[Historical research of cinchona cultivation in Japan (Part 2). Useful tropical plants introduced from Java and India in the early Meiji era].

Science.gov (United States)

Nagumo, Seiji; Sasaki, Yohei; Takido, Michio

2010-01-01

In the early Meiji era, Takeaki Enomoto made a proposal to the government that cinchona and coffee seedlings be introduced to Japan. In response, the Meiji government dispatched Masatsugu Takeda of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to Java and India from March to August 1878 for the purpose of investigating useful plants of tropical origin and introducing them to Japan. This paper clarifies the route to those destinations and the plants obtained locally. Using the seeds obtained from India during his travels, the cultivation of cinchona was attempted in 1882 for the first time in Japan. In Ogasawara, coffee cultivation was conducted, again for the first time in Japan, using coffee seeds brought back from Java. The cultivation of coffee was successful and served as the foundation of the Ogasawara coffee that exists to this day. Takeda also introduced a number of books and materials related to useful tropical plants available as a result of his travels, which contributed to the promotion of new industries and businesses in the Meiji era.

Regulación en el uso de la tierra con fines preventivos en los alrededores del cuadrante de la antigua comunidad de Cinchona, Alajuela, Costa Rica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Esquivel Valverde, Lidier

2011-07-01

Full Text Available La regulación del uso de la tierra permite establecer cuales lugares son aptas para el establecimiento de zonas habitacionales, comercios, industria, actividades agrícolas, actividades turísticas, entre otras, evitando incrementar la vulnerabilidad física o ambiental. El presente artículo se basa en un estudio realizado a la comunidad de Cinchona a raíz del sismo del año 2009, el cual, por las características topográficas y geológicas de la región, generó una cantidad alta de daños a la infraestructura y pérdida de vidas humanas, lo que propició la elaboración de una herramienta técnica normativa que regulara el uso de la tierra en esa zona. La investigación consideró aspectos como el uso de la tierra antes del sismo, tenencia de la tierra, producción agropecuaria, valor de la tierra, pendientes de terreno, geomorfología, capacidad de uso de la tierra, aguas subterráneas, zonas de vida y áreas silvestres y por último las amenazas más relevantes. Como resultado del estudio se presenta en el artículo un resumen de la regulación de tierra propuesta, la cual comprende el sector de Vieja Cinchona (zona devastada por el sismo y las microcuencas cercanas Land use regulations allow to identify suitable places to establish housing, commerce, industry, agricultural activities, and tourism, among others, avoiding to increase physical or environmental vulnerability. This article is based on a study developed at the Cinchona community after the 2009 earthquake, which due to the topographic and geological characteristics generated a lot of damages to infrastructures and losses of human lives. In this context, a normative technical tool was developed to regulate the land use in the zone. The investigation considered aspects such as land use before the earthquake, land possession, farming production, land value, land slopes, geomorphology, land use capacity, underground water, wild life areas and most relevant threats. As a result of

One-Pot Synthesis of Novel Chiral β-Amino Acid Derivatives by Enantioselective Mannich Reactions Catalyzed by Squaramide Cinchona Alkaloids

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Kankan Zhang

2013-05-01

Full Text Available An efficient one-pot synthesis of novel β-amino acid derivatives containing a thiadiazole moiety was developed using a chiral squaramide cinchona alkaloid as organocatalyst. The reactions afforded chiral β-amino acid derivatives in moderate yields and with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities. The present study demonstrated for the first time the use of a Mannich reaction catalyzed by a chiral bifunctional organocatalyst for the one-pot synthesis of novel β-amino acid derivatives bearing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety on nitrogen.

The relationship of physico-chemical properties and structure to the differential antiplasmodial activity of the cinchona alkaloids

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Meyer David J

2003-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The 8-amino and 9-hydroxy substituents of antimalarial cinchona alkaloids have the erythro orientation while their inactive 9-epimers are threo. From the X-ray structures a 90° difference in torsion angle between the N1-H1 and C9-O12 bonds in the two series is believed to be important. In order to kill the malaria parasite, alkaloids must cross the erythrocyte and parasite membranes to accumulate in the acid digestive vacuole where they prevent detoxication of haematin produced during haemoglobin breakdown. Methods Ionization constants, octanol/water distribution and haematin interaction are examined for eight alkaloids to explain the influence of small structural differences on activity. Results Erythro isomers have a high distribution ratio of 55:1 from plasma to the erythrocyte membrane, while for the more basic threo epimers this is only 4.5:1. This gives an increased transfer rate of the erythro drugs into the erythrocyte and thence into the parasite vacuole where their favourable conformation allows interaction with haematin, inhibiting its dimerization strongly (90 ± 7% and thereby killing the parasite. The threo compounds not only enter more slowly but are then severely restricted from binding to haematin by the gauche alignment of their N1-H1 and C9-O12 bonds. Confirmatory molecular models allowed measurement of angles and bond lengths and computation of the electronic spectrum of a quinine-haematin complex. Conclusion Differences in the antiplasmodial activity of the erythro and threo cinchona alkaloids may therefore be attributed to the cumulative effects of lipid/aqueous distribution ratio and drug-haematin interaction. Possible insights into the mechanism of chloroquine-resistance are discussed.

Non-aqueous CE-MS of cinchona alkaloids - characterizationof a novel CE-ESI-MS interface

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hansen, Frederik André; Hansen, Steen Honoré; Petersen, Nickolaj J.

We have recently in our group at the University of Copenhagen developed a robust and simple sheatless CE-ESI-MS interface (capillary electrophoresis – electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry). In this presentation the interface is characterized and compared with HPLC-MS for studying...... a submicron fracture in the capillary close the ESI tip. The fracture provides a zero dead volume and excellent conducting properties due to the large amount of ions in the electric double layer. Electric current exceeding the upper limit of CE instrumentation of up to 300 µA can easily be obtained....... Furthermore, the increased conductivity of the buffer in the fracture generates field free pumping of the analytes towards the ESI spray tip. In this study the device was used to analyze the four major alkaloids (diastereomeric pairs of quinine/quinidine and cinchonine/cinchonidine) in Cinchona bark samples...

CO2 as a C1-organic building block: Enantioselective electrocarboxylation of aromatic ketones with CO2catalyzed by cinchona alkaloids under mild conditions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chen, Bao-Li; Tu, Zhuo-Ying; Zhu, Hong-Wei; Sun, Wen-Wen; Wang, Huan; Lu, Jia-Xing

2014-01-01

Highlights: •Cinchona alkaloids catalysis achieve enantioselective electrocarboxylation of racemic aromatic ketones. •The applications of CO 2 enantioselective electrochemical fixation into optically active hydroxyl carboxylic acids have been expanded. •The applications of alkaloids have been expanded. •The applications of asymmetric synthesis by electrochemical methodology have been expanded. -- Abstract: The enantioselective electrocarboxylation of pro-chiral aromatic ketones (2-acetonaphthone, 1-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)ethanone, 1-(4-methoxy-1-naphthyl)ethanone) with atmospheric pressure of CO 2 catalyzed by cinchona alkaloids in the presence of phenol was investigated in an undivided cell for the first time to give optically active 2-hydroxy-2-arylpropionic acid. For the model compound 2-acetonaphthone, the influence of various reaction conditions, such as cathode material, current density, catalyst type, ratio of proton to catalyst and catalyst quantity, on the enantiomeric excesses (ee) and yield has been investigated. Under the optimized conditions of 2-acetonaphthone, all the aromatic ketones examined are converted into corresponding optically active 2-hydroxy-2-arylpropionic acids in moderate yield (32.2% - 41.3%) and ee (48.1% - 48.6%). In addition, the electrochemical behavior of 2-acetonaphthone has been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the absence and presence of CO 2 . Moreover, the probable reaction pathway was proposed accordingly

In Silico Screening and Designing Synthesis of Cinchona Alkaloids Derivatives as Potential Anticancer

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Muhammad Hanafi

2017-06-01

Full Text Available P-glycoprotein (P-gp resistance in cancer cells decreases intracellular accumulation of various anticancer drugs. This multidrug resistance (MDR protein can be modulated by a number of non-cytotoxic drugs. We have screened 30 chincona alkaloids derivatives as a potent P-gp inhibitor agent in silico. Hereby, we report the highest potential inhibitions of P-gp is Cinchonidine isobutanoate through molecular docking approach. with affinity energy -8.6 kcal/mol and inhibition constant, Ki is 4.89 x 10-7 M. Cinchonidine isobutanoate is also known has molecular weight below 500, Log P value 3.5, which is indicated violation free of Lipinski`s rule of five. Thus, Cinchonidine isobutanoate is the most potent compound as anticancer compare to other Cinchona alkaloids. Ultimately, we design Cinchonidine isobutanoate for further lead synthesis by using DBSA, act as a combined Brønsted acid-surfactant-catalyst (BASC to obtain high concentration of organic product by forming micellar aggregates which is very powerful catalytic application in water environment.

Quantitative determination of major alkaloids in Cinchona bark by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography.

Science.gov (United States)

Murauer, Adele; Ganzera, Markus

2018-06-15

Chinoline alkaloids found in Cinchona bark still play an important role in medicine, for example as antimalarial and antiarrhythmic drugs. For the first time Supercritical Fluid Chromatography has been utilized for their separation. Six respective derivatives (dihydroquinidine, dihydroquinine, quinidine, quinine, cinchonine and cinchonidine) could be resolved in less than 7 min, and three of them quantified in crude plant extracts. The optimum stationary phase showed to be an Acquity UPC 2 Torus DEA 1.7 μm column, the mobile phase comprised of CO 2 , acetonitrile, methanol and diethylamine. Method validation confirmed that the procedure is selective, accurate (recovery rates from 97.2% to 103.7%), precise (intra-day ≤2.2%, inter-day ≤3.0%) and linear (R 2  ≥ 0.999); at 275 nm the observed detection limits were always below 2.5 μg/ml. In all of the samples analyzed cinchonine dominated (1.87%-2.30%), followed by quinine and cinchonidine. Their total content ranged from 4.75% to 5.20%. These values are in good agreement with published data, so that due to unmatched speed and environmental friendly character SFC is definitely an excellent alternative for the analysis of these important natural products. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phytochemical screening, total phenolic, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of cinchona ledgeriana leaves ethanol extract

Science.gov (United States)

Sundowo, Andini; Artanti, Nina; Hanafi, M.; Minarti, Primahana, Gian

2017-11-01

C ledgeriana is a medicinal plant that contains alkaloids, especially on the barks for commercial production of quinine as antimalarial. The main alkaloids in this plant are cinchonine, cinchonidine, quinine and quinidine. Besides for antiamalarial this plant is also commonly used to treat whooping cough, influenza and dysentery. Compare to other medicinal plants, nowadays only very few studies were conducted in Cinchona species. Our current study aims to determine the content of phytochemical, total phenol and total flavonoids from C. ledgeriana leaves 70% ethanol extract. The extraction was performed by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent and then fractionated into hexane, ethylacetate and butanol. Phytochemical screening was performed to determine the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins. Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and alumunium chloride colorimetric methods using gallic acid and quercetin as standards. The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the 70% ethanol extract of C. ledgeriana leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins. The total phenol and total flavonoids analysis showed that ethyl acetate fraction had the highest total phenol (40.23%) and total flavonoids (65.34%).

Response surface methodology for the determination of the design space of enantiomeric separations on cinchona-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases by high performance liquid chromatography.

Science.gov (United States)

Hanafi, Rasha Sayed; Lämmerhofer, Michael

2018-01-26

Quality-by-Design approach for enantioselective HPLC method development surpasses Quality-by-Testing in offering the optimal separation conditions with the least number of experiments and in its ability to describe the method's Design Space visually which helps to determine enantiorecognition to a significant extent. Although some schemes exist for enantiomeric separations on Cinchona-based zwitterionic stationary phases, the exact design space and the weights by which each of the chromatographic parameters influences the separation have not yet been statistically studied. In the current work, a screening design followed by a Response Surface Methodology optimization design were adopted for enantioseparation optimization of 3 model drugs namely the acidic Fmoc leucine, the amphoteric tryptophan and the basic salbutamol. The screening design proved that the acid/base additives are of utmost importance for the 3 chiral drugs, and that among 3 different pairs of acids and bases, acetic acid and diethylamine is the couple able to provide acceptable resolution at variable conditions. Visualization of the response surface of the retention factor, separation factor and resolution helped describe accurately the magnitude by which each chromatographic factor (% MeOH, concentration and ratio of acid base modifiers) affects the separation while interacting with other parameters. The global optima compromising highest enantioresolution with the least run time for the 3 chiral model drugs varied extremely, where it was best to set low % methanol with equal ratio of acid-base modifiers for the acidic drug, very high % methanol and 10-fold higher concentration of the acid for the amphoteric drug while 20 folds of the base modifier with moderate %methanol were needed for the basic drug. Considering the selected drugs as models for many series of structurally related compounds, the design space defined and the optimum conditions computed are the key for method development on

Increments to chiral recognition facilitating enantiomer separations of chiral acids, bases, and ampholytes using Cinchona-based zwitterion exchanger chiral stationary phases.

Science.gov (United States)

Wernisch, Stefanie; Pell, Reinhard; Lindner, Wolfgang

2012-07-01

The intramolecular distances of anion and cation exchanger sites of zwitterionic chiral stationary phases represent potential tuning sites for enantiomer selectivity. In this contribution, we investigate the influence of alkanesulfonic acid chain length and flexibility on enantiomer separations of chiral acids, bases, and amphoteric molecules for six Cinchona alkaloid-based chiral stationary phases in comparison with structurally related anion and cation exchangers. Employing polar-organic elution conditions, we observed an intramolecular counterion effect for acidic analytes which led to reduced retention times but did not impair enantiomer selectivities. Retention of amphoteric analytes is based on simultaneous double ion pairing of their charged functional groups with the acidic and basic sites of the zwitterionic selectors. A chiral center in the vicinity of the strong cation exchanger site is vital for chiral separations of bases. Sterically demanding side chains are beneficial for separations of free amino acids. Enantioseparations of free (un-derivatized) peptides were particularly successful in stationary phases with straight-chain alkanesulfonic acid sites, pointing to a beneficial influence of more flexible moieties. In addition, we observed pseudo-enantiomeric behavior of quinine and quinidine-derived chiral stationary phases facilitating reversal of elution orders for all analytes. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Combined use of [TBA][L-ASP] and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as selectors for separation of Cinchona alkaloids by capillary electrophoresis.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Yu; Yu, Haixia; Wu, Yujiao; Zhao, Wenyan; Yang, Min; Jing, Huanwang; Chen, Anjia

2014-10-01

In this paper, a new capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation and detection method was developed for the chiral separation of the four major Cinchona alkaloids (quinine/quinidine and cinchonine/cinchonidine) using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and chiral ionic liquid ([TBA][L-ASP]) as selectors. Separation parameters such as buffer concentrations, pH, HP-β-CD and chiral ionic liquid concentrations, capillary temperature, and separation voltage were investigated. After optimization of separation conditions, baseline separation of the three analytes (cinchonidine, quinine, cinchonine) was achieved in fewer than 7 min in ammonium acetate background electrolyte (pH 5.0) with the addition of HP-β-CD in a concentration of 40 mM and [TBA][L-ASP] of 14 mM, while the baseline separation of cinchonine and quinidine was not obtained. Therefore, the first-order derivative electropherogram was applied for resolving overlapping peaks. Regression equations revealed a good linear relationship between peak areas in first-order derivative electropherograms and concentrations of the two diastereomer pairs. The results not only indicated that the first-order derivative electropherogram was effective in determination of a low content component and of those not fully separated from adjacent ones, but also showed that the ionic liquid appeared to be a very promising chiral selector in CE. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Mechanistic Study of the Gas-Phase In-Source Hofmann Elimination of Doubly Quaternized Cinchona-Alkaloid Based Phase-Transfer Catalysts by (+)-Electrospray Ionization/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Rong-Sheng; Sheng, Huaming; Lexa, Katrina W.; Sherer, Edward C.; Zhang, Li-Kang; Xiang, Bangping; Helmy, Roy; Mao, Bing

2017-03-01

An unusual in-source fragmentation pattern observed for 14 doubly quaternized cinchona alkaloid-based phase-transfer catalysts (PTC) was studied using (+)-ESI high resolution mass spectrometry. Loss of the substituted benzyl cation (R1 or R2) was found to be the major product ion [M2+ - R1 + or R2 +]+ in MS spectra of all PTC compounds. A Hofmann elimination product ion [M - H]+ was also observed. Only a small amount of the doubly charged M2+ ions were observed in the MS spectra, likely due to strong Columbic repulsion between the two quaternary ammonium cations in the gas phase. The positive voltage in the MS inlet but not the ESI probe was found to induce this extensive fragmentation for all PTC diboromo-salts. Compound 1 was used as an example to illustrate the proposed in-source fragmentation mechanism. The mechanism of formation of the Hofmann elimination product ion [M - H]+ was further investigated using HRMS/MS, H/D exchange, and DFT calculations. The proposed formation of 2b as the major Hofmann elimination product ion was supported both by HRMS/MS and DFT calculations. Formation of product ion 2b through a concerted unimolecular Ei elimination pathway is proposed rather than a bimolecular E2 elimination pathway for common solution Hofmann eliminations.

Colonial Agro-Industrialism : Science, Industry and the State in the Dutch Golden Alkaloid Age, 1850-1950

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Roersch van der Hoogte, A.

2015-01-01

This thesis is about what I call the Dutch Golden Alkaloid Age between roughly the 1850s and 1950s. I follow the historical trajectory of the production and distribution of the anti-febrifuge cinchona bark tree (Cinchona officinalis Lin.) and its most powerful and therapeutically applied alkaloid in

Mechanistic Study of the Gas-Phase In-Source Hofmann Elimination of Doubly Quaternized Cinchona-Alkaloid Based Phase-Transfer Catalysts by (+)-Electrospray Ionization/Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Rong-Sheng; Sheng, Huaming; Lexa, Katrina W; Sherer, Edward C; Zhang, Li-Kang; Xiang, Bangping; Helmy, Roy; Mao, Bing

2017-03-01

An unusual in-source fragmentation pattern observed for 14 doubly quaternized cinchona alkaloid-based phase-transfer catalysts (PTC) was studied using (+)-ESI high resolution mass spectrometry. Loss of the substituted benzyl cation (R1 or R2) was found to be the major product ion [M 2+ - R 1 + or R 2 + ] + in MS spectra of all PTC compounds. A Hofmann elimination product ion [M - H] + was also observed. Only a small amount of the doubly charged M 2+ ions were observed in the MS spectra, likely due to strong Columbic repulsion between the two quaternary ammonium cations in the gas phase. The positive voltage in the MS inlet but not the ESI probe was found to induce this extensive fragmentation for all PTC diboromo-salts. Compound 1 was used as an example to illustrate the proposed in-source fragmentation mechanism. The mechanism of formation of the Hofmann elimination product ion [M - H] + was further investigated using HRMS/MS, H/D exchange, and DFT calculations. The proposed formation of 2b as the major Hofmann elimination product ion was supported both by HRMS/MS and DFT calculations. Formation of product ion 2b through a concerted unimolecular E i elimination pathway is proposed rather than a bimolecular E2 elimination pathway for common solution Hofmann eliminations. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

Preparation of Mesoporous SBA-16 Silica-Supported Biscinchona Alkaloid Ligand for the Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Shaheen M. Sarkar

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Optically active cinchona alkaloid was anchored onto mesoporous SBA-16 silica and the as-prepared complex was used as a heterogeneous chiral ligand of osmium tetraoxide for the asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins. The prepared catalytic system provided 90–93% yield of vicinal diol with 92–99% enantioselectivity. The ordered mesoporous SBA-16 silica was found to be a valuable support for the cinchona alkaloid liganded osmium catalyst system which is frequently used in chemical industries and research laboratories for olefin functionalization.

Origin of Stereodivergence in Cooperative Asymmetric Catalysis with Simultaneous Involvement of Two Chiral Catalysts.

Science.gov (United States)

Bhaskararao, Bangaru; Sunoj, Raghavan B

2015-12-23

Accomplishing high diastereo- and enantioselectivities simultaneously is a persistent challenge in asymmetric catalysis. The use of two chiral catalysts in one-pot conditions might offer new avenues to this end. Chirality transfer from a catalyst to product gets increasingly complex due to potential chiral match-mismatch issues. The origin of high enantio- and diastereoselectivities in the reaction between a racemic aldehyde and an allyl alcohol, catalyzed by using axially chiral iridium phosphoramidites PR/S-Ir and cinchona amine is established through transition-state modeling. The multipoint contact analysis of the stereocontrolling transition state revealed how the stereodivergence could be achieved by inverting the configuration of the chiral catalysts that are involved in the activation of the reacting partners. While the enantiocontrol is identified as being decided in the generation of PR/S-Ir-π-allyl intermediate from the allyl alcohol, the diastereocontrol arises due to the differential stabilizations in the C-C bond formation transition states. The analysis of the weak interactions in the transition states responsible for chiral induction revealed that the geometric disposition of the quinoline ring at the C8 chiral carbon of cinchona-enamine plays an anchoring role. The quinolone ring is noted as participating in a π-stacking interaction with the phenyl ring of the Ir-π-allyl moiety in the case of PR with the (8R,9R)-cinchona catalyst combination, whereas a series of C-H···π interactions is identified as vital to the relative stabilization of the stereocontrolling transition states when PR is used with (8S,9S)-cinchona.

Tailored Polymer-Supported Templates in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries : Simultaneous Selection, Amplification and Isolation of Synthetic Receptors

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Besenius, Pol; Cormack, Peter A.G.; Liu, Jingyuan; Otto, Sijbren; Sanders, Jeremy K.M.; Sherrington, David C.

2008-01-01

The thermodynamically controlled synthesis and isolation of macrocyclic receptors from dynamic combinatorial libraries has been achieved in a single step using a polymer-supported template. The templates were cinchona alkaloids which show interesting enantio- and diastereoselective molecular

Enantioselective aminocatalysis: Michael addition of unactivated ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

KHIANGTE VANLALDINPUIA

2017-09-25

Sep 25, 2017 ... the case of acetone) were stirred at room temperature for. 30 min. Nitroolefin (1 ..... Kaprzak A and Gawronski J 2001 Review on the use of cinchona ... 2006 Functionalized chiral ionic liquids as highly effi- cient asymmetric ...

Bark is the Hallmark

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

water. c) The phelloderm: Cells of the phelloderm layer are produced on the inner side of the phellogen .... brown or grey in colour. Table 1. continued . ... tracted from the dried Cinchona bark are used in the treatment of malarial fevers and are ...

Experimental and modeling studies on the enantio-separation of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-(R),(S)-leucine by continuous liquid-liquid extraction in a cascade of centrifugal contactor separators

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Schuur, Boelo; Winkelman, Jozef G.M.; Vries, Johannes G. de; Heeres, Hero J.

2010-01-01

The continuous enantioselective liquid–liquid extraction of aqueous 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-(R),(S)-leucine (AR,S) using O-(1-t-butylcarbamoyl)-11-octadecylsulfinyl-10,11-dihydro-quinine (C,a cinchona alkaloid) as extractant in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) was studied experimentally in a countercurrently

Indische bergcultuurondernemingen voornamelijk in Zuid-Sumatra : gegevens en beschouwingen

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hoedt, T.G.E.

1930-01-01

Highland crops was here used of tropical perennial crops (cinchona, coffee, rubber, tea), cultivated mainly in mountain districts. These crops were grown on estates, owned by western companies and managed by European staff. The organization of the highland plantation industry in Java and Sumatra,

Proof of concept for continuous enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction in capillary microreactors using 1-octanol as a sustainable solvent

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Susanti, S.; Meinds, Tim G.; Pinxterhuis, Erik B.; Schuur, Boelo; De Vries, Johannes G.; Feringa, Ben L.; Winkelman, Jozef G.M.; Yue, Jun; Heeres, Hero J.

2017-01-01

The use of capillary microreactors for enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction (ELLE) was successfully demonstrated using a model system consisting of a buffered aqueous amino acid derivative (3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-(R,S)-leucine) solution (phosphate buffer, pH 6.58) and a chiral cinchona alkaloid

Asymmetric organocatalytic Michael addition of Meldrum's acid to nitroalkenes: probing the mechanism of bifunctional thiourea organocatalysts

OpenAIRE

Kataja, Antti O.; Koskinen, Ari M.P.

2010-01-01

The asymmetric Michael addition of Meldrum’s acid to nitroalkenes was studied using a novel type of Cinchona alkaloid-based bifunctional thiourea organocatalyst. The functionality of the thiourea catalysts was also probed by preparing and testing thiourea-N-methylated analogues of the well-known bis-(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-substituted catalyst. Peer reviewed

Ion-pair formation of hydroquinine by chromatography

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Marchais, S.V; Vermeulen, E.S; Semple, G; Sundell, S; Wikström, H.V

2001-01-01

The study of hydroquinine, a Cinchona alkaloid, by analytical TLC (silica gel) in a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (9/1, v/v) has shown that a new compound, with a higher R-F value, is formed during the migration. Its structure has been elucidated and was shown to be the hydrochloride salt

Effects of short-term administration of quinine on the seminiferous ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Quinine (QU) is the principal alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree and has been used worldwide in the suppression and treatment of malaria for more than 350 years. Though other anti-malaria drugs have superseded QU, however, as a result of the development of resistance to chloroquine and other drugs, ...

Extraction of alkaloids for NMR-based profiling

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Yilmaz, Ali; Nyberg, Nils; Jaroszewski, Jerzy W.

2012-01-01

A museum collection of Cinchona cortex samples (n = 117), from the period 1850–1950, were extracted with a mixture of chloroform-d1, methanol-d4, water-d2, and perchloric acid in the ratios 5:5:1:1. The extracts were directly analyzed using 1H NMR spectroscopy (600 MHz) and the spectra evaluated...

Review Of Clinical Features Of Malaria | Onyenekwe | Orient Journal ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

In the early 17th century, the “Peruvian Bark” or Jesuits Powder” was discovered to be of value in the treatment of certain fevers. The tree was later to be named cinchona from which quinine was extracted in 1820. Such fever was known as the agues in England, in Italy as mal'aria and in France as Palludisme due to their ...

Conformational study of cinchona and ephedra alkaloids

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dijkstra, Gerard Durk Henk

1991-01-01

Chirality and Natun an closely associated. Living organisms use chiral catalysts (enzymes) to synthesize many of their chemical constituents. Over millions of years the complex compositions of enzymes have developed into efficient and specific catalysts for the synthesis (and breakdown) of chiral

Highly enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of β-methyl-γ- monofluoromethyl-substituted alcohols

KAUST Repository

Yang, Wenguo

2011-06-07

Enanatiopure β-methyl-γ-monofluoromethyl alcohols were prepared from the allylic alkylation between fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane with Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates. The reaction was catalyzed by using the Cinchona alkaloid derivative, (DHQD)2AQN. The origin of the stereoselectivity was verified by DFT methods. Calculated geometries and relative energies of various transition states strongly support the observed stereoselectivity. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

CATALYTIC KINETIC RESOLUTION OF 5-ALKOXY-2(5H)-FURANONES

OpenAIRE

FABER, WS; Kok, Johan C; DELANGE, B; FERINGA, BL; Faber, Wijnand S.; Lange, Ben de; Feringa, Bernard

1994-01-01

The kinetic resolution of racemic 5-alkoxy-2(5H)-furanones, using a chiral aminoalcohol catalyzed 1-4-addition of arylthiols, was examined. Using various butenolides it was shown that a gamma-alkoxy substituent appears to be essential to reach high enantioselectivities whereas electron-donating substituents in the arylthiols also increase the selectivity. Cinchona alkaloids are the preferred catalysts for the kinetic resolution, with quinine and quinidine leading to the most efficient and sel...

Highly enantio- and diastereoselective allylic alkylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates with allyl ketones

KAUST Repository

Tong, Guanghu

2013-05-17

The asymmetric allylic alkylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates with allyl ketones has been developed. The α-regioselective alkylation adducts, containing a hexa-1,5-diene framework with important synthetic value, were achieved in up to 83% yield, >99% ee, and 50:1 dr by using a commercially available Cinchona alkaloid as the catalyst. From the allylic alkylation adduct, a cyclohexene bearing two adjacent chiral centers was readily prepared. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Highly enantio- and diastereoselective allylic alkylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates with allyl ketones

KAUST Repository

Tong, Guanghu; Zhu, Bo; Lee, Richmond; Yang, Wenguo; Tan, Davin; Yang, Caiyun; Han, Zhiqiang; Yan, Lin; Huang, Kuo-Wei; Jiang, Zhiyong

2013-01-01

The asymmetric allylic alkylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates with allyl ketones has been developed. The α-regioselective alkylation adducts, containing a hexa-1,5-diene framework with important synthetic value, were achieved in up to 83% yield, >99% ee, and 50:1 dr by using a commercially available Cinchona alkaloid as the catalyst. From the allylic alkylation adduct, a cyclohexene bearing two adjacent chiral centers was readily prepared. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Phylogeny predicts the quantity of antimalarial alkaloids within the iconic yellow Cinchona bark (Rubiaceae: Cinchona calisaya)

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Maldonado Goyzueta, Carla Brenda; Barnes, Christopher James; Cornett, Claus

2017-01-01

twenty-two C. calisaya stands sampled in the Yungas region of Bolivia. Climatic and soil parameters were characterized and bark samples were analyzed for content of the four major alkaloids using HPLC-UV to explore the utility of evolutionary history (phylogeny) in determining variation within species...

Molecular-level Design of Heterogeneous Chiral Catalysts

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gellman, Andrew John [Carnegie Mellon University; Sholl, David S. [Georgia Institute of Technology; Tysoe, Wilfred T. [University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; Zaera, Francisco [University of California at Riverside

2013-04-28

) modified by a variety of chiral templates. • Demonstrated enantioselective separation of racemic PO on chemically synthesized chiral gold nanoparticles. • Discovery of zwitterionic adsorption states of amino acids on Pd(111). • First structure determinations of adsorbed amino acids and identification of tetrameric chiral template structures. • Exploration of the enantiospecific interaction of PO and R-3-MCHO adsorption on chirally modified Cu(100), Cu(110) and Cu(111). One-to-One Interactions • Determination of cinchona orientation on Pt surfaces in situ at the solid-liquid interface using FT-IRAS. • Systematic study of the influence of solution properties on the adsorption of modified cinchonas alkaloids onto Pt surfaces. • Correlation of cinchona adsorption with catalytic activity, as affected by concentration, the nature of the solvent, and dissolved gases in the liquid phase. • Measurement of enantioselective chemisorption on 1-(1-naphthyl) ethylamine (NEA) modified Pt(111) and Pd(111) surfaces. • Imaging of chiral docking complexes between NEA and methyl pyruvate on Pd(111). Chiral Catalyst Synthesis • Anchoring of cinchona alkaloid to surfaces • Synthesis of chiral Au nanoparticles and demonstration of their enantiospecific interactions with R- and S-PO. • Elucidation of the driving forces for chiral imprinting of Cu(100) by L- and D-lysine to form Cu(3,1,17)R&S facets.

Direct asymmetric allylic alkenylation of N-itaconimides with Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates

KAUST Repository

Yang, Wenguo

2012-08-03

The asymmetric allylic alkenylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates with N-itaconimides as nucleophiles has been developed using a commercially available Cinchona alkaloid catalyst. A variety of multifunctional chiral α-methylene-β-maleimide esters were attained in moderate to excellent yields (up to 99%) and good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 91% ee). The origin of the regio- and stereoselectivity was verified by DFT methods. Calculated geometries and relative energies of various transition states strongly support the observed regio- and enantioselectivity. © 2012 American Chemical Society.

Unexpectedly high beta-diversity of root-associated fungal communities in the Bolivian Andes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Barnes, Christopher James; Maldonado Goyzueta, Carla Brenda; Frøslev, Tobias Guldberg

2016-01-01

in microbial diversity. Here we assess the genetic, taxonomic and functional diversity of root-associated fungi surrounding Cinchona calisaya calisaya trees, a typical element of the intermediate altitudes of the Bolivian Yungas. We determine the relative effects of edaphic properties, climate, and geography...... variation respectively. Surprisingly, altitude does not influence community formation, and there is limited evidence that climate (precipitation and temperature) play a role. Our results suggest that sampling should be performed over a wide geographical and environmental range in order to capture the full...

Isoindolinones as Michael Donors under Phase Transfer Catalysis: Enantioselective Synthesis of Phthalimidines Containing a Tetrasubstituted Carbon Stereocenter

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Francesco Scorzelli

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Readily available chiral ammonium salts derived from cinchona alkaloids have proven to be effective phase transfer catalysts in the asymmetric Michael reaction of 3-substituted isoindolinones. This protocol provides a convenient method for the construction of valuable asymmetric 3,3-disubstituted isoindolinones in high yields and  moderate to good enantioselectivity. Diastereoselectivity was also investigated in the construction of contiguous tertiary and quaternary stereocenters. The use of acrolein as Michael acceptor led to an interesting tricyclic derivative, a pyrroloisoindolinone analogue, via a tandem conjugated addition/cyclization reaction.

Primary amine/CSA ion pair: A powerful catalytic system for the asymmetric enamine catalysis

KAUST Repository

Liu, Chen; Zhu, Qiang; Huang, Kuo-Wei; Lu, Yixin

2011-01-01

A novel ion pair catalyst containing a chiral counteranion can be readily derived by simply mixing cinchona alkaloid-derived diamine with chiral camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). A mixture of 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi-quinine 8 and (-)-CSA was found to be the best catalyst with matching chirality, enabling the direct amination of α-branched aldehydes to proceed in quantitative yields and with nearly perfect enantioselectivities. A 0.5 mol % catalyst loading was sufficient to catalyze the reaction, and a gram scale enantioselective synthesis of biologically important α-methyl phenylglycine has been successfully demonstrated. © 2011 American Chemical Society.

Primary amine/CSA ion pair: A powerful catalytic system for the asymmetric enamine catalysis

KAUST Repository

Liu, Chen

2011-05-20

A novel ion pair catalyst containing a chiral counteranion can be readily derived by simply mixing cinchona alkaloid-derived diamine with chiral camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). A mixture of 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi-quinine 8 and (-)-CSA was found to be the best catalyst with matching chirality, enabling the direct amination of α-branched aldehydes to proceed in quantitative yields and with nearly perfect enantioselectivities. A 0.5 mol % catalyst loading was sufficient to catalyze the reaction, and a gram scale enantioselective synthesis of biologically important α-methyl phenylglycine has been successfully demonstrated. © 2011 American Chemical Society.

Stereoselective Reduction of Imines with Trichlorosilane Using Solid-Supported Chiral Picolinamides

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Sílvia D. Fernandes

2016-09-01

Full Text Available The stereoselective reduction of imines with trichlorosilane catalyzed by chiral Lewis bases is a well-established procedure for the synthesis of enantio-enriched amines. Five supported cinchona-based picolinamides have been prepared and their activity tested in a model reaction. The comparison of different supporting materials revealed that polystyrene gave better results than silica in terms of stereoselectivity. The applicability of the solid-supported catalyst of choice to the reduction of different imines was also demonstrated. Additionally, for the first time, a catalytic reactor containing a polymer-immobilized chiral picolinamide has been employed for the stereoselective reduction of imines with trichlorosilane under continuous flow conditions.

Synthesis and optical properties of enantiomeric cinchonidine/cinchonine-terpyridine derivatives and their metal complexes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang, Hui-Ting; Wu, Wen-Jie; Liu, Jiang; Chen, Meng; Qian, Dong-Jin; Zhang, Li; Liu, Minghua

2016-01-01

We report here the synthesis and spectroscopic properties of two enantiomeric chiral tridentate ligands (TPyCCD and TPyCCN) composed of terpyridine (TPy) and cinchonidine (CCD) or cinchonine (CCN) substituent, as well as their metal complexes with Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Eu 3+ , and Tb 3+ ions. For the pure ligands, the fluorescent emission intensity increased as their concentrations increased in the dilute solutions, but they decreased when the concentrations were greater than 6.9×10 −6 mol/l due to concentration quenching. No significant influence on ligand luminescence was observed for the Zn 2+ /Fe 2+ –TPyCCD and –TPyCCN metal complexes. Their lanthanide (Eu 3+ and Tb 3+ ) complexes displayed both ligand and lanthanide ion emissions, suggesting that the excited energy of both ligands could be transferred to the central Eu 3+ and Tb 3+ ions. Mirror-image circular dichroism spectra were recorded, with several signals centered at about 230, 250–270, 296, and 320 nm; the first ones corresponded to the chiral CCD and CCN substituents, while the latter ones corresponded to the TPy substituent and the metal–TPy (M-TPy) coordination units. It is suggested that the chirality of TPy and the metal complexes was induced by the coexisting chiral CCD and CCN substituents. In addition, due to formation of the metal complexes, the relative intensity of the chiral signals of M–TPy coordination units was enhanced at about 320 nm. - Highlights: • Cinchona alkaloid-terpyridine derivatives and metal complexes were prepared. • Cinchona alkaloid-terpyridine derivatives gave off luminescence at 362 nm. • Ligand excited energy could efficiently transferred to lanthanide ions. • Chirality of terpyridine and metal complexes was induced.

Quinina: 470 anos de história, controvérsias e desenvolvimento Quinine: 470 years of history, controversy and science development

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Alfredo Ricardo Marques de Oliveira

2009-01-01

Full Text Available After 470 years, a history of development, international seed smuggling and scientific development that caused deep changes in our society, has reached an end. In 1638, the countess of Chinchón contracted a disease while in the Amazon rain forest and was healed by a potion used by the native inhabitants. In 1856, William H. Perkin while attempting to obtain synthetic quinine, discovered the mauveína, a molecule that changed the world. The synthesis of quinine was also the subject of a bitter controversy among two excellent scientists of the 20th century. During centuries, quinine was the only hope against malaria disease and its exploration almost extinguished the Cinchona tree.

Acid Extraction - Ion Exchange Recovery of Cinchona Alkaloids Process and Plant Development

Science.gov (United States)

1945-06-08

center of the tank and dispersed by the rising jet from the bottom. From the operation of the scale model it was ascertained that the rate of...were then extracted from the precipitate by means of an alkali and an organic solvent« (18) Fink has suggested the use of a mixture of kaolin and

Chirality sensing of bioactive compounds with amino alcohol unit via circular dichroism.

Science.gov (United States)

Górecki, Marcin; Groszek, Grażyna; Frelek, Jadwiga

2017-10-01

The aim of the present work was to test various chiroptical techniques, including in particular the in situ dirhodium methodology, to assign the absolute configuration of 1,2- and 1,3-amino alcohols. As models, we selected mainly compounds that have both an additional strongly absorbing and interfering chromophoric system and application in medicinal chemistry. Determination of the absolute configuration (AC) of the tested molecules such as cinchona alkaloids, Tamiflu, and others was carried out using a combination of electronic and vibrational circular dichroism (ECD, VCD) spectroscopy. It has been demonstrated that both 1,2- and 1,3-aminol moieties are subject to the same sector rule correlating stereostructure of formed Rh 2 -complex with chiroptical properties, and that the changes in the position of the stereogenic center do not affect its proper use. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Low-Mode Conformational Search Method with Semiempirical Quantum Mechanical Calculations: Application to Enantioselective Organocatalysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Kamachi, Takashi; Yoshizawa, Kazunari

2016-02-22

A conformational search program for finding low-energy conformations of large noncovalent complexes has been developed. A quantitatively reliable semiempirical quantum mechanical PM6-DH+ method, which is able to accurately describe noncovalent interactions at a low computational cost, was employed in contrast to conventional conformational search programs in which molecular mechanical methods are usually adopted. Our approach is based on the low-mode method whereby an initial structure is perturbed along one of its low-mode eigenvectors to generate new conformations. This method was applied to determine the most stable conformation of transition state for enantioselective alkylation by the Maruoka and cinchona alkaloid catalysts and Hantzsch ester hydrogenation of imines by chiral phosphoric acid. Besides successfully reproducing the previously reported most stable DFT conformations, the conformational search with the semiempirical quantum mechanical calculations newly discovered a more stable conformation at a low computational cost.

Simultaneous analysis of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, and D-serine using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to the rat plasma and tissues.

Science.gov (United States)

Karakawa, Sachise; Shimbo, Kazutaka; Yamada, Naoyuki; Mizukoshi, Toshimi; Miyano, Hiroshi; Mita, Masashi; Lindner, Wolfgang; Hamase, Kenji

2015-11-10

A highly sensitive and selective chiral LC-MS/MS method for D-alanine, D-aspartic acid and D-serine has been developed using the precolumn derivatization reagents, 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AccQ-Tag) or p-N,N,N-trimethylammonioanilyl N'-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate iodide (TAHS). The thus N-tagged enantiomers of the derivatized amino acids were nicely separated within 20min using the cinchona alkaloid-based zwittterionic ion-exchange type enantioselective column, Chiralpak ZWIX(+). The selected reaction monitoring was applied for detecting the target d-amino acids in biological matrices. By using the present chiral LC-MS/MS method, the three d-amino acids and their l-forms could be simultaneously determined in the range of 0.1-500nmol/mL. Finally, the technique was successfully applied to rat plasma and tissue samples. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Some Topics in Relation to José Celestino Mutis and Medicine

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Leonardo Palacios Sánchez

2008-07-01

Full Text Available José Celestino Mutis showed different interestareas of study and worked in multipleknowledge fields: mathematics, mineralogy, astronomy,zoology and botanic, the one in whichis best known. However, he was a medical doctor,whit profound an up to date knowledge. Hestudied at Sevilla University, and in the RoyalCollege of Cadiz. He arrived to the “NuevoReino de Granada” as personal medical doctorof the the viceroy Pedro Messía de la Cerda andduring 47 years, period of time he lived there,he always exercised his profession. We showeda special interest in the study of cinchona andthe only work he published was El Arcano dela quina. He advised in public health manyviceroys and he contributed in different fieldsbut particularly in the prevention of smallpoxby inoculation. He played a decisive role in thereopening of the medical school of the ColegioMayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. Someof his achievements justifies the appellative“Father of the Medicine in Colombia”.

The Spread of Non-native Plant Species Collection of Cibodas Botanical Garden into Mt. Gede Pangrango National Park

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Musyarofah Zuhri

2013-05-01

Full Text Available The role of botanic garden in spread of non-native plant species has concerned of international worldwide. This study aimed to study the extent of non-native plant species from Cibodas Botanical Garden (CBG which invades into natural rainforest. A line transect was made edge-to-interior with 1,600 m in distance from CBG boundary. Result showed that distance from CBG was not significant in correlation with non-native tree and treelet density. Furthermore, presence of existing CBG’s plant collection was not a single aspect which influenced presence and abundance. Three invasive species possibly was escape from CBG and it showed edge-to-interior in stems density, i.e. Cinchona pubescens, Calliandra calothyrsus and Cestrum aurantiacum. The patterns of non-native species were influenced by presence of ditch across transect, existence of human trail, and the other non-native species did not have general pattern of spread distribution. Overall, botanical gardens should minimize the risk of unintentional introduced plant by perform site-specific risk assessment.

Macromolecular crowding-assisted fabrication of liquid-crystalline imprinted polymers.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Chen; Zhang, Jing; Huang, Yan-Ping; Liu, Zhao-Sheng

2015-04-01

A macromolecular crowding-assisted liquid-crystalline molecularly imprinted monolith (LC-MIM) was prepared successfully for the first time. The imprinted stationary phase was synthesized with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS) as the crowding agent, 4-cyanophenyl dicyclohexyl propylene (CPCE) as the liquid-crystal monomer, and hydroquinidine as the pseudo-template for the chiral separation of cinchona alkaloids in HPLC. A low level of cross-linker (26%) has been found to be sufficient to achieve molecular recognition on the crowding-assisted LC-MIM due to the physical cross-linking of mesogenic groups in place of chemical cross-linking, and baseline separation of quinidine and quinine could be achieved with good resolution (R(s) = 2.96), selectivity factor (α = 2.16), and column efficiency (N = 2650 plates/m). In contrast, the LC-MIM prepared without crowding agents displayed the smallest diastereoselectivity (α = 1.90), while the crowding-assisted MIM with high level of cross-linker (80%) obtained the greatest selectivity factor (α = 7.65), but the lowest column efficiency (N = 177 plates/m).

Organocatalytic aza-Michael/retro-aza-Michael reaction: pronounced chirality amplification in aza-Michael reaction and racemization via retro-aza-Michael reaction.

Science.gov (United States)

Cai, Yong-Feng; Li, Li; Luo, Meng-Xian; Yang, Ke-Fang; Lai, Guo-Qiao; Jiang, Jian-Xiong; Xu, Li-Wen

2011-05-01

A detailed experimental investigation of an aza-Michael reaction of aniline and chalcone is presented. A series of Cinchona alkaloid-derived organocatalysts with different functional groups were prepared and used in the aza-Michael and retro-aza-Michael reaction. There was an interesting finding that a complete reversal of stereoselectivity when a benzoyl group was introduced to the cinchonine and cinchonidine. The chirality amplification vs. time proceeds in the quinine-derived organocatalyst containing silicon-based bulky group, QN-TBS, -catalyzed aza-Michael reaction under solvent-free conditions. In addition, we have demonstrated for the first time that racemization was occurred in suitable solvents under mild conditions due to retro-aza-Michael reaction of the Michael adduct of aniline with chalcone. These indicate the equilibrium of retro-aza-Michael reaction and aza-Michael reaction produce the happening of chirality amplification in aza-Michael reaction and racemization via retro-aza-Michael reaction under different conditions, which would be beneficial to the development of novel chiral catalysts for the aza-Michael reactions. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Empoderamiento, vulnerabilidad y participación comunitaria de las mujeres en comunidades cercanas a Nueva Cinchona

OpenAIRE

Casasola Vargas, Karla

2013-01-01

Los espacios públicos en muchas comunidades están relegados a unas pocas personas, las cuales trabajan para cumplir objetivos a corto plazo. Con el tiempo, estos espacios se han politizado y perdido su razón de ser, como, en algún momento, lo fueron las juntas progresistas. La mujer ha logrado entrar en estos espacios; pero no siempre toma decisiones. Este artículo evidencia las formas de empoderamiento que las mujeres asumen en algunos espacios públicos rurales de las comunidades cercanas a ...

Highly selective sulfur ylide mediated asymmetric epoxidations and aziridinations using an inexpensive chiral sulfide and applications to the synthesis of quinine and quinidine (abstract)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Arshad, M.; Illa, O.; Mcgarrigle, E.M.

2011-01-01

Asymmetric sulfur ylide mediated epoxidation, which is considered a complimentary method to asymmetric epoxidation of alkene has been utilized as a key step in the asymmetric total synthesis of complex cinchona alkaloids quinine and quinidine. Isothiocineole 1, which was readily available in one step from very inexpensive starting materials, is employed as a chiral sulfide to prepare the desired sulfonium salt 2. The semi-stabilised ylide derived from this salt on epoxidation with meroquinene aldehyde 3, afforded the required epoxide 4 in 81% yield and 89:11 diastereoselectivity (trans/cis). The epoxide was converted to the target quinine 5 in 73% yield over four steps in one pot. Similarly, the opposite enantiomer of isothiocineole was used to synthesise the corresponding sulfonium salt, which on reaction with meroquinene aldehyde gave epoxide in 73% yield and 84:16 diastereoselectivity (trans/cis). This epoxide was transformed to the target quinidine in 78% yield over four steps in one pot. The epoxidation reactions proceeded under reagent control with high trans selectivity. The effect of sulfide and ylide substituents on the stereochemical outcome of the epoxidation reaction is also prescribed. (author)

Synergistic effects on enantioselectivity of zwitterionic chiral stationary phases for separations of chiral acids, bases, and amino acids by HPLC.

Science.gov (United States)

Hoffmann, Christian V; Pell, Reinhard; Lämmerhofer, Michael; Lindner, Wolfgang

2008-11-15

In an attempt to overcome the limited applicability scope of earlier proposed Cinchona alkaloid-based chiral weak anion exchangers (WAX) and recently reported aminosulfonic acid-based chiral strong cation exchangers (SCX), which are conceptionally restricted to oppositely charged solutes, their individual chiral selector (SO) subunits have been fused in a combinatorial synthesis approach into single, now zwitterionic, chiral SO motifs. The corresponding zwitterionic ion-exchange-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in fact combined the applicability spectra of the parent chiral ion exchangers allowing for enantioseparations of chiral acids and amine-type solutes in liquid chromatography using polar organic mode with largely rivaling separation factors as compared to the parent WAX and SCX CSPs. Furthermore, the application spectrum could be remarkably expanded to various zwitterionic analytes such as alpha- and beta-amino acids and peptides. A set of structurally related yet different CSPs consisting of either a quinine or quinidine alkaloid moiety as anion-exchange subunit and various chiral or achiral amino acids as cation-exchange subunits enabled us to derive structure-enantioselectivity relationships, which clearly provided strong unequivocal evidence for synergistic effects of the two oppositely charged ion-exchange subunits being involved in molecular recognition of zwitterionic analytes by zwitterionic SOs driven by double ionic coordination.

Optimization of Extraction Conditions and HPTLC - UV Method for Determination of Quinine in Different Extracts of Cinchona species Bark

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dharam C. Jain

2008-10-01

Full Text Available A simple, precise and accurate high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method has been established for quantitative determination of quinine. Conditions were also optimized for best possible extraction of quinine via varying concentrations of diethyl amine in different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol for maximum recovery of quinine. Methanol modified with 20 % DEA found to be best for highest possible recovery of target analyte quinine. Chromatographic separation of quinine was performed on silica gel 60 F 254 HPTLC plates with ethyl acetate : diethyl amine in the proportion 88 : 12 (v/v, as mobile phase. The determination was carried out using the densitometric absorbance mode at 236 nm. Quinine response was found to be linear over the range 4–24 μg spot −1. The HPTLC method was evaluated in terms of specificity, precision, reproducibility, LOD – LOQ and robustness. Beside these parameters, number of theoretical plates and flow constant were also included as a part of validation

Comparative study of various normal mode analysis techniques based on partial Hessians.

Science.gov (United States)

Ghysels, An; Van Speybroeck, Veronique; Pauwels, Ewald; Catak, Saron; Brooks, Bernard R; Van Neck, Dimitri; Waroquier, Michel

2010-04-15

Standard normal mode analysis becomes problematic for complex molecular systems, as a result of both the high computational cost and the excessive amount of information when the full Hessian matrix is used. Several partial Hessian methods have been proposed in the literature, yielding approximate normal modes. These methods aim at reducing the computational load and/or calculating only the relevant normal modes of interest in a specific application. Each method has its own (dis)advantages and application field but guidelines for the most suitable choice are lacking. We have investigated several partial Hessian methods, including the Partial Hessian Vibrational Analysis (PHVA), the Mobile Block Hessian (MBH), and the Vibrational Subsystem Analysis (VSA). In this article, we focus on the benefits and drawbacks of these methods, in terms of the reproduction of localized modes, collective modes, and the performance in partially optimized structures. We find that the PHVA is suitable for describing localized modes, that the MBH not only reproduces localized and global modes but also serves as an analysis tool of the spectrum, and that the VSA is mostly useful for the reproduction of the low frequency spectrum. These guidelines are illustrated with the reproduction of the localized amine-stretch, the spectrum of quinine and a bis-cinchona derivative, and the low frequency modes of the LAO binding protein. 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Electrochemical studies of quinine in surfactant media using hanging mercury drop electrode: a cyclic voltammetric study.

Science.gov (United States)

Dar, Riyaz Ahmad; Brahman, Pradeep Kumar; Tiwari, Sweety; Pitre, Krishna Sadashiv

2012-10-01

The electrochemical behavior of quinine was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) using surfactant. The reduction peak current of quinine increases remarkably in presence of 1% CTAB. Its electrochemical behavior is quasi-reversible in the Britton-Robinson buffers of pH 10.38 by exhibiting the well-defined single cathodic and anodic waves and the ratio of I(p)(a)/I(p)(c) approaching one at the scan rate of 500 mVs(-1). On the basis of CV, SWV and Coulometry, electrochemical reduction mechanism of quinine has been proposed which has shown that protonation occurs on the nitrogen of the quinoline moiety. Linearity was obtained when the peak currents (I(p)) were plotted against concentrations of quinine in the range of 30.0-230.0 ng mL(-1) with a detection limit of 0.132 ng mL(-1) in SWV and 90.0-630.0 ng mL(-1) with a detection limit of 0.238 ng mL(-1) in DPV. Fast and sensitive SWV has been applied for the quantitative analysis of quinine in bark of Cinchona sp. and in soft drinks and a good recovery was obtained. The accuracy and precision of the method are determined and validated statistically. No interferences from other food additives were observed. The relative standard deviation for intraday and interday assay was 0.89 and 0.73% (n=3) respectively. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparison between 2 methods of solid-liquid extraction for the production of Cinchona calisaya elixir: an experimental kinetics and numerical modeling approach.

Science.gov (United States)

Naviglio, Daniele; Formato, Andrea; Gallo, Monica

2014-09-01

The purpose of this study is to compare the extraction process for the production of China elixir starting from the same vegetable mixture, as performed by conventional maceration or a cyclically pressurized extraction process (rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction) using the Naviglio Extractor. Dry residue was used as a marker for the kinetics of the extraction process because it was proportional to the amount of active principles extracted and, therefore, to their total concentration in the solution. UV spectra of the hydroalcoholic extracts allowed for the identification of the predominant chemical species in the extracts, while the organoleptic tests carried out on the final product provided an indication of the acceptance of the beverage and highlighted features that were not detectable by instrumental analytical techniques. In addition, a numerical simulation of the process has been performed, obtaining useful information about the timing of the process (time history) as well as its mathematical description. © 2014 Institute of Food Technologists®

Reappraisal of Antimalarials in Interferonopathies: New Perspectives for Old Drugs.

Science.gov (United States)

Piscianz, Elisa; Cuzzoni, Eva; Sharma, Rajan; Tesser, Alessandra; Sapra, Pooja; Tommasini, Alberto

2017-09-11

The story of antimalarials as antinflammatory drugs dates back several centuries. Chinin, the extract of the Cinchona bark, has been exploited since the 18th century for its antimalarial and antifebrile properties. Later, during the Second World War, the broad use of antimalarials allowed arguing their antirheumatic effect on soldiers. Since then, these drugs have been broadly used to treat Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, but, only recently, have the molecular mechanisms of action been partly clarified. Inhibitory action on vacuole function and trafficking has been considered for decades the main mechanism of the action of antimalarials, affecting the activation of phagocytes and dendritic cells. In addition, chloroquine is also known as a potent inhibitor of autophagy, providing another possible explanation of its antinflammatory action. However, much attention has been recently devoted to the action of antimalarials on the so-called cGAS-STING pathway leading from the sensing of cytoplasmic nucleic acids to the production of type I interferons. This pathway is a fundamental mechanism of host defence, since it is able to detect microbial DNA and induce the type I interferon-mediated immune response. Of note, genetic defects in the degradation of nucleic acids lead to inappropriate cGAS-STING activation and inflammation. These disorders, called type I interferonopathies, represent a valuable model to study the antinflammatory potential of antimalarials. We will discuss possible development of antimalarials to improve the treatment of type I interferonopathies and likely multifactorial disorders characterised by interferon inflammation, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

The "racemic approach" in the evaluation of the enantiomeric NorA efflux pump inhibition activity of 2-phenylquinoline derivatives.

Science.gov (United States)

Carotti, Andrea; Ianni, Federica; Sabatini, Stefano; Di Michele, Alessandro; Sardella, Roccaldo; Kaatz, Glenn W; Lindner, Wolfgang; Cecchetti, Violetta; Natalini, Benedetto

2016-09-10

Among the mechanisms adopted by bacteria, efflux pumps (EPs) have been recognized as being significantly involved in contributing to resistance to commonly used antibacterial agents. However, little is known about their three-dimensional structures or the steric requirements for their inhibition. Lack of such knowledge includes NorA, one of the most studied Staphylococcus aureus EPs. In the present study, the use of two commercialized Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases allowed the enantioseparation of four 2-((2-(4-propoxyphenyl)quinolin-4-yl)oxy)alkylamines 1-4 previously found to be potent S. aureus NorA efflux pump inhibitors when tested as racemates. In the identified optimal polar-ionic conditions (MeOH/THF/H2O-49/49/2 (v/v/v)+25mM formic acid, 12.5mM diethylamine), repeated consecutive injections of 1 allowed the isolation of sufficient amount of its enantiomers (2.6mg and 2.8mg, for (R)-1 and (S)-1, respectively) and then to evaluate their ability to inhibit the S. aureus NorA efflux pump. The biological evaluation highlighted the main contribution of the (R)-1 enantiomer to both the EtBr efflux inhibition and synergistic effect with against SA-1199B (norA+/A116E GrlA) respect to the racemate activity. The comparison between the experimental electronic circular dichroism and the time-dependent density functional theory calculations spectra of the two isolated enantiomeric fractions allowed for all compounds a clear and easy assignment of the enantiomeric elution order. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Whole plant extracts versus single compounds for the treatment of malaria: synergy and positive interactions.

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Rasoanaivo, Philippe; Wright, Colin W; Willcox, Merlin L; Gilbert, Ben

2011-03-15

In traditional medicine whole plants or mixtures of plants are used rather than isolated compounds. There is evidence that crude plant extracts often have greater in vitro or/and in vivo antiplasmodial activity than isolated constituents at an equivalent dose. The aim of this paper is to review positive interactions between components of whole plant extracts, which may explain this. Narrative review. There is evidence for several different types of positive interactions between different components of medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria. Pharmacodynamic synergy has been demonstrated between the Cinchona alkaloids and between various plant extracts traditionally combined. Pharmacokinetic interactions occur, for example between constituents of Artemisia annua tea so that its artemisinin is more rapidly absorbed than the pure drug. Some plant extracts may have an immunomodulatory effect as well as a direct antiplasmodial effect. Several extracts contain multidrug resistance inhibitors, although none of these has been tested clinically in malaria. Some plant constituents are added mainly to attenuate the side-effects of others, for example ginger to prevent nausea. More clinical research is needed on all types of interaction between plant constituents. This could include clinical trials of combinations of pure compounds (such as artemisinin + curcumin + piperine) and of combinations of herbal remedies (such as Artemisia annua leaves + Curcuma longa root + Piper nigum seeds). The former may enhance the activity of existing pharmaceutical preparations, and the latter may improve the effectiveness of existing herbal remedies for use in remote areas where modern drugs are unavailable.

Whole plant extracts versus single compounds for the treatment of malaria: synergy and positive interactions

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Wright Colin W

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background In traditional medicine whole plants or mixtures of plants are used rather than isolated compounds. There is evidence that crude plant extracts often have greater in vitro or/and in vivo antiplasmodial activity than isolated constituents at an equivalent dose. The aim of this paper is to review positive interactions between components of whole plant extracts, which may explain this. Methods Narrative review. Results There is evidence for several different types of positive interactions between different components of medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria. Pharmacodynamic synergy has been demonstrated between the Cinchona alkaloids and between various plant extracts traditionally combined. Pharmacokinetic interactions occur, for example between constituents of Artemisia annua tea so that its artemisinin is more rapidly absorbed than the pure drug. Some plant extracts may have an immunomodulatory effect as well as a direct antiplasmodial effect. Several extracts contain multidrug resistance inhibitors, although none of these has been tested clinically in malaria. Some plant constituents are added mainly to attenuate the side-effects of others, for example ginger to prevent nausea. Conclusions More clinical research is needed on all types of interaction between plant constituents. This could include clinical trials of combinations of pure compounds (such as artemisinin + curcumin + piperine and of combinations of herbal remedies (such as Artemisia annua leaves + Curcuma longa root + Piper nigum seeds. The former may enhance the activity of existing pharmaceutical preparations, and the latter may improve the effectiveness of existing herbal remedies for use in remote areas where modern drugs are unavailable.

Polymer-Supported Cinchona Alkaloid-Derived Ammonium Salts as Recoverable Phase-Transfer Catalysts for the Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids

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Carmen Nájera

2004-04-01

Full Text Available Alkaloids such as cinchonidine, quinine and N-methylephedrine have been N-alkylated using polymeric benzyl halides or co-polymerized and then N-alkylated, thus affording a series of polymer-supported chiral ammonium salts which have been employed as phase-transfer catalysts in the asymmetric benzylation of an N-(diphenylmethyleneglycine ester. These new polymeric catalysts can be easily recovered by simple filtration after the reaction and reused. The best ee’s were achieved when Merrifield resin-anchored cinchonidinium ammonium salts were employed.

Resource loss, self-efficacy, and family support predict posttraumatic stress symptoms: a 3-year study of earthquake survivors.

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Warner, Lisa Marie; Gutiérrez-Doña, Benicio; Villegas Angulo, Maricela; Schwarzer, Ralf

2015-01-01

Social support and self-efficacy are regarded as coping resources that may facilitate readjustment after traumatic events. The 2009 Cinchona earthquake in Costa Rica serves as an example for such an event to study resources to prevent subsequent severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms. At Time 1 (1-6 months after the earthquake in 2009), N=200 survivors were interviewed, assessing resource loss, received family support, and posttraumatic stress response. At Time 2 in 2012, severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms and general self-efficacy beliefs were assessed. Regression analyses estimated the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms accounted for by all variables. Moderator and mediator models were examined to understand the interplay of received family support and self-efficacy with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Baseline posttraumatic stress symptoms and resource loss (T1) accounted for significant but small amounts of the variance in the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms (T2). The main effects of self-efficacy (T2) and social support (T1) were negligible, but social support buffered resource loss, indicating that only less supported survivors were affected by resource loss. Self-efficacy at T2 moderated the support-stress relationship, indicating that low levels of self-efficacy could be compensated by higher levels of family support. Receiving family support at T1 enabled survivors to feel self-efficacious, underlining the enabling hypothesis. Receiving social support from relatives shortly after an earthquake was found to be an important coping resource, as it alleviated the association between resource loss and the severity of posttraumatic stress response, compensated for deficits of self-efficacy, and enabled self-efficacy, which was in turn associated with more adaptive adjustment 3 years after the earthquake.

Organocatalysis: Fundamentals and Comparisons to Metal and Enzyme Catalysis

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Pierre Vogel

2016-08-01

Full Text Available Catalysis fulfills the promise that high-yielding chemical transformations will require little energy and produce no toxic waste. This message is carried by the study of the evolution of molecular catalysis of some of the most important reactions in organic chemistry. After reviewing the conceptual underpinnings of catalysis, we discuss the applications of different catalysts according to the mechanism of the reactions that they catalyze, including acyl group transfers, nucleophilic additions and substitutions, and C–C bond forming reactions that employ umpolung by nucleophilic additions to C=O and C=C double bonds. We highlight the utility of a broad range of organocatalysts other than compounds based on proline, the cinchona alkaloids and binaphthyls, which have been abundantly reviewed elsewhere. The focus is on organocatalysts, although a few examples employing metal complexes and enzymes are also included due to their significance. Classical Brønsted acids have evolved into electrophilic hands, the fingers of which are hydrogen donors (like enzymes or other electrophilic moieties. Classical Lewis base catalysts have evolved into tridimensional, chiral nucleophiles that are N- (e.g., tertiary amines, P- (e.g., tertiary phosphines and C-nucleophiles (e.g., N-heterocyclic carbenes. Many efficient organocatalysts bear electrophilic and nucleophilic moieties that interact simultaneously or not with both the electrophilic and nucleophilic reactants. A detailed understanding of the reaction mechanisms permits the design of better catalysts. Their construction represents a molecular science in itself, suggesting that sooner or later chemists will not only imitate Nature but be able to catalyze a much wider range of reactions with high chemo-, regio-, stereo- and enantioselectivity. Man-made organocatalysts are much smaller, cheaper and more stable than enzymes.

Infrared absorption spectroscopy characterization of liquid-solid interfaces: The case of chiral modification of catalysts

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Zaera, Francisco

2018-03-01

An overview is provided here of our work on the characterization of chiral modifiers for the bestowing of enantioselectivity to metal-based hydrogenation catalysts, with specific reference to the so-called Orito reaction. We start with a brief discussion of the use of infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR) for the characterization of chemical species at liquid-solid interfaces, describing the options available as well as the information that can be extracted from such experiments and the advantages and disadvantages associated with the technique. We then summarize the main results that we have reported to date from our IR study of the adsorption of cinchona alkaloids and related compounds from solutions onto platinum surfaces. Several observations are highlighted and placed in context in terms of the existing knowledge and their relevance to catalysis. Key conclusions include the uniqueness of the nature of the adsorbed species when in the presence of the solvent (versus when the uptake is done under vacuum, or versus the pure or dissolved molecules), the fact that each modifier adopts unique and distinct adsorption geometries on the surface and that those change with the concentration of the solution in ways that correlate well with the performance of the catalyst, the potential tendency of at least some of these chiral modifiers to bind to the surface primarily via the nitrogen atom of the amine group, not the aromatic ring as it is often assumed, and the observation that the ability of one modifier to dominate the catalytic chemistry in solutions containing mixtures of two or more of those is linked to their capacity for displacing each other from the surface, which in turn is determined by a balance between the strength of their binding to the surface and their solubility in the liquid solvent.

Transits of Venus and Colonial India

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Kochhar, Rajesh

2012-09-01

Astronomical expeditions during the colonial period had a political and national significance also. Measuring the earth and mapping the sky were activities worthy of powerful and power- seeking nations. Such was the sanctity of global astronomical activity that many other agendas could be hidden under it. An early astronomy-related expedition turned out to be extremely beneficial, to botany. The expedition sent by the French Government in 1735 to South America under the leadership of Charles Marie de la Condamine (1701--1774) ostensibly for the measurement of an arc of the meridian at Quito in Ecuador surreptitiously collected data that enabled Linnaeus to describe the genus cinchona in 1742. When the pair of transits of Venus occurred in 1761 and 1769, France and England were engaged in a bitter rivalry for control of India. The observation of the transits became a part of the rivalry. A telescope presented by the British to a South Indian King as a decorative toy was borrowed back for actual use. Scientifically the transit observations were a wash out, but the exercise introduced Europe to details of living Indian tradition of eclipse calculations. More significantly, it led to the institutionalization of modern astronomy in India under the auspices of the English East India Company (1787). The transits of Venus of 1874 and 1882 were important not so much for the study of the events as for initiating systematic photography of the Sun. By this, Britain owned most of the world's sunshine, and was expected to help European solar physicists get data from its vast Empire on a regular basis. This and the then genuinely held belief that a study of the sun would help predict failure of monsoons led to the institutionalization of solar physics studies in India (1899). Of course, when the solar physicists learnt that solar activity did not quite determine rainfall in India, they forgot to inform the Government.

Application of cinchona-sulfonate-based chiral zwitterionic ion exchangers for the separation of proline-containing dipeptide rotamers and determination of on-column isomerization parameters from dynamic elution profiles.

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Wernisch, Stefanie; Trapp, Oliver; Lindner, Wolfgang

2013-09-17

The interconversion of cis and trans isomers of dipeptides containing C-terminal proline was studied by dynamic chromatography on zwitterionic chiral stationary phases at temperatures ranging from -15°C to +45°C The cis-trans isomers could be separated below 0°C and above 0-10°C plateau formation and peak coalescence phenomena occurred, which is characteristic for a dynamic process at the time-scale of partitioning. At and above room temperature, full coalescence was observed, which allowed separations of enantiomers without interference from interconversion effects. Analysis of the dynamic elution profiles of the interconverting peptides allowed the determination of isomerization rate constants and thermodynamic activation parameters (isomerization enthalpy, entropy and activation energy). In accordance with established results, isomerization rates and thermodynamic parameters were found to depend on the nature of the N-terminal amino acid. Isomerization barriers were only slightly lower than values determined with other methods but significant differences in the relative contributions of the activation enthalpy and entropy as well as isomerization rates pointed toward selector-moderated isomerization dynamics. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Vladimir Prelog i Zavod za organsku kemiju

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Jakopčić, K.

2007-03-01

-operation from the small but prosperous pharmaceutical company "Kaštel" in Zagreb. On behalf of the agreement, Prelog and his department obtained funds to fit up the laboratory and to start very prosperous research in the synthesis and studies of pharmaceutically interesting compounds. With his assistants, students and other collaborators, Prelog started research of cinchona bark alkaloids, preferentially oriented to the synthesis of quinine. For example, Prelog's method of double intramolecular alkylation to synthetize the quinuclidine moiety of quinine was patented by "Kaštel". With R. Seiwerth he developed the first useful synthesis of adamantane. Prelog's group started research in the field of sulphonamides and commercial success of "Streptazole" stimulated the development of the research laboratories within "Kaštel". The collaboration in the research continued in fields of other chemotherapeutics, analeptics, spasmolitics, barbiturates etc. Within the period 1935-1941, Prelog published 48 scientific papers and 8 patents. In less than seven years, his results enormously influenced the entire organic chemistry in Zagreb till nowadays. Under the confused and uncertain circumstances caused by the beginning of World War II, Prelog left Zagreb in 1941 and continued his extraordinary scientific career at the ETH in Zürich.During the war (1942-1945 the tuition and the Department were run by Dr. Rativoj Seiwerth, former collaborator and first assistant to V. Prelog. In almost unbelievable conditions, the young assistant, then assistant professor (since January 1943, R. Seiwerth fully succeeded in continuing most activities founded by Professor Prelog. After the war (1945, R. Seiwerth was forced to resign. Nevertheless, soon after R. Seiwerth continued his research work, firstly in the Institute for Industrial Research in Zagreb (1946-1952, and later in the Research Institute of "Pliva" in Zagreb. He retired in 1980.In post-war conditions (1945/46, the activity of the Technical