Sample records for carbitols
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fleming Martínez
2015-05-01
Full Text Available En esta comunicación se presenta la correlación de algunos valores de solubilidad de vainillina (componente 3 en mezclas 2-(2-etoxietoxietanol (Carbitol®, componente 1 + agua (componente 2 reportados previamente en la literatura a cinco temperaturas desde 298,15 hasta 313,15 K mediante el modelo de Jouyban-Acree combinado con las ecuaciones de van’t Hoff y de Apelblat. En el análisis se obtuvieron modelos de segundo orden respecto a la composición de las mezclas disolventes. Las desviaciones porcentuales promedio fueron cercanas al 6,0%. Por otro lado, mediante las integrales inversas de Kirkwood-Buff se demostró que la vainillina es solvatada preferencialmente por el agua en mezclas ricas en agua (con un valor mínimo de δx1,3 igual a –4,29 x 10–2 obtenido en la mezcla de composición x1 = 0,05 pero preferencialmente solvatada por el cosolvente en mezclas con composiciones 0,12 < x1 < 1,00 (con un valor máximo de δx1,3 igual a 3,61 x 10–2 obtenido en la mezcla de composición x1 = 0,25. Se podría conjeturar que la hidratación hidrofóbica juega un papel relevante en el primer caso, mientras que en el segundo caso, la vainillina estaría actuando como ácido de Lewis frente a las moléculas de Carbitol®.
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40 CFR Appendix Vi to Part 265 - Compounds With Henry's Law Constant Less Than 0.1 Y/X
2010-07-01
... Neopentyl glycol (dimethylpropane) 126-30-7 Niacinamide 98-92-0 o-Nitroaniline 88-74-4 Nitroglycerin 55-63-0... Diethanolamine 111-42-2 N,N-Diethylaniline 91-66-7 Diethylene glycol 111-46-6 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (dimethyl Carbitol) 111-96-6 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (butyl Carbitol) 112-34-5 Diethylene glycol...
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Peroxide formation and kinetics of sodium dissolution in alcohols
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Muralidaran, P.; Chandran, K.; Ganesan, V.; Periaswami, G.
1997-01-01
Suitable techniques for sodium removal and decontamination of sodium wetted components of Liquid Metal Fast Reactors (LMFRs) are necessary both for repair, reuse and decommissioning of such components. Among the methods followed for sodium removal, alcohol dissolution is usually employed for small components like bellow sealed valves, gripping tools to handle core components and sodium sampling devices (primary and secondary). One of the concerns in the alcohol dissolution method is the possible role of peroxide formation in the ethoxy group during storage and handling leading to explosion. This paper describes the study of peroxide formation in ethyl carbitol and butyl cellosolve as well as some of the results of dissolution kinetic studies carried out in our laboratory using different alcohols. The peroxide formation of ethyl carbitol and butyl cellosolve were studied by iodometric technique. It has been found that the peroxide formation is less in sodium containing alcohol than in pure one. Ethyl carbitol, butyl cellosolve and Jaysol-SS (mixture of ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and methyl isobutyl ketone) were used in dissolution kinetics studies. The effects due to area and orientation of the fresh sodium surface have also been investigated. The reaction rates were studied in the temperature range of 303-343 K. The rate of dissolution was estimated by measuring the sodium content of alcohol at periodic intervals. It is found that the reaction rate varies in the order of ethyl alcohol-water mixture > Jaysol-SS > butyl cellosolve > ethyl carbitol. While cleaning sodium using alcohol, the concentration of alcohol is held essentially constant throughout the process. The rate of reaction depends only on the amount of sodium and follows pseudo-first order kinetics. Increase in surface area has a marked impact on the dissolution rate at lower temperatures while at higher temperatures, the temperature factor overrides the effect due to surface area
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Synthesis of ethanol {sup 14}C-1; Synthese d'ethanol {sup 14}C-1
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wolff, R E; Pichat, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires
1958-07-01
The direct reduction by LiAlH{sub 4}, of a suspension of anhydrous sodium acetate in tetra-hydro-furfuryl-oxy-tetra-hydro-pyran is described. This study has shown that the ethanol thus obtained is impure and that the yields are erratic. On the contrary the reduction of acetyl chloride 1-{sup 14}C by LiAlH{sub 4}, in 'diethyl carbitol' leads to ethanol 1-{sup 14}C of satisfactory purity with a yield of about 71 percent. (author) [French] Une etude de la reduction directe par LiAlH{sub 4}, de l'acetate de soude anhydre en suspension dans le tetrahydrofurfuryloxytetrahydropyrane est decrite. Cette etude a montre que l'on obtient de l'ethanol souille d'impuretes, avec un rendement variable. Par contre, la reduction du chlorure d'acetyle {sup 14}C-1 par LiAlH{sub 4}, dans le 'diethyl carbitol' conduit a l'ethanol {sup 14}C-1 de purete convenable avec un rendement de l'ordre de 71 pour cent. (auteur)
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Characterization of cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia obtained by spray pyrolysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Halmenschlager, Cibele M.; Nunes, Marilia; Vieira, Ramaugusto; Bergmann, Carlos Perez; Falcade, Tiago; Malfatti, Celia de Fraga
2009-01-01
Yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) has been the object of many studies as a SOFC electrolyte. The aim of this work is to produce, by spray pyrolysis process, thin and dense films of YSZ. A disk of steel 316L, previously heated, was used as substrate. The film was obtained with zirconium acetylacetonate (Zr(C 6 H 7 O 2 ) 4 ) and yttrium chloride (YCl 3.6 H 2 O), dissolved in a mixture of ethanol + butyl carbitol with volume ratio (1:1). ZrO 2 amorphous films were deposited in the substrate heated at many temperatures. After thermal treatment at 700 deg C the films were changed into cubic yttria-stabilized-zirconia structure. The thin films obtained were characterized by thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. (author)
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kannan, K.; Muthuraman, G.; Cho, G.; Moon, I. S. [Sunchon National University, Suncheon (Korea, Republic of)
2014-08-15
This investigation aimed to introduce printing technology for the first time to prepare a nanostrucutured PbO{sub 2} electrode and its application to a cerium redox transfer process. The new method of nano-size PbO{sub 2} preparation demonstrated that nano-PbO{sub 2} could be obtained in less time and at less cost at room temperature. The prepared nano-PbO{sub 2} screen printed on a Ti electrode by three different compositions under similar conditions showed through surface and electrochemical analyses no adherence on Ti and no contact with other nano-PbO{sub 2} particles. Gravure printing of nano-PbO{sub 2} on a PET (poly ethylene thin) film at high pressure was done with two different compositions for the first time. The selective composition of 57.14 % nano-PbO{sub 2} powder with 4.28 % carbon black and 38.58 % ECA (ethyl carbitol acetate) produced a film with a nanoporous structure with an electron transfer ability. Finally, the optimized gravure-printed nano-PbO{sub 2} electrode was applied to the oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) by using cyclic voltammetry. The gravure-printed nano-PbO{sub 2} should pave the way to promising applications in electrochemical and sensor fields.
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International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kannan, K.; Muthuraman, G.; Cho, G.; Moon, I. S.
2014-01-01
This investigation aimed to introduce printing technology for the first time to prepare a nanostrucutured PbO 2 electrode and its application to a cerium redox transfer process. The new method of nano-size PbO 2 preparation demonstrated that nano-PbO 2 could be obtained in less time and at less cost at room temperature. The prepared nano-PbO 2 screen printed on a Ti electrode by three different compositions under similar conditions showed through surface and electrochemical analyses no adherence on Ti and no contact with other nano-PbO 2 particles. Gravure printing of nano-PbO 2 on a PET (poly ethylene thin) film at high pressure was done with two different compositions for the first time. The selective composition of 57.14 % nano-PbO 2 powder with 4.28 % carbon black and 38.58 % ECA (ethyl carbitol acetate) produced a film with a nanoporous structure with an electron transfer ability. Finally, the optimized gravure-printed nano-PbO 2 electrode was applied to the oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) by using cyclic voltammetry. The gravure-printed nano-PbO 2 should pave the way to promising applications in electrochemical and sensor fields.
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Sane, Ramola; Mittapalli, Rajendar K.; Elmquist, William F.
2014-01-01
The study objective was to develop a formulation of elacridar to overcome its dissolution-rate limited bioavailability. Elacridar is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor that has been used to improve the brain distribution of drugs that are substrates of P-gp and BCRP. The chronic use of elacridar is restricted due to poor solubility leading to poor oral bioavailability. A microemulsion formulation using Cremophor EL, Carbitol and Captex 355 (6:3:1) was developed. The elacridar microemulsion was effective in the inhibition of P-gp and Bcrp in MDCKII-transfected cells. FVBn mice were used to determine the bioavailability of elacridar after a 10 mg/kg dose of elacridar in the microemulsion, intraperitoneally and orally; and the absolute bioavailability was determined to be 1.3 and 0.47, respectively. Co-administration of elacridar microemulsion intraperitoneally with oral erlotinib in FVBn mice improved the erlotinib brain penetration three-fold. The current study shows that a microemulsion formulation of elacridar is effective in improving the bioavailability of elacridar and is an effective inhibitor of P-gp and Bcrp; in-vitro and in-vivo. It offers an alternative to the suspension and allows a decrease in the dose required to achieve a significant inhibitory effect at the blood-brain barrier. PMID:23334925
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Formulation and development of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of irbesartan
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jaydeep Patel
2011-01-01
Full Text Available Irbesartan (IRB is an angiotensin II receptor blocker antihypertensive agent. The aim of the present investigation was to develop a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble IRB. The solubility of IRB in various oils was determined to identify the oil phase of SNEDDS. Various surfactants and co-surfactants were screened for their ability to emulsify the selected oil. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the efficient self-emulsifying region. The optimized SNEDDS formulation contained IRB (75 mg, Cremophor® EL (43.33%, Carbitol® (21.67% and Capryol® 90 (32%. SNEDDS was further evaluated for its percentage transmittance, emulsification time, drug content, phase separation, dilution, droplet size and zeta potential. The optimized formulation of IRB-loaded SNEDDS exhibited complete in vitro drug release in 15 min as compared with the plain drug, which had a limited dissolution rate. It was also compared with the pure drug solution by oral administration in male Wister rats. The in vivo study exhibited a 7.5-fold increase in the oral bioavailability of IRB from SNEDDS compared with the pure drug solution. These results suggest the potential use of SNEDDS to improve dissolution and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble IRB.
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Soybean oil in water-borne coatings and latex film formation study by AC impedance
Jiratumnukul, Nantana
Conventional coalescing agents such as butyl cellosolve, butyl carbitol, and TexanolRTM are widely use in the latex coatings industry to facilitate film formation at ambient temperature. Coalescent aids are composed of solvents with low evaporation rates. After water evaporates, coalescent aids would help soften polymer molecules and form continuous films, then gradually evaporates from the film. Coalescent aids, therefore, are considered as volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are of environmental concern. The main purpose of this research project was to prepare a fatty acid glycol ester from soybean oil and glycol (polyols). The soybean oil glycol ester can be used as a coalescent aid in latex paint formulation. The soybean oil glycol ester not only lowered the minimum film formation temperature of latex polymers and continuous film formed at ambient temperature, but also after it has facilitated film formation, does not substantially evaporate, but becomes part of the film. Soybean oil glycol esters, therefore, can reduce the VOC levels and facilitate film formation of latex paints. In the second part of this research AC-Impedance was used to investigate the efficiency of soybean oil coalescent aid in latex film formation relative to the conventional ones. The coating resistance showed that the efficiency of film formation was increased as a function of dry time. The coating resistance also exhibited the effect of soybean oil ester in latex film formation in the same fashion as a conventional coalescent aid, TexanolRTM.
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RF plasma based selective modification of hydrophilic regions on super hydrophobic surface
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lee, Jaehyun; Hwang, Sangyeon; Cho, Dae-Hyun [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419 (Korea, Republic of); Hong, Jungwoo [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141 (Korea, Republic of); Shin, Jennifer H., E-mail: j_shin@kaist.ac.kr [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141 (Korea, Republic of); Byun, Doyoung, E-mail: dybyun@skku.edu [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419 (Korea, Republic of)
2017-02-01
Highlights: • Simple and amenable reforming method for a substrate with disparate patterns of hydrophilic dots on super-hydrophobic surfaces is proposed. • Wettability characteristics and modification mechanism for the surfaces are conducted and revealed through SEM, AFM, WSI, and SIMS. • Several representative materials for various applications are successfully deposited. - Abstract: Selective modification and regional alterations of the surface property have gained a great deal of attention to many engineers. In this paper, we present a simple, a cost-effective, and amendable reforming method for disparate patterns of hydrophilic regions on super-hydrophobic surfaces. Uniform super-hydrophobic layer (Contact angle; CA > 150°, root mean square (RMS) roughness ∼0.28 nm) can be formed using the atmospheric radio frequency (RF) plasma on top of the selective hydrophilic (CA ∼ 70°, RMS roughness ∼0.34 nm) patterns imprinted by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing technology with polar alcohols (butyl carbitol or ethanol). The wettability of the modified surface was investigated qualitatively utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and wavelength scanning interferometer (WSI). Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis showed that the alcohol addiction reaction changed the types of radicals on the super-hydrophobic surface. The wettability was found to depend sensitively on chemical radicals on the surface, not on surface morphology (particle size and surface roughness). Furthermore, three different kinds of representative hydrophilic samples (polystyrene nano-particle aqueous solution, Salmonella bacteria medium, and poly(3,4-ethylenediocythiophene) ink) were tested for uniform deposition onto the desired hydrophilic regions. This simple strategy would have broad applications in various research fields that require selective deposition of target materials.
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International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Shakeel, Faiyaz; Salem-Bekhit, Mounir M.; Iqbal, Muzaffar; Haq, Nazrul
2015-01-01
Ibrutinib is a recently approved anticancer drug recommended for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It has been reported as practically insoluble in water and hence it is available in the market at higher doses. Poor solubility of ibrutinib limits its development to oral solid dosage forms only. In this work, the solubilities of ibrutinib were measured in various 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol (Carbitol) + water mixtures at T = (298.15 to 323.15) and p = 0.1 MPa. The solubility of ibrutinib was measured using an isothermal method. The thermodynamics function of ibrutinib was also studied. The measured solubilities of ibrutinib were correlated and fitted with Van’t Hoff, the modified Apelblat and Yalkowsky models. The results of curve fitting of all three models showed good correlation of experimental solubilities of ibrutinib with calculated ones. The mole fraction solubility of ibrutinib was observed highest in pure 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol (2.67 · 10 −2 at T = 298.15 K) and lowest in pure water (1.43 · 10 −7 at T = 298.15 K) at T = (298.15 to 323.15) K. Thermodynamics data of ibrutinib showed an endothermic, spontaneous and an entropy-driven dissolution behavior of ibrutinib in all 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol + water mixtures. Based on these results, ibrutinib has been considered as practically insoluble in water and freely soluble in 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol. Therefore, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol could be used as a physiologically compatible cosolvent for solubilization and stabilization of ibrutinib in an aqueous media. The solubility data of this work could be extremely useful in preformulation studies and formulation development of ibrutinib
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RF plasma based selective modification of hydrophilic regions on super hydrophobic surface
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lee, Jaehyun; Hwang, Sangyeon; Cho, Dae-Hyun; Hong, Jungwoo; Shin, Jennifer H.; Byun, Doyoung
2017-01-01
Highlights: • Simple and amenable reforming method for a substrate with disparate patterns of hydrophilic dots on super-hydrophobic surfaces is proposed. • Wettability characteristics and modification mechanism for the surfaces are conducted and revealed through SEM, AFM, WSI, and SIMS. • Several representative materials for various applications are successfully deposited. - Abstract: Selective modification and regional alterations of the surface property have gained a great deal of attention to many engineers. In this paper, we present a simple, a cost-effective, and amendable reforming method for disparate patterns of hydrophilic regions on super-hydrophobic surfaces. Uniform super-hydrophobic layer (Contact angle; CA > 150°, root mean square (RMS) roughness ∼0.28 nm) can be formed using the atmospheric radio frequency (RF) plasma on top of the selective hydrophilic (CA ∼ 70°, RMS roughness ∼0.34 nm) patterns imprinted by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing technology with polar alcohols (butyl carbitol or ethanol). The wettability of the modified surface was investigated qualitatively utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and wavelength scanning interferometer (WSI). Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis showed that the alcohol addiction reaction changed the types of radicals on the super-hydrophobic surface. The wettability was found to depend sensitively on chemical radicals on the surface, not on surface morphology (particle size and surface roughness). Furthermore, three different kinds of representative hydrophilic samples (polystyrene nano-particle aqueous solution, Salmonella bacteria medium, and poly(3,4-ethylenediocythiophene) ink) were tested for uniform deposition onto the desired hydrophilic regions. This simple strategy would have broad applications in various research fields that require selective deposition of target materials.
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International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Halmenschlager, C.M.; Neagu, R.; Rose, L.; Malfatti, C.F.; Bergmann, C.P.
2013-01-01
Graphical abstract: Gas-tight CGO made by spray pyrolysis suitable to be used as SOFC electrolyte. Display Omitted Highlights: ► Dense and crystalline CGO films deposited by spray pyrolysis on various substrates. ► Solvent did not have a strong influence on the film microstructure, defect concentration or thickness. ► The substrate did not have a strong influence on the film microstructure, defect concentration or thickness. ► Films with at least 2.5 μm of thickness presented high impermeability. ► The films obtained are suitable to use as a SOFC electrolyte. -- Abstract: This work presents the results of a process of optimization applied to gadolinia-doped ceria (Ce 0.8 Gd 0.2 O 1.9−x , or CGO) thin films, deposited by spray pyrolysis (SP). Spray pyrolysis is a high thermal deposition method that combines material deposition and heat treatment. This combination is advantageous since the post-deposition heat treatment step is not necessary. However, stresses are solidified in the coating during the deposition, which may lead to the initiation of a crack in the coating. The aim of this work was to achieve thin, dense, and continuous CGO coatings, which may be used as gas separation membranes and as a solid state electrochemical interfaces. Dense, flat, low-defect substrates such as silica slides, silicon mono crystal wafers, and porous substrates were used as substrates in this work. Cerium ammonium nitrate and gadolinium acetylacetonate were dissolved in ethanol and butyl carbitol to form a precursor solution that was sprayed on the heated substrates. Process parameters such as solvent composition, deposition rate and different heating regimes were analyzed. The microstructure was analyzed by secondary electron microscopy (SEM) and was found that thin, dense, and defect-free films could be produced on dense and porous substrates. The results obtained show that it is possible to obtain a CGO dense film deposited by spray pyrolysis. X-ray diffraction