uniform thin film of a mixed metal compound is formed by simultaneously evaporating a first metal compound and a second metal compound from independent sources. The mean free path between the vapor particles is reduced by a gas and the mixed vapors are deposited uniformly. The invention finds particular utility in forming thin film heterojunction solar cells.

  11. Quinoline-Based Hybrid Compounds with Antimalarial Activity

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Xhamla Nqoro

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available The application of quinoline-based compounds for the treatment of malaria infections is hampered by drug resistance. Drug resistance has led to the combination of quinolines with other classes of antimalarials resulting in enhanced therapeutic outcomes. However, the combination of antimalarials is limited by drug-drug interactions. In order to overcome the aforementioned factors, several researchers have reported hybrid compounds prepared by reacting quinoline-based compounds with other compounds via selected functionalities. This review will focus on the currently reported quinoline-based hybrid compounds and their preclinical studies.

  12. Four new compounds from Imperata cylindrica.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Xuan; Zhang, Bin-Feng; Yang, Li; Chou, Gui-Xin; Wang, Zheng-Tao

    2014-04-01

    Four new compounds, impecylone (1), deacetylimpecyloside (2), seguinoside K 4-methylether (3) and impecylenolide (4), were isolated from Imperata cylindrica along with two known compounds, impecyloside (5) and seguinoside K (6). Their structures were elucidated mainly by spectroscopic analyses including 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques, and the absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. In calcium assay, the result indicated that compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 cannot obviously inhibit the calcium peak value compared with the negative control, and suggested that the four compounds could not have anti-inflammatory activity.

  13. Genetic effects of organic mercury compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ramel, C

    1967-01-01

    Organic mercury compounds have a c-mitotic effect on plant cells that cause polyploidi. Studies were performed on Allium root cells. These investigations involved methyl mercury dicyandiamide, methyl mercury hydroxide, and phenyl mercury hydroxide. The lowest concentration necessary for a cytologically observable effect was about 0.05 ppM Hg for the methyl compounds. For the phenyl compound, the value was lower. Experiments were performed on Drosophila melanogaster. The question was whether the mercury would reach the gonads. Experimental data with mercury treated larvae indicated a chromosome disjunction. Data indicated a preferential segregation at the meiotic division might be involved. Experiments are being performed on mice inbred (CBA) in order to investigate teratogenic effects and dominant lethality caused by organic mercury compounds. The mutagenic effects of these compounds are studied on Neurospora Drosophila. No conclusive data is now available.

  14. Chloric organic compound

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Moalem, F.

    2000-01-01

    Since many years ago, hazardous and toxic refuses which are results of human activities has been carelessly without any Biological and Engineering facts and knowledge discharged into our land and water. The effects of discharging those materials in environment are different. Some of refuse materials shows short and other has long-time adverse effects in our environment, Among hazardous organic chemical materials, chlorine, consider, to be the main element. Organic materials with chlorine is called chlorine hydrocarbon as a hazardous compound. This paper discuss the hazardous materials especially chloric organic compound and their misuse effects in environment and human being

  15. Radiolysis of other organic compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pikaev, A.K.

    1986-01-01

    Peculiarities of radiolysis of organic halogen, phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen (including amines, amides, nitriles et al.) compounds in liquid phase are discussed. Intermediate and stable finish products of radiolysis of the given compounds, properties and radiochemical yields of these products are considered

  16. Xenobiotic organic compounds in wastewater

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Eriksson, Eva; Baun, Anders; Henze, Mogens

    2002-01-01

    hundred of XOCs, among them mainly originating from hygiene products: chlorophenols, detergents and phthalates. Several compounds not deriving from hygiene products were also identified e.g. flame-retardants and drugs. A environmental hazard identification showed that a large number of compounds with high...

  17. Two new acetylenic compounds from Asparagus officinalis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Li, Xue-Mei; Cai, Jin-Long; Wang, Wen-Xiang; Ai, Hong-Lian; Mao, Zi-Chao

    2016-01-01

    Two new acetylenic compounds, asparoffins A (1) and B (2), together with two known compounds, nyasol (3) and 3″-methoxynyasol (4), were isolated from stems of Asparagus officinalis. The structures of two new compounds were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses (UV, IR, MS, 1D, and 2D NMR). All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against three human cancer cell lines.

  18. Phenolic Compounds in Brassica Vegetables

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pablo Velasco

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Phenolic compounds are a large group of phytochemicals widespread in the plant kingdom. Depending on their structure they can be classified into simple phenols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids. Phenolic compounds have received considerable attention for being potentially protective factors against cancer and heart diseases, in part because of their potent antioxidative properties and their ubiquity in a wide range of commonly consumed foods of plant origin. The Brassicaceae family includes a wide range of horticultural crops, some of them with economic significance and extensively used in the diet throughout the world. The phenolic composition of Brassica vegetables has been recently investigated and, nowadays, the profile of different Brassica species is well established. Here, we review the significance of phenolic compounds as a source of beneficial compounds for human health and the influence of environmental conditions and processing mechanisms on the phenolic composition of Brassica vegetables.

  19. Compound cueing in free recall

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lohnas, Lynn J.; Kahana, Michael J.

    2013-01-01

    According to the retrieved context theory of episodic memory, the cue for recall of an item is a weighted sum of recently activated cognitive states, including previously recalled and studied items as well as their associations. We show that this theory predicts there should be compound cueing in free recall. Specifically, the temporal contiguity effect should be greater when the two most recently recalled items were studied in contiguous list positions. A meta-analysis of published free recall experiments demonstrates evidence for compound cueing in both conditional response probabilities and inter-response times. To help rule out a rehearsal-based account of these compound cueing effects, we conducted an experiment with immediate, delayed and continual-distractor free recall conditions. Consistent with retrieved context theory but not with a rehearsal-based account, compound cueing was present in all conditions, and was not significantly influenced by the presence of interitem distractors. PMID:23957364

  20. Compound cuing in free recall.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lohnas, Lynn J; Kahana, Michael J

    2014-01-01

    According to the retrieved context theory of episodic memory, the cue for recall of an item is a weighted sum of recently activated cognitive states, including previously recalled and studied items as well as their associations. We show that this theory predicts there should be compound cuing in free recall. Specifically, the temporal contiguity effect should be greater when the 2 most recently recalled items were studied in contiguous list positions. A meta-analysis of published free recall experiments demonstrates evidence for compound cuing in both conditional response probabilities and interresponse times. To help rule out a rehearsal-based account of these compound cuing effects, we conducted an experiment with immediate, delayed, and continual-distractor free recall conditions. Consistent with retrieved context theory but not with a rehearsal-based account, compound cuing was present in all conditions, and was not significantly influenced by the presence of interitem distractors.

  1. Unlock your Compound Management

    OpenAIRE

    Steffen Eller

    2016-01-01

    Pharmaceutical industry faces the increased demand for innovative medicines against various diseases. In this regard, the compound library in pharmaceutical industry is the most valuable asset. However, the compound distribution from the library into the screening plates is often still done manually and binds highly qualified resources to very time-consuming, tedious and error-prone tasks. To overcome these challenges, Chemspeed launched the first automated true one-to-one gravimetric "pi...

  2. Kinetic and spectroscopic analyses of nitryl halogenides, halogen nitrites and halogen nitrates; Kinetische und spektroskopische Untersuchungen von Nitrylhalogeniden, Halogennitriten und Halogennitraten

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Benter, T.; Broeske, R.

    2001-11-01

    The available literature data of the kinetic and spectroscopic properties of nitrylhalides (XNO{sub 2}), halogennitrites (XONO) and halogennitrates (XONO{sub 2}) are incomplete and partly contradictory. Some selected reactions and UV spectra of these compounds were investigated by the use of UV/VIS and long path fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All compounds were prepared in situ in a static reaction chamber (V=420 l) by the photolysis of X{sub 2}/NO{sub 2} (X=Cl, Br, I) mixtures in the wavelength range 300 nm{<=}{lambda}{<=}500 nm or 500 nm{<=}{lambda}{<=}700 nm in nitrogen or synthetic air. (orig.)

  3. Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kanae Bekki

    2014-10-01

    Full Text Available Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes are advertised as being safer than tobacco cigarettes products as the chemical compounds inhaled from e-cigarettes are believed to be fewer and less toxic than those from tobacco cigarettes. Therefore, continuous careful monitoring and risk management of e-cigarettes should be implemented, with the aim of protecting and promoting public health worldwide. Moreover, basic scientific data are required for the regulation of e-cigarette. To date, there have been reports of many hazardous chemical compounds generated from e-cigarettes, particularly carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and glyoxal, which are often found in e-cigarette aerosols. These carbonyl compounds are incidentally generated by the oxidation of e-liquid (liquid in e-cigarette; glycerol and glycols when the liquid comes in contact with the heated nichrome wire. The compositions and concentrations of these compounds vary depending on the type of e-liquid and the battery voltage. In some cases, extremely high concentrations of these carbonyl compounds are generated, and may contribute to various health effects. Suppliers, risk management organizations, and users of e-cigarettes should be aware of this phenomenon.

  4. Applying Quality by Design Concepts to Pharmacy Compounding.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Timko, Robert J

    2015-01-01

    Compounding of medications is an important part of the practice of the pharmacy profession. Because compounded medications do not have U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, a pharmacist has the responsibility to ensure that compounded medications are of suitable quality, safety, and efficacy. The Federal Government and numerous states have updated their laws and regulations regarding pharmacy compounding as a result of recent quality issues. Compounding pharmacists are expected to follow good preparation prodecures in their compounding practices in much the same way pharmaceutical manufacturers are required to follow Current Good Manufacturing Procedures as detailed in the United States Code of Federal Regulations. Application of Quality by Design concepts to the preparation process for a compounded medication can help in understanding the potential pitfalls and the means to mitigate their impact. The goal is to build quality into the compounding process to ensure that the resultant compounded prescription meets the human or animal patients' requirements.

  5. Weser river water quality report 2003. Flussgebietsgemeinschaft Weser; Flussgebietsgemeinschaft Weser. Weserguetebericht 2003

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2004-08-01

    This annual report has become a useful and generally accepted information tool. Its publication will be continued for the time being. Information is presented on the water quality of the Werra, Fulda, Aller and Weser rivers. For the first time, analyses of tributaries are presented as well, whose water quality has been recorded since 1990 in a total of 97 measuring sites by the German federal states. The measurements indicate the burden of nutrients, heavy metals and carbon. The report has been published annually since 1993 by the Geschaeftsstelle Weser. The data are provided by the authorities of the Federal states and are compiled and processed by the Geschaeftsstelle Weser. The 2003 volume contains background information on the analysis programmes and the characteristic parameters measured, and the water quality is discussed in a parameter-specific manner on the basis of selected examples. The publication addresses the expert public but also interested lay readers. (orig.) [German] Der bisher jaehrlich erscheinende Weserguetebericht, der die Ergebnisse des Programms zur Qualitaetsueberwachung der Weser anschaulich darstellt, hat sich in der Vergangenheit als Informationsinstrument sehr bewaehrt. Er soll vorerst erhalten bleiben und die Fachoeffentlichkeit ueber die Veraenderungen der Wasserbeschaffenheit von Werra, Fulda, Aller und Weser informieren. Erstmalig im Guetebericht enthalten sind die Auswertungen der Untersuchungen an zahlreichen Nebengewaessern der Weser, die seit 1990 an insgesamt 97 Messstellen von den Laendern durchgefuehrt werden. Hiermit lassen sich in der Flussgebietseinheit die Belastungsschwerpunkte mit Naehrstoffen, Schwermetallen sowie zum Kohlenstoffgehalt aufzeigen. Dieser Bericht wird von der Geschaeftsstelle Weser jaehrlich seit 1993 erstellt. Die dafuer erforderlichen Daten werden von den Fachbehoerden der Laender erhoben und von der Geschaeftsstelle Weser zusammengetragen und ausgewertet. Mein Dank gilt an dieser Stelle allen, die am

  6. Simulation of the propagation and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for a winter-time period in Baden-Wuerttemberg; Simulation der Ausbreitung und Deposition von polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen fuer eine Winterepisode in Baden-Wuerttemberg

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nester, K [Forschungzentrum Karlsruhe (Germany). Inst. fuer Meteorologie und Klimaforschung

    1998-12-31

    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) belong to the group of environmentally hazardous substances because of their cancerogenous effect. They occur both as gases and in particulate form and are released by man into the atmosphere as combustion products. They play a role not only in the atmosphere but also in soil. An essential process permitting these substances to penetrate into the soil is by deposition from the atmosphere.- The study had the aim of assessing atmospheric PAH deposition to the soil. The outcome is used to simulate PAH behaviour in soil, a task which also forms part of the interlaboratory project `soil`. As PAHs are regularly measured only in a few places, PAH transfer from atmosphere to soil needs to be numerically modelled. That the model can do this was first of all to be demonstrated for a short period. The result is described in the paper. Subsequently, statements regarding long-term PAH transfer are attempted. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Polycyklischen Aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) gehoeren wegen ihrer kanzerogenen Wirkungen zu den umweltbelastenden Substanzen. Sie treten sowohl als Gase als auch als Partikel auf und werden antropogen als Verbrennungsprodukte in die Atmosphaere freigesetzt. Neben ihrer Wirkung in der Atmosphaere spielen sie im Boden eine Rolle. Ein wesentlicher Prozess, der diese Substanzen in den Boden gelangen laesst, ist die Deposition aus der Atmosphaere zum Boden. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, den atmosphaerischen Eintrag der PAK in den Boden zu bestimmen. Dieser Eintrag dient der Simulation des Verhaltens der PAK im Boden, der ebenfalls Bestandteil des Verbundprojekts `Boden` war. Da es nur wenige Stellen gibt, an denen regelmaessig PAK`s gemessen werden, ist es notwendig, den PAK Eintrag aus der Atmosphaere zum Boden mittels Modellrechnungen abzuschaetzen. Dabei sollte zunaechst fuer eine kurze Episode gezeigt werden, dass das Modell in der Lage ist, dies zu leisten. Dieses Ergebnis wird im folgenden vorgestellt

  7. Development of new heterogeneous catalysts for the decomposition of methanol into hydrogen and carbon monoxide applying high throughput methods; Entwicklung neuer heterogener Katalysatoren zur Spaltung von Methanol in Wasserstoff und Kohlenmonoxid mittels Hochdurchsatz-Methoden

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Weiss, Torsten

    2008-07-11

    Selektivitaeten, die auf Niveau der eingesetzten Referenzsubstanz lagen, zeigte dieser auch eine ausgezeichnete Langzeitstabilitaet ueber einen Zeitraum von 18 Stunden, die die Referenz uebertraf. Darueber hinaus wurden durch weitere Untersuchungen ein Ce-Ru- und ein Cr-Ru-Katalysator entwickelt, die jedoch im Langzeittest schlechter abschnitten.

  8. On the propagation of elastic waves in acoustically anisotropic austenitic materials and at their boundaries during non-destructive inspection with ultrasound

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Munikoti, V.K.

    2001-03-01

    In this work the propagation behaviour of ultrasound in austenitic weld metal has been analyzed by the time-harmonic plane wave approach. Bounded beam and pulse propagation as occurring in ultrasonic testing can be sufficiently dealt with by this approach. More sophisticated approaches principally do not offer any improvements in the results of plane wave modeling except for diffraction and aperture effects and, therefore, the subject matter of this work has been limited to plane wave propagation in the bulk of the medium and at different types of interfaces. Inspite of the fact, that the individual columnar grains of the weld metal have cubic symmetry, the austenitic weld metal as a whole exhibits cylinder-symmetrical texture, as substantiated by metallurgical examination, and therefore has been treated as an anisotropic poly-crystalline medium with transverse isotropic symmetry. (orig.) [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Ultraschallausbreitung in akustisch anisotropen, homogenen Werkstoffen mit stengelkristalliner Textur wie austenitischen Plattierungen und Schweissverbindungen, austenitischem Guss oder geschweissten Komponenten aus austenitischem Guss modelliert. Wie die in dieser Arbeit referierten metallurgischen Untersuchungen gezeigt haben, koennen austenitisches Schweissgut und stengelkristallin erstarrter austenitischer Guss makroskopisch als polykristallines Medium mit zylindersymmetrischer Textur behandelt werden, also als Medium mit transversal isotroper Symmetrie, obwohl mikroskopisch die einzelnen Stengelkristallite kubische Symmetrie aufweisen. Die Schallausbreitung wird mit Hilfe des Ansatzes ebener Wellen modelliert. Obwohl bei der Ultraschallpruefung gepulste und begrenzte Schallbuendel verwendet werden, liefert dieser Ansatz die bei der Ultraschallpruefung beobachteten Wellenarten mit Geschwindigkeiten und Polarisationen, Schallbuendelablenkung und Reflexion und Brechnung nach Richtung und Amplitude, so dass ueber das Modell der ebenen

  9. The new special report of the Monopolies Commission on the energy markets; Das neue Sondergutachten der Monopolkommission zu den Energiemaerkten

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zenke, Ines; Heymann, Tigran; Poppe, Sebastian [Kanzlei BBH, Becker Buettner Held, Berlin (Germany)

    2015-12-15

    The Monopolies Commission has published once more a special report on the energy market, which is now 71. In this they examined regularly for many years as well the competition in the German electricity and gas markets work and how he is developping foreseeable. Especially the five-member Commission comments current changes of the regulatory framework and gives the legislature from competitive economic perspective suggestions for possible need for adaptation. In the current special report itself the Monopolies Commission therefore also daels with the current plans of the Federal Government for an electricity market law apart, outlined in the Green and White Papers of the Federal Government to the electricity market 2.0. This contribution begins with an overview of the investigation by the Monopolies Commission on the situation of competition in the German energy markets since the last special report (Point A). Proceeding from this point is the analysis of Monopolies Commission with the projects of the electricity market law ist taken up and assessed (point B). Closing the authors draw a conclusion (point C). [German] Die Monopolkommission hat wieder einmal ein Sondergutachten zum Energiemarkt veroeffentlicht, das mittlerweile 71. In diesen begutachtet sie seit vielen Jahren regelmaessig, wie gut der Wettbewerb auf den deutschen Strom- und Gasmaerkten funktioniert und auch, wie er sich absehbar entwickelt. Insbesondere kommentiert die fuenfkoepfige Kommission aktuelle Aenderungen des ordnungspolitischen Rahmens und gibt dem Gesetzgeber aus wettbewerbsoekonomischer Perspektive Anregungen fuer etwaigen Anpassungsbedarf. Im aktuellen Sondergutachten setzt sich die Monopolkommission daher auch mit den aktuellen Plaenen der Bundesregierung fuer ein Strommarktgesetz auseinander, angelegt im Gruen- und Weissbuch der Bundesregierung zum Strommarkt 2.0. Dieser Beitrag beginnt mit einem Ueberblick ueber die Untersuchungen der Monopolkommission zur Lage des Wettbewerbs auf den

  10. Simulation of the propagation and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for a winter-time period in Baden-Wuerttemberg; Simulation der Ausbreitung und Deposition von polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen fuer eine Winterepisode in Baden-Wuerttemberg

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nester, K. [Forschungzentrum Karlsruhe (Germany). Inst. fuer Meteorologie und Klimaforschung

    1997-12-31

    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) belong to the group of environmentally hazardous substances because of their cancerogenous effect. They occur both as gases and in particulate form and are released by man into the atmosphere as combustion products. They play a role not only in the atmosphere but also in soil. An essential process permitting these substances to penetrate into the soil is by deposition from the atmosphere.- The study had the aim of assessing atmospheric PAH deposition to the soil. The outcome is used to simulate PAH behaviour in soil, a task which also forms part of the interlaboratory project `soil`. As PAHs are regularly measured only in a few places, PAH transfer from atmosphere to soil needs to be numerically modelled. That the model can do this was first of all to be demonstrated for a short period. The result is described in the paper. Subsequently, statements regarding long-term PAH transfer are attempted. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Polycyklischen Aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) gehoeren wegen ihrer kanzerogenen Wirkungen zu den umweltbelastenden Substanzen. Sie treten sowohl als Gase als auch als Partikel auf und werden antropogen als Verbrennungsprodukte in die Atmosphaere freigesetzt. Neben ihrer Wirkung in der Atmosphaere spielen sie im Boden eine Rolle. Ein wesentlicher Prozess, der diese Substanzen in den Boden gelangen laesst, ist die Deposition aus der Atmosphaere zum Boden. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, den atmosphaerischen Eintrag der PAK in den Boden zu bestimmen. Dieser Eintrag dient der Simulation des Verhaltens der PAK im Boden, der ebenfalls Bestandteil des Verbundprojekts `Boden` war. Da es nur wenige Stellen gibt, an denen regelmaessig PAK`s gemessen werden, ist es notwendig, den PAK Eintrag aus der Atmosphaere zum Boden mittels Modellrechnungen abzuschaetzen. Dabei sollte zunaechst fuer eine kurze Episode gezeigt werden, dass das Modell in der Lage ist, dies zu leisten. Dieses Ergebnis wird im folgenden vorgestellt

  11. Sick building syndrome - results of the 'Proklima' research project; Befindlichkeitsstoerungen in Buerogebaeuden - Ergebnisse aus dem Proklima Forschungsprojekt

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kruppa, B. [Bundesindustrieverband Heizungs-, Klima-, Sanitaertechnik und Technische Gebaeudesysteme e.V., Bonn (Germany); Bischof, W.; Brasche, S. [Arbeitsgruppe Raumklimatologie der FSU Jena (ARK), Erfurt (Germany); Bullinger-Naber, M. [Hamburg Univ. (Germany). Abt. fuer Medizinische Psychologie; Mayer, E. [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Bauphysik, Holzkirchen (Germany); Gebhardt, H. [Wuppertal Univ. (Gesamthochschule) (Germany). Inst. fuer Arbeitsmedizin, Sicherheitstechnik und Ergonomie

    2000-07-01

    In the world's biggest research project, the sick building syndrome was investigated in Germany between 1995 and 1999. In all, 8 air-conditioned buildings and 6 non-air-conditioned buildings, 40 space HVAC systems and 1497 places of work were analyzed, and 4,500 persons were asked to provide data. For the first time ever, measured physical, biological and chemical data were compared with the subjective data provided by the inquiry forms. It was found that the concentrations and hygienic status of air conditioning systems do have an effect on subjective comfort. Buildings with well-designed and well-serviced space HVAC systems had better results than buildings without air conditioning systems. However, it is the psychosocial environment and the job description of building inhabitants that decide their response in terms of sick building syndrome. Factors like gender, job satisfaction, job specifications and educational level are more important than space HVAC systems. [German] Im Rahmen eines der weltweit groessten Forschungsprojekte zum Thema 'Sick Building Syndrome' wurden in Deutschland zwischen 1995 und 1999 umfangreiche Untersuchungen durchgefuehrt mit dem Ziel, die Ursachen und Folgen von Befindlichkeitsstoerungen in Buerogebaeuden zu ermitteln. Insgesamt wurden 8 klimatisierte und 6 nicht klimatisierte Gebaeude, 40 raumlufttechnische Anlagen und 1497 Arbeitsplaetze untersucht sowie ueber 4.500 Personen befragt. Die Ergebnisse erlauben zum ersten Mal einen direkten Vergleich der gemessenen physikalischen, biologischen und chemischen Werte mit den subjektiven Angaben (Fragebogendaten) an klimatisierten und nicht klimatisierten Arbeitsplaetzen. Die Auswertung zeigt, dass die Konzentration der Anlagen und deren hygienischer Wartungszustand einen Einfluss auf die Befindlichkeit der Mitarbeiter haben. Gebaeude mit gut geplanten und gewarteten RLT-Anlagen schneiden in der Bewertung sogar besser ab als nicht klimatisierte Gebaeude. Die groessten

  12. Modeling and experimental validation of CO heterogeneous chemistry and electrochemistry in solid oxide fuel cells

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Yurkiv, Vitaly

    2010-12-17

    In the present work experimental and numerical modeling studies of the heterogeneously catalyzed and electrochemical oxidation of CO at Nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode systems were performed to evaluate elementary charge-transfer reaction mechanisms taking place at the three-phase boundary of CO/CO{sub 2} gas-phase, Ni electrode, and YSZ electrolyte. Temperature-programmed desorption and reaction experiments along with density functional theory calculations were performed to determine adsorption/desorption and surface diffusion kinetics as well as thermodynamic data for the CO/CO{sub 2}/Ni and CO/CO{sub 2}/YSZ systems. Based on these data elementary reaction based models with four different charge transfer mechanisms for the electrochemical CO oxidation were developed and applied in numerical simulations of literature experimental electrochemical data such as polarization curves and impedance spectra. Comparison between simulation and experiment demonstrated that only one of the four charge transfer mechanisms can consistently reproduce the electrochemical data over a wide range of operating temperatures and CO/CO{sub 2} gas compositions. (orig.) [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur heterogen katalysierten und elektrochemischen Oxidation von CO an Anodensystemen (bestehend aus Nickel und yttriumdotiertem Zirkoniumdioxid, YSZ) von Festoxidbrennstoffzellen (engl. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, SOFCs) ausgefuehrt, um den mikroskopischen Mechanismus der an der CO/CO{sub 2}-Gasphase/Ni-Elektrode/YSZ-Elektrolyt- Dreiphasen-Grenzflaeche ablaufenden Ladungsuebertragungsreaktion aufzuklaeren. Temperaturprogrammierte Desorptionsmessungen (TPD) und Temperaturprogrammierte Reaktionsmessungen (TPR) sowie Dichtefunktionaltheorierechnungen wurden ausgefuehrt, um adsorptions-, desorptions- und reaktionskinetische sowie thermodynamische Daten fuer die CO/CO{sub 2}/Ni- und CO/CO{sub 2}/YSZ

  13. Diagnosis of structures. Practical applications and future tasks of non-destructive testing; Bauwerksdiagnose. Praktische Anwendungen Zerstoerungsfreier Pruefungen und Zukunftsaufgaben

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2016-05-01

    Richtlinie fuer die Nachrechnung von Strassenbruecken im Jahr 2011 wurde die Grundlage gelegt, Ergebnisse der zerstoerungsfreien Pruefung in Nachrechnungen einfliessen zu lassen. Mittlerweile liegen erste Erfahrungen ueber Untersuchungen und Nachrechnungen an Bruecken vor, die bei der Fachtagung erstmals vorgestellt werden.

  14. Country-wide survey on the effects of emissions using bioindicators. Recommendation of Arbeitskreis ``Bioindikation/Wirkungsermittlung`` der Landesaemter/-anstalten fuer Umweltschutz; Landesweite Erhebung von Immissionswirkungen mit Bioindikatoren. Empfehlung des Arbeitskreises ``Bioindikation/Wirkungsermittlung`` der Landesaemter/-anstalten fuer Umweltschutz

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Peichl, L. [Bayerisches Landesamt fuer Umweltschutz, Muenchen (Germany).

    1997-09-01

    The working group on `boindication/assessment of effects` is made up of specialists active in the fields of bioindication and emission ecology for the German Federal administrative offices concerned with the protection of the environment and for the German Environmental Protection Agency. In April 1996, this working group adopted the recommendation for a `country-wide survey on the effects of emissions using bioindicatiors`. The goal of this national survey is to determine the geographic distribution and the development over time of such emissions, as well as to document the effects of background emissions. In order to achieve these goals, the development of national measuring networks and permanent observation stations is mandatory. A minimal demand of investigations and of investigative procedures is required in order to compare the results of the individual Federal States and to consequently combine these findings as an overall picture for the entire Federal Republic of Germany. Mosses and lichens are recommended for passive biological monitoring, while standardized grass cultures, kale, stringing nettle and tobacco are suggested for active biomonitoring. In addition, detailed methodical recommendations concerning the use of standardized grass cultures and kale are discussed. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Arbeitskreis `Bioindikation/Wirkungsermittlung` setzt sich aus Fachleuten der Bioindikation und Immissionsoekologie der Landesaemter und -anstalten fuer Umweltschutz und des Umweltbundesamtes zusammen. Im April 1996 wurde vom Arbeitskreis die Empfehlung `Landesweite Erhebung von Immissionswirkungen mit Bioindikatoren` verabschiedet. Ziele der landesweiten Erfassung von Immissionswirkungen mit Bioindikatoren sind die Ermittlung ihrer geographischen Verteilung und zeitlichen Entwicklung und der Hintergrund-Immissionswirkungen. Zur Verfolgung dieser Ziele ist die Einrichtung von landesweiten Messnetzen und Dauerbeobachtungsstationen notwendig. Um Untersuchungen der

  15. Neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds: A review.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pinkas, Adi; Gonçalves, Cinara Ludvig; Aschner, Michael

    2017-10-01

    Fragrance compounds are chemicals belonging to one of several families, which are used frequently and globally in cosmetics, household products, foods and beverages. A complete list of such compounds is rarely found on the ingredients-list of such products, as "fragrance mixtures" are defined as "trade secrets" and thus protected by law. While some information regarding the general toxicity of some of these compounds is available, their neurotoxicity is known to a lesser extent. Here, we discuss the prevalence and neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds belonging to the three most common groups: phthalates, synthetic musks and chemical sensitizers. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  16. Mesoionic Compounds

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    Organic Chemistry. Kamatak University,. Dharwad. Her research interests are synthesis, reactions and synthetic utility of sydnones. She is currently working on electrochemical and insecticidal/antifungal activities for some of these compounds. Keywords. Aromaticity, mesoionic hetero- cycles, sydnones, tandem re- actions.

  17. EPR investigations on technetium compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Abram, U.; Munze, R.; Kirmse, R.; Stach, J.

    1986-01-01

    Stimulated by the widespread use of the isotope /sup 99m/Tc in the field of nuclear medicine, there has been a substantial growth of interest in the chemistry of this man-made element. A particular need emerges for analytical methods allowing solution investigations of coordination compounds of technetium with low substance use. Considering these facts, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR) appears to be a very suitable method because only very small amounts of the compounds are needed (lower than 1 mg). The resulting spectra give information regarding the valence state, symmetry and bonding properties of the compounds under study

  18. Diazo compounds in the chemistry of fullerenes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tuktarov, Airat R; Dzhemilev, Usein M

    2010-01-01

    Experimental and theoretical data on the reactions of different diazo compounds (diazomethane, its derivatives, cyclic diazo compounds and diazocarbonyl compounds) with fullerenes are summarized. The structures and stereochemistry of cycloadducts formed in these reactions are considered.

  19. Diazo compounds in the chemistry of fullerenes

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tuktarov, Airat R.; Dzhemilev, Usein M.

    2010-09-01

    Experimental and theoretical data on the reactions of different diazo compounds (diazomethane, its derivatives, cyclic diazo compounds and diazocarbonyl compounds) with fullerenes are summarized. The structures and stereochemistry of cycloadducts formed in these reactions are considered.

  20. Diazo compounds in the chemistry of fullerenes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tuktarov, Airat R; Dzhemilev, Usein M [Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa (Russian Federation)

    2010-09-14

    Experimental and theoretical data on the reactions of different diazo compounds (diazomethane, its derivatives, cyclic diazo compounds and diazocarbonyl compounds) with fullerenes are summarized. The structures and stereochemistry of cycloadducts formed in these reactions are considered.

  1. Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds in Meteorites

    Science.gov (United States)

    Botta, Oliver; Bada, Jeffrey L.; Meyer, Michael (Technical Monitor)

    2003-01-01

    Many organic compounds or their precursors found in meteorites originated in the interstellar or circumstellar medium and were later incorporated into planetesimals during the formation of the solar system. There they either survived intact or underwent further processing to synthesize secondary products on the meteorite parent body. The most distinct feature of CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites, two types of stony meteorites, is their high carbon content (up to 3% of weight), either in the form of carbonates or of organic compounds. The bulk of the organic carbon consists of an insoluble macromolecular material with a complex structure. Also present is a soluble organic fraction, which has been analyzed by several separation and analytical procedures. Low detection limits can be achieved by derivatization of the organic molecules with reagents that allow for analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography. The CM meteorite Murchison has been found to contain more than 70 extraterrestrial amino acids and several other classes of compounds including carboxylic acids, hydroxy carboxylic acids, sulphonic and phosphonic acids, aliphatic, aromatic and polar hydrocarbons, fullerenes, heterocycles as well as carbonyl compounds, alcohols, amines and amides. The organic matter was found to be enriched in deuterium, and distinct organic compounds show isotopic enrichments of carbon and nitrogen relative to terrestrial matter.

  2. Vanadium Compounds as PTP Inhibitors

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Elsa Irving

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Phosphotyrosine signaling is regulated by the opposing actions of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs. Here we discuss the potential of vanadium derivatives as PTP enzyme inhibitors and metallotherapeutics. We describe how vanadate in the V oxidized state is thought to inhibit PTPs, thus acting as a pan-inhibitor of this enzyme superfamily. We discuss recent developments in the biological and biochemical actions of more complex vanadium derivatives, including decavanadate and in particular the growing number of oxidovanadium compounds with organic ligands. Pre-clinical studies involving these compounds are discussed in the anti-diabetic and anti-cancer contexts. Although in many cases PTP inhibition has been implicated, it is also clear that many such compounds have further biochemical effects in cells. There also remain concerns surrounding off-target toxicities and long-term use of vanadium compounds in vivo in humans, hindering their progress through clinical trials. Despite these current misgivings, interest in these chemicals continues and many believe they could still have therapeutic potential. If so, we argue that this field would benefit from greater focus on improving the delivery and tissue targeting of vanadium compounds in order to minimize off-target toxicities. This may then harness their full therapeutic potential.

  3. Properties of tritium and its compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Belovodskij, L.F.; Gaevoj, V.K.; Grishmanovskij, V.I.

    1985-01-01

    Ways of tritium preparation and different aspects of its application are considered. Physicochemical properties of this isotope and some compounds of it - tritium oxides, lithium, titanium, zirconium, uranium tritides, tritium organic compounds - are discussed. In particular, diffusion of tritium and its oxide through different materials, tritium oxidation processes, decomposition of tritium-containing compounds under the action of self-radiation are considered. Main radiobiological tritium properties are described

  4. Antibacterial Compounds from Red Seaweeds (Rhodophyta)

    OpenAIRE

    Noer Kasanah; Triyanto Triyanto; Drajad Sarwo Seto; Windi Amelia; Alim Isnansetyo

    2015-01-01

    Seaweeds produce great variety of metabolites benefit for human. Red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) are well known as producer of phycocolloids such agar, agarose, carragenan and great variety of secondary metabolites. This review discusses the red algal secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity. The chemical constituents of red algae are steroid, terpenoid, acetogenin and dominated by halogenated compounds mainly brominated compounds. Novel compounds with intriguing skeleton are also reported...

  5. Toxicology of perfluorinated compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Stahl, Thorsten [Hessian State Laboratory, Wiesbaden (Germany); Mattern, Daniela; Brunn, Hubertus [Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen (Germany)

    2011-12-15

    Perfluorinated compounds [PFCs] have found a wide use in industrial products and processes and in a vast array of consumer products. PFCs are molecules made up of carbon chains to which fluorine atoms are bound. Due to the strength of the carbon/fluorine bond, the molecules are chemically very stable and are highly resistant to biological degradation; therefore, they belong to a class of compounds that tend to persist in the environment. These compounds can bioaccumulate and also undergo biomagnification. Within the class of PFC chemicals, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorosulphonic acid are generally considered reference substances. Meanwhile, PFCs can be detected almost ubiquitously, e.g., in water, plants, different kinds of foodstuffs, in animals such as fish, birds, in mammals, as well as in human breast milk and blood. PFCs are proposed as a new class of 'persistent organic pollutants'. Numerous publications allude to the negative effects of PFCs on human health. The following review describes both external and internal exposures to PFCs, the toxicokinetics (uptake, distribution, metabolism, excretion), and the toxicodynamics (acute toxicity, subacute and subchronic toxicities, chronic toxicity including carcinogenesis, genotoxicity and epigenetic effects, reproductive and developmental toxicities, neurotoxicity, effects on the endocrine system, immunotoxicity and potential modes of action, combinational effects, and epidemiological studies on perfluorinated compounds). (orig.)

  6. Kinetics of molybdenum(6) complexation with o,o'-dihydroxyazo compounds or heterocyclic azo compounds in the presence of hydroxylamine

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kochelaeva, G.A.; Degtyarev, M.Yu.; Ivanov, V.M.; Prokhorova, G.V.; Figurovskaya, V.N.

    1999-01-01

    The kinetics of complexation in the system molybdenum(6)-azo compound-hydroxylamine was studied. Azo compounds of the types o,o'-dihydroxyazo compounds, such as Lyumogallion IREA and Magneson IREA, and heterocyclic azo compounds, such as 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol and 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol, were studied. The formation of mixed-ligand complexes with the ratio of component 1 : 1 : 1 was detected. Rate constants, activation energies, and stability constants of the forming compounds were evaluated. It was concluded that the reagents under study are promising for the analytical chemistry of molybdenum [ru

  7. Comparison of contract appearance of gadobenate-dimeglumine and GA-DTPA in intra-axial brain tumors; Vergleich des Kontrastverhaltens von Gadobenat-Dimeglumine und Gd-DTPA bei intraaxialen Hirntumoren. Eine doppelblinde randomisierte intraindividuelle Cross-over-Studie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Essig, M.; Knopp, M.V. [Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (Germany). Abt. Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie; Hartmann, M.; Jansen, O. [Abt. Klinische Neuroradiologie, Univ. Heidelberg (Germany); Lodemann, K.P.; Seeberg, A. [Bracco-Byk-Gulden, Konstanz (Germany); Runge, V.M. [Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington (United States)

    2001-12-01

    R}) untersucht. Die an 2 Zentren erhobenen Bilddaten wurden sowohl on-site, als auch off-site bzgl. quantitativer und qualitativer Kriterien ausgewertet. Zur quantitativen Abschaetzung wurde eine Region-of-interest-Analyse mit Bestimmung von Signalintensitaeten aus dem anreichernden Tumor, der normalen weissen Hirnsubstanz und dem Bildrauschen ausserhalb des Schaedels durchgefuehrt. Hieraus wurden der Kontrast und das Kontrast-zu-Rauschen zwischen Laesion und umgebendem Normalgewebe berechnet. Die qualitative Auswertung erfasste die Intensitaet der Anreicherung, den Laesionskontrast, die Laesionsabgrenzung, die Information ueber die interne Morphologie und die Vaskularisation der Laesionen. Aufgrund der hoeheren Relaxivitaet von Gadobenat-Dimeglumine fand sich fuer diese Substanz eine staerkere Kontrastmittelanreicherung nach intravenoeser Applikation. Dies fuehrte zu einer Steigerung der Laesionskontraste bis zu maximal 26%. In der quantitativen Analyse bestaetigte sich das bessere Anreicherungsverhalten von Gadobenat-Dimeglumine mit signifikant erhoehtem Tumorkontrast. Ebenso fand sich ein tendenziell verbesserte Laesionsabgrenzung und zusaetzliche Informationen ueber die interne Morphologie der Laesionen. Gadobenat-Dimeglumine zeichnete sich, basierend auf unseren Untersuchungen, als sicheres und sehr effektives Kontrastmittel in der Diagnostik intraaxialer Hirntumoren aus. Im Vergleich zum Standardkontrastmittel Gd-DTPA wies es sich durch eine intensivere Kontrastmittelanreicherung und einen besseren Laesionskontrast aus. (orig.)

  8. Calorimetric investigations of UPb{sub 3} compound

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Agarwal, Renu, E-mail: arenu@barc.gov.in; Samui, Pradeep; Mukerjee, S.K.

    2016-08-10

    Highlights: • First time reporting of enthalpy increment and heat capacity data of UPb{sub 3} compound. • First time reporting of high temperature calorimetric determination of enthalpy of formation of UPb{sub 3} compound. • Miedema model was used to calculate enthalpies of formation of UPb{sub 3} and UPb. • Thermodynamic table of the compound UPb{sub 3} was generated. - Abstract: Interaction of uranium based metallic fuels and lead coolant can lead to formation of intermetallic compounds of U-Pb system. To understand U-Pb interactions, it is important to know thermodynamic properties of intermetallic compounds present in this system, UPb{sub 3} and UPb. In the present work, enthalpy increment, heat capacity and enthalpy of formation of UPb{sub 3} intermetallic compound were determined. The enthalpy increment was determined by high temperature Calvet calorimeter and heat capacity was determined using DSC. The heat capacity data was used to calculate thermodynamic parameters of the compound as a function of temperature. The enthalpy of formation at 843 K was determined using successive precipitation method, by direct reaction calorimetry. The enthalpy of formation at 843 K, from Pb(l) and U(l), was −28.9 kJ at-mol{sup −1} and after adjusting enthalpy increments of pure elements and compound, the enthalpy of formation of the compound at 298 K, from Pb(s) and U(α) was found to be −20.0 kJ at-mol{sup −1}.

  9. Screening and identification of phytotoxic volatile compounds in medicinal plants and characterizations of a selected compound, eucarvone.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sunohara, Yukari; Baba, Yohei; Matsuyama, Shigeru; Fujimura, Kaori; Matsumoto, Hiroshi

    2015-07-01

    Screening and identification of phytotoxic volatile compounds were performed using 71 medicinal plant species to find new natural compounds, and the characterization of the promising compound was investigated to understand the mode of action. The volatile compounds from Asarum sieboldii Miq. showed the strongest inhibitory effect on the hypocotyl growth of lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.cv. Great Lakes 366), followed by those from Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet and Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC.. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) identified four volatile compounds, α-pinene (2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene), β-pinene (6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane), 3-carene (3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene), and eucarvone (2,6,6-trimethy-2,4-cycloheptadien-1-one), from A. sieboldii, and three volatile compounds, limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene), menthone (5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexan-1-one), and pulegone (5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylidenecyclohexan-1-one), from S. tenuifolia. Among these volatile compounds, eucarvone, menthone, and pulegone exhibited strong inhibitory effects on both the root and shoot growth of lettuce seedlings. Eucarvone-induced growth inhibition was species-selective. Cell death, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation were induced in susceptible finger millet seedlings by eucarvone treatment, whereas this compound (≤158 μM) did not cause the increase of lipid peroxidation and ROS production in tolerant maize. The results of the present study show that eucarvone can have strong phytotoxic activity, which may be due to ROS overproduction and subsequent oxidative damage in finger millet seedlings.

  10. An introduction to the chemistry of complex compounds

    CERN Document Server

    Grinberg, Aleksander Abramovich; Trimble, R F

    1962-01-01

    An Introduction to the Chemistry of Complex Compounds discusses the fundamental concepts that are essential in understanding the underlying principles of complex compounds. The coverage of the book includes the compounds of the hexa, penta, and tetrammine type; compounds of the tri, dl, monoamine and hexacido types for the coordination number of 6; and complex compounds with a coordination number of 4. The text also covers the effects and chemical properties of complex compounds, such as the nature of the force of complex formation; the mutual effects of coordinated groups; and acid-base prope

  11. Detection of chlorinated aromatic compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ekechukwu, A.A.

    1996-02-06

    A method for making a composition for measuring the concentration of chlorinated aromatic compounds in aqueous fluids, and an optical probe for use with the method are disclosed. The composition comprises a hydrophobic polymer matrix, preferably polyamide, with a fluorescent indicator uniformly dispersed therein. The indicator fluoresces in the presence of the chlorinated aromatic compounds with an intensity dependent on the concentration of these compounds in the fluid of interest, such as 8-amino-2-naphthalene sulfonate. The probe includes a hollow cylindrical housing that contains the composition in its distal end. The probe admits an aqueous fluid to the probe interior for exposure to the composition. An optical fiber transmits excitation light from a remote source to the composition while the indicator reacts with chlorinated aromatic compounds present in the fluid. The resulting fluorescence light signal is reflected to a second optical fiber that transmits the light to a spectrophotometer for analysis. 5 figs.

  12. The role of computed tomography in evaluation of a white matter edema during postoperative brain radiation therapy; Beobachtung von Oedemen in der weissen Substanz waehrend postoperativer Hirnbestrahlung. Die Rolle computertomographischer Untersuchungen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Thalacker, U.; Somogyi, A.; Nemeth, G. [Imre-Haynal-Univ. fuer Gesundheitswissenschaften, Strahlentherapeutischer Lehrstuhl, Budapest (Hungary); Liszka, G. [Staatliches Onkologisches Inst., Roentgendiagnostische Abt., Budapest (Hungary)

    1998-01-01

    ./MG) [Deutsch] Ziel unserer Untersuchungen war es festzustellen, inwieweit man ein waehrend einer postoperativen Hirnbestrahlung aufgetretenes Oedem und dessen Verlauf nach Diuretikagabe mit Hilfe von computertomographisch ermittelten HE-Werten (Houndsfield-Einheiten) verfolgen kann. In der ersten Untersuchungsserie wurden bei 75 Patienten (Alter 20 bis 65 Jahren; Patientegruppe 1) mit Zephalalgie die HE-Werte der nativen unveraenderten weissen Substanz bestimmt. In der zweiten Patientengruppe befanden sich 20 Patienten mit operierten Gehirntumoren bei denen von Strahlentherapie und nach 10, 20, 30, 40 und 50 Gy die HE-Werte bestimmt wurden. In der dritten Patientengruppe befanden sich 64 Patienten, die wegen eines Gehirntumors bereits operiert worden waren und nun einer postoperativen Radiatio unterzogen wurden. In der zweiten und dritten Patientengruppe wurden die Bestrahlungen teils mit Telekobalt, teils mit Photonen eines Linearbeschleunigers (6 und 9 MeV) durchgefuehrt. Bei der CT-Untersuchungen kam ein Siemens Somatom CR (125 kV, 450 mAs) mit einer Scan-Zeit von 5 s zur Anwendung. In der ersten Patientengruppe stellten wir keine Werte unter 30 HE in der weissen Substanz fest. Die Werte der zweiten Patientengruppe bewegten sich ohne Diuretikagabe zu Beginn der Bestrahlung zwischen 25 und 29 HE. Bei einem Abfall unter 25 HE traten Dauerkopfschmerz, Schwindel und Querulanz auf. In diesen Faellen wurde die diuretische Behandlung so lange gesteigert, bis wieder Werte von 25 bis 29 HE vorlagen. In derm18itten Patientengruppe stellten wir zu Beginn der Radiatio bei 47 von 64 Patienten Werte von 25 bis 29 HE fest. Obwohl jedem Patienten von Anfang an Furosemid verabreicht wurde, verringerten sich bei 28 Patienten die Werte auf 20 bis 24 HE. Eine Verbesserung konnte mit zusaetzlicher Gabe von Glyzerin per os erreicht werden. Daraufhin pendelten sich die Werte auf 25 bis 29 HE ein. Lediglich in einem Fall fielen die Werte unter 20 HE. Hier war eine zusaetzliche Gabe Mannit

  13. Medicinal gold compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Parish, R.V.; Cottrill, S.M.

    1987-01-01

    A major use of gold compounds in the pharmaceutical industry is for anti-arthritic agents. The disease itself is not understood and little is known about the way in which the drugs act, but detailed pictures of the distribution of gold in the body are available, and some of the relevant biochemistry is beginning to emerge. The purpose of this article is to give a survey of the types of compounds presently employed in medicine, of the distribution of gold in the body which results from their use, and of some relevant chemistry. Emphasis is placed on results obtained in the last few years

  14. Einige Beobachtungen an Anemonenfischen in der Karibischen See

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Albrecht, H.

    1977-01-01

    Unter Anemonenfischen verstehen wir hauptsächlich Arten der indopazifischen Gattung Amphiprion (Riffbarsche, Pomacentridae), die in Seeanemonen leben. Mariscal (1966) und neuerdings Allen (1975) haben die vielen Untersuchungen dieser Beziehung zusammengefasst. Aus der Literatur sind andere

  15. Nitrogen compounds behavior under irradiation environment

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ichikawa, Nagayoshi; Takagi, Junichi; Yotsuyanagi, Tadasu

    1991-01-01

    Laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate nitrogen compounds behavior in liquid phase under irradiation environments. Nitrogen compounds take a chemical form of ammonium ion under reducing condition by gamma irradiation, whereas ammonium ions are rather stable even under oxidizing conditions. Key reactions were pointed out and their reaction rate constants and activation energies were estimated through computer code simulation. A reaction scheme for nitrogen compounds including protonate reaction was proposed. (author)

  16. Thermodynamic analysis of a fuel-cell-system for automotive transportation; Thermodynamische Analyse eines Brennstoffzellensystems zum Antrieb von Kraftfahrzeugen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Berger, Oliver

    2009-09-28

    inclination angle profile of the Grossglockner mountain is followed on the test stand with a speed of 55 km/h without overheating of the cooling system. After optimization of the cooler design and positioning, the new vehicle was able to meet the specifications while the first of the two vehicles only achieved 35 km/h without overheating of the cooling system. Finally, a theoretical investigation identified the measures that should be taken to achieve sufficient cooling in countries with hot climates, e.g. the USA. It was found that it would be sufficient to raise the coolant temperature from 90 C to about 110 C to ensure good performance in these climate zones. (orig.) [German] Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die thermodynamische Analyse und Optimierung eines Brennstoffzellensystems zum Antrieb von Kraftfahrzeugen. Der Fokus ist im Wesentlichen auf die Kuehlung des Brennstoffzellenstapelmoduls gelegt, wobei aufgrund der Vielzahl an Schnittstellen zwischen der Kuehlung und den anderen Teilsystemen (Wasserstoff- und Luftversorgung) auch eine ganzheitlichere Betrachtung erforderlich ist. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchungen ist ein bestehendes Brennstoffzellenfahrzeug, anhand dessen in einem ersten Schritt experimentelle Untersuchungen auf Systempruefstaenden und im Klimawindkanal durchgefuehrt werden. Die gewonnenen Messdaten dienen zum einen der Darstellung des Ist-Zustands und zur Ermittlung des Grenzbereichs der Waermeabfuhr an die Umgebung ueber das Brennstoffzellen-Kuehlsystem. Zum anderen werden sie zur Validierung eines dynamischen Kuehlsystemsimulationsmodells herangezogen. Mittels dieses Simulationsmodells werden anschliessend im Rahmen von Sensitivitaetsanalysen die wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren zur Steigerung der Waermeabfuhr an die Umgebung ermittelt. Die daraufhin durchgefuehrten Optimierungen betreffen die Verschaltung der Systemkomponenten sowie deren Auslegung und Platzierung im Fahrzeugvorderwagen. Auf Basis dieser und weiterer Erkenntnisse wird ein weiteres

  17. Neoclassical compounds and final combining forms in English

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Díaz-Negrillo

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available English neoclassical compounds rely on a distinct vocabulary stock and present morphological features which raise a number of theoretical questions. Generalisations about neoclassical compounds are also problematic because the output is by no means homogeneous, that is, defining features of neoclassical compounds sometimes co-exist with features that are not prototypical of these formations. The paper looks at neoclassical compounds with a view to exploring patterns of morphological behaviour and development in this class of compounds. The approach is both synchronic and diachronic: it researches whether the morphological behaviour of recently formed compounds is different from that of earlier compounds and, if so, in which respects. This is assessed on data from the BNC with respect to some of the features that are cited in the literature as defining properties of neoclassical compounds, specifically, their internal configuration, the occurrence or not of a linking vowel, and their productivity.

  18. Support of the EMEP-project: European wide depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds as a consequence of sulphur, nitrogen oxides and ammonia emissions; Unterstuetzung der EMEP-Modellrechnungen: Europaweite Deposition schwefel- und stickstoffhaltiger Verbindungen als Folge der Emissionen von Schwefel, Stickoxiden und Ammoniak

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Krueger, O [GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH (Germany). Inst. fuer Physik; Grassl, H [Hamburg Univ. (Germany). Meteorologisches Inst.

    1994-11-01

    For the European long range transport model EMEP the parametrisations of dry and wet deposition were improved. The dry deposition of sulphur and ammonia was improved in the source grid element with a high resolution Eulerian model. The wet deposition was improved over sea areas. With satellite measurements of the SSM/I it was demonstrated, that a detailled treatment of precipitation processes in the Norwegian weather forecast model LAM50 with a prognostic equation for the cloud water content, in contrast to the routine version, provides more realistic precipitation fields for air pollution modeling. The agreement between modelled and observed concentrations of sulphur and nitrogen compounds in air and precipitation is within a range of 40 to 70%. The project was carried out at the Meteorological Institute in Oslo and at the GKSS-Research Centre Geesthacht. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wurden beim europaweiten Ausbreitungsmodell EMEP die Parametrisierungen der Trocken- und Nassdeposition verbessert. Bei der Trockendeposition wurde die Ablagerung von Schwefeldioxid und Ammoniak im Quellgitterelement mit einem hochaufloesenden Eulerschen Modell verbessert. Die Nassdeposition wurde ueber Seegebieten verbessert. Es konnte mit Satellitenmessungen des SSM/I nachgewiesen werden, dass die ausfuehrlichere Behandlung der Niederschlagsprozesse im norwegischen Wetterdienstmodell LAM50, anders als in seiner Routineversion, mit einer prognostischen Gleichung fuer den Wolkenwassergehalt realistischere Niederschlagshoehen fuer die Stofftransportmodellierung liefert. Vergleiche von Modellrechnungen und Messdaten zeigen fuer Schwefel- und Stickstoffverbindungen fuer Konzentrationen in der Luft und im Niederschlag Abweichungen von 40 bis 70%. Die Projektarbeiten wurden am Meteorologischen Institut in Oslo und am GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht durchgefuehrt. (orig.)

  19. Motor vehicles and internal combustion engines; Kraftfahrwesen und Verbrennungsmotoren

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bargende, M.; Wiedemann, J. [eds.

    1999-07-01

    The book comprises the papers presented at the 3rd Stuttgart symposium. It reviews the state of the art in science and engineering and outlines future perspectives in the fields of motor vehicles and internal combustion engines. As the conference, the book comprises three sections: 'Engines' on DI spark ignition engines and diesel engines, mixing, combustion and exhaust purification. 'Motor cars' discusses acoustics and aeroacoustics, aerodynamics and wind tunnel technology, comfort, driving gear and stability control. 'Motor vehicle systems' contains papers on thermomanagement, control and automation, real-time applications in motor car simulation, software tools in the control systems development process, and simulation in motor vehicle systems development. Finally, the plenary paper 'Fuel cells, a solution for non-polluting motor car drives' by Dr.-Ing. F. Panik is also contained in the book. [German] Das vorliegende Buch enthaelt die Vortraege des 3. Stuttgarter Symposiums. Es gibt einen Ueberblick ueber den aktuellen Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik und zeigt zukuenftige Perspektiven im Bereich Kraftfahrwesen und Verbrennungsmotoren. Entsprechend der Tagung gliedert sich das Buch in drei Teile. Teil 1 'Motoren' besteht aus Vortraegen ueber Ottomotoren mit Direkteinspritzung und Dieselmotoren, Gemischbildung, Verbrennung und Abgasnachbehandlung, Analyse, Simulation und Motorkomponenten. Teil 2 'Kraftfahrzeuge' enthaelt Arbeiten ueber Fahrzeugakustik und Aeroakustik, Fahrzeug-Aerodynamik und Windkanaltechnik, Fahrzeugkomfort, Fahrwerk und Fahrdynamik. Teil 3 'Kraftfahrzeugsystemtechnik' enthaelt Beitraege ueber Thermomanagement, Regelungs- und Automatisierungstechnik, Echtzeitanwendungen in der Kfz-Simulationstechnik, Softwaretools im Steuergeraete-Entwicklungsprozess und Simulation in der Kraftfahrzeug-Systementwicklung. Der abschliessende Plenarvortrag des Symposiums &apos

  20. Ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Helena Drmić

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Many novel and innovative techniques are nowadays researched and explored in order to replace or improve classical, thermal processing technologies. One of newer technique is technique of minimal food processing, under what we assume ultrasound processing. Ultrasound technology can be very useful for minimal food processing because transmission of acoustic energy through product is fast and complete, which allows reduction in total processing time, and therefore lower energy consumption. Industrial processing is growing more and more waste products, and in desire of preservation of global recourses and energy efficiency, several ways of active compounds extraction techniques are now explored. The goal is to implement novel extraction techniques in food and pharmaceutical industry as well in medicine. Ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds offers increase in yield, and reduction or total avoiding of solvent usage. Increase in temperature of treatment is controlled and restricted, thereby preserving extracted bioactive compounds. In this paper, several methods of ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials are shown. Ultrasound can improve classic mechanisms of extraction, and thereby offer novel possibilities of commercial extraction of desired compounds. Application of sonochemistry (ultrasound chemistry is providing better yield in desired compounds and reduction in treatment time.

  1. Influence of clouds on earth climate. Modellings, measurements, and data analyses within the framework of an interconnected project; Einfluss von Wolken auf das Klima der Erde. Modellierungen, Messungen, Datenanalysen im Rahmen eines Verbundprojektes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Grassl, H; Raschke, E

    1995-11-01

    At the beginning of the project there was considerable uncertainty as to the influence of clouds of all kinds on the energy budget of the atmosphere, the quantities and impact of aerosols, and, especially, the physics of high curl clouds. There was neither a possibility to model such cloud systems, nor did reliable measuring methods exist. This interconnected project contributed to the solution of these problems with the aim to create a solid basis of work for future climate researches. Simultaneously, measurements were carried out, satellite data analysed, aerosol data by different authors compiled and evaluated, and numerical simulations of cloud sheets carried out. (orig.) [Deutsch] Zu Beginn des Vorhabens herrschten erhebliche Unsicherheiten ueber den Einfluss von Wolken aller Arten auf den Energiehaushalt der Atmosphaere, ueber die Mengen und Wirkungen des Aerosols - und insbesondere ueber die Physik der hohen Cirren. Es gab keine Modelliermoeglichkeiten fuer solche Wolkensysteme - noch existierten zuverlaessige Messmoeglichkeiten. Das Verbundvorhaben sollte zur Loesung dieser Probleme beitragen mit dem Ziel, eine solide Arbeitsbasis fuer zukuenftige Aufgaben der Klimaforschung zu schaffen. Es wurden gleichzeitig Messungen durchgefuehrt, Satellitendaten analysiert, Aerosoldaten unterschiedlicher Autoren zusammengetragen und geprueft sowie numerische Simulationen von Wolkenfeldern durchgefuehrt. (orig.)

  2. Myanmar 1994 country report; Laenderbericht Myanmar 1994

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1994-09-01

    The `Laenderberichte` (country reports), published at irregular intervals, give detailed information on the economic and social structure and development of the country discussed. Extensive tables with a highly specific classification contain data on population and economics, also for longer periods of time. The data appear in a detailed text part with maps, illustrations and tables. There are tables on: Territory and population, health services, social affairs, education and culture, employment, agriculture and forestry, fishery, manufacturing industry, civil engineering, inland trade, external trade, transportation, money and credits, investments, prices and wages, supply and consumption, total balance of national economy. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die in unregelmaessiger Folge erscheinenden Laenderberichte vermitteln umfassende Informationen ueber die wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Struktur und Entwicklung des betreffenden Landes. In dem umfangreichen Tabellenteil werden tiefgegliederte Angaben ueber Bevoelkerung und Wirtschaft, auch mit laengeren Zeitreihen, veroeffentlicht. Das Zahlenmaterial wird in einem ausfuehrlichen Textteil mit eingefuegten Karten, Schaubildern und Tabellen analysiert. Sie enthalten Tabellen ueber: Gebiet und Bevoelkerung, Gesundheitswesen, Sozialwesen, Bildung und Kultur, Erwerbstaetigkeit, Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Fischerei, produzierendes Gewerbe, Bauwirtschaft, Binnenhandel, Aussenhandel, Verkehr, Geld und Kredit, Investitionen, Preise und Loehne, Versorgung und Verbrauch, volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen. (orig.)

  3. Experiments on the VERONA test facility on formation and decomposition of polyhalogenated dioxins and furans and other organic halogen compounds in the combustion process; Untersuchungen an der Technikumsanlage VERONA zur Bildung und zum Abbau von polyhalogenierten Dioxinen und Furanen und anderen Organohalogenverbindungen in Verbrennungsprozessen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schueler, D.

    2002-09-01

    The study examines measures to reduce dioxin formation in thermal waste treatment. The VERONA pilot plant (VErbrennungsanlage mit feststehendem ROst und getrennter NAchbrennkammer - incineration plant with stationary grate and separate post-combustion chamber) was developed to carry out practical experiments. The experiments were conducted using wood and propane as basic combustible materials and with controlled dosage of various bromine-, chlorine- and copper-containing compounds. The behaviour of the following compounds was studied in the combustion chamber, after the post-combustion chamber and after the heat exchanger: PCPh, PBrPh, PCBz, PBrBz, PCDD/F and PBDD/F. Experiments involving the variation of various primary measures (moisture content of combustible material, air supply, temperature in the combustion chamber, quality of post-combustion, quantities and structures of halogen compounds) have shown that the quality of post-combustion plays a much greater role than the other measures. For this reason, a search was launched for indicators which can be measured readily and by means of which the quality of post-combustion in terms of organohalide decomposition can be evaluated, and which correlate closely with the dioxin concentrations after the heat exchanger. It became apparent that the congeners of the chlorophenols and of the chlorobenzenes, measured in various incineration stages, are not suited, nor is the CO content. (orig.)

  4. Wind power project. Investigation of the habitat use of selected native small game species in the vicinity of wind power systems. Final report; Projekt Windkraftanlagen. Untersuchungen zur Raumnutzung ausgewaehlter heimischer Niederwildarten im Bereich von Windkraftanlagen. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Pohlmeyer, K.; Menzel, C.

    2001-04-01

    Acting on behalf of the State Hunting Association of Lower Saxony the Game Research Institute (IWFo) of Hannover Veterinary University carried out a three-year study from April 1998 through March 2001 on the habitat use of selected native small game species in the vicinity of aerogenerators. This final report depicts the animals' preferred places, use of agricultural land, avoidance radius, if any, their activities and exposure to predator pressure. The target species were roe deer, hare, red fox, partridge and carrion crow. The study was carried out in Lower Saxony and Bremen on a total study area of 22.3 km{sup 2}, comprising four areas with running aerogenerators and five control areas without an aerogenerator. All parameters were studied in terms of a comparison between aerogenerator and control areas. The objective was to identify differences in population, use of space and habitat and in behaviour. [German] Am Institut fuer Wildtierforschung an der Tieraerztlichen Hochschule Hannover (IWFo) wurde im Auftrag der Landesjaegerschaft Niedersachsen (LJN) in einer dreijaehrigen Studie von April 1998 bis Maerz 2001 die Raumnutzung ausgewaehlter heimischer Niederwildarten im Bereich von Windkraftanlagen (WKA) untersucht. Im Weiteren wurden Aufenthaltspraeferenzen, Nutzung der landwirtschaftlichen Flaechen, moegliche Naeherungslimits und Aktivitaeten der Wildarten sowie der Beutegreiferdruck dargestellt. Zielarten der Studie waren Rehwild, Feldhase, Rotfuchs, Rebhuhn und Rabenkraehen. Die Untersuchungen wurden in vier Gebieten mit in Betrieb befindlichen WKA sowie in fuenf Referenzgebieten ohne WKA in Niedersachsen und Bremen auf einer Flaeche von insgesamt 22,3 km{sup 2} durchgefuehrt. Alle Parameter wurden vergleichend fuer die WKA- und Referenzgebiete betrachtet. Moegliche Unterschiede im Besatz bzw. Bestand, in Raum- und Habitatnutzung sowie im Verhalten wurden herausgearbeitet. (orig.)

  5. Environmental medicine field studies in the Bitterfeld and Hettstedt districts and in a control district. 1992-1994. Data book; Umweltmedizinische Untersuchungen im Raum Bitterfeld, im Raum Hettstedt und einem Vergleichsgebiet. 1992-1994. Data Book

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Heinrich, J; Popescu, M; Wjst, M; Trepka, M J; Cyrys, J; Wichmann, H E

    1995-03-01

    For the purpose of establishing an inventory of environmental medicine data for the eastern Lands of Germany (of the former GDR), field studies have been carried out in the strongly polluted districts of Bitterfeld and Hettstedt and in a low-pollution control district, around Zerbst. The data were intended to reveal the environmental pollution level in various districts and regions, and to indicate regions of priority for immediate research activities to be initiated. The report covers the results compiled in the first project period, in 1992 and 1993. The data presented are for the most part tabulated data taken from the Final Report of the Bitterfeld Study (Heinrich et al.; 1994). Some tables of immunological parameters have been modified. These data are supplemented by data on internal heavy metal concentrations. The data refer to the anamnesis, especially of respiratory tract disease or allergies, complaints and symptoms, lung functional data, allergiologic findings, hematologic data (only of infants and children), immunologic parameters, and heavy metal accumulations. (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer eine Bestandsaufnahme der umweltmedizinischen Forschung in der DDR, die Herausarbeitung von regionalen Umweltbelastungsschwerpunkten und die Darstellung des akuten Foerderungsbedarfs wurden umweltmedizinische Untersuchungen in den hochbelasteten Regionen Bitterfeld und Hettstedt sowie im gering belasteten Vergleichsgebiet Zerbst durchgefuehrt. Die vorliegende Zusammenstellung bezieht sich auf die Ergebnisse der ersten Untersuchungsetappe in den Jahren 1992/93. Es werden Daten tabellarisch zusammengestellt, die in dem Abschlussbericht der `Bitterfeld-Studie` (Heinrich, et al.; 1994) enthalten sind. Einzelne Tabellen zu immunologischen Parametern wurden modifiziert. Zusaetzlich werden die Daten durch die interne Schwermetallbelastung ergaenzt. So wird Bezug genommen auf die Krankengeschichte, speziell von Atemwegserkrankungen und Allergien, Beschwerden und Symptomen, auf

  6. 58th report of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rhein-Wasserwerke e.V. (ARW). Annual report 2001; 58. Bericht der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rhein-Wasserwerke e.V. (ARW). Jahresbericht 2001

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-07-01

    This annual report focuses on Rhine water quality from the view of water treatment for drinking. While the 'classic' parameters, i.e. nutrients, salts, heavy metals, summary organic substance parameters have reached have reached a more or less satisfactory and stable level, there are always enhanced concentrations or new compounds of anthropogenic zenobiotics. [German] Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rhein-Wasserwerke e.V. (ARW) legt hiermit ihren 58. Jahresbericht vor, in dem ueber ihre Taetigkeiten, Ergebnisse aus dem Untersuchungsprogramm der Rhein-Wasserwerke and aktuelle Fragestellungen berichtet wird. In diesem Jahrsbericht wird wiederum schwerpunktmaessig auf die Beschaffenheit des Rheinwassers unter dem Aspekt der Trinkwassergewinnung eingegangen. Waehrend bei den klassischen Parametern (Naehrstoffe, Salze, Schwermetalle, summarische organische Messgroessen) inzwischen ein ueberwiegend guter chemischer Zustand erreicht ist, werden bei den anthropogenen xenobiotischen Einzelstoffen immer wieder erhoehte Konzentrationen oder 'neue' Verbindungen im Rhein entdeckt. (orig.)

  7. Studies on the turnover and properties of dump groundwaters in brown coal mining areas and possibilities of influencing them. Final report; Untersuchungen zum Stoffumsatz und zur Beschaffenheit der Kippengrundwaesser in Braunkohlebergbaugebieten und Moeglichkeiten zu deren Beeinflussung. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Katzur, J.; Liebner, F.; Liebner, C.; Welzel, H.P.; Hettrich, K.

    2001-07-01

    Only 6 days after the increase in pH with water saturation the concentration of iron in the pore water of the T1 sediment had dropped to a low value, 70% of which was accounted for by Fe(II). This is probably due to the almost complete precipitation of Fe(III) caused by the high pH values. Compared with the untreated variant the lowering of pH in the further course of the experiment led to a slight Fe(III) mobilisation and hence, through interaction with other reduction processes, to erratic changes in the share of Fe(II) in total Fe. Although this sediment showed a relatively low iron concentration a comparison showed that higher pH values and incubation temperatures have an influence on microbial iron reduction. [German] Im Porenwasser des Sedimentes T1 lag Eisen bereits 6 Tage nach pH-Erhoehung und Wassersaettigung nur noch in geringer Konzentration und zu ueber 70% als Fe(II) vor. Dies ist vermutlich in erster Linie auf die nahezu vollstaendige Ausfaellung von Fe(III) infolge der hohen pH-Werte zurueckzufuehren. Im weiteren Versuchsverlauf fuehrte das Absinken der pH-Werte zu einer im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Variante geringfuegigen Fe(III)-Mobilisierung und damit in Wechselwirkung mit ablaufenden Reduktionsprozessen zu unstetigen Veraenderungen in den Anteilen Fe(II) an Fe{sub ges}. Obwohl in diesem Sediment nur vergleichsweise niedrige Eisenkonzentrationen vorliegen, ergab ein Vergleich, dass hoehere pH-Werte und Inkubationtemperaturen die mikrobielle Eisenreduktion beeinflussen. (orig.)

  8. Drug-likeness analysis of traditional Chinese medicines: 2. Characterization of scaffold architectures for drug-like compounds, non-drug-like compounds, and natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicines.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tian, Sheng; Li, Youyong; Wang, Junmei; Xu, Xiaojie; Xu, Lei; Wang, Xiaohong; Chen, Lei; Hou, Tingjun

    2013-01-21

    In order to better understand the structural features of natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicines, the scaffold architectures of drug-like compounds in MACCS-II Drug Data Report (MDDR), non-drug-like compounds in Available Chemical Directory (ACD), and natural compounds in Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound Database (TCMCD) were explored and compared. First, the different scaffolds were extracted from ACD, MDDR and TCMCD by using three scaffold representations, including Murcko frameworks, Scaffold Tree, and ring systems with different complexity and side chains. Then, by examining the accumulative frequency of the scaffolds in each dataset, we observed that the Level 1 scaffolds of the Scaffold Tree offer advantages over the other scaffold architectures to represent the scaffold diversity of the compound libraries. By comparing the similarity of the scaffold architectures presented in MDDR, ACD and TCMCD, structural overlaps were observed not only between MDDR and TCMCD but also between MDDR and ACD. Finally, Tree Maps were used to cluster the Level 1 scaffolds of the Scaffold Tree and visualize the scaffold space of the three datasets. The analysis of the scaffold architectures of MDDR, ACD and TCMCD shows that, on average, drug-like molecules in MDDR have the highest diversity while natural compounds in TCMCD have the highest complexity. According to the Tree Maps, it can be observed that the Level 1 scaffolds present in MDDR have higher diversity than those presented in TCMCD and ACD. However, some representative scaffolds in MDDR with high frequency show structural similarities to those in TCMCD and ACD, suggesting that some scaffolds in TCMCD and ACD may be potentially drug-like fragments for fragment-based and de novo drug design.

  9. Data-Driven Derivation of an "Informer Compound Set" for Improved Selection of Active Compounds in High-Throughput Screening.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Paricharak, Shardul; IJzerman, Adriaan P; Jenkins, Jeremy L; Bender, Andreas; Nigsch, Florian

    2016-09-26

    Despite the usefulness of high-throughput screening (HTS) in drug discovery, for some systems, low assay throughput or high screening cost can prohibit the screening of large numbers of compounds. In such cases, iterative cycles of screening involving active learning (AL) are employed, creating the need for smaller "informer sets" that can be routinely screened to build predictive models for selecting compounds from the screening collection for follow-up screens. Here, we present a data-driven derivation of an informer compound set with improved predictivity of active compounds in HTS, and we validate its benefit over randomly selected training sets on 46 PubChem assays comprising at least 300,000 compounds and covering a wide range of assay biology. The informer compound set showed improvement in BEDROC(α = 100), PRAUC, and ROCAUC values averaged over all assays of 0.024, 0.014, and 0.016, respectively, compared to randomly selected training sets, all with paired t-test p-values agnostic fashion. This approach led to a consistent improvement in hit rates in follow-up screens without compromising scaffold retrieval. The informer set is adjustable in size depending on the number of compounds one intends to screen, as performance gains are realized for sets with more than 3,000 compounds, and this set is therefore applicable to a variety of situations. Finally, our results indicate that random sampling may not adequately cover descriptor space, drawing attention to the importance of the composition of the training set for predicting actives.

  10. Combined heat and power generation. A guide for towns and communities, trade and industry; Kraft-Waerme-Kopplung. Ein Leitfaden fuer Staedte und Gemeinden, Gewerbe und Industrie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-07-01

    The brochure describes the cogeneration technology and explains its advantages. Fields of application and potential users are characterized. The technical and economic prospects are outlined, as well as the cost-profit ratios and the chances and problems of this technology. [German] Die vorliegende Broschuere will dem Leser einen Ueberblick ueber die Thematik der KWK geben und einen Beitrag zu ihrer Foerderung leisten. Die Broschuere will: - Ueber KWK informieren, - die Vorteile der KWK erlaeutern, - die Anwendungsfelder und die moeglichen Anwender charakterisieren, - die technisch-wirtschaftlichen Moeglichkeiten fuer die Nutzung der kW aufzeigen, - die Kosten-Nutzen-Relationen und die wirtschaftlichen Chancen und Probleme der KWK verdeutlichen. (orig.)

  11. Akademie fuer Technikfolgenabschaetzung in Baden-Wuerttemberg. Yearbook 2001; Akademie fuer Technikfolgenabschaetzung in Baden-Wuerttemberg. Jahrbuch 2001

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2002-07-01

    This report of activities gives an overview of the work of the academy and its staff during the two-year period of report, outlines the subject areas and on-going projects in order to point out the current emphasis of the work, and indicates the direction of future activities. (orig./GL) [German] Das vorliegende Jahrbuch soll mit der Berichterstattung ueber Arbeiten und Aktivitaeten einen Ueberblick ueber die Taetigkeit der Akademie und ihrer Mitarbeiter waehrend der letzten zehn Jahre vermitteln, mit der Darstellung der Themenfelder und der laufenden Projekte die heutigen Arbeitsschwerpunkte deutlich machen und so auch Hinweise auf die kuenftige Weiterarbeit geben. (orig./GL)

  12. Heating technology: Listen to where the music is playing; Heiztechnik: Hier spielt die Musik

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anon.

    1996-12-31

    The choice between an oil-fired and a gas-fired heating system is often not a matter of task but simply of which energy carrier happens to be available. The present article therefore provides information in equal depth on both types of heating system and explains their respective strong and weak points. In this context it also discusses possible future developments. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ueber die Anschaffung einer oel- oder gasbefeuerten Heizung entscheidet haeufig nicht die persoenliche Sympathie, sondern schlicht und ergreifend die Verfuegbarkeit des Energietraegers. Wir wollen Sie deshalb gleichermassen ausfuehrlich ueber beide Heizsysteme informieren und dabei die jeweiligen Staerken und Schwaechen herausarbeiten und einen Blick in die Zukunft werfen. (orig.)

  13. Thermal conductivity of REIn3 compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mucha, J

    2006-01-01

    The results of measurements of the thermal conductivity of REIn 3 (RE Pr, Nd, Dy, Ho, Tm) compounds as a function of the temperature in the interval 4-300 K in the absence and in the presence of an external magnetic field of 8 T are presented. Except for PRIn 3 all the compounds are antiferromagnetic. YIn 3 was also measured as a reference compound. The results were analysed in the paramagnetic phase, where an influence of the crystalline electric field on the thermal conductivity was found. Drastic changes in the thermal conductivity were observed and analysed in the vicinity of the Neel temperature and in the antiferromagnetic phases of the compounds. Below the Neel temperature an additional magnon contribution to the thermal conductivity was separated out

  14. Compound Option Pricing under Fuzzy Environment

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Xiandong Wang

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Considering the uncertainty of a financial market includes two aspects: risk and vagueness; in this paper, fuzzy sets theory is applied to model the imprecise input parameters (interest rate and volatility. We present the fuzzy price of compound option by fuzzing the interest and volatility in Geske’s compound option pricing formula. For each α, the α-level set of fuzzy prices is obtained according to the fuzzy arithmetics and the definition of fuzzy-valued function. We apply a defuzzification method based on crisp possibilistic mean values of the fuzzy interest rate and fuzzy volatility to obtain the crisp possibilistic mean value of compound option price. Finally, we present a numerical analysis to illustrate the compound option pricing under fuzzy environment.

  15. Structure Modification of an Active Azo-Compound as a Route to New Antimicrobial Compounds

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Simona Concilio

    2017-05-01

    Full Text Available Some novel (phenyl-diazenylphenols 3a–g were designed and synthesized to be evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. A previously synthesized molecule, active against bacteria and fungi, was used as lead for modifications and optimization of the structure, by introduction/removal or displacement of hydroxyl groups on the azobenzene rings. The aim of this work was to evaluate the consequent changes of the antimicrobial activity and to validate the hypothesis that, for these compounds, a plausible mechanism could involve an interaction with protein receptors, rather than an interaction with membrane. All newly synthesized compounds were analyzed by 1H-NMR, DSC thermal analysis and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The in vitro minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC of each compound was determined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Compounds 3b and 3g showed the highest activity against S. aureus and C. albicans, with remarkable MIC values of 10 µg/mL and 3 µg/mL, respectively. Structure-activity relationship studies were capable to rationalize the effect of different substitutions on the phenyl ring of the azobenzene on antimicrobial activity.

  16. Magnesium compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kramer, D.A.

    2007-01-01

    Seawater and natural brines accounted for about 52 percent of U.S. magnesium compounds production in 2006. Dead-burned magnesia was produced by Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties from well brines in Michigan. Caustic-calcined magnesia was recovered from sea-water by Premier Chemicals in Florida; from well brines in Michigan by Martin Marietta and Rohm and Haas; and from magnesite in Nevada by Premier Chemicals. Intrepid Potash-Wendover and Great Salt Lake Minerals recovered magnesium chloride brines from the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Magnesium hydroxide was produced from brucite by Applied Chemical Magnesias in Texas, from seawater by SPI Pharma in Delaware and Premier Chemicals in Florida, and by Martin Marietta and Rohm and Haas from their operations mentioned above. About 59 percent of the magnesium compounds consumed in the United States was used for refractories that are used mainly to line steelmaking furnaces. The remaining 41 percent was consumed in agricultural, chemical, construction, environmental and industrial applications.

  17. Prediction model of biocrude yield and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds analysis by hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with model compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sheng, Lili; Wang, Xin; Yang, Xiaoyi

    2018-01-01

    The model of biocrude yield and the nitrogen heterocyclic compounds in biocrude of microalgae hydrothermal liquefaction are two of the most concerned issues in this field at present. This study explored a hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude yield model involved in the interaction among biochemical compounds in microalgae and analysed nitrogen heterocyclic compounds in biocrude. The model compound (castor oil, soya protein and glucose) and Nanochloropsis were liquefied at 280°C for 1h. The products were analyzed by GC-MS, element analysis and FTIR. The results suggested that interactions among different components in microalgae enhanced biocrude yield. The biocrude yield prediction model involved cross-interactions performed more accurate than previous models.When the ratio of protein and carbohydrate around 3, the cross-interaction and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds in biocrude would both reach the highest extent. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  18. Separation of compounds differing in isotopic composition

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sievers, R.E.; Brooks, J.J.

    1975-01-01

    Compounds differing in isotopic composition are separated by introducing a mixture of the compounds into a chromatographic column containing a lanthanide chelate as a stationary phase and eluting from the column a fraction that is at least enriched with one of the compounds of the mixture. (U.S.)

  19. Compound Wiretap Channels

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kramer Gerhard

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available Abstract This paper considers the compound wiretap channel, which generalizes Wyner's wiretap model to allow the channels to the (legitimate receiver and to the eavesdropper to take a number of possible states. No matter which states occur, the transmitter guarantees that the receiver decodes its message and that the eavesdropper is kept in full ignorance about the message. The compound wiretap channel can also be viewed as a multicast channel with multiple eavesdroppers, in which the transmitter sends information to all receivers and keeps the information secret from all eavesdroppers. For the discrete memoryless channel, lower and upper bounds on the secrecy capacity are derived. The secrecy capacity is established for the degraded channel and the semideterministic channel with one receiver. The parallel Gaussian channel is further studied. The secrecy capacity and the secrecy degree of freedom ( are derived for the degraded case with one receiver. Schemes to achieve the for the case with two receivers and two eavesdroppers are constructed to demonstrate the necessity of a prefix channel in encoder design. Finally, the multi-antenna (i.e., MIMO compound wiretap channel is studied. The secrecy capacity is established for the degraded case and an achievable is given for the general case.

  20. Genetiese parameters van speenkafrf^ eienskappe by ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Genetiese en. Omgewingsparameters van 'n VIeisraskudde. Ph.D.-tesis,. Univ. van die Oranje-Vrystaat. VAN MARLE, J., 1964. Untersuchungen tiber Einfltisse von. Umwelt und Erbanlage auf die Gewichtsentwicklung von. Fleischrinden unter extensiven Weidebedingungen der. Versuchstation Armoedsvlakte in Stidafrika.

  1. Compound-specific radiocarbon analysis - Analytical challenges and applications

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mollenhauer, G.; Rethemeyer, J.

    2009-01-01

    Within the last decades, techniques have become available that allow measurement of isotopic compositions of individual organic compounds (compound-specific isotope measurements). Most often the carbon isotopic composition of these compounds is studied, including stable carbon (δ13C) and radiocarbon (Δ14C) measurements. While compound-specific stable carbon isotope measurements are fairly simple, and well-established techniques are widely available, radiocarbon analysis of specific organic compounds is a more challenging method. Analytical challenges include difficulty obtaining adequate quantities of sample, tedious and complicated laboratory separations, the lack of authentic standards for measuring realistic processing blanks, and large uncertainties in values of Δ14C at small sample sizes. The challenges associated with sample preparation for compound-specific Δ14C measurements will be discussed in this contribution. Several years of compound-specific radiocarbon analysis have revealed that in most natural samples, purified organic compounds consist of heterogeneous mixtures of the same compound. These mixtures could derive from multiple sources, each having a different initial reservoir age but mixed in the same terminal reservoir, from a single source but mixed after deposition, or from a prokaryotic organism using variable carbon sources including mobilization of ancient carbon. These processes not only represent challenges to the interpretation of compound-specific radiocarbon data, but provide unique tools for the understanding of biogeochemical and sedimentological processes influencing the preserved organic geochemical records in marine sediments. We will discuss some examples where compound-specific radiocarbon analysis has provided new insights for the understanding of carbon source utilization and carbon cycling.

  2. Separation of compounds differing in isotopic composition

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sievers, R.E.; Brooks, J.J.

    1976-01-01

    Compounds differing in isotopic composition are separated by introducing a mixture of the compounds into a chromatographic column containing a lanthanide chelate as a stationary phase and eluting from the column a fraction which is at least enriched with one of the compounds of the mixture. 17 claims, no drawings

  3. Mini-review: Molecular mechanisms of antifouling compounds

    KAUST Repository

    Qian, Pei-Yuan

    2013-04-01

    Various antifouling (AF) coatings have been developed to protect submerged surfaces by deterring the settlement of the colonizing stages of fouling organisms. A review of the literature shows that effective AF compounds with specific targets are ones often considered non-toxic. Such compounds act variously on ion channels, quorum sensing systems, neurotransmitters, production/release of adhesive, and specific enzymes that regulate energy production or primary metabolism. In contrast, AF compounds with general targets may or may not act through toxic mechanisms. These compounds affect a variety of biological activities including algal photosynthesis, energy production, stress responses, genotoxic damage, immunosuppressed protein expression, oxidation, neurotransmission, surface chemistry, the formation of biofilms, and adhesive production/release. Among all the targets, adhesive production/release is the most common, possibly due to a more extensive research effort in this area. Overall, the specific molecular targets and the molecular mechanisms of most AF compounds have not been identified. Thus, the information available is insufficient to draw firm conclusions about the types of molecular targets to be used as sensitive biomarkers for future design and screening of compounds with AF potential. In this review, the relevant advantages and disadvantages of the molecular tools available for studying the molecular targets of AF compounds are highlighted briefly and the molecular mechanisms of the AF compounds, which are largely a source of speculation in the literature, are discussed. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

  4. Polymer compound

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    1995-01-01

    A Polymer compound comprising a polymer (a) that contains cyclic imidesgroups and a polymer (b) that contains monomer groups with a 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine side group. According to the formula (see formula) whereby themole percentage ratio of the cyclic imides groups in the polymer compoundwith

  5. Butyl Rubber: Compound Development and Characterization

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Sloan, James

    2000-01-01

    ...), to develop the standard butyl rubber compound. The strategy of this work was to compound- and compression-mold high-quality, uniform butyl rubber experimental sheets and to evaluate their cure properties, mechanical properties...

  6. Radioactive decay and labeled compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Anon.

    1991-01-01

    This chapter on radioactive decay and labeled compounds has numerous intext equations and worked, sample problems. Topics covered include the following: terms and mathematics of radioactive decay; examples of calculations; graphs of decay equations; radioactivity or activity; activity measurements; activity decay; half-life determinations; labeled compounds. A 20 problem set is also included. 1 ref., 4 figs., 1 tab

  7. Microbial growth on C1 compounds: proceedings

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Crawford, R.L.; Hanson, R.S.

    1984-01-01

    This book contains individual papers prepared for the 4th International Symposium on Microbial Growth on One Carbon Compounds. Individual reports were abstracted and indexed for EDB. Topics presented were in the areas of the physiology and biochemistry of autotraps, physiology and biochemistry of methylotrophs and methanotrops, physiology and biochemistry of methanogens, genetics of microbes that use C 1 compounds, taxonomy and ecology of microbes tht grow on C 1 compounds, applied aspects of microbes that grow on C 1 compounds, and new directions in C 1 metabolism. (DT)

  8. IRIS Toxicological Review of Thallium and Compounds ...

    Science.gov (United States)

    Thallium compounds are used in the semiconductor industry, the manufacture of optic lenses and low-melting glass, low-temperature thermometers, alloys, electronic devices, mercury lamps, fireworks, and imitation germs, and clinically as an imaging agent in the diagnosis of certain tumors. EPA's assessment of noncancer health effects and carcinogenic potential of thallium compounds was last prepared and added to the IRIS database between 1988 and 1990. The IRIS program is preparing an assessment that will incorporate current health effects information available for thallium and compounds, and current risk assessment methods. The IRIS assessment for thallium compounds will consist of a Toxicological Review and IRIS Summary. The Toxicological Review is a critical review of the physiochemical and toxicokinetic properties of a chemical, and its toxicity in humans and experimental systems. The assessment will present reference values for the noncancer effects of thallium compounds (RfD and Rfc), and a cancer assessment. The Toxicological Review and IRIS Summary have been subject to Agency review, Interagency review, and external scientific peer review. The final product will reflect the Agency opinion on the overall toxicity of thallium and compounds. EPA is undertaking an Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) health assessment for thallium and compounds. IRIS is an EPA database containing Agency scientific positions on potential adverse human health effec

  9. Spin polarization in rare earth intermetallic compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Steenwijk, F.J. van

    1976-01-01

    In this thesis the results of Moessbauer experiments performed on a series of intermetallic compounds of europium and gadolinium are reported. For each of these compounds the magnetic hyperfine field, the electric field gradient at the nuclear site and the isomer shift were determined. For most of the compounds the magnetic ordering temperature was also measured. For some of the europium compounds (e.g. EuAu 5 , EuAg 5 , and EuCu 5 ) it could be derived from the measurements that the easy direction of magnetization falls along the crystallographic c-axis. In a number of compounds (e.g. EuCu 5 , EuZn 5 , EuAu 2 and GdCu 5 ), the various contributions to the magnetic hyperfine field were disentangled by the investigation of suitable pseudobinary compounds that are dilute in Eu. The neighbour contribution Hsub(N) and the paramagnetic Curie temperature thetasub(p) were compared with each other in terms of the RKKY model for EuCu 5 and GdCu 5 . Since the correspondence was found to be poor it was concluded that the magnetic behaviour in these compounds cannot be described by a simple free electron picture as is the basis for the RKKY model

  10. Prediction of intermetallic compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Burkhanov, Gennady S; Kiselyova, N N

    2009-01-01

    The problems of predicting not yet synthesized intermetallic compounds are discussed. It is noted that the use of classical physicochemical analysis in the study of multicomponent metallic systems is faced with the complexity of presenting multidimensional phase diagrams. One way of predicting new intermetallics with specified properties is the use of modern processing technology with application of teaching of image recognition by the computer. The algorithms used most often in these methods are briefly considered and the efficiency of their use for predicting new compounds is demonstrated.

  11. On new paths. Hitchhiker's guide through beryllium chemistry; Auf neuen Pfaden. Per Anhalter durch die Berylliumchemie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Naglav, Dominik; Bendt, Georg; Schulz, Stephan [Duisburg-Essen Univ., Essen (Germany). Fakultaet fuer Chemie; Buchner, Magnus R.; Kraus, Florian [Marburg Univ. (Germany). Anorganische Chemie, Fluorchemie

    2016-08-26

    This short essay is intended as an introduction to all less experienced people in the field of beryllium chemistry. Current research findings on the toxicity of the element and its compounds are reviewed and various basic and necessary orientation aids for safe and correct handling in modern chemical research laboratories are presented. Phenomenological observations concerning the uniqueness of the element and its chemistry are communicated and placed in the historical context. We summarize many contributions and experiences of passionate scientists in this field. It is a matter of heart for us that our fellow students critically question and rethink the reservations about beryllium and their connections built up over generations, thus initiating a new era of intensive research into this scorned element. Who in the world should be able to manage beryllium and its connections more safely and more expertly than we do chemists? [German] Dieser Kurzaufsatz soll eine Einfuehrung fuer alle weniger Erfahrenen auf dem Gebiet der Berylliumchemie darstellen. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse ueber die Giftigkeit des Elements und seiner Verbindungen werden rezensiert und diverse grundlegende und noetige Orientierungshilfen fuer die sichere und richtige Handhabung in modernen chemischen Forschungslaboren vorgestellt. Phaenomenologische Beobachtungen bezueglich der Einzigartigkeit des Elements und seiner Chemie werden mitgeteilt und in den historischen Kontext gestellt. Wir fassen viele Beitraege und Erfahrungen von auf diesem Gebiet leidenschaftlich taetigen Wissenschaftlern zusammen. Es ist uns ein Herzensanliegen, dass unsere Kommilitonen die ueber Generationen aufgebauten Vorbehalte gegenueber Beryllium und seinen Verbindungen kritisch hinterfragen und ueberdenken und so eine neue Aera intensiver Forschung zu diesem verschmaehten Element eingeleitet wird. Wer in aller Welt soll denn das Beryllium und seine Verbindungen sicherer und fachkundiger handhaben koennen als wir

  12. Food applications of natural antimicrobial compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lucera, Annalisa; Costa, Cristina; Conte, Amalia; Del Nobile, Matteo A.

    2012-01-01

    In agreement with the current trend of giving value to natural and renewable resources, the use of natural antimicrobial compounds, particularly in food and biomedical applications, becomes very frequent. The direct addition of natural compounds to food is the most common method of application, even if numerous efforts have been made to find alternative solutions to the aim of avoiding undesirable inactivation. Dipping, spraying, and coating treatment of food with active solutions are currently applied to product prior to packaging as valid options. The aim of the current work is to give an overview on the use of natural compounds in food sector. In particular, the review will gather numerous case-studies of meat, fish, dairy products, minimally processed fruit and vegetables, and cereal-based products where these compounds found application. PMID:23060862

  13. Food applications of natural antimicrobial compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lucera, Annalisa; Costa, Cristina; Conte, Amalia; Del Nobile, Matteo A

    2012-01-01

    In agreement with the current trend of giving value to natural and renewable resources, the use of natural antimicrobial compounds, particularly in food and biomedical applications, becomes very frequent. The direct addition of natural compounds to food is the most common method of application, even if numerous efforts have been made to find alternative solutions to the aim of avoiding undesirable inactivation. Dipping, spraying, and coating treatment of food with active solutions are currently applied to product prior to packaging as valid options. The aim of the current work is to give an overview on the use of natural compounds in food sector. In particular, the review will gather numerous case-studies of meat, fish, dairy products, minimally processed fruit and vegetables, and cereal-based products where these compounds found application.

  14. Food applications of natural antimicrobial compounds

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Matteo Alessandro eDel Nobile

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available In agreement with the current trend of giving value to natural and renewable resources, the use of natural antimicrobial compounds, particularly in food and biomedical applications, becomes very frequent. The direct addition of natural compounds to food is the most common method of application, even if numerous efforts have been made to find alternative solutions to the aim of avoiding undesirable inactivation. Dipping, spraying and coating treatment of food with active solutions are currently applied to product prior to packaging as valid options. The aim of the current work is to give an overview on the use of natural compounds in food sector. In particular, the review will gather numerous case-studies of meat, fish, dairy products, minimally processed fruit and vegetables and cereal-based products where these compounds found application.

  15. Examination of the somatostatin receptor status in non-medullary thyroid cancer; Untersuchungen zum Somatostatinrezeptor-Status bei nicht-medullaeren Schilddruesenkarzinomen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Goerges, R.; Brandt-Mainz, K.; Bockisch, A. [Essen Univ. (Gesamthochschule) (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin; Kahaly, G. [Mainz Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Medizin - Endokrinologie und Stoffwechselerkrankungen; Mueller-Brand, J.; Maecke, H. [Kantonsspital Basel (Switzerland). Inst. fuer Nuklearmedizin; Walgenbach, S. [Mainz Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Allgemein- und Abdominalchirurgie; Bruns, C. [Praeklinische Forschung Novartis, Basel (Switzerland); Andreas, J. [Universitaetsklinik Mainz (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin

    1999-06-01

    Aim: Recent in-vitro and in-vivo studies demonstrated a somatostatin receptor expression in some non-medullary thyroid carcinomas. In this study we investigated the somatostatin receptor status for this particular tumor entity in a larger patient group. Subject and methods: We compared 131-iodine with 111-In-pentetreotide scans in 24 patients with metastasizing, non-medullary thyroid cancer. The findings were correlated with other imaging modalities. Additionally, we performed receptor autoradiography in one patient, octreotide therapy in another patient and administration of 90-Y- and 111-In-DOTATOC in 2 consecutive patients. Results: In the 15 patients with papillary or follicular carcinoma, 111-In-pentetreotide was inferior to 131-I in 8/15, equal in 1/15, and superior in 6/15 patients. In 8/9 of the patients with Huerthle cell cacinoma, metastases showed a 111-In-pentetreotide accumulation of various intensity, while 131-iodine scans were negative except for one patient. 111-In-pentetreotide was equal or superior compared to 201-Tl or 99m-Tc-sestamibi, but for the most part inferior in comparison with 18-F-FDG-PET. The findings of 111-In-pentetreotide scintigraphy correlated well with the receptor autoradiography and the accumulation of DOTATOC, but not with the therapeutic effect of `cold` octreotide on the thyroid cancer metastases. Conclusions: Several metastases of papillary and follicular carcinoma, and the majority of Huerthle cell cancer metastases can express somatostatin receptors. 111-In-pentetreotide scintigraphy is a promising tool for localization of metastases especially in Huerthle cell cancer or if PET is not available, and may be useful for selection of possible candidates, if therapeutic effective {beta}-emitting somatostatin analogues will be available for routine application. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ziel: in aktuellen In-vitro und In-vivo-Untersuchungen wurde eine Somatostatinrezeptor-Expression bei einigen nicht

  16. Biochemical studies on certain biologically active nitrogenous compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Abdel kader, S.M.; El Sayed, M.M.; El Malt, E.A.; Shaker, E.S.; Abdel Aziz, H.G.

    2010-01-01

    Certain biologically active nitrogenous compounds such as alkaloids are widely distributed in many wild and medicinal plants such as peganum harmala L. (Phycophyllaceae). However, less literature cited on the natural compounds was extracted from the aerial parts of this plant; therefore this study was conducted on harmal leaves using several solvents. Data indicated that methanol extract was the inhibitoriest effect against some pathogenic bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pyogenus. Chromatographic separation illustrated that presence of four compounds; the most active one was the third compound (3). Elementary analysis (C, H, N) revealed that the primary chemical structure of the active antibacterial compound (C3) was: C17 H21 N3 O7 S with molecular weight 411. Spectroscopic analysis proved that coninical structure was = 1- thioformyl, 8?- D glucoperanoside- Bis- 2, 3 dihydroisopyridino pyrrol. This new compound is represented as a noval ?- carboline alkaloid compound

  17. Multi-Phase Equilibrium and Solubilities of Aromatic Compounds and Inorganic Compounds in Sub- and Supercritical Water: A Review.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Qinli; Ding, Xin; Du, Bowen; Fang, Tao

    2017-11-02

    Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), as a novel and efficient technology, has been applied to wastewater treatment processes. The use of phase equilibrium data to optimize process parameters can offer a theoretical guidance for designing SCWO processes and reducing the equipment and operating costs. In this work, high-pressure phase equilibrium data for aromatic compounds+water systems and inorganic compounds+water systems are given. Moreover, thermodynamic models, equations of state (EOS) and empirical and semi-empirical approaches are summarized and evaluated. This paper also lists the existing problems of multi-phase equilibria and solubility studies on aromatic compounds and inorganic compounds in sub- and supercritical water.

  18. Genetic effects of organic mercury compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ramel, C

    1967-01-01

    Studies on the genetic and developmental effects of organic mercury compounds on lilies, drosophila, and ice were carried out. It was found that chromosomal and developmental abnormalities were correlated with the administration of mercury compounds.

  19. Emission factors and chemical characterisation of fine particulate emissions from modern and old residential biomass heating systems determined for typical load cycles; Emissionsfaktoren und chemische Charakterisierung von Feinstaubemissionen moderner und alter Biomasse-Kleinfeuerungen ueber typische Tageslastverlaeufe

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kelz, Joachim [BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH, Graz (Austria); Brunner, Thomas; Obernberger, Ingwald [BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH, Graz (Austria); Technische Universitaet Graz, Institut fuer Prozess- und Partikeltechnik, Graz (Austria); BIOS BIOENERGIESYSTEME GmbH, Graz (Austria)

    2012-12-15

    concerning gaseous and PM emissions of different old and modern biomass combustion systems over whole day operation cycles are now available. Derived from these data, correlations between burnout quality, particulate emissions as well as particle composition of the PM emissions can be deduced. (orig.) [German] Es ist allgemein bekannt, dass es signifikante Unterschiede bezueglich partikelfoermiger Emissionen von modernen und alten sowie automatisch und nicht automatisch geregelten Biomasse-Kleinfeuerungsanlagen gibt. Die Unterschiede beziehen sich einerseits auf die Hoehe der Partikelemission und andererseits auf deren chemische Zusammensetzung. Um Emissionsfaktoren fuer partikelfoermige Emissionen ueber typische realitaetsnahe Tageslastverlaeufe zu bestimmen und die Feinstaubemissionen chemisch zu charakterisieren, wurde ein Projekt an der BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH, Graz, Oesterreich, in Kooperation mit dem Institut fuer Prozess- und Partikeltechnik, Technische Universitaet Graz, Oesterreich, initiiert. Fuenf moderne, dem aktuellen Stand der Technik entsprechende, Biomasse-Kleinfeuerungen sowie zwei Altanlagen, die den aktuellen Anlagenbestand widerspiegeln, wurden im Zuge von Testlaeufen an einem Teststand untersucht. Dabei wurden alle relevanten Betriebsparameter der Biomasse-Kleinfeuerungen sowie die im Zuge des Verbrennungsprozesses entstehenden gas- und partikelfoermigen Emissionen kontinuierlich gemessen und aufgezeichnet. Des Weiteren wurden Partikelemissionsproben gezogen und anschliessend chemisch analysiert. Fuer die Testlaeufe wurden typische Tageslastverlaeufe, die den Betrieb dieser Feuerungen in der Praxis abbilden, beruecksichtigt. Dabei wurde zwischen automatisch beschickten und automatisch geregelten Kesseln, manuell beschickten und automatisch geregelten Kesseln sowie manuell beschickten Naturzugoefen unterschieden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen deutlichen Zusammenhang zwischen den gasfoermigen Emissionen, die durch unvollstaendigen Gasphasenausbrand (CO- und org

  20. Integrated modelling of two xenobiotic organic compounds

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Lindblom, Erik Ulfson; Gernaey, K.V.; Henze, Mogens

    2006-01-01

    This paper presents a dynamic mathematical model that describes the fate and transport of two selected xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) in a simplified representation. of an integrated urban wastewater system. A simulation study, where the xenobiotics bisphenol A and pyrene are used as reference...... compounds, is carried out. Sorption and specific biological degradation processes are integrated with standardised water process models to model the fate of both compounds. Simulated mass flows of the two compounds during one dry weather day and one wet weather day are compared for realistic influent flow...... rate and concentration profiles. The wet weather day induces resuspension of stored sediments, which increases the pollutant load on the downstream system. The potential of the model to elucidate important phenomena related to origin and fate of the model compounds is demonstrated....

  1. UV-absorbing compounds in subarctic herbarium bryophytes

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Huttunen, S. [Botany Division, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90 014 University of Oulu (Finland)]. E-mail: satu.huttunen@oulu.fi; Lappalainen, N.M. [Botany Division, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90 014 University of Oulu (Finland); Turunen, J. [Botany Division, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90 014 University of Oulu (Finland)

    2005-01-01

    The UV-B-absorbing compounds of herbarium specimens of 10 subarctic bryophyte species collected during the years 1926-1996 and available at the Botanical Museum, University of Oulu, were studied. We studied whether herbarium specimens reflect changes in the past radiation climate through their methanol-extractable compounds. The order of gametophytes based on the average amount of total compounds (sum of A{sub 280-320nm}) per mass from the lowest to the highest was Polytrichum commune, Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens, Sphagnum angustifolium, Dicranum scoparium, Funaria hygrometrica, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum warnstorfii, Sphagnum capillifolium and Polytrichastrum alpinum, and the amount of UV-B-absorbing compounds per specific surface area correlated with the summertime daily global radiation and latitude. P. alpinum, F. hygrometrica and three Sphagnum species seem to be good indicators for further studies. The amount of UV-B-absorbing compounds revealed no significant trends from the 1920s till the 1990s, with the exception of S. capillifolium, which showed a significant decreasing trend. - UV-B-absorbing compounds in subarctic herbarium bryophytes indicate the radiation climate of the collecting site and time.

  2. UV-absorbing compounds in subarctic herbarium bryophytes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Huttunen, S.; Lappalainen, N.M.; Turunen, J.

    2005-01-01

    The UV-B-absorbing compounds of herbarium specimens of 10 subarctic bryophyte species collected during the years 1926-1996 and available at the Botanical Museum, University of Oulu, were studied. We studied whether herbarium specimens reflect changes in the past radiation climate through their methanol-extractable compounds. The order of gametophytes based on the average amount of total compounds (sum of A 280-320nm ) per mass from the lowest to the highest was Polytrichum commune, Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens, Sphagnum angustifolium, Dicranum scoparium, Funaria hygrometrica, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum warnstorfii, Sphagnum capillifolium and Polytrichastrum alpinum, and the amount of UV-B-absorbing compounds per specific surface area correlated with the summertime daily global radiation and latitude. P. alpinum, F. hygrometrica and three Sphagnum species seem to be good indicators for further studies. The amount of UV-B-absorbing compounds revealed no significant trends from the 1920s till the 1990s, with the exception of S. capillifolium, which showed a significant decreasing trend. - UV-B-absorbing compounds in subarctic herbarium bryophytes indicate the radiation climate of the collecting site and time

  3. Degradation of based EPDM dielectric compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Galembeck, F.

    1988-01-01

    The stability of an EPDM compound used as power cables insulation was studied under various conditions of thermal stress. Changes in the dielectric and tensile strenght of the samples were found after the aging. Samples of the EPDM compound were analysed by spectroscopic (photoacoustic, IR) methods showing alterations in its components: Pb 3 O 4 is reduced to PbO and exsuded paraffin is oxidized. Methane is prevalent in the gaseous mixture released by the heated compound and analysed by Gas Chromatography. (author) [pt

  4. Compounds in dictionary-based Cross-language information retrieval_revised

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available Compound words form an important part of natural language. From the cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR point of view it is important that many natural languages are highly productive with compounds, and translation resources cannot include entries for all compounds. Also, compounds are often content bearing words in a sentence. In Swedish, German and Finnish roughly one tenth of the words in a text prepared for information retrieval purposes are compounds. Important research questions concerning compound handling in dictionary-based cross-language information retrieval are 1 compound splitting into components, 2 normalisation of components, 3 translation of components and 4 query structuring for compounds and their components in the target language. The impact of compound processing on the performance of the cross-language information retrieval process is evaluated in this study and the results indicate that the effect is clearly positive.

  5. Medical Applications and Toxicities of Gallium Compounds

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Christopher R. Chitambar

    2010-05-01

    Full Text Available Over the past two to three decades, gallium compounds have gained importance in the fields of medicine and electronics. In clinical medicine, radioactive gallium and stable gallium nitrate are used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cancer and disorders of calcium and bone metabolism. In addition, gallium compounds have displayed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity in animal models of human disease while more recent studies have shown that gallium compounds may function as antimicrobial agents against certain pathogens. In a totally different realm, the chemical properties of gallium arsenide have led to its use in the semiconductor industry. Gallium compounds, whether used medically or in the electronics field, have toxicities. Patients receiving gallium nitrate for the treatment of various diseases may benefit from such therapy, but knowledge of the therapeutic index of this drug is necessary to avoid clinical toxicities. Animals exposed to gallium arsenide display toxicities in certain organ systems suggesting that environmental risks may exist for individuals exposed to this compound in the workplace. Although the arsenic moiety of gallium arsenide appears to be mainly responsible for its pulmonary toxicity, gallium may contribute to some of the detrimental effects in other organs. The use of older and newer gallium compounds in clinical medicine may be advanced by a better understanding of their mechanisms of action, drug resistance, pharmacology, and side-effects. This review will discuss the medical applications of gallium and its mechanisms of action, the newer gallium compounds and future directions for development, and the toxicities of gallium compounds in current use.

  6. Compound semiconductor device physics

    CERN Document Server

    Tiwari, Sandip

    2013-01-01

    This book provides one of the most rigorous treatments of compound semiconductor device physics yet published. A complete understanding of modern devices requires a working knowledge of low-dimensional physics, the use of statistical methods, and the use of one-, two-, and three-dimensional analytical and numerical analysis techniques. With its systematic and detailed**discussion of these topics, this book is ideal for both the researcher and the student. Although the emphasis of this text is on compound semiconductor devices, many of the principles discussed will also be useful to those inter

  7. A survey of synthetic and natural phytotoxic compounds and phytoalexins as potential antimalarial compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bajsa, Joanna; Singh, Kshipra; Nanayakkara, Dhammika; Duke, Stephen Oscar; Rimando, Agnes Mamaril; Evidente, Antonio; Tekwani, Babu Lal

    2007-09-01

    The apicomplexan parasites pathogens such as Plasmodium spp. possess an apicoplast, a plastid organelle similar to those of plants. The apicoplast has some essential plant-like metabolic pathways and processes, making these parasites susceptible to inhibitors of these functions. The main objective of this paper is to determine if phytotoxins with plastid target sites are more likely to be good antiplasmodial compounds than are those with other modes of action. The antiplasmodial activities of some compounds with established phytotoxic action were determined in vitro on a chloroquine (CQ) sensitive (D6, Sierra Leone) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. In this study, we provide in vitro activities of almost 50 such compounds, as well as a few phytoalexins against P. falciparum. Endothall, anisomycin, and cerulenin had sufficient antiplasmodial action to be considered as new lead antimalarial structures. Some derivatives of fusicoccin possessed markedly improved antiplasmodial action than the parent compound. Our results suggest that phytotoxins with plastid targets may not necessarily be better antiplasmodials than those that act at other molecular sites. The herbicides, phytotoxins and the phytoalexins reported here with significant antiplasmodial activity may be useful probes for identification of new antimalarial drug targets and may also be used as new lead structures for new antiplasmodial drug discovery.

  8. Characterization of ToxCast Phase II compounds disruption of ...

    Science.gov (United States)

    The development of multi-well microelectrode array (mwMEA) systems has increased in vitro screening throughput making them an effective method to screen and prioritize large sets of compounds for potential neurotoxicity. In the present experiments, a multiplexed approach was used to determine compound effects on both neural function and cell health in primary cortical networks grown on mwMEA plates following exposure to ~1100 compounds from EPA’s Phase II ToxCast libraries. On DIV 13, baseline activity (40 min) was recorded prior to exposure to each compound at 40 µM. DMSO and the GABAA antagonist bicuculline (BIC) were included as controls on each mwMEA plate. Changes in spontaneous network activity (mean firing rate; MFR) and cell viability (lactate dehydrogenase; LDH and CellTiter Blue; CTB) were assessed within the same well following compound exposure. Activity calls (“hits”) were established using the 90th and 20th percentiles of the compound-induced change in MFR (medians of triplicates) across all tested compounds; compounds above (top 10% of compounds increasing MFR), and below (bottom 20% of compounds decreasing MFR) these thresholds, respectively were considered hits. MFR was altered beyond one of these thresholds by 322 compounds. Four compound categories accounted for 66% of the hits, including: insecticides (e.g. abamectin, lindane, prallethrin), pharmaceuticals (e.g. haloperidol, reserpine), fungicides (e.g. hexaconazole, fenamidone), and h

  9. Diazo Compounds: Versatile Tools for Chemical Biology.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mix, Kalie A; Aronoff, Matthew R; Raines, Ronald T

    2016-12-16

    Diazo groups have broad and tunable reactivity. That and other attributes endow diazo compounds with the potential to be valuable reagents for chemical biologists. The presence of diazo groups in natural products underscores their metabolic stability and anticipates their utility in a biological context. The chemoselectivity of diazo groups, even in the presence of azido groups, presents many opportunities. Already, diazo compounds have served as chemical probes and elicited novel modifications of proteins and nucleic acids. Here, we review advances that have facilitated the chemical synthesis of diazo compounds, and we highlight applications of diazo compounds in the detection and modification of biomolecules.

  10. Electronic structure of A15 compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pickett, W.E.

    1980-01-01

    For the past twenty-five years compounds with the A15 crystal structure have dominated the class of high temperature superconductors. The crystal structure of an A15 compound A 3 B is cubic (space group O/sub h/ 3 ). However, the site symmetry (D/sub 2d/) of the A atoms is much lower than cubic, an unusual occurrence in cubic binary compounds. Variations on this theme have supplied the basis of many theoretical models of the anomalous temperature (T) dependence of normal state properties and the low temperature cubic reversible tetragonal structural transformations which accompany high values of T/sub c/ in A15 compounds. In this paper results of self-consistent pseudopotential band structure calculations are used to assess some important aspects of the unique and unusual behavior in A15 compounds: (1) the role of the B atom in determining the overall electronic structure will be shown to be important; (2) the effect of the low site symmetry of the A atom on the charge density and potential will be assessed; and (3) the bonding will be shown to be metallic-covalent with no significant A-B charge transfer

  11. Atmospheric Chemistry of Micrometeoritic Organic Compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kress, M. E.; Belle, C. L.; Pevyhouse, A. R.; Iraci, L. T.

    2011-01-01

    Micrometeorites approx.100 m in diameter deliver most of the Earth s annual accumulation of extraterrestrial material. These small particles are so strongly heated upon atmospheric entry that most of their volatile content is vaporized. Here we present preliminary results from two sets of experiments to investigate the fate of the organic fraction of micrometeorites. In the first set of experiments, 300 m particles of a CM carbonaceous chondrite were subject to flash pyrolysis, simulating atmospheric entry. In addition to CO and CO2, many organic compounds were released, including functionalized benzenes, hydrocarbons, and small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the second set of experiments, we subjected two of these compounds to conditions that simulate the heterogeneous chemistry of Earth s upper atmosphere. We find evidence that meteor-derived compounds can follow reaction pathways leading to the formation of more complex organic compounds.

  12. Antiviral Screening of Multiple Compounds against Ebola Virus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dowall, Stuart D; Bewley, Kevin; Watson, Robert J; Vasan, Seshadri S; Ghosh, Chandradhish; Konai, Mohini M; Gausdal, Gro; Lorens, James B; Long, Jason; Barclay, Wendy; Garcia-Dorival, Isabel; Hiscox, Julian; Bosworth, Andrew; Taylor, Irene; Easterbrook, Linda; Pitman, James; Summers, Sian; Chan-Pensley, Jenny; Funnell, Simon; Vipond, Julia; Charlton, Sue; Haldar, Jayanta; Hewson, Roger; Carroll, Miles W

    2016-10-27

    In light of the recent outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) disease in West Africa, there have been renewed efforts to search for effective antiviral countermeasures. A range of compounds currently available with broad antimicrobial activity have been tested for activity against EBOV. Using live EBOV, eighteen candidate compounds were screened for antiviral activity in vitro. The compounds were selected on a rational basis because their mechanisms of action suggested that they had the potential to disrupt EBOV entry, replication or exit from cells or because they had displayed some antiviral activity against EBOV in previous tests. Nine compounds caused no reduction in viral replication despite cells remaining healthy, so they were excluded from further analysis (zidovudine; didanosine; stavudine; abacavir sulphate; entecavir; JB1a; Aimspro; celgosivir; and castanospermine). A second screen of the remaining compounds and the feasibility of appropriateness for in vivo testing removed six further compounds (ouabain; omeprazole; esomeprazole; Gleevec; D-LANA-14; and Tasigna). The three most promising compounds (17-DMAG; BGB324; and NCK-8) were further screened for in vivo activity in the guinea pig model of EBOV disease. Two of the compounds, BGB324 and NCK-8, showed some effect against lethal infection in vivo at the concentrations tested, which warrants further investigation. Further, these data add to the body of knowledge on the antiviral activities of multiple compounds against EBOV and indicate that the scientific community should invest more effort into the development of novel and specific antiviral compounds to treat Ebola virus disease.

  13. Antiviral Screening of Multiple Compounds against Ebola Virus

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Stuart D. Dowall

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available In light of the recent outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV disease in West Africa, there have been renewed efforts to search for effective antiviral countermeasures. A range of compounds currently available with broad antimicrobial activity have been tested for activity against EBOV. Using live EBOV, eighteen candidate compounds were screened for antiviral activity in vitro. The compounds were selected on a rational basis because their mechanisms of action suggested that they had the potential to disrupt EBOV entry, replication or exit from cells or because they had displayed some antiviral activity against EBOV in previous tests. Nine compounds caused no reduction in viral replication despite cells remaining healthy, so they were excluded from further analysis (zidovudine; didanosine; stavudine; abacavir sulphate; entecavir; JB1a; Aimspro; celgosivir; and castanospermine. A second screen of the remaining compounds and the feasibility of appropriateness for in vivo testing removed six further compounds (ouabain; omeprazole; esomeprazole; Gleevec; D-LANA-14; and Tasigna. The three most promising compounds (17-DMAG; BGB324; and NCK-8 were further screened for in vivo activity in the guinea pig model of EBOV disease. Two of the compounds, BGB324 and NCK-8, showed some effect against lethal infection in vivo at the concentrations tested, which warrants further investigation. Further, these data add to the body of knowledge on the antiviral activities of multiple compounds against EBOV and indicate that the scientific community should invest more effort into the development of novel and specific antiviral compounds to treat Ebola virus disease.

  14. Antibacterial Compounds from Red Seaweeds (Rhodophyta

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Noer Kasanah

    2015-07-01

    Full Text Available Seaweeds produce great variety of metabolites benefit for human. Red seaweeds (Rhodophyta are well known as producer of phycocolloids such agar, agarose, carragenan and great variety of secondary metabolites. This review discusses the red algal secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity. The chemical constituents of red algae are steroid, terpenoid, acetogenin and dominated by halogenated compounds mainly brominated compounds. Novel compounds with intriguing skeleton are also reported such as bromophycolides and neurymenolides. In summary, red seaweeds are potential sources for antibacterial agents and can serve as lead in synthesis of new natural medicines.

  15. Zum Vorkommen von Kalkglimmern (Margarit, Cintonit) in den Schweizer Alpen

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Niggli, E.

    1955-01-01

    In einem ersten Abschnitt stellt der Verfasser die ihm bekannten Literaturstellen zusammen. Im zweiten Abschnitt werden eigene Untersuchungen beschrieben, die als vorläufiges Resultat ergaben, dass Clintonit in den Schweizer Alpen bislang nicht einwandfrei nachgewiesen ist, dass aber Margarit ein

  16. Chip & Cut Tests an Elastomeren

    OpenAIRE

    Euchler, Eric; Heinrich, Gert; Michael, Hannes; Gehde, Michael; Stocek, Radek; Kratina, Ondrej; Kipscholl, Reinhold

    2016-01-01

    Dieser Vortrag stellt einen neuartigen Prüfstand vor, mit welchem das Chip & Cut Verhalten von Elastomeren charakterisiert werden kann. Sowohl theoretischer Hintergrund als auch praktische Erkenntnisse werden diskutiert. Die Vorstellung der Praxisrelevanz dieser Untersuchungen steht im Fokus des Vortrags.

  17. Antifouling Compounds from Marine Macroalgae.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dahms, Hans Uwe; Dobretsov, Sergey

    2017-08-28

    Marine macroalgae produce a wide variety of biologically-active metabolites that have been developed into commercial products, such as antibiotics, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic agents, and cosmetic products. Many marine algae remain clean over longer periods of time, suggesting their strong antifouling potential. Isolation of biogenic compounds and the determination of their structure could provide leads for the development of environmentally-friendly antifouling paints. Isolated substances with potent antifouling activity belong to fatty acids, lipopeptides, amides, alkaloids, lactones, steroids, terpenoids, and pyrroles. It is unclear as yet to what extent symbiotic microorganisms are involved in the synthesis of these compounds. Algal secondary metabolites have the potential to be produced commercially using genetic and metabolic engineering techniques. This review provides an overview of publications from 2010 to February 2017 about antifouling activity of green, brown, and red algae. Some researchers were focusing on antifouling compounds of brown macroalgae, while metabolites of green algae received less attention. Several studies tested antifouling activity against bacteria, microalgae and invertebrates, but in only a few studies was the quorum sensing inhibitory activity of marine macroalgae tested. Rarely, antifouling compounds from macroalgae were isolated and tested in an ecologically-relevant way.

  18. 8-prenylnaringenin and tamoxifen inhibit the shedding of irradiated epithelial cells and increase the latency period of radiation-induced oral mucositis. Cell culture and murine model

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ryck, Tine de; Impe, Annouchka van; Bracke, Marc E. [Ghent University, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent (Belgium); Vanhoecke, Barbara W. [Ghent University, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent (Belgium); Ghent University, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent (Belgium); Heyerick, Arne [Ghent University, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Ghent (Belgium); Vakaet, Luc; Neve, Wilfried de [Ghent University Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ghent (Belgium); Mueller, Doreen [Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden (Germany); Schmidt, Margret [Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden (Germany); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Dresden and German Cancer Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg (Germany); Doerr, Wolfgang [Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden (Germany); Medical University, Department of Radiation Oncology, CCC, and CD-Laboratory RadOnc, Vienna (Austria)

    2015-05-01

    interzellulaeren Adhaesion, reguliert durch den E-Cadherin/Catenin-Komplex, zu verlangsamen. Es wurde untersucht, ob 8-Prenylnaringenin (8-PN) oder Tamoxifen (TAM) die Abschilferung (''shedding'') bestrahlter humaner bukkaler Epithelzellen in vitro vermindern und auf diesem Weg die ulzerative Phase der radiogenen Mukositis in vivo im Tiermodell hinauszoegern kann. Fuer die Untersuchungen in vitro wurden Aggregate bukkaler Epithelzellen bestrahlt und ueber 11 Tage in Suspension kultiviert. 8-PN oder TAM wurden dem Medium zugefuegt, um die Wirkung auf die Zellabschilferung zu untersuchen. In vivo wurden die Maeusezungen mit gestaffelten Dosen (Roentgenstrahlung 25 kV) bestrahlt. Inzidenz, Latenzzeit und Dauer der daraus resultierenden Schleimhautulzera wurden nach topischer Applikation von 8-PN, TAM oder Loesungsmittel analysiert. 8-PN oder TAM verhinderten die Volumenreduktion der bestrahlten Zellaggregate waehrend der Inkubationsdauer. Die histologische Analyse ergab, dass dies das Ergebnis einer erhoehten residuellen Zellzahl in den behandelten im Vergleich zu den unbehandelten Aggregaten war. In vivo verlaengerte die topische Behandlung mit 8-PN oder TAM signifikant die Latenzzeit von 10.9 auf 12.1 bzw. 12.4 Tage, waehrend die Ulkusinzidenz unveraendert war. 8-PN oder TAM verhindern die Volumenreduktion von bestrahlten Zellaggregaten in Suspensionskultur. In der Maeusezunge zeigt sich eine Verlaengerung der Latenzzeit strahleninduzierter Ulzerationen. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass diese Substanzen ein Potential zur Reduktion der strahleninduzierten Mukositis im Rahmen der Behandlung von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren haben. (orig.)

  19. Compound Wiretap Channels

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Shlomo Shamai (Shitz

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available This paper considers the compound wiretap channel, which generalizes Wyner's wiretap model to allow the channels to the (legitimate receiver and to the eavesdropper to take a number of possible states. No matter which states occur, the transmitter guarantees that the receiver decodes its message and that the eavesdropper is kept in full ignorance about the message. The compound wiretap channel can also be viewed as a multicast channel with multiple eavesdroppers, in which the transmitter sends information to all receivers and keeps the information secret from all eavesdroppers. For the discrete memoryless channel, lower and upper bounds on the secrecy capacity are derived. The secrecy capacity is established for the degraded channel and the semideterministic channel with one receiver. The parallel Gaussian channel is further studied. The secrecy capacity and the secrecy degree of freedom (s.d.o.f. are derived for the degraded case with one receiver. Schemes to achieve the s.d.o.f. for the case with two receivers and two eavesdroppers are constructed to demonstrate the necessity of a prefix channel in encoder design. Finally, the multi-antenna (i.e., MIMO compound wiretap channel is studied. The secrecy capacity is established for the degraded case and an achievable s.d.o.f. is given for the general case.

  20. Compounds interaction on biodegradation of toluene and methyl ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    MEK) mixtures in a composite bead biofilter was investigated. The biodegradation rate of two compounds in the exponential growth phase and stationary phase for the single compound and two compounds mixing systems was determined.

  1. The Generation of Diazo Compounds in Continuous-Flow.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hock, Katharina J; Koenigs, Rene M

    2018-03-25

    Toxic, cancerogenic and explosive - these attributes are typically associated with diazo compounds. Nonetheless, diazo compounds are nowadays a highly demanded class of reagents for organic synthesis, yet the concerns with regards to safe and scalable transformations of these compounds are still exceptionally high. Lately, the research area of the continuous-flow synthesis of diazo compounds attracted significant interest and a whole variety of protocols for their "on-demand" preparation have been realized to date. This concept article focuses on the recent developments using continuous-flow technologies to access diazo compounds; thus minimizing risks and hazards when working with this particular class of compounds. In this article we discuss these concepts and highlight different pre-requisites to access and to perform downstream functionalization reaction. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  2. Investigations into the influence of airborne pollutants on the metabolism of secondary phenolic substances and amino acids. Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss von Luftschadstoffen auf den Stoffwechsel von phenolischen Sekundaerstoffen und Aminosaeuren

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Strack, D.

    1988-10-01

    Quantitative analyses of secondary phenols, free amino acids, and of the enzyme activities arginase and asparaginase were carried out on spruce needles from six different forest sites in North-Rhine Westphalia. In addition, the effects of ozone on spruce aged seven to eight years were investigated. The aim of this was to find out whether there is a correlation between the phenol and amino acid metabolism and the damage rate in older spruce (31 to 60 years) and in younger spruce exposed to ozone. No correlation could be established with a single exception: In one site, the free amino acid pattern showed a 10-fold increase of arginine and an accumulation of ornithine and lysine. This indicates a disturbed nitrogen metabolism, in particular a stimulation of the urea cycle, which may be caused by anthropogenic over fertilizing with nitrogen. The findings for the spruce exposed to ozone indicate a more complex effect on the needle metabolism, which affects both the phenol metabolism (strong decrease of the catechine concentration) and the amino acid metabolism (increase of the alanine concentration). This may be caused by damaged membranes (i.e. higher permeability accompanied by sensitive changes in the metabolic compartmenting) or by a potential increase of transaminase activities. (orig./MG).

  3. Delayed somatic effects following extended radiotherapy. Studies of 135 patients with Hodgkin's disease in long-term remission (Freiburg collective, treatment years 1948 to 1974). Untersuchungen ueber somatische Spaetschaeden nach ausgedehnter Strahlentherapie

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Slanina, J

    1977-01-01

    A group of 135 patients who suffered from Hodgkin's disease with long-term remission following radiotherapy was investigated. By restricting the investigations to the patient group with long-term remission and correlative examinations, it was tried to differentiate between exclusive or principal delayed radiation effects and delayed effects due to other factors. The study reports about the most significant results obtained in the fields of catamnesis, laboratory diagnostics, hematology, pulmology, cardiology, thyroid function tests, neurology, andrology and dermatology. Due to the numerous detectable delayed effects the group of patients with long-term remission receives a special status. Although those effects are in no proportion to the deletary risks of an untreated Hodgkin's disease and though they are consequently tolerable in the present state of the therapeutic development, they must initiate the completion of the therapeutic concept including performance of radiotherapy and aftercare, because only then the risk for the patient provoked by these effects, which ranges beyond the malignity of this disease can be reduced or prevented.

  4. Measurement of loss rates of organic compounds in snow using in situ experiments and isotopically labelled compounds

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Erika von Schneidemesser

    2012-07-01

    Full Text Available Organic molecular marker compounds are widely used to identify emissions from anthropogenic and biogenic air pollution sources in atmospheric samples and in deposition. Specific organic compounds have been detected in polar regions, but their fate after deposition to snow is poorly characterized. Within this context, a series of exposure experiments were carried out to observe the post-depositional processing of organic compounds under real-world conditions in snow on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet, at the Summit research station. Snow was prepared from water spiked with isotopically labelled organic compounds, representative of typical molecular marker compounds emitted from anthropogenic activities. Reaction rate constants and reaction order were determined based on a decrease in concentration to a stable, non-zero, threshold concentration. Fluoranthene-d10, docosane-d46, hexadecanoic acid-d31, docosanoic acid-d43 and azelaic acid-d14 were estimated to have first order loss rates within surface snow with reaction rate constants of 0.068, 0.040, 0.070, 0.067 and 0.047 h−1, respectively. No loss of heptadecane-d36 was observed. Overall, these results suggest that organic contaminants are archived in polar snow, although significant post-depositional losses of specific organic compounds occur. This has implications for the environmental fate of organic contaminants, as well as for ice-core studies that seek to use organic molecular markers to infer past atmospheric loadings, and source emissions.

  5. Pre-compound emission in low-energy heavy-ion interactions

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kumar Sharma Manoj

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Recent experimental studies have shown the presence of pre-compound emission component in heavy ion reactions at low projectile energy ranging from 4 to 7 MeV/nucleons. In earlier measurements strength of the pre-compound component has been estimated from the difference in forward-backward distributions of emitted particles. Present measurement is a part of an ongoing program on the study of reaction dynamics of heavy ion interactions at low energies aimed at investigating the effect of momentum transfer in compound, precompound, complete and incomplete fusion processes in heavy ion reactions. In the present work on the basis of momentum transfer the measurement of the recoil range distributions of heavy residues has been used to decipher the components of compound and pre-compound emission processes in the fusion of 16O projectile with 159Tb and 169Tm targets. The analysis of recoil range distribution measurements show two distinct linear momentum transfer components corresponding to pre-compound and compound nucleus processes are involved. In order to obtain the mean input angular momentum associated with compound and pre-compound emission processes, an online measurement of the spin distributions of the residues has been performed. The analysis of spin distribution indicate that the mean input angular momentum associated with pre-compound products is found to be relatively lower than that associated with compound nucleus process. The pre-compound components obtained from the present analysis are consistent with those obtained from the analysis of excitation functions.

  6. Pre-compound emission in low-energy heavy-ion interactions

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sharma, Manoj Kumar; Shuaib, Mohd.; Sharma, Vijay R.; Yadav, Abhishek; Singh, Pushpendra P.; Singh, Devendra P.; Unnati; Singh, B. P.; Prasad, R.

    2017-11-01

    Recent experimental studies have shown the presence of pre-compound emission component in heavy ion reactions at low projectile energy ranging from 4 to 7 MeV/nucleons. In earlier measurements strength of the pre-compound component has been estimated from the difference in forward-backward distributions of emitted particles. Present measurement is a part of an ongoing program on the study of reaction dynamics of heavy ion interactions at low energies aimed at investigating the effect of momentum transfer in compound, precompound, complete and incomplete fusion processes in heavy ion reactions. In the present work on the basis of momentum transfer the measurement of the recoil range distributions of heavy residues has been used to decipher the components of compound and pre-compound emission processes in the fusion of 16O projectile with 159Tb and 169Tm targets. The analysis of recoil range distribution measurements show two distinct linear momentum transfer components corresponding to pre-compound and compound nucleus processes are involved. In order to obtain the mean input angular momentum associated with compound and pre-compound emission processes, an online measurement of the spin distributions of the residues has been performed. The analysis of spin distribution indicate that the mean input angular momentum associated with pre-compound products is found to be relatively lower than that associated with compound nucleus process. The pre-compound components obtained from the present analysis are consistent with those obtained from the analysis of excitation functions.

  7. Synthesis of novel ionic liquids from lignin-derived compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Socha, Aaron; Singh, Seema; Simmons, Blake A.; Bergeron, Maxime

    2017-09-19

    Methods and compositions are provided for synthesizing ionic liquids from lignin derived compounds comprising: contacting a starting material comprising lignin with a depolymerization agent to depolymerize the lignin and form a mixture of aldehyde containing compounds; contacting the mixture of aldehyde containing compounds with an amine under conditions suitable to convert the mixture of aldehyde containing compounds to a mixture of amine containing compounds; and contacting the mixture of amine containing compounds with an acid under conditions suitable to form an ammonium salt, thereby preparing the ionic liquid.

  8. Initiatives for sustainable development: New forms of dialogue and styles of communication in connection with the implementation of the Agenda 21. Final report; Initiativen fuer eine nachhaltige Entwicklung: Neue Dialogformen und Kommunikationsstile im Zusammenhang mit der Umsetzung der Agenda 21. Schlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Haan, G. de; Kuckartz, U.; Rheingans, A. [comps.

    1998-11-01

    The study deals with questions of participation and the communication on environmental issues within the framework of the implementation of the Agenda 21. Employing social-science field research tools, Local Agenda 21 initiatives in selected areas of the capital, Berlin, were accompanied for a period of 15 months.- The data material consists for one thing of field notes and for another of records of interviews conducted with players in these initiatives and experts in their environment (politics, administration, economy, associations). The interviews asked open questions and followed a given layout. The data were subjected to computer-based qualitative analysis. The main objective was to identify the paradigms relevant in the Agenda process.- Some results of the analysis are organization models of LA 21 initiatives and a typology of paradigms of players. A survey among citizens carried out following the field study informs on the participation interests of the public, its familiarity with the Local Agenda initiatives, and the dissemination of knowledge on the concept of sustainable development. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Studie befasst sich mit Fragen der Partizipation und der Umweltkommunikation im Zuge der Umsetzung der Agenda 21. Mit den Mitteln sozialwissenschaftlicher Feldforschung wurden Lokale Agenda 21-Initiativen in ausgewaehlten Bezirken der Hauptstadt Berlin ueber einen Zeitraum von 15 Monaten begleitet. Das Datenmaterial besteht neben Feldnotizen und Protokollen aus offenen, leitfadenstrukurierten Interviews, die mit Akteuren der Initiativen und mit Experten ihres Umfeldes (Politik, Verwaltung, Wirtschaft, Verbaende) gefuehrt wurden. Die Daten wurden mittels computergestuetzter qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Dabei ging es vorrangig um die Identifizierung der im Agenda-Prozess virulenten Leitbilder. Resultate der Analyse sind u.a. Modelle der Organisation von LA 21-Initiativen sowie eine Typologie von Akteursleitbildern. Eine im Anschluss an die

  9. Chemistry of tin compounds and environment

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ali, S.; Mazhar, M.; Mahmood, S.; Bhatti, M.H.; Chaudhary, M.A.

    1997-01-01

    Of the large volume of tin compounds reported in the literature, possible only 100 are commercially important. Tin compounds are a wide variety of purposes such as catalysts, stabilizers for many materials including polymer, biocidal agents, bactericides, insecticides, fungicides, wood preservatives, acaricides and anti fouling agents in paints, anticancer and antitumour agents, ceramic opacifiers, as textile additives, in metal finishing operations, as food additives and in electro conductive coating. All these applications make the environment much exposed to tin contamination. The application of organotin compounds as biocides account for about 30% of total tin consumption suggesting that the main environmental effects are likely to originate from this sector. Diorgano tins and mono-organo tins are used mainly in plastic industry which is the next big source for environmental pollution. In this presentation all environmental aspects of the use of tin compounds and the recommended preventive measures are discussed. (author)

  10. Behaviour of mercury compounds in soil

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Booer, J R

    1944-01-01

    The uses of inorganic compounds of mercury for the control of plant pests is reviewed, and a summary of the relevant chemical and physical properties of the compounds concerned is given. On chemical evidence a working hypothesis is propounded showing that all compounds may be expected to decompose into metallic mercury. A pot technique is described by means of which a correlation can be obtained between the effective mercury content of a given soil sample and the rate of growth of wheat seedlings. The mathematical treatment of the results is described, and the validity of the pot technique is verified by statistical analysis of results. Using the pot technqiue it is shown that volatilization losses are insignificant but that mercury is slowly rendered ineffective by the formation of mercuric sulphide. The effect of sulphur-reducing bacteria is considered and the influence of Vibrio desulphuricans on mercury is studied in detail. Experimental evidence obtained by the pot technique is produced to show that mercurous chloride slowly decomposes in the soil giving mercury and mercuric chloride, mercuric chloride rapidly decomposes into mercury and mercurous chloride, and other inorganic compounds decompose directly into mercury. The working hypothesis is substantiated in all major aspects. The uses and properties of the organo-mercury compounds are then discussed. Type compounds selected are ethyl mercury phosphate, phenyl mercury acetate and methoxyethyl mercury acetate. Using the pot technique it is shown that the formation of organo-mercury clays takes place and that these clays decompose giving metallic mercury. A mechanism is suggested.

  11. Antiviral lead compounds from marine sponges

    KAUST Repository

    Sagar, Sunil

    2010-10-11

    Marine sponges are currently one of the richest sources of pharmacologically active compounds found in the marine environment. These bioactive molecules are often secondary metabolites, whose main function is to enable and/or modulate cellular communication and defense. They are usually produced by functional enzyme clusters in sponges and/or their associated symbiotic microorganisms. Natural product lead compounds from sponges have often been found to be promising pharmaceutical agents. Several of them have successfully been approved as antiviral agents for clinical use or have been advanced to the late stages of clinical trials. Most of these drugs are used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). The most important antiviral lead of marine origin reported thus far is nucleoside Ara-A (vidarabine) isolated from sponge Tethya crypta. It inhibits viral DNA polymerase and DNA synthesis of herpes, vaccinica and varicella zoster viruses. However due to the discovery of new types of viruses and emergence of drug resistant strains, it is necessary to develop new antiviral lead compounds continuously. Several sponge derived antiviral lead compounds which are hopedto be developed as future drugs are discussed in this review. Supply problems are usually the major bottleneck to the development of these compounds as drugs during clinical trials. However advances in the field of metagenomics and high throughput microbial cultivation has raised the possibility that these techniques could lead to the cost-effective large scale production of such compounds. Perspectives on biotechnological methods with respect to marine drug development are also discussed. 2010 by the authors; licensee MDPI.

  12. Organic compounds in radiation fogs in Davis (California)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Herckes, Pierre; Hannigan, Michael P.; Trenary, Laurie; Lee, Taehyoung; Collett, Jeffrey L.

    New stainless steel active fogwater collectors were designed and used in Davis (CA, USA) to collect fogwater for the speciation of organic matter. Organic compounds in fog samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Numerous organic compounds, including various alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and alkanoic acids, have been identified in the fogwater samples. Higher molecular weight (MW) compounds are preferentially associated with an insoluble phase inside the fog drops, whereas lower molecular weight and more polar compounds are found predominantly in the dissolved phase. Concentrations in the dissolved phase were sometimes much higher than estimated by the compounds' aqueous solubilities.

  13. Biodegradable compounds: Rheological, mechanical and thermal properties

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nobile, Maria Rossella; Lucia, G.; Santella, M.; Malinconico, M.; Cerruti, P.; Pantani, R.

    2015-12-01

    Recently great attention from industry has been focused on biodegradable polyesters derived from renewable resources. In particular, PLA has attracted great interest due to its high strength and high modulus and a good biocompatibility, however its brittleness and low heat distortion temperature (HDT) restrict its wide application. On the other hand, Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) is a biodegradable polymer with a low tensile modulus but characterized by a high flexibility, excellent impact strength, good thermal and chemical resistance. In this work the two aliphatic biodegradable polyesters PBS and PLA were selected with the aim to obtain a biodegradable material for the industry of plastic cups and plates. PBS was also blended with a thermoplastic starch. Talc was also added to the compounds because of its low cost and its effectiveness in increasing the modulus and the HDT of polymers. The compounds were obtained by melt compounding in a single screw extruder and the rheological, mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. The properties of the two compounds were compared and it was found that the values of the tensile modulus and elongation at break measured for the PBS/PLA/Talc compound make it interesting for the production of disposable plates and cups. In terms of thermal resistance the compounds have HDTs high enough to contain hot food or beverages. The PLA/PBS/Talc compound can be, then, considered as biodegradable substitute for polystyrene for the production of disposable plates and cups for hot food and beverages.

  14. Evolutionary Structure Prediction of Stoichiometric Compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhu, Qiang; Oganov, Artem

    2014-03-01

    In general, for a given ionic compound AmBn\\ at ambient pressure condition, its stoichiometry reflects the valence state ratio between per chemical specie (i.e., the charges for each anion and cation). However, compounds under high pressure exhibit significantly behavior, compared to those analogs at ambient condition. Here we developed a method to solve the crystal structure prediction problem based on the evolutionary algorithms, which can predict both the stable compounds and their crystal structures at arbitrary P,T-conditions, given just the set of chemical elements. By applying this method to a wide range of binary ionic systems (Na-Cl, Mg-O, Xe-O, Cs-F, etc), we discovered a lot of compounds with brand new stoichimetries which can become thermodynamically stable. Further electronic structure analysis on these novel compounds indicates that several factors can contribute to this extraordinary phenomenon: (1) polyatomic anions; (2) free electron localization; (3) emergence of new valence states; (4) metallization. In particular, part of the results have been confirmed by experiment, which warrants that this approach can play a crucial role in new materials design under extreme pressure conditions. This work is funded by DARPA (Grants No. W31P4Q1210008 and W31P4Q1310005), NSF (EAR-1114313 and DMR-1231586).

  15. Effects of stron UV-B radiation on air chemistry and climate; Auswirkungen verstaerkter UV-B-Strahlung auf Luftchemie und Klima

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schoenemeyer, T.; Seidl, W.; Forkel, R.; Kuhn, M.; Wehrhahn, J.; Grell, G.

    1998-07-01

    Effects of enhanced UV radiation on air chemistry, climate and climate change were investigated, and its interactions with other environmental problems like acidification of soil and surface water, reduction in the variety of species, and desertification were gone into. [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die bisher vorliegenden Erkenntnisse ueber die Auswirkungen erhoehter UV-Strahlung infolge des Abbaus von Ozon in der Stratosphaere auf Luftchemie und Klima zusammengetragen. Die Problematik wird in ihrer ganzen Breite beleuchtet und dabei deutlich gemacht, ueber welche zahlreichen Mechanismen eine erhoehte UV-Strahlung auch zu Klimaaenderungen fuehren kann. Dies unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit, Verknuepfungen mit anderen Umweltproblemen wie der Versauerung des Bodens und von Gewaessern, der Abnahme der Artenvielfalt sowie der zunehmenden Wuestenbildung herzustellen. (orig.)

  16. Amendment of the EC Sewage Sludge Regulation and the German Sewage Sludge Ordinance; Novellierung der EG-Klaerschlammrichtlinie und der deutschen Klaerschlammverordnung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bergs, C.G.; Krebsbach, A. [Bundesministerium fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Berlin (Germany)

    2001-03-01

    The EC Sewage Sludge Guideline of 12 June 1996 laid down the boundary conditions for sewage sludge utilisation in agriculture. The purpose of the regulation was the standardisation of member states regulations on sewage sludge treatment and the harmonisation of limiting values for pollutant emissions in the EC member states. [German] Mit der 'Richtlinie des Rates vom 12. Juni 1996 ueber den Schutz der Boeden bei der Verwendung von Klaerschlamm in der Landwirtschaft' (86/278/EWG) hat die Europaeische Kommission EU-weite Rahmenvorgaben fuer die landwirtschaftliche Klaerschlammverwertung geschaffen. Ziel der Richtlinie war es, eine Rechtsangleichung der Regelungen ueber die Klaerschlammverwertung und eine Harmonisierung der Schadstoffgrenzwerte in den Mitgliedstaaten zu erreichen. (orig.)

  17. Medicinal Uses of Inorganic Compounds - 2

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    In the first part of this article, we described medicinal uses of inorganic compounds relating to cancer care, infection and diabetic control, neurological, cardiovascular and in- flammatory diseases. This article contains further infor- mation on the medicinal uses of inorganic compounds as therapeutic and diagnostic in ...

  18. Bioactive compounds in whole grain wheat

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Mateo Anson, N.

    2010-01-01

    Bread can be healthier! Consuming whole-grain foods can prevent cardiovascular diseases, type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This is due to bioactive compounds in whole grain, such as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. We found that the different fractions of a wheat grain vary much

  19. Pickpocket compounds from Latin to Romance

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte

    2012-01-01

    This thesis discusses the development in Proto–Indo–European, Latin and Romance of a word–formation pattern which the most adequate terminology in use dubs ‘verbal government compounds with a governing first member’; I use the shorthand ‘pickpocket compounds’. The first member of such compounds

  20. GASFLOW Simulations for Containment Venting System of Emsland Nuclear Power Plant (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7695)

    OpenAIRE

    Xu, Zhanjie; Jordan, Thomas

    2015-01-01

    Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es, die Reaktivität, Brennbarkeit, sowie Potenziale für Flammenbeschleunigung und Detonationsumschlag der Gasmischungen in der Sicherheitsbehälter Entlüftungssystem über der Zeit mit Hilfe von detaillierten 3D CFD Simulationen zu ermitteln.

  1. Volatile sulfur compounds in tropical fruits

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Robert J. Cannon

    2018-04-01

    Full Text Available Global production and demand for tropical fruits continues to grow each year as consumers are enticed by the exotic flavors and potential health benefits that these fruits possess. Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs are often responsible for the juicy, fresh aroma of tropical fruits. This poses a challenge for analytical chemists to identify these compounds as most often VSCs are found at low concentrations in most tropical fruits. The aim of this review is to discuss the extraction methods, enrichment techniques, and instrumentation utilized to identify and quantify VSCs in natural products. This will be followed by a discussion of the VSCs reported in tropical and subtropical fruits, with particular attention to the odor and taste attributes of each compound. Finally, the biogenesis and enzymatic formation of specific VSCs in tropical fruits will be highlighted along with the contribution each possesses to the aroma of their respective fruit. Keywords: Tropical fruits, Volatile sulfur compounds, Extraction methods

  2. Moessbauer spectroscopy in neptunium compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nakamoto, Tadahiro; Nakada, Masami; Masaki, Nobuyuki; Saeki, Masakatsu [Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst., Tokyo (Japan)

    1997-03-01

    Moessbauer effects are observable in seven elements of actinides from {sup 232}Th to {sup 247}Cm and Moesbauer spectra have been investigated mainly with {sup 237}Np and {sup 238}U for the reasons of availability and cost of materials. This report describes the fundamental characteristics of Moessbauer spectra of {sup 237}Np and the correlation between the isomer shift and the coordination number of Np(V) compounds. The isomer shifts of Np(V) compounds had a tendency to increase as an increase of coordination number and the isomer shifts of Np(V) compounds showed broad distribution as well as those of Np(VI) but {delta} values of the compounds with the same coordination number were distributed in a narrow range. The {delta} values of Np(VI) complexes with O{sub x} donor set suggest that the Np atom in its hydroxide (NpO{sub 2}(OH){center_dot}4H{sub 2}O)might have pentagonal bipyramidal structure and at least, pentagonal and hexagonal bipyramidal structures might coexist in its acetate and benzoate. Really, such coexistence has been demonstrated in its nitrate, (NpO{sub 2}){sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}{center_dot}5H{sub 2}O. (M.N.)

  3. Techniques for Analysis of Plant Phenolic Compounds

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Thomas H. Roberts

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available Phenolic compounds are well-known phytochemicals found in all plants. They consist of simple phenols, benzoic and cinnamic acid, coumarins, tannins, lignins, lignans and flavonoids. Substantial developments in research focused on the extraction, identification and quantification of phenolic compounds as medicinal and/or dietary molecules have occurred over the last 25 years. Organic solvent extraction is the main method used to extract phenolics. Chemical procedures are used to detect the presence of total phenolics, while spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques are utilized to identify and quantify individual phenolic compounds. This review addresses the application of different methodologies utilized in the analysis of phenolic compounds in plant-based products, including recent technical developments in the quantification of phenolics.

  4. Site preferences of actinide cations in [NZP] compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hawkins, H. T.; Spearing, D. R.; Smith, D. M.; Hampel, F. G.; Veirs, D. K.; Scheetz, B. E.

    2000-07-01

    Compounds adopting the sodium dizirconium tris(phosphate) (NaZr2(PO4)3) structure type belong to the [NZP] structural family of compounds. [NZP] compounds possess desirable properties that would permit their application as hosts for the actinides. These properties include compositional flexibility (i.e., three structural sites that can accommodate a variety of different cations), high thermal stability, negligible thermal expansion, and resistance to radiation damage. Experimental data indicate that [NZP] compounds resist dissolution and release of constituents over a wide range of experimental conditions. Moreover, [NZP] compounds may be synthesized by both conventional and novel methods and may be heat treated or sintered at modest temperatures (800 °C-1350 °C) in open or restricted systems.

  5. Design, construction and experimental investigation of a Stirling refrigerator for freezing in supermarkets. Final report; Auslegung, Bau und experimentelle Untersuchung einer Stirling-Kaeltemaschine fuer die Tiefkuehlung in Supermaerkten. Schlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Steimle, F.; Schikora, H.; Mai, M.; Siegel, A.

    2000-10-01

    Several theoretical investigations have shown that Stirling refrigerators could be a promising alternative for refrigeration at 'near-ambient' temperatures (above -40 C). These theoretical statements shall be validated in an actual research project by measurements taken from a Stirling refrigerator that is optimised for this range of temperature. In this paper first measurement results of this new developed Solo 161 Stirling refrigerator will be presented. Problems are investigated by detailed measurements. Possible improvements are described. (orig.) [German] Verschiedene theoretische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass Stirling-Kaeltemaschinen eine interessante Alternative fuer die Kaelteerzeugung im sog. 'umgebungsnahen' Temperaturbereich (oberhalb von -40 C) darstellen koennten. In einem derzeit laufenden Forschungsvorhaben sollen diese theoretischen Untersuchungen durch Messungen an einer fuer diesen Temperaturbereich optimierten Stirling-Kaeltemaschine ueberprueft werden. In diesem Aufsatz werden erste Messergebnisse dieser neu entwickelten Solo 161 Stirling-Kaeltemaschine praesentiert. Anhand detaillierter Messergebnisse werden Schwachstellen lokalisiert und moegliche Verbesserungsmassnahmen beschrieben. (orig.)

  6. Bildanalyse in Medizin und Biologie

    Science.gov (United States)

    Athelogou, Maria; Schönmeyer, Ralf; Schmidt, Günther; Schäpe, Arno; Baatz, Martin; Binnig, Gerd

    Heutzutage sind bildgebende Verfahren aus medizinischen Untersuchungen nicht mehr wegzudenken. Diverse Methoden - basierend auf dem Einsatz von Ultraschallwellen, Röntgenstrahlung, Magnetfeldern oder Lichtstrahlen - werden dabei spezifisch eingesetzt und liefern umfangreiches Datenmaterial über den Körper und sein Inneres. Anhand von Mikroskopieaufnahmen aus Biopsien können darüber hinaus Daten über die morphologische Eigenschaften von Körpergeweben gewonnen werden. Aus der Analyse all dieser unterschiedlichen Arten von Informationen und unter Konsultation weiterer klinischer Untersuchungen aus diversen medizinischen Disziplinen kann unter Berücksichtigung von Anamnesedaten ein "Gesamtbild“ des Gesundheitszustands eines Patienten erstellt werden. Durch die Flut der erzeugten Bilddaten kommt der Bildverarbeitung im Allgemeinen und der Bildanalyse im Besonderen eine immer wichtigere Rolle zu. Gerade im Bereich der Diagnoseunterstützung, der Therapieplanung und der bildgeführten Chirurgie bilden sie Schlüsseltechnologien, die den Forschritt nicht nur auf diesen Gebieten maßgeblich vorantreiben.

  7. Facility management - from internal conditioner to successful business sector; Facility Management - vom internen Fitmacher zum erfolgreichen Geschaeftsfeld

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schoenberg, I. [Mannheimer Versorgungs- und Verkehrsgesellschaft mbH (MVV), Mannheim (Germany)

    1999-04-01

    The deregulation of the energy markets has given rise to sustained motion in the prevailing structures and market conditions of the supply industry. Dramatic declines in profits in the electricity sector have, in many companies, prompted reflex-like cost reduction programs which, however, frequently prejudice long-term growth prospects and viable future structures in favour of the results of the next fiscal year. The danger of sacrificing all flexibility and therefore market perspectives by corporate anorexia nervosa is immense. The MVV Energie AG, Mannheim, has reacted speedily to this situation and is pursuing a growth-oriented strategy which regards the challenges of competition as opportunity for on-going development. (orig.) [Deutsch] Kapitaldienst oder Miete, Energie, Wartung und Instandsetzung technischer Anlagen, Gebaeudeunterhalt-, -reinigung, Sicherheitsdienste, Versicherungen und vieles mehr uebersteigen ueber Jahre hinweg kumuliert die Baukosten um ein vielfaches und erhoehen bei Immobilieneigentuemern und -nutzern den Kostendruck. Beim Facility Management (FM) stehen nicht mehr nur die Investitionskosten fuer ein Gebaeude im Vordergrund, sondern sein gesamter Lebenszyklus, beginnend mit Idee, Konzeption und Investitionsentscheidung ueber Planung und Errichtung. Nutzung inklusive spaeterer Umbauten und Sanierungen bis hin zu Abriss und Neubau. Mit ihrer Dienstleistung FM bietet die MVV Energie AG ihren Kunden Gesamtkonzeption von der Beratung ueber die Planung und Umsetzung bis hin zur Uebernahme des FM an. (orig.)

  8. Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer die Reinhaltung der Elbe - endocrineously active substances in the Elbe, its tributaries and the North Sea; Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer die Reinhaltung der Elbe - Endokrin wirksame Stoffe in der Elbe, in Nebenfluessen und in der Nordsee

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Heemken, O.P. [GALAB, Geesthacht (Germany); Theobald, N. [Bundesamt fuer Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg (Germany); Hebbel, H. [Universitaet der Bundeswehr Hamburg (Germany); Stachel, B. [Wasserguetestelle Elbe, Hamburg (Germany)

    2000-07-01

    Endocrineously active substances are discharged into surface bodies of water with communal and industrial effluents. Especially estrogenic substances like Bisphenol A, alkyl phenols and alkyl phenol ethoxylates in the Elbe and its tributaries have been neglected so far. In the context of an interdisciplinary project, chemists, biologists and mathematicians investigated the concentrations and fate of these xenoestrogens, relative potential effects of unknown water constituents and quantitative statistical mechanisms based on the available analytical findings. The contribution intends to contribute information on the pollutant situation of selected endocrineously active substances in the Elbe and its tributaries. [German] Ein relevanter Eintragspfad fuer endokrin wirksame Stoffe in die Oberflaechengewaesser sind die Abwaesser kommunaler und industrieller Klaeranlagen. Insbesondere das Vorkommen und der Verbleib von oestrogen wirkenden Stoffen wie Bisphenol A, den Alkylphenolen und Alkylphenolethoxylaten in der Elbe und in Elbenebenfluessen wurde bisher zu wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. In einem interdisziplinaeren Projekt, an dem sich Chemiker, Biologen und Mathematiker beteiligten, wird versucht, eine erste Antwort zu geben ueber das Vorkommen und den Verbleib dieser Xenooestrogene, ueber relative Wirkpotenzen von unbekannten Wasserinhaltsstoffen durch die Anwendung von In-vitro-Tests und ueber quantitative statistische Zusammenhaenge, die auf vorhandenen Analysenergebnissen basieren. Dieser Bericht soll einen Beitrag leisten zur Immissionssituation von ausgewaehlten endokrin wirksamen Stoffen in der Elbe und in Elbenebenfluessen. (orig.)

  9. Consumer behavior in buildings; Nutzverhalten in Gebaeuden

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    2000-07-01

    The more exact building automation devices have to be designed, the more important is the knowledge about the utilization of the building. It could happen that the state of this devices could be disordered in case of unforseen consumer behavior taking not into account by designing. Therefore in practice limits must be extended because of unknown consumer behavior. On the meeting specialists reported on methods and experiences, how consumer behavior can be influenced in different types of buildings. They mentioned the simulation and the influence of this behavior involving the building automation. Contributions on legal aspects as examples from practice complete the proceeding volume. [German] Je exakter gebaeudetechnische Anlagen dimensioniert werden sollen, um so wichtiger ist die Kenntnis ueber die spaetere Nutzung des Gebaeudes. Es besteht die Gefahr, dass durch unvorhersehbares Verhalten der Nutzer Anlagenzustaende erreicht werden, die bei der Bemessung nicht beruecksichtigt wurden. Deshalb werden in der Praxis bei der Auslegung von TGA-Anlagen oft Zuschlaege wegen unbekanntem Nutzerverhalten eingeraeumt. Auf der Tagung berichteten die Referenten ueber Methoden und Erfahrungen, wie sich das Nutzerverhalten in unterschiedlichen Gebaeudetypen beeinflussen laesst. Sie gingen hierzu auf die Simulation und den Einfluss dieses Verhaltens auf die Gebaeudetechnik ein. Vortraege ueber gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen sowie Beispiele aus der Praxis schlossen sich an. (orig.)

  10. Antimicrobial susceptibility assessment of compound from ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of Aspergillus fumigatus on chromatographic analysis has led to the isolation of the compound, AF-1 which exhibited a significant in vitro antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogenic microorganism. The structure of the isolated compound, AF-1 was identified as ...

  11. Biodegradation of NSO-compounds under different redox-conditions

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Dyreborg, S.; Arvin, E.; Broholm, K.

    1997-01-01

    Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the potential of groundwater microorganisms to degrade selected heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing nitrogen, sulphur, or oxygen (NSO-compounds) under four redox-conditions over a period of 846 days. Eight compounds (pyrrole, 1...... anaerobic conditions, even though the microorganisms present in the anaerobic microcosms were active throughout the incubation period. A high variability in the lag period among the NSO-compounds was observed under aerobic conditions. While quinoline, indole, and carbazole were degraded with a lag period...

  12. Thermodynamic stability studies of Ce-Sb compounds with Fe

    Science.gov (United States)

    Xie, Yi; Zhang, Jinsuo; Benson, Michael T.; Mariani, Robert D.

    2018-02-01

    Lanthanide fission products can migrate to the fuel periphery and react with cladding, causing fuel-cladding chemical interaction (FCCI). Adding a fuel additive dopant, such as Sb, can bind lanthanide, such as Ce, into metallic compounds and thus prevent migration. The present study focuses on the thermodynamic stability of Ce-Sb compounds when in contact with the major cladding constituent Fe by conducting diffusion couple tests. Ce-Sb compounds have shown high thermodynamic stability as they did not react with Fe. When Fe-Sb compounds contacted with Ce, Sb was separated out of Fe-Sb compounds and formed the more stable Ce-Sb compounds.

  13. Method for conversion of .beta.-hydroxy carbonyl compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lilga, Michael A.; White, James F.; Holladay, Johnathan E.; Zacher, Alan H.; Muzatko, Danielle S.; Orth, Rick J.

    2010-03-30

    A process is disclosed for conversion of salts of .beta.-hydroxy carbonyl compounds forming useful conversion products including, e.g., .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and/or salts of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Conversion products find use, e.g., as feedstock and/or end-use chemicals.

  14. Hexavalent Chromium Compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Learn about chromium, exposure to which can increase your risk of lung cancer and cancer of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Hexavalent chromium compounds have been used as corrosion inhibitors in a wide variety of products and processes.

  15. Experience with compound words influences their processing: An eye movement investigation with English compound words.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Juhasz, Barbara J

    2016-11-14

    Recording eye movements provides information on the time-course of word recognition during reading. Juhasz and Rayner [Juhasz, B. J., & Rayner, K. (2003). Investigating the effects of a set of intercorrelated variables on eye fixation durations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 29, 1312-1318] examined the impact of five word recognition variables, including familiarity and age-of-acquisition (AoA), on fixation durations. All variables impacted fixation durations, but the time-course differed. However, the study focused on relatively short, morphologically simple words. Eye movements are also informative for examining the processing of morphologically complex words such as compound words. The present study further examined the time-course of lexical and semantic variables during morphological processing. A total of 120 English compound words that varied in familiarity, AoA, semantic transparency, lexeme meaning dominance, sensory experience rating (SER), and imageability were selected. The impact of these variables on fixation durations was examined when length, word frequency, and lexeme frequencies were controlled in a regression model. The most robust effects were found for familiarity and AoA, indicating that a reader's experience with compound words significantly impacts compound recognition. These results provide insight into semantic processing of morphologically complex words during reading.

  16. Antifungal compounds from cyanobacteria.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shishido, Tânia K; Humisto, Anu; Jokela, Jouni; Liu, Liwei; Wahlsten, Matti; Tamrakar, Anisha; Fewer, David P; Permi, Perttu; Andreote, Ana P D; Fiore, Marli F; Sivonen, Kaarina

    2015-04-13

    Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes found in a range of environments. They are infamous for the production of toxins, as well as bioactive compounds, which exhibit anticancer, antimicrobial and protease inhibition activities. Cyanobacteria produce a broad range of antifungals belonging to structural classes, such as peptides, polyketides and alkaloids. Here, we tested cyanobacteria from a wide variety of environments for antifungal activity. The potent antifungal macrolide scytophycin was detected in Anabaena sp. HAN21/1, Anabaena cf. cylindrica PH133, Nostoc sp. HAN11/1 and Scytonema sp. HAN3/2. To our knowledge, this is the first description of Anabaena strains that produce scytophycins. We detected antifungal glycolipopeptide hassallidin production in Anabaena spp. BIR JV1 and HAN7/1 and in Nostoc spp. 6sf Calc and CENA 219. These strains were isolated from brackish and freshwater samples collected in Brazil, the Czech Republic and Finland. In addition, three cyanobacterial strains, Fischerella sp. CENA 298, Scytonema hofmanni PCC 7110 and Nostoc sp. N107.3, produced unidentified antifungal compounds that warrant further characterization. Interestingly, all of the strains shown to produce antifungal compounds in this study belong to Nostocales or Stigonematales cyanobacterial orders.

  17. Antifungal Compounds from Cyanobacteria

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tânia K. Shishido

    2015-04-01

    Full Text Available Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes found in a range of environments. They are infamous for the production of toxins, as well as bioactive compounds, which exhibit anticancer, antimicrobial and protease inhibition activities. Cyanobacteria produce a broad range of antifungals belonging to structural classes, such as peptides, polyketides and alkaloids. Here, we tested cyanobacteria from a wide variety of environments for antifungal activity. The potent antifungal macrolide scytophycin was detected in Anabaena sp. HAN21/1, Anabaena cf. cylindrica PH133, Nostoc sp. HAN11/1 and Scytonema sp. HAN3/2. To our knowledge, this is the first description of Anabaena strains that produce scytophycins. We detected antifungal glycolipopeptide hassallidin production in Anabaena spp. BIR JV1 and HAN7/1 and in Nostoc spp. 6sf Calc and CENA 219. These strains were isolated from brackish and freshwater samples collected in Brazil, the Czech Republic and Finland. In addition, three cyanobacterial strains, Fischerella sp. CENA 298, Scytonema hofmanni PCC 7110 and Nostoc sp. N107.3, produced unidentified antifungal compounds that warrant further characterization. Interestingly, all of the strains shown to produce antifungal compounds in this study belong to Nostocales or Stigonematales cyanobacterial orders.

  18. Organic halogen compounds in the environment

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1979-07-01

    There are 20 research reports on selected problems concerning the analysis, the occurence, and the behaviour of a wide spectrum of organic halogen compounds. The work was carried out in the framework of the project 'Organic Halogen Compounds in the Environment', financed by the BMFT, between 1975 and 1978. (orig.) [de

  19. Carbohydrate degradation mechanisms and compounds from pretreated biomass

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Rasmussen, Helena

    The formation of inhibitors during pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks is a persistent problem, and notably the compounds that retard enzymatic cellulose conversion represent an obstacle for achieving optimal enzymatic productivity and high glucose yields. Compounds with many chemical...... pretreated wheat straw after enzymatic treatment. It was found that formation of the oligophenolic degradation compounds were common across biomass sources as sugar cane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunches. These findings were in line with that the oligophenolic compounds arise from reactions involving...... functionalities are formed during biomass pretreatment, which gives possibilities for various chemical reactions to take place and hence formation of many new potential inhibitor compounds. This somehow overlooked contemplation formed the basis for the main hypothesis investigated in this work: Hypothesis 1...

  20. Device for collecting chemical compounds and related methods

    Science.gov (United States)

    Scott, Jill R.; Groenewold, Gary S.; Rae, Catherine

    2013-01-01

    A device for sampling chemical compounds from fixed surfaces and related methods are disclosed. The device may include a vacuum source, a chamber and a sorbent material. The device may utilize vacuum extraction to volatilize the chemical compounds from the fixed surfaces so that they may be sorbed by the sorbent material. The sorbent material may then be analyzed using conventional thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS) instrumentation to determine presence of the chemical compounds. The methods may include detecting release and presence of one or more chemical compounds and determining the efficacy of decontamination. The device may be useful in collection and analysis of a variety of chemical compounds, such as residual chemical warfare agents, chemical attribution signatures and toxic industrial chemicals.

  1. Assessment of A Simple Compound-Saving Method To Study Insecticidal Activity of Natural Extracts and Pure Compounds Against Mosquito Larvae.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Falkowski, Michaël; Jahn-Oyac, Arnaud; Ferrero, Emma; Issaly, Jean; Eparvier, Véronique; Girod, Romain; Rodrigues, Alice M S; Stien, Didier; Houël, Emeline; Dusfour, Isabelle

    2016-12-01

    Research on natural insecticides has intensified with the spread of resistance to chemicals among insects, particularly disease vectors. To evaluate compounds, the World Health Organization (WHO) has published standardized procedures. However, those may be excessively compound-consuming when it comes to assessing the activity of natural extracts and pure compounds isolated in limited amount. As part of our work on the discovery of new mosquito larvicides from Amazonian plants, we developed a compound-saving assay in 5-ml glass tubes instead of WHO larval 100-ml cups. Comparing activity of synthetic and natural chemicals validated the glass tube assay. Raw data, lethal doses that kill 50% (LD 50 ) and 90% (LD 90 ) at 24 and 48 h, were highly correlated (0.68 natural extracts and molecules, identifying active compounds using 10 times less material than in the WHO protocol.

  2. Investigation on application properties of liquid fuels with biogenic compounds; Untersuchungen zu anwendungstechnischen Eigenschaften fluessiger Brennstoffe mit biogenen Anteilen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Neulen, Martin [OWI Oel-Waerme-Institut GmbH, Aachen (Germany); Hoffmann, Hajo

    2013-10-01

    Within a DGMK project (DGMK 729) a test rig was developed in which fuel can be aged semi realistically to test additives, components from middle distillate devices, fuel components and the fuel itself. The test rig is designed as a hardware-in-the-loop test rig. The test rig's design allows a high flexibility in setting aging parameters. In contrast to other, similar test rigs, the aging parameters can be set in a very defined way. Test runs were already conducted with variations in temperature, operating cycles or pressing dry air in fuel or using nitrogen in order to eliminate the ambient air. It could be shown, that higher temperatures can age the fuel faster than lower temperatures, which was expected. Pressing air into the fuel extended the time needed to reach the abort criterion. Using nitrogen in order to reduce the influence of ambient air showed no effect on the duration of the test run. The effects of both settings - pressing air in the fuel and reducing the effect of ambient air by nitrogen - cannot be explained entirely yet. (orig.)

  3. Toxicity prediction of compounds from turmeric (Curcuma longa L).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Balaji, S; Chempakam, B

    2010-10-01

    Turmeric belongs to the ginger family Zingiberaceae. Currently, cheminformatics approaches are not employed in any of the spices to study the medicinal properties traditionally attributed to them. The aim of this study is to find the most efficacious molecule which does not have any toxic effects. In the present study, toxicity of 200 chemical compounds from turmeric were predicted (includes bacterial mutagenicity, rodent carcinogenicity and human hepatotoxicity). The study shows out of 200 compounds, 184 compounds were predicted as toxigenic, 136 compounds are mutagenic, 153 compounds are carcinogenic and 64 compounds are hepatotoxic. To cross validate our results, we have chosen the popular curcumin and found that curcumin and its derivatives may cause dose dependent hepatotoxicity. The results of these studies indicate that, in contrast to curcumin, few other compounds in turmeric which are non-mutagenic, non-carcinogenic, non-hepatotoxic, and do not have any side-effects. Hence, the cost-effective approach presented in this paper could be used to filter toxic compounds from the drug discovery lifecycle. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Protonation sites of aromatic compounds in (+) atmospheric pressure photoionization

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kim, Sung Hwan; Ahmed, Arif [Dept. of Chemistry, Kyungpoo k National University, Daegu (Korea, Republic of)

    2017-02-15

    Reaction enthalpy of hydrogen transfer reactions of aromatic compounds has been observed to be greatly affected by the exact location of the protonation site. Therefore, to clearly identify the protonation location, each candidate protonation site for 43 aromatic compounds were theoretically determined and their location was compared with that determined based on experimental MS data. Only the basic nitrogen atom is favorable as a protonation site for pyridine-type aromatic compounds, whereas carbon atoms are preferable for the protonation of pyrrole-type compounds. The most favorable protonation sites for aniline or methylated aniline-type aromatic compounds are either the nitrogen atom in the amine group or the carbon atom at the para-position to the amine group. Like pyrrole-type compounds, aromatic compounds with amine groups also favor protonation at the carbon atom instead of at the nitrogen atom. In addition, hydrocarbons having an anthracene structural motif without heteroatoms produced higher or equal percentages of protonated ions compared to that achieved with molecular ions. The results of this study can be used to improve the analyses of aromatic compounds.

  5. Complex fragment emission from hot compound nuclei

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Moretto, L.G.

    1986-03-01

    The experimental evidence for compound nucleus emission of complex fragments at low energies is used to interpret the emission of the same fragments at higher energies. The resulting experimental picture is that of highly excited compound nuclei formed in incomplete fusion processes which decay statistically. In particular, complex fragments appear to be produced mostly through compound nucleus decay. In the appendix a geometric-kinematic theory for incomplete fusion and the associated momentum transfer is outlined. 10 refs., 19 figs

  6. Gel chromatography of sup(99m)Tc-labelled compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vilcek, S.; Machan, V.; Kalincak, M.

    1976-01-01

    The present state of gel chromatography of sup(99m)Tc-labelled compounds is reviewed. Examples are given of gel chromatography for preparing labelled compounds and for quality control analysis and the development of new types of sup(99m)Tc-labelled compounds. The factors which influence the gel chromatography of these compounds are discussed, i.e., the nature of the elution agent, the duration of the contact of the gel and the preparation the gel type, the nature of the labelled compound. The GCS method (gel chromatography scanning) is briefly described. The advantages of gel chromatography as compared with other chromatographic techniques for sup(99m)Tc-labelled compounds are summarized. (author)

  7. Improvements in or relating to compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Woodhead, J.L.

    1983-01-01

    The invention provides a process for the preparation of a dispersible product containing a cerium compound which comprises heating a cerium (IV) oxide hydrate in the presence of a salt to cause deaggregation of aggregated crystallites in the cerium (IV) oxide hydrate and produce a dispersible product containing a cerium compound. (author)

  8. 46 CFR 153.1025 - Motor fuel antiknock compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Motor fuel antiknock compounds. 153.1025 Section 153... Cargo Procedures § 153.1025 Motor fuel antiknock compounds. (a) No person may load or carry any other cargo in a containment system approved for motor fuel antiknock compounds containing lead alkyls except...

  9. Cannabinoid-like anti-inflammatory compounds from flax fiber.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Styrczewska, Monika; Kulma, Anna; Ratajczak, Katarzyna; Amarowicz, Ryszard; Szopa, Jan

    2012-09-01

    Flax is a valuable source of fibers, linseed and oil. The compounds of the latter two products have already been widely examined and have been proven to possess many health-beneficial properties. In the course of analysis of fibers extract from previously generated transgenic plants overproducing phenylpropanoids a new terpenoid compound was discovered.The UV spectra and the retention time in UPLC analysis of this new compound reveal similarity to a cannabinoid-like compound, probably cannabidiol (CBD). This was confirmed by finding two ions at m/z 174.1 and 231.2 in mass spectra analysis. Further confirmation of the nature of the compound was based on a biological activity assay. It was found that the compound affects the expression of genes involved in inflammatory processes in mouse and human fibroblasts and likely the CBD from Cannabis sativa activates the specific peripheral cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) gene expression. Besides fibers, the compound was also found in all other flax tissues. It should be pointed out that the industrial process of fabric production does not affect CBD activity.The presented data suggest for the first time that flax products can be a source of biologically active cannabinoid-like compounds that are able to influence the cell immunological response. These findings might open up many new applications for medical flax products, especially for the fabric as a material for wound dressing with anti-inflammatory properties.

  10. Process for production of a borohydride compound

    Science.gov (United States)

    Allen, Nathan Tait; Butterick, III, Robert; Chin, Arthur Achhing; Millar, Dean Michael; Molzahn, David Craig

    2014-08-19

    A process for production of a borohydride compound M(BH.sub.4).sub.y. The process has three steps. The first step combines a compound of formula (R.sup.1O).sub.yM with aluminum, hydrogen and a metallic catalyst containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, vanadium, tantalum and iron to produce a compound of formula M(AlH.sub.3OR.sup.1).sub.y, wherein R.sup.1 is phenyl or phenyl substituted by at least one alkyl or alkoxy group; M is an alkali metal, Be or Mg; and y is one or two; wherein the catalyst is present at a level of at least 200 ppm based on weight of aluminum. The second step combines the compound of formula M(AlH.sub.3OR.sup.1).sub.y with a borate, boroxine or borazine compound to produce M(BH.sub.4).sub.y and a byproduct mixture containing alkali metal and aluminum aryloxides. The third step separates M(BH.sub.4).sub.y from the byproduct mixture.

  11. Behaviour of organic sulfur compounds in HPLC

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Freyholdt, T.

    1982-01-01

    The retention behaviour of organic sulfur compounds in the reverse-bonded-phase chromatography is characterized by determining the retention indices according to Kovats. The results of these studies show that the solubility of organic compounds in the eluting agent and the molar sorption surfaces of the solutes are the main factors determining the retention behaviour. Knowledge of the retention indices of above-mentioned compounds allows a quick interpretation of chromatograms obtained through a product analysis of γ-irradiated aqueous solutions of organic sulfur compounds. Dithia compounds of the type CH 3 -S-(CH 2 )sub(n)-S-Ch 3 (1 1. 2,4-Dithiapentane (n = 1) however will yield primarily monothio-S-methyl formate as a stable end product. The formation of oxygenic reaction products proceeds via sulfur-centred radical kations. Spin trapping experiments with nitroxyl radicals show that it is possible to trap radiation-chemically produced radicals of sulfurous substrates, but the thus obtained adducts with half-life periods of 4-5 min. cannot be identified by means of NMR, IR or mass spectroscopy. (orig.) [de

  12. Cerium compounds in the fashion of the light actinides

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Koelling, D.D.

    1984-01-01

    Researchers familiar with the light actinides easily recognize in cerium compounds a microcosm of the rich variety of properties seen in the light actinides. The parallelism seen between comparable cerium and actinide compounds strongly suggests that the same physical models are applicable. The most significant is the relative size of the f-orbital. Localization is generally tighter in Ce compounds than uranium compounds, making Ce roughly analogous to Np through Am. A way to see the actinide parallelism is to compare Hill plots. Compounds in the different regions of the plots (representing different physics) are isostructural compounds with the same companion (B) elements. The most common materials exhibiting a direct f-f interaction are the cubic Laves compounds. Accordingly, we have determined the band structures of CeRu 2 , CeRh 2 , CeIr 2 , CeOs 2 , and CeNi 2 . Compounds illustrative of the interaction of f-orbitals with ligand orbitals are the Cu 3 Au structured materials. Materials calculated in this class are CeRh 3 , CePd 3 , and CeSn 3 - the materials of much interest as mixed valent. Although the focus is on the Ce compounds, calculations performed on uranium isomorphs are used to highlight the interesting physics

  13. Carcinogenicity assessment of water-soluble nickel compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Goodman, Julie E; Prueitt, Robyn L; Dodge, David G; Thakali, Sagar

    2009-01-01

    IARC is reassessing the human carcinogenicity of nickel compounds in 2009. To address the inconsistencies among results from studies of water-soluble nickel compounds, we conducted a weight-of-evidence analysis of the relevant epidemiological, toxicological, and carcinogenic mode-of-action data. We found the epidemiological evidence to be limited, in that some, but not all, data suggest that exposure to soluble nickel compounds leads to increased cancer risk in the presence of certain forms of insoluble nickel. Although there is no evidence that soluble nickel acts as a complete carcinogen in animals, there is limited evidence that suggests it may act as a tumor promoter. The mode-of-action data suggest that soluble nickel compounds will not be able to cause genotoxic effects in vivo because they cannot deliver sufficient nickel ions to nuclear sites of target cells. Although the mode-of-action data suggest several possible non-genotoxic effects of the nickel ion, it is unclear whether soluble nickel compounds can elicit these effects in vivo or whether these effects, if elicited, would result in tumor promotion. The mode-of-action data equally support soluble nickel as a promoter or as not being a causal factor in carcinogenesis at all. The weight of evidence does not indicate that soluble nickel compounds are complete carcinogens, and there is only limited evidence that they could act as tumor promoters.

  14. The use of compound topical anesthetics: a review.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kravitz, Neal D

    2007-10-01

    The author reviewed the history of, federal regulations regarding, risks of and adverse drug reactions of five compound topical anesthetics: tetracaine, adrenaline/epinephrine and cocaine (TAC); lidocaine, adrenaline/epinephrine and tetracaine (LET); lidocaine, tetracaine and phenylephrine (TAC 20 percent Alternate); lidocaine, prilocaine and tetracaine (Profound); and lidocaine, prilocaine, tetracaine and phenylephrine with thickeners (Profound PET). The author reviewed clinical trials, case reports, descriptive articles, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and recent public advisory warnings regarding the federal approval of and risks associated with the use of compound topical anesthetics. Compound topical anesthetics are neither FDA-regulated nor -unregulated. Some compounding pharmacies bypass the new FDA drug approval process, which is based on reliable scientific data and ensures that a marketed drug is safe, effective, properly manufactured and accurately labeled. Two deaths have been attributed to the lay use of compound topical anesthetics. In response, the FDA has announced the strengthening of its efforts against unapproved drug products. Compound topical anesthetics may be an effective alternative to local infiltration for some minimally invasive dental procedures; however, legitimate concerns exist in regard to their safety. Until they become federally regulated, compound topical anesthetics remain unapproved drug products whose benefits may not outweigh their risks for dental patients.

  15. Notizen über Thatcheria Angas, Clinura Bellardi und Clinuropsis Vincent

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Beets, C.

    1942-01-01

    1. Es sind bisher über die merkwürdige rezente marine Gastropoden-Gruppe Thatcheria Angas, 1877 sehr wenige Gegebenheiten bekannt, vergleichende Untersuchungen mit fossilen Arten fehlen (fast) vollkommen und auch die Frage ihrer systematischen Stellung ist nie in befriedigender Weise gelöst worden.

  16. Identification of isomers of organometallic compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mbue, Sona Peter; Cho, Kwang Hwi [Dept. of Bioinformatics and Life Science, School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University,Seoul (Korea, Republic of)

    2015-06-15

    The yaChI is a newly suggested chemical naming system. However, yaChI is a derivative of the IUPAC InChI with a modified algorithm that includes additional layers of chemical structure information. Consequently, yaChI string contains more structure details while preserving the original structure file information and can distinctively identify very closely related compounds reducing the chances of ambiguity in chemical compound databases as opposed to the general SMILES, InChI, and InChIKey. This study examines the relative performances of yaChI, SMILES, InChI, and InChIKey in duplication check for isomers. For simplicity, a small data set of 28 organometallic compounds (structural isomers of Rh-containing compounds) subdivided into three major groups (A, B, and C) based on the number and the type of ligands attached to the center atom was used to study the performances of each encoding scheme in describing chemical structures. SMILES, InChI, and InChIKey were generated using Openbabel and RDkit, whereas yaChI strings were generated with in-house program. Strings generated from SMILES, InChI, and InChIKey though different, resulted to only three unique chemical identifiers, with each belonging to one group indicating the presence of only three unique compounds in the study data. However, yaChI results depicted that all structures in each group are indeed unique and differ among themselves as well as those from other groups, mapping each structure with a unique identifier given a total number of 28 unique structures in the study data. This high perception of yaChI probe justifies its accuracy and reliability in duplication check among closely related compounds especially structures exhibiting stereo properties.

  17. Lattice anisotropy in uranium ternary compounds

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Maskova, S.; Adamska, A.M.; Havela, L.

    2012-01-01

    Several U-based intermetallic compounds (UCoGe, UNiGe with the TiNiSi structure type and UNiAl with the ZrNiAl structure type) and their hydrides were studied from the point of view of compressibility and thermal expansion. Confronted with existing data for the compounds with the ZrNiAl structure...

  18. Unconventional superconductivity in heavy-fermion compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    White, B.D. [Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (United States); Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (United States); Thompson, J.D. [Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 (United States); Maple, M.B., E-mail: mbmaple@ucsd.edu [Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (United States); Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (United States)

    2015-07-15

    Highlights: • Quasiparticles in heavy-fermion compounds are much heavier than free electrons. • Superconductivity involves pairing of these massive quasiparticles. • Quasiparticle pairing mediated by magnetic or quadrupolar fluctuations. • We review the properties of superconductivity in heavy-fermion compounds. - Abstract: Over the past 35 years, research on unconventional superconductivity in heavy-fermion systems has evolved from the surprising observations of unprecedented superconducting properties in compounds that convention dictated should not superconduct at all to performing explorations of rich phase spaces in which the delicate interplay between competing ground states appears to support emergent superconducting states. In this article, we review the current understanding of superconductivity in heavy-fermion compounds and identify a set of characteristics that is common to their unconventional superconducting states. These core properties are compared with those of other classes of unconventional superconductors such as the cuprates and iron-based superconductors. We conclude by speculating on the prospects for future research in this field and how new advances might contribute towards resolving the long-standing mystery of how unconventional superconductivity works.

  19. Harmonic force field for nitro compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bellido, Edson P; Seminario, Jorge M

    2012-06-01

    Molecular simulations leading to sensors for the detection of explosive compounds require force field parameters that can reproduce the mechanical and vibrational properties of energetic materials. We developed precise harmonic force fields for alanine polypeptides and glycine oligopeptides using the FUERZA procedure that uses the Hessian tensor (obtained from ab initio calculations) to calculate precise parameters. In this work, we used the same procedure to calculate generalized force field parameters of several nitro compounds. We found a linear relationship between force constant and bond distance. The average angle in the nitro compounds was 116°, excluding the 90° angle of the carbon atoms in the octanitrocubane. The calculated parameters permitted the accurate molecular modeling of nitro compounds containing many functional groups. Results were acceptable when compared with others obtained using methods that are specific for one type of molecule, and much better than others obtained using methods that are too general (these ignore the chemical effects of surrounding atoms on the bonding and therefore the bond strength, which affects the mechanical and vibrational properties of the whole molecule).

  20. Teachers’ knowledge for teaching compound interest

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Craig Pournara

    2013-11-01

    Full Text Available There is increasing acknowledgement that teachers’ knowledge for teaching mathematics is multifaceted and topic specific. Given the paucity of research on the teaching and learning of financial mathematics in general, little can be known about teachers’ knowledge for teaching compound interest. However, since financial mathematics is a component of the school curriculum in South Africa, and an important element of financial literacy more broadly, attention needs to be given to knowledge for teaching financial mathematics, and compound interest in particular. Drawing from a larger study in which the author taught a financial mathematics course to pre-service secondary mathematics teachers, a theoretical elaboration is provided of the underlying mathematics of compound interest, and connections with the world of banking. Based on findings from the study, two key student errors are identified: the over-generalisation of linear thinking in multiplicative scenarios, and the over-generalisation of reversible operations in percentage-change scenarios. Taken together, teachers’ knowledge of relevant mathematics, of the banking context and of learners’ conceptions will contribute to building a knowledge-base for teachers’ knowledge for teaching compound interest.

  1. Phosphorus-containing macrocyclic compounds: synthesis and properties

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Knyazeva, I R; Burilov, Alexander R; Pudovik, Michael A; Habicher, Wolf D

    2013-01-01

    Main trends in the development of methods for the synthesis of phosphorus-containing macrocyclic compounds in the past 15 years are considered. Emphasis is given to reactions producing macrocyclic structures with the participation of a phosphorus atom and other functional groups involved in organophosphorus molecules and to modifications of macrocycles by phosphorus compounds in different valence states. Possibilities of the practical application of phosphorus-containing macrocyclic compounds in difference areas of science and engineering are discussed. The bibliography includes 205 references.

  2. Antiosteoporotic compounds from seeds of Cuscuta chinensis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yang, Lijuan; Chen, Qianfeng; Wang, Fei; Zhang, Guolin

    2011-05-17

    The seeds of Cuscuta chinensis (Tu-Si-Zi, TSZ) have long been used for the treatment of osteoporosis in China and some Asian countries. The compounds in TSZ responsible for the antiosteoporotic activity are still poorly understood. The present study was designed to investigate the osteogenic compounds in TSZ, and to evaluate their antiosteoporotic effects in osteoblastic cells. Osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells were used for bioactivity-guided isolation of the active compounds. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in UMR-106 cells was measured by p-nitrophenyl sodium phosphate assay. The proliferation of UMR-106 cells was assayed by Alamar-Blue method. Estrogenic activity of the extracts and isolated compounds was evaluated by activation of estrogen response element (ERE) luciferase reporter expression in HeLa cells co-transfected with human estrogen receptor subtypes (ERα or ERβ) expression vectors and 5×ERE luciferase reporter plasmid. Antiestrogenic activity of the extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated by activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) luciferase reporter expression in HeLa cells co-transfected with human estrogen receptor subtypes (ERα or ERβ) expression vectors and 6×AP-1 luciferase reporter plasmid. ALP-guided fractionation led to the isolation of five known flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, hyperoside and astragalin from the crude ethanolic extract of TSZ. Further study showed that kaempferol and hyperoside significantly increased the ALP activity in UMR-106 cells. Astragalin promoted the proliferation of UMR-106 cells whereas other compounds had no such effect. The isolated compounds showed estrogenic activity but quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin showed more potent ERβ agonist activity. However, compared with their ER agonist activity, only quercetin and kaempferol showed potent ER antagonist activity by activating ERα/β-mediated AP-1 reporter expression. Our findings validated the clinical use of TSZ in

  3. Thin film Heusler compounds manganese nickel gallium

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jenkins, Catherine Ann

    Multiferroic Heusler compounds Mn3--xNi xGa (x=0,1,2) have a tetragonal unit cell that can variously be used for magneto-mechanically coupled shape memory ( x=1,2) and spin-mechanical applications (x=0). The first fabrication of fully epitaxial thin films of these and electronically related compounds by sputtering is discussed. Traditional and custom lab characterization of the magnetic and temperature driven multiferroic behavior is augmented by more detailed synchrotron-based high energy photoemission spectroscopic techniques to describe the atomic and electronic structure. Integration of the MnNi2Ga magnetic shape memory compound in microwave patch antennas and active free-standing structures represents a fraction of the available and promising applications for these compounds. Prototype magnetic tunnel junctions are demonstrated by Mn3Ga electrodes with perpendicular anisotropy for spin torque transfer memory structures. The main body of the work concentrates on the definition and exploration of the material series Mn3--xNi xGa (x=0,1,2) and the relevant multiferroic phenomena exhibited as a function of preparation and external stimuli. Engineering results on each x=0,1,2 are presented with device prototypes where relevant. In the appendices the process of the materials design undertaken with the goal of developing new ternary intermetallics with enhanced properties is presented with a full exploration of the road from band structure calculations to device implementation. Cobalt based compounds in single crystal and nanoparticle form are fabricated with an eye to developing the production methods for new cobalt- and iron-based magnetic shape memory compounds for device applications in different forms. Mn2CoSn, a compound isolectronic and with similar atomic ordering to Mn2NiGa is experimentally determined to be a nearly half-metallic ferromagnet in contrast to the metallic ferrimagnetism in the parent compound. High energy photoemission spectroscopy is shown to

  4. Inorganic, coordination and organometallic compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jursik, F.

    1978-01-01

    Separation of cations and anions of inorganic, coordination and metalloorganic compounds by the method of liquid column chromatography is considered. Common scheme of multicomponent cation mixture is suggesteed. Separation conditions, adsrbents, eluents, pH value solution concenstration, elution rate are also suggested. Separation of rare earth elements Cs, Be, Cd, Te, Th, U, Mo, Re, V, Ru, Zr, In compounds is considered as an example of liquid column chromatography application. Data on column chromatography application are summarized in a table

  5. Expatriate Compound Living: An Ethnographic Field Study

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Lauring, Jakob; Selmer, Jan

    2009-01-01

    In certain countries, closed expatriate compounds have developed.  They serve to provide resident expatriates and accompanying family members with a comfortable and safe environment. Unfortunately, not much is known about compound life since associated empirical research is scarce. Through...... ethnographic field-work methodology, including interviews and participant observation during a period of three months, this exploratory study investigated 16 Danish business expatriates of a large Danish corporation and their families living in the same compound in Saudi Arabia. They shared their spare time...... and the expatriates had the same working hours in the same subsidiary. Results show that a Danish national group was established and maintained. This in-group dominated life in the compound and at work it may have contributed to the perceptual bias and discriminatory behaviour demonstrated by the Danish expatriates...

  6. Labelled compounds. (Pt. B)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Buncel, E.; Jones, J.R.

    1991-01-01

    Since the end of World War II there has been a tremendous increase in the number of compounds that have been synthesized with radioactive or stable isotopes. They have found application in many diverse fields, so much so, that hardly a single area in pure and applied science has not benefited. Not surprisingly it has been reflected in appearance of related publications. The early proceedings of the Symposia on Advances in Trace Methodology were soon followed by various Euratom sponsored meetings in which methods of preparing and storing labelled compounds featured prominently. In due course a resurgence of interest in stable isotopes, brought about by their greater availability (also lower cost) and partly by development of new techniques such as gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (gc-ms), led to the publication of proceedings of several successful conferences. More recently conferences dealing with the synthesis and applications of isotopes and isotopically labelled compounds have been established on a regular basis. In addition to the proceedings of conferences and journal publications individuals left their mark by producing definitive texts, usually on specific nuclides. Only the classic two volume publication of Murray and Williams (Organic syntheses with isotopes, New York 1985), now over 30 years old and out of print, attempted to do justice to several nuclides. With the large amount of work that has been undertaken since then it seems unlikely that an updated edition could be produced. The alternative strategy was to ask scientists currently active to review specific areas and this is the approach adopted in the present series of monographs. In this way it is intended to cover the broad advances that have been made in the synthesis and applications of isotopes and isotopically labelled compounds in the physical and biomedical sciences. (author). refs.; figs.; tabs

  7. Compound Semiconductor Radiation Detector

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kim, Y. K.; Park, S. H.; Lee, W. G.; Ha, J. H.

    2005-01-01

    In 1945, Van Heerden measured α, β and γ radiations with the cooled AgCl crystal. It was the first radiation measurement using the compound semiconductor detector. Since then the compound semiconductor has been extensively studied as radiation detector. Generally the radiation detector can be divided into the gas detector, the scintillator and the semiconductor detector. The semiconductor detector has good points comparing to other radiation detectors. Since the density of the semiconductor detector is higher than that of the gas detector, the semiconductor detector can be made with the compact size to measure the high energy radiation. In the scintillator, the radiation is measured with the two-step process. That is, the radiation is converted into the photons, which are changed into electrons by a photo-detector, inside the scintillator. However in the semiconductor radiation detector, the radiation is measured only with the one-step process. The electron-hole pairs are generated from the radiation interaction inside the semiconductor detector, and these electrons and charged ions are directly collected to get the signal. The energy resolution of the semiconductor detector is generally better than that of the scintillator. At present, the commonly used semiconductors as the radiation detector are Si and Ge. However, these semiconductor detectors have weak points. That is, one needs thick material to measure the high energy radiation because of the relatively low atomic number of the composite material. In Ge case, the dark current of the detector is large at room temperature because of the small band-gap energy. Recently the compound semiconductor detectors have been extensively studied to overcome these problems. In this paper, we will briefly summarize the recent research topics about the compound semiconductor detector. We will introduce the research activities of our group, too

  8. Mutagenesis of metal compounds in bacteria

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nishioka, H

    1974-01-01

    The mutagenic activity of 41 metal compounds was examined by applying the Rec-assay method with Bacillus subtilis H17 (rec/sup +/) and M45 (rec/sup -/) strains. Among these compounds, Na/sub 2/HAsO/sub 4/, CdCl/sub 2/, K/sub 2/CrO/sub 4/, K/sub 2/Cr/sub 2/O/sub 7/, CH/sub 3/HgCl, C/sub 2/H/sub 5/HgCl, CH/sub 3/COOHgC/sub 6/H/sub 5/, MnCl/sub 2/, MnNO/sub 3/, MnSO/sub 4/, Mn(CH/sub 3/COO)/sub 2/, (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/MoO/sub 4/ and KMoO/sub 4/ showed positive results. The reactions of K/sub 2/Cr/sub 2/O/sub 7/ and (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/MoO/sub 4/ were especially strong in the assay. Therefore, mutation induction to reversion (try/sup +/) and streptomycin resistance (SM/sup r/) of E. coli B/r WP2 try/sup -/ (hcl/sup +/ and hcr/sup -/) by the two compounds were examined by the following two experimental procedures. Stationary phase bacteria were exposed to the compounds at high concentrations (6.9 x 10/sup -3/ approx. 3.44 x 10/sup -2/M) in M9 buffer for 15 min at 37/sup -/ with shaking. After incubation at 37/sup 0/ for 48 h visible colonies on the plates were scored. Bacteria in M9 buffer were plated in media supplemented with low concentrations (1.7 x 10/sup -5/ approx. 3.4 x 10/sup -5/M) of the compounds. K/sub 2/Cr/sub 2/O/sub 7/ and (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/MoO/sub 4/ increased the mutation rate of SM/sup r/ and try/sup +/ in both strains treated with either procedure. No marked differences in mutation rate were found between hcr/sup +/ and hcr/sup -/. After treatment with high concentrations of compounds one can imagine that a peroxidation state produced by these peroxides in the media might affect the killing and mutation induction. These results suggest the possibility that the mutagenesis of the metals relate to their atomic values, rather than the peroxidation state as far as these two compounds are concerned.

  9. Potent antifouling compounds produced by marine Streptomyces

    KAUST Repository

    Xu, Ying; He, Hongping; Schulz, Stefan; Liu, Xin; Fusetani, Nobushino; Xiong, Hairong; Xiao, Xiang; Qian, Peiyuan

    2010-01-01

    of a marine Streptomyces strain obtained from deep-sea sediments. Antifouling activities of these five compounds and four other structurally-related compounds isolated from a North Sea Streptomyces strain against major fouling organisms were compared

  10. Transperineal gold marker implantation for image-guided external beam radiotherapy of prostate cancer. A single institution, prospective study

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jorgo, Kliton; Agoston, Peter; Major, Tibor; Takacsi-Nagy, Zoltan; Polgar, Csaba [National Institute of Oncology, Centre of Radiotherapy, Budapest (Hungary)

    2017-06-15

    Patienten drei roentgendichte Goldmarker unter transrektaler Ultraschallkontrolle und Lokalanaesthesie transperineal in die Prostata implantiert. Die Patienten beantworteten 1 Woche nach Implantation einen Fragebogen ueber Schmerzempfinden, Dysurie, Harnausscheidungsfrequenz, Nykturie, rektale Blutung, Haematurie, Haematospermie oder Fiebersymptome, verursacht durch die Implantation. Im Schmerzscore von 1-10 beschreibt 1 sehr schwache und 10 unertraeglich starke Schmerzen. Die implantierten Goldmarker wurden zur taeglichen Kontrolle und Online-Korrektur bei der IGRT genutzt. In den Frageboegen berichtete kein Patienten ueber Fieber, Infektion, Dysurie oder rektale Blutung nach Implantation. Von 300 Patienten hatten 12 (4 %) Haematospermien und 43 (14 %) Haematurien, die jeweils 3,4 und 1,8 Tagen andauerten. Der durchschnittliche Schmerzscore war 4,6 (Spanne 0-9). Von 300 Patienten klagten 87 (29 %) nach dem Eingriff ueber leichte Schmerzen innerhalb von 1,5 Tagen; kein Patienten benoetigte nach Implantation Analgetika. Insgesamt 105 Patienten (35 %) berichteten ueber weniger, 80 Patienten (27 %) ueber mehr und 94 Patienten (31 %) ueber gleich starke Schmerzen waehrend der Implantation im Vergleich zur Biopsie. Diese Frage hatten 21 Patienten, bei denen eine Biopsie unter Allgemeinanaesthesie durchgefuehrt wurde, nicht beantwortet. Die transperineale Implantation von Goldmarkern unter Lokalanaesthesie wurde gut vertragen. Komplikationen waren begrenzt; Rate und Frequenz von perioperativ auftretenden Schmerzen waren vergleichbar mit denen einer Biopsie. Die Methode ist in der klinischen Praxis sicher durchfuehrbar. (orig.)

  11. THE CONTRAST OF THE COMPOUND WORDS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN LANGUAGE

    OpenAIRE

    Shkelqim Millaku

    2017-01-01

    In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding or composition is the word-formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation). Compounding or Word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make th...

  12. A bitumen compound for pavements

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kanadzava, K.; Simagata, R.

    1982-08-17

    A bitumen compound is proposed which is produced through addition of finely ground coal ash to a bituminous material and subsequent homogenization of the mixture. The following may be used as the bituminous material: solid petroleum bitumen (a penetration of 10 to 150), soft petroleum bitumen (a penetration of 150 to 500), a semioxidized bitumen, a mixture of semioxidized and directly distilled bitumen, bitumen diluted by a petroleum distillate, bituminous mixtures which include rubber, tar, synthetic resins and so on. It is best to use wastes from central thermal electric power plants (TETs), which operate on coal, with a great content of oxides of aluminum, iron and calcium, as the coal ash. The ash is added to the bitumen in a volume of 10 to 40 percent. The compound may include a surfactant (PAV), dispersers, additives which increase the stability to layering and others. The compound is marked by increased resistance to softening in the summer, reduced brittleness at low temperatures and good adhesion to a filler.

  13. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in landfill leachates

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Busch, Jan; Ahrens, Lutz; Sturm, Renate; Ebinghaus, Ralf

    2010-01-01

    Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are widely used in industry and consumer products. These products could end up finally in landfills where their leachates are a potential source for PFCs into the aqueous environment. In this study, samples of untreated and treated leachate from 22 landfill sites in Germany were analysed for 43 PFCs. ΣPFC concentrations ranged from 31 to 12,819 ng/L in untreated leachate and 4-8060 ng/L in treated leachate. The dominating compounds in untreated leachate were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (mean contribution 27%) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (24%). The discharge of PFCs into the aqueous environment depended on the cleaning treatment systems. Membrane treatments (reverse osmosis and nanofiltrations) and activated carbon released lower concentrations of PFCs into the environment than cleaning systems using wet air oxidation or only biological treatment. The mass flows of ΣPFCs into the aqueous environment ranged between 0.08 and 956 mg/day. - The first comprehensive survey of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in landfill leachates.

  14. Chemistry and technology of boron and its compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhigach, A.F.; Parfenov, B.P.; Svitsyn, R.A.

    1995-01-01

    The results of research dealing with development of technologies of boron trichloride, boron hydride, aminoderivative boron hydrides, metal borohydrides, carboranes, carborane-containing polymers, carried out at the institute of organoelemental compounds, are presented. Physicochemical properties of the compounds have been studied and analytical methods have been developed. Data on toxicity and fire hazard of boron compounds are provided

  15. Radiation curable compounds for use in coating compositions

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Friedlander, C.B.; McMullen, J.C.

    1979-01-01

    Radiation curable compounds are disclosed which are derived from the reaction of a siloxy-containing carbinol, a polyisocyanate and polyfunctional compound having hydroxy and acrylic functional groups. The compounds have high cure rates, are compatible with other components of radiation curable, film forming compositions and impart good slip and other properties to cured film coatings. (author)

  16. Cerium compounds in the fashion of the light actinides

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Koelling, D.D.

    1985-01-01

    Researchers familiar with the light actinides easily recognize in cerium compounds a microcosm of the rich variety of properties seen in the light actinides. The parallelism seen between comparable cerium and actinide compounds strongly suggests that the same physical models are applicable. The most significant is the relative size of the f-orbital. Localization is generally tighter in Ce compounds than uranium compounds, making Ce roughly analogous to Np through Am. A way to see the actinide parallelism is to compare Hill plots. Compounds in the different regions of the plots (representing different physics) are isostructural compounds with the same companion (B) elements. The most common materials expected to exhibit direct f-f interaction are the cubic Laves compounds. Accordingly, we have determined the band structures of CeRu 2 , CeRh 2 , CeIr 2 , and CeNi 2 . Surprisingly, it was found that an f-d interaction overshadows any direct f-f interaction in these systems. Compounds illustrative of the interaction of f-orbitals with ''ligand'' orbitals are the Cu 3 Au structured materials. Materials calculated in this class are CeRh 3 , CePd 3 , and CeSn 3 - the materials of much interest as ''mixed valent''. Although the focus is on the Ce compounds, calculations performed on uranium isomorphs are used to highlight the interesting physics. (orig.)

  17. Determination of arsenic compounds in earthworms

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Geiszinger, A.; Goessler, W.; Kuehnelt, D.; Kosmus, W. [Karl-Franzens-Univ., Graz (Austria). Inst. for Analytical Chemistry; Francesconi, K. [Odense Univ. (Denmark). Inst. of Biology

    1998-08-01

    Earthworms and soil collected from six sites in Styria, Austria, were investigated for total arsenic concentrations by ICP-MS and for arsenic compounds by HPLC-ICP-MS. Total arsenic concentrations ranged from 3.2 to 17.9 mg/kg dry weight in the worms and from 5.0 to 79.7 mg/kg dry weight in the soil samples. There was no strict correlation between the total arsenic concentrations in the worms and soil. Arsenic compounds were extracted from soil and a freeze-dried earthworm sample with a methanol/water mixture (9:1, v/v). The extracts were evaporated to dryness, redissolved in water, and chromatographed on an anion- and a cation-exchange column. Arsenic compounds were identified by comparison of the retention times with known standards. Only traces of arsenic acid could be extracted from the soil with the methanol/water (9:1, v/v) mixture. The major arsenic compounds detected in the extracts of the earthworms were arsenous acid and arsenic acid. Arsenobetaine was present as a minor constituent, and traces of dimethylarsinic acid were also detected. Two dimethylarsinoyltribosides were also identified in the extracts by co-chromatography with standard compounds. This is the first report of the presence of dimethylarsinoylribosides in a terrestrial organism. Two other minor arsenic species were present in the extract, but their retention times did not match with the retention times of the available standards.

  18. Application of Transforms in a Compound Demands Process

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ou Tang

    2012-10-01

    Full Text Available The compound distribution is of interest for the study of inventoryproblem, since it provides a more flexible description ofthe stochastic properties of the system compared to many otherapproaches such as renewal processes. However, due to the difficultiesof obtaining analytical results for the compound distribution,such a type of study is usually limited to searching for agood approximation for replacing the complex model. This paperinvestigates the possibility to extend a previous stochastic inventorymodel to cover a compound demand process. Transformmethods again play an imp01tant role in the analysis forcapturing the stochastic prope1ties of the compound distribution.

  19. Materials Chemistry and Performance of Silicone-Based Replicating Compounds.

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Brumbach, Michael T.; Mirabal, Alex James; Kalan, Michael; Trujillo, Ana B; Hale, Kevin

    2014-11-01

    Replicating compounds are used to cast reproductions of surface features on a variety of materials. Replicas allow for quantitative measurements and recordkeeping on parts that may otherwise be difficult to measure or maintain. In this study, the chemistry and replicating capability of several replicating compounds was investigated. Additionally, the residue remaining on material surfaces upon removal of replicas was quantified. Cleaning practices were tested for several different replicating compounds. For all replicating compounds investigated, a thin silicone residue was left by the replica. For some compounds, additional inorganic species could be identified in the residue. Simple solvent cleaning could remove some residue.

  20. Synthesis, Properties Characterization and Applications of Various Organobismuth Compounds

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jingfei Luan

    2011-05-01

    Full Text Available Organobismuth chemistry was emphasized in this review article due to the low price, low toxicity and low radioactivity characteristics of bismuth. As an environmentally-friendly class of organometallic compounds, different types of organobismuth compounds have been used in organic synthesis, catalysis, materials, etc. The synthesis and property characterization of many organobismuth compounds had been summarized. This review article also presented a survey of various applications of organobismuth compounds in organic transformations, as reagents or catalysts. The reactivity, reaction pathways and mechanisms of reactions with organobismuths were discussed. Less common and limiting aspects of organobismuth compounds were also briefly mentioned.

  1. Aminopropyl thiophene compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Goodman, Mark M.; Knapp, Jr., Furn F.

    1990-01-01

    Radiopharmaceuticals useful in brain imaging comprising radiohalogenated thienylethylamine derivatives. The compounds are 5-halo-thiophene-2-isopropyl amines able to cross the blood-brain barrier and be retained for a sufficient length of time to allow the evaluation of regional blood flow by radioimaging of the brain.

  2. Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Microbes for Antimicrobial Compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Smidt, Hauke; Sipkema, Detmer

    2016-05-02

    Sponges are the most prolific marine organisms with respect to their arsenal of bioactive compounds including antimicrobials. However, the majority of these substances are probably not produced by the sponge itself, but rather by bacteria or fungi that are associated with their host. This review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial compounds that are known to be produced by sponge-associated microbes. We discuss the current state-of-the-art by grouping the bioactive compounds produced by sponge-associated microorganisms in four categories: antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal compounds. Based on in vitro activity tests, identified targets of potent antimicrobial substances derived from sponge-associated microbes include: human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) (2-undecyl-4-quinolone, sorbicillactone A and chartarutine B); influenza A (H1N1) virus (truncateol M); nosocomial Gram positive bacteria (thiopeptide YM-266183, YM-266184, mayamycin and kocurin); Escherichia coli (sydonic acid), Chlamydia trachomatis (naphthacene glycoside SF2446A2); Plasmodium spp. (manzamine A and quinolone 1); Leishmania donovani (manzamine A and valinomycin); Trypanosoma brucei (valinomycin and staurosporine); Candida albicans and dermatophytic fungi (saadamycin, 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin and YM-202204). Thirty-five bacterial and 12 fungal genera associated with sponges that produce antimicrobials were identified, with Streptomyces, Pseudovibrio, Bacillus, Aspergillus and Penicillium as the prominent producers of antimicrobial compounds. Furthemore culture-independent approaches to more comprehensively exploit the genetic richness of antimicrobial compound-producing pathways from sponge-associated bacteria are addressed.

  3. Arsenic compounds in a marine food chain

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Goessler, W.; Irgolic, K.J.; Kuehnelt, D.; Schlagenhaufen, C. [Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz (Austria); Maher, W. [CRC for Freshwater Ecology, University of Canberra, PO Box 1, Belconnen ACT. 2616 (Australia); Kaise, T. [Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Life Science, University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachijoji, Tokyo 192-03 (Japan)

    1997-10-01

    A three-organism food chain within a rock pool at Rosedale, NSW, Australia, was investigated with respect to arsenic compounds by high performance liquid chromatography - hydraulic high pressure nebulization - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-HHPN-ICP-MS). Total arsenic concentration was determined in the seaweed Hormosira banksii (27.2 {mu}g/g dry mass), in the gastropod Austrocochlea constricta (74.4 {mu}g/g dry mass), which consumes the seaweed, and in the gastropod Morula marginalba (233 {mu}g/g dry mass), which eats Austrocochlea constricta. The major arsenic compounds in the seaweed were (2`R)-dimethyl[1-O-(2`,3`-dihydroxypropyl)-5-deoxy-{beta}-d-ribofuranos-5-yl]arsine oxide and an unidentified compound. The herbivorous gastropod Austrocochlea constricta transformed most of the arsenic taken up with the seaweed to arsenobetaine. Traces of arsenite, arsenate, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenocholine, the tetramethylarsonium cation, and several unknown arsenic compounds were detected. Arsenobetaine accounted for 95% of the arsenic in the carnivorous gastropod Morula marginalba. In Morula marginalba the concentration of arsenocholine was higher, and the concentrations of the minor arsenic compounds lower than in the herbivorous gastropod Austrocochlea constricta. (orig.) With 4 figs., 1 tab., 13 refs.

  4. In vitro disposition profiling of heterocyclic compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Keemink, Janneke; Wuyts, Benjamin; Nicolaï, Johan; Jonghe, Steven De; Stella, Alessandro; Herdewijn, Piet; Augustijns, Patrick; Annaert, Pieter

    2015-08-01

    Compound libraries that are screened for biological activity commonly contain heterocycles. Besides potency, drug-like properties need to be evaluated to ensure in vivo efficacy of test compounds. In this context, we determined hepatic and intestinal disposition profiles for 17 heterocyclic compounds. All studied compounds showed rapid uptake in suspended rat hepatocytes, whereas metabolism was poor and the rate-limiting step in hepatic elimination. In vitro assays demonstrated a relatively low solubility and high intestinal permeability. Based on these in vitro data, heterocycles were categorized in the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and the biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system (BDDCS) to predict disposition characteristics before clinical data are available. Our findings emphasized the importance to use hepatocytes in addition to microsomes to study metabolism, since the latter lack non-microsomal enzymes and cellular context. Moreover, intracellular exposure should be considered to gain insight in the relevant fraction of the compound available at the enzymatic site. Finally, the study reveals discrepancies associated with the classification of heterocycles in BCS versus BDDCS. These probably originate from the binary character of both systems. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. Superconductivity in Ti3P-type compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wills, J.O.; Hein, R.A.; Waterstrat, R.M.

    1978-01-01

    A study of 12 intermetallic A 3 B compounds which crsytallize in the tetragonal Ti 3 P-type structure has revealed five new superconductors with transition temperatures below 1 K: Zr 3 Si, Zr 3 Ge, Zr 3 P, V 3 P, and Nb 3 Ge (extrapolated from the alloy series Nb-Ge-As). In addition, two compounds, Zr 3 Sb and Ta 3 Ge, having the Ni 3 P structure type are found to be superconducting below 1 K. Within the Ti 3 P-type compounds, those with the lighter ''B'' elements in a given column of the Periodic Table have the higher transition temperatures. Critical-magnetic-field and electrical-resistivity data are reported for the superconducting Ti 2 P-type compound Nb 3 P, which permit one to estimate the Ginzburg-Landau kappa parameter and the electronic-specific-heat coefficient γ. The kappa value of 8.4 indicates that this material is type II, and the γ value of 1.3 mJ/mole K 2 for Nb 3 P is probably related to its low transition temperature relative to many A15 compounds

  6. Air sparging of organic compounds in groundwater

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hicks, P.M.

    1994-01-01

    Soils and aquifers containing organic compounds have been traditionally treated by excavation and disposal of the soil and/or pumping and treating the groundwater. These remedial options are often not practical or cost effective solutions. A more favorable alternative for removal of the adsorbed/dissolved organic compounds would be an in situ technology. Air sparging will remove volatile organic compounds from both the adsorbed and dissolved phases in the saturated zone. This technology effectively creates a crude air stripper below the aquifer where the soil acts as the ''packing''. The air stream that contacts dissolved/adsorbed phase organics in the aquifer induces volatilization. A case history illustrates the effectiveness of air sparging as a remedial technology for addressing organic compounds in soil and groundwater. The site is an operating heavy equipment manufacturing facility in central Florida. The soil and groundwater below a large building at the facility was found to contain primarily diesel type petroleum hydrocarbons during removal of underground storage tanks. The organic compounds identified in the groundwater were Benzene, Xylenes, Ethylbenzene and Toluenes (BTEX), Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) and naphthalenes in concentrations related to diesel fuel

  7. Pyridine group assisted addition of diazo-compounds to imines in the 3-CC reaction of 2-aminopyridines, aldehydes, and diazo-compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gulevich, Anton V; Helan, Victoria; Wink, Donald J; Gevorgyan, Vladimir

    2013-02-15

    A novel three-component coupling (3-CC) reaction of 2-aminoazines, aromatic aldehydes, and diazo-compounds producing polyfunctional β-amino-α-diazo-compounds has been developed. The reaction features an unprecedented heterocycle-assisted addition of a diazo-compound to an imine. The obtained diazoesters were efficiently converted into valuable heterocycles as well as β-amino acid derivatives.

  8. Investigations to identify organic pollutions in sewer slime. Final report; Untersuchungen zur Identifizierung organischer Schadstoffe in Sielhaeuten. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Antusch, E.; Sauer, J.; Ripp, C.; Hahn, H.H.

    1997-07-31

    An analytical method to measure organic compounds in sewer slime and sewage sludge has been developed. The method needs no halogenated solvents. Furthermore, the sorption behavior of sewer slime has been investigated. Chlorophenols, as an example of more polar organic compounds, show a more stronger and faster desorption from sewer slime than for example PAH. pH-value and fat-content (resp. content of organic carbon) are the most important parameters affecting the sorption kinetic and sorption capacity of sewer slime. To get comparable results, all datas should be refered to the content of organic carbon of the sewer slime. By constructing pollutions-profiles of parameters like AOX, PCB, Flame Protection Agencies and PAH in the sewers of an industrial area, emissions could be localized. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wurde eine analytische Methode entwickelt, die es erlaubt, ein breites Spektrum lipophiler organischer Schadstoffe in Sielhaut und Klaerschlamm zu identifizieren, als quantitativ zu bestimmen. Die Methode kommt ohne halogenierte Loesungsmittel aus. Verbindungen, die aufgrund ihrer Wasserunloeslichkeit nicht im Abwasser nachgewiesen werden konnten, koennen durch Sielhautanalyse verfolgt werden. Anhand von Schadstoffprofilen in Nebensammlern eines Industriegebietes konnte beispielhaft die Lokalisierung von punktfoermigen Schadstoffeinleitungen demonstriert werden. Erfolgreich verlief auch die Identifizierung eines AOX-Emittenten. Ebenso sind die Eintragspfade von Stoffen, die im Verdacht stehen, endokrine Wirkungen zu haben mit Sielhautanalyse aufklaerbar. Das Sorptionsverhalten der Sielhaut wird durch Faktoren, wie pH und Fettgehalt gepraegt. Bei der Auswertung der Proben muessen die Werte auf den organischen Kohlenstoffgehalt bezogen werden. (orig.)

  9. Analyzing compound and project progress through multi-objective-based compound quality assessment.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nissink, J Willem M; Degorce, Sébastien

    2013-05-01

    Compound-quality scoring methods designed to evaluate multiple drug properties concurrently are useful to analyze and prioritize output from drug-design efforts. However, formalized multiparameter optimization approaches are not widely used in drug design. We rank molecules synthesized in drug-discovery projects using simple and aggregated desirability functions reflecting medicinal chemistry 'rules'. Our quality score deals transparently with missing data, a key requirement in drug-hunting projects where data availability is often limited. We further estimate confidence in the interpretation of such a compound-quality measure. Scores and associated confidences provide systematic insight in the quality of emerging chemical equity. Tracking quality of synthetic output over time yields valuable insight into the progress of drug-design teams, with potential applications in risk and resource management of a drug portfolio.

  10. Molecular basis of biodegradation of chloroaromatic compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sangodkar, U M.X.; Aldrich, T L; Haugland, R A; Johnson, J; Rothmel, R K; Chakrabarty, A M [Illinois Univ., Chicago (USA). Coll. of Medicine; Chapman, P J [Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL (USA). Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology

    1989-01-01

    Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons are widely used in industry and agriculture, and comprise the bulk of environmental pollutants. Although simple aromatic compounds are biodegradable by a variety of degradative pathways, their halogenated counterparts are more resistant to bacterial attack and often necessitate evolution of novel pathways. An understanding of such evolutionary processes is essential for developing genetically improved strains capable of mineralizing highly chlorinated compounds. This article provides an overview of the genetic aspects of dissimilation of chloroaromatic compounds and discusses the potential of gene manipulation to promote enhanced evolution of the degradation pathways. (orig.).

  11. Antimicrobial Compounds from Marine Invertebrates-Derived Microorganisms.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Juan; Jung, Jee H; Liu, Yonghong

    2016-01-01

    It is known that marine invertebrates, including sponges, tunicates, cnidaria or mollusks, host affluent and various communities of symbiotic microorganisms. The microorganisms associated with the invertebrates metabolized various biologically active compounds, which could be an important resource for the discovery and development of potentially novel drugs. In this review, the new compounds with antimicrobial activity isolated from marine invertebrate-derived microorganisms in the last decade (2004-2014) will be presented, with focus on the relevant antimicrobial activities, origin of isolation, and information of strain species. New compounds without antimicrobial activity were not revealed.

  12. The upward trend is continuing. Booming wind power creates hundreds of new jobs; Aufwind haelt weiter an. Windkraft-Boom schafft hunderte neue Arbeitsplaetze

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hinsch, C.

    1999-08-01

    During the first half of 1999, installers of wind energy systems erected more than 600 wind turbines in all parts of Germany with a total capacity of approximately 515 megawatts. The upward trend of the last years is thus continuing. It shows in the employment sector, too: manufacturers alone created more than 500 new jobs during the first half year. A mid-term valuation is given. (orig.) [German] Im ersten Halbjahr 1999 errichteten die Windkraft-Monteure bundesweit ueber 600 Windturbinen mit einer Gesamtleistung von rund 515 Megawatt. Damit setzt sich der Aufschwung der letzten Jahre fort. Das zeigt sich auch bei der Beschaeftigung: Allein die Hersteller stellten im ersten Halbjahr ueber 500 neue Mitarbeiter ein. Eine Halbzeitbilanz wird praesentiert. (orig.)

  13. ILSE - an attractive tutoring system for renewable energy on the Internet; ILSE - Ein interaktives Lernsystem fuer erneuerbare Energien im Internet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Quaschning, V.; Hanitsch, R. [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Inst. fuer Elektrische Energietechnik

    1997-12-31

    Experiences gained by members of the Berlin Universiy of Technology show that information on solar energy plants is increasingly being accessed on the Internet also by non-scientists. This led the authors of the present article to the idea of developing an interactive tutoring system for renewable energy which goes far beyond a mere presentation of information and graphics. The article describes ILSE, the system that finally emerged from this initiative. (HW) [Deutsch] Die Erfahrungen der TU Berlin zeigen, dass in zunehmendem Masse auch Nicht-Wissenschaftler Informationen zu Solarsystemen ueber den Internetzugang abfragen. Hieraus entstand die Idee, das interaktive Lernsystem fuer erneuerbare Energie ILSE zu entwickeln, das ueber die reine Darstellung von Informationen und Grafiken weit hinausgeht. Das System wird vorgestellt. (HW)

  14. The VDEW opinion poll 2001 among residential customers - An efficient marketing research tool; VDEW-Haushaltskundenbefragung 2001 - Ein wirksames Marktforschungsinstrument

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nickel, M. [VDEW Vereinigung Deutscher Elektrizitaetswerke e.V. Frankfurt (Germany). Bereich Markt und Daten

    2000-10-02

    Expressed in terms of company earnings, the households are the most important customer group of electric utilities. This is why the long established electricity supply companies and the newcomers in the deregulated market are building up their marketing campaigns specially designed for the residential sector. The article discusses the information drawn by the VDEW company from their latest opinion survey. (orig./CB) [German] Die Haushalte sind gemessen an den Erloesen die wichtigste Kundengruppe fuer die Stromunternehmen. Alte und neue Anbieter werben seit einem Jahr gezielt um diese Kunden. Zielgruppengerechte Werbung sowie Dienstleistungsangebote setzen Kenntnisse ueber Verbrauchsstrukturen, Meinungen und Verhaltensweisen der entsprechenden Kundengruppe voraus. Vielen Unternehmen fehlen solche detaillierte Informationen ueber ihre Haushaltskunden. Die VDEW organisiert deshalb 2001 wieder eine Haushaltskundenbefragung (HKB) - zum sechsten Mal seit 1976. (orig.)

  15. Characterisation of selected volatile organic compounds in ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    GCMS), was used to identify volatile compounds at three different temperatures. Fifty volatile compounds, inclusive of 14 acids, 14 alcohols, and 22 esters were identified and quantified in the two brands of indigenous banana beer samples. Only 12 ...

  16. Aroma compounds in fresh cut pomegranate arils.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Little published information exists regarding flavor and aroma compounds in pomegranate (Punica granatum). Although arils have fruity and sweet characteristics, we found no publications describing actual compounds responsible for their typical flavor. Since most commercial usage of pomegranates in...

  17. Secondary geochemical reactions in hydrothermal energy harnessing; Geochemische Folgereaktionen bei der hydrogeothermalen Energiegewinnung

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kuehn, M.

    1996-12-01

    This thesis is in six parts: description of geothermal energy harnessing, analytics, geochemical-thermodynamic modellings, experimental investigations, discussion of results, summary. (HW) [Deutsch] Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift gliedert sich in 6 Teile: - Beschreibung der geothermischen Energienutzung - Analytik - geochemische-thermodynamische Modellierungen - experimentelle Untersuchungen - Diskussion der Ergebnisse - Zusammenfassung. (HW)

  18. Health promoting compounds in vegetables and fruits:

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Brandt, K.; Christensen, L.P.; Hansen-Møller, J.

    2004-01-01

    Vegetables contain unknown compounds with important health promoting effect. The described project defined and tested a two-step screening procedure for identification of such compounds. Step 1 is initial screening according to three criteria: 1.1, chemically reactive functional groups; 1...

  19. Perfluorinated Compounds: Emerging POPs with Potential Immunotoxicity

    Science.gov (United States)

    Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been recognized as an important class of environmental contaminants commonly detected in blood samples of both wildlife and humans. These compounds have been in use for more than 60 years as surface treatment chemicals, polymerization aids, an...

  20. Intercalated compounds of niobium and tantalum dicalcogenides

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wypych, F.

    1988-01-01

    The synthesis of niobium and tantalum lamellar compounds and its intercalated derivatives is described. The intercalated compounds with lithium, with alkaline metal and with metals of the first-row transition are studied, characterized by X-ray diffraction. (C.G.C.) [pt

  1. Organic compounds inhibiting S. epidermidis adhesion and biofilm formation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Qin, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Jingdong; Hu, Yifan; Chi, Qijin; Mortensen, Ninell P.; Qu, Di; Molin, Soren; Ulstrup, Jens

    2009-01-01

    The formation of biofilms on surfaces of indwelling medical devices is a serious medical problem. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common pathogen found to colonize implanted devices and as a biofilm is more resistant to the host immune system as well as to antibiotic treatments. Combating S. epidermidis infections by preventing or eradicating biofilm formation of the bacterium is therefore a medically important challenge. We report here a study of biofilm formation of S. epidermidis on solid surfaces using a combination of confocal laser scanning (CLSM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in both air and aqueous environments. We have investigated the inhibitory effects of surfaces treated with four organic compounds, two benzoate derivatives denoted as compound 59 and 75 and two carboxamide derivatives denoted as compound 47 and 73, on S. epidermidis adhesion and biofilm formation. All four compounds evoke significant inhibitory effects on the formation of S. epidermidis biofilms with compounds 47 and 73 being most effective. None of the compounds were found to inhibit growth of S. epidermidis in liquid cultures. Bacteria attached to the substrate when exposed to the compounds were not affected indicating that these compounds inhibit initial adhesion. These results suggest a pretreatment for medically implanted surfaces that can prevent the biofilm formation and reduce infection.

  2. Organic compounds inhibiting S. epidermidis adhesion and biofilm formation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Qin, Zhiqiang [Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Dk-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark); Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education and Public Health, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Yi Xue Yuan Road 138, Shanghai 200032 (China); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425 (United States); Zhang, Jingdong; Hu, Yifan; Chi, Qijin [Department of Chemistry, Building 207, NanoDTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark); Mortensen, Ninell P. [Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Dk-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37932 (United States); Qu, Di [Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education and Public Health, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Yi Xue Yuan Road 138, Shanghai 200032 (China); Molin, Soren [Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Dk-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark); Ulstrup, Jens, E-mail: ju@kemi.dtu.dk [Department of Chemistry, Building 207, NanoDTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark)

    2009-07-15

    The formation of biofilms on surfaces of indwelling medical devices is a serious medical problem. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common pathogen found to colonize implanted devices and as a biofilm is more resistant to the host immune system as well as to antibiotic treatments. Combating S. epidermidis infections by preventing or eradicating biofilm formation of the bacterium is therefore a medically important challenge. We report here a study of biofilm formation of S. epidermidis on solid surfaces using a combination of confocal laser scanning (CLSM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in both air and aqueous environments. We have investigated the inhibitory effects of surfaces treated with four organic compounds, two benzoate derivatives denoted as compound 59 and 75 and two carboxamide derivatives denoted as compound 47 and 73, on S. epidermidis adhesion and biofilm formation. All four compounds evoke significant inhibitory effects on the formation of S. epidermidis biofilms with compounds 47 and 73 being most effective. None of the compounds were found to inhibit growth of S. epidermidis in liquid cultures. Bacteria attached to the substrate when exposed to the compounds were not affected indicating that these compounds inhibit initial adhesion. These results suggest a pretreatment for medically implanted surfaces that can prevent the biofilm formation and reduce infection.

  3. [Research and development on efficacy of Chinese herbal compound].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Jian-Xun; Ren, Jian-Xun; Lin, Cheng-Ren

    2016-03-01

    The efficacy not only is summarized by clinical effect of Chinese herbal compound on theory of traditional Chinese medicine, but also is manifested to clinical effect by interaction of many intricate chemical substances. The efficacy of Chinese herbal compound is current research focus in field of traditional Chinese medicine. By currently knowing in different aspects which included the progression in efficacy of Chinese herbal compound, symptomatic efficacy of Chinese herbal compound, the relationship between the efficacy and pharmacologic effect of Chinese herbal compound, the efficacy related pharmacodynamic substance and the evaluation of efficacy, it had been summarized mainly problems and methods in research and development process of the efficacy of Chinese herbal compound in this paper. Paper also elucidated problems that need to pay attention in research of efficacy in order to provide references for clinical and experimental studies of efficacy in Chinese herbal compound, boost research and development level of new traditional Chinese drug and facilitate modernization of traditional Chinese medicines. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

  4. [Study on artificial compound feed for Buthus martensii].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Xu, Shi-Cai; Shen, Xue-Jian; Wang, Qiang; Han, Xiu-Kun

    2014-03-01

    To solve the problem that the single feed causing malnutrition, extension of the life cycle and low survival rates of Buthus martensii. By using Minitab (R) 15.1.1.0.0., 7 different kinds of compound feed were designed, including minced meat mud (pork,chicken and rabbit), bran (fried yellow), sugar, milk, vegetable paste and multivitamin as raw material. Different proportions of compound feed that taking the yellow mealworm as main component had a significant effect on the growth, mortality and birth number of Buthus martensii. Compound feed 5 significantly reduced mortality of youth scorpion. The compound feed 4 was the best in improving the weight of scorpion larvae and youth scorpion, and the farrowing number of mother scorpion. Other indicators were also good. Proportions in meatmud (pork, chicken and rabbit), bran (fried yellow), sugar, milk, vegetable paste and multivitamin was 30.00%, 25.00%, 20.08%, 15.58%, 8.08% and 1.25%, respectively. The growth of Buthus martensii is significantly influenced by the type of feed. In the production of compound feed, the yellow mealworm with compound feed 4 can be popularized.

  5. Perfluorinated Compounds as Test Media for Porous Membranes.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Clodt, Juliana I; Filiz, Volkan; Shishatskiy, Sergey

    2017-09-05

    We suggest a failure-free method of porous membranes characterization that gives the researcher the opportunity to compare and characterize properties of any porous membrane. This proposal is supported by an investigation of eight membranes made of different organic and inorganic materials, with nine different perfluorinated compounds. It was found that aromatic compounds, perfluorobenzene, and perfluorotoluene, used in the current study show properties different from other perfluorinated aliphatics. They demonstrate extreme deviation from the general sequence indicating the existence of π-π-interaction on the pore wall. The divergence of the flow for cyclic compounds from ideal e.g., linear compounds can be an indication of the pore dimension.

  6. The structures of binary compounds

    CERN Document Server

    Hafner, J; Jensen, WB; Majewski, JA; Mathis, K; Villars, P; Vogl, P; de Boer, FR

    1990-01-01

    - Up-to-date compilation of the experimental data on the structures of binary compounds by Villars and colleagues. - Coloured structure maps which order the compounds into their respective structural domains and present for the first time the local co-ordination polyhedra for the 150 most frequently occurring structure types, pedagogically very helpful and useful in the search for new materials with a required crystal structure. - Crystal co-ordination formulas: a flexible notation for the interpretation of solid-state structures by chemist Bill Jensen. - Recent important advances in unders

  7. Pyridine Group-Assisted Addition of Diazo-Compounds to Imines in the 3-CC Reaction of 2-Aminopyridines, Aldehydes, and Diazo-Compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gulevich, Anton V.; Helan, Victoria; Wink, Donald J.

    2013-01-01

    A novel three-component (3-CC) coupling reaction of 2-aminoazines, aromatic aldehydes and diazo-compounds producing polyfunctional β-amino-α-diazo-compounds has been developed. The reaction features an unprecedented heterocycle-assisted addition of a diazo-compound to an imine. The obtained diazoesters were efficiently converted into valuable heterocycles, as well as to β-amino acid derivatives. PMID:23373731

  8. Bioindikation im Grundwasser funktioniert - Erwiderung zum Kommentar von T. Scheytt zum Beitrag "Grundwasserfauna als Indikator für komplexe hydrogeologische Verhältnisse am westlichen Kaiserstuhl" von Gutjahr, S., Bork, J. & Hahn, H.J. in Grundwasser 18 (3), 173-184 (2013)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hahn, Hans Jürgen; Gutjahr, Simon

    2014-09-01

    In seinem Kommentar schließt Traugott Scheytt die faunistische Bioindikation über die Nutzung von Grundwassermessstellen aus methodischen Gründen aus. Er postuliert auch, dass die faunistische Indikation hydrogeologischer Zusammenhänge wegen der eingeschränkten Ausbreitungsfähigkeit der Tiere in Porengrundwasserleitern nicht möglich sei und stellt grundsätzlich die Befunde unserer Untersuchungen am Kaiserstuhl in Frage. Dabei überträgt Herr Scheytt seine Erfahrungen aus der unbelebten Hydrogeologie direkt auf den Lebensraum Grundwasser. Seine Argumentation berücksichtigt dabei weder die Prinzipien der Ökologie noch den aktuellen Stand der grundwasserökologischen Forschung. Wir gehen davon aus, dass für die Untersuchungen am Kaiserstuhl sowohl unsere Arbeitshypothese wie auch die angewandten Methoden und die Interpretation der Ergebnisse der Fragestellung angemessen sind und internationalem, wissenschaftlichem Standard entsprechen. Aus den oben benannten Gründen bleiben wir dabei: Biondikation im Grundwasser funktioniert und sie bietet hervorragende Möglichkeiten, gerade auch für die Hydrogeologie.

  9. JGOFS IV - a long-time study of the variability of the flow of particles in the North-Atlantic Ocean. Quantification of the formation, transformation and sedimentation of biogenic particles. Final report; JGOFS IV - Langzeitstudie zur Variabilitaet des Partikelflusses im Nordatlantik. Quantifizierung der Bildung, Umsetzung und Sedimentation biogener Partikel. Abschlussbericht

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Koeve, W.; Wanniek, J.; Fehner, U.; Zeitzschel, B.

    2000-07-01

    The project investigated central processes of the carbon cycle, and especially the carbon cycle balance in the North Atlantic Ocean. During the field phase (JGOFS I-III), two complementary programme components were carried out: Pelagial programme: SEasonally resolved studies of particle formation, modification and transport processes in the epipelagial; In-depth programme: Regional studies on the volume and composition of biogenic particles exported from the ocean in the mixed conditions of the winter season. (WML export). [German] Ziel der Arbeiten ist es, das Verstaendnis zentraler Prozesse des Kohlenstoffkreislaufes im Nordostatlantik zu verbessern und insbesondere zur Bilanzierung des Kohlenstoffkreislaufes im Nordostatlantik beizutragen. Waehrend der Feldphase (JGOFS I-III) wurden hierzu zwei komplementaere Programmkomponenten durchgefuehrt: - Pelagialprogramm: Saisonal aufloesende Untersuchungen zu Prozessen der Partikelbildung, Modifikation und Transport im Epipelagial. (Prozessstudien, Transekte und Modellarbeiten) - Verankerungsprogramm: Regionale Untersuchungen zum Umfang und zur Zusammensetzung des Exportes biogener Partikel aus der winterlich durchmischten Schicht des Ozeans (WML-Export). (orig.)

  10. Analytic Methods Used in Quality Control in a Compounding Pharmacy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Allen, Loyd V

    2017-01-01

    Analytical testing will no doubt become a more important part of pharmaceutical compounding as the public and regulatory agencies demand increasing documentation of the quality of compounded preparations. Compounding pharmacists must decide what types of testing and what amount of testing to include in their quality-control programs, and whether testing should be done in-house or outsourced. Like pharmaceutical compounding, analytical testing should be performed only by those who are appropriately trained and qualified. This article discusses the analytical methods that are used in quality control in a compounding pharmacy. Copyright© by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Inc.

  11. Compound odontoma

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Monica Yadav

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Odontomas have been extensively reported in the dental literature, and the term refers to tumors of odontogenic origin. Though the exact etiology is still unknown, the postulated causes include: local trauma, infection, inheritance and genetic mutation. The majority of the lesions are asymptomatic; however, may be accompanied with pain and swelling as secondary complaints in some cases. Here, we report a case of a compound odontome in a 14 year old patient.

  12. Synthesis of deuterium-labelled compounds for FOTEK project

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Joergensen, O.; Egsgaard, H.; Larsen, E.

    1996-01-01

    In the FoTech project there have been utilized labelled compounds of stable isotopes as internal standards. Some of these compounds are commercially available ( 13 C-labelled PCB congeners, 13 C-labelled diethylstilbestrol for determination of anabolic steroids). Others, like D 9 -clenbuterol, D 3 -clenbuterol, D 3 -zeramol and D 3 -dimetridazol have been synthesized. General aspects of deuterium compounds labelling are considered. (EG)

  13. Introduction to Quality Control in a Compounding Pharmacy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Allen, Loyd V

    2016-01-01

    A quality-based program is vital in every compounding pharmacy to ensure that each preparation is compounded properly and is stable for its expected duration of use. This article discusses quality control, quality assurance, continuous quality improvement, and also describes the components of an in-house (in-pharmacy) quality program, as well as the role of outside laboratories. Copyright© by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Inc.

  14. Phonological Processes in Complex and Compound Words

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alieh Kord Zaferanlu Kambuziya

    2016-02-01

    Full Text Available Abstract This research at making a comparison between phonological processes in complex and compound Persian words. Data are gathered from a 40,000-word Persian dictionary. To catch some results, 4,034 complex words and 1,464 compound ones are chosen. To count the data, "excel" software is used. Some results of the research are: 1- "Insertion" is the usual phonological process in complex words. More than half of different insertions belongs to the consonant /g/. Then /y/ and // are in the second and the third order. The consonant /v/ has the least percentage of all. The most percentage of vowel insertion belongs to /e/. The vowels /a/ and /o/ are in the second and third order. Deletion in complex words can only be seen in consonant /t/ and vowel /e/. 2- The most frequent phonological processes in compounds is consonant deletion. In this process, seven different consonants including /t/, //, /m/, /r/, / ǰ/, /d, and /c/. The only deleted vowel is /e/. In both groups of complex and compound, /t/ deletion can be observed. A sequence of three consonants paves the way for the deletion of one of the consonants, if one of the sequences is a sonorant one like /n/, the deletion process rarely happens. 3- In complex words, consonant deletion causes a lighter syllable weight, whereas vowel deletion causes a heavier syllable weight. So, both of the processes lead to bi-moraic weight. 4- The production of bi-moraic syllable in Persian is preferable to Syllable Contact Law. So, Specific Rules have precedence to Universals. 5- Vowel insertion can be seen in both groups of complex and compound words. In complex words, /e/ insertion has the most fundamental part. The vowels /a/ and /o/ are in the second and third place. Whenever there are two sequences of ultra-heavy syllables. By vowel insertion, the first syllable is broken into two light syllables. The compounds that are influenced by vowel insertion, can be and are pronounced without any insertion

  15. Preparation and properties of compound Arnebiae radix ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    The aim of this study was to prepare a compound Arnebiae radix microemulsion gel for transdermal delivery system and evaluate its characteristics. Materials and Methods: Based on ... previous used formulations. Keywords: Compound Arnebiae radix oil, microemulsion gel, pseudo-ternary phase diagram, characterization ...

  16. Extraction, Isolation And Characterization Of Bioactive Compounds ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the ... The analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts involving the applications of common phytochemical screening assays, chromatographic ...

  17. Diffraction limit of refractive compound lens

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kolchevsky, N.N.; Petrov, P.V.

    2015-01-01

    A compound X-ray and neutron lenses is an array of lenses with a common axis. The resolution limited by aberration and by diffraction. Diffraction limit comes from theory based on absorption aperture of the compound refractive lenses. Beam passing through transparent lenses form Airy pattern. Results of calculation of diffraction resolution limit for non-transparent X-ray and neutron lenses are discussed. (authors)

  18. Enthalpies of vaporization of organometallic compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kuznetsov, N.T.; Sevast'yanov, V.G.; Mitin, V.A.; Krasnodubskaya, S.V.; Zakharov, L.N.; Domrachev, G.A.; AN SSSR, Gor'kij. Inst. Khimii)

    1987-01-01

    A possibility to use the method of additive schemes for the calculation of vaporizaton enthalpies of uranium organometallic compounds is discussed while comparing the values obtained using the method with experimental data. The possibility of apriori evaluation of evaporation enthalpy values of different uranium compounds using the method of additive schemes and structural characteristics of molecules, such as the sum of ligand solid angles, is shown

  19. New heterocyclic compounds: Synthesis and antitrypanosomal properties.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pomel, S; Dubar, F; Forge, D; Loiseau, P M; Biot, C

    2015-08-15

    Three new series of quinoline, quinolone, and benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. In the quinoline series, the metallo antimalarial drug candidate (ferroquine, FQ) and its ruthenium analogue (ruthenoquine, RQ, compound 13) showed the highest in vitro activities with IC50 values around 0.1 μM. Unfortunately, both compounds failed to cure Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected mice in vivo. The other heterocyclic compounds were active in vitro with IC50 values varying from 0.8 to 34 μM. One of the most interesting results was a fluoroquinolone derivative (compound 2) that was able to offer a survival time of 8 days after a treatment at the single dose of 100 μmol/kg by intraperitoneal route. Although no clear-cut structure-activity relationships emerged, further pharmacomodulations are worth to be developed in this series. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. Organolead compounds shown to be genetically active

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ahlberg, J; Ramel, C; Wachtmeister, C A

    1972-01-01

    The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether alkyllead compounds would cause a genetic effect similar to that caused by alkyl mercury compounds. Experiments were conducted on Allium cepa (onion) in order to determine the effect of lead compounds on the spindle fiber mechanism. Results indicate that disturbances of the spindle fiber mechanism occur even at very low concentrations. The lowest concentration at which such effects are observed seems to be between 10/sup -6/ and 10/sup -7/ M for the organic compounds. Although no effect can be observed on the spindle fibers at lower dosages, the mitotic index is changed even at a dose of 10/sup -7/ M with dimethyllead. A preliminary experiment was made on Drosophila with triethyllead in order to investigate whether the effects which were observed on mitoses in Allium would also be observed in a meiotic cell system in an animal.

  1. Simulator to evaluate and optimise driver assistance systems; Ein Simulator zur Bewertung und Optimierung von Fahrerassistenzsystemen

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Locher, J. [Hella KG Hueck and Co., Paderborn (Germany); Kleinkes, M. [Hella KG Hueck and Co., Lippstadt (Germany)

    2003-07-01

    Verfuegung, der es erlaubt, Fahrerassistenzsysteme zu bewerten und Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstellen zu optimieren. Es handelt sich dabei um einen interaktiven Nachtfahrsimulator, mit dem beliebige Scheinwerfer-Lichtverteilungen originalgetreu visualisiert werden koennen. Als Versuchsfahrzeug dient ein Smart; die Bildgebung erfolgt ueber ein 3-Kanal-Hochleistungsbeamer-Projektionssystem auf Grossbildleinwaende. Neben synthetischen Fahrstrecken steht ein ca. 10 km langer digitalisierter Parcours zur Verfuegung, der im Original als Hella-Teststrecke genutzt wird. Indikatoren zur Verkehrssicherheit koennen auf direktem und indirektem Wege erfasst werden. Z. B. zwingen ploetzlich auftauchende Hindernisse den Fahrer zum Bremsen, wobei die Anhaltewege berechnet werden koennen. Ueber ein Eye-Tracking-System werden ueberdies die Augenbewegungen der Probanden erfasst. Die digitalisierte Teststrecke erlaubt durch vergleichende Untersuchungen in der Realitaet eine Validierung des Simulators. In diesem Jahr wird eine umfassende Studie zur Optimierung der Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle im Zusammenhang mit Infrarot-Nachtsicht-Systemen im Kraftfahrzeug erstellt. Die Vorteile der Simulation liegen nicht nur in der Durchfuehrungsoekonomie und der Variablenkontrolle, sondern auch darin, dass Eigenschaften von Fahrerassistenzsystemen bewertet werden koennen, die in der Realitaet technisch derzeit noch gar nicht realisierbar sind. Die Anwendung des hier entwickelten Simulators ist nicht auf Versuche im Zusammenhang mit der Sicherheit etwaiger Hindernisse beschraenkt. Vielmehr laesst sich eine grosse Bandbreite moeglicher Fahrerassistenzsysteme untersuchen und bewerten. (orig.)

  2. Identification of nonvolatile compounds in clove (Syzygium aromaticum) from Manado

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fathoni, A.; Saepudin, E.; Cahyana, A. H.; Rahayu, D. U. C.; Haib, J.

    2017-07-01

    Syzygium aromaticum (clove) are native to Indonesia and have been widely used in food industry due to their flavor. Nonvolatile compounds contribute to flavor, mainly in their taste. Currently, there is very little information available about nonvolatile compounds in clove. Identification of nonvolatile compounds is important to improve clove's value. Compound extraction was conducted by maceration in ethanol. Fractionations of the extract were performed by using gravity column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 as stationary phase. Nonvolatile compounds were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). LC-MS/MS was operated in negative mode with 0.1 % formic acid in water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. Nonvolatile compounds were identified by fragment analysis and compared to references. Several compounds had been identified and characterized asquinic acid, monogalloylglucose, gallic acid, digalloylglucose, isobiflorin, biflorin, ellagic acid, hydroxygallic acid, luteolin, quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, dimethoxyluteolin, and rhamnetin. These compounds had two main flavor perceptions, i.e. astringent, and bitter.

  3. Structure and properties of intermetallic ternary rare earth compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Casper, Frederick

    2008-01-01

    The so called material science is an always growing field in modern research. For the development of new materials not only the experimental characterization but also theoretical calculation of the electronic structure plays an important role. A class of compounds that has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years is known as REME compounds. These compounds are often referred to with RE designating rare earth, actinide or an element from group 1-4, M representing a late transition metal from groups 8-12, and E belonging to groups 13-15. There are more than 2000 compounds with 1:1:1 stoichiometry belonging to this class of compounds and they offer a broad variety of different structure types. Although many REME compounds are know to exist, mainly only structure and magnetism has been determined for these compounds. In particular, in the field of electronic and transport properties relatively few efforts have been made. The main focus in this study is on compounds crystallizing in MgAgAs and LiGaGe structure. Both structures can only be found among 18 valence electron compounds. The f electrons are localized and therefor not count as valence electrons. A special focus here was also on the magnetoresistance effects and spintronic properties found among the REME compounds. An examination of the following compounds was made: GdAuE (E=In,Cd,Mg), GdPdSb, GdNiSb, REAuSn (RE=Gd,Er,Tm) and RENiBi (RE=Pr,Sm,Gd-Tm,Lu). The experimental results were compared with theoretic band structure calculations. The first half metallic ferromagnet with LiGaGe structure (GdPdSb) was found. All semiconducting REME compounds with MgAgAs structure show giant magnetoresistance (GMR) at low temperatures. The GMR is related to a metal-insulator transition, and the value of the GMR depends on the value of the spin-orbit coupling. Inhomogeneous DyNiBi samples show a small positive MR at low temperature that depends on the amount of metallic impurities. At higher fields the samples show a

  4. Structure and properties of intermetallic ternary rare earth compounds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Casper, Frederick

    2008-12-17

    The so called material science is an always growing field in modern research. For the development of new materials not only the experimental characterization but also theoretical calculation of the electronic structure plays an important role. A class of compounds that has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years is known as REME compounds. These compounds are often referred to with RE designating rare earth, actinide or an element from group 1-4, M representing a late transition metal from groups 8-12, and E belonging to groups 13-15. There are more than 2000 compounds with 1:1:1 stoichiometry belonging to this class of compounds and they offer a broad variety of different structure types. Although many REME compounds are know to exist, mainly only structure and magnetism has been determined for these compounds. In particular, in the field of electronic and transport properties relatively few efforts have been made. The main focus in this study is on compounds crystallizing in MgAgAs and LiGaGe structure. Both structures can only be found among 18 valence electron compounds. The f electrons are localized and therefor not count as valence electrons. A special focus here was also on the magnetoresistance effects and spintronic properties found among the REME compounds. An examination of the following compounds was made: GdAuE (E=In,Cd,Mg), GdPdSb, GdNiSb, REAuSn (RE=Gd,Er,Tm) and RENiBi (RE=Pr,Sm,Gd-Tm,Lu). The experimental results were compared with theoretic band structure calculations. The first half metallic ferromagnet with LiGaGe structure (GdPdSb) was found. All semiconducting REME compounds with MgAgAs structure show giant magnetoresistance (GMR) at low temperatures. The GMR is related to a metal-insulator transition, and the value of the GMR depends on the value of the spin-orbit coupling. Inhomogeneous DyNiBi samples show a small positive MR at low temperature that depends on the amount of metallic impurities. At higher fields the samples show a

  5. Aminopropyl thiophene compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Goodman, M.M.; Knapp, F.F.

    1990-01-01

    This patent describes radiopharmaceuticals useful in brain imaging comprising radiohalogenated thienylethylamine derivatives. The compounds are 5-halo-thiophene-2-isopropyl amines able to cross the blood-brain barrier and be retained for a sufficient length of time to allow the evaluation of regional blood flow by radioimaging of the brain

  6. Respiratory carcinogenicity assessment of soluble nickel compounds.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Oller, Adriana R

    2002-10-01

    The many chemical forms of nickel differ in physicochemical properties and biological effects. Health assessments for each main category of nickel species are needed. The carcinogenicity assessment of water-soluble nickel compounds has proven particularly difficult. Epidemiologic evidence indicates an association between inhalation exposures to nickel refinery dust containing soluble nickel compounds and increased risk of respiratory cancers. However, the nature of this association is unclear because of limitations of the exposure data, inconsistent results across cohorts, and the presence of mixed exposures to water-insoluble nickel compounds and other confounders that are known or suspected carcinogens. Moreover, well-conducted animal inhalation studies, where exposures were solely to soluble nickel, failed to demonstrate a carcinogenic potential. Similar negative results were seen in animal oral studies. A model exists that relates respiratory carcinogenic potential to the bioavailability of nickel ion at nuclear sites within respiratory target cells. This model helps reconcile human, animal, and mechanistic data for soluble nickel compounds. For inhalation exposures, the predicted lack of bioavailability of nickel ion at target sites suggests that water-soluble nickel compounds, by themselves, will not be complete human carcinogens. However, if inhaled at concentrations high enough to induce chronic lung inflammation, these compounds may enhance carcinogenic risks associated with inhalation exposure to other substances. Overall, the weight of evidence indicates that inhalation exposure to soluble nickel alone will not cause cancer; moreover, if exposures are kept below levels that cause chronic respiratory toxicity, any possible tumor-enhancing effects (particularly in smokers) would be avoided.

  7. Hydro-MRI for abdominal diagnostics in children; Hydro-MRT in der Darmdiagnostik bei Kindern

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kern, A.; Schunk, K.; Oberholzer, K.; Thelen, M. [Mainz Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Radiologie; Kessler, M. [Mainz Univ. (Germany). Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Kinderchirurgie

    2001-11-01

    Darmkontrastierung mit 1 l Mannitolloesung mittels MRT an einem 1,0-T-System untersucht. Es kamen transversale und coronare atemangehaltene Sequenzen (T2-HASTE-Sequenzen ohne und mit Fettsupprimierung) sowie kontrastmittelverstaerkte T1-FLASH-Sequenzen zum Einsatz. Die Untersuchungen wurden hinsichtlich der Beurteilbarkeit der einzelnen Darmabschnitte, des Ausmasses und Schweregrades entzuendlicher Veraenderungen sowie extraintestinaler Befunde ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: In 21/24 Untersuchungen konnten der komplette Duenndarm, in 15/24 Faellen zusaetzlich Anteile des Dickdarms dargestellt werden. In 3/24 Faellen war die Beurteilbarkeit des terminalen ileums eingeschraenkt. In 3/24 Untersuchungen traten geringe Atemartefakte auf. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: Veraenderungen bei M. Crohn (n = 4), ileitis terminalis (n = 3), ileitis terminalis mit Lymphadenitis mesenterialis (n = 1), Kolitis (n = 2), massive Koprostase (n = 1). Extraintestinal wurden Ovarialzysten (n = 3) und ein Pleuraerguss (n = 1) nachgewiesen. In 4 Untersuchungen fand sich freie Fluessigkeit ohne zusaetzliche pathologische Befunde. Bei 5 Untersuchungen konnten keine pathologischen Veraenderungen nachgewiesen werden. Die Untersuchung wurde von den Kindern gut toleriert; Nebenwirkungen durch die Darmkontrastierung wurden nicht beobachtet. (orig.)

  8. Special Heusler compounds for spintronic applications

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Balke, B.

    2007-07-01

    This work emphasizes the potential of Heusler compounds in a wide range of spintronic applications. Using electronic structure calculations it is possible to design compounds for specific applications. Examples for GMR and TMR applications, for spin injection into semiconductors, and for spin torque transfer applications will be shown. After a detailed introduction about spintronics and related materials chapter 5 reports about the investigation of new half-metallic compounds where the Fermi energy is tuned in the middle of the gap to result in more stable compounds for GMR and TMR applications. The bulk properties of the quaternary Heusler alloy Co{sub 2}Mn{sub 1-x}Fe{sub x}Si with the Fe concentration ranging from x=0 to 1 are reported and the results suggest that the best candidate for applications may be found at an iron concentration of about 50%. Due to the effect that in the Co{sub 2}Mn{sub 1-x}Fe{sub x}Si series the transition metal carrying the localized moment is exchanged and this might lead to unexpected effects on the magnetic properties if the samples are not completely homogeneous chapter 6 reports about the optimization of the Heusler compounds for GMR and TMR applications. The structural and magnetic properties of the quaternary Heusler alloy Co{sub 2}FeAl{sub 1-x}Si{sub x} with varying Si concentration are reported. From the combination of experimental (better order for high Si content) and theoretical findings (robust gap at x=0.5) it is concluded that a compound with an intermediate Si concentration close to x=0.5-0.7 would be best suited for spintronic applications, especially for GMR and TMR applications. In chapter 7 the detailed investigation of compounds for spin injection into semiconductors is reported. It is shown that the diluted magnetic semiconductors based on CoTiSb with a very low lattice mismatch among each other are interesting materials for spintronics applications like Spin-LEDs or other spin injection devices. Chapter 8 refers

  9. From energy-rich phosphate compounds to warfare agents: A review on the chemistry of organic phosphate compounds

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luciano Albino Giusti

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available The chemistry of the phosphorus-oxygen bond is widely used in biological systems in many processes, such as energy transduction and the storage, transmission and expression of genetic information, which are essential to living beings in relation to a wide variety of functions. Compounds containing this bond have been designed for many purposes, ranging from agricultural defense systems, in order to increase food production, to nerve agents, for complaining use in warfare. In this review, features related to the chemistry of organic phosphate compounds are discussed, with particular emphasis on the role of phosphate compounds in biochemical events and in nerve agents. To this aim, the energy-rich phosphate compounds are focused, particularly the mode of their use as energy currency in cells. Historical and recent studies carried out by research groups have tried to elucidate the mechanism of action of enzymes responsible for energy transduction through the use of biochemical studies, enzyme models, and artificial enzymes. Finally, recent studies on the detoxification of nerve agents based on phosphorous esters are presented, and on the utilization of chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors for the detection of these phosphate species.

  10. Diazo compounds in continuous-flow technology.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Müller, Simon T R; Wirth, Thomas

    2015-01-01

    Diazo compounds are very versatile reagents in organic chemistry and meet the challenge of selective assembly of structurally complex molecules. Their leaving group is dinitrogen; therefore, they are very clean and atom-efficient reagents. However, diazo compounds are potentially explosive and extremely difficult to handle on an industrial scale. In this review, it is discussed how continuous flow technology can help to make these powerful reagents accessible on large scale. Microstructured devices can improve heat transfer greatly and help with the handling of dangerous reagents safely. The in situ formation and subsequent consumption of diazo compounds are discussed along with advances in handling diazomethane and ethyl diazoacetate. The potential large-scale applications of a given methodology is emphasized. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  11. Sulfamides in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gazieva, Galina A; Kravchenko, Angelina N; Lebedev, Oleg V

    2000-01-01

    A comparative analysis of the structures and physicochemical properties of sulfamides and ureas has been performed. New procedures for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds containing the sulfamide fragment are surveyed and the properties of the resulting compounds are described. The bibliography includes 112 references.

  12. Compound sums and their applications in finance

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    R. Helmers (Roelof); B. Tarigan

    2003-01-01

    textabstractCompound sums arise frequently in insurance (total claim size in a portfolio) and in accountancy (total error amount in audit populations). As the normal approximation for compound sums usually performs very badly, one may look for better methods for approximating the distribution of a

  13. Improved quality control of carbon-14 labelled compounds

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Leonhardt, J.W.; Fuchs, P.; Standtke, K.

    1997-01-01

    IUT Ltd is a producer of carbon-14 labelled organic compounds like benzene, methanol, phenol, formaldehyde, Na-acetates and also special ordered compounds. The quality control of these compounds is carried out by means of HPLC and GC-MS due to chemical purity. Molar activity was determined by Liquid Scintillation Counting and HPLC being equipped by a radioactivity detector. Unfortunately the accuracy of the activity determination was arrived only ±4% relatively. This error is too high because of the large dilution factors. In respect of the IUT accreditation as an analytical laboratory in Germany the accuracy had to be improved remarkably. Therefore the GC-MS-determination of molar activities of labelled compounds is used as the 14 C-labelled compound. A special evaluation code is used to determine the enrichment values relative to the unlabelled molecules. Taking into account the results of GC-MS the accuracy of molar activity determination is improved to ±2%. The spectra evaluation is demonstrated and some examples are discussed

  14. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung von Satellitengalaxien

    Science.gov (United States)

    Seidel, Björn

    2002-01-01

    Gleichgewichtsmodelle ein- und zweikomponentiger Satellitengalaxien werden erzeugt und die Gezeiteneinwirkungen der als starres äußeres Potential angenommenen Milchstraße auf sie betrachtet. Eine erste Reihe von Simulationen mit anfänglich kugelsymmetrischen einkomponentigen Satelliten zeigt, daß sich nach elliptischer Deformation ein Balken und Schweife ungleicher Länge ausbilden, deren Aussehen sich periodisch ändert. Mithilfe von Vergleichssimulationen wurden folgende Phänomene am Satelliten entdeckt: (1) Hochdichtebereiche in den Schweifen, (2) Niedrigdichtebereiche um den Kern bzw. Balken und (3) ein oft verdeckter Balken. Analysiert wird das Erscheinungsbild in Zeitabhängigkeit. Die Teilchen gehen dem Kern über den Balken verloren und bewegen sich entlang gewisser stets gleich aussehender charakteristischer Strukturen in die Schweife. Nach einer Herleitung allgemeiner Größen des mehrkomponentigen Kingprofils werden drei stabile Standardmodelle zweikomponentiger Satellitengalaxien mit Massenverhältnis 1:10 (baryonische zu dunkle Materie) und unterschiedlicher Verteilung der dunklen und sichtbaren Materie gefunden. Ohne die Allgemeinheit der Ergebnisse zu beeinträchtigen, wurde dabei die Große Magellanische Wolke als Grundlage der Modelle genommen. Nach geeigneter Wahl der Bahn, zu der der Gezeitenradius des verwendeten dreikomponentigen Milchstraßenpotentials sowohl analytisch als auch numerisch berechnet wird, werden Simulationen der Modelle analysiert. Hauptaugenmerk ist das unterschiedliche Verhalten der Komponenten. Hauptergebnisse: (1) Es ist möglich, große Anteile dunkler, jedoch nur geringe sichtbarer Materie abzulösen. Dunkle und sichtbare Materie können unterschiedliche morphologische Strukturen bilden. (2) Je nach Konzentration der Komponenten ist die Eigengravitation der Teilchen mehr oder weniger für das Aussehen bestimmend. (3) Die Kernauflösung des Satelliten findet im Perigalaktikum (PG), sein Zerfall aber erst im Apogalaktikum statt. (4) Die Geschwindigkeitsdispersionen der Komponenten im Kern sind im PG entlang der Sichtlinie kurzzeitig stark erhöht, sie fallen ebenso wie die Dichten und deren Verhältnis mit jedem PG stufenförmig ab; einiges davon sind nur Projektionseffekte. (5) Der radiale Verlauf der Geschwindigkeitsdispersion ist vom Bahnort abhängig er wurde genau untersucht. (6) Der Satellit zerfällt über einen Kreislauf aus Massenverlust, flacher werdendem Potential und kleiner werdendem Gezeitenradius. Equilibrium models of one- and two-component satellite galaxies are created. The tidal influence of the Milky Way, which is modeled as a rigid external potential, is examined. A first set of simulations adopting originally spherically-symmetric, one-component satellites show that after elliptical deformation, a bar and tails of unequal length arise which change their morphology cyclically. By considering comparative simulations, the following phenomena are discovered: (1) High-density regions in the tails, (2) low-density zones around the core or bar, (3) an often concealed bar. The overall morphology as function of time is analysed. The particles are lost from the core via the bar and move along certain morphologically characteristic structures into the tails. After deducing general quantities of the multi-component King model, three stable standard models of two-component satellite galaxies with different distributions of dark and visible matter are found. These models have a mass ratio of 1:10 for baryonic to dark matter. Without restriction to the universality of the results, the Large Magellanic Cloud was taken as basic prototype for these models. To choose the proper orbits, the tidal radius of the three-component model of the potential of the Galaxy is calculated both analytically and numerically. Then the simulations are analysed with the different behaviour of the components being the main focus of interest. Main results: (1) It is possible to detach a large fraction of dark matter but only a small amount of visible matter. Dark and visible matter may form different morphological structures. (2) Depending on the concentrations of the components, self-gravity may be the decisive factor for determining the morphology. (3) The dissolution of the core of the satellite occurs at perigalacticon (PG), but it does not decay before apogalacticon. (4) At PG the core densities of the components, their ratio and the velocity dispersions fall off in steps, the velocity dispersions along the line of sight show a high narrow peak. Some of these effects are just projection effects. (5) The radial dependence of the velocity dispersion is dependent on the orbital position; it is analysed in detail. (6) The satellite decays through a cycle of mass loss, an increasingly shallow potential and decreasing tidal radius.

  15. Effect of training data size and noise level on support vector machines virtual screening of genotoxic compounds from large compound libraries.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kumar, Pankaj; Ma, Xiaohua; Liu, Xianghui; Jia, Jia; Bucong, Han; Xue, Ying; Li, Ze Rong; Yang, Sheng Yong; Wei, Yu Quan; Chen, Yu Zong

    2011-05-01

    Various in vitro and in-silico methods have been used for drug genotoxicity tests, which show limited genotoxicity (GT+) and non-genotoxicity (GT-) identification rates. New methods and combinatorial approaches have been explored for enhanced collective identification capability. The rates of in-silco methods may be further improved by significantly diversified training data enriched by the large number of recently reported GT+ and GT- compounds, but a major concern is the increased noise levels arising from high false-positive rates of in vitro data. In this work, we evaluated the effect of training data size and noise level on the performance of support vector machines (SVM) method known to tolerate high noise levels in training data. Two SVMs of different diversity/noise levels were developed and tested. H-SVM trained by higher diversity higher noise data (GT+ in any in vivo or in vitro test) outperforms L-SVM trained by lower noise lower diversity data (GT+ in in vivo or Ames test only). H-SVM trained by 4,763 GT+ compounds reported before 2008 and 8,232 GT- compounds excluding clinical trial drugs correctly identified 81.6% of the 38 GT+ compounds reported since 2008, predicted 83.1% of the 2,008 clinical trial drugs as GT-, and 23.96% of 168 K MDDR and 27.23% of 17.86M PubChem compounds as GT+. These are comparable to the 43.1-51.9% GT+ and 75-93% GT- rates of existing in-silico methods, 58.8% GT+ and 79% GT- rates of Ames method, and the estimated percentages of 23% in vivo and 31-33% in vitro GT+ compounds in the "universe of chemicals". There is a substantial level of agreement between H-SVM and L-SVM predicted GT+ and GT- MDDR compounds and the prediction from TOPKAT. SVM showed good potential in identifying GT+ compounds from large compound libraries based on higher diversity and higher noise training data.

  16. Stress-enhanced lithiation in MAX compounds for battery applications

    KAUST Repository

    Zhu, Jiajie

    2017-07-31

    Li-ion batteries are well-established energy storage systems. Upon lithiation conventional group IVA compound anodes undergo large volume expansion and thus suffer from stress-induced performance degradation. Instead of the emerging MXene anodes fabricated by an expensive and difficult-to-control etching technique, we study the feasibility of utilizing the parent MAX compounds. We reveal that M2AC (M=Ti, V and A=Si, S) compounds repel lithiation at ambient conditions, while structural stress turns out to support lithiation, in contrast to group IVA compounds. For V2SC the Li diffusion barrier is found to be lower than reported for group IVA compound anodes, reflecting potential to achieve fast charge/discharge.

  17. Stress-enhanced lithiation in MAX compounds for battery applications

    KAUST Repository

    Zhu, Jiajie; Chroneos, Alexander; Wang, Lei; Rao, Feng; Schwingenschlö gl, Udo

    2017-01-01

    Li-ion batteries are well-established energy storage systems. Upon lithiation conventional group IVA compound anodes undergo large volume expansion and thus suffer from stress-induced performance degradation. Instead of the emerging MXene anodes fabricated by an expensive and difficult-to-control etching technique, we study the feasibility of utilizing the parent MAX compounds. We reveal that M2AC (M=Ti, V and A=Si, S) compounds repel lithiation at ambient conditions, while structural stress turns out to support lithiation, in contrast to group IVA compounds. For V2SC the Li diffusion barrier is found to be lower than reported for group IVA compound anodes, reflecting potential to achieve fast charge/discharge.

  18. Antifouling potential of Nature-inspired sulfated compounds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Almeida, Joana R.; Correia-da-Silva, Marta; Sousa, Emília; Antunes, Jorge; Pinto, Madalena; Vasconcelos, Vitor; Cunha, Isabel

    2017-02-01

    Natural products with a sulfated scaffold have emerged as antifouling agents with low or nontoxic effects to the environment. In this study 13 sulfated polyphenols were synthesized and tested for antifouling potential using the anti-settlement activity of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) plantigrade post-larvae and bacterial growth inhibition towards four biofilm-forming bacterial strains. Results show that some of these Nature-inspired compounds were bioactive, particularly rutin persulfate (2), 3,6-bis(β-D-glucopyranosyl) xanthone persulfate (6), and gallic acid persulfate (12) against the settlement of plantigrades. The chemical precursors of sulfated compounds 2 and 12 were also tested for anti-settlement activity and it was possible to conclude that bioactivity is associated with sulfation. While compound 12 showed the most promising anti-settlement activity (EC50 = 8.95 μg.mL-1), compound 2 also caused the higher level of growth inhibition in bacteria Vibrio harveyi (EC20 = 12.5 μg.mL-1). All the three bioactive compounds 2, 6, and 12 were also found to be nontoxic to the non target species Artemia salina ( 1000 μg.mL-1). This study put forward the relevance of synthesizing non-natural sulfated small molecules to generate new nontoxic antifouling agents.

  19. Compound refractive X-ray lens

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nygren, D.R.; Cahn, R.; Cederstrom, B.; Danielsson, M.; Vestlund, J.

    2000-01-01

    An apparatus and method are disclosed for focusing X-rays. In one embodiment, his invention is a commercial-grade compound refractive X-ray lens. The commercial-grade compound refractive X-ray lens includes a volume of low-Z material. The volume of low-Z material has a first surface which is adapted to receive X-rays of commercially-applicable power emitted from a commercial-grade X-ray source. The volume of low-Z material also has a second surface from which emerge the X-rays of commercially-applicable power which were received at the first surface. Additionally, the commercial-grade compound refractive X-ray lens includes a plurality of openings which are disposed between the first surface and the second surface. The plurality of openings are oriented such that the X-rays of commercially-applicable power which are received at the first surface, pass through the volume of low-Z material and through the plurality openings. In so doing, the X-rays which emerge from the second surface are refracted to a focal point

  20. Compound refractive X-ray lens

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nygren, David R.; Cahn, Robert; Cederstrom, Bjorn; Danielsson, Mats; Vestlund, Jonas

    2000-01-01

    An apparatus and method for focusing X-rays. In one embodiment, his invention is a commercial-grade compound refractive X-ray lens. The commercial-grade compound refractive X-ray lens includes a volume of low-Z material. The volume of low-Z material has a first surface which is adapted to receive X-rays of commercially-applicable power emitted from a commercial-grade X-ray source. The volume of low-Z material also has a second surface from which emerge the X-rays of commercially-applicable power which were received at the first surface. Additionally, the commercial-grade compound refractive X-ray lens includes a plurality of openings which are disposed between the first surface and the second surface. The plurality of openings are oriented such that the X-rays of commercially-applicable power which are received at the first surface, pass through the volume of low-Z material and through the plurality openings. In so doing, the X-rays which emerge from the second surface are refracted to a focal point.